1 The Jaynes did contest Meineke's representations regarding its trade and service marks.

These contentions are without merit, and are discussed infra at § V. United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 91-6330

Summary Calendar.

MEINEKE DISCOUNT MUFFLER, Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

v.

Wesley JAYNES and Marion Jaynes, Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees.

Aug. 30, 1993.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before JOLLY, DUHÉ, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

DUHÉ, Circuit Judge:

A franchisor, Meineke Discount Muffler Shops, Inc. (Mein eke), sued two of i ts form er

franchise owners. The district court ruled in favor of Meineke finding that the franchisees, Wesley

and Marion Jaynes ("the Jaynes"), violated the licensing agreement, and that the Jaynes engaged in

a civil conspiracy to interfere with business and contractual relations. We affirm.

I. Prologue

The Jaynes purchased a Meineke franchise from Robert St range in 1980. Strange had a

fifteen year licensing agreement with Meineke, valid by its terms until September 28, 1989, which he

sold to the Jaynes with Meineke's approval. The district court found, and the Jaynes do not contest,

that Meineke has performed all of its obligations under the licensing agreement. R. 3035, 3043. 1

It is undisputed that before their licensing agreement with Meineke expired, the Jaynes entered

into an operating agreement with Autocare Distribution d/b/a Mike's Muffler and Brake ("Autocare").

The Autocare agreement called for the Jaynes t o o perat e a "Mike's Muffler & Brake" automotive

service center in the same location as their former Meineke franchise. On September 1, 1989,

pursuant to the Autocare agreement, the Jaynes began operating "Mike's Muffler & Brake Shop" at2 The Jaynes have not appealed any judgments from their third-party claims. Consequently, we

do not address these matters. the same location. This business o ffered the same products and services as the Meineke

operation—installation and repair of automotive exhaust systems, brakes and shocks.

Meineke demanded that the Jaynes cease their activities, pointing out that the Jaynes were

violating provisions of th e Meineke-Jaynes licensing agreement. When these entreaties went

un heeded, Meineke sued the Jaynes, alleging that they: (1) violated the licensing agreement's

"Covenant Not to Compete;" (2) conspired to interfere with contractual and business relations; (3)

engaged in unauthorized use of Meineke's protected trademarks; and (4) engaged in unfair

competition. R. 6-17. Meineke also sought attorney's fees under the terms of the licensing

agreement. Id.

The Ja ynes answered Meineke's complaint, and also filed counterclaims and third party

clai ms. 2 Fo llowing trial the district court concluded, i nter alia: (1) The Jaynes breached the

Meineke-Jaynes' licensing agreement by entering into the agreement with Autocare, R. 3038; (2) the

Jaynes and Autocare conspired to interfere with contractual and business relations existing between

the Jaynes and Meineke, id.; (3) the Jaynes had no standing t o seek cancellation of Meineke's

trademarks, id. at 3026; and (4) the Jaynes were unable to press their DTPA claims against Meineke,

id. at 3023. For conspiring to breach the licensing agreement during its term, t he co urt assessed

actual damages of $4,420, and punitive damages of $6,000. The court awarded nominal damages

of $10 for the Jaynes' post-termination violation of the licensing agreement's c ovenant not to

compete, and for continuing to use the same telephone number for "Mike's Muffler & Brake" that was

used by the Meineke operation. Over $560,000 in attorneys' fees and costs were also assessed against

the Jaynes.

On appeal, the Jaynes raise a host of errors. We address each in turn.

II. Covenant Not to Compete

The district court held t hat t he Jaynes violated the licensing agreement's covenant not to3 The Jaynes seem to argue that since the district court denied Meineke's request for a

preliminary injunction, the covenant not to compete is unenforceable. (The trial court initially

held that Meineke did not have any protectable trade secrets which would warrant injunctive

relief). This argument presupposes that the court's findings and conclusions after an abbreviated

hearing on a preliminary injunction are binding as the law of the case. Such an argument is

incorrect. See University of Texas v. Camenisch, 451 U.S. 390, 395, 101 S.Ct. 1830, 1834, 68

L.Ed.2d 175 (1981); Integrated Circuits Unlimited v. E.F. Johnson, Co., 875 F.2d 1040, 1043

(2nd Cir.1989).

4 We accept these findings as correct. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a).

5 An agreement is ancillary to an otherwise enforceable agreement if "it is part of and subsidiary

to an otherwise valid transaction or relationship which gives rise to an interest worthy of

protection.... Examples of legitimate, protectable interests include business goodwill, trade

secrets, and other confidential or proprietary information." DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 compete. 3 Paragraph 18 of the agreement prohibits the franchisee from operating another competitive

business during the duration of the agreement. The franchisee also agrees to not operate a competing

business "within the one (1) year period following the termination that is located within a radius of

twenty (20) miles" from the Meineke location. R. 43. The Jaynes-Autocare agreement, and the

operati on of "Mike's Muffler & Brake" at the exact location of the Jaynes' former Meineke franchise

is a blatant violation of the licens ing agreement . On appeal, the Jay nes do not contest the court's

findings as to their actions; 4 rather, they attack the legal validity of the covenant not to compete.

We review this contract provision de novo. S ee Technical Consultant Servs., Inc. v.

Lakewood Pipe of Texas, Inc., 861 F.2d 1357, 1362 (applying Texas law). The starting point in our

analysis is Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 15.50 (Supp.1993):

[A] covenant not to compete is enforceable to the extent that it:

(1) is ancillary to an otherwise enforceable agreement...., and

(2) co ntains reasonable limitations as to time, geographic area, and scope of activity to be

restrained that do not impose a gr e ater restraint than necessary to protect the goodwill or other business interest of the promisee.

Id.; see also Ruscitto v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 777 F.Supp. 1349, 1354

(N .D.Tex.), aff'd, 948 F.2d 1286 (5th Cir.1991), cert. denied,

--- U.S.

----, 112 S.Ct. 1994, 118

L.Ed.2d 590 (1992).

First, we agree with the district court that the covenant not to compete was ancillary to an

otherwise enforceable agreement, i.e. the franchise license. 5 We next evaluate whether or not theS.W.2d 670, 682 (Tex.1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1048, 111 S.Ct. 755, 112 L.Ed.2d 775

(1991). The covenant not to compete was ancillary to the licensing agreement which created

mutually enforceable interests in the operation of a Meineke franchise.

6 Butts Retail, Inc. also negates the Appellants argument that the franchise agreement was a

personal service contract. See 840 S.W.2d at 773.

7 We fail to see how territorial restrictions placed on post-termination activities as a licensor or

franchisor are relevant to this dispute. The Appellants operated a single competing business in the

very same location as their former Meineke operation; they were not licensing or franchising any

other enterprises. They cannot ask this court to engage in speculation as to what might have

occurred had Meineke attempted to enforce the geographic limits of paragraph 18(b)(2). restrictive aspects of the agreement (time, geography, and scope) are reasonable. S ee Henshaw v.

Kroenecke, 656 S.W.2d 416, 418 ( Tex.1983) (reasonableness of agreement not to compete is

question of law). The burden was on the Jaynes to prove that the restraints were unreasonable.

Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 15.51(b) (Supp.1993); s ee also Butts Retail, Inc. v. Diversifoods, Inc., 840

S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont 1992, writ denied) (placing burden of proof on

franchisee). 6

The Jaynes argue at length that t he covenant's prescriptions on time and geography are

unreasonable. 7 As a diversity court we are E rie bound to apply Texas law, and using this benchmark,

we conclude that the one year/twenty mile restriction is not unr easonable as a m atter of l aw. S ee

Ruscitto, 777 F. Supp. at 1354 (applying Texas law, one year prohibition on soliciting customers

reasonable); I

suani v. Manske-Sheffield Radiology Group, P

. A., 805 S.W.2d 602, 606

(Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont 1991, writ denied) (one-year, fifteen mile limit at io n reaso nable); P roperty

Tax Assocs., Inc. v. Staffeldt, 800 S.W.2d 349, 352 (Tex.Civ.App.—El Paso 1990, writ denied) (two

year, county-wide restraint reasonable); P osey v. Monier Resources, Inc., 768 S.W.2d 915, 918-19

(Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1989, writ denied) (salesman restrained from working in former sales

area for two years).

The restraints were reasonable consi dering Meineke's legitimate business interests. The

district court found that Meineke expended considerable resources to prom ote name-recognition for

products an d services being offered by its franchises. R. 3037. The Appellants do not seriously

contest this finding, and we conclude that the restrictions placed on the Jaynes under the licensing8 The Jaynes assert that Conclusion of Law No. 10, R. 3029, amounts to a reformation of the

covenant not to compete. This conclusion states:

The covenant not to compete is reasonable as to time, geographical area and scope

of activity. The restricted activity is only that which directly competes with

Meineke.

We read this passage as an affirmation of the validity of the covenant, not as a reformation

of it.

9 The Appellants also argue that the district court erred by using an unenforceable covenant not

to compete as a basis for awarding damages for conspiracy to interfere with contractual and

business relations. We held previously that the covenant was reasonable and enforceable under

Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 15.50 (Supp.1993). Therefore, the Appellants' third point of error is

without merit. agreement "do not impose a greater restraint than necessary to protect the goodwill or other business

interest of [Meineke]." Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 15.50 (Supp.1993).

The Appellants' second poi nt o f error is likewise unavailing. They contend that the court

erred by reforming the cov enant, and then awarding damages. We have searched the record to

ascertain where (and how) the court reformed the covenant. We find no reference to this action, and

the Appellants' record cite does not support this argument. 8 This point of error is without merit. 9

III. Conspiracy to Interfere w ith Contractual and Business Relations

The district court held that the Jaynes conspired with Autoca re to interfere with the

contractual and business relations between Meineke and the Jaynes. Initially, they contend that the

district court erred in refusing to direct a verdict in their favor at the close of Meineke's case-in-chief.

See Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(c) ("If during a trial without a jury a party has been fully heard with respect to

an issue ... the court may enter judgment as a matter of law against that party[.]").

The inquiry regarding a directed verdict request is the same on appe al as it is at the tri al

st age: All inferences from the evidence are drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, and a verdict

should not be directed unless the facts point overwhelmingly in favor of the movant's position. See

Entente Mineral Co. v. Parker, 956 F.2d 524, 526 (5th Cir.1992) (citing Boeing Co. v. Shipman, 411

F.2d 365 (5th Cir.1969) (en banc)).

The Appellan t s argue t hat the only evidence of a conspiracy was the Autocare-Jaynes

agreement, and that this failed to provide an adequate basis for the conspiracy claim. This argumentis without merit. There was sufficient evidence supporting the nonmovant's (Meineke) position; a

directed verdict would have been improper because the facts did not overwhelmingly stack-up in the

Jaynes' favor.

A claim for civil conspiracy has five elements: (1) two or m ore persons; (2) have an

objective to be accomplished; (3) a meeting of the participants' minds on the objective or course of

action; (4) one or more unlawful, overt acts; and, (5) resulting damages. M assey v. Armco Steel

Co., 652 S.W.2d 932, 934 (Tex.1983).

All elements are present in the instant case. There were at least two participants (the Jaynes

and Autocare). An objective was present (establish competing business in contravention of MeinekeJaynes licensing agreement). There was a meeting of the minds on this objective, as evidenced by the

Autocare-Jaynes agreement. An unlawful interference with the existing licensing agreement resulted

in damages to Meineke in the form of lost franchise and advertising fees. The district court found

these facts, and we conclude such findings are not clearly erroneous. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). With the

factual predicate for this claim established, the court did no t err in its legal conclusion that an

actionable civil conspiracy between the Jaynes and Autocare resulted in damages to Meineke.

The Appellants argue that the conspiracy to breach the Meineke-Jaynes agreement "could only

have been based on those breaches that occurred after the termination of the License Agreement."

However, the Appellants incredulously gloss over the fact that they operated "Mike's Muffler &

Brake" at the exact location of their former Meineke franchis e while t he Meineke-Jaynes license

agreement was still in effect. This in-term violation of the Meineke-Jaynes licensing agreement's

covenant not to compete was the basis for the civil conspiracy claim. R. 3038-39.

IV. DTPA Claim

The Jaynes con t est the district court's denial of their claim under Texas' Deceptive Trade

Practices-Consumer Protecti on Ac t . Tex.Bus. & Com.Code Ann. §§ 17.41-.63 (Vernon 1987 &

Supp.1993). The DTPA does not apply to wholly intangible property rights. S ee Texas Cookie Co.

v. Hendricks & Peralta, Inc., 747 S.W.2d 873, 876 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1988, writ

denied). It has been applied to franchise situations where the collateral services provided to a10 "Goods" are statutorily defined as "tangible chattels or real property purchased or leased for

use." Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 17.45(1).

11 "Services" are defined as "work, labor, or service purchased or leased for use, including

services furnished in connection with the sale or repair of goods." Tex.Bus. & Com.Code §

17.45(2). franchisee formed the basis of the DTPA claim. I d. at 877; s ee also Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett,

Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 539 (Tex.1981) (goods or services acquired must form the basis of DTPA

claim).

To proceed under the DTPA, a claimant must be a "consumer." E ckman v. Centennial Sav.

Bank, 784 S.W.2d 672, 674 (Tex.1990). To be a consumer, the DTPA claimant must (i) have sought

or acqui red goods 10 or services 11 by purchase or lease, and (ii) show that these same goods or

services form the basis of t he DTPA complaint. S chmueser v. Burkburnett Bank, 937 F.2d 1025,

1028 (5th Cir.1991); Cameron, 618 S.W.2d at 539.

The Jaynes are not consumers for DTPA purposes. Their agreement with Meineke allowed

them to operate a Meineke franchise, and to rece ive all the accoutrements which accompany the

operati on of a nationally recognized franchise operation. The Appellants' DTPA complaint focuses

on the validity of Meineke's ownership of its trademarks and service marks. S ee R. 63-64 ("Meineke

Discount represented that the trademark rights were fully established.... The representatio ns by

[Meineke] were false, misleading, and deceptive...."). It is this intangible property right, and not any

equipment or services provided by Meineke, that formed the basis of the Jaynes' DTPA claim.

Because both prongs of the consumer status test are not met, the district court properly denied the

Jaynes DTPA relief. S ee Schmueser, 937 F.2d at 1028 ; Kennedy v. Sale, 689 S.W.2d 890, 893

(Tex.1985); Cameron, 618 S.W.2d at 539.

V. Trademark Claims

The Jaynes attempted to cancel Meineke's federally registered trademarks. They argued that

by failing to disclose to the United States Patent and Trademark Office t he previous use of the

tradename "Bass & Meineke," Meineke fraudulently obtained protecti on under the trademark laws.

The Jaynes have no proprietary interest in "Bass & Meineke," which is the tradena me for an autoparts business that does not compete directly with Meineke. The Jaynes do not contend that they

were restricted in their use of the Meineke trademarks, l ogos or other sy mbols during the term of

their licensing agreement with Meineke.

The Meineke trade and service marks at issue were registered in 1982 and 1983. Because

they have been registered for over five years, they have become "incontestib le," and can only be

cancelled if: (1) the mark has become generic; (2) the mark was abandoned; (3) the registration was

obtained fraudulently; or, (4) the mark was used to misrepresent the source of the goods or services.

See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1064, 1065 (Supp.1993); P ark 'N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park and Fly, Inc., 469 U.S.

189, 197, 105 S.Ct. 658, 663, 83 L.Ed.2d 582 (1985); Selva & Sons, Inc. v. Nina Footw ear, Inc.,

705 F.2d 1316, 1326 (Fed.Cir.1983). The Appellants assert that fraud was used to register the marks

under Meineke's ownership.

The evidence supporting this contention is a letter dated October 30, 1972 from Mr. Edward

Bass to Mr. Sam Meineke. R. 867. It confirms that Bass agreed not to use the name "Meineke" in

any fashion in any enterprise engaged in "the muffler shop business." This letter allegedly illustrates

that the Appellee falsely represented to the Patent Office that it was the first to use the "Meineke"

tradename.

The district court concluded that Meineke did not make false statements to the Patent Office

and did not obtain the challenged registrations by fraud. R. 3040. We agree. To succeed on a claim

of fraudulent registration, the challenging party must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the

applicant made false statements with the intent to deceive the licensing authorities. Money Store v.

Harriscorp Finance, Inc., 689 F.2d 666, 670 (7th Cir.1982). The 1972 letter indicates that Messrs.

Bass and Meineke reached an agreement regarding which party had the right to use the tradename

"Meineke" in con nect io n wit h the automotive muffler installation and repair business. R. 867.

Consequently, in its application for trademark protecti on, Meineke truthfully stated that, in the realm

of automotive muffler specialists, it was in fact the first entity to use the trade name "Meineke." S ee

R. 161-62 (Nedell affidavit); R. 157 (letter from Patent Office stating that a search of the Office's

records failed to show that Meineke's proposed marks resembled any registered marks "when applied12 See Tang How v. Edw ard J. Gerrits, Inc., 961 F.2d 174, 179 (11th Cir.1992) (Under

"American Rule," fees not recoverable absent statute or enforceable contract between the

parties.). to [Meineke's] goods and/or services....").

VI. Attorneys' Fees and Costs

The district court awarded Meineke $564,748 in attorneys' fees, costs and expenses. The

Jaynes contest this amount, arguing that Meineke has no basis from which to claim attorney's fees.

Th is is inco rrect; Meineke has both a contractual and statutory basis from which it can claim

attorney s' fees and costs. 1 2 The Meineke-Jaynes' licensing agreement provides that Meineke is

entitled to "all costs incurred

... including, but not limit ed to, the cost of all telephone calls, telegrams,

travel, correspondence, attorney fees and court costs." R. 45. Texas statutory law also provides for

the recovery of attorneys' fees when a party prevails on a contract claim. Tex.Civ.Prac. & Rem.Code

§ 38.001(8) (Vernon 1986).

We are unpersuaded that the district court erred in assessing the amount of fees and costs.

Counsel for Meineke submitted detailed time sheets and expense records. See R. 3071-3329. The

Jaynes were able to lodge objections to these figures. S ee R. 3445-3471. The district court carefully

considered the factors for determining attorneys' fees a nnounced in J ohnson v. Georgia Highway

Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir.1974).

A recitation of the court's Johnson analysis is unnecessary, as the Appellants have identified

no error in the court's calculation o f the fee amount, other than to point out that the fee award is

almost sixty times greater than Meineke's judgment damages. We are not unmindful of the disparity

of these amounts. However, this alone will not support a reversal of the district court's decision. S ee,

e.g., Estate of Borst v. O'Brien, 979 F.2d 511, 516 (7th Cir.1992) ("[A]n attorneys' fee award need

not be proporti onate to the damage award."); R eneau v. Moss y Motors, 622 F.2d 192, 196 (5th

Cir.1980) ("[T]he ce iling on a client's recovery should not operate as an impenetrable barrier to

reasonable compensation.").

The court properly exercised its discretion, and guided by the Johnson factors, assessed fees

and costs against the Jaynes. We find no abuse of this discret io n, and affirm. S ee Fogleman v.Aramco, 920 F.2d 278, 285 (5th Cir.1991) (reviewing cost award for abuse of discretion); R eneau,

622 F.2d at 195 (reviewing attorneys' fee award under same standard).

VII. Conclusion

The Jaynes clearly breached their licensing agreement with Meineke by operating a competing

bu siness during the term of the agreement. They also violated the agreement's covenant not to

operate a competing business for a period of one year within a twenty-mile radius from the former

Meineke franchise after the termination of the Meineke licensing agreement. These are reasonable

restrictions on competition, and are tailored to protect Meineke's legitimate business interests. The

Autocare-Ja ynes agreement evinced a civil conspiracy to interfere with contractual and business

relations between Meineke and the Jaynes. Finally, the award of attorney's fees and costs was proper.

We do not reach Meineke's conditional cross-appeal on the issue of amending the pleadings.

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.