P.1 

OAR Box 1111 

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Document Number: 

AV& 11-A-3 

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A-83-22 

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^ ""'*,.•' A - 9-3-^1- » 

_ » • , U-A ~ 3 

FINAL REPORT TO THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

CONTRACT NO. B44899 

WITH 

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 

AN INTEGRATED METABOLIC MODEL FOR LEAD IN HUMANS OF ALL AGES 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Naomi H. Harley, Ph.D. 

Theodore H. Kneip, Ph.D. 

January, 1985 
PJ_ 

AN INTEGRATED METABOLIC MODEL FOR LEAD IN HUMANS OF ALL AGES 

INTRODUCTION 

The model developed in this report utilizes measurements in 

the infant and juvenile baboon as well as data acquired in humans 

METABOLIC MODEL 

The model is shown in Figure 1. It is a first order kinetic 

model for all of the organs (compartments) considered. There are 

two studies which support this modeling approach. Johnson and 

Myers (1981) utilized this technique to calculate the bone and 

soft tissue quantities of the alkaline earths calcium, strontium, 

and radium. They found that this first order model fit the human 

measurements just as well as more complex models such as that 

presented in ICRP 20 (1972) which utilizes a mixed power and 

exponential function Support for a first order kinetic model 

was demonstrated by Mallon (1983) who measured liver and kidney 

organ burdens in the infant and juvenile baboon following 

prolonged lead feeding and showed that they were directly 

proportional to blood lead concentration. The concentration 

of lead present in bone was proportional to the product of blood 

lead concentration and time on lead feeding. These observations 

substantiate the use of a first order kinetic approach for lead 

me tabolism. 

In all, there are four compartments which are known to 

contain over 95% of the lead in the total body, bone, liver, 

kidney and blood (Aub et al., 1926, Heard and Chamberlain, 1984). 

The model parameters are developed from measured data in humans 

and baboons for input and removal from each organ so that the 

model agrees with observed measurements for both steady state and 

single injections or ingestions. 

The equations which are used to calculate organ burdens are, 
P.4 

dB/dt = P - C b s x B - Cfel x B - C b k x B + C g b x S + C l b x L + 

Ckb x K ' C bu x B + F x Clg x L 

dS/dt =* C b s x B - C g b x S 

dL/dt - Cb l x B - C l b x L - C ^ x L 

dK/dt - Cbfc x B - C k b x K 

Where P = daily input to blood in ug/day 

'bs 

'sb 

'bl 

'lb 

'bk 

'kb 

'bu 

'Ig 

= blood to skeleton removal rate (days ) 

= skeleton to blood removal rate " 

= blood to liver removal rate 

= liver to blood removal rate 

= blood to kidney removal rate 

•*•» kidney to blood removal rate 

= blood to urine removal rate 

= liver to gastrointestinal tract 

removal rate 

F = fractional uptake from gastrointestinal tract to 

blood 

B,S,L,K = total lead content in blood, skeleton, liver, kidney 

(ug) 

The organ burdens are calculated in an iterative manner using the 

expressions 

B(t+l)=B(t) + dB/dt 

S(t+1)-S(t) + dS/dt 

etc 
P.5 

Model Parameters / 

Vahter (1982) has shown that strict quality control is 

necessary to insure the validity of reported data. Unfortunately, reported quality assurance is the exception rather than the 

rule and for this reason an attempt is made to utilize only the 

human and baboon studies in the model where quality control is 

eveviden i den _t . 

Th 

quantit 

blood, 

particu 

by t he s 

liver a 

are kno 

organ b 

level ( 

organs 

as crit 

e primary purpose of the model is to determine the 

y of lead in blood resulting from continuous input to 

The organ contents of the liver and the kidney are not 

larly important since blood lead is not strongly affected 

e organs. The half-times for removal of lead from blood to 

nd kidney and for removal from liver and kidney to blood 

wn to be short. Under these conditions the steady state 

urden is achieved rapidly and does not affect the blood 

output from blood equals input from the organ). These 

are included in the model but parameter validation is not 

ical as for bone. 

Stable Lead Data. 

There are numerous measurements of stable lead in blood for 

three age groups for current steady state environmental conditions (NCHS 1982, Vahter 1982). Stable lead organ burdens have 

been measured by Barry (1981) for a few age groups covering the 

infant to the adult. Legotte et al. (1980) measured daily 

urinary excretion in adults in New York City. Ziegler et al. 

(1978) measured stable lead in diet and excreta in infants 14 

weeks to 2 years old. 

Stable lead in human tissues is changing with time due to 

differences in dietary and inhalation intake. Values reported 

for tissues in the mid 1970's are summarized in Table 1. 

Lead-210 Data. 

Naturally occurring Pb-210 has been measured in excreta and 

diet in a controlled metabolic study at the Hines Veteran's 

Hospital (,.S pencer et. al. 1977). Bogen et al. (1976) measured 

stable lead and Pb-210 in diet and bone ash samples from New 

York. The Pb-210 is important for model validation in that Pb210 levels in the diet occur naturally and are not subject to 

changes over time. Differences in Pb-210 intake for different 

age groups are due to dietary consumption. 

The Pb-210 data are also summarized in Table 1. 
P.6 

Bone . 

It is well known that lead is associated with the mineral 

portion of the skeleton. For this reason, the removal half-time 

from bone most likely reflects bone modeling and remodeling 

rather than a specific removal rate of the nuclide from the 

skeleton. This was also the case for fallout Sr-90 which has 

been studied extensively in humans of all ages (Woodard and 

Harley (1965). Papworth and Vennart (1984) have fit a comparmental model to bone for all ages using measured Sr-90 in bone 

and the known daily intake in food. They indicate that although 

the turnover rate in trabecular bone is 4 times that of cortical 

bone, there was no difference in the measured concentrations, in 

pCi/g Ca, in both types of bone for continuous intake. Barry 

(1981) indicates that he felt his measured stable lead showed no 

distinction between bone type. A uniform distribution was also 

observed for radium and uranium in the skeleton present because 

of natural dietary intake. The bone removal half-times 

calculated by Papworth and Vennart from the Sr-90 data are 

smoothed somewhat for use in this model. The half-times reported 

by them are shown in Table 2 and the smoothed values used in this 

model are indicated as well. Papworth and Vennart (1984) did not 

report bone removal half-times for over age 20. Rabinowitz et 

al. (1973) estimated a bone removal rate in the adult of about 10 

years and Petrow (1966) estimated this same removal rate from his 

measurements of Pb-210 build up from radium-226 in former radium 

dial painters. 

Most of the reported data on stable lead are given in terms 

of wet bone weight. This is an ambiguous unit since it depends 

upon sample preparation. Also, the widely different specific 

gravities of various bones sometimes yield an apparent 

difference in lead content with bone type. Expressing lead 

content as a function of ash weight produces a more uniform 

distribution in bone. Gross et al. (1975) have showed this in 

their measurements of different bone type analyzing both wet and 

ashed samples. The calcium content of all bone ash is well 

established at 37 % by weight. Mitchell et al. (1945) determined 

the skeletal calcium at each age from birth to age 20. Thus, 

expressing lead on an ash weight basis also allows easy 

calculation of whole skeletal content. 

Stable lead and Pb-210 measurements are available for both 

children and the adult. At one year there is about 2900 ug lead 

in the skeleton and in the adult from 40000 to 100000 ug lead 

depending upon the study selected for calculation of bone 

content. Mean values indicate about 100000 ug is present in the 

adult skeleton. Holtzman (1963) has measured Pb-210 in surgical 

specimens for ages 3 to over 80 and in different bone type. The 

scatter in his data were large but there was no trend which could 

be seen with age and no difference with bone type. His average 

reported content was 0.13 pCi/g ash giving a value for the adult 

of about 400 pCi in the whole skeleton. 
Although lead in bone is not in steady state except in the 

adult, it is possible to estimate the removal half time from 

blood to bone for the adult. 

P.7 

adult skeleton dS/dt - C b s x B - C s b x S 

Choosing values of 950 and 100000 ug in blood and bone 

respectively for the adult and the value of Csb of 0.0002 per 

reported by Papworth and Vennart at age 19, a blood to bone 

removal half-time of 30 days is estimated. 

day 

Mallon•(1983) was able to measure the removal half-time from 

blood to bone in the infant baboon from measurements of skeletal 

lead and blood lead. A half-time of 2 days fit his data well. 

Frost (1969) has measured bone formation rates in cortical bone 

in infants, children and adults. The ratio of bone formation 

rate with age (Table 2) is used to scale the measured removal 

half-time from blood to bone in the infant baboon to obtain 

values of this parameter with age. The consistency in that the 

two methods agree for the adult value (26 vs. 30 days) gives some 

verification of this technique. 

In an in vivo study of injected radioactive Pb-203, Heard 

and Chamberlain (1984) measured an accumulation of 20% of Pb-203 

in the skeleton 20 days post injection This value is important 

for the model validation. 

Kidney 

The kidney as an organ is treated separately from urinary 

excretion. Lead within kidney cells is internal to the organ and 

has a different half-time from the lead which is filtered from 

plasma and excreted via the tubules. 
P.8 

Kidney(t)= 

'bk 

C..-C , kb b. 

~

cvt -C, t 

r b ks , [e - e ] 

where Cfe = overall blood removal half-time (day- 1 ) 

B° - initial total input to blood. 

For any removal half-time for kidney shorter than that for 

overall removal from blood, the observed half-time in kidney will 

be identical with that for blood. Longer half-times than for 

blood will give apparent half-times which depend upon the 

relative removal times. 

Once the removal half-time from kidney to blood is selected 

the half-time for removal from blood to kidney can be estimated 

from the steady state conditions 

dK/dt = C b k x B - Ck b x K - 0 

-

 Cbk " (Ck b x K)/B 

tl/2 = In 2/C bk 

In the model developed here a kidney to blood removal half-time 

of 10 days measured in the baboon is used for all ages as is the 

half-time of about 30 days for removal of lead from blood to 

kidney derived from the above expression. 

In the human, the overall blood half-time is longer than 

that of the baboon (16 vs. 6 days) (Mallon 1983) and a more 

appropriate kidney to blood removal half time could therefore be 

any value up to 16 days. There is no effect upon blood lead at 

steady state as discussed above, however, it would be of 

scientific interest to determine this value precisely. The 

values used in this model are shown in Table 4. 

Liver. 

The liver is similar to kidney in that it does not affect 

blood lead once steady state is achieved and this occurs quite 

rapidly. The liver to blood removal half-time observed in the 

adult and juvenile baboon was 23 days (Strehlow 1971, Cohen 

1970). Mallon (1983) was also able to fit the steady state liver 
P.9 

burden in juvenile baboons in a lead feeding experiment utilizing 

this half-time. Since no change in half-time was seen with age, 

it is assumed that liver to blood removal half-time is also 

constant with age in the human. 

Lead is also excreted from the liver via bile. Rabinowitz 

et al. (1973) estimated the biliary half-time in the adult male 

as 60 days. Little data are available to verify this value, 

however, some support is provided by Chamberlain (1975) who, in a 

study using inhaled or injected Pb-203, observed a fecal/urine 

ratio of 0.7 over a period of about 10 days following inhalation 

or injection. Using this value and an average excretion rate of 

17 ug/day for the adult (Legotte et al. 1980) the endogenous 

fecal excretion can be calculated. Barry measured 0.57 ug Pb/g 

in adult liver, and using the weight of the liver as 1700 grams, 

a fractional daily biliary excretion of 17x0.7/969 (half life of 

56 days) can be estimated. This is in good agreement with 

Rabinowitz et al. but the standard deviation reported by Barry 

for the liver measurements was large so agreement may be 

fortuitous. Duggan (1983) used the data of Ziegler et al. (1978) 

to estimate a fecal/urinary excretion ratio of 2.8. in the one 

year old infant. From Ziegler et al. a biliary excretion for the 

1 year old can then be calculated as 32 ug/day (1.04 ug/kg day 

urinary excretion x 10.6 kg x 2.8). Barry (1981) measured the 

average liver content in infants as 0.5 ug Pb/g which yields a 

removal rate via bile of 32/136 or a half life of 3 days. Therefore, the value of 3 days is used for the infant, 60 days for the 

adult and smoothed values for intermediate ages as best estimates 

of biliary half-times. Such a large difference in biliary halftimes between the infant and adult does not seem reasonable, 

however, these are the values derived from the experimental data. 

This does not affect the modeling markedly, but is an area where 

better data are needed. 

The half-times used in this model for the liver including 

biliary excretion, as a function of age are shown in Table 4. 

Blood. 

An overall removal rate from blood has been 

established in the adult male in two studies. Chamberlain et al. 

(1975) gave radioactive Pb-203 by inhalation of engine exhaust. 

They determined a blood clearance half-time of 15.8 days. 

Rabinowitz"et al. (1973) in a 

204 and Pb-207 determined the 

to be 18.7 days. The overall 

injection changes with time. 

baboon studies, but the human 

feeding experiment with stable Pboverall blood clearance half-time 

blood half-time following a single 

This has been observed in the 

studies have not been conducted for 

long enough intervals to establish the entire removal curve 
P.10 

Urine 

Rabinowitz et. al. (1973) showed that 54% of the lead in 

blood cleared via urinary excretion. Heard and Chamberlain (1984) 

measured 30% urinary excretion 20 days after injection of 

radioactive Pb-203. These are a useful values since they can be 

used in the model under single injection conditions for model 

validation. 

Ziegler et al. (1978), measured urinary and fecal excretion 

in infants 14 days to 2 years old. The urinary excretion at 1 

year was about 11 ug/day (dietary intake measured as about 100 

ug/day). The urinary excretion for adults was measured by Legotte 

et al. (1980) and was found to be 17 ug/day on average (range 7-

31 ug/day) (dietary intake 80 ug/day). The urinary clearance 

half-time may be estimated from a knowledge of the whole blood 

content and the urinary excretion. 

Urine (ug/day) "bu x B 

At one year the total blood content is about 140 ug (880 ml. x 

0.16 ug/ml) yielding an excretion half-time of 9 days. For the 

adult the total blood content is about 950 ug (5600 ml x 0.17 

ug/ml) which yields a urinary removal half-time of 40 days. 

Assuming that the urinary excretion is constant at about 15 

ug/day for ages between infancy and adulthood and utilizing the 

reported blood levels with age (NCHS 1982) additional excretion 

half-times may be estimated for a few age groups. The values 

used for urinary half-times as a function of age are shown in 

Table 4. 

Gastrointestinal Uptake. 

Uptake by the gastrointestinal tract is not a primary 

parameter in the model since ingestion is not considered in this 

model. Lead is introduced directly to blood. However, lead is 

removed from the liver via bile and recycled into blood by GI 

uptake. For this reason an estimate of GI uptake is necessary. 

Rabinowitz et al. (1973) measured a fractional uptake of 0.094 in 

a feeding study with Pb-204 and Pb-207 in the adult. Spencer 

et.al. (1977) measured Pb-210 in normal diet and urine and fecal 

excretion in a controlled metabolic study in patients at Hines VA 

Hospital. .At steady state, the uptake from the GI tract is equal 

to that excreted in urine. 

dB/dt = P - C b u x B = 0 

Spencer et.al. (1977) measured 1.36 pCi Pb-210/day for the 

diet plus inhalation and 0.25 pCi Pb-210/day in urinary excretion. 

This yields a value of 0.25/1.36 » 0.18 for the fractional lead 

uptake. Legotte et al. (1980) measured 17 ug lead/day in urinary 

excretion in adults in New York City with a dietary intake of 80 

ug lead/day (Bogen et al., 1976). This yields a fractional 
P.11 

uptake of 0.20 for stable lead 

that reported by Rabinowitz et 

This is somewhat higher than 

.__ ... al. (1973) of 0.094 or Kehoe 0 

It has been observed that lead uptake 

08 

is 

et 

appeared hig __.. 

lead diets (130 ug/day) 

Ziegler et al. (1978) were able to calculate a GI uptake 

factor of 40 % for infants from their measurements of lead in the 

diet and excreta. For the present model, a value of 40 % is used 

for the infant, 13 % for the adult and smoothed values in 

intermediate ages. It is not known whether lead excreted in bile 

is reabsorbed with the same uptake as dietary lead, however, this 

assumption is made in the model as a best approximation. 

MODEL RESULTS AND VALIDATION 

The basic data used to develop the model parameters are 

scant, therefore, complete model validation is impossible. 

However, the model can be shown to be consistant with reported 

data. Ziegler et al. (1978) reported that infant uptake of 

dietary lead is about 40%. An average diet of about 100 ug/day 

would lead to an input to blood of 40 ug/day. The modeled values 

for 40 ug/day input are in reasonable agreement with actual 

reported blood lead values. The content of the adult skeleton 

for both stable lead and Pb-210 is well predicted by the model if 

it assumed that GI uptake of dietary lead is about 18%. For 

example, a dietary intake of about 100 ug and 1.0 pCi for stable 

lead and Pb-210 respectively, the adult skeleton as predicted by 

the model would contain 54 mg and 540 pCi. When the model is 

tested using a single input to adult blood, the blood half time 

is 16 days and the amount of lead excreted in urine is 30% in the 

first 100 days post input, in reasonable agreement with observed 

data. The amount accumulated in bone following a single input in 

this model is 20 %, which is in good agreement with the 

measurements of Heard and Chamberlain (1984). 

10 
P.12 

The model i£ readily adaptable to revision of the parameters 

for any of the compartments, pending improved information 

regarding the rate coefficients. It would be of great value, for 

example, if urinary lead as a function of age were available as 

this would allow better estimation of the urinary excretion halftime. The model is readily adaptable to the addition of 

compartments, such as lung, if it were desired to produce a 

complete metabolic model for input other than directly to blood. 

Acknowledgement. The authors would like to thank Dr. Helen 

Woodard for her comments and advice concerning the model, Gordon 

Cook for the illustrations and Aimee Miranda for preparation and 

typing of the text. 

11 
REFERENCES 

Aub, JC , Fairhall, LI., Minot, AS., RezniKoff, P. Lead 

poisoning p. 21 Medicine Monographs Vol VII, Published by 

Williams and Wilkins, Co. 1926 

Barry, PSI. Concentrations of lead in the tissues of children. 

Brit. J. Ind. Med. 38,61:1981 

Bogen, DC , Welford, GA., Morse, RS. General population exposure 

of stable lead and Pb-210 to residents of New York City. 

Health Physics 30, 359, 1976 

Chamberlain, AC , Clough, WS., Heard, MJ., Newton, Stott, 

ANB.,Wells, AC. Uptake of lead by inhalation of motor exhaust. 

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 192,77:1975 

Cohen, N. The Retention and Distribution of Pb-210 in the Adult 

Baboon. 

Doctoral Dissertation, New York University 1970 

Desilva, PE. Determination of lead in plasma and studies on its 

relationship to lead in erythrocytes. 

Brit. J. Ind. Med. 38,209:1981 

Duggan, MJ. The uptake and excretion of lead by young children 

Arch. Env Health 38, 246:1983 

Frost, HM. Tetracycline-based histological analysis of bone 

remodeling. 

Calc. Tiss. Res. 3,211:1969 

Gross, SB., Pfitzer, EA., Yeager, DW., Kehoe, RA. Lead in human 

tissues. 

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 32, 638:1975 

Heard, MJ, Chamberlain, AC. Uptake of Pb by human skeleton and 

comparative metabolism of Pb and alkaline earth elements. 

Health Physics 47, 857:1984 

Holtzman, RB. Measurement of the natural content of RaD and RaF 

in human bone. Estimate of whole body burdens. 

Health Physics 9, 385:1963 

Holtzman, RB., Ilcewitz, FH. Lead-210 and Po-210 in tissues of 

cigaarette smokers. 

Science 153,1259:1966 

ICRP 20, Alkaline earth metabolism in adult man. 

International Commission on radiological Protection, Pergamon 

Press, New York 1972 

12 
P.14 

Johnson, JR., Myers, RC. Alkaline earth metabolism: a model 

useful in calculating organ burdens, excretion rates and 

committed effective dose equivalent conversion factors. 

Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1, 87:1981 

Kehoe, RS. The metabolism of lead in man in health and disease. 

J. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health Hyg. 24, 1961 

Legotte, PA., Rosa, WC , Sutton, DC. Determination of cadmium and 

lead in urine and other biological samples by graphite-furnace 

atomic-absorption spectrometry. 

Talanta 27,39:1980 

Mallon RP. A metabolic model of lead kinetics based upon 

measured organic burdens during chronic exposure experiments with 

infant and juvenile baboons. 

Doctoral Dissertation, New York University 1983 

Mitchell , H.H. , Hamilton, T.S., Steggerda, F.R., Bean, H.W. 

J. Biol. Chem 158, 625:1945 

NCHS. Blood lead levels for persons 6 months-74 years of age: 

United States, 1976-80 

Advance Data 79, 1982 

Papworth, DG., Vennart, J. The uptake and turnover of Sr-90 in 

the human skeleton. 

Phys. Med. Biol. 29,1045:1984 

Petrow, HG. A study of the distribution of Ra-226, Ra-228, Pb-' 

210 and Th-228 in bone and soft tissue of radon dial painters. 

Doctoral dissertation 1960 

Rabinowitz, MB., Wetherill, GW., Kopple, JD. Lead metabolism in 

the normal human:stable isotope studies. 

Science 182,725:1973 

Spector, W., (Ed.) Handbook of biological data. 

W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia 1956. 

Spencer, H., Holtzman, RB., Kramer, L., Ilcewitz, FH. Metabolic 

balances of Pb-210 and Po-210 at natural levels. 

Rad. Res. 69, 166 1977 

Strehlow, CD. The use of deciduous teeth as indicators of lead 

exposure. 

Doctoral dissertation, New York University 1969 

Vahter, M. Assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium 

through biological monitoring. 

National Swedish Inst, of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, 1982 

13 
P.15 

Woodard, HQ., Harley, JH. 

patients with sarcoma. 

Health Physics 11, 991, 1965 

Strontium-90 in the long bones of 

Ziegler, EE., Edwards, BB. Jensen, RL., Mahaffey, KR., Fomon, 

SJ. Absorption and retention of lead by infants. 

Pediatric Res. 12,29:1978 

14 
Table 1. Typical Stable Lead and Lead-210 in Human Tissues and Diet 

Age 

Group 

0 - 1 year 

6 mo - 5 years 

1 - 5 year 

6 - 9 year 

11 - 16 year 

6-1 7 year 

18 - 74 year 

Adult 

(X) 

Blood 

MR/ml 

0.16 

0.13 

0.17 

men 

women 

, 

(Rib) 

6.0 (0.9) 

11 (2.6) 

8.5 (2.1) 

8.5 (2.1) 

37 (8.8) 

28 (6.8) 

Bone (2) 

- Stable Lead 

(Tibia) (Calvaria) 

HE. gash (g wet) 

5.5 ( 0.82) 

12 ( 2.8) 

11.7 ( 2.7) 

11.5 ( 2.7) 

98 (23) 

69 (16) 

4.1 ( 0.61) 

9.8 ( 3.1) 

12.1 ( 3.8) 

12.8 ( 4.0) 

64 (20) 

51 (16) 

(2) 

Liver 

MR/g 

0.41 

0.65 

0.74 

0.57 

1.03 

(2) 

Kidney 

0.21 

0.49 

0.46 

0.46 

0.64 

(3) 

Urine 

(UK. day) 

11 

17 

Range (7-31) 

(4) 

Diet + Inhalation 

(PCi/day) 

1.36 

Pb-?1" 

(5) 

Bone 

(PCi) 

400 ± 50 

(nonsmokers) 

(4) 

Urine 

(pCi/day) 

-

0.25 

(1) National Center for Health Statistics 1976-1980 Blood Lead Levels 

(2) Barry PSI Brit. J. Ind Med 38, 61 (1981) 

(3) Ziegler et al Ped. Res. 12, 29 (1978); Legotte PA, Rosa WC, Sutton DC Talanta 27, 39 (1980) 

(4) Spencer et al 1977 

(5) Holtzman RB, Ilcewitz FH (1966) 
P.17 

Table 2. Bone'Formation and Turnover Rates 

Age 

1 

2 

3 . 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

(D 

Removal 

Half Time 

(Days) 

1135 

784 

677 

659 

715 

888 

1320 

2580 

8730 

oo00 

36167 

6842 

3421 

2388 

2025 

1930 

1980 

2066 

. 2110 

2110 

_ 

' -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

_ 

— 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Model 

(Smoothed 

Values) 

Days 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1320 

2580 

2580 

2580 

2580 

2580 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

(2) 

Bone 

Formation 

Rate 

(%/Year) 

85 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

21 

21 

• 21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 *„ 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

(3) 

Blood to 

Bone HalfTime (Days) 

2.3 

5.2 

i> 

II 

II 

u 

II 

II 

II 

9.4 

9.4 

II 

II 

n 

II 

it 

II 

it 

H 

29.3 29(4) 

29.3 

II 

u 

II 

II 

M 

II 

II 

II 

56.1 

ff 

ri 

it 

rr 

ri 

ft 

!t 

TT 

tl 

tT 

(1) Papworth DG, Vennart J Phys Med Biol 29, 1045 1984 

(2) Frost HM Calcified tissue Research 3, 211 (1969) 

(3) Age 1 from Mallon (1983) for infant - other values 

scaled from formation rates of frost (1969) 

(4) Calculated from adult data, see text 
P.18 

/ 

Table 3. Blood Volume and Organ Growth Patterns as a Function of Age 

Age 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

(1) 

Blood Volume 

(ml) 

880 

1140 

1340 

1480 

1600 

1850 

2060 

2320 

2570 

2810 

3090 

3340 

3730 

4230* 

4660 

5060 

5310 

5480 

5600 

5670 

(2) 

Organ Growth 

Fraction of Adult 

Weights 

0.16 

0.20 

0.24 

0.26 

0.28 

0.33 

0.36 

0.41 

0.45 

0.50 

0.54 

0.59 

0.66 

0.74 

0.82 

0.89 

0.93 

0.96 

0.98 

1.00 

(2) 

8 Ca 

100 

150 

180 

200 

220 

240 

260 

300 

340 

400 

463 

539 

624 

714 

806 

894 

973 

1040 

1070 

1080 

Skeleton 

(3) 

g Ash 

270 

405 

480 

540 

590 

680 

710 

800 

920 

1070 

1250 

1460 

1690 

1930 

2180 

2420 

2630 

2800 

2900 

2910 

(1) From ICRP23 19 

(2) Mitchell (1945) 

(3) Calcium 37% of ash weight of all bone. 
Table 4. Half-Time in Days for the Compartments. 

P.19 

IHC ::< SONE CUT LIVER IN *_IVER QUI KIDNEY IN KIDNEY GUT uRINE OUT LIVER TO sUT !?*"Ak? 

1135 

1135 

1135 

it 35 

1135 

1320 

2350 

0=iO) 

2530 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3

i21 

3421 

342! 

3421 

3421 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

i

 ! .i.' . 

10.0 

10.o 

10.0 

irt. A 

23.0 

23.0 

tAA V • V 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

?3.>:*> 

30 

30. 

30 

.y 

30 

30 

0 

0 

A 

0 

o 

23.0 

A «• .-. 

*. J « V 

23,0 

<_ _• • V 

23 iO 

:i 

* ? " <"t 

-.ii 

•».1 

*. V 

30 

TA 

.•*.u 

TA 

30 

0 

(J 

0 

. 0 

0 

A 

il'i 

10 

10. 

lo 

10. 

10 

10. 

10 

' . 

10 

10 

trt 

0 

0 

i) 

0 

0 

0 

IJ 

rt 

It 

A 

9.0 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

il'i 

40 

40 

..'j 

10.0 

20.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

3*0.0 

•"rt t'! 

0 

(J 

o 

4 0 ' •' 

.•Jo-Jf 

30 

30 

30 

30 

:_ 
20:41:21 01-29-1985 

Table 5 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 10 Micrograms per Day. 

OE 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

BLOOD 

26.13 

46.06 

49.07 

51.76 

58.05 

63.84 

66.98 

57.61 

59.52 

72.97 

108.18 

110.69 

103.93 

105.97 

131.71 

135.13 

138.46 

141.71 

144.89 

147.99 

BONE 

2398 

3863 

5182 

6363 

7574 

8792 • 

10167 

11871 

13494 

15558 

16826 

18075 

19480 

20828 

22691 

24554 

26372 

28146 

29877 

31567 

LIVER 

6.9 

18.9 

20. 1 

21.2 

40.4 

68.2 

97.6 

84.0 

86.8 

106.3 

157.8 

161.4 

151.6 

154.6 

218.6 

224.3 

229.9 

r

?~*itZl 3 

240.6 

245.7 . 

KIDNEY 

8.7 

15.3 

16.3 

17.2 

19.3 

Jm, X tt mm. 

22.3 

19.2 

19.8 

24.3 

36.0 

36.9 

34.6 

35. 3 

43.9 

45.0 

46. 1 

47.2 

48.3 

'•49.3 

URINE 

2.01 

3.55 

3.78 

3.99 

4.47 

4.43 

4.64 

3.99 

4. 13 

5. 06 

3.75 

3.84 

3.60 

3.67 

4.56 

2.34 

2.40 

2.46 

2.51 

2.56 

FECES 

0.96 

0.46 

0.49 

0.52 

0. 98 

1.65 

0.92 

0. 80 

0. 82 

1.01 

1.49 

1.53 

1.44 

1.46 

2.07 

2. 12 

2. 18 

2. 23 

2.28 

Jim m O*— ' 
Table 6 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input tq Blood 10 ug per day. 

P.21 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

•_» 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 030 

0. 040 

0. 037 

0.035 

0.036 

0.035 

0.033 

0.025 

0.023 

0.026 

0.035 

0. 033 

0.028 

0.025 

0.028 

0. 027 

0. 026 

0. 026 

0.026 

0.027 

8.87 

9.53 

10.65 

11.77 

12.74 

13.55 

14.47 

14.64 

14.68 

14.39 

13.45 

12.41 

11.55 

10. 79 

10.42 

10.16 • 

10.03 

10.01 

10. 33 

10.81 

0.03 

0.06 

0.05 

0.05 

0.08 

0. 12 

0. 16 

0.12 

0. 11 

0. 13 

0. 17 

0. 16 

0. 14 

0. 12 

0. 16 

0. 15 

0. 15 

0. 14 

0. 14 

0. 14 

0.18 

0.26 

0.23 

0.22 

0.23 

0.21 

0.21 

0. 16 

0. 15 

0. 16 

0.22 

0.21 

0. 17 

0. 16 

0.18 

0.17 

0. 17 

0. 16 

0. 16 

0. 16 
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P.23 

Table 8 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 20 :ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

TJ 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 059 

0.081 

0.073 

0.070 

0.073 

0.069 

0.065 

0.050 

0.046 

0.052 

0.070 

0. 066 

0.056 

0. 050 

0.057 

0. 053 

0. 052 

0.052 

0.053 

0.054 

17.74 

19.06 

21.31 

23.54 

25.48 

27. 11 

28.94 

29.28 

29.37 

28.78 

26.89 

24.82 

23. 10 

21.59 

20.83 

20. 32 

20.06 

20.03 

20.66 

21.63 

0. 05 

0.11 

0. 10 

0. 10 

0. 17 

0.24 

0.32 

0.24 

0.23 

0.25 

0.34 

0.32 

0.27 

0.25 

0.31 

0. 30 

0.29 

0.29 

0.29 

0.29 

0. 36 

0.51 

0.45 

0.44 

0.46 

0.43 

0.41 

0.31 

0.29 

0.32 

0.44 

0.42 

0.35 

0.32 

0. 36 

0. 34 

0. 33 

0.33 

0. oo 

0. 33 
P.24 

Table 9 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 30 Micrograms per Day. 

GE 

1 

**} 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

BLOOD 

78.38 

138.IS 

147.21 

155.29 

174.16 

191.53 

200.94 

172.83 

178.56 

218.92 

324.55 

332.07 

311.78 

317.90 

395.13 

405.38 

415.38 

425.14 

434.66 

443.96 

BONE 

7193 

11589 

15547 

19089 

22723 

26376 

30502 

35613 

40483 

46674 

50478 

54226 

58439 

62485 

68074 

73662 

79115 

84437 

89631 

94700 

LIVER 

20.8 

56.7 

60.4 

63.7 

121.2 

204.5 

292.7 

251.9 

260.3-

319.0 

473.3 

484.3 

454.8 

463.8 

655.9 

672.9 

689.6 

705.8 

721.7 

737.2 

KIDNEY 

26.0 

45.9 

49.0 

51.7 

57.9 

63.7 

66.9 

57.5 

59.4 

72.9 

108. 1 

110.6 

103.8 

105.9 

131.6 

135. 0 

138.3 

141.6 

144.8 

147.9 

URINE 

6.04 

10. 64 

11. 34 

11.96 

13.41 

13.28 

13.93 

11.98 

12.38 

15. 17 

11.25 

11.51 

10.81 

11. 02 

13.69 

7.02 

7.20 

7.37 

7.53 

7.69 

FECES 

2.88 

1.38 

1.47 

1.55 

2.94 

4.96 

2.77 

2.39 

2.47 

3.02 

4.48 

4.59 

4.31 

4.39 

6.21 

6.37 

O • tJO 

6.69 

6.84 

6.98 
Table 10 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as 

Input to Blood 30 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash 

•> 

Males as a Function of Age. 

LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

0.08 0.54 

0.17 0.77 

1 

<-i 

mm 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 089 

0. 121 

0. U O 

0. 105 

0. 109 

0.104 

0.098 

0.074 

0.069 

0.078 

0. 105 

0.099 

0.084 

0.075 

0.085 

0.080 

0.078 

0.078 

0.079 

0.081 

26.61 

28.59 

31.96 

35.31 

38.22 

40.66 

43.41 

43.92 

44.05 

43. 17 

40.34 

37.22 

34.65 

32.38 

31.25 

30.49 

30.08 

30. 04 

30. 99 

32.44 

0.08 

0. 17 

0. 15 

0. 14 

0.25 

0.36 

0.48 

0.36 

0.34 

0.38 

0.52 

0. 48 

0*. 41 

0.37 

0.47 

0.44 

0.44 

0.43 

0. 43 

0. 43 

0. 54 

0.77 

0.68 

0.66 

0.69 

0.64 

0.62 

0. 47 

0.44 

0. 49 

0.67 

0. 62 

0.52 

0. 48 

0.53 

0.51 

0.50 

0.49 

0. 49 

0. 49 
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1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

r 

o 

o 

o 

ro 

o -7 

m 

r n 

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Ifl 

B 
Table 12 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 40 ug per day. 

P.27 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

*7 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 119 

0. 162 

0. 146 

0. 140 

0. 145 

0. 138 

0. 130 

0.099 

0.093 

0. 104 

0. 140 

0. 133 

0.111 

0. 100 

0. 113 

0. 107 

0. 104 

0. 103 

0. 105 

0. 108 

35.48 

38. 11 

42.61 

47.09 

50.96 

54.22 

57.88 

58.56 

58.74 

57.56 

53.79 

49.63 

46.20 

43. 17 

41.67 

40.65 

40. 11 

40. 05 

'41.33 

43.26 

0. 10 

0. 22 

0.20 

0. 19 

0.34 

0.49 

0.64 

0.48 

0.45 

0. 50 

0.69 

0.64 

0.54 

0.49 

0. 63 

0.59 

0.58 

0.58 

0.58 

0.58 

0.72 

1. 02 

0.91 

0.88 

0.92 

0.86 

0.83 

0.62 

0.59 

0. 65 

0.89 

0.83 

0.70 

0.64 

0.71 

0.67 

0.66 

0. 66 

0.66 

0. 66 
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Table 14 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 50 ug per day. 

AGE 

1 

•-•) 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

BLOOD ug/ml 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

148 

202 

183 

175 

181 

173 

163 

124 

116 

130 

175 

166 

139 

125 

141 

134 

130 

129 

132 

135 

BONE ug/g ash 

4.4.35 

47.64 

53.26 

oo. 96 

63.69 

67.77 

72.34 

73.20 

73.42 

71.96 

67.23 

62.04 

57.75 

53.97 

52.08 

50.81 

50. 14 

50.07 

51.66 

54.07 

LIVER ug/g 

0. 13 

0.28 

0.25 

0.24 

0.42 

0.61 

0.80 

0.60 

0.57 

0. 63 

0.86 

0.80 

0.68 

0.61 

0.78 

0.74 

0.73 

0.72 

0.72 

0.72 

KIDNEY ug/g 

0.90 

28 

> 1 o 

1 0 

, 15 

07 

1.03 

0.78 

0.73 

0.81 

1. 11 

1. 04 

0.87 

0. 79 

0.89 

0. 84 

0. 83 

0.82 

0.82 

0.82 
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AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER KIDNEY URINE FECES 

Table 15 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 60 Micrograms per- Day. 

• 
P.31 

Table 16 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 60 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash 

1 

**^» 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 178 

0.242 

0.220 

0.210 

0.218 

0.207 

0. 195 

0. 149 

0. 139 

0. 156 

0.210 

0. 199 

0. 167 

0. 150 

0.170 

0. 160 

0. 156 

0. 155 

0. 158 

0. 161 

53.22 

57. 17 

63.92 

70.63 

76.43 

31.33 

86.81 

87.84 

88. 11 

86.35 

80.68 

74.45 

69.30 

64.76 

62.50 

60.97 

60. 17 

60. 08 

61.99 

64.89 

LIVER ug/g 

0. 15 

0.33 

0.30 

0.29 

0.51 

0.73 

0.96 

0.72 

0.68 

0.75 

1.03 

0.97 

0.81 

0.74 

0.94 

0.39 

0.87 

0.87 

0.87 

0.87 

KIDNEY ug/g 

1.08 

1.53 

1.36 

38 

29 

24 

0.94 

0.88 

0. 97 

1 oo 

25 

05 

0.95 

1.07 

1.01 

0.99 

0.98 

0.98 

0.99 
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AG

E BLOO

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R KIDNE

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Tabl

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a

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P.33_ 

Table 18 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 70 ug per day. 

GE 

1 

*} 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

BLOOD ug/ml 

0.208 

0.283 

0.256 

0.245 

0.254 

0.242 

0.228 

0. 174 

0. 162 

0. 182 

0.245 

0.232 

0. 195 

0. 175 

0. 198 

0. 187 

0. 183 

0. 181 

0. 184 

0. 188 

BONE ug/g ash 

62. 10 

66.70 

74.57 

82.40 

89. 17 

94.88 

101.28 

102.49 

102.79 

100.74 

94. 12 

86.86 

80.85 

75.55 

72.92 

71.13 

70.20 

70.09 

72.32 

75.70 

LIVER ug/g 

0. 18 

0.39 

0.35 

0.34 

0.59 

0.85 

1. 12 

0.84 

0.79 

0. 88 

1.20 

1. 13 

0.95 

0.86 

1. 10 

1. 04 

1.02 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

KIDNEY ug/g 

1.26 

1.79 

1.59 

1.55 

1.61 

1.50 

1.44 

1.09 

1.03 

1. 13 

1.56 

1.46 

1. 2P 

1. 11 

1.25 

1. 18 

1. 16 

1. 15 

1. 15 

1. 15 
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Table 20 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age 

Input to Blood 80 ug per day. 

P.35 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

13 

19 

20 

0.238 

0.323 

0.293 

0.280 

0.290 

0.276 

0.260 

0. 199 

0. 185 

0.208 

0.280 

0.265 

0.223 

0.200 

0.226 

0.214 

0. 209 

0.207 

0.211 

0.215 

70.97 

76.23 

85.22 

94.17 

101.91 

108.43 

115.75 

117.13 

117.48 

115.13 

107.57 

99.26 

92.40 

86.35 

8o. oo 

81.30 

80. 23 

80. 11 

82.65 

86.52 

LIVER ug/g 

0.20 

0.44 

0.39 

0. 38 

0.68 

0.97 

1.28 

0.96 

0.91 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1, 

0. 

1, 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1, 

00 

37 

29 

08 

98 

25 

19 

16 

15 

16 

KIDNEY ug/g 

1.44 

2.04 

,81 

,77 

,84 

72 

,65 

25 

, 17 

30 

1.78 

1.67 

1.40 

1.27 

1.43 

1.35 

1 T*. 

1. 16 

1.31 

1.31 

1.31 
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P.37 

Table 22 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 90 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash 

1 

*3 

s_.1 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.267 

0.364 

0.330 

0.315 

0.327 

0.311 

0.293 

0.223 

0.208 

0.234 

0.315 

0.298 

0.251 

0.225 

0. 254 

0.240 

0.235 

0.233 

0.237 

0.242 

79.84 

85.76 

95.87 

105.94 

114.65 

121.99 

130.22 

131.77 

132.16 

129.52 

121.02 

111.67 

103.95 

97.14 

93.75 

91.46 

90.25 

90. 12 

92.98 

97.33 

LIVER ug/g 

0.23 

0. 50 

0.44 

0.43 

0.76 

1.09 

1.43 

1.08 

1.02 

1. 13 

1.55 

45 

*. "~> 

11 

41 

33 

31 

30 

30 

30 

KIDNEY ug/g 

1.63 

2.30 

2.04 

1.99 

2.07 

1.93 

1.86 

1.40 

1.32 

1.46 

2.00 

1.87 

1.57 

1.43 

1.60 

1.52 

1.49 

1.47 

1.48 

1.48 
P.38 

Table 23 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 100 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER KIDNEY URINE FECES 

***•""•» 

1 

2 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

261.27 

460.59 

490.70 

517.64 

580.52 

638.43 

669.79 

576.10 

595.19 

729.74 

1081.82 

1106.90 

1039.26 

1059.67 

1317.09 

1351.26 

1384.59 

1417.13 

1448.87 

1479.86 

«*«->._•__• 

23975 

38628 

51824 

63630 

75745 

87920 

101674 

118709 

134942 

155580 

168261 

180755 

194796 

208283 

226914 

245539 

263717 

281457 

298771 

315668 

69.3 

189.0 

201.4 

212.5 

404. 1 

681.7 

975.6 

839.7 

867.7 

1063.4 

1577.7 

1614.5 

1516.0 

1545.8 

2186.2 

2243.1 

2298.6 

2352.8 

2405.7 

2457.3 

"•" — •••—» — -•• 

86.7 

153. 1 

163.2 

172.2 

193.2 

212.4 

r**. ~> 9 

191.8 

198.2 

242.9 

360.3 

368.7 

346. 2 

353. 0 

438.6 

450.0 

461. 1 

472.0 

482.6 

492.9 

.«•«•«• • 

20. 12 

35.47 

37.79 

39.87 

44.71 

44.25 

46.43 

39.93 

41.26 

50.58 

37.49 

08. 06 

36.02 

36.73 

45.65 

23.42 

23.99 

24.56 

25. 11 

25.64 

__....._. 

9.60 

4.59 

4.89 

5. 15 

9.80 

16.54 

9.24 

7.95 

8.22 

10.07 

14.95 

15.29 

14.36 

14. 64 

20.71 

21.25 

21.78 

9 9 9 0 

22.79 

23.28 
P.39 

Table 24 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 100 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

1 

yl". 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.297 

0. 404 

0. 366 

0. 350 

0.363 

0.345 

0.325 

0.248 

0.232 

0.260 

0.350 

0.331 

0.279 

0.251 

0. 283 

0.267 

0.261 

0.259 

0. 263 

0.269 

88.71 

95.28 

106.53 

117.72 

127.39 

135.54 

144.69 

146.41 

146.85 

143.91 

134.46 

124.08 

115.50 

.107.93 

104.17 

101.62 

100.28 

100.13 

103.31 

108.15 

0.25 

0. 56 

0.49 

0.48 

0.85 

1 '?'•? 

* . > i 

1.59 

1.20 

1. 13 

1.25 

1.72 

1.61 

1.35 

1.23 

1.57 

1.48 

1.45 

1.44 

1.44 

1.45 

1.81 

2.55 

2.27 

2.21 

2.30 

2. 15 

2.06 

1.56 

1.47 

1.62 

2.22 

2.03 

1.75 

1.59 

1.78 

1.69 

1.65 

1.64 

1.64 

1.64 
(J H K H H H H H H K H 

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P.41 

Table 26 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 110 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash 

1 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.327 

0.444 

0.403 

0.385 

0.399 

0.380 

0.358 

0.273 

0.255 

0.286 

0.385 

0.365 

0.306 

0.276 

0.311 

0.294 

0.287 

0.284 

0. 290 

0.296 

97.58 

104.81 

117.18 

129.49 

140.13 

149.10 

159.16 

161.05 

161.53 

158.30 

147.91 

136.49 

127.05 

118.73 

114.58 

111.78 

110.31 

110.15 

113.64 

118.96 

LIVER ug/g 

0.28 

0.61 

0.54 

0.53 

0.93 

1.34 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

75 

33 

25 

38 

89 

77 

49 

35 

73 

63 

60 

59 

59 

59 

KIDNEY ug/g 

1.99 

2.81 

2.49 

2.43 

53 

36 

27 

72 

61 

1.78 

2.45 

2.29 

92 

75 

96 

85 

82 

30 

81 

81 
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AGE 

1 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

28 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Funct 

Input to Blood 120 ug per day. 

BLOOD ug/ml 

0.356 

0.485 

0.439 

0.420 

0.435 

0.414 

0.390 

0.298 

0.278 

0.312 

0.420 

0.398 

0.334 

0.301 

0.339 

0.320 

0.313 

0.310 

0.316 

0.323 

BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g 

106.45 0.31 

114.34 0.67 

127.83 0.59 

141.26 0.58 

152.87 1.02 

162.65 1.46 

173.63 1.91 

175.69 1.45 

176.22 1.36 

172.69 1.50 

161.36 2.06 

148.90 1.93 

133.60 1.62 

129.52 1.47 

125.00 1.88 

121.95 1.78 

120.34 1.74 

120.16 1.73 

123.98 1.73 

129.77 1.73 

ion of Age. 

KIDNEY ug/g 

2.17 

3.06 

2.72 

2.65 

2.76 

2.58 

2.48 

1.87 

1.76 

1.94 

2.67 

2.50 

2. 10 

1.91 

2. 14 

2.02 

1.98 

1.97 

1.97 

1.97 
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P.45 

Table 30 . Organ Lead Concentration•' for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 130 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

a 

9 

10 

u 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

13 

19 

20 

0.386 

0.525 

0.476 

0.455 

0.472 

0.449 

0.423 

0.323 

0.301 

0. 338 

0.455 

0.431 

0.362 

0.326 

0.367 

0.347 

0.339 

0. 336 

0. 342 

0. 350 

115.32 

123.87 

133.48 

153.03 

165.61 

176.21 

188.10 

190.33 

190.90 

187.09 

174.80 

161.30 

150.16 

140.31 

135.42 

132.11 

130.37 

130.17 

134.31 

140.59 

Oi OO 

0.72 

0.64 

0.62 

1. 10 

1.58 

2.07 

1.57 

1.47 

1.63 

2.23 

2.09 

1.76 

1. 60 

2.04 

1.93 

1.89 

1.87 

1.88 

1.88 

m. a •_,_) 

3.32 

2.95 

2.87 

2.99 

2.79 

2.68 

2.03 

1.91 

2.11 

2.89 

2.71 

2.27 

2.07 

•*•> ~*.~> 

2. 19 

2. 15 

2. 13 

2. 13 

2. 14 
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AGE 

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•••j 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

32 . Organ 

Inp 

Lead 

>ut to 

BLOOD ug/ 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

416 

566 

513' 

490 

508 

483 

455 

348 

324 

364 

490 

464 

390 

351 

396 

374 

365 

362 

369 

377 

ml 

Concentration 

Blood 140 ug per 

BONE ug/g 

124. 

1 O O a 

149. 

164. 

178. 

189. 

202. 

204. 

205. 

201. 

188. 

173. 

161. 

151. 

145. 

142. 

140. 

140. 

144. 

151. 

19 

40 

14 

80 

34 

76 

57 

97 

59 

48 

25 

71 

71 

11 

83 

27 

40 

19 

64 

40 

for 

pay. 

ash 

-

\ 

Males as a 

LIVER 

• 

0 

0. 

0. 

0. 

1. 

1. 

+m 1 

1. 

1. 

1. 

'•> 

2 

1. 

1. 

•*•> 

._ . 

•*•> 

2. 

<3 

n 

ug/ 

36 

78 

69 

67 

19 

70 

23 

69 

59 

75 

41 

25 

89 

72 

20 

08 

04 

02 

02 

02 

Funct 

g 

ion of Age. 

KIDNEY ug/g 

•7 

O • 

O • 

3. 

3. 

o. 

2. 

o 

2. 

T» 

O • 

*••) 

r> 

*-? 

**•> 

__. 

2 

•y 

mm . 

*? 

5o 

57 

17 

09 

22 

00 

89 

13 

06 

27 

11 

92 

45 

50 

36 

31 

29 

30 

30 
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Table 34 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 150 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.445 

0. 606 

0.549 

0.525 

0.544 

0.513 

0.488 

0.372 

0.347 

0. 390 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0, 

r J_>W 

,497 

,418 

376 

,424 

401 

,391 

388 

,395 

404 

133.06 

142.93 

159.79 

176.57 

191.08 

203.31 

217.03 

219.61 

220.27 

215.87 

201.69 

136.12 

173.26 

161.90 

156.25 

152.43 

150.42 

150.20 

154.97 

162.22 

0. 38 

0.83 

6.74 

0.72 

1.27 

1.32 

2.39 

,31 

,70 

38 

58 

41 

2.03. 

1.84 

2. 13 

2. 16 

2. 17 

2. 17 

2.71 

3.83 

3.40 

3.31 

3.45 

3.22 

3. 10 

2.34 

2.20 

2.43 

3.34 

3. 12 

2.62 

2.38 

2.67 

2.53 

2.48 

2.46 

2.46 

2.46 
P.50 

• ,« . • ' 

=1 

O 

o 

o 

^ 

•A 

Figure 1 

 
\«-

P.51 

ti/ 2 Overall Blood =16 days 

ti/ Blood to Kidney = 15days 

ti/ Kidney to Blood =68days 

/ V 22 days 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

Time Post Injection to Blood (Days) 

Figure 2