National Compensation Survey: 

Employee Benefits in the United States, March 2018 

U.S. Department of Labor 

R. Alexander Acosta, Secretary 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

William J. Wiatrowski, Acting Commissioner 

September 2018 

Bulletin 2789 

Contents 

Overview 

Civilian tables 

Private industry tables 

State and local government tables 

Technical note 

Appendix table 1: Survey establishment response 

Appendix table 2: Number of workers represented 
Overview 

The National Compensation Survey (NCS) provides comprehensive measures of compensation cost trends 

and the coverage, costs, and provisions of employer-sponsored benefits in the United States. This bulletin 

presents 2018 estimates of the incidence and key provisions of selected employer-sponsored benefits for 

civilian workers by various worker and establishment characteristics. Workers in the civilian economy are 

defined in the survey as those employed in private industry and state and local government.

These estimates are also accessible from the National Compensation Survey – Benefits database, 

available at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/data.htm. Archived NCS publications are available at 

www.bls.gov/ncs/ncspubs.htm.

U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) staff designed the survey, collected and reviewed the survey data, 

and prepared survey estimates for publication. The survey could not have been conducted without the 

cooperation of the many private businesses and state and local government agencies and jurisdictions 

that provided benefits data. BLS thanks these respondents for their cooperation.

For more information on benefits estimates, contact NCS staff by phone at (202) 691–6199 or by email. 

Information is made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request (Voice phone: (202) 691–

5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877–8339). Data requests also may be sent to U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics, Division of Compensation Data Analysis and Planning, 2 Massachusetts Avenue NE, Room 

4160, Washington, DC 20212.

Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced 

without permission.
Table 2. Retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All retirement benefits3 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 71 55 78 26 22 83 60 42 71

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 86 75 87 41 34 83 70 54 78

Management, business, and financial ............... 88 77 88 34 28 83 79 66 83

Professional and related .................................... 85 74 87 44 36 83 65 49 75

Teachers ........................................................ 86 77 90 74 65 88 40 20 50

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 95 86 91 89 80 91 34 13 38

Registered nurses ......................................... 91 80 88 42 31 75 81 67 82

Service ................................................................... 49 31 64 16 14 89 40 21 52

Protective service .............................................. 82 67 82 55 51 92 49 28 57

Sales and office ..................................................... 73 54 75 20 15 75 66 46 70

Sales and related ............................................... 68 42 62 11 7 62 65 39 60

Office and administrative support ...................... 76 62 81 26 20 78 67 51 76

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 64 50 78 25 23 94 55 38 69

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 61 48 79 28 27 96 48 33 69

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 68 52 76 22 20 91 62 43 70

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 72 55 77 23 19 82 63 45 72

Production ......................................................... 73 56 77 20 15 78 70 51 73

Transportation and material moving .................. 70 54 77 27 23 85 56 40 71

Full time ................................................................. 81 66 81 31 26 84 69 50 73

Part time ................................................................ 40 23 58 11 8 72 33 17 52

Union ..................................................................... 95 84 89 80 72 89 47 31 66

Nonunion ............................................................... 67 51 76 18 14 79 62 44 71

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 46 25 55 8 6 72 41 21 50

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 33 15 44 4 3 68 30 12 40

Second 25 percent ............................................ 72 55 76 21 17 81 62 43 70

Third 25 percent ................................................ 83 69 84 33 28 85 69 53 77

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 90 80 90 48 41 85 72 58 80

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 90 81 90 47 39 82 76 62 82

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 75 60 79 23 19 84 71 54 75

Service-providing industries .................................. 70 55 78 27 22 83 58 40 70

Education and health services ........................... 80 67 84 41 35 85 58 40 69

Educational services ...................................... 88 78 89 73 64 88 42 22 53

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 90 81 91 85 77 91 30 11 38

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 91 79 87 59 47 80 69 44 63

Health care and social assistance ................. 75 59 79 21 17 79 68 51 75

Hospitals .................................................... 93 79 85 45 34 76 83 66 79

Public administration ......................................... 91 85 94 87 79 91 36 19 54

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All retirement benefits3 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 55 40 73 12 10 86 50 34 68

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 50 36 72 9 8 86 47 32 69

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 69 51 74 20 18 87 58 38 66

100 workers or more .............................................. 86 71 82 41 33 82 70 51 72

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 84 64 77 28 23 82 71 49 70

500 workers or more .......................................... 90 78 87 56 46 82 70 53 75

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 72 59 82 31 27 86 59 44 74

New England ..................................................... 74 60 81 30 26 86 60 46 77

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 71 59 83 31 27 86 58 43 73

South ..................................................................... 70 52 74 26 21 82 61 40 66

South Atlantic .................................................... 70 53 76 27 22 79 62 41 66

East South Central ............................................ 74 53 71 26 22 84 64 40 63

West South Central ........................................... 70 52 74 24 21 86 56 38 67

Midwest ................................................................. 72 57 79 25 21 82 63 46 72

East North Central ............................................. 72 58 80 25 21 82 64 47 73

West North Central ............................................ 73 56 77 26 21 82 61 43 71

West ...................................................................... 69 55 80 25 20 83 57 42 74

Mountain ............................................................ 74 60 81 21 18 85 63 48 77

Pacific ................................................................ 67 53 79 26 22 83 55 39 72

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Workers are considered as having access or as participating if they have access to or are participating

in at least one of these plan types. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 2. Standard errors for retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018

Characteristics

All retirement benefits3 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.8

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1

Professional and related .................................... 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.9

Teachers ........................................................ 2.1 2.0 0.7 2.2 2.2 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.6

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.4 2.3 0.7 2.6 2.5 0.7 1.5 1.3 2.8

Registered nurses ......................................... 1.8 2.3 1.5 3.7 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 2.1

Service ................................................................... 1.8 1.1 2.2 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.8 0.9 2.2

Protective service .............................................. 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.0 1.5 3.4 2.2 5.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.0

Sales and related ............................................... 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.0 0.9 4.0 1.6 1.3 1.5

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.8 2.7 1.9 2.3 2.3 0.8 2.3 2.4 2.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.2 0.9

Production ......................................................... 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.6 1.3 3.1 2.5 2.0 1.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.1 1.8 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7

Part time ................................................................ 1.9 1.1 1.7 0.8 0.6 2.1 1.6 0.8 1.8

Union ..................................................................... 0.6 0.7 0.5 1.3 1.3 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.7 0.9 1.5 0.4 0.4 2.3 1.6 0.8 1.4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.5 1.1 2.1 0.5 0.3 3.7 2.4 1.0 2.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.8 0.9 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.3 1.2 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.2 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.4 0.9

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8

Education and health services ........................... 1.9 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.8 1.5 1.2

Educational services ...................................... 1.2 1.3 0.7 1.3 1.3 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.7 1.7 0.7 1.8 1.7 0.6 1.2 1.1 2.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.2 1.4

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.0 2.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 3.0 2.9 2.4 1.7

Hospitals .................................................... 1.0 2.0 1.8 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.1 2.6 2.1

Public administration ......................................... 0.9 1.1 0.5 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.2 2.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Standard errors for retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

All retirement benefits3 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.5 1.3 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.1 1.0 1.8 2.4 1.9 2.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.5

New England ..................................................... 2.1 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.5 3.4 3.1 2.2 2.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.0 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.0 2.0 1.2 1.8

South ..................................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.2 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.3 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.2

East South Central ............................................ 2.9 5.6 4.8 4.1 3.9 2.3 1.8 4.1 4.7

West South Central ........................................... 1.8 2.3 2.1 0.7 0.5 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.7

Midwest ................................................................. 1.8 1.6 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.0

East North Central ............................................. 2.0 2.0 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.4 2.1 1.8 1.1

West North Central ............................................ 3.4 2.6 1.9 2.0 1.7 2.4 2.6 1.8 2.0

West ...................................................................... 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.3

Mountain ............................................................ 1.7 2.3 1.9 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.6

Pacific ................................................................ 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.7

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Workers are considered as having access or as participating if they have access to or are participating

in at least one of these plan types. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 3. Retirement benefit combinations: Access, civilian

workers,1 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

All workers ............................................................. 16 11 45

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 25 16 45

Management, business, and financial ............... 26 8 54

Professional and related .................................... 24 20 41

Teachers ........................................................ 28 46 12

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 28 60 6

Registered nurses ......................................... 32 10 49

Service ................................................................... 6 9 34

Protective service .............................................. 22 34 27

Sales and office ..................................................... 13 7 53

Sales and related ............................................... 7 3 57

Office and administrative support ...................... 16 9 50

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 15 9 40

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 15 13 33

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 16 6 46

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 14 9 48

Production ......................................................... 16 3 54

Transportation and material moving .................. 12 14 44

Full time ................................................................. 19 12 50

Part time ................................................................ 4 7 29

Union ..................................................................... 33 47 14

Nonunion ............................................................... 13 5 49

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3 4 38

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1 3 29

Second 25 percent ............................................ 11 10 51

Third 25 percent ................................................ 20 14 49

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 31 17 42

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 33 14 43

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 18 4 53

Service-providing industries .................................. 15 12 43

Education and health services ........................... 20 22 39

Educational services ...................................... 27 46 15

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 25 60 5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 37 22 32

Health care and social assistance ................. 15 6 54

Hospitals .................................................... 35 9 48

Public administration ......................................... 32 55 4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Retirement benefit combinations: Access, civilian

workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 7 6 43

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 6 4 41

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 10 11 49

100 workers or more .............................................. 24 16 46

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 15 13 56

500 workers or more .......................................... 36 20 34

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 18 13 41

New England ..................................................... 16 15 44

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 18 13 40

South ..................................................................... 16 10 45

South Atlantic .................................................... 19 8 43

East South Central ............................................ 16 9 48

West South Central ........................................... 10 13 46

Midwest ................................................................. 16 9 47

East North Central ............................................. 17 8 47

West North Central ............................................ 14 12 47

West ...................................................................... 13 12 45

Mountain ............................................................ 10 11 53

Pacific ................................................................ 14 12 41

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for

further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 3. Standard errors for retirement benefit combinations:

Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.3 0.8

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.7 0.6 1.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.2 0.8 1.4

Professional and related .................................... 0.9 0.8 1.3

Teachers ........................................................ 1.3 1.6 0.8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.4 2.0 1.1

Registered nurses ......................................... 3.0 2.1 3.5

Service ................................................................... 0.4 0.6 1.9

Protective service .............................................. 2.1 3.1 4.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.7 0.3 0.9

Sales and related ............................................... 0.9 0.4 1.6

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.7 0.4 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.0 0.9 1.7

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.6 1.6 2.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.1 0.8 2.2

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.0 0.7 1.8

Production ......................................................... 1.7 0.4 2.7

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.2 1.4 2.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.3 0.9

Part time ................................................................ 0.5 0.6 1.5

Union ..................................................................... 1.2 1.3 1.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.2 0.8

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.3 0.3 1.6

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.2 0.5 2.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.4 1.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.7 1.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 0.7 1.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.5 0.9 1.6

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 0.5 2.1

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.5 0.3 0.8

Education and health services ........................... 0.9 0.9 1.6

Educational services ...................................... 0.9 1.0 0.6

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.0 1.4 0.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.8 2.0 1.3

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.3 1.1 2.6

Hospitals .................................................... 3.0 1.7 2.5

Public administration ......................................... 1.2 1.2 0.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Standard errors for retirement benefit combinations:

Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.2 1.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 0.2 1.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.0 0.9 2.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.5 0.8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.9 0.7 1.3

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.1 0.8 1.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.1 0.6 2.0

New England ..................................................... 2.8 1.5 2.8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.3 0.8 2.6

South ..................................................................... 0.7 0.5 1.2

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.8 0.8 1.9

East South Central ............................................ 3.0 1.3 1.8

West South Central ........................................... 0.8 0.4 1.9

Midwest ................................................................. 0.9 0.5 1.3

East North Central ............................................. 1.2 0.5 1.6

West North Central ............................................ 1.2 1.1 2.1

West ...................................................................... 1.1 0.6 1.9

Mountain ............................................................ 1.4 1.2 2.8

Pacific ................................................................ 1.5 0.7 2.5

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for

further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 5. Defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard freeze plans, civilian

workers,1 March 2018

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans2

Soft freeze3

All Hard freeze4

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 52 39 2 7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 47 44 2 8

Management, business, and financial ............... 52 32 2 14

Professional and related .................................... 45 48 2 5

Teachers ........................................................ 43 56 – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 44 55 – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 49 35 – –

Service ................................................................... 55 41 1 4

Protective service .............................................. 51 48 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 52 37 1 10

Sales and related ............................................... 57 22 1 19

Office and administrative support ...................... 51 39 1 8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 71 25 1 3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 83 15 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 56 37 3 4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 59 29 3 9

Production ......................................................... 44 36 2 18

Transportation and material moving .................. 68 24 4 4

Full time ................................................................. 51 39 2 8

Part time ................................................................ 62 34 – –

Union ..................................................................... 57 41 1 2

Nonunion ............................................................... 49 37 3 12

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 57 36 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 72 24 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 57 34 2 7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 53 38 2 7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 49 42 2 8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 46 42 2 10

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 56 25 5 13

Service-providing industries .................................. 52 41 1 6

Education and health services ........................... 47 49 1 3

Educational services ...................................... 43 56 – –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 43 56 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 41 58 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 58 29 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 52 31 – –

Public administration ......................................... 43 56 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard freeze plans, civilian

workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans2

Soft freeze3

All Hard freeze4

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 57 35 1 7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 57 32 1 10

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 56 38 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 51 40 2 7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 58 34 3 5

500 workers or more .......................................... 47 43 2 8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 49 41 1 8

New England ..................................................... 55 37 1 7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 47 42 1 9

South ..................................................................... 53 40 2 6

South Atlantic .................................................... 59 32 3 7

East South Central ............................................ 45 52 – –

West South Central ........................................... 46 47 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 57 32 2 9

East North Central ............................................. 57 31 3 9

West North Central ............................................ 57 33 – –

West ...................................................................... 50 42 2 7

Mountain ............................................................ 49 43 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 50 42 2 7

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Plans open to new participants. 3 New employees are not allowed in the plan. Benefit accruals may continue for existing participants. 4 Participants in these plans stop accruing benefits on the date the plan is frozen. The benefit the employee receives is

calculated as of the day the plan was frozen. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did

not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 5. Standard errors for defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard

freeze plans, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans2

Soft freeze3

All Hard freeze4

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 1.0 0.3 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.5 1.4 0.4 0.8

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.3 2.1 0.6 1.7

Professional and related .................................... 1.7 1.6 0.4 0.8

Teachers ........................................................ 1.8 1.8 – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.2 2.2 – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 5.0 4.2 – –

Service ................................................................... 2.1 2.0 0.3 1.2

Protective service .............................................. 3.5 3.5 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.0 1.6 0.3 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 5.6 3.7 0.7 2.9

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.8 1.5 0.3 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.4 2.2 0.4 0.7

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.1 1.9 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.3 3.2 1.0 0.9

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.3 2.3 0.9 1.9

Production ......................................................... 3.2 4.0 1.1 4.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.6 2.5 1.4 1.4

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 1.1 0.3 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 2.5 2.6 – –

Union ..................................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.7 1.4 0.4 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3.1 2.8 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4.1 3.9 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 1.3 0.6 0.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.5 1.5 0.4 1.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.2 2.1 0.6 1.1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.9 2.7 1.2 2.3

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 1.7 1.6 0.4 1.0

Educational services ...................................... 1.1 1.1 – –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.4 1.5 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.4 1.4 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.7 3.6 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 4.4 3.0 – –

Public administration ......................................... 1.5 1.5 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Standard errors for defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard

freeze plans, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans2

Soft freeze3

All Hard freeze4

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.8 1.5 0.3 1.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.2 2.1 0.2 2.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.6 2.2 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.4 1.2 0.3 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.2 1.9 0.5 1.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.7 1.4 0.5 0.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.6 1.3 0.4 0.7

New England ..................................................... 3.5 2.7 0.6 1.5

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.8 1.6 0.4 0.8

South ..................................................................... 2.5 2.1 0.3 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 4.1 3.0 0.5 1.5

East South Central ............................................ 4.6 4.6 – –

West South Central ........................................... 1.8 2.1 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.8 1.9 0.8 1.9

East North Central ............................................. 2.4 2.5 1.1 2.7

West North Central ............................................ 2.4 2.4 – –

West ...................................................................... 2.3 2.4 0.5 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ 4.4 4.1 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 2.7 2.9 0.7 1.2

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Plans open to new participants. 3 New employees are not allowed in the plan. Benefit accruals may continue for existing participants. 4 Participants in these plans stop accruing benefits on the date the plan is frozen. The benefit the employee receives is

calculated as of the day the plan was frozen. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 6. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Selected attributes,

civilian workers,2 March 2018

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits3

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

All workers ............................................................. 4 ( ) 17 82

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 4 ( ) 17 82

Management, business, and financial ............... – – 85

Professional and related .................................... 4 ( ) 18 81

Teachers ........................................................ 1 19 81

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1 19 80

Registered nurses ......................................... – 24 76

Service ................................................................... – – 74

Protective service .............................................. – – 77

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 86

Sales and related ............................................... – 3 97

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 84

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – – 81

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 19 81

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – – 81

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – – 88

Production ......................................................... – 12 88

Transportation and material moving .................. – – 88

Full time ................................................................. 4 ( ) 17 83

Part time ................................................................ 4 ( ) 25 75

Union ..................................................................... 1 19 81

Nonunion ............................................................... 4 ( ) 16 83

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – – 82

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – – 80

Second 25 percent ............................................ 4 ( ) 18 82

Third 25 percent ................................................ – – 81

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 4 ( ) 16 83

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1 17 82

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... – 10 90

Service-providing industries .................................. 4 ( ) 18 81

Education and health services ........................... 1 22 77

Educational services ...................................... 1 20 79

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1 20 79

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – – 78

Health care and social assistance ................. – 27 73

Hospitals .................................................... – 19 81

Public administration ......................................... – 24 76

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 6. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Selected attributes,

civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits3

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1 21 78

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1 25 74

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 82

100 workers or more .............................................. – – 84

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – – 82

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 84

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – – 93

New England ..................................................... – – 89

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – – 94

South ..................................................................... – 16 84

South Atlantic .................................................... – 9 91

East South Central ............................................ – 46 54

West South Central ........................................... – 10 90

Midwest ................................................................. 1 14 85

East North Central ............................................. 2 13 86

West North Central ............................................ – 16 84

West ...................................................................... – – 66

Mountain ............................................................ – – 88

Pacific ................................................................ – 43 57

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 3 The length of time is calculated based on the year the plan was modified. For example, plans frozen

after January 2017 are included in the "1 year" column. Those frozen between 2013 and 2016 are included in

the "2 to 5 years" column and plans frozen before 2013 are included in the "Greater than 5 years" column. 4 Less than 0.5. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this

category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 6. Standard errors for defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1

Selected attributes, civilian workers,2 March 2018

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits3

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.1 0.9 0.9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.1 1.1 1.1

Management, business, and financial ............... – – 1.8

Professional and related .................................... 0.1 1.2 1.2

Teachers ........................................................ 0.1 1.8 1.8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.1 2.2 2.1

Registered nurses ......................................... – 6.1 6.1

Service ................................................................... – – 2.9

Protective service .............................................. – – 3.5

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 1.0

Sales and related ............................................... – 1.0 1.0

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 1.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – – 2.8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 4.2 4.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – – 3.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – – 2.0

Production ......................................................... – 3.3 3.3

Transportation and material moving .................. – – 2.1

Full time ................................................................. 0.1 0.8 0.9

Part time ................................................................ 0.1 4.3 4.3

Union ..................................................................... 0.1 1.2 1.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 4 ( ) 1.3 1.4

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – – 4.8

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – – 8.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.1 1.4 1.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ – – 1.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.1 1.0 1.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.2 1.2 1.2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... – 2.2 2.2

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.1 1.0 1.0

Education and health services ........................... 0.1 1.7 1.7

Educational services ...................................... 0.2 1.2 1.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.2 1.7 1.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – – 2.3

Health care and social assistance ................. – 6.0 6.0

Hospitals .................................................... – 3.7 3.7

Public administration ......................................... – 1.7 1.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 6. Standard errors for defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1

Selected attributes, civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits3

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.3 2.3 2.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.3 4.1 4.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 1.9

100 workers or more .............................................. – – 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – – 1.8

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 1.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – – 1.6

New England ..................................................... – – 5.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – – 1.2

South ..................................................................... – 1.7 1.7

South Atlantic .................................................... – 1.3 1.3

East South Central ............................................ – 6.4 6.4

West South Central ........................................... – 1.4 1.4

Midwest ................................................................. 0.3 2.3 2.4

East North Central ............................................. 0.4 2.9 3.0

West North Central ............................................ – 3.8 3.8

West ...................................................................... – – 1.7

Mountain ............................................................ – – 2.9

Pacific ................................................................ – 1.6 1.6

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 3 The length of time is calculated based on the year the plan was modified. For example, plans frozen

after January 2017 are included in the "1 year" column. Those frozen between 2013 and 2016 are included in

the "2 to 5 years" column and plans frozen before 2013 are included in the "Greater than 5 years" column. 4 Less than 0.05. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 7. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, civilian workers,2 March 2018

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans3

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

All workers ............................................................. 4 96 58 12 15 23

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 3 97 64 10 16 22

Management, business, and financial ............... 4 96 44 13 28 25

Professional and related .................................... 3 97 71 9 13 20

Service ................................................................... 3 97 77 7 5 22

Sales and office ..................................................... 8 92 46 12 20 26

Sales and related ............................................... 23 77 – – 42 22

Office and administrative support ...................... 6 94 53 12 16 27

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5 95 47 24 13 18

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 7 93 29 24 17 30

Full time ................................................................. 3 97 59 12 16 23

Part time ................................................................ 17 83 52 9 7 21

Union ..................................................................... 2 98 76 12 5 20

Nonunion ............................................................... 6 94 46 12 23 25

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 15 85 59 7 12 19

Second 25 percent ............................................ 4 96 60 12 13 24

Third 25 percent ................................................ 5 95 55 14 11 26

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 2 98 59 12 20 21

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 3 97 54 12 24 24

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 4 96 14 28 39 30

Service-providing industries .................................. 4 96 64 10 12 22

Education and health services ........................... 2 98 82 5 4 21

Health care and social assistance ................. 7 93 41 – 15 34

Public administration ......................................... – 100 89 8 – 20

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 7. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, civilian workers,2 March

2018—continued

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans3

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 4 96 58 14 12 24

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 3 97 51 13 13 25

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 5 95 66 14 10 21

100 workers or more .............................................. 4 96 58 12 16 23

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 8 92 56 13 14 24

500 workers or more .......................................... 3 97 59 11 17 22

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 5 95 62 6 14 24

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 5 95 64 7 14 24

South ..................................................................... 4 96 58 15 14 26

South Atlantic .................................................... 6 94 46 17 20 38

Midwest ................................................................. 5 95 52 14 15 24

East North Central ............................................. 5 95 50 14 15 28

West ...................................................................... 4 96 60 11 19 16

Pacific ................................................................ 5 95 58 12 19 18

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 The sum of the individual components may be greater than the total because some employers offer more than one alternative. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication

criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 7. Standard errors for frozen defined benefit retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, civilian

workers,2 March 2018

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.6 0.6 1.6 1.0 1.7 1.3

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.9 0.9 2.4 2.0 2.9 2.5

Professional and related .................................... 0.7 0.7 1.8 1.0 1.6 1.2

Service ................................................................... 0.9 0.9 3.4 1.5 1.5 2.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8

Sales and related ............................................... 5.2 5.2 – – 5.6 3.4

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.3 2.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.4 2.4 3.7 3.5 3.2 2.6

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.3 2.3 3.7 3.4 3.1 4.1

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.1

Part time ................................................................ 3.7 3.7 4.3 2.5 2.1 4.0

Union ..................................................................... 0.7 0.7 1.5 1.2 0.9 1.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.2 1.7 1.4

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3.0 3.0 4.7 1.7 3.2 3.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.0 2.2 1.4 1.5 1.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.4 1.1 1.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 0.4 1.8 1.1 1.8 1.3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.7 0.7 2.0 1.6 2.3 2.1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.7 1.7 3.8 3.2 3.9 4.7

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.1

Education and health services ........................... 0.8 0.8 1.9 1.0 0.6 1.3

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.7 2.7 4.3 – 2.2 4.0

Public administration ......................................... – 0.0 1.7 1.5 – 1.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 7. Standard errors for frozen defined benefit retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, civilian

workers,2 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.0 1.0 3.1 2.0 1.4 2.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.9 0.9 3.8 2.2 1.9 4.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.6 1.6 4.0 3.1 2.3 3.3

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.9 1.3 1.3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.6 1.6 2.7 1.9 1.8 2.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.7 0.7 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.5 1.5 2.6 1.1 1.5 2.5

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 1.7 2.8 1.1 1.6 2.5

South ..................................................................... 1.1 1.1 2.4 1.7 1.8 1.8

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.0 2.0 3.6 2.8 2.9 3.3

Midwest ................................................................. 1.4 1.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3

East North Central ............................................. 1.3 1.3 2.9 3.2 2.5 2.8

West ...................................................................... 0.8 0.8 2.3 1.5 2.9 1.7

Pacific ................................................................ 1.1 1.1 2.7 1.8 3.1 2.1

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms,

see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 8. Defined contribution retirement plans: Selected attributes, civilian

workers,1 March 2018

(All workers participating in defined contribution plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

All workers ............................................................. 68 32 83 17

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 66 34 83 17

Management, business, and financial ............... 68 32 85 15

Professional and related .................................... 64 36 82 18

Teachers ........................................................ 71 29 93 7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 76 24 96 4

Registered nurses ......................................... 60 40 76 24

Service ................................................................... 65 35 83 17

Protective service .............................................. 72 28 92 8

Sales and office ..................................................... 71 29 84 16

Sales and related ............................................... 77 23 86 14

Office and administrative support ...................... 68 32 84 16

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 65 35 82 18

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 55 45 77 23

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 72 28 86 14

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 71 29 84 16

Production ......................................................... 72 28 84 16

Transportation and material moving .................. 70 30 84 16

Full time ................................................................. 68 32 84 16

Part time ................................................................ 67 33 83 17

Union ..................................................................... 65 35 81 19

Nonunion ............................................................... 68 32 84 16

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 74 26 83 17

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 70 30 78 22

Second 25 percent ............................................ 70 30 85 15

Third 25 percent ................................................ 65 35 84 16

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 66 34 83 17

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 64 36 83 17

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 68 32 82 18

Service-providing industries .................................. 68 32 84 16

Education and health services ........................... 59 41 81 19

Educational services ...................................... 67 33 90 10

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 69 31 91 9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 65 35 88 12

Health care and social assistance ................. 58 42 78 22

Hospitals .................................................... 63 37 80 20

Public administration ......................................... 67 33 90 10

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 8. Defined contribution retirement plans: Selected attributes, civilian

workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in defined contribution plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 66 34 84 16

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 64 36 83 17

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 68 32 85 15

100 workers or more .............................................. 69 31 83 17

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 72 28 86 14

500 workers or more .......................................... 66 34 81 19

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 62 38 82 18

New England ..................................................... 59 41 81 19

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 63 37 83 17

South ..................................................................... 72 28 81 19

South Atlantic .................................................... 70 30 80 20

East South Central ............................................ 77 23 81 19

West South Central ........................................... 75 25 83 17

Midwest ................................................................. 67 33 85 15

East North Central ............................................. 66 34 85 15

West North Central ............................................ 69 31 83 17

West ...................................................................... 67 33 87 13

Mountain ............................................................ 68 32 87 13

Pacific ................................................................ 66 34 87 13

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or

data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 8. Standard errors for defined contribution retirement plans: Selected

attributes, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.1

Professional and related .................................... 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Teachers ........................................................ 2.8 2.8 0.8 0.8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 5.2 5.2 1.1 1.1

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.9

Service ................................................................... 2.6 2.6 1.9 1.9

Protective service .............................................. 6.5 6.5 2.2 2.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7

Sales and related ............................................... 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 1.3 0.9 0.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.6

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.8 3.8 3.0 3.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.3

Production ......................................................... 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.7

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Part time ................................................................ 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

Union ..................................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.3

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

Education and health services ........................... 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5

Educational services ...................................... 1.8 1.8 0.7 0.7

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 4.6 4.6 1.8 1.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.8 1.8 0.9 0.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.9

Hospitals .................................................... 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.6

Public administration ......................................... 3.0 3.0 1.4 1.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 8. Standard errors for defined contribution retirement plans: Selected

attributes, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.9 2.9 2.2 2.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4

New England ..................................................... 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.7

South ..................................................................... 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4

East South Central ............................................ 4.2 4.2 2.6 2.6

West South Central ........................................... 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.3

Midwest ................................................................. 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5

East North Central ............................................. 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6

West North Central ............................................ 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3

West ...................................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3

Mountain ............................................................ 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.0

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.2

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2

March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Healthcare3 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 72 59 81 72 52 73

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 89 76 86 89 68 77

Management, business, and financial ............... 95 81 84 95 72 76

Professional and related .................................... 86 74 86 86 66 77

Teachers ........................................................ 84 72 86 84 65 77

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 94 81 85 94 71 76

Registered nurses ......................................... 89 75 84 88 65 74

Service ................................................................... 48 35 73 47 31 66

Protective service .............................................. 75 62 82 75 55 74

Sales and office ..................................................... 69 54 78 68 48 70

Sales and related ............................................... 55 39 70 54 35 65

Office and administrative support ...................... 77 63 82 76 55 73

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 75 63 84 75 59 78

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 70 59 85 69 56 81

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 80 67 84 80 61 76

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 78 62 80 77 56 73

Production ......................................................... 82 67 83 81 61 75

Transportation and material moving .................. 74 57 78 73 51 70

Full time ................................................................. 88 73 82 88 65 74

Part time ................................................................ 22 14 63 21 12 56

Union ..................................................................... 95 84 88 95 75 80

Nonunion ............................................................... 69 54 79 68 49 72

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 39 26 65 38 23 60

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 25 14 56 25 13 50

Second 25 percent ............................................ 77 61 80 76 55 72

Third 25 percent ................................................ 88 74 84 87 66 76

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 93 82 87 93 73 78

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 94 83 89 93 74 79

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 85 73 86 85 67 79

Service-providing industries .................................. 70 56 80 69 50 72

Education and health services ........................... 80 67 83 79 58 74

Educational services ...................................... 87 75 86 86 66 77

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 88 75 85 88 66 75

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 90 80 89 90 72 80

Health care and social assistance ................. 76 61 81 74 53 71

Hospitals .................................................... 92 78 86 91 65 72

Public administration ......................................... 90 82 91 90 74 82

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 44 35 80 26 21 80 70 52 73

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 60 49 81 36 29 81 87 67 76

Management, business, and financial ............... 64 52 80 38 31 82 93 71 76

Professional and related .................................... 59 48 81 35 29 81 85 65 77

Teachers ........................................................ 53 42 80 32 26 81 83 64 77

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 57 46 80 34 29 83 93 70 76

Registered nurses ......................................... 63 48 76 37 31 83 87 64 73

Service ................................................................... 27 20 74 16 12 79 46 30 66

Protective service .............................................. 44 35 80 31 25 81 70 53 76

Sales and office ..................................................... 40 31 78 22 17 79 67 47 70

Sales and related ............................................... 27 20 72 15 11 74 53 34 64

Office and administrative support ...................... 47 38 81 26 21 80 75 54 73

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 40 34 85 26 22 83 73 57 78

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 34 30 87 23 21 91 68 55 81

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 46 39 84 29 22 77 78 59 76

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 45 37 81 28 22 78 76 55 73

Production ......................................................... 47 38 81 26 21 81 80 60 76

Transportation and material moving .................. 44 36 81 30 22 75 73 51 70

Full time ................................................................. 54 44 80 32 26 81 86 64 74

Part time ................................................................ 12 8 68 8 5 70 21 12 56

Union ..................................................................... 75 63 84 55 47 84 94 75 80

Nonunion ............................................................... 39 31 78 22 17 78 67 48 72

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 18 12 67 10 7 73 37 22 60

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 11 7 60 7 4 66 24 12 51

Second 25 percent ............................................ 43 34 80 24 19 79 75 54 72

Third 25 percent ................................................ 56 45 81 34 27 80 86 65 76

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 67 55 82 41 34 82 92 72 78

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 71 59 83 44 36 82 93 73 79

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 51 43 84 31 26 82 83 66 79

Service-providing industries .................................. 43 34 79 25 20 80 68 49 72

Education and health services ........................... 53 41 79 30 24 82 77 57 73

Educational services ...................................... 56 45 80 33 26 81 85 65 77

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 53 43 81 32 26 82 87 65 75

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 63 50 79 35 27 77 89 71 80

Health care and social assistance ................. 51 39 78 27 23 84 72 51 71

Hospitals .................................................... 69 53 77 39 32 82 90 65 72

Public administration ......................................... 60 53 88 43 38 89 89 73 82

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2

March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Healthcare3 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 58 45 78 57 41 71

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 52 41 78 52 37 71

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 72 55 77 71 50 71

100 workers or more .............................................. 87 72 83 86 64 74

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 85 68 80 83 60 72

500 workers or more .......................................... 90 78 87 89 69 77

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 73 61 83 72 53 74

New England ..................................................... 73 61 83 73 53 72

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 73 61 83 72 54 74

South ..................................................................... 72 57 78 72 52 72

South Atlantic .................................................... 71 56 79 70 51 73

East South Central ............................................ 73 57 78 73 52 71

West South Central ........................................... 75 58 77 74 53 72

Midwest ................................................................. 70 56 80 70 50 71

East North Central ............................................. 70 56 80 69 50 72

West North Central ............................................ 71 57 81 71 49 70

West ...................................................................... 74 63 85 73 56 76

Mountain ............................................................ 75 61 82 74 54 73

Pacific ................................................................ 74 63 86 73 56 78

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 30 24 77 18 14 77 56 40 71

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 26 21 79 15 11 78 51 36 72

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 42 32 75 27 21 77 69 48 71

100 workers or more .............................................. 58 47 81 35 28 81 85 63 74

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 52 41 79 31 25 80 82 59 72

500 workers or more .......................................... 65 53 82 39 32 82 89 69 77

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 49 40 82 28 23 83 71 53 74

New England ..................................................... 46 38 81 16 12 80 71 51 72

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 50 41 83 32 27 83 71 53 74

South ..................................................................... 36 27 76 19 15 75 70 51 72

South Atlantic .................................................... 38 29 76 20 15 76 68 50 73

East South Central ............................................ 32 24 76 20 15 77 73 51 71

West South Central ........................................... 34 25 74 19 14 74 73 52 71

Midwest ................................................................. 44 35 79 25 19 78 69 49 71

East North Central ............................................. 44 34 78 27 21 78 68 49 72

West North Central ............................................ 45 36 80 21 16 76 69 49 70

West ...................................................................... 54 44 83 37 31 84 72 55 76

Mountain ............................................................ 49 41 83 30 25 83 73 53 73

Pacific ................................................................ 56 46 82 41 34 84 72 56 77

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Healthcare is a collective term for the following benefits: medical, dental, and vision care benefits; and outpatient prescription drug coverage. If workers have access to or

participate in at least one of these benefits, they are considered as having access to or participating in healthcare. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1

civilian workers,2 March 2018

Characteristics

Healthcare3 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.0

Professional and related .................................... 1.0 0.9 0.5 1.1 0.9 0.6

Teachers ........................................................ 2.1 1.9 0.8 2.1 1.7 0.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.4 2.3 1.0 2.4 2.1 1.1

Registered nurses ......................................... 1.7 2.5 1.9 1.8 2.3 1.8

Service ................................................................... 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.4 0.9 1.5

Protective service .............................................. 3.1 4.1 3.3 3.1 3.9 3.4

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.1

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.0 1.9 0.9 2.1 1.8 0.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.9 2.7 1.3 2.9 2.6 1.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.5 2.4 1.1 2.6 2.3 1.3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.7 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.1

Production ......................................................... 2.2 1.8 1.1 2.2 1.9 1.2

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.1 1.8 1.5

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.5 1.1 2.0 1.4 0.9 2.2

Union ..................................................................... 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.9 1.3 2.2 1.9 1.2 2.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.8

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5

Education and health services ........................... 1.5 1.5 0.8 1.5 1.4 0.8

Educational services ...................................... 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.7

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.3 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.3 0.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.1 1.2 0.5 1.1 1.3 0.8

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.3 2.4 1.4 2.4 2.1 1.4

Hospitals .................................................... 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.7

Public administration ......................................... 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0

Professional and related .................................... 1.1 1.0 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.6

Teachers ........................................................ 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.6 0.8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.3 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.0

Registered nurses ......................................... 3.0 2.4 1.9 3.9 3.5 2.4 1.7 2.3 1.9

Service ................................................................... 1.4 1.0 2.1 0.9 0.8 2.2 1.4 0.9 1.5

Protective service .............................................. 3.1 2.6 5.1 2.3 1.6 6.2 4.2 3.5 2.5

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 1.3 0.8 1.8 1.2 0.8 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 1.4 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.9 1.6 1.1 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.1 1.8 0.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.6 2.2 1.8 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.4 1.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.5 2.4 1.4 2.5 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.4 1.4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.2

Production ......................................................... 1.9 1.7 1.5 2.1 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.6 2.1 1.2 2.5 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 0.9 0.8 2.2 0.7 0.7 3.0 1.4 0.9 2.2

Union ..................................................................... 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.1 0.7 1.9 0.7 0.6 2.0 1.3 0.9 1.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.6 0.9 4.3 0.9 0.8 5.8 1.8 1.2 2.6

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.1 0.6 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.8 1.6 0.9 1.9 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.9 1.7 1.0 2.0 1.5 0.9 1.4 1.4 0.8

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5

Education and health services ........................... 1.8 1.6 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.8

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.7

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.2 0.8

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.8 2.5 1.4 2.2 2.0 1.4 2.2 2.0 1.4

Hospitals .................................................... 2.3 1.8 1.6 3.0 2.5 2.3 1.1 1.6 1.7

Public administration ......................................... 2.5 2.0 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1

civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Healthcare3 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.6

New England ..................................................... 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.3 1.2 0.5 1.3 1.0 0.7

South ..................................................................... 1.6 1.3 0.6 1.6 1.1 0.8

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.9 1.9 0.8 1.8 1.6 0.9

East South Central ............................................ 6.0 4.8 1.0 6.1 3.7 1.2

West South Central ........................................... 2.6 1.8 1.3 2.7 1.4 1.9

Midwest ................................................................. 1.4 1.0 0.7 1.4 1.0 0.8

East North Central ............................................. 1.7 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.1 1.1

West North Central ............................................ 2.4 1.9 1.2 2.5 1.9 1.0

West ...................................................................... 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4

Mountain ............................................................ 3.0 2.8 2.6 3.2 3.1 3.2

Pacific ................................................................ 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.7 1.9 1.2 0.9 0.9

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.6

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.6 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 1.0 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.7

New England ..................................................... 3.0 3.2 2.5 1.4 1.3 3.1 1.9 2.4 2.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.3 1.2 0.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 0.8

South ..................................................................... 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.5 1.0 0.8

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.9 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.5 0.7

East South Central ............................................ 3.1 3.7 4.9 2.4 2.2 1.9 6.1 3.6 1.1

West South Central ........................................... 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.0 1.6 2.7 2.7 1.2 2.0

Midwest ................................................................. 1.5 1.2 0.8 1.7 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 0.8

East North Central ............................................. 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.8 1.2 1.0

West North Central ............................................ 3.2 2.4 1.1 3.9 3.2 2.1 2.3 1.9 1.3

West ...................................................................... 1.9 1.6 0.7 1.7 1.5 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.4

Mountain ............................................................ 4.6 3.6 0.9 3.9 3.5 1.3 3.3 2.8 3.3

Pacific ................................................................ 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.7 1.4 1.5 1.3

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Healthcare is a collective term for the following benefits: medical, dental, and vision care benefits; and outpatient prescription drug coverage. If workers have access to or

participate in at least one of these benefits, they are considered as having access to or participating in healthcare. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 10. Medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid by employer and

employee, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(In percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

All workers ............................................................. 80 20 68 32

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 81 19 68 32

Management, business, and financial ............... 79 21 69 31

Professional and related .................................... 82 18 68 32

Teachers ........................................................ 83 17 66 34

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 84 16 65 35

Registered nurses ......................................... 81 19 68 32

Service ................................................................... 80 20 64 36

Protective service .............................................. 86 14 74 26

Sales and office ..................................................... 79 21 66 34

Sales and related ............................................... 77 23 64 36

Office and administrative support ...................... 80 20 66 34

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 80 20 68 32

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 80 20 68 32

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 79 21 68 32

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 79 21 71 29

Production ......................................................... 79 21 72 28

Transportation and material moving .................. 79 21 69 31

Full time ................................................................. 80 20 68 32

Part time ................................................................ 78 22 62 38

Union ..................................................................... 86 14 80 20

Nonunion ............................................................... 79 21 64 36

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 76 24 59 41

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 75 25 59 41

Second 25 percent ............................................ 79 21 65 35

Third 25 percent ................................................ 81 19 69 31

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 82 18 71 29

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 82 18 73 27

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 80 20 72 28

Service-providing industries .................................. 80 20 67 33

Education and health services ........................... 82 18 65 35

Educational services ...................................... 84 16 67 33

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 84 16 65 35

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 84 16 71 29

Health care and social assistance ................. 80 20 63 37

Hospitals .................................................... 83 17 73 27

Public administration ......................................... 88 12 77 23

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 10. Medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid by employer and

employee, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(In percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 79 21 64 36

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 79 21 64 36

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 78 22 63 37

100 workers or more .............................................. 81 19 70 30

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 80 20 66 34

500 workers or more .......................................... 82 18 74 26

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 81 19 73 27

New England ..................................................... 78 22 73 27

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 82 18 74 26

South ..................................................................... 79 21 63 37

South Atlantic .................................................... 79 21 64 36

East South Central ............................................ 80 20 64 36

West South Central ........................................... 79 21 61 39

Midwest ................................................................. 80 20 70 30

East North Central ............................................. 79 21 71 29

West North Central ............................................ 81 19 68 32

West ...................................................................... 81 19 68 32

Mountain ............................................................ 79 21 66 34

Pacific ................................................................ 82 18 68 32

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 10. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid

by employer and employee, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

All workers ............................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Professional and related .................................... 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7

Teachers ........................................................ 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Registered nurses ......................................... 1.2 1.2 2.4 2.4

Service ................................................................... 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2

Protective service .............................................. 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Sales and related ............................................... 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6

Production ......................................................... 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

Transportation and material moving .................. 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.6

Union ..................................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

Education and health services ........................... 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8

Educational services ...................................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.4

Hospitals .................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

Public administration ......................................... 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 10. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid

by employer and employee, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6

New England ..................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8

South ..................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.3 0.3 1.1 1.1

East South Central ............................................ 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0

West South Central ........................................... 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Midwest ................................................................. 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

East North Central ............................................. 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0

West North Central ............................................ 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0

West ...................................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7

Mountain ............................................................ 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.8

Pacific ................................................................ 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms"

at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 11. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with single coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. 100 $461.70 15 $570.94 85 $442.01 $132.51

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 100 475.70 15 566.55 85 459.03 129.77

Management, business, and financial ............... 100 450.79 11 544.07 89 438.88 129.67

Professional and related .................................... 100 487.76 17 573.57 83 469.51 129.83

Teachers ........................................................ 100 524.36 21 577.34 79 510.66 139.46

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 100 523.04 23 569.83 77 508.84 145.27

Registered nurses ......................................... 100 472.03 14 561.13 86 457.81 124.96

Service ................................................................... 100 454.33 16 552.23 84 435.67 129.10

Protective service .............................................. 100 521.72 22 550.09 78 513.89 108.91

Sales and office ..................................................... 100 449.15 12 565.01 88 433.10 133.21

Sales and related ............................................... 100 422.44 8 596.83 92 408.22 134.33

Office and administrative support ...................... 100 459.10 14 558.57 86 443.05 132.77

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 100 454.60 21 577.88 79 421.55 139.17

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 100 457.81 28 595.07 72 403.76 146.71

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 100 451.80 15 549.65 85 434.59 133.65

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 100 453.38 15 600.02 85 427.60 137.65

Production ......................................................... 100 441.51 14 536.40 86 425.50 134.66

Transportation and material moving .................. 100 465.94 15 662.73 85 429.86 140.85

Full time ................................................................. 100 462.45 15 564.46 85 444.25 131.99

Part time ................................................................ 100 448.50 17 669.33 83 402.12 141.91

Union ..................................................................... 100 559.80 31 622.76 69 531.94 131.08

Nonunion ............................................................... 100 436.97 11 535.75 89 424.28 132.79

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 100 418.24 11 590.26 89 397.57 139.33

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 100 415.14 13 614.30 87 385.72 155.12

Second 25 percent ............................................ 100 445.56 14 552.96 86 427.95 133.03

Third 25 percent ................................................ 100 469.42 17 569.59 83 449.19 132.25

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 100 484.18 17 579.25 83 465.30 129.51

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 100 478.75 17 556.17 83 463.24 130.43

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 100 444.95 17 541.65 83 425.96 134.34

Service-providing industries .................................. 100 465.63 15 578.47 85 445.72 132.09

Education and health services ........................... 100 496.31 14 577.28 86 482.47 130.47

Educational services ...................................... 100 525.08 19 582.45 81 511.37 131.94

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 100 522.56 23 569.31 77 508.75 137.53

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 100 534.55 12 607.92 88 524.12 120.05

Health care and social assistance ................. 100 473.45 11 569.97 89 461.69 129.41

Hospitals .................................................... 100 496.95 12 570.95 88 486.99 120.12

Public administration ......................................... 100 579.98 23 598.56 77 574.47 104.22

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 11. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with single coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 100 $447.06 17 $560.96 83 $424.37 $140.05

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 100 444.84 18 559.83 82 419.27 139.85

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 100 451.62 13 564.12 87 434.27 140.42

100 workers or more .............................................. 100 470.90 14 578.18 86 452.82 127.89

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 100 459.49 13 599.44 87 438.27 132.18

500 workers or more .......................................... 100 482.60 16 559.91 84 468.19 123.37

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 100 490.10 16 590.17 84 470.24 133.25

New England ..................................................... 100 475.79 10 621.86 90 459.49 147.58

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 100 494.63 19 584.76 81 474.00 128.23

South ..................................................................... 100 441.22 13 545.39 87 425.21 132.55

South Atlantic .................................................... 100 449.18 11 557.30 89 434.97 135.96

East South Central ............................................ 100 447.79 14 536.58 86 433.81 128.86

West South Central ........................................... 100 425.48 16 535.08 84 404.76 128.62

Midwest ................................................................. 100 463.17 15 604.01 85 439.29 136.11

East North Central ............................................. 100 465.01 13 623.42 87 440.46 138.77

West North Central ............................................ 100 459.14 17 570.09 83 436.62 130.02

West ...................................................................... 100 468.09 18 559.61 82 448.20 128.31

Mountain ............................................................ 100 437.32 15 553.57 85 417.41 131.07

Pacific ................................................................ 100 481.91 19 561.66 81 462.83 127.00

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above

and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 11. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. $2.87 0.5 $5.89 0.5 $3.14 $1.14

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 3.99 0.8 7.41 0.8 4.53 1.79

Management, business, and financial ............... 8.01 0.9 17.96 0.9 7.47 2.17

Professional and related .................................... 3.84 1.1 9.27 1.1 4.80 2.29

Teachers ........................................................ 7.29 1.4 8.38 1.4 9.59 6.04

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 9.98 1.7 9.51 1.7 13.27 7.81

Registered nurses ......................................... 13.09 3.9 15.32 3.9 13.86 5.18

Service ................................................................... 8.74 1.6 14.72 1.6 9.40 4.44

Protective service .............................................. 9.11 2.6 9.07 2.6 12.59 5.02

Sales and office ..................................................... 3.11 0.8 14.30 0.8 2.78 2.11

Sales and related ............................................... 4.92 1.0 25.70 1.0 4.98 3.00

Office and administrative support ...................... 3.31 0.9 14.67 0.9 3.14 3.23

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 8.84 2.1 16.38 2.1 8.07 3.21

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 13.57 3.6 21.05 3.6 12.57 5.58

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 8.90 2.0 21.52 2.0 8.30 3.62

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 6.23 1.2 17.86 1.2 6.80 2.36

Production ......................................................... 8.92 1.5 15.95 1.5 10.11 2.53

Transportation and material moving .................. 7.09 1.9 24.07 1.9 6.50 4.08

Full time ................................................................. 2.94 0.5 6.11 0.5 3.11 1.06

Part time ................................................................ 13.46 1.8 21.71 1.8 13.31 8.34

Union ..................................................................... 4.59 1.5 11.02 1.5 4.86 2.66

Nonunion ............................................................... 3.12 0.5 7.92 0.5 3.46 1.28

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 7.56 1.1 17.07 1.1 8.02 4.21

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 10.16 2.9 29.04 2.9 10.48 6.93

Second 25 percent ............................................ 3.82 0.7 15.26 0.7 3.95 2.21

Third 25 percent ................................................ 4.05 0.9 8.80 0.9 4.41 1.99

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 4.06 0.8 8.00 0.8 4.07 1.75

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 4.65 1.1 7.43 1.1 4.87 2.52

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 7.08 1.2 12.75 1.2 7.17 1.89

Service-providing industries .................................. 3.14 0.6 6.55 0.6 3.46 1.36

Education and health services ........................... 5.68 1.1 6.76 1.1 6.43 3.32

Educational services ...................................... 4.55 0.8 7.35 0.8 5.79 4.10

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 6.60 1.2 8.45 1.2 8.92 6.03

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 8.35 1.5 12.25 1.5 8.52 3.05

Health care and social assistance ................. 9.23 1.8 12.53 1.8 9.76 4.84

Hospitals .................................................... 9.00 2.5 11.27 2.5 10.34 3.95

Public administration ......................................... 4.23 1.3 11.96 1.3 4.51 3.04

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 11. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... $4.55 1.0 $12.86 1.0 $5.35 $2.08

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5.22 1.2 15.07 1.2 5.69 2.57

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 7.87 1.6 18.08 1.6 8.32 3.38

100 workers or more .............................................. 3.21 0.8 6.72 0.8 3.29 1.49

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 4.28 0.9 10.66 0.9 4.34 2.21

500 workers or more .......................................... 4.64 1.0 8.95 1.0 4.98 1.79

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 3.95 1.2 10.18 1.2 4.33 2.33

New England ..................................................... 7.90 1.8 31.58 1.8 8.98 4.63

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 4.43 1.5 10.94 1.5 5.01 2.50

South ..................................................................... 4.68 0.7 8.37 0.7 5.02 1.98

South Atlantic .................................................... 6.37 1.0 14.46 1.0 7.20 2.91

East South Central ............................................ 6.76 1.5 28.70 1.5 4.99 5.00

West South Central ........................................... 9.97 1.4 8.71 1.4 10.26 3.16

Midwest ................................................................. 6.79 1.1 12.23 1.1 8.15 2.35

East North Central ............................................. 8.83 1.2 18.19 1.2 11.04 3.17

West North Central ............................................ 9.94 2.4 14.63 2.4 9.06 2.68

West ...................................................................... 6.59 1.5 14.59 1.5 6.61 2.38

Mountain ............................................................ 15.54 1.8 25.71 1.8 12.85 3.61

Pacific ................................................................ 6.57 2.0 17.59 2.0 7.07 3.01

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with

earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 12. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies2

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other3

All workers ............................................................. 71 18 10 2

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 70 19 10 2

Management, business, and financial ............... 74 17 8 2

Professional and related .................................... 68 20 11 2

Teachers ........................................................ 66 23 6 4

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 68 21 7 4

Registered nurses ......................................... 60 22 16 1

Service ................................................................... 76 16 6 2

Protective service .............................................. 73 15 4 7

Sales and office ..................................................... 65 25 9 1

Sales and related ............................................... 58 32 9 1

Office and administrative support ...................... 68 22 9 1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 75 10 13 1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 79 8 11 2

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 73 – 15 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 74 13 12 1

Production ......................................................... 80 12 7 1

Transportation and material moving .................. 68 13 18 1

Full time ................................................................. 71 18 10 2

Part time ................................................................ 72 18 9 2

Union ..................................................................... 71 12 12 6

Nonunion ............................................................... 71 19 9 1

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 78 15 6 1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 85 10 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 69 21 9 1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 71 17 10 1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 69 18 11 3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 69 18 10 3

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 78 12 10 1

Service-providing industries .................................. 69 19 10 2

Education and health services ........................... 69 22 8 2

Educational services ...................................... 66 25 6 3

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 68 21 7 4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 60 35 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 71 19 9 1

Hospitals .................................................... 59 28 – –

Public administration ......................................... 63 21 7 9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 12. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies2

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 73 15 10 1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 73 16 10 1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 74 14 11 2

100 workers or more .............................................. 69 20 9 2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 75 16 8 1

500 workers or more .......................................... 63 23 11 2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 72 17 9 2

New England ..................................................... 78 12 10 1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 70 19 9 2

South ..................................................................... 71 21 8 5 ( )

South Atlantic .................................................... 69 23 7 1

East South Central ............................................ 71 20 – –

West South Central ........................................... 73 17 10 5 ( )

Midwest ................................................................. 72 16 11 1

East North Central ............................................. 73 15 11 1

West North Central ............................................ 70 17 11 2

West ...................................................................... 69 17 11 3

Mountain ............................................................ 65 23 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 70 14 11 4

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 3 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 5 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category

or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 12. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies2

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other3

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.3

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.4

Professional and related .................................... 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.3

Teachers ........................................................ 2.7 2.3 0.9 0.6

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.9 2.4 1.0 0.7

Registered nurses ......................................... 3.0 2.2 3.1 0.5

Service ................................................................... 2.1 1.6 0.9 0.3

Protective service .............................................. 3.2 1.5 1.0 1.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.3 1.1 0.6 0.2

Sales and related ............................................... 2.4 2.1 1.2 0.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.9 1.2 1.6 0.4

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.7 1.8 2.0 0.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.3 – 2.2 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.8 1.3 1.2 0.2

Production ......................................................... 2.3 1.9 1.1 0.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.2 1.6 2.2 0.2

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.1

Part time ................................................................ 2.8 1.9 1.4 0.5

Union ..................................................................... 1.5 1.0 1.3 0.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.1

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3.0 2.5 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 1.5 1.2 0.5

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.1 1.6 1.2 0.2

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.2

Education and health services ........................... 1.8 1.6 1.1 0.3

Educational services ...................................... 1.7 1.6 0.8 0.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.8 1.7 1.0 0.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.4 2.3 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.8 2.4 1.8 0.3

Hospitals .................................................... 3.6 3.4 – –

Public administration ......................................... 2.3 1.3 1.5 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 12. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies2

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.9 1.8 1.1 0.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.4 1.6 1.9 0.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.6 1.3 0.8 0.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.0 1.7 1.2 0.3

New England ..................................................... 2.7 1.7 2.1 0.3

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.6 2.5 1.4 0.3

South ..................................................................... 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.2

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.8 1.8 1.0 0.3

East South Central ............................................ 3.8 3.0 – –

West South Central ........................................... 2.2 1.5 1.3 0.1

Midwest ................................................................. 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.3

East North Central ............................................. 2.3 1.1 1.4 0.4

West North Central ............................................ 1.4 2.0 1.1 0.5

West ...................................................................... 2.0 1.7 1.2 0.4

Mountain ............................................................ 3.9 2.6 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 2.3 2.2 0.7 0.5

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 3 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 13. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with family coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. 100 $1,089.55 7 $1,489.22 93 $1,058.54 $549.84

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 100 1,103.56 6 1,436.23 94 1,082.06 540.67

Management, business, and financial ............... 100 1,100.96 4 1,421.56 96 1,087.10 516.29

Professional and related .................................... 100 1,104.80 7 1,440.38 93 1,079.57 552.68

Teachers ........................................................ 100 1,066.58 7 1,527.14 93 1,032.28 571.66

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 100 1,036.54 8 1,530.92 92 991.24 596.38

Registered nurses ......................................... 100 1,134.45 8 1,585.51 92 1,096.65 557.19

Service ................................................................... 100 1,008.73 7 1,485.89 93 970.84 585.77

Protective service .............................................. 100 1,230.05 9 1,609.37 91 1,193.17 430.57

Sales and office ..................................................... 100 1,056.56 4 1,431.66 96 1,039.63 558.00

Sales and related ............................................... 100 999.88 3 1,401.57 97 986.60 565.66

Office and administrative support ...................... 100 1,077.73 5 1,439.26 95 1,059.76 555.10

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 100 1,094.21 13 1,519.30 87 1,030.09 570.79

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 100 1,074.81 20 1,594.95 80 944.14 593.47

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 100 1,110.58 7 1,341.85 93 1,092.57 554.31

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 100 1,161.42 11 1,580.01 89 1,111.68 521.08

Production ......................................................... 100 1,168.32 11 1,527.75 89 1,123.89 495.47

Transportation and material moving .................. 100 1,154.21 10 1,638.81 90 1,099.01 547.64

Full time ................................................................. 100 1,096.04 7 1,485.68 93 1,066.99 544.85

Part time ................................................................ 100 977.32 12 1,525.36 88 904.53 640.81

Union ..................................................................... 100 1,366.92 23 1,570.62 77 1,306.55 457.44

Nonunion ............................................................... 100 1,019.75 3 1,345.54 97 1,008.77 568.38

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 100 913.11 5 1,460.76 95 886.18 632.92

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 100 903.22 4 1,506.81 96 874.37 636.17

Second 25 percent ............................................ 100 1,033.62 5 1,407.03 95 1,011.89 566.84

Third 25 percent ................................................ 100 1,122.04 9 1,499.66 91 1,086.69 542.73

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 100 1,170.92 8 1,527.59 92 1,138.84 509.71

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 100 1,185.96 9 1,466.13 91 1,158.62 491.96

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 100 1,151.10 11 1,522.83 89 1,106.44 496.40

Service-providing industries .................................. 100 1,075.18 6 1,476.03 94 1,047.87 561.73

Education and health services ........................... 100 1,073.89 6 1,518.26 94 1,045.70 599.84

Educational services ...................................... 100 1,092.63 6 1,540.40 94 1,061.40 557.95

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 100 1,038.41 8 1,538.30 92 992.52 596.17

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 100 1,200.75 3 1,482.56 97 1,192.41 482.70

Health care and social assistance ................. 100 1,058.77 5 1,497.14 95 1,033.17 633.29

Hospitals .................................................... 100 1,258.47 7 1,575.06 93 1,233.73 491.42

Public administration ......................................... 100 1,296.37 7 1,583.80 93 1,273.66 412.06

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 13. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with family coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 100 $1,009.83 7 $1,416.93 93 $979.29 $608.43

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 100 1,004.01 8 1,384.14 92 972.35 600.37

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 100 1,021.78 6 1,510.46 94 993.20 624.57

100 workers or more .............................................. 100 1,138.22 7 1,531.21 93 1,107.10 513.93

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 100 1,070.31 5 1,578.44 95 1,041.26 563.07

500 workers or more .......................................... 100 1,207.23 9 1,503.28 91 1,176.90 461.84

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 100 1,216.84 11 1,505.73 89 1,179.94 491.15

New England ..................................................... 100 1,222.73 6 1,445.04 94 1,208.51 487.88

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 100 1,214.95 13 1,514.71 87 1,170.04 492.29

South ..................................................................... 100 994.61 3 1,526.30 97 975.22 588.42

South Atlantic .................................................... 100 1,019.66 4 1,527.33 96 997.00 589.67

East South Central ............................................ 100 997.77 4 1,554.08 96 974.59 555.46

West South Central ........................................... 100 953.62 2 1,498.18 98 941.91 601.71

Midwest ................................................................. 100 1,133.14 8 1,496.80 92 1,100.79 529.84

East North Central ............................................. 100 1,155.16 9 1,484.42 91 1,123.30 519.57

West North Central ............................................ 100 1,086.15 7 1,531.22 93 1,053.80 551.29

West ...................................................................... 100 1,089.38 9 1,441.84 91 1,056.55 553.07

Mountain ............................................................ 100 1,033.19 7 1,435.01 93 1,002.01 561.67

Pacific ................................................................ 100 1,115.08 9 1,444.30 91 1,082.03 549.05

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above

and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 13. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. $7.47 0.4 $17.69 0.4 $7.76 $5.72

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 11.70 0.6 21.49 0.6 12.16 10.28

Management, business, and financial ............... 14.00 0.5 32.31 0.5 14.08 10.57

Professional and related .................................... 13.98 0.8 25.62 0.8 14.77 12.62

Teachers ........................................................ 17.85 0.7 15.71 0.7 20.48 14.40

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 21.02 0.9 17.36 0.9 23.68 17.74

Registered nurses ......................................... 52.08 2.5 60.67 2.5 55.31 28.87

Service ................................................................... 24.49 1.1 38.97 1.1 24.66 18.03

Protective service .............................................. 19.92 1.9 36.14 1.9 18.03 21.04

Sales and office ..................................................... 8.69 0.5 32.37 0.5 9.17 7.89

Sales and related ............................................... 15.01 0.6 45.99 0.6 15.26 13.12

Office and administrative support ...................... 10.40 0.6 37.81 0.6 10.74 10.75

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 21.59 1.5 43.39 1.5 21.96 14.74

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 36.31 3.0 38.33 3.0 35.41 25.99

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 20.71 1.3 93.95 1.3 21.43 15.50

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 16.29 1.1 32.01 1.1 18.10 7.96

Production ......................................................... 21.53 1.6 37.10 1.6 22.38 10.48

Transportation and material moving .................. 19.75 1.6 57.65 1.6 22.60 12.49

Full time ................................................................. 7.28 0.4 19.53 0.4 7.62 5.55

Part time ................................................................ 37.23 1.4 23.41 1.4 35.99 27.61

Union ..................................................................... 9.97 1.4 20.25 1.4 12.43 8.20

Nonunion ............................................................... 8.85 0.3 32.18 0.3 8.85 6.68

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 25.67 0.9 19.27 0.9 24.34 17.34

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 36.35 1.0 79.38 1.0 36.75 23.28

Second 25 percent ............................................ 11.11 0.5 36.38 0.5 11.64 13.67

Third 25 percent ................................................ 13.45 0.8 27.10 0.8 13.24 7.58

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 9.49 0.7 20.21 0.7 9.85 8.20

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 11.65 0.8 20.77 0.8 12.15 10.77

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 15.13 1.1 25.69 1.1 14.73 7.67

Service-providing industries .................................. 8.40 0.4 21.67 0.4 8.88 6.79

Education and health services ........................... 17.81 0.9 30.80 0.9 19.27 16.28

Educational services ...................................... 11.75 0.6 23.15 0.6 14.04 9.42

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 15.03 0.8 22.21 0.8 18.61 11.65

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 14.32 1.1 78.37 1.1 13.81 10.60

Health care and social assistance ................. 30.08 1.5 54.01 1.5 31.88 27.39

Hospitals .................................................... 23.29 1.9 46.79 1.9 25.46 11.04

Public administration ......................................... 13.89 0.6 63.19 0.6 15.54 8.45

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 13. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... $12.00 0.6 $28.47 0.6 $11.76 $11.36

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 14.80 0.8 33.32 0.8 14.09 12.82

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 19.11 0.6 51.63 0.6 20.18 20.99

100 workers or more .............................................. 8.40 0.6 20.48 0.6 8.76 6.05

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 13.10 0.6 28.32 0.6 13.04 9.53

500 workers or more .......................................... 10.04 0.9 25.02 0.9 11.24 6.04

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 14.44 1.1 25.49 1.1 17.91 15.24

New England ..................................................... 23.89 1.4 89.68 1.4 24.71 16.23

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 16.57 1.3 24.27 1.3 22.03 19.34

South ..................................................................... 12.83 0.5 53.58 0.5 12.79 9.24

South Atlantic .................................................... 18.97 0.9 84.30 0.9 20.14 12.40

East South Central ............................................ 21.44 1.0 34.12 1.0 20.45 9.96

West South Central ........................................... 23.68 0.6 50.12 0.6 21.06 19.68

Midwest ................................................................. 15.25 1.0 31.98 1.0 15.76 12.94

East North Central ............................................. 19.80 1.2 32.17 1.2 20.73 17.80

West North Central ............................................ 23.33 1.5 77.13 1.5 23.01 14.56

West ...................................................................... 16.97 0.8 35.66 0.8 16.18 10.19

Mountain ............................................................ 34.19 1.5 64.11 1.5 33.22 19.42

Pacific ................................................................ 19.88 0.9 43.04 0.9 18.32 11.93

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with

earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 14. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies2

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other3

All workers ............................................................. 71 18 10 2

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 70 18 9 2

Management, business, and financial ............... 73 18 8 2

Professional and related .................................... 69 19 10 2

Teachers ........................................................ 69 21 7 3

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 71 19 7 4

Registered nurses ......................................... 60 21 18 1

Service ................................................................... 77 16 6 2

Protective service .............................................. 74 15 4 6

Sales and office ..................................................... 65 24 10 1

Sales and related ............................................... 57 32 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 68 21 9 2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 74 10 14 2

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 79 9 11 2

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 71 – 16 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 74 12 13 1

Production ......................................................... 80 12 7 1

Transportation and material moving .................. 68 13 18 1

Full time ................................................................. 71 18 10 2

Part time ................................................................ 72 17 9 1

Union ..................................................................... 71 12 11 6

Nonunion ............................................................... 71 19 10 1

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 79 15 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 87 9 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 69 20 10 1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 70 17 11 2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 69 18 11 2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 69 18 10 3

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 78 11 10 5 ( )

Service-providing industries .................................. 69 19 10 2

Education and health services ........................... 69 21 8 2

Educational services ...................................... 68 23 6 3

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 70 19 7 4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 61 33 5 1

Health care and social assistance ................. 71 19 10 1

Hospitals .................................................... 59 28 12 1

Public administration ......................................... 63 22 6 8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 14. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies2

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 72 15 11 1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 72 17 11 1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 74 12 12 2

100 workers or more .............................................. 70 19 9 2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 76 16 7 1

500 workers or more .......................................... 63 23 11 3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 72 16 9 2

New England ..................................................... 79 11 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 70 18 9 3

South ..................................................................... 71 20 8 5 ( )

South Atlantic .................................................... 71 22 – –

East South Central ............................................ 73 19 – –

West South Central ........................................... 72 18 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 72 16 11 1

East North Central ............................................. 73 15 11 1

West North Central ............................................ 71 16 12 1

West ...................................................................... 67 17 12 3

Mountain ............................................................ 64 24 12 1

Pacific ................................................................ 69 14 13 4

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 3 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 5 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category

or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 14. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies2

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other3

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.2

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.3

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.3

Teachers ........................................................ 2.3 1.9 1.0 0.6

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.5 2.0 1.1 0.7

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.8 2.0 2.7 0.3

Service ................................................................... 2.1 1.4 0.9 0.3

Protective service .............................................. 2.6 1.5 0.9 1.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.2

Sales and related ............................................... 2.7 2.2 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.0 1.1 1.7 0.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.6 1.7 1.9 0.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.7 – 2.4 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.7 1.2 1.2 0.3

Production ......................................................... 2.2 1.8 1.1 0.2

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.3 1.5 2.1 0.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.1

Part time ................................................................ 2.7 1.8 1.4 0.5

Union ..................................................................... 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.1

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 1.1 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.9 2.3 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.4

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.0 1.6 1.0 5 ( )

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.2

Education and health services ........................... 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.2

Educational services ...................................... 1.5 1.4 0.8 0.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.5 2.1 1.2 0.2

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.7 2.1 1.8 0.3

Hospitals .................................................... 3.7 3.6 1.8 0.4

Public administration ......................................... 2.2 1.4 1.2 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 14. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies2

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.8 1.7 1.1 0.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.4 1.5 1.9 0.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.6

New England ..................................................... 2.1 1.4 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.5 2.0 1.1 0.7

South ..................................................................... 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.6 1.7 – –

East South Central ............................................ 3.6 2.7 – –

West South Central ........................................... 2.0 1.3 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.6 1.0 1.0 0.2

East North Central ............................................. 2.2 1.2 1.3 0.3

West North Central ............................................ 1.7 1.6 1.1 0.4

West ...................................................................... 1.9 1.7 1.2 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 2.2 2.2 3.3 0.4

Pacific ................................................................ 2.6 2.3 0.8 0.4

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 3 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 5 Less than 0.05.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 15. Medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage, civilian workers,1 March

2018

(Includes workers participating in medical care benefits with flat dollar amount contributory coverage)

Characteristics

Single coverage2 Family coverage2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $41.17 $73.37 $117.62 $166.74 $234.98 $193.33 $297.27 $456.16 $713.12 $1073.38

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 40.04 70.00 112.51 166.74 234.98 182.01 290.78 448.00 702.79 1088.38

Management, business, and financial ............... 45.50 75.84 119.69 168.58 228.28 180.00 294.42 435.62 654.34 1002.55

Professional and related .................................... 37.96 67.72 111.00 165.38 241.88 183.97 288.26 457.05 723.76 1106.72

Teachers ........................................................ 32.63 60.82 105.04 180.00 267.12 168.24 294.69 510.78 785.00 1082.85

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 32.00 61.08 106.70 191.02 302.46 157.22 306.56 561.47 824.76 1161.67

Registered nurses ......................................... 31.94 63.25 105.17 168.65 288.69 200.18 290.78 454.82 775.08 1182.56

Service ................................................................... 34.81 67.45 115.93 161.36 236.49 202.68 323.23 507.15 799.64 1110.81

Protective service .............................................. 31.13 52.76 101.55 144.91 205.63 153.45 225.00 374.88 575.86 756.94

Sales and office ..................................................... 43.33 74.19 123.00 165.83 229.74 207.65 314.45 474.85 723.53 1040.88

Sales and related ............................................... 52.92 84.63 124.96 166.54 215.00 211.40 320.00 475.27 658.92 1001.45

Office and administrative support ...................... 40.00 70.93 121.72 165.76 236.85 206.00 312.45 474.08 737.00 1060.60

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 47.97 74.40 121.66 171.46 232.96 210.60 296.45 446.79 712.52 1059.95

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 48.53 74.67 121.66 183.15 253.28 222.46 296.45 478.08 746.09 1010.92

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 45.69 73.92 121.55 160.33 217.42 200.74 292.01 439.06 687.14 1093.83

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 48.45 80.66 118.65 168.70 241.03 179.40 285.08 393.57 651.86 1024.42

Production ......................................................... 44.98 73.37 118.58 167.03 251.05 163.23 265.90 379.19 613.12 995.96

Transportation and material moving .................. 51.00 90.00 119.00 172.12 233.66 207.65 302.25 420.46 685.80 1032.27

Full time ................................................................. 41.95 73.37 117.75 165.39 233.23 191.62 295.03 450.81 703.05 1053.96

Part time ................................................................ – 76.28 116.73 197.71 302.25 258.58 366.95 522.03 783.00 1260.85

Union ..................................................................... 37.28 70.10 113.33 158.61 215.86 153.45 242.67 366.95 545.52 890.68

Nonunion ............................................................... 42.06 74.15 118.58 167.80 237.73 200.00 312.81 474.85 748.17 1101.92

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 45.06 87.69 121.98 173.14 245.53 244.57 360.11 533.39 858.55 1196.02

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 61.21 95.00 127.49 207.92 259.77 232.36 365.64 548.22 858.55 1205.89

Second 25 percent ............................................ 42.03 70.93 116.73 163.20 239.30 194.26 296.18 451.30 756.06 1131.27

Third 25 percent ................................................ 40.76 73.00 116.02 166.74 230.00 191.73 294.33 454.82 690.46 1023.56

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 40.67 70.10 114.36 166.74 233.46 179.59 282.08 430.18 648.17 997.00

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 42.94 72.70 114.65 170.82 233.66 179.59 282.00 420.40 592.00 940.50

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 44.92 73.65 114.84 166.70 233.94 175.92 275.97 388.74 629.53 946.19

Service-providing industries .................................. 40.00 72.92 118.00 166.74 236.30 196.34 309.44 472.36 738.39 1098.35

Education and health services ........................... 36.01 66.24 105.82 166.92 260.28 205.49 316.67 510.78 838.62 1176.68

Educational services ...................................... 34.16 62.22 103.60 168.58 259.22 173.18 285.44 500.16 736.56 1075.93

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 31.61 60.00 103.00 174.10 279.00 157.22 306.23 551.36 856.68 1170.00

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 37.28 62.86 102.79 156.80 223.87 180.00 243.10 412.94 560.00 787.43

Health care and social assistance ................. 36.06 68.09 106.85 166.55 269.59 220.64 337.42 529.77 932.18 1273.10

Hospitals .................................................... 36.06 66.24 103.00 150.39 221.15 190.64 264.45 390.66 581.09 923.72

Public administration ......................................... 23.31 49.69 89.33 135.87 185.12 123.16 216.74 343.55 500.16 717.19

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 15. Medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(Includes workers participating in medical care benefits with flat dollar amount contributory coverage)

Characteristics

Single coverage2 Family coverage2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... $51.19 $85.93 $125.00 $172.28 $240.35 $221.08 $337.00 $496.76 $823.88 $1182.20

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 52.00 85.45 126.24 170.64 239.81 230.80 341.39 487.06 783.00 1154.06

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 50.00 88.00 121.62 173.03 259.16 196.34 332.19 533.18 898.00 1228.78

100 workers or more .............................................. 37.85 66.54 111.78 162.01 230.20 180.00 276.25 425.71 654.59 982.86

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 39.65 70.00 116.05 167.24 234.60 193.33 303.58 470.14 746.76 1031.73

500 workers or more .......................................... 36.06 62.33 108.08 154.19 219.48 156.21 252.05 378.74 557.00 836.44

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 48.53 78.12 119.17 162.07 225.52 164.26 269.94 396.00 562.00 976.50

New England ..................................................... 50.25 93.11 131.32 181.87 245.81 201.78 314.45 407.50 576.75 852.65

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 48.53 74.92 112.25 152.05 219.48 153.45 261.64 387.62 550.70 983.66

South ..................................................................... 37.96 69.33 118.63 170.64 237.73 201.26 325.87 501.19 809.25 1110.81

South Atlantic .................................................... 36.37 70.55 118.79 173.03 246.27 193.73 312.33 497.98 836.44 1121.01

East South Central ............................................ 35.81 62.18 112.00 170.00 232.96 196.78 312.54 434.37 714.50 1101.92

West South Central ........................................... 40.63 71.50 118.69 170.64 233.23 232.18 343.35 519.90 809.52 1110.81

Midwest ................................................................. 44.74 76.84 119.31 167.24 245.53 183.48 280.73 427.41 683.64 1066.41

East North Central ............................................. 47.38 83.09 122.27 169.27 242.46 180.00 282.08 425.45 660.02 995.96

West North Central ............................................ 40.00 71.50 110.79 163.19 259.77 191.62 280.46 439.45 757.32 1098.92

West ...................................................................... 39.52 69.09 111.78 161.50 225.23 194.01 301.68 463.32 713.12 1032.27

Mountain ............................................................ 40.79 68.00 105.21 177.06 234.00 193.33 299.11 463.34 723.31 1088.55

Pacific ................................................................ 37.85 69.33 113.39 157.97 216.67 194.01 301.95 462.00 709.89 1023.56

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of participating workers pay the

same as or more than the premium shown, and half pay the same as or less than the premium shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers pay the same or less than

the premium shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 15. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage,

civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Single coverage2 Family coverage2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $1.61 $1.41 $1.28 $2.18 $3.23 $2.95 $5.28 $5.73 $17.93 $31.30

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.52 1.98 2.18 4.61 4.87 6.38 10.07 10.95 22.55 35.72

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.28 3.81 3.84 6.13 4.92 9.10 23.42 4.52 14.08 34.82

Professional and related .................................... 1.74 3.33 1.89 7.15 8.05 8.68 11.22 12.92 41.66 28.71

Teachers ........................................................ 3.88 5.33 4.31 9.98 14.63 18.98 20.73 32.25 45.32 25.17

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 5.72 6.79 5.54 15.36 31.90 17.77 18.60 23.19 50.58 75.21

Registered nurses ......................................... 8.58 10.78 8.16 21.55 2.20 34.76 44.39 45.78 31.04 119.25

Service ................................................................... 3.41 6.77 4.88 9.19 10.36 12.63 22.73 19.98 57.58 53.07

Protective service .............................................. 3.83 3.03 6.59 11.76 29.74 19.11 22.43 31.08 52.68 194.15

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.94 2.38 1.75 1.85 9.62 6.49 10.53 8.09 24.17 35.86

Sales and related ............................................... 3.77 4.98 2.40 6.05 9.24 12.35 16.22 11.21 13.56 47.86

Office and administrative support ...................... 4.88 2.87 3.26 2.88 12.82 7.03 12.33 12.50 23.14 45.94

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.63 6.15 4.21 3.91 9.66 7.65 17.12 21.15 24.47 64.64

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.08 10.71 9.01 7.81 25.09 17.63 30.58 22.82 59.89 121.17

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.51 4.78 4.60 6.24 8.36 5.01 19.69 16.95 24.88 69.51

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 3.65 4.25 2.19 4.70 10.03 10.04 4.81 9.97 20.90 33.58

Production ......................................................... 4.42 1.69 2.36 4.76 11.29 15.49 12.77 13.34 24.89 53.51

Transportation and material moving .................. 5.10 4.08 4.05 8.94 10.74 12.92 11.18 18.66 23.43 49.19

Full time ................................................................. 1.54 1.17 1.43 2.31 2.76 6.38 4.55 7.34 17.26 33.10

Part time ................................................................ – 21.78 1.62 22.31 17.82 16.40 9.94 55.65 42.66 153.67

Union ..................................................................... 1.68 4.00 4.14 3.25 5.90 10.01 6.99 3.87 23.05 74.54

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.09 1.76 1.23 2.29 4.23 3.77 8.78 7.03 18.79 15.87

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 9.41 4.76 2.36 9.93 20.15 14.45 16.82 22.87 31.74 78.32

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4.72 5.30 4.14 23.89 21.80 33.07 10.97 43.12 70.01 102.88

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.43 3.42 1.63 4.12 8.93 7.31 7.46 21.66 37.04 46.16

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.16 2.40 2.10 3.32 5.03 9.21 8.20 11.09 11.57 26.79

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.40 2.20 3.27 3.75 4.95 4.93 5.79 8.56 11.95 28.15

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.34 3.87 6.07 6.29 9.72 8.85 7.49 14.57 32.71 43.97

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.63 1.16 3.69 4.76 3.07 7.95 7.11 9.67 11.97 17.94

Service-providing industries .................................. 2.28 2.44 1.35 2.51 4.02 3.84 6.75 7.86 18.95 20.64

Education and health services ........................... 3.06 4.62 2.09 6.96 19.11 8.40 14.79 22.60 49.17 63.44

Educational services ...................................... 3.59 4.45 3.11 7.75 13.51 11.19 20.62 12.97 41.04 24.77

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 4.24 5.47 4.20 8.81 23.87 18.53 15.41 19.88 52.42 35.32

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 4.12 9.39 5.28 8.00 11.64 10.00 28.94 26.74 21.53 50.87

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.63 6.04 3.65 11.55 37.31 14.33 18.73 45.13 77.75 132.26

Hospitals .................................................... 1.39 3.46 5.14 7.34 13.10 20.22 28.71 19.13 35.67 88.47

Public administration ......................................... 4.55 4.97 6.83 4.53 6.32 26.26 15.66 7.49 12.80 30.48

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 15. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage,

civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Single coverage2 Family coverage2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... $3.27 $2.40 $2.02 $5.27 $10.19 $7.87 $8.59 $14.30 $39.96 $58.99

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 3.74 2.77 2.22 7.34 6.99 12.61 9.18 13.27 43.04 73.67

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 6.43 4.23 3.05 7.12 22.85 15.31 13.99 43.01 58.91 66.85

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.71 2.38 2.38 2.72 4.69 2.04 6.05 9.06 12.68 27.47

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.20 3.25 4.31 3.92 8.61 7.67 10.66 11.67 19.14 22.09

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.71 1.07 2.19 4.33 6.96 9.01 5.46 7.24 11.20 29.78

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.84 4.42 3.02 3.92 10.20 15.38 11.80 18.09 28.41 53.00

New England ..................................................... 4.41 2.22 3.95 5.82 16.53 11.23 10.06 19.05 32.70 131.66

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.75 5.37 4.55 4.44 7.33 11.04 10.41 23.05 39.88 42.78

South ..................................................................... 2.11 2.87 1.18 2.59 6.22 4.34 12.46 11.13 27.13 20.04

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.46 3.72 1.16 3.84 9.64 7.56 16.08 20.01 36.31 30.59

East South Central ............................................ 7.17 5.28 7.36 5.01 26.54 9.79 11.99 26.09 29.48 38.47

West South Central ........................................... 3.54 3.51 4.71 4.72 9.20 16.88 14.98 26.00 51.34 42.86

Midwest ................................................................. 3.54 3.15 3.25 6.48 12.65 10.88 5.36 10.20 27.07 80.62

East North Central ............................................. 6.62 3.16 3.52 9.66 14.70 14.82 6.81 13.46 31.07 113.70

West North Central ............................................ 2.26 3.61 4.72 7.25 13.51 11.10 7.97 16.91 51.13 60.11

West ...................................................................... 4.01 6.20 3.15 6.37 5.98 6.49 11.70 14.69 34.84 53.76

Mountain ............................................................ 3.83 4.84 5.20 14.20 10.44 17.14 21.19 26.29 72.71 64.84

Pacific ................................................................ 5.57 8.93 3.54 7.53 7.98 7.91 17.87 19.02 42.89 80.90

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of participating workers pay the

same as or more than the premium shown, and half pay the same as or less than the premium shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers pay the same or less than

the premium shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 16. Insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 60 59 98 39 38 97 34 33 97

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 79 78 99 48 47 98 54 53 97

Management, business, and financial ............... 83 82 99 60 59 98 62 59 96

Professional and related .................................... 77 76 99 43 42 98 51 50 97

Teachers ........................................................ 76 74 98 25 24 96 42 40 97

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 83 82 98 23 22 96 41 40 98

Registered nurses ......................................... 83 82 99 46 45 97 61 60 98

Service ................................................................... 36 35 96 23 23 98 14 14 97

Protective service .............................................. 67 65 97 28 28 98 21 21 99

Sales and office ..................................................... 57 55 98 40 39 96 33 31 96

Sales and related ............................................... 42 40 96 33 31 93 19 17 92

Office and administrative support ...................... 65 64 99 44 43 98 41 40 98

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 56 55 98 35 35 98 25 24 96

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 48 47 98 29 28 99 16 15 97

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 64 62 98 42 40 97 34 33 96

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 64 62 97 46 44 96 30 29 96

Production ......................................................... 66 65 98 50 49 98 33 32 97

Transportation and material moving .................. 62 60 96 43 40 93 27 25 95

Full time ................................................................. 75 73 98 47 46 98 44 42 97

Part time ................................................................ 14 13 90 16 15 93 5 5 95

Union ..................................................................... 87 84 97 50 48 96 38 37 97

Nonunion ............................................................... 56 55 98 38 37 98 34 33 97

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 27 25 93 19 18 94 8 8 92

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 17 15 89 12 11 93 4 4 89

Second 25 percent ............................................ 63 61 97 41 39 97 32 31 97

Third 25 percent ................................................ 75 74 99 49 48 98 45 44 97

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 84 83 99 54 54 99 58 56 97

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 85 84 99 59 58 98 61 59 96

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 69 68 98 51 51 99 37 36 97

Service-providing industries .................................. 59 57 98 37 36 97 34 33 97

Education and health services ........................... 70 69 99 33 32 98 44 43 98

Educational services ...................................... 78 77 98 28 27 96 44 42 97

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 78 76 98 24 23 96 38 37 97

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 87 85 97 37 36 96 60 57 96

Health care and social assistance ................. 66 65 99 36 35 98 44 43 98

Hospitals .................................................... 89 88 99 49 48 98 68 66 98

Public administration ......................................... 83 81 98 30 30 99 35 34 98

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 16. Insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 43 42 98 30 29 98 24 24 97

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 37 36 98 28 28 98 22 21 97

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 59 57 97 35 34 98 31 30 97

100 workers or more .............................................. 78 76 98 49 47 97 44 43 97

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 71 70 97 46 44 96 37 36 97

500 workers or more .......................................... 85 83 98 52 51 98 53 52 97

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 60 59 98 63 62 99 32 31 97

New England ..................................................... 64 62 97 41 40 97 36 35 98

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 58 57 99 70 69 99 31 30 96

South ..................................................................... 61 60 97 33 32 96 33 32 96

South Atlantic .................................................... 61 60 98 35 34 96 36 34 96

East South Central ............................................ 60 58 96 31 30 96 35 33 95

West South Central ........................................... 62 60 97 30 29 97 29 28 96

Midwest ................................................................. 62 60 97 41 40 97 38 38 98

East North Central ............................................. 62 60 97 44 42 97 39 38 97

West North Central ............................................ 61 60 99 34 34 98 37 37 98

West ...................................................................... 57 56 98 29 29 98 33 32 97

Mountain ............................................................ 61 61 99 34 33 98 39 38 98

Pacific ................................................................ 55 54 98 27 27 98 30 30 97

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 16. Standard errors for insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 1.0 0.2 1.1 1.2 0.4 1.1 1.2 0.4

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.6 1.6 0.2 1.9 1.9 0.8 1.6 1.5 0.8

Professional and related .................................... 1.2 1.3 0.2 1.3 1.3 0.2 1.4 1.4 0.3

Teachers ........................................................ 2.1 2.1 0.5 1.6 1.6 0.4 2.3 2.4 0.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.5 2.5 0.5 2.0 1.9 0.6 2.7 2.7 0.5

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.7 2.6 0.2 3.9 3.7 1.2 3.4 3.3 0.5

Service ................................................................... 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.3 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.7

Protective service .............................................. 3.2 3.1 0.8 1.9 1.9 0.9 2.7 2.7 0.3

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.1 1.1 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.2 1.1 0.3

Sales and related ............................................... 1.5 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.4 1.4 0.1 1.3 1.2 0.3 1.4 1.4 0.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.8 1.8 0.3 1.9 1.8 0.5 1.4 1.3 0.8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.8 2.8 0.5 2.7 2.7 0.3 2.0 2.0 1.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.0 2.0 0.4 1.9 1.9 0.8 1.9 1.7 1.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.0 1.9 0.3 1.8 1.8 0.4 1.3 1.3 0.5

Production ......................................................... 2.7 2.6 0.4 2.3 2.3 0.3 1.9 1.8 0.6

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.5 2.4 0.5 2.7 2.6 0.7 1.8 1.7 1.2

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.3

Part time ................................................................ 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.3

Union ..................................................................... 0.9 1.0 0.3 1.4 1.4 0.4 1.5 1.4 0.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.3

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.9 1.5 4.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 3.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.6 1.6 0.3 1.4 1.3 0.3 1.1 1.1 0.3

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.0 1.1 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.9 0.2 1.2 1.2 0.4 1.1 1.1 0.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.4 1.4 0.3 1.7 1.6 0.8 1.8 1.8 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.7 1.7 0.4 2.0 2.0 0.1 1.4 1.4 0.6

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.3

Education and health services ........................... 1.6 1.5 0.2 1.4 1.3 0.4 1.9 1.9 0.3

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 1.3 0.3 1.2 1.2 0.3 1.8 1.8 0.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.5 1.5 0.4 1.8 1.7 0.5 2.2 2.2 0.4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.1 1.2 0.5 1.3 1.4 0.7 1.5 1.6 0.7

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.3 2.3 0.2 2.0 2.0 0.6 3.1 3.0 0.4

Hospitals .................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.3 3.4 3.2 0.9 2.3 2.1 0.6

Public administration ......................................... 1.2 1.2 0.3 1.7 1.7 0.4 1.5 1.5 0.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 16. Standard errors for insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 civilian workers,2 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.2 1.2 0.3 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.9 1.9 0.5 1.7 1.6 0.6 1.9 1.8 0.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.0 1.0 0.3 1.4 1.4 0.4 1.3 1.3 0.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 0.9 0.5 1.4 1.4 0.4 1.5 1.4 0.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.2 1.3 1.2 0.5 1.6 1.6 0.8

New England ..................................................... 1.9 1.9 0.7 3.0 3.0 0.7 2.7 2.7 0.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.1 1.4 1.4 0.6 2.0 2.0 1.0

South ..................................................................... 1.1 1.2 0.3 1.3 1.3 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.6 1.6 0.3 1.3 1.3 0.4 1.8 1.8 0.6

East South Central ............................................ 2.3 3.0 1.4 3.2 3.5 1.6 3.6 4.1 2.2

West South Central ........................................... 2.1 2.0 0.4 2.9 2.9 0.6 1.2 1.0 0.8

Midwest ................................................................. 1.3 1.3 0.6 1.3 1.3 0.4 1.4 1.4 0.3

East North Central ............................................. 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.5 1.5 0.5 1.8 1.7 0.4

West North Central ............................................ 1.9 2.0 0.3 2.5 2.4 0.6 2.2 2.1 0.6

West ...................................................................... 1.6 1.6 0.3 1.2 1.1 0.3 1.7 1.7 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 2.3 2.3 0.2 1.3 1.2 0.7 3.6 3.6 0.5

Pacific ................................................................ 2.1 2.2 0.5 1.6 1.6 0.2 1.8 1.8 0.4

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 17. Life insurance plans: Employee contribution

requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 5 95

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 5 95

Management, business, and financial ............... 4 96

Professional and related .................................... 5 95

Teachers ........................................................ 9 91

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 9 91

Registered nurses ......................................... 3 97

Service ................................................................... 6 94

Sales and office ..................................................... 5 95

Sales and related ............................................... 7 93

Office and administrative support ...................... 4 96

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5 95

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 5 95

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 4 96

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 5 95

Production ......................................................... 5 95

Transportation and material moving .................. 6 94

Full time ................................................................. 5 95

Part time ................................................................ 5 95

Union ..................................................................... 5 95

Nonunion ............................................................... 5 95

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 6 94

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 7 93

Second 25 percent ............................................ 6 94

Third 25 percent ................................................ 4 96

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 5 95

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 5 95

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 5 95

Education and health services ........................... 5 95

Educational services ...................................... 9 91

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 9 91

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 10 90

Health care and social assistance ................. 2 98

Hospitals .................................................... 3 97

Public administration ......................................... 7 93

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 17. Life insurance plans: Employee contribution

requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 6 94

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 6 94

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 5 95

100 workers or more .............................................. 5 95

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 4 96

500 workers or more .......................................... 5 95

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 6 94

New England ..................................................... 10 90

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 4 96

South ..................................................................... 6 94

South Atlantic .................................................... 5 95

East South Central ............................................ 7 93

West South Central ........................................... 6 94

Midwest ................................................................. 4 96

East North Central ............................................. 5 95

West North Central ............................................ 4 96

West ...................................................................... 4 96

Mountain ............................................................ 4 96

Pacific ................................................................ 4 96

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for

further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 17. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 0.3 0.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.3 0.3

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.4 0.4

Professional and related .................................... 0.4 0.4

Teachers ........................................................ 0.8 0.8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.9 0.9

Registered nurses ......................................... 1.0 1.0

Service ................................................................... 1.2 1.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.4 0.4

Sales and related ............................................... 1.0 1.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.4 0.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.7 0.7

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.3 1.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 0.7 0.7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.9 0.9

Production ......................................................... 1.3 1.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.2 1.2

Full time ................................................................. 0.3 0.3

Part time ................................................................ 0.8 0.8

Union ..................................................................... 0.4 0.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.4 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.9 0.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.7 2.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.3 0.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 0.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.7 0.7

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.3 0.3

Education and health services ........................... 0.4 0.4

Educational services ...................................... 0.6 0.6

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.7 0.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.6 1.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 0.5 0.5

Hospitals .................................................... 1.2 1.2

Public administration ......................................... 0.9 0.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 17. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.8 0.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.7 0.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.4 0.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.5 0.5

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.5 0.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.0 1.0

New England ..................................................... 2.0 2.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.0 1.0

South ..................................................................... 0.6 0.6

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.7 0.7

East South Central ............................................ 1.4 1.4

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 1.1

Midwest ................................................................. 0.5 0.5

East North Central ............................................. 0.4 0.4

West North Central ............................................ 1.4 1.4

West ...................................................................... 0.4 0.4

Mountain ............................................................ 0.6 0.6

Pacific ................................................................ 0.5 0.5

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for

further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 18. Life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, civilian workers,1 March

2018

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

All workers ............................................................. 56 2 38 3 1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 61 2 32 2 2

Management, business, and financial ............... 68 2 27 1 1

Professional and related .................................... 58 2 35 3 2

Teachers ........................................................ 34 2 56 4 4

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 28 2 62 3 5

Registered nurses ......................................... 78 – 17 – –

Service ................................................................... 49 1 46 3 1

Protective service .............................................. 39 1 53 5 2

Sales and office ..................................................... 59 3 35 2 1

Sales and related ............................................... 59 4 35 2 1

Office and administrative support ...................... 59 2 35 3 1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 39 1 56 3 1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 18 – 77 4 –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 54 1 41 3 1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 50 2 43 5 1

Production ......................................................... 48 – 45 5 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 52 2 41 5 1

Full time ................................................................. 56 2 38 3 1

Part time ................................................................ 49 4 42 6 1

Union ..................................................................... 39 2 50 8 1

Nonunion ............................................................... 60 2 35 2 1

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 46 1 49 3 1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 32 – 63 4 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 52 2 42 2 1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 56 2 38 4 1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 62 2 32 3 1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 65 2 28 2 2

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 57 2 37 3 1

Education and health services ........................... 54 2 39 3 2

Educational services ...................................... 38 2 53 4 4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 29 2 61 3 4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 54 3 36 5 3

Health care and social assistance ................. 67 – 28 3 –

Hospitals .................................................... 81 – 16 2 –

Public administration ......................................... 35 2 53 7 3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 18. Life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 47 1 49 1 1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 48 1 48 1 1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 45 – 51 2 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 61 2 32 4 1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 57 3 35 3 1

500 workers or more .......................................... 64 2 29 4 1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 62 2 30 5 1

New England ..................................................... 60 – 33 4 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 63 2 29 6 1

South ..................................................................... 57 2 36 2 2

South Atlantic .................................................... 60 3 32 2 3

East South Central ............................................ 57 – 34 5 –

West South Central ........................................... 53 1 45 1 1

Midwest ................................................................. 54 1 41 3 1

East North Central ............................................. 54 1 42 2 3 ( )

West North Central ............................................ 56 1 37 4 1

West ...................................................................... 50 1 46 2 1

Mountain ............................................................ 54 – 42 2 –

Pacific ................................................................ 48 2 48 2 1

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018. 3 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not

meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit

Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 18. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, civilian

workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.4 0.3 1.2 0.4 0.4

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.8 0.5 1.7 0.2 0.4

Professional and related .................................... 1.5 0.4 1.4 0.5 0.5

Teachers ........................................................ 1.9 0.3 1.3 0.7 1.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.8 0.3 1.6 0.7 2.2

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.6 – 2.5 – –

Service ................................................................... 2.8 0.3 2.7 0.4 0.2

Protective service .............................................. 3.6 0.5 3.7 0.7 0.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.7 0.5 1.8 0.3 0.1

Sales and related ............................................... 2.6 1.7 2.8 0.4 0.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.7 0.4 1.7 0.4 0.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.9 0.3 1.9 0.5 0.2

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.5 – 2.1 0.9 –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.6 0.4 2.4 0.7 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.9 0.5 1.8 0.6 0.3

Production ......................................................... 2.5 – 2.4 1.0 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.6 0.4 2.6 0.7 0.5

Full time ................................................................. 1.1 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.2

Part time ................................................................ 3.0 1.3 3.0 0.7 0.2

Union ..................................................................... 1.5 0.4 1.4 0.7 0.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.3 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.2

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3.0 0.3 2.9 0.5 0.1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5.5 – 5.5 0.8 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.3 1.4 0.4 0.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.4 0.3 1.3 0.5 0.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.9 0.7 1.9 0.4 0.4

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.3 0.2 1.2 0.3 0.2

Education and health services ........................... 1.8 0.3 1.7 0.7 0.4

Educational services ...................................... 1.5 0.3 1.3 0.6 0.8

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.7 0.3 1.5 0.7 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.6 0.7 2.1 1.1 0.7

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.8 – 2.8 1.1 –

Hospitals .................................................... 2.3 – 2.1 0.6 –

Public administration ......................................... 2.4 0.4 2.4 0.6 0.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 18. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, civilian

workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.9 0.4 1.7 0.2 0.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.8 0.4 1.7 0.3 0.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.4 – 3.5 0.5 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.5 0.4 1.6 0.7 0.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.8 0.4 1.6 0.5 0.2

New England ..................................................... 3.9 – 3.4 1.2 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.3 0.4 2.1 0.4 0.3

South ..................................................................... 2.2 0.4 2.1 0.5 0.4

South Atlantic .................................................... 3.7 0.5 3.2 0.9 0.7

East South Central ............................................ 3.9 – 5.5 1.4 –

West South Central ........................................... 2.5 0.1 2.4 0.3 0.3

Midwest ................................................................. 1.4 0.3 1.4 0.4 0.2

East North Central ............................................. 1.6 0.5 1.6 0.4 0.2

West North Central ............................................ 3.0 0.2 2.7 1.0 0.4

West ...................................................................... 2.6 0.4 2.7 0.3 0.2

Mountain ............................................................ 4.5 – 4.6 0.7 –

Pacific ................................................................ 3.2 0.6 3.4 0.3 0.3

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 19. Life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas, civilian workers,1 March

2018

(All workers with fixed multiple of annual earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts2

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

All workers ............................................................. 3 ( ) 64 9 22 4 1.3 1.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 3 ( ) 61 10 25 5 1.4 1.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 1 58 8 27 6 1.4 1.0

Professional and related .................................... – 62 11 23 – 1.4 1.0

Teachers ........................................................ – 49 21 23 – 1.5 1.3

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 49 25 21 5 1.5 1.3

Registered nurses ......................................... – 82 8 8 – 1.1 1.0

Service ................................................................... – 73 8 16 – 1.3 1.0

Protective service .............................................. – 65 9 18 8 1.4 1.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1 66 9 20 4 1.3 1.0

Sales and related ............................................... – 71 9 18 – 1.3 1.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 1 64 9 21 5 1.4 1.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 64 8 23 – 1.4 1.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 68 – 18 – 1.3 1.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – 64 7 24 – 1.4 1.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 64 11 22 – 1.3 1.0

Production ......................................................... – 58 8 31 – 1.4 1.0

Transportation and material moving .................. – 70 13 14 – 1.2 1.0

Full time ................................................................. 3 ( ) 64 10 22 4 1.3 1.0

Part time ................................................................ – 71 7 21 – 1.3 1.0

Union ..................................................................... – 65 14 16 – 1.3 1.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1 64 9 23 4 1.3 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 75 8 16 – 1.2 1.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 73 5 20 – 1.3 1.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1 68 9 18 4 1.3 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1 62 10 23 4 1.4 1.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 3 ( ) 60 9 26 4 1.4 1.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 57 9 28 – 1.4 1.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1 66 10 20 4 1.3 1.0

Education and health services ........................... – 67 11 17 – 1.3 1.0

Educational services ...................................... – 49 19 24 – 1.5 1.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 48 23 24 6 1.5 1.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 49 15 25 – 1.4 1.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – 75 8 14 – 1.2 1.0

Hospitals .................................................... – 78 11 10 1 1.2 1.0

Public administration ......................................... – 55 17 22 6 1.4 1.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 19. Life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(All workers with fixed multiple of annual earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts2

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1 63 11 21 4 1.3 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1 63 10 22 4 1.3 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 61 12 20 – 1.4 1.0

100 workers or more .............................................. – 65 9 23 – 1.3 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 64 8 23 – 1.4 1.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 65 9 22 – 1.3 1.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 62 14 21 – 1.3 1.0

New England ..................................................... – 61 13 23 – 1.3 1.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 62 14 20 – 1.3 1.0

South ..................................................................... 1 64 8 24 4 1.3 1.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 1 65 9 22 3 1.3 1.0

East South Central ............................................ – 65 6 24 5 1.4 1.0

West South Central ........................................... – 60 8 28 – 1.4 1.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 67 10 20 – 1.3 1.0

East North Central ............................................. – 68 9 19 4 1.3 1.0

West North Central ............................................ – 64 – 20 5 1.3 1.0

West ...................................................................... 3 ( ) 64 7 24 5 1.4 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 71 7 21 – 1.3 1.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 60 7 26 – 1.4 1.0

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Includes participants in plans in which insurance equaled a multiple of earnings plus or minus a specified amount. 3 Less than 0.5. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 19. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas,

civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts2

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

All workers ............................................................. 0.1 1.1 0.7 1.0 0.5 3 ( ) 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 3 ( ) 1.4 0.8 1.3 0.7 3 ( ) 0.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.1 2.2 0.8 1.9 0.9 3 ( ) 0.0

Professional and related .................................... – 1.9 1.2 1.6 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Teachers ........................................................ – 2.7 1.8 2.4 – 3 ( ) 0.3

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 3.4 2.6 3.4 1.3 0.1 0.3

Registered nurses ......................................... – 2.5 1.3 2.1 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Service ................................................................... – 3.3 1.4 2.8 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Protective service .............................................. – 6.2 2.8 4.8 2.6 0.1 0.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.2 1.7 1.0 1.4 0.9 3 ( ) 0.0

Sales and related ............................................... – 2.4 2.0 2.0 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.2 2.0 1.0 1.6 1.2 3 ( ) 0.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 3.3 1.5 2.6 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 4.9 – 3.5 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – 3.5 1.5 3.0 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 2.5 1.9 1.5 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Production ......................................................... – 3.0 1.9 2.3 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Transportation and material moving .................. – 3.9 3.1 2.0 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.1 1.1 0.7 1.0 0.5 3 ( ) 0.0

Part time ................................................................ – 4.5 1.6 4.5 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Union ..................................................................... – 2.6 1.2 1.7 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.2 1.2 0.7 1.1 0.4 3 ( ) 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 2.9 1.4 2.6 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 5.8 1.0 5.5 – 0.1 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.2 1.8 1.3 1.2 0.7 3 ( ) 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.3 1.6 0.9 1.2 0.7 3 ( ) 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 3 ( ) 1.3 0.6 1.3 0.6 3 ( ) 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 2.2 0.8 2.4 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.2 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.5 3 ( ) 0.0

Education and health services ........................... – 2.9 1.5 2.2 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Educational services ...................................... – 2.1 1.7 1.7 – 3 ( ) 0.3

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 3.6 2.9 3.2 1.4 3 ( ) 0.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 2.5 2.4 2.6 – 3 ( ) 0.1

Health care and social assistance ................. – 4.1 2.1 3.0 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Hospitals .................................................... – 2.1 2.0 2.1 0.6 3 ( ) 0.0

Public administration ......................................... – 3.8 3.8 3.6 1.8 3 ( ) 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 19. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas,

civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts2

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.4 2.4 1.3 1.9 0.6 3 ( ) 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.2 3.1 1.6 2.4 0.6 3 ( ) 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 3.5 2.6 2.7 – 3 ( ) 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. – 1.2 0.7 1.1 – 3 ( ) 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 1.8 0.9 1.6 – 3 ( ) 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 1.6 1.0 1.4 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 3.3 1.2 2.5 – 3 ( ) 0.0

New England ..................................................... – 6.7 3.1 6.0 – 0.1 0.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 3.4 1.4 2.5 – 3 ( ) 0.0

South ..................................................................... 0.3 1.7 1.3 1.6 0.6 3 ( ) 0.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.6 2.8 2.0 2.2 0.8 3 ( ) 0.0

East South Central ............................................ – 2.3 2.4 3.4 0.6 3 ( ) 0.0

West South Central ........................................... – 1.7 1.8 3.0 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 1.9 1.6 1.2 – 3 ( ) 0.0

East North Central ............................................. – 1.8 1.2 1.5 0.8 3 ( ) 0.0

West North Central ............................................ – 4.3 – 2.3 0.7 3 ( ) 0.0

West ...................................................................... 0.1 2.7 1.2 2.7 1.9 3 ( ) 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 5.3 2.0 3.7 – 3 ( ) 0.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 2.9 1.5 3.6 – 0.1 0.0

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Includes participants in plans in which insurance equaled a multiple of earnings plus or minus a specified amount. 3 Less than 0.05. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 20. Life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with fixed multiple of earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 77 $50,000 $50,000 $200,000 $500,000 $1,000,000 23

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 77 50,000 100,000 250,000 675,000 – 23

Management, business, and financial ............... 79 50,000 – 250,000 650,000 – 21

Professional and related .................................... 76 50,000 100,000 275,000 700,000 – 24

Teachers ........................................................ 60 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 40

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 51 50,000 50,000 – 300,000 500,000 49

Registered nurses ......................................... 84 50,000 – – – 1,000,000 16

Service ................................................................... 77 – 50,000 150,000 500,000 1,000,000 23

Protective service .............................................. 70 50,000 50,000 150,000 – 500,000 30

Sales and office ..................................................... 82 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 18

Sales and related ............................................... 86 50,000 50,000 – 500,000 – 14

Office and administrative support ...................... 80 50,000 – 200,000 500,000 – 20

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 76 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 – 24

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 74 50,000 100,000 200,000 – 1,000,000 26

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 77 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 – 23

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 69 50,000 50,000 150,000 500,000 1,000,000 31

Production ......................................................... 69 50,000 – – 500,000 1,000,000 31

Transportation and material moving .................. 70 50,000 50,000 100,000 300,000 500,000 30

Full time ................................................................. 78 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 22

Part time ................................................................ 67 50,000 – – 500,000 1,000,000 33

Union ..................................................................... 65 50,000 50,000 150,000 – 1,000,000 35

Nonunion ............................................................... 79 50,000 50,000 250,000 500,000 1,000,000 21

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 76 50,000 50,000 – 500,000 1,000,000 24

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 82 50,000 50,000 – – 1,000,000 18

Second 25 percent ............................................ 79 50,000 50,000 150,000 500,000 1,000,000 21

Third 25 percent ................................................ 77 50,000 – 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 23

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 77 50,000 100,000 300,000 – – 23

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 77 50,000 – 300,000 – 2,000,000 23

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 78 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 22

Education and health services ........................... 75 50,000 – 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 25

Educational services ...................................... 65 50,000 50,000 170,000 300,000 500,000 35

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 53 50,000 50,000 200,000 300,000 500,000 47

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 77 50,000 50,000 – 350,000 500,000 23

Health care and social assistance ................. 80 50,000 100,000 250,000 500,000 1,000,000 20

Hospitals .................................................... 85 50,000 150,000 500,000 – 1,000,000 15

Public administration ......................................... 61 40,000 – 150,000 300,000 500,000 39

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 20. Life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed multiple of earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 78 $50,000 $50,000 $150,000 $500,000 $1,000,000 22

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 82 50,000 50,000 150,000 500,000 – 18

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 71 50,000 50,000 150,000 500,000 750,000 29

100 workers or more .............................................. 77 50,000 50,000 250,000 600,000 1,000,000 23

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 77 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 – 23

500 workers or more .......................................... 77 50,000 – 300,000 850,000 1,000,000 23

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 72 50,000 – 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 28

New England ..................................................... 76 50,000 100,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 24

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 71 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 29

South ..................................................................... 80 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 – 20

South Atlantic .................................................... 80 50,000 – – – – 20

East South Central ............................................ 78 50,000 50,000 – 500,000 1,000,000 22

West South Central ........................................... 80 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 – 20

Midwest ................................................................. 75 50,000 50,000 – 500,000 – 25

East North Central ............................................. 78 50,000 – 250,000 500,000 – 22

West North Central ............................................ 69 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 31

West ...................................................................... 80 50,000 – 200,000 750,000 1,000,000 20

Mountain ............................................................ 79 50,000 – 250,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 21

Pacific ................................................................ 81 50,000 50,000 200,000 – 1,000,000 19

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 20. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 $0.00 $0.00 $17,239.56 $0.00 $0.00 0.9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.1 0.00 25,037.42 69,637.01 147,546.18 – 1.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.6 0.00 – 62,050.89 177,393.63 – 1.6

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 0.00 29,509.24 49,556.79 162,001.74 – 1.4

Teachers ........................................................ 2.8 0.00 0.00 41,281.08 6,451.74 0.00 2.8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 4.4 0.00 4,562.07 – 51,815.18 44,698.99 4.4

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.4 0.00 – – – 91,241.44 2.4

Service ................................................................... 3.3 – 0.00 40,692.04 0.00 0.00 3.3

Protective service .............................................. 4.9 0.00 0.00 29,481.01 – 45,620.72 4.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 0.00 0.00 16,674.98 0.00 266,793.46 1.2

Sales and related ............................................... 1.2 0.00 0.00 – 135,640.15 – 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 0.00 – 18,248.29 25,806.98 – 1.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.1 0.00 0.00 41,812.08 18,248.29 – 2.1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 4.0 0.00 20,402.21 56,245.00 – 0.00 4.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.3 0.00 0.00 52,414.22 0.00 – 2.3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.6 0.00 0.00 32,792.63 20,402.21 27,372.43 2.6

Production ......................................................... 3.5 0.00 – – 41,812.08 0.00 3.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 4.1 0.00 0.00 0.00 50,801.08 92,149.34 4.1

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 0.00 0.00 15,803.48 0.00 0.00 1.0

Part time ................................................................ 3.5 0.00 – – 91,241.44 258,069.76 3.5

Union ..................................................................... 2.5 0.00 13,777.16 42,786.30 – 0.00 2.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 0.00 0.00 61,450.96 32,897.57 68,278.84 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3.3 0.00 0.00 – 59,131.21 163,217.65 3.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5.5 0.00 0.00 – – 129,034.88 5.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 0.00 0.00 15,803.48 0.00 0.00 1.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.4 0.00 – 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 0.00 5,770.62 31,435.29 – – 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.0 0.00 – 57,016.77 – 428,349.16 2.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32,897.57 1.0

Education and health services ........................... 1.6 0.00 – 28,853.08 0.00 0.00 1.6

Educational services ...................................... 1.7 0.00 0.00 34,139.42 0.00 0.00 1.7

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 3.9 0.00 9,124.14 53,576.67 6,451.74 63,213.92 3.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.9 0.00 0.00 – 93,048.37 0.00 2.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.2 0.00 0.00 73,561.20 92,262.19 0.00 2.2

Hospitals .................................................... 1.9 0.00 39,771.22 20,402.21 – 0.00 1.9

Public administration ......................................... 4.5 11,249.00 – 25,859.18 65,795.14 0.00 4.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 20. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.7 $0.00 $0.00 $13,686.22 $27,372.43 $0.00 1.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.8 0.00 0.00 26,207.11 55,500.00 – 1.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.7 0.00 6,451.74 28,490.13 45,620.72 121,045.45 3.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 0.00 5,474.49 10,201.10 148,039.06 51,613.95 1.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.7 0.00 4,562.07 20,031.60 0.00 – 1.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 0.00 – 0.00 238,975.94 0.00 1.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.9 0.00 – 18,248.29 0.00 0.00 1.9

New England ..................................................... 4.2 0.00 17,455.51 0.00 0.00 179,724.79 4.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.1 0.00 0.00 58,954.96 0.00 0.00 2.1

South ..................................................................... 1.5 0.00 0.00 42,218.27 41,812.08 – 1.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.9 0.00 – – – – 1.9

East South Central ............................................ 2.9 0.00 0.00 – 0.00 0.00 2.9

West South Central ........................................... 3.0 0.00 0.00 12,903.49 63,213.92 – 3.0

Midwest ................................................................. 2.3 0.00 6,386.90 – 0.00 – 2.3

East North Central ............................................. 2.9 0.00 – 60,405.69 77,420.93 – 2.9

West North Central ............................................ 3.0 0.00 0.00 51,613.95 0.00 0.00 3.0

West ...................................................................... 1.9 0.00 – 27,569.41 161,937.49 0.00 1.9

Mountain ............................................................ 2.9 0.00 – 66,756.07 147,122.40 0.00 2.9

Pacific ................................................................ 2.4 0.00 0.00 30,261.36 – 216,686.41 2.4

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth

of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 21. Life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1 civilian workers,2

March 2018

(Includes workers participating in life insurance plans with flat-dollar amount formulas)

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts3

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $10,000 $10,000 $20,000 $40,000 $50,000

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Management, business, and financial ............... 10,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Professional and related .................................... 6,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Teachers ........................................................ 6,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Registered nurses ......................................... 5,000 10,000 – 50,000 –

Service ................................................................... 5,000 10,000 15,000 25,000 50,000

Protective service .............................................. 5,000 10,000 15,000 – 50,000

Sales and office ..................................................... 10,000 – 20,000 – 50,000

Sales and related ............................................... 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Office and administrative support ...................... 10,000 – 20,000 50,000 50,000

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 10,000 10,000 20,000 – 50,000

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 10,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 10,000 15,000 20,000 35,000 50,000

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Production ......................................................... 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Transportation and material moving .................. 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 40,000

Full time ................................................................. 10,000 12,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

Part time ................................................................ 5,000 5,000 15,000 – 50,000

Union ..................................................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 41,116 50,000

Nonunion ............................................................... 10,000 15,000 20,000 – 50,000

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 25,000

Second 25 percent ............................................ 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Third 25 percent ................................................ 10,000 12,500 20,000 40,000 50,000

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 6,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 5,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – 10,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

Education and health services ........................... 6,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Educational services ...................................... 6,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 5,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Health care and social assistance ................. – 10,000 20,000 – 50,000

Hospitals .................................................... 5,000 10,000 – 50,000 –

Public administration ......................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 35,000 50,000

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 21. Life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1 civilian workers,2

March 2018—continued

(Includes workers participating in life insurance plans with flat-dollar amount formulas)

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts3

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $40,000 $50,000

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 10,000 – 20,000 40,000 50,000

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 10,000 15,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

100 workers or more .............................................. 6,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 10,000 – 20,000 30,000 50,000

500 workers or more .......................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 5,000 10,000 21,000 50,000 50,000

New England ..................................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 – 50,000

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 6,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

South ..................................................................... 10,000 10,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

South Atlantic .................................................... 10,000 – 20,000 25,000 50,000

East South Central ............................................ 10,000 15,000 20,000 – 50,000

West South Central ........................................... – 10,000 – – 50,000

Midwest ................................................................. 10,000 15,000 20,000 35,000 50,000

East North Central ............................................. 10,000 15,000 20,000 35,000 50,000

West North Central ............................................ 10,000 15,000 25,000 – 50,000

West ...................................................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 50,000

Mountain ............................................................ 10,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Pacific ................................................................ 5,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

1 Includes participants in plans providing a fixed benefit amount. Dollar amounts can be a flat amount or can vary by the

employee’s earnings or length of service. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th

percentile or median, half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as

or less than the amount shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount

shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 21. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1

civilian workers,2 March 2018

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts3

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $0.00 $816.09 $0.00 $2,737.24 $0.00

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Management, business, and financial ............... 2,064.56 456.21 0.00 0.00 0.00

Professional and related .................................... 364.97 735.61 0.00 0.00 0.00

Teachers ........................................................ 258.07 2,867.94 0.00 0.00 0.00

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 1,416.45 0.00 0.00 0.00

Registered nurses ......................................... 965.61 0.00 – 9,791.23 –

Service ................................................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 5,073.55 5,573.28

Protective service .............................................. 0.00 0.00 3,723.33 – 0.00

Sales and office ..................................................... 645.17 – 0.00 – 0.00

Sales and related ............................................... 2,040.22 3,871.05 0.00 0.00 0.00

Office and administrative support ...................... 1,526.76 – 0.00 5,049.79 0.00

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.00 2,042.26 0.00 – 0.00

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 0.00 3,556.08 0.00 6,739.53 0.00

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.00 0.00 0.00 408.04 3,339.99

Production ......................................................... 0.00 774.21 0.00 258.07 816.09

Transportation and material moving .................. 0.00 1,590.85 0.00 4,525.43 10,319.56

Full time ................................................................. 0.00 3,251.58 0.00 982.70 0.00

Part time ................................................................ 0.00 0.00 3,687.10 – 0.00

Union ..................................................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 4,470.62 0.00

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.00 3,120.94 0.00 – 0.00

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4,108.90

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.00 1,824.83 1,860.97 3,977.12 1,290.35

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.00 2,869.76 0.00 5,624.50 0.00

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.00 3,719.70 1,824.83 7,966.76 0.00

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 965.61 3,873.20 0.00 0.00 0.00

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1,210.45 – 6,948.74 0.00 9,562.52

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – 0.00 0.00 8,120.37 0.00

Education and health services ........................... 0.00 0.00 5,292.00 4,953.25 0.00

Educational services ...................................... 0.00 – 0.00 0.00 0.00

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 2,227.49 0.00 0.00 0.00

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.00 – 0.00 8,916.09 0.00

Health care and social assistance ................. – 0.00 5,161.40 – 0.00

Hospitals .................................................... 0.00 0.00 – 11,807.82 –

Public administration ......................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 9,077.37 0.00

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 21. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1

civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts3

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... $0.00 $605.23 $0.00 $6,261.82 $0.00

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.00 – 0.00 10,766.84 0.00

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.00 0.00 3,413.94 9,784.55 0.00

100 workers or more .............................................. 965.61 0.00 0.00 3,633.65 0.00

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.00 – 0.00 5,119.29 0.00

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 8,065.29 0.00

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 258.07 0.00 5,735.89 0.00 0.00

New England ..................................................... 0.00 0.00 3,981.31 – 7,795.67

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.00 0.00 2,593.57 0.00 0.00

South ..................................................................... 0.00 1,404.64 2,072.61 1,340.97 0.00

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.00 – 2,737.24 0.00 0.00

East South Central ............................................ 0.00 0.00 2,414.02 – 0.00

West South Central ........................................... – 0.00 – – 0.00

Midwest ................................................................. 0.00 0.00 4,652.42 7,310.71 0.00

East North Central ............................................. 0.00 694.87 2,885.31 7,703.29 0.00

West North Central ............................................ 0.00 752.40 5,080.11 – 0.00

West ...................................................................... 577.06 816.09 0.00 6,555.37 0.00

Mountain ............................................................ 0.00 4,051.78 1,290.35 0.00 0.00

Pacific ................................................................ 0.00 0.00 0.00 9,421.47 0.00

1 Includes participants in plans providing a fixed benefit amount. Dollar amounts can be a flat amount or can vary by the

employee’s earnings or length of service. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th

percentile or median, half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as

or less than the amount shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount

shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 22. Short-term disability plans: Method of funding, civilian workers,1 March

2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured2

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

All workers ............................................................. 42 43 15 3 ( )

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 45 43 12 3 ( )

Management, business, and financial ............... 47 42 – –

Professional and related .................................... 44 44 – –

Teachers ........................................................ 48 37 – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 46 44 – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 39 51 10 –

Service ................................................................... – 39 33 –

Protective service .............................................. 34 42 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 46 38 – –

Sales and related ............................................... 50 35 15 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 45 39 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 35 50 – –

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 26 56 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 40 47 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 41 49 – –

Production ......................................................... 47 47 – –

Transportation and material moving .................. 34 52 14 –

Full time ................................................................. 43 44 12 3 ( )

Part time ................................................................ – 30 43 –

Union ..................................................................... 36 48 – –

Nonunion ............................................................... 43 42 15 3 ( )

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 33 37 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 33 33 34 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 40 44 16 3 ( )

Third 25 percent ................................................ 42 46 12 3 ( )

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 46 42 12 3 ( )

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 47 41 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 41 41 17 3 ( )

Education and health services ........................... 33 50 – –

Educational services ...................................... 47 38 – –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 41 47 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 60 26 14 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 26 56 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 39 50 11 –

Public administration ......................................... 38 48 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 22. Short-term disability plans: Method of funding, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured2

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 31 46 23 3 ( )

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 31 43 26 3 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 29 52 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 49 41 10 3 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 45 44 11 3 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 53 38 9 3 ( )

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 22 31 46 3 ( )

New England ..................................................... 36 62 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 26 54 –

South ..................................................................... 51 49 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 49 51 – –

East South Central ............................................ 54 45 – –

West South Central ........................................... 53 47 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 55 45 – 3 ( )

East North Central ............................................. 54 45 – 3 ( )

West North Central ............................................ 56 44 – –

West ...................................................................... 41 50 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 37 63 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 44 42 – –

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Employer assumes all risks and expenses of providing the benefit. 3 Less than 0.5. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data

did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 22. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of funding,

civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured2

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

All workers ............................................................. 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.7 1.8 1.0 0.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.7 2.3 – –

Professional and related .................................... 2.0 2.5 – –

Teachers ........................................................ 3.8 3.6 – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 4.5 4.5 – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 5.0 5.9 2.5 –

Service ................................................................... – 3.7 4.3 –

Protective service .............................................. 6.2 6.2 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.3 2.1 – –

Sales and related ............................................... 2.8 2.9 2.6 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.3 2.2 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.1 2.0 – –

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.1 4.2 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.9 2.4 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.3 2.4 – –

Production ......................................................... 2.3 2.2 – –

Transportation and material moving .................. 3.5 3.9 2.5 –

Full time ................................................................. 1.2 1.4 0.9 0.1

Part time ................................................................ – 2.6 2.9 –

Union ..................................................................... 2.3 2.5 – –

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.3 1.3 0.9 3 ( )

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.7 3.0 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5.3 4.2 7.0 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.0 2.2 1.2 0.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.6 1.8 1.5 0.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 1.6 1.1 0.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.4 2.3 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.4 1.5 1.1 0.1

Education and health services ........................... 2.8 3.9 – –

Educational services ...................................... 3.1 2.5 – –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 4.3 3.5 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3.2 2.8 1.2 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.9 6.1 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 4.7 5.0 1.7 –

Public administration ......................................... 3.6 3.3 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 22. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of funding,

civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured2

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.8 2.2 1.6 0.1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.2 2.5 1.7 0.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.9 3.2 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.0 2.0 1.0 3 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.1 1.8 1.4 0.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.1 2.3 2.4 0.2

New England ..................................................... 5.4 5.2 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 1.9 2.3 –

South ..................................................................... 2.6 2.7 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 4.2 4.2 – –

East South Central ............................................ 4.8 5.1 – –

West South Central ........................................... 3.0 3.0 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 2.0 2.0 – 0.1

East North Central ............................................. 2.0 2.0 – 0.1

West North Central ............................................ 5.1 5.1 – –

West ...................................................................... 2.6 2.5 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 3.5 3.5 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 3.5 3.0 – –

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Employer assumes all risks and expenses of providing the benefit. 3 Less than 0.05. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 23. Short-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 15 85

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 12 88

Management, business, and financial ............... 12 88

Professional and related .................................... 12 88

Teachers ........................................................ 12 88

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 13 87

Registered nurses ......................................... 16 84

Service ................................................................... 29 71

Protective service .............................................. 28 72

Sales and office ..................................................... 16 84

Sales and related ............................................... 18 82

Office and administrative support ...................... 16 84

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 12 88

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 12 88

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 12 88

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 11 89

Production ......................................................... 7 92

Transportation and material moving .................. 15 85

Full time ................................................................. 13 87

Part time ................................................................ 38 62

Union ..................................................................... 15 85

Nonunion ............................................................... 15 85

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 29 71

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 35 65

Second 25 percent ............................................ 16 84

Third 25 percent ................................................ 11 89

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 12 88

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 13 87

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 9 91

Service-providing industries .................................. 17 83

Education and health services ........................... 17 83

Educational services ...................................... 12 88

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 15 85

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 7 93

Health care and social assistance ................. 19 81

Hospitals .................................................... 16 84

Public administration ......................................... 15 85

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 23. Short-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 20 80

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 21 79

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 19 81

100 workers or more .............................................. 12 88

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 14 86

500 workers or more .......................................... 10 90

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 37 63

New England ..................................................... 4 96

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 43 57

South ..................................................................... 4 96

South Atlantic .................................................... 4 96

West South Central ........................................... 4 96

Midwest ................................................................. 5 95

East North Central ............................................. 4 96

West North Central ............................................ 7 93

West ...................................................................... 9 91

Mountain ............................................................ 4 96

Pacific ................................................................ 13 87

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans,

key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 23. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.9 0.9

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.9 1.9

Professional and related .................................... 0.9 0.9

Teachers ........................................................ 1.7 1.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.4 2.4

Registered nurses ......................................... 3.6 3.6

Service ................................................................... 3.7 3.7

Protective service .............................................. 3.0 3.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.6 1.6

Sales and related ............................................... 2.4 2.4

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 1.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.0 2.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.2 3.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.1 2.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.5 1.5

Production ......................................................... 1.5 1.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.6 2.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9

Part time ................................................................ 2.1 2.1

Union ..................................................................... 2.0 2.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3.2 3.2

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4.2 4.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 1.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 1.3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.6 1.6

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 1.4

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 1.1

Education and health services ........................... 2.9 2.9

Educational services ...................................... 1.4 1.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.2 2.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.6 1.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.6 4.6

Hospitals .................................................... 1.9 1.9

Public administration ......................................... 1.7 1.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 23. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.7 1.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.8 2.8

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 0.9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.4 1.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.1 1.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.3 2.3

New England ..................................................... 1.2 1.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.3 2.3

South ..................................................................... 0.4 0.4

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.5 0.5

West South Central ........................................... 0.9 0.9

Midwest ................................................................. 1.0 1.0

East North Central ............................................. 1.2 1.2

West North Central ............................................ 1.8 1.8

West ...................................................................... 1.3 1.3

Mountain ............................................................ 1.2 1.2

Pacific ................................................................ 1.9 1.9

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 24. Short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, civilian workers,1

March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

All workers ............................................................. 5 2 73 20 2 ( )

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1 1 72 26 1

Management, business, and financial ............... 2 – 62 35 –

Professional and related .................................... 1 1 77 20 1

Teachers ........................................................ – – 83 12 4

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – – 82 10 6

Registered nurses ......................................... – – 93 5 –

Service ................................................................... 5 – 88 6 –

Protective service .............................................. – – 88 7 –

Sales and office ..................................................... 2 1 72 23 1

Sales and related ............................................... 4 – 72 22 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 2 1 73 24 2 ( )

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 16 – 63 16 –

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 35 5 54 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 4 4 68 24 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 13 – 68 13 –

Production ......................................................... 17 – 60 17 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 9 – 76 9 –

Full time ................................................................. 5 2 71 21 2 ( )

Part time ................................................................ – 3 86 9 –

Union ..................................................................... 16 9 63 11 1

Nonunion ............................................................... 3 1 75 22 2 ( )

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 5 – 83 10 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 2 82 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 7 1 76 15 2 ( )

Third 25 percent ................................................ 5 4 72 19 2 ( )

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 3 2 67 28 1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1 1 66 31 1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 16 4 61 18 2 ( )

Service-providing industries .................................. 2 2 75 20 2 ( )

Education and health services ........................... 2 – 89 8 –

Educational services ...................................... – – 83 14 3

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – – 85 10 4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1 – 77 21 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 2 – 92 6 –

Hospitals .................................................... – – 91 6 –

Public administration ......................................... – – 94 6 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 24. Short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, civilian workers,1

March 2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 1 78 15 2 ( )

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5 1 78 15 1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 6 1 78 15 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 5 3 69 22 2 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 6 2 72 20 2 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 4 4 66 25 1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2 – 84 12 –

New England ..................................................... 5 – 69 24 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2 – 87 10 –

South ..................................................................... 4 3 67 26 2 ( )

South Atlantic .................................................... 4 2 68 25 1

East South Central ............................................ – 6 64 22 –

West South Central ........................................... 4 2 66 29 –

Midwest ................................................................. 10 – 65 22 –

East North Central ............................................. 10 – 64 23 –

West North Central ............................................ 11 – 66 21 –

West ...................................................................... 3 2 74 19 1

Mountain ............................................................ 4 – 76 17 –

Pacific ................................................................ 3 2 73 20 2

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Less than 0.5. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not

meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit

Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 24. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment,

civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

All workers ............................................................. 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.4 0.3 1.3 1.3 0.2

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.5 – 2.1 2.1 –

Professional and related .................................... 0.3 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.2

Teachers ........................................................ – – 2.5 2.1 1.2

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – – 3.2 2.5 1.4

Registered nurses ......................................... – – 1.4 0.7 –

Service ................................................................... 1.4 – 2.1 1.3 –

Protective service .............................................. – – 5.3 1.6 –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.3 0.2

Sales and related ............................................... 0.7 – 1.9 1.8 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.3 0.3 1.5 1.5 0.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.7 – 2.5 1.9 –

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.4 1.6 3.4 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 0.5 1.0 3.1 2.9 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.2 – 2.2 2.0 –

Production ......................................................... 1.9 – 2.9 2.3 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.5 – 3.0 2.8 –

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.1

Part time ................................................................ – 0.7 1.4 1.6 –

Union ..................................................................... 1.8 1.5 1.8 0.8 0.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.9 0.1

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.2 – 2.1 1.4 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 1.0 3.3 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.3 1.6 1.3 0.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.2 0.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.3 0.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.6 0.2 1.8 1.8 0.3

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.3 1.0 1.8 1.6 0.2

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.1

Education and health services ........................... 0.7 – 1.5 1.4 –

Educational services ...................................... – – 2.2 2.0 0.7

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – – 3.2 2.9 1.1

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.3 – 1.9 2.0 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.0 – 1.9 1.8 –

Hospitals .................................................... – – 2.0 1.3 –

Public administration ......................................... – – 1.7 1.7 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 24. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment,

civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.2 0.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.9 0.3 1.7 1.2 0.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.9 0.6 2.6 2.5 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.5 0.4 1.3 1.1 0.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.7 0.3 1.7 1.6 0.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.8 0.8 1.9 1.8 0.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.3 – 1.5 1.3 –

New England ..................................................... 1.3 – 3.6 3.4 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.3 – 1.6 1.4 –

South ..................................................................... 1.0 0.7 1.5 1.5 0.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.3 0.9 1.9 2.2 0.2

East South Central ............................................ – 2.9 4.4 3.2 –

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 0.4 2.6 2.0 –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.0 – 1.8 2.1 –

East North Central ............................................. 1.3 – 2.1 2.5 –

West North Central ............................................ 1.0 – 3.0 3.3 –

West ...................................................................... 0.9 0.5 2.3 1.6 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 1.0 – 4.6 2.7 –

Pacific ................................................................ 1.2 0.5 2.4 2.0 0.5

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 25. Short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks2

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 93 12 20 26 26 26 7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 94 12 18 26 26 26 6

Management, business, and financial ............... 96 12 18 26 26 26 4

Professional and related .................................... 92 12 18 26 26 26 8

Teachers ........................................................ 92 12 – 26 26 52 8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 90 12 13 26 26 52 10

Registered nurses ......................................... 93 12 18 26 26 26 7

Service ................................................................... 96 13 21 26 26 26 4

Protective service .............................................. 95 12 – 26 26 26 5

Sales and office ..................................................... 93 12 18 26 26 26 7

Sales and related ............................................... 91 12 – 26 26 26 9

Office and administrative support ...................... 94 12 20 26 26 26 6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 91 13 25 26 26 – 9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 93 13 26 26 26 – 7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 90 13 25 26 26 52 10

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 92 13 21 26 26 26 8

Transportation and material moving .................. 94 13 25 26 26 26 6

Full time ................................................................. 93 12 18 26 26 26 7

Part time ................................................................ 96 13 26 26 26 26 4

Union ..................................................................... 89 13 26 26 26 26 11

Nonunion ............................................................... 94 12 18 26 26 26 6

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 95 12 21 26 26 26 5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 94 12 – 26 26 – 6

Second 25 percent ............................................ 95 12 21 26 26 26 5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 93 12 18 26 26 26 7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 92 12 21 26 26 26 8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 92 12 24 26 26 26 8

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 94 12 20 26 26 26 6

Education and health services ........................... 94 12 18 26 26 26 6

Educational services ...................................... 90 12 22 26 26 52 10

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 86 12 13 26 26 52 14

Health care and social assistance ................. 96 12 – 26 26 26 4

Hospitals .................................................... 92 12 18 26 26 26 8

Public administration ......................................... 88 – 25 26 26 52 12

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 25. Short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks2

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 95 12 18 26 26 26 5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 96 12 20 26 26 26 4

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 94 12 – 26 26 26 6

100 workers or more .............................................. 92 12 21 26 26 26 8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 95 12 – 26 26 26 5

500 workers or more .......................................... 90 12 25 26 26 26 10

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 95 – 26 26 26 26 5

New England ..................................................... 96 12 – 26 26 26 4

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 94 25 26 26 26 26 6

South ..................................................................... 93 12 13 26 26 26 7

South Atlantic .................................................... 94 12 13 26 26 26 6

West South Central ........................................... 94 11 13 26 26 26 6

Midwest ................................................................. 91 12 13 26 26 26 9

East North Central ............................................. 90 12 13 26 26 26 10

West North Central ............................................ 95 12 13 26 26 26 5

West ...................................................................... 95 12 – 26 26 26 5

Mountain ............................................................ 95 11 13 21 26 26 5

Pacific ................................................................ 94 13 25 26 26 26 6

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 25. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, civilian workers,1 March

2018

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks2

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.5 0.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 1.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Teachers ........................................................ 1.2 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.7 1.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7

Service ................................................................... 0.5 1.2 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Protective service .............................................. 1.1 1.2 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.8 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 1.8 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.6 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 – 1.3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.5 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0 – 1.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.8 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 7.7 1.8

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.0 0.5 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.3 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Union ..................................................................... 1.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.8 0.3 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.5 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 – 1.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.8 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.4 0.4 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Education and health services ........................... 0.9 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

Educational services ...................................... 0.9 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.9 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.3 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Hospitals .................................................... 2.9 0.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9

Public administration ......................................... 1.3 – 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 25. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks2

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.7 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.6 0.6 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.6 0.2 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.6 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.5 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

New England ..................................................... 1.0 1.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

South ..................................................................... 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 7.3 1.2

West South Central ........................................... 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2

Midwest ................................................................. 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

East North Central ............................................. 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2

West North Central ............................................ 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

West ...................................................................... 1.1 0.3 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

Mountain ............................................................ 2.2 0.0 1.2 1.4 0.0 0.0 2.2

Pacific ................................................................ 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 26. Short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

All workers ............................................................. 1 25 2 39 20 14 61.8 60.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1 20 2 40 21 17 63.5 60.0

Management, business, and financial ............... – 15 – 41 24 17 64.1 60.0

Professional and related .................................... – 22 – 40 19 17 63.2 60.0

Teachers ........................................................ – 35 – 17 29 15 63.1 60.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 33 – 17 36 12 62.9 60.0

Registered nurses ......................................... – 26 – 49 18 – 58.8 60.0

Service ................................................................... – 37 – 34 20 7 58.7 60.0

Protective service .............................................. – 33 – 31 – 9 60.2 60.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1 30 2 38 18 11 60.9 60.0

Sales and related ............................................... – 35 – 37 14 12 60.9 60.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 1 28 3 38 19 11 60.8 60.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 25 – 37 23 11 61.1 60.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 37 – 26 27 – 59.0 60.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – 19 – 43 21 13 62.2 60.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 20 – 44 17 17 62.6 60.0

Production ......................................................... – 16 – 42 16 22 63.3 60.0

Transportation and material moving .................. – 22 – 45 19 12 62.0 60.0

Full time ................................................................. 1 24 2 41 18 15 62.1 60.0

Part time ................................................................ – 38 – 25 28 5 59.2 60.0

Union ..................................................................... 1 29 4 30 27 9 60.3 60.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1 25 1 41 18 15 62.1 60.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 40 – 33 18 7 58.4 60.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 35 – 29 25 9 59.5 60.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1 28 2 40 19 11 60.4 60.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1 21 1 44 19 15 62.3 60.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1 19 2 38 22 19 64.2 60.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 19 – 37 21 21 65.3 60.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2 16 1 41 18 22 63.9 60.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 3 ( ) 27 2 39 20 12 61.4 60.0

Education and health services ........................... – 26 – 44 19 9 60.4 60.0

Educational services ...................................... – 37 – 18 23 15 62.0 60.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 41 3 14 31 10 61.1 60.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 28 – 24 13 23 64.4 60.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – 20 – 55 18 6 59.7 60.0

Hospitals .................................................... – 26 – 51 15 5 58.8 60.0

Public administration ......................................... – 38 – 27 25 8 59.1 60.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 26. Short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 3 ( ) 25 2 38 23 12 61.9 60.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 27 – 36 23 11 61.4 60.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 21 – 42 22 13 63.1 60.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 25 2 40 17 15 61.7 60.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2 25 1 41 17 15 61.0 60.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 3 ( ) 25 2 39 18 15 62.4 60.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 37 – 22 34 6 60.3 60.0

New England ..................................................... – 8 – 52 23 13 63.4 60.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 41 – 18 36 5 59.8 60.0

South ..................................................................... – 22 – 51 9 17 62.4 60.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 1 25 – 47 9 18 61.6 60.0

East South Central ............................................ – 15 – 49 – – 65.5 60.0

West South Central ........................................... – 17 – 60 8 14 62.5 60.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 20 – 49 12 18 62.7 60.0

East North Central ............................................. – 21 – 49 11 18 62.4 60.0

West North Central ............................................ – 16 – 50 13 19 63.5 60.0

West ...................................................................... – 15 – 42 17 17 62.8 60.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 13 2 49 – 21 62.9 60.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 16 – 37 18 15 62.7 60.0

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 3 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 26. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, civilian workers,1 March

2018

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

All workers ............................................................. 0.2 0.9 0.2 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.2 1.1 0.3 2.3 1.6 1.3 0.3 0.0

Management, business, and financial ............... – 2.2 – 2.9 3.0 1.8 0.6 0.0

Professional and related .................................... – 1.6 – 2.8 1.7 1.6 0.4 0.0

Teachers ........................................................ – 2.8 – 2.7 4.0 2.4 0.9 0.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 3.9 – 3.2 5.1 3.0 1.1 5.8

Registered nurses ......................................... – 4.6 – 6.0 3.1 – 0.5 0.0

Service ................................................................... – 2.8 – 3.6 2.1 1.9 0.4 0.0

Protective service .............................................. – 7.5 – 4.5 – 1.7 1.4 0.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.2 1.2 0.5 2.0 1.8 1.1 0.5 0.0

Sales and related ............................................... – 2.1 – 3.1 2.0 2.8 1.2 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.3 1.3 0.7 2.3 2.1 1.0 0.3 0.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 3.2 – 2.8 3.0 2.1 0.8 0.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 8.7 – 4.7 6.9 – 1.4 0.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – 3.1 – 3.3 2.8 2.3 0.9 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 1.7 – 2.6 2.0 1.7 0.5 0.0

Production ......................................................... – 3.4 – 4.8 3.2 2.9 0.6 0.0

Transportation and material moving .................. – 2.2 – 2.9 2.8 1.4 0.8 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.9 0.2 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.0

Part time ................................................................ – 3.0 – 4.0 2.7 0.8 0.4 0.0

Union ..................................................................... 0.5 2.0 0.6 2.4 2.4 1.3 0.4 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 4.0 – 3.3 3.5 0.8 0.6 0.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 6.1 – 4.7 6.7 2.1 1.0 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 1.8 0.4 2.0 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.3 1.4 0.2 2.4 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.2 1.1 0.3 2.0 1.7 1.5 0.5 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 1.7 – 3.0 1.9 2.2 0.8 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.8 2.5 0.2 2.9 2.2 2.3 0.7 0.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.1 1.0 0.3 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.0

Education and health services ........................... – 1.9 – 4.1 3.2 1.6 0.4 0.0

Educational services ...................................... – 1.6 – 2.2 2.1 2.2 0.8 0.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 2.2 0.7 2.5 3.0 2.5 0.8 0.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 2.0 – 2.4 2.0 2.6 1.3 0.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – 2.4 – 5.1 4.0 2.1 0.4 0.0

Hospitals .................................................... – 4.4 – 5.2 3.2 1.5 0.5 0.0

Public administration ......................................... – 2.4 – 2.2 2.3 2.1 0.5 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 26. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.2 2.0 0.5 2.6 2.0 1.4 0.5 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 2.2 – 2.9 2.0 1.5 0.4 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 2.8 – 3.7 3.5 3.0 1.1 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.3 1.4 0.2 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.5 1.7 0.3 2.4 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.1 2.4 0.4 2.4 1.7 1.3 0.5 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 1.5 – 2.7 2.3 0.8 0.3 0.0

New England ..................................................... – 2.5 – 6.2 6.1 2.4 0.9 0.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 1.7 – 2.3 2.2 0.9 0.3 0.0

South ..................................................................... – 1.8 – 2.5 1.4 2.2 0.7 0.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.5 2.2 – 3.4 1.7 2.4 0.5 0.0

East South Central ............................................ – 3.3 – 7.4 – – 4.0 0.0

West South Central ........................................... – 3.6 – 3.4 1.6 4.3 1.2 0.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 2.1 – 2.9 1.3 1.9 0.5 0.0

East North Central ............................................. – 2.7 – 4.0 1.6 2.5 0.6 0.0

West North Central ............................................ – 2.3 – 1.8 1.9 2.6 0.5 0.0

West ...................................................................... – 1.4 – 3.5 3.2 1.8 0.4 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 1.1 0.8 5.2 – 3.8 0.7 0.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 2.2 – 4.7 3.8 1.4 0.5 0.0

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 27. Short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 76 $170 $230 $633 $1,500 $2,500 24

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 74 170 500 750 2,000 2,500 26

Management, business, and financial ............... 76 170 559 1,000 2,000 2,500 24

Professional and related .................................... 73 170 500 700 2,000 2,500 27

Teachers ........................................................ 82 170 200 615 750 – 18

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 86 200 – 692 808 1,000 14

Registered nurses ......................................... 67 215 577 – 2,325 3,000 33

Service ................................................................... 75 170 170 500 637 1,662 25

Protective service .............................................. 82 170 170 600 – 2,500 18

Sales and office ..................................................... 80 170 200 633 1,500 2,500 20

Sales and related ............................................... 85 170 200 500 1,385 – 15

Office and administrative support ...................... 79 170 200 637 1,500 2,500 21

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 77 170 260 595 1,000 2,000 23

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 81 170 – 500 750 – 19

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 75 170 350 600 1,250 2,500 25

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 72 170 350 584 1,000 1,730 28

Production ......................................................... 66 170 300 633 1,500 2,500 34

Transportation and material moving .................. 78 170 – 500 1,000 1,500 22

Full time ................................................................. 74 170 275 637 1,500 2,500 26

Part time ................................................................ 86 170 170 500 633 700 14

Union ..................................................................... 80 170 200 500 633 1,150 20

Nonunion ............................................................... 75 170 300 645 1,500 2,500 25

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 82 170 170 500 645 1,730 18

Second 25 percent ............................................ 77 170 200 615 1,167 2,325 23

Third 25 percent ................................................ 74 170 462 692 1,500 2,500 26

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 73 170 450 700 2,000 2,500 27

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 73 170 – 831 2,000 2,500 27

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 71 170 350 700 1,500 2,500 29

Service-providing industries .................................. 77 170 200 633 1,500 2,500 23

Education and health services ........................... 72 170 250 637 1,500 2,500 28

Educational services ...................................... 74 170 185 595 692 – 26

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 79 170 200 604 692 1,000 21

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 62 170 185 595 692 1,500 38

Health care and social assistance ................. 71 170 500 692 2,000 2,500 29

Hospitals .................................................... 73 185 595 1,000 2,350 3,000 27

Public administration ......................................... 71 135 200 576 – 1,500 29

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 27. Short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 78 $170 $200 $615 $1,000 $2,000 22

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 77 170 170 615 1,000 2,000 23

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 79 170 300 615 1,000 2,000 21

100 workers or more .............................................. 74 170 260 675 1,730 2,500 26

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 77 170 275 633 1,500 2,500 23

500 workers or more .......................................... 71 170 – 692 2,076 3,000 29

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 90 170 170 500 633 1,200 10

New England ..................................................... 76 200 500 700 1,500 2,500 24

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 92 170 170 – 633 808 8

South ..................................................................... 68 200 500 1,000 2,000 2,500 32

South Atlantic .................................................... 71 200 500 1,000 2,000 2,500 29

East South Central ............................................ 57 200 500 1,000 1,500 2,423 43

West South Central ........................................... 67 – 550 – 2,500 2,771 33

Midwest ................................................................. 62 – 500 1,000 – 2,500 38

East North Central ............................................. 61 200 500 1,000 – 2,500 39

West North Central ............................................ 63 275 500 1,000 2,157 – 37

West ...................................................................... 77 185 570 1,000 2,000 2,500 23

Mountain ............................................................ 70 – 1,000 1,385 2,000 2,310 30

Pacific ................................................................ 82 185 – – 2,300 3,000 18

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 27. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1

March 2018

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 1.3 $0.00 $23.48 $7.15 $43.36 $0.00 1.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.7 0.00 3.65 170.35 82.53 360.52 1.7

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.3 0.00 70.87 38.97 177.78 457.29 2.3

Professional and related .................................... 2.0 0.00 117.44 53.21 353.26 397.25 2.0

Teachers ........................................................ 2.2 0.00 29.57 70.57 108.23 – 2.2

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.7 42.05 – 62.44 158.94 146.19 2.7

Registered nurses ......................................... 6.9 22.99 163.18 – 110.40 596.64 6.9

Service ................................................................... 3.2 0.00 0.00 46.99 31.08 300.87 3.2

Protective service .............................................. 2.3 0.00 45.80 51.48 – 269.83 2.3

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.9 0.00 0.00 3.15 50.22 0.00 1.9

Sales and related ............................................... 3.1 0.00 0.00 91.79 221.86 – 3.1

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.1 0.00 22.16 70.86 84.46 0.00 2.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.3 0.00 75.15 20.98 17.29 220.67 2.3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.8 0.00 – 68.57 208.70 – 3.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.9 6.12 96.44 8.06 226.22 306.48 2.9

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.9 0.00 62.99 63.18 0.00 420.81 2.9

Production ......................................................... 3.8 0.00 47.19 40.57 171.15 82.85 3.8

Transportation and material moving .................. 3.3 14.74 – 59.20 116.65 0.00 3.3

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 0.00 40.41 56.62 0.00 0.00 1.3

Part time ................................................................ 2.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.07 172.00 2.7

Union ..................................................................... 1.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.13 193.76 1.8

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.4 0.00 36.07 55.58 18.25 0.00 1.4

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.9 0.00 0.00 43.04 96.23 409.84 2.9

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.3 0.00 17.88 15.57 182.92 183.28 2.3

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.6 0.00 68.92 40.01 49.27 0.00 1.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.8 0.00 105.49 75.39 503.81 0.00 1.8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.5 0.00 – 225.97 288.56 432.20 2.5

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.4 0.00 80.48 85.26 189.87 159.36 2.4

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.5 0.00 4.74 21.66 45.91 0.00 1.5

Education and health services ........................... 2.2 0.00 73.76 43.91 395.09 65.48 2.2

Educational services ...................................... 2.4 0.00 11.29 21.42 74.09 – 2.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 3.3 0.00 0.00 47.49 51.85 94.82 3.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.8 0.00 0.00 7.55 89.05 403.83 2.8

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.9 0.00 125.05 63.51 195.04 444.37 2.9

Hospitals .................................................... 3.2 33.97 136.71 229.15 182.71 517.54 3.2

Public administration ......................................... 2.6 0.00 0.00 12.28 – 0.00 2.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 27. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.2 $0.00 $29.82 $20.15 $93.57 $0.00 2.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.8 0.00 6.45 24.17 218.40 40.52 2.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.9 0.00 75.04 17.74 0.00 296.02 3.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 0.00 56.38 56.59 330.45 199.41 1.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.5 0.00 61.63 30.11 41.97 0.00 1.5

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.0 0.00 – 39.90 309.25 341.45 2.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.6 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.76 271.15 1.6

New England ..................................................... 3.4 45.86 41.81 67.82 5.16 60.26 3.4

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 0.00 0.00 – 0.00 241.17 1.7

South ..................................................................... 2.4 15.40 0.00 0.00 218.98 281.59 2.4

South Atlantic .................................................... 3.1 9.30 0.00 264.75 189.64 510.59 3.1

East South Central ............................................ 5.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.21 5.0

West South Central ........................................... 5.1 – 61.47 – 450.62 426.28 5.1

Midwest ................................................................. 4.3 – 0.00 0.00 – 0.00 4.3

East North Central ............................................. 5.5 52.75 135.03 53.85 – 0.00 5.5

West North Central ............................................ 5.1 30.73 0.00 98.69 284.80 – 5.1

West ...................................................................... 1.7 21.38 75.10 12.23 247.62 520.90 1.7

Mountain ............................................................ 3.6 – 222.00 288.59 399.20 264.05 3.6

Pacific ................................................................ 1.5 19.61 – – 334.75 593.16 1.5

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 28. Long-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 8 92

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 8 92

Management, business, and financial ............... 6 94

Professional and related .................................... 9 91

Teachers ........................................................ 20 80

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 24 76

Registered nurses ......................................... 4 96

Service ................................................................... 8 92

Sales and office ..................................................... 7 93

Sales and related ............................................... 7 93

Office and administrative support ...................... 7 93

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 9 91

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 5 95

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 10 90

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 7 93

Production ......................................................... 5 95

Transportation and material moving .................. 9 91

Full time ................................................................. 8 92

Part time ................................................................ 6 94

Union ..................................................................... 12 88

Nonunion ............................................................... 7 93

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 12 88

Second 25 percent ............................................ 7 93

Third 25 percent ................................................ 7 93

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 8 92

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 8 92

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 6 94

Service-providing industries .................................. 8 92

Education and health services ........................... 9 91

Educational services ...................................... 17 83

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 20 80

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 12 88

Health care and social assistance ................. 5 95

Hospitals .................................................... 5 95

Public administration ......................................... 15 85

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 28. Long-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 7 93

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5 95

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 10 90

100 workers or more .............................................. 8 92

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 8 92

500 workers or more .......................................... 8 92

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 8 92

New England ..................................................... 4 96

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 9 91

South ..................................................................... 8 92

South Atlantic .................................................... 9 91

West South Central ........................................... 5 95

Midwest ................................................................. 9 91

East North Central ............................................. 10 90

West North Central ............................................ 6 94

West ...................................................................... 6 94

Mountain ............................................................ 9 91

Pacific ................................................................ 3 97

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans,

key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 28. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.5 0.5

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.8 0.8

Professional and related .................................... 0.6 0.6

Teachers ........................................................ 1.4 1.4

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.1 2.1

Registered nurses ......................................... 1.0 1.0

Service ................................................................... 1.7 1.7

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.0 1.0

Sales and related ............................................... 1.4 1.4

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.2 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.2 1.2

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.6 1.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.5 1.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.0 1.0

Production ......................................................... 1.1 1.1

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.6 1.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.4 1.4

Union ..................................................................... 1.1 1.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.6 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.0 2.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.6 0.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.2 1.2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.8 0.8

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 1.1 1.1

Educational services ...................................... 1.1 1.1

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.9 1.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.1 1.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.6 1.6

Hospitals .................................................... 1.0 1.0

Public administration ......................................... 2.0 2.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 28. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.0 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.7 0.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.5 2.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.9 0.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.8 0.8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.8 1.8

New England ..................................................... 0.9 0.9

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.3 2.3

South ..................................................................... 1.1 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.6 1.6

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 1.1

Midwest ................................................................. 0.7 0.7

East North Central ............................................. 0.8 0.8

West North Central ............................................ 1.7 1.7

West ...................................................................... 0.6 0.6

Mountain ............................................................ 1.3 1.3

Pacific ................................................................ 0.8 0.8

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 29. Long-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, civilian

workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

All workers ............................................................. 95 3 2 2 ( )

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 96 4 2 ( ) 2 ( )

Management, business, and financial ............... 96 4 – –

Professional and related .................................... 95 4 1 2 ( )

Teachers ........................................................ 95 2 2 1

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 95 2 2 1

Registered nurses ......................................... 97 – – –

Service ................................................................... 97 2 – –

Protective service .............................................. 96 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 97 2 – –

Sales and related ............................................... 96 3 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 98 2 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 87 3 8 1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 94 4 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 89 4 6 1

Production ......................................................... 86 5 7 1

Transportation and material moving .................. 93 3 – –

Full time ................................................................. 95 3 1 2 ( )

Part time ................................................................ 95 4 – –

Union ..................................................................... 89 2 8 2

Nonunion ............................................................... 96 4 – –

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 96 4 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 97 2 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 94 3 3 2 ( )

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 94 4 1 2 ( )

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 93 6 1 2 ( )

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 86 8 6 1

Service-providing industries .................................. 97 2 1 2 ( )

Education and health services ........................... 97 2 1 2 ( )

Educational services ...................................... 96 2 1 1

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 96 1 2 1

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 97 3 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 98 – – –

Hospitals .................................................... 98 – – –

Public administration ......................................... 98 2 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 29. Long-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, civilian

workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 95 3 1 2 ( )

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 95 3 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 96 – 1 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 94 4 2 2 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 96 3 1 2 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 93 4 2 2 ( )

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 95 3 – –

New England ..................................................... 98 – 2 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 94 5 – –

South ..................................................................... 95 4 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 98 2 – –

East South Central ............................................ 90 7 – –

West South Central ........................................... 93 7 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 92 4 4 2 ( )

East North Central ............................................. 92 4 4 2 ( )

West North Central ............................................ 92 4 – –

West ...................................................................... 98 1 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 98 1 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 97 – – 1

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Less than 0.5. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category

or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 29. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Method of benefit

payment, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.8 0.8 – –

Professional and related .................................... 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.1

Teachers ........................................................ 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.3

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.2 0.6 0.8 0.4

Registered nurses ......................................... 1.9 – – –

Service ................................................................... 1.0 1.0 – –

Protective service .............................................. 2.0 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.5 0.5 – –

Sales and related ............................................... 1.3 1.2 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.4 0.4 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.1 1.1 1.5 0.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.9 1.5 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.2 1.2 1.8 0.3

Production ......................................................... 3.7 1.9 2.8 0.4

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.1 1.0 – –

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1

Part time ................................................................ 1.6 1.1 – –

Union ..................................................................... 1.8 0.5 1.7 0.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.5 – –

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.2 1.1 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.5 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.1 1.4 1.6 0.2

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1

Education and health services ........................... 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.1

Educational services ...................................... 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.5 0.3 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 0.9 – – –

Hospitals .................................................... 1.4 – – –

Public administration ......................................... 0.5 0.5 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 29. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Method of benefit

payment, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.0 0.7 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.4 – 0.5 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.2 1.3 – –

New England ..................................................... 0.9 – 0.8 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 1.8 – –

South ..................................................................... 0.9 0.8 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.9 0.8 – –

East South Central ............................................ 3.9 2.2 – –

West South Central ........................................... 1.7 1.7 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.1

East North Central ............................................. 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.2

West North Central ............................................ 2.4 1.7 – –

West ...................................................................... 0.6 0.5 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 0.6 0.6 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 0.9 – – 0.3

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 30. Long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with a fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

All workers ............................................................. 25 60 8 6 1 58.1 60.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 25 57 10 7 1 58.2 60.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 22 64 7 6 1 58.3 60.0

Professional and related .................................... 26 54 11 8 1 58.2 60.0

Teachers ........................................................ 13 44 24 15 3 60.8 60.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 16 34 26 20 4 60.9 60.0

Registered nurses ......................................... 41 54 3 – – 55.7 60.0

Service ................................................................... 28 58 7 6 1 57.9 60.0

Protective service .............................................. 26 47 – 15 – 59.2 60.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 27 61 5 6 1 57.6 60.0

Sales and related ............................................... 24 66 – 5 – 57.7 60.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 28 60 5 7 1 57.6 60.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 20 66 9 – – 58.8 60.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 23 67 6 – – 58.0 60.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 24 66 5 4 1 58.0 60.0

Production ......................................................... 26 61 7 – – 58.0 60.0

Transportation and material moving .................. 22 71 3 – – 58.0 60.0

Full time ................................................................. 25 60 8 6 1 58.1 60.0

Part time ................................................................ 28 57 8 5 2 58.0 60.0

Union ..................................................................... 28 51 8 11 2 58.4 60.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 25 61 8 5 1 58.0 60.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 26 62 6 5 1 57.7 60.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 27 61 6 5 1 57.7 60.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 24 61 8 6 1 58.2 60.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 25 57 9 8 1 58.3 60.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 24 58 9 8 1 58.3 60.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 24 57 13 – – 58.6 60.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 26 60 7 6 1 58.0 60.0

Education and health services ........................... 27 55 11 6 1 58.0 60.0

Educational services ...................................... 12 48 21 15 3 60.8 60.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 14 37 25 21 4 61.3 60.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 10 63 17 7 2 60.1 60.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 35 59 4 1 – 56.4 60.0

Hospitals .................................................... 43 52 2 3 – 55.3 60.0

Public administration ......................................... 20 44 13 20 2 60.3 60.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 30. Long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(All workers with a fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 21 62 10 7 1 58.8 60.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 22 64 7 6 1 58.4 60.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 19 56 15 8 2 59.6 60.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 28 59 7 6 1 57.6 60.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 22 65 6 6 1 58.4 60.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 32 54 8 6 3 ( ) 57.0 60.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 24 67 3 5 3 ( ) 57.9 60.0

New England ..................................................... 22 67 6 – – 58.2 60.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 25 68 – 5 – 57.8 60.0

South ..................................................................... 27 60 9 4 3 ( ) 57.6 60.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 26 58 12 4 1 57.8 60.0

East South Central ............................................ 23 69 – 4 – 57.9 60.0

West South Central ........................................... 31 60 – 4 – 57.0 60.0

Midwest ................................................................. 26 60 6 7 2 58.0 60.0

East North Central ............................................. 28 58 6 8 1 57.7 60.0

West North Central ............................................ 21 64 6 6 2 58.6 60.0

West ...................................................................... 24 53 13 10 3 ( ) 58.9 60.0

Mountain ............................................................ 19 59 – 13 – 59.7 60.0

Pacific ................................................................ 27 49 15 – – 58.4 60.0

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 3 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 30. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, civilian

workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.1 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.9 2.1 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.0

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.0

Teachers ........................................................ 1.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.9 3.1 2.9 2.5 1.3 0.7 2.1

Registered nurses ......................................... 5.3 5.4 0.7 – – 0.6 0.0

Service ................................................................... 4.1 4.2 1.7 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.0

Protective service .............................................. 4.4 4.4 – 3.8 – 0.6 0.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.6 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.0

Sales and related ............................................... 3.2 3.2 – 1.7 – 0.5 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.0 2.0 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.4 2.7 1.4 – – 0.5 0.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.1 3.4 1.3 – – 0.4 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.7 2.5 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.0

Production ......................................................... 4.2 3.3 2.0 – – 0.6 0.0

Transportation and material moving .................. 3.0 3.4 1.4 – – 0.3 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 4.1 5.0 1.5 1.4 0.5 0.4 0.0

Union ..................................................................... 2.3 2.0 1.1 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3.6 3.5 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.8 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.5 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.8 2.2 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.5 2.5 2.3 – – 0.4 0.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.0

Education and health services ........................... 1.9 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0

Educational services ...................................... 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.6 0.6 0.3 0.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.6 2.5 2.3 2.5 1.0 0.4 1.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.8 2.0 0.9 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.8 2.8 1.7 0.7 – 0.4 0.0

Hospitals .................................................... 3.5 3.4 0.3 1.1 – 0.5 0.0

Public administration ......................................... 2.8 4.2 1.5 3.7 0.4 0.6 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 30. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, civilian

workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.0 2.0 1.5 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.9 3.2 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.1 3.5 2.9 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.3 1.4 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.2 2.4 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.6 1.8 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.4 2.2 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.0

New England ..................................................... 5.7 5.8 2.3 – – 0.9 0.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.7 2.3 – 1.4 – 0.3 0.0

South ..................................................................... 1.7 1.6 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.8 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.0

East South Central ............................................ 2.7 1.7 – 1.7 – 0.5 0.0

West South Central ........................................... 4.7 4.2 – 1.2 – 0.6 0.0

Midwest ................................................................. 1.3 1.9 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.0

East North Central ............................................. 1.3 2.6 1.6 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

West North Central ............................................ 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.0

West ...................................................................... 2.1 2.7 2.2 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ 4.5 4.3 – 2.2 – 0.7 0.0

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 3.3 2.1 – – 0.4 0.0

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 31. Long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers participating in fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 88 $3,500 $5,000 $8,000 $10,900 $15,000 12

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 88 3,900 5,000 8,000 12,000 17,500 12

Management, business, and financial ............... 89 5,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 11

Professional and related .................................... 87 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,500 15,000 13

Teachers ........................................................ 77 1,900 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,000 23

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 73 1,500 3,900 5,000 6,111 10,000 27

Registered nurses ......................................... 86 – 5,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 14

Service ................................................................... 89 – 5,000 6,667 10,000 12,500 11

Protective service .............................................. 74 3,102 5,000 5,000 6,500 12,000 26

Sales and office ..................................................... 89 3,900 5,000 8,000 12,500 20,000 11

Sales and related ............................................... 87 5,000 5,000 9,000 12,000 20,000 13

Office and administrative support ...................... 89 3,900 5,000 8,000 12,500 20,000 11

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 86 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 14

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 88 3,000 5,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 12

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 88 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 12

Production ......................................................... 87 3,000 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 13

Transportation and material moving .................. 88 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 12

Full time ................................................................. 88 3,500 5,000 8,000 11,000 15,000 12

Part time ................................................................ 82 4,500 5,000 6,500 10,000 – 18

Union ..................................................................... 78 3,000 4,000 5,000 10,000 12,000 22

Nonunion ............................................................... 90 4,000 5,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 10

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 91 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 9

Second 25 percent ............................................ 89 3,166 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 11

Third 25 percent ................................................ 89 – 5,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 11

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 87 3,900 5,000 10,000 12,500 20,000 13

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 88 4,000 6,000 10,000 13,000 20,000 12

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 91 – 5,000 10,000 12,500 – 9

Service-providing industries .................................. 88 – 5,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 12

Education and health services ........................... 88 – 5,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 12

Educational services ...................................... 79 2,000 4,000 5,000 9,200 13,000 21

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 74 1,500 3,900 5,000 7,000 9,450 26

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 84 3,000 5,000 7,000 10,000 20,000 16

Health care and social assistance ................. 94 4,000 5,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 6

Hospitals .................................................... 91 3,000 5,000 8,000 12,000 15,000 9

Public administration ......................................... 67 3,102 4,000 5,000 6,250 10,000 33

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 31. Long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 90 $4,000 $5,000 $7,000 $10,000 $15,000 10

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 90 4,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 10

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 91 3,900 5,000 6,250 10,000 15,000 9

100 workers or more .............................................. 87 3,102 5,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 13

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 89 3,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 11

500 workers or more .......................................... 86 3,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 14

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 93 3,000 5,000 8,000 10,000 15,000 7

New England ..................................................... 92 – 5,000 7,500 – 15,000 8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 93 3,000 5,000 8,000 10,000 15,000 7

South ..................................................................... 91 3,900 5,000 7,500 12,000 15,000 9

South Atlantic .................................................... 91 3,900 5,000 7,500 12,000 16,000 9

East South Central ............................................ 88 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 12

West South Central ........................................... 92 4,000 5,000 10,000 12,000 15,000 8

Midwest ................................................................. 81 – 5,000 7,000 11,250 15,000 19

East North Central ............................................. 79 – 5,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 21

West North Central ............................................ 85 4,800 5,000 7,500 12,500 20,000 15

West ...................................................................... 89 4,000 5,000 8,000 10,500 15,000 11

Mountain ............................................................ 85 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,500 15,000 15

Pacific ................................................................ 92 4,000 5,000 8,500 10,000 – 8

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 31. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1

March 2018

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 $241.43 $0.00 $638.69 $1,063.19 $258.07 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.9 68.28 0.00 256.64 329.35 3,364.43 0.9

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.4 881.79 0.00 0.00 1,380.73 662.59 1.4

Professional and related .................................... 1.1 462.95 0.00 516.14 1,061.05 822.77 1.1

Teachers ........................................................ 1.5 255.48 0.00 0.00 273.72 1,843.22 1.5

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.8 91.24 126.43 0.00 880.83 1,305.48 2.8

Registered nurses ......................................... 3.8 – 0.00 839.39 258.07 364.97 3.8

Service ................................................................... 1.3 – 0.00 914.07 387.10 2,613.99 1.3

Protective service .............................................. 4.4 304.62 709.11 0.00 1,726.35 1,629.62 4.4

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.8 294.81 0.00 541.47 1,311.15 152.01 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 2.1 182.48 0.00 2,086.18 1,376.20 744.69 2.1

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.9 729.03 0.00 547.28 2,139.80 0.00 0.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.7 – 36.50 704.42 0.00 0.00 1.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.8 386.14 356.19 1,053.94 516.14 0.00 1.8

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.6 – 0.00 397.71 0.00 0.00 1.6

Production ......................................................... 2.4 25.29 0.00 1,234.29 258.07 0.00 2.4

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.3 – 432.99 562.45 0.00 1,629.62 2.3

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 242.14 0.00 465.49 1,146.29 258.07 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 2.8 1,276.54 0.00 837.91 0.00 – 2.8

Union ..................................................................... 1.5 0.00 409.48 185.35 1,421.52 651.59 1.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.6 142.52 0.00 0.00 212.41 2,331.67 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.7 – 0.00 849.35 0.00 0.00 1.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 459.53 0.00 362.38 0.00 0.00 0.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 – 0.00 258.07 0.00 0.00 0.9

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 188.47 0.00 370.17 524.14 1,578.14 1.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.6 740.45 0.00 0.00 2,177.40 339.90 1.6

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 – 0.00 965.61 2,461.83 – 1.4

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 – 0.00 241.40 733.10 258.07 0.7

Education and health services ........................... 1.1 – 0.00 0.00 0.00 341.68 1.1

Educational services ...................................... 1.2 404.77 109.49 694.87 969.82 1,662.72 1.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.6 273.12 0.00 0.00 658.53 1,220.73 2.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.4 265.70 0.00 619.01 0.00 4,421.21 2.4

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.7 900.97 0.00 451.22 0.00 0.00 1.7

Hospitals .................................................... 2.2 182.48 0.00 462.13 2,322.63 0.00 2.2

Public administration ......................................... 3.2 143.36 593.56 0.00 1,038.59 0.00 3.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 31. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, civilian workers,1

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount2

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.9 $40.80 $0.00 $546.59 $0.00 $0.00 0.9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.1 0.00 0.00 532.02 0.00 1,864.43 1.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.2 355.74 0.00 1,110.94 364.97 0.00 1.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 369.00 0.00 201.71 338.70 2,143.97 0.9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.6 377.22 0.00 204.02 37.96 0.00 1.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.1 124.99 0.00 0.00 1,416.45 1,122.87 1.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.8 122.12 0.00 465.24 860.78 2,046.28 0.8

New England ..................................................... 1.7 – 0.00 745.45 – 1,277.20 1.7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.8 39.99 0.00 139.29 1,148.14 3,651.78 0.8

South ..................................................................... 1.0 72.99 0.00 612.07 1,033.12 1,759.80 1.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.5 323.64 0.00 341.39 3,186.93 4,566.94 1.5

East South Central ............................................ 2.9 – 0.00 884.62 0.00 0.00 2.9

West South Central ........................................... 1.4 841.20 0.00 2,098.55 1,844.82 4,080.44 1.4

Midwest ................................................................. 1.6 – 0.00 722.12 1,652.06 354.74 1.6

East North Central ............................................. 2.1 – 0.00 654.38 849.97 0.00 2.1

West North Central ............................................ 2.2 1,131.78 0.00 894.38 487.54 2,225.22 2.2

West ...................................................................... 1.0 263.81 1,071.84 1,202.15 1,114.08 4,287.24 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ 1.8 308.07 1,328.50 1,222.01 1,850.93 2,064.73 1.8

Pacific ................................................................ 1.1 631.89 978.46 1,540.94 1,154.12 – 1.1

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 32. Leave benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave2

Paid Unpaid

All workers ............................................................. 77 74 75 45 59 61 34 17 89

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 82 90 78 62 77 80 50 27 94

Management, business, and financial ............... 95 94 95 63 79 82 50 29 95

Professional and related .................................... 76 89 71 62 76 79 49 27 93

Teachers ........................................................ 34 86 18 62 75 79 56 24 93

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 30 96 17 78 80 86 58 27 96

Registered nurses ......................................... 90 92 90 68 77 84 46 26 95

Service ................................................................... 57 56 59 28 37 41 19 11 83

Protective service .............................................. 78 77 79 40 60 65 49 17 90

Sales and office ..................................................... 83 76 80 48 59 60 31 18 89

Sales and related ............................................... 74 65 71 40 46 48 22 14 86

Office and administrative support ...................... 88 82 86 53 66 66 36 20 91

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 80 65 77 32 48 48 23 11 84

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 70 54 65 22 34 36 15 7 81

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 89 76 88 41 61 60 31 14 87

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 84 66 82 39 62 60 32 8 88

Production ......................................................... 90 63 87 37 64 61 30 8 87

Transportation and material moving .................. 79 69 78 41 60 59 34 8 88

Full time ................................................................. 88 85 87 54 70 71 40 21 91

Part time ................................................................ 43 40 38 18 26 28 14 7 80

Union ..................................................................... 81 90 75 63 83 85 55 21 93

Nonunion ............................................................... 76 71 75 43 55 57 30 17 88

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 55 47 53 24 31 34 14 8 82

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 43 31 43 14 23 27 9 5 77

Second 25 percent ............................................ 83 77 84 45 62 62 32 16 89

Third 25 percent ................................................ 90 86 89 54 71 73 41 20 91

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 84 92 80 63 80 83 53 28 95

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 84 93 80 63 81 84 56 30 95

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 90 69 87 39 62 61 31 10 88

Service-providing industries .................................. 75 75 73 47 59 61 34 19 89

Education and health services ........................... 74 87 69 59 72 75 42 23 93

Educational services ...................................... 53 90 41 61 79 83 60 24 93

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 39 92 27 71 79 84 58 25 92

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 82 89 71 43 85 88 72 24 97

Health care and social assistance ................. 88 85 87 58 67 70 30 22 94

Hospitals .................................................... 94 94 93 69 85 88 50 31 96

Public administration ......................................... 91 92 90 54 85 89 77 24 96

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 32. Leave benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave2

Paid Unpaid

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 71 63 69 35 45 47 20 13 82

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 70 61 69 31 41 42 18 12 80

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 73 69 69 44 58 61 28 15 88

100 workers or more .............................................. 83 84 81 56 73 75 47 22 95

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 84 80 82 52 67 68 37 19 95

500 workers or more .......................................... 83 89 81 60 81 84 59 25 94

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 77 77 75 55 68 74 40 23 88

New England ..................................................... 77 79 74 52 69 74 44 20 93

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 77 76 75 56 67 74 39 23 87

South ..................................................................... 78 71 76 45 60 63 36 16 87

South Atlantic .................................................... 78 70 76 46 60 61 34 14 88

East South Central ............................................ 78 67 75 38 58 61 37 16 84

West South Central ........................................... 77 75 75 47 62 66 39 20 85

Midwest ................................................................. 74 67 74 44 58 57 28 14 90

East North Central ............................................. 75 67 74 43 58 56 27 16 89

West North Central ............................................ 74 69 73 44 57 59 29 12 92

West ...................................................................... 77 82 76 40 52 52 30 18 90

Mountain ............................................................ 77 72 78 44 56 59 31 17 91

Pacific ................................................................ 77 87 75 38 50 49 30 19 90

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The sum of paid and unpaid family leave may exceed 100 percent because some workers have access to both types of plans. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 32. Standard errors for leave benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave

Paid Unpaid

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.5

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.5 0.7 0.7 2.0 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.7

Teachers ........................................................ 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.3 0.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.5 1.7 0.8

Registered nurses ......................................... 1.2 2.0 1.2 1.9 3.7 2.9 3.9 2.8 1.3

Service ................................................................... 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.2

Protective service .............................................. 3.8 3.9 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.9 2.9 1.3 1.7

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.6

Sales and related ............................................... 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.9

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.7 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.0 0.9 0.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.7 1.1 0.7 1.1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.6 2.1 2.6 1.5 2.3 2.5 1.8 0.9 2.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.3 1.9 1.6 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.2 2.2 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.4 0.6 1.0

Production ......................................................... 1.1 3.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.3 1.9 0.7 1.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.6 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 0.9 1.3

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.4 0.8 0.7 1.1

Union ..................................................................... 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.8

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.9 1.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.6 2.1 2.2 1.1 1.7 2.4 1.2 0.7 1.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.6 0.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6 0.7

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.9

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 0.9

Educational services ...................................... 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.8

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.3 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.2 1.0 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.0 0.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.4 2.3 1.8 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.4

Hospitals .................................................... 0.8 0.9 0.8 2.5 1.7 1.4 2.7 2.9 1.1

Public administration ......................................... 0.8 0.8 0.9 2.2 1.9 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 32. Standard errors for leave benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave

Paid Unpaid

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 0.7 0.8 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.7

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.0 1.1

New England ..................................................... 1.7 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.8 2.5 1.6 2.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.6 2.1 1.5 1.1 1.2

South ..................................................................... 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.2 2.1 1.7 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.2 0.7 1.2

East South Central ............................................ 1.6 3.6 2.2 4.1 4.6 4.1 4.8 1.6 2.8

West South Central ........................................... 1.9 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.3

Midwest ................................................................. 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.3 0.8 1.0

East North Central ............................................. 2.4 2.0 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.3

West North Central ............................................ 3.3 2.1 3.8 2.6 1.3 2.1 1.9 0.9 1.7

West ...................................................................... 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ 2.2 2.9 3.0 2.0 2.2 2.3 1.3 2.8 2.3

Pacific ................................................................ 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.5 0.9

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 33. Paid holidays: Number of days provided, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with paid holidays = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

All workers ............................................................. 7 3 22 13 13 9 13 8 5 2 2 3 8 8

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 2 1 16 11 14 12 15 10 8 4 3 4 9 9

Management, business, and financial ............... 2 1 15 9 15 12 19 10 9 3 2 3 9 9

Professional and related .................................... 3 1 16 13 13 13 12 10 8 4 3 4 9 9

Teachers ........................................................ 7 – 12 – 6 6 11 12 7 6 5 14 10 10

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 10 5 18 – 3 4 9 11 3 – 3 16 10 8

Registered nurses ......................................... – 1 33 22 – 13 6 6 4 3 1 – 8 7

Service ................................................................... 13 6 25 18 9 6 7 6 5 2 2 2 7 7

Protective service .............................................. – – – 6 6 – 15 18 16 6 4 2 10 10

Sales and office ..................................................... 12 4 24 12 12 8 13 6 4 2 1 1 8 7

Sales and related ............................................... 27 6 30 10 10 6 6 4 1 1 – – 6 6

Office and administrative support ...................... 5 3 22 13 13 9 17 7 6 2 2 2 8 8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 4 5 32 16 11 7 11 6 3 2 1 2 8 7

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 5 5 34 16 13 7 7 5 3 – – 2 8 7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 4 5 31 16 10 7 13 7 3 1 1 2 8 7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 5 2 24 11 18 10 13 10 3 1 1 3 8 8

Production ......................................................... 3 2 21 10 14 13 16 12 4 – – 4 9 9

Transportation and material moving .................. 7 3 27 13 22 6 9 7 2 1 2 () 2 8 8

Full time ................................................................. 5 3 21 13 14 10 14 9 6 3 2 3 8 8

Part time ................................................................ 23 6 32 12 9 4 6 2 2 2 1 1 6 6

Union ..................................................................... 2 1 16 8 11 7 13 17 11 5 3 6 10 10

Nonunion ............................................................... 8 3 23 14 13 10 13 6 4 2 1 2 8 8

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 20 7 33 15 9 5 5 3 1 1 2 () 1 6 6

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 24 5 37 16 9 3 4 2 () 1 – – 2 () 6 6

Second 25 percent ............................................ 6 3 24 14 14 9 13 7 4 2 1 2 8 8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 3 2 20 12 14 10 15 10 6 3 2 4 9 8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 2 1 14 11 14 13 16 11 9 4 2 4 9 9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2 1 11 10 16 14 17 10 9 4 2 4 9 9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2 2 19 12 14 13 16 10 6 2 1 3 9 9

Service-providing industries .................................. 8 3 23 13 13 8 12 8 5 3 2 2 8 8

Education and health services ........................... 3 4 23 16 10 7 10 7 7 4 4 6 9 8

Educational services ...................................... 4 3 6 4 5 7 13 11 12 10 8 17 11 11

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 7 5 12 6 4 6 12 10 8 7 6 18 11 10

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1 1 1 2 6 7 14 12 16 14 11 15 12 12

Health care and social assistance ................. 3 – 31 21 12 7 8 5 5 2 – – 8 7

Hospitals .................................................... – – 30 19 14 11 10 6 5 3 – – 8 7

Public administration ......................................... – – – – 2 8 16 29 25 10 7 3 11 11

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 33. Paid holidays: Number of days provided, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers with paid holidays = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 10 4 27 15 13 9 11 6 3 2 1 1 7 7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 10 4 28 16 12 8 11 6 3 1 1 1 7 7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 9 4 24 12 15 10 10 6 5 2 1 2 8 8

100 workers or more .............................................. 5 2 18 11 13 10 14 10 7 3 2 4 9 9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 7 3 21 13 13 10 13 7 5 3 2 2 8 8

500 workers or more .......................................... 1 1 13 9 13 11 16 13 10 4 3 6 10 10

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 6 2 18 14 12 8 13 11 9 3 1 3 9 8

New England ..................................................... 7 – 13 10 12 7 18 14 9 4 – 2 9 9

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 6 2 19 15 12 8 11 10 9 3 2 3 9 8

South ..................................................................... 9 4 23 13 12 10 11 6 5 2 2 2 8 8

South Atlantic .................................................... 10 3 24 12 12 10 12 6 6 2 1 2 8 8

East South Central ............................................ – 5 21 7 13 11 11 – 4 4 – 5 8 8

West South Central ........................................... 7 6 22 16 12 11 11 6 3 – 3 – 8 7

Midwest ................................................................. 6 1 26 14 14 8 14 8 3 2 1 3 8 8

East North Central ............................................. 6 1 25 15 14 7 14 8 3 3 1 4 8 8

West North Central ............................................ 6 1 28 11 16 10 14 8 4 1 – – 8 8

West ...................................................................... 6 4 20 11 14 10 13 9 5 3 2 2 8 8

Mountain ............................................................ 7 4 27 11 14 9 14 7 4 1 1 2 8 8

Pacific ................................................................ 6 4 17 11 14 11 13 10 6 4 3 2 9 8

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Less than 0.5. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 33. Standard errors for paid holidays: Number of days provided, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.3 0.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.4 0.2 1.7 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.0

Professional and related .................................... 0.4 0.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.0

Teachers ........................................................ 0.9 – 1.9 – 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.1 2.9 0.4 0.2

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.5 2.0 3.2 – 1.2 1.6 2.5 2.7 1.3 – 1.6 4.7 0.5 1.8

Registered nurses ......................................... – 0.4 5.0 4.3 – 3.3 1.2 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.3 – 0.1 0.0

Service ................................................................... 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0

Protective service .............................................. – – – 2.6 1.1 – 2.0 2.1 2.7 1.0 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.4

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.8 0.4 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Sales and related ............................................... 2.1 0.9 1.5 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.3 – – 0.1 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.5 0.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.7 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.2 0.7 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.1 1.2 2.9 2.6 1.9 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 – – 0.4 0.2 0.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 0.9 0.8 1.8 1.9 1.3 0.9 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.6 0.4 1.6 1.0 1.4 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.0

Production ......................................................... 0.7 0.7 1.9 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 0.8 – – 0.8 0.1 0.9

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.1 0.5 2.4 1.5 2.2 0.9 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.1 1.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.0 1.0 1.8 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0

Union ..................................................................... 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.7 1.4 1.3 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3.3 1.1 2.8 2.7 1.6 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.3 – – 0.1 0.2 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.4 0.3 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.5

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.5 0.5 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.3 0.5 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.6

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0

Education and health services ........................... 0.8 1.4 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.0

Educational services ...................................... 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.7 1.5 0.2 0.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.9 1.5 1.4 1.3 0.8 1.9 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.3 2.5 0.4 1.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.0 1.6 0.1 0.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.2 – 3.5 3.1 2.6 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.5 0.6 – – 0.2 0.0

Hospitals .................................................... – – 3.9 2.5 3.1 2.3 2.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 – – 0.1 1.2

Public administration ......................................... – – – – 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.0 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 33. Standard errors for paid holidays: Number of days provided, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.6 0.5 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.8 0.5 1.7 1.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.8 1.1 2.4 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.5 0.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.1

New England ..................................................... 1.9 – 1.9 1.8 3.4 1.7 3.1 2.7 1.4 1.4 – 0.7 0.2 1.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.7 0.3 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.4 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.0

South ..................................................................... 1.1 0.6 1.5 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.6 0.8 2.2 2.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.2

East South Central ............................................ – 0.5 3.9 1.6 3.5 1.4 2.8 – 1.8 0.8 – 1.0 0.5 0.1

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.2 1.5 0.9 0.8 – 0.5 – 0.1 1.1

Midwest ................................................................. 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.0

East North Central ............................................. 0.5 0.5 1.8 1.0 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.0

West North Central ............................................ 1.0 0.4 3.1 1.5 2.0 0.9 1.9 1.4 0.8 0.4 – – 0.1 0.0

West ...................................................................... 0.8 1.4 2.3 1.1 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ 2.0 0.6 4.9 1.8 3.5 2.0 1.7 0.8 1.3 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.0

Pacific ................................................................ 0.8 2.1 2.4 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 34. Paid sick leave: Type of provision, civilian workers,1 March

2018

(All workers with paid sick leave = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year2

As needed3

As part of

consolidated

leave plan4

All workers ............................................................. 68 4 28

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 65 5 30

Management, business, and financial ............... 64 6 30

Professional and related .................................... 65 4 31

Teachers ........................................................ 88 3 9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 89 1 10

Service ................................................................... 69 2 29

Protective service .............................................. 80 4 16

Sales and office ..................................................... 65 3 32

Sales and related ............................................... 61 3 36

Office and administrative support ...................... 66 3 31

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 74 6 20

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 71 6 23

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 76 6 18

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 78 2 20

Transportation and material moving .................. 83 2 15

Full time ................................................................. 67 4 29

Part time ................................................................ 73 1 26

Union ..................................................................... 87 2 11

Nonunion ............................................................... 64 4 32

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 68 2 30

Second 25 percent ............................................ 67 4 29

Third 25 percent ................................................ 70 3 28

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 66 6 28

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 65 7 28

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 69 5 26

Service-providing industries .................................. 68 4 29

Education and health services ........................... 66 1 33

Educational services ...................................... 90 2 8

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 91 1 8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 90 3 7

Health care and social assistance ................. 50 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 48 1 51

Public administration ......................................... 86 3 11

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 34. Paid sick leave: Type of provision, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(All workers with paid sick leave = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year2

As needed3

As part of

consolidated

leave plan4

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 66 5 29

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 64 6 30

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 72 2 26

100 workers or more .............................................. 69 3 28

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 70 2 28

500 workers or more .......................................... 68 4 29

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 73 5 23

New England ..................................................... 73 5 22

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 73 5 23

South ..................................................................... 63 4 32

South Atlantic .................................................... 62 4 34

East South Central ............................................ 68 4 28

West South Central ........................................... 63 5 32

Midwest ................................................................. 67 4 29

East North Central ............................................. 69 4 27

West North Central ............................................ 64 3 33

West ...................................................................... 70 2 27

Mountain ............................................................ 65 1 34

Pacific ................................................................ 72 3 25

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 2 Employees earn or accrue a specified number of sick leave days per year. This number may vary by

length of service. 3 Plan does not specify maximum number of days. 4 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes,

such as vacation, illness, or personal business. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this

category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 34. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Type of provision, civilian

workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year2

As needed3

As part of

consolidated

leave plan4

All workers ............................................................. 1.0 0.4 0.9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 0.7 1.2

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.7 1.3 1.7

Professional and related .................................... 1.6 0.7 1.6

Teachers ........................................................ 1.4 0.5 1.5

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.0 0.4 1.9

Service ................................................................... 2.4 0.9 2.3

Protective service .............................................. 4.1 0.7 3.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.4 0.3 1.3

Sales and related ............................................... 1.6 0.5 1.6

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 0.4 1.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.0 1.6 2.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 4.4 2.8 3.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.9 1.9 1.8

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.7 0.5 1.8

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.9 0.8 2.1

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 0.5 0.9

Part time ................................................................ 2.0 0.3 2.0

Union ..................................................................... 1.2 0.3 1.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.1 0.5 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.3 0.5 2.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.7 1.3

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.2 0.5 1.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 0.9 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.9 1.5 1.8

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.9 0.8 1.9

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 0.4 1.0

Education and health services ........................... 1.9 0.5 1.9

Educational services ...................................... 0.9 0.3 0.9

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.8 0.3 0.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.4 0.4 1.3

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.3 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 3.2 0.6 3.2

Public administration ......................................... 1.3 0.7 1.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 34. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Type of provision, civilian

workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year2

As needed3

As part of

consolidated

leave plan4

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.4 0.7 1.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.8 0.8 1.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.3 0.8 2.3

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.3 0.4 1.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.8 0.5 1.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 0.7 1.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.9 0.8 1.4

New England ..................................................... 2.8 0.8 2.5

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.4 1.1 1.6

South ..................................................................... 2.1 0.9 1.8

South Atlantic .................................................... 3.6 1.2 2.7

East South Central ............................................ 3.9 1.6 4.6

West South Central ........................................... 1.9 1.6 2.5

Midwest ................................................................. 2.1 0.5 1.9

East North Central ............................................. 2.2 0.6 1.9

West North Central ............................................ 4.4 1.0 4.3

West ...................................................................... 1.6 0.8 1.7

Mountain ............................................................ 5.0 0.2 4.9

Pacific ................................................................ 1.3 1.1 1.7

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 2 Employees earn or accrue a specified number of sick leave days per year. This number may vary by

length of service. 3 Plan does not specify maximum number of days. 4 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes,

such as vacation, illness, or personal business. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 35. Paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service3

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 22 45 27 5186

Full time ................................................................. 20 44 30 5186

Part time ................................................................ 35 51 12 1 4 () 6 6

Union ..................................................................... 16 30 45 10 4 ( ) 9 10

Nonunion ............................................................... 24 49 22 3176

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 28 49 19 3175

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 28 52 17 2175

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 29 43 23 ––76

100 workers or more .............................................. 18 42 33 6198

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 23 46 25 4 4 () 8 6

500 workers or more .......................................... 13 37 42 8 1 9 10

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 21 45 27 5186

Full time ................................................................. 19 44 30 6187

Part time ................................................................ 32 53 12 2 4 () 6 6

Union ..................................................................... 13 30 44 11 1 10 10

Nonunion ............................................................... 23 49 22 4186

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 27 50 19 3176

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 27 52 17 3175

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 28 44 23 ––76

100 workers or more .............................................. 17 42 33 7198

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 22 47 25 5186

500 workers or more .......................................... 11 37 42 9 1 10 10

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 35. Paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 civilian workers,2 March

2018—continued

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service3

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 21 45 28 6187

Full time ................................................................. 19 43 30 6197

Part time ................................................................ 32 52 13 2 4 () 7 6

Union ..................................................................... 13 30 44 12 1 10 10

Nonunion ............................................................... 23 49 23 4186

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 27 49 20 3176

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 27 52 18 3175

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 28 43 24 ––76

100 workers or more .............................................. 16 42 33 7198

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 22 46 25 5186

500 workers or more .......................................... 11 37 42 9 1 10 10

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 21 45 28 6187

Full time ................................................................. 19 43 30 6197

Part time ................................................................ 32 52 13 2 4 () 7 6

Union ..................................................................... 13 30 44 12 1 10 10

Nonunion ............................................................... 23 49 23 4186

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 27 49 20 3176

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 27 52 18 3175

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 28 43 24 ––76

100 workers or more .............................................. 16 42 33 7198

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 22 47 25 5186

500 workers or more .......................................... 11 37 42 9 1 10 10

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period.

The total number of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do

not necessarily reflect individual provisions for progression. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Employees eligible for paid sick leave but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. 4 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 35. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 civilian

workers,2 March 2018

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service3

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 4 ( )

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 2.2 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.7

Union ..................................................................... 1.2 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.5 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.4 2.8 2.0 – – 0.2 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.6 1.5 1.4 0.6 0.1 0.2 4 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 1.6 1.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 2.0 2.1 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8

Union ..................................................................... 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.2 1.4 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.3 2.9 2.0 – – 0.2 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 4 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.6 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.2 0.2 4 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.9 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 35. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 civilian

workers,2 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service3

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 2.0 2.2 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2

Union ..................................................................... 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.3 2.7 2.0 – – 0.2 4 ( )

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.5 1.7 1.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 4 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.9 1.6 1.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

Part time ................................................................ 2.0 2.1 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2

Union ..................................................................... 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.3 2.8 2.1 – – 0.2 4 ( )

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.5 1.6 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.9 1.6 1.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period.

The total number of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do

not necessarily reflect individual provisions for progression. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Employees eligible for paid sick leave but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. 4 Less than 0.05.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 36. Paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Carryover provision2

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

All workers ............................................................. 56 21 36 44

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 68 30 38 32

Management, business, and financial ............... 57 21 36 43

Professional and related .................................... 73 35 38 27

Teachers ........................................................ 87 51 35 13

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 88 52 36 12

Service ................................................................... 61 20 41 39

Protective service .............................................. 75 43 32 25

Sales and office ..................................................... 50 15 35 50

Sales and related ............................................... 43 8 35 57

Office and administrative support ...................... 53 18 35 47

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 45 14 31 55

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 47 13 34 53

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 43 14 29 57

Transportation and material moving .................. 43 9 34 57

Full time ................................................................. 57 22 35 43

Union ..................................................................... 70 35 35 30

Nonunion ............................................................... 53 16 36 47

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 46 11 35 54

Second 25 percent ............................................ 54 18 37 46

Third 25 percent ................................................ 57 21 35 43

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 64 28 36 36

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 62 26 36 38

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 60 22 37 40

Education and health services ........................... 81 36 45 19

Educational services ...................................... 87 52 35 13

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 88 52 35 12

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 88 55 33 12

Health care and social assistance ................. 75 18 57 25

Public administration ......................................... 94 58 36 6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 36. Paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Carryover provision2

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 44 13 30 56

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 37 11 26 63

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 58 18 40 42

100 workers or more .............................................. 66 26 40 34

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 59 19 40 41

500 workers or more .......................................... 74 34 40 26

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 55 16 39 45

New England ..................................................... 54 13 42 46

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 55 17 37 45

South ..................................................................... 57 25 33 43

South Atlantic .................................................... 58 25 33 42

East South Central ............................................ 56 25 32 44

West South Central ........................................... 57 24 33 43

East North Central ............................................. 50 17 33 50

West ...................................................................... 60 22 38 40

Mountain ............................................................ 69 21 49 31

Pacific ................................................................ 56 22 34 44

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Plans that allow employees to accumulate unused sick leave from year to year. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key provisions,

and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 36. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, civilian

workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Carryover provision2

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.2 1.5 2.4 2.2

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4

Teachers ........................................................ 1.2 1.8 1.9 1.2

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.6 2.2 2.4 1.6

Service ................................................................... 3.0 1.4 3.2 3.0

Protective service .............................................. 4.8 3.1 3.5 4.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.7 0.8 1.3 1.7

Sales and related ............................................... 2.3 1.1 2.2 2.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.0 1.1 1.6 2.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.8 1.3 3.1 2.8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 4.1 2.2 4.8 4.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.2 1.6 2.7 3.2

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.2 1.2 2.3 2.2

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.0

Union ..................................................................... 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.3 0.6 1.2 1.3

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.4 1.0 2.2 2.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.9 1.6 1.5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.0 1.4 2.4 2.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.2 0.7 1.2 1.2

Education and health services ........................... 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7

Educational services ...................................... 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.7 2.3 2.1 1.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 2.3 2.5 1.7

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.5 2.2 3.1 3.5

Public administration ......................................... 1.0 2.1 1.8 1.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 36. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, civilian

workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Carryover provision2

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.7 0.8 1.5 1.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.0 0.9 1.7 2.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.3 2.1 2.6 2.3

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.7 1.0 1.7 1.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.5 0.8 2.6 2.5

New England ..................................................... 3.8 1.4 3.7 3.8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.7 1.0 2.8 2.7

South ..................................................................... 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.4

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.8

East South Central ............................................ 2.7 2.8 3.3 2.7

West South Central ........................................... 2.9 1.8 3.1 2.9

East North Central ............................................. 4.1 1.6 3.6 4.1

West ...................................................................... 2.0 1.2 2.0 2.0

Mountain ............................................................ 5.5 3.2 5.4 5.5

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 1.2 1.8 2.0

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Plans that allow employees to accumulate unused sick leave from year to year. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 38. Paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service3

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 7 29 38 16 7 2 11 10

Full time ................................................................. 5 27 40 18 8 2 11 10

Part time ................................................................ 27 41 22 4––85

Union ..................................................................... 7 31 43 13 5 1 10 10

Nonunion ............................................................... 8 29 37 17 8 2 11 10

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 11 37 35 11 – – 9 10

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 12 36 35 11 – – 9 10

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 9 39 37 11 4 1 9 10

100 workers or more .............................................. 4 23 40 21 9 3 12 10

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 6 29 40 18 6 2 11 10

500 workers or more .......................................... 2 16 40 24 13 5 14 12

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 2 10 31 35 15 6 15 15

Full time ................................................................. 1 8 31 37 16 7 15 15

Part time ................................................................ 9 27 34 21 6 4 12 10

Union ..................................................................... 1 7 39 37 12 4 14 15

Nonunion ............................................................... 2 11 30 35 15 7 15 15

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 4 16 34 32 11 3 13 13

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4 18 33 31 12 3 13 12

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3 10 37 38 10 3 14 15

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 5 29 38 18 9 16 15

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1 7 35 36 15 6 15 15

500 workers or more .......................................... 1 4 22 40 21 12 17 15

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 38. Paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service3

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 2 7 15 38 24 15 17 15

Full time ................................................................. 1 5 14 39 26 16 18 17

Part time ................................................................ 9 19 23 31 9 9 14 14

Union ..................................................................... 1 2 12 51 25 9 17 15

Nonunion ............................................................... 2 8 15 36 23 16 17 15

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 4 12 20 36 21 8 15 15

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4 14 20 33 20 9 15 15

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3 7 17 42 24 8 16 15

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 3 11 40 26 20 19 19

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1 3 14 43 24 16 18 16

500 workers or more .......................................... 4 ( ) 2 7 37 28 25 20 20

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 2 7 11 19 32 29 20 20

Full time ................................................................. 1 5 11 19 34 31 21 20

Part time ................................................................ 8 18 13 25 18 18 16 16

Union ..................................................................... 1 2 5 13 46 34 22 20

Nonunion ............................................................... 2 7 12 21 30 28 20 20

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 3 12 17 23 28 17 17 17

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4 14 18 22 26 17 16 15

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3 6 14 24 34 19 18 20

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 2 6 17 36 39 22 21

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1 3 7 22 35 32 21 20

500 workers or more .......................................... 4 ( ) 2 5 10 37 46 24 24

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period. The total number

of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual

provisions for progression. Fractional vacation amounts were rounded to the nearest full number of days. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Employees eligible for paid vacations but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. Estimates include plans that are

exclusively for paid vacation and vacation plans that are part of a consolidated leave plan that provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes. 4 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit

Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 38. Standard errors for paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 civilian workers,2

March 2018

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service3

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.1 2.2 2.1 0.7 – – 0.4 4 ( )

Union ..................................................................... 0.9 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.6 – – 0.2 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.7 – – 0.2 4 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.2 0.3 0.3 4 ( )

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.4 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.1 4 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.6 1.2 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.4 1.4 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.2

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 1.3 1.8 1.7 2.2 0.9 1.5 0.4 0.0

Union ..................................................................... 0.3 0.7 1.8 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.2 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.2 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.2 1.0 1.8 2.5 1.6 0.9 0.3 0.3

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.2 0.5 1.4 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.2 4 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 38. Standard errors for paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 civilian workers,2

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service3

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.7

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.3

Part time ................................................................ 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.1 2.3 0.4 1.6

Union ..................................................................... 0.3 0.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.2 1.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.4 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.2 1.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 1.2 0.3 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.1 0.9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.2 0.5

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.8 1.5 1.1 0.2 0.0

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.2 2.2 0.4 0.5

Union ..................................................................... 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.6 0.2 0.8

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.2 1.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.4 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.2 4 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.6 2.0 1.8 0.3 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.2 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.4 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.3

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period. The total number

of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual

provisions for progression. Fractional vacation amounts were rounded to the nearest full number of days. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Employees eligible for paid vacations but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. Estimates include plans that are

exclusively for paid vacation and vacation plans that are part of a consolidated leave plan that provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes. 4 Less than 0.05.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 39. Consolidated leave plans:1 Access, civilian workers,2 March 2018

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

All workers ............................................................. 36 14 19 21 24 64 9 13 15 18

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 44 17 21 23 26 56 11 15 17 20

Management, business, and financial ............... 38 17 20 23 25 62 11 15 17 20

Professional and related .................................... 47 17 21 24 26 53 11 15 17 20

Teachers ........................................................ 25 12 13 13 14 75 12 14 16 18

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 31 11 11 12 12 69 10 12 14 16

Registered nurses ......................................... 76 18 22 25 27 24 11 15 17 19

Service ................................................................... 39 14 18 20 22 61 8 11 14 16

Protective service .............................................. 17 16 19 23 26 83 10 12 15 18

Sales and office ..................................................... 38 13 18 21 24 62 8 12 15 18

Sales and related ............................................... 37 11 16 19 22 63 7 11 14 16

Office and administrative support ...................... 38 15 19 22 24 62 9 13 16 18

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 22 11 15 17 19 78 7 11 13 16

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 25 9 13 15 16 75 7 11 13 14

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 20 12 16 19 22 80 8 11 14 17

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 21 10 15 18 21 79 7 11 15 18

Production ......................................................... 23 10 15 18 20 77 7 11 14 17

Transportation and material moving .................. 19 10 15 18 21 81 7 12 15 18

Full time ................................................................. 36 15 19 22 24 64 9 13 16 18

Part time ................................................................ 37 11 15 16 18 63 6 10 12 14

Union ..................................................................... 16 15 18 22 25 84 9 13 17 21

Nonunion ............................................................... 39 14 19 21 24 61 9 12 15 17

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 35 11 16 18 20 65 6 10 13 15

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 26 10 15 17 18 74 6 9 12 13

Second 25 percent ............................................ 35 14 18 21 24 65 8 12 15 17

Third 25 percent ................................................ 35 15 19 22 24 65 9 13 16 19

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 40 17 21 23 25 60 11 15 17 20

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 39 17 21 23 25 61 12 15 18 21

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 25 11 15 17 20 75 7 11 15 17

Service-providing industries .................................. 38 15 19 22 24 62 9 13 15 18

Education and health services ........................... 55 17 21 24 25 45 11 15 17 19

Educational services ...................................... 12 14 15 16 17 88 13 16 18 20

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 13 11 12 13 13 87 11 14 16 18

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 9 19 21 23 25 91 15 17 19 22

Health care and social assistance ................. 68 17 21 24 26 32 10 14 17 18

Hospitals .................................................... 77 20 24 28 30 23 12 16 19 21

Public administration ......................................... 10 18 22 26 30 90 11 14 17 22

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 39. Consolidated leave plans:1 Access, civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 33 12 16 19 20 67 8 11 14 15

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 33 13 16 19 20 67 7 11 13 15

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 34 12 17 19 20 66 8 12 15 17

100 workers or more .............................................. 38 16 20 23 26 62 10 14 17 20

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 37 14 19 22 25 63 9 13 16 19

500 workers or more .......................................... 40 18 22 25 27 60 11 14 18 21

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 31 15 19 22 24 69 10 14 16 19

New England ..................................................... 31 16 20 22 25 69 10 14 16 19

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 31 14 19 21 24 69 9 14 16 18

South ..................................................................... 36 14 18 21 23 64 8 12 14 17

South Atlantic .................................................... 36 14 18 21 23 64 8 12 14 17

East South Central ............................................ 29 15 19 21 25 71 8 11 14 16

West South Central ........................................... 41 13 17 20 22 59 9 12 15 17

Midwest ................................................................. 36 15 20 23 25 64 8 12 16 19

East North Central ............................................. 34 15 19 22 25 66 8 12 16 19

West North Central ............................................ 41 16 20 23 26 59 8 12 15 19

West ...................................................................... 39 14 18 21 23 61 9 13 15 18

Mountain ............................................................ 46 14 18 21 23 54 8 12 15 17

Pacific ................................................................ 36 14 18 21 22 64 9 13 16 18

1 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes, such as vacation, illness, or personal

business. Those with no consolidated leave plan often have separate leave plans for different purposes. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 39. Standard errors for consolidated leave plans:1 Access, civilian workers,2 March 2018

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Professional and related .................................... 1.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Teachers ........................................................ 5.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 5.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 9.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.2 9.1 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.4

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 2.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0

Service ................................................................... 2.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

Protective service .............................................. 4.0 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.0 4.0 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Sales and related ............................................... 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.5 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 2.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Production ......................................................... 1.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.8 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

Union ..................................................................... 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.2 2.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.1 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 2.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Education and health services ........................... 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4

Educational services ...................................... 1.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6

Hospitals .................................................... 2.3 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 2.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7

Public administration ......................................... 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 39. Standard errors for consolidated leave plans:1 Access, civilian workers,2 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

New England ..................................................... 2.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 2.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

South ..................................................................... 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.8 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4

East South Central ............................................ 3.8 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.3 3.8 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.9

West South Central ........................................... 2.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 2.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Midwest ................................................................. 2.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

East North Central ............................................. 2.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 2.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2

West North Central ............................................ 3.3 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 3.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5

West ...................................................................... 1.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 4.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 4.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

1 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes, such as vacation, illness, or personal

business. Those with no consolidated leave plan often have separate leave plans for different purposes. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 40. Quality of life benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Childcare2 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

All workers ............................................................. 11 7 8 43 54

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 18 14 13 59 71

Management, business, and financial ............... 19 21 14 59 70

Professional and related .................................... 17 11 13 60 71

Teachers ........................................................ 13 4 7 54 67

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 10 4 4 52 66

Registered nurses ......................................... 24 3 12 80 86

Service ................................................................... 7 1 5 27 37

Protective service .............................................. 11 2 8 42 59

Sales and office ..................................................... 9 6 7 43 56

Sales and related ............................................... 5 4 3 39 53

Office and administrative support ...................... 11 7 8 46 58

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 7 2 4 31 38

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 5 2 3 24 28

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 10 1 4 37 47

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 5 3 3 42 52

Production ......................................................... 7 4 2 44 51

Transportation and material moving .................. 3 3 4 40 53

Full time ................................................................. 13 8 9 49 60

Part time ................................................................ 4 2 3 25 36

Union ..................................................................... 16 3 12 57 79

Nonunion ............................................................... 10 7 7 41 50

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 4 1 2 25 35

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3 1 3 17 26

Second 25 percent ............................................ 8 4 5 41 52

Third 25 percent ................................................ 12 7 9 51 62

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 20 16 14 61 74

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 23 20 17 63 77

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 9 6 3 45 51

Service-providing industries .................................. 11 7 8 43 55

Education and health services ........................... 15 4 9 54 67

Educational services ...................................... 14 5 10 58 72

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 10 3 4 53 68

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 26 7 22 77 90

Health care and social assistance ................. 15 4 9 51 64

Hospitals .................................................... 34 2 17 85 94

Public administration ......................................... 18 6 17 64 82

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 40. Quality of life benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Childcare2 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 6 5 24 32

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4 6 5 20 28

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 7 5 4 35 44

100 workers or more .............................................. 16 8 10 63 76

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 10 6 7 54 69

500 workers or more .......................................... 24 10 15 73 85

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 15 8 10 42 57

New England ..................................................... 18 11 12 47 61

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 15 7 9 41 55

South ..................................................................... 10 7 6 47 55

South Atlantic .................................................... 11 7 6 47 57

East South Central ............................................ 8 4 3 46 53

West South Central ........................................... 10 7 6 50 53

Midwest ................................................................. 8 6 5 42 53

East North Central ............................................. 8 7 6 41 52

West North Central ............................................ 7 5 5 43 54

West ...................................................................... 10 6 11 40 53

Mountain ............................................................ 11 8 9 42 52

Pacific ................................................................ 10 6 12 39 53

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 A workplace program that provides for either the full or partial cost of caring for an employee’s children in a nursery, day care

center, or a baby sitter in facilities either on or off the employer’s premises. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 40. Standard errors for quality of life benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March

2018

Characteristics Childcare2 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.2 1.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.4 1.6 1.0 2.2 1.7

Professional and related .................................... 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.2

Teachers ........................................................ 1.3 1.1 0.8 2.0 2.3

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.7 1.6 1.0 2.7 3.2

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.4 1.3 1.7 3.1 2.3

Service ................................................................... 0.7 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.5

Protective service .............................................. 1.1 0.6 1.0 2.6 3.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.7 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.1

Sales and related ............................................... 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.3 1.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.7 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.3 1.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.0 0.4 0.6 2.0 2.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 0.9 0.4 0.7 1.9 2.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.6 2.0

Production ......................................................... 1.1 0.7 0.3 2.2 2.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 0.7 0.6 0.7 2.3 2.9

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7

Part time ................................................................ 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.3

Union ..................................................................... 1.2 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.5 1.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.3 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.9 2.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.9 0.8 0.5 1.4 1.4

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7

Education and health services ........................... 1.2 0.6 0.7 1.5 1.4

Educational services ...................................... 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.4 1.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.4 1.3 0.9 1.8 1.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.3 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.7 0.7 1.1 2.2 2.1

Hospitals .................................................... 3.2 0.9 2.4 2.1 1.2

Public administration ......................................... 1.4 1.4 1.3 2.1 1.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 40. Standard errors for quality of life benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

Characteristics Childcare2 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.8 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.7 1.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.5 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.3 0.8 0.5 1.4 1.5

New England ..................................................... 2.5 2.3 1.5 2.8 2.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.6 0.7 0.4 1.4 1.6

South ..................................................................... 0.9 0.5 0.4 1.4 1.2

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.3 0.7 0.5 1.3 1.0

East South Central ............................................ 2.6 1.3 0.7 4.8 5.6

West South Central ........................................... 1.4 0.9 1.1 3.1 2.0

Midwest ................................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.1

East North Central ............................................. 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.3

West North Central ............................................ 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.9 2.2

West ...................................................................... 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.5

Mountain ............................................................ 2.6 0.4 1.0 1.7 2.7

Pacific ................................................................ 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.9

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 A workplace program that provides for either the full or partial cost of caring for an employee’s children in a nursery, day care

center, or a baby sitter in facilities either on or off the employer’s premises. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution4

Financial

Flexible planning

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account2

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account3

All workers ............................................................. 29 18 42 45 23 21

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 42 28 61 65 33 28

Management, business, and financial ............... 49 27 62 66 26 29

Professional and related .................................... 39 29 60 65 36 28

Teachers ........................................................ 35 35 55 61 56 23

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 35 38 54 62 58 21

Registered nurses ......................................... 36 33 77 79 33 32

Service ................................................................... 14 11 25 26 16 11

Protective service .............................................. 22 23 43 49 39 19

Sales and office ..................................................... 32 15 39 42 18 23

Sales and related ............................................... 27 8 30 31 10 22

Office and administrative support ...................... 35 20 44 48 23 24

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 20 13 28 31 17 15

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 14 9 17 21 16 10

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 25 16 38 41 19 20

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 24 17 41 42 22 17

Production ......................................................... 27 19 40 41 19 19

Transportation and material moving .................. 20 16 42 43 24 15

Full time ................................................................. 35 23 50 53 26 24

Part time ................................................................ 11 5 19 19 12 10

Union ..................................................................... 28 21 58 64 47 25

Nonunion ............................................................... 29 18 39 42 19 20

Average wage within the following categories:7

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 12 8 20 21 11 11

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 7 6 14 13 8 7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 28 17 39 42 21 19

Third 25 percent ................................................ 35 23 51 55 28 24

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 43 29 64 68 34 31

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 47 28 67 72 33 31

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 29 18 40 41 16 23

Service-providing industries .................................. 29 18 43 46 24 20

Education and health services ........................... 32 27 52 58 37 22

Educational services ...................................... 37 35 60 66 56 25

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 33 37 54 61 55 21

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 48 36 79 82 65 37

Health care and social assistance ................. 28 22 48 53 25 20

Hospitals .................................................... 38 41 81 86 37 41

Public administration ......................................... 35 35 64 69 66 31

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Stock options

Total5 Performance Signing Other

All workers ............................................................. 7 2 1 6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 9 3 2 6

Management, business, and financial ............... 14 5 3 11

Professional and related .................................... 7 3 1 4

Teachers ........................................................ 6 () – – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – – – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 1 – – 1

Service ................................................................... 3 6 ( ) 6 () 3

Protective service .............................................. – – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 8 2 1 7

Sales and related ............................................... 8 2 1 7

Office and administrative support ...................... 9 2 1 7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 4 3 6 () 2

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2 – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 7 4 1 3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 9 1 1 8

Production ......................................................... 5 1 1 5

Transportation and material moving .................. 12 – 1 12

Full time ................................................................. 8 2 1 6

Part time ................................................................ 5 1 6 () 5

Union ..................................................................... 7 2 6 () 5

Nonunion ............................................................... 7 2 1 6

Average wage within the following categories:7

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 4 6 ( ) 6 () 4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2 6 ( ) 6 () 2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 6 1 1 6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 8 2 1 6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 11 4 2 7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 13 6 3 8

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 7 3 1 5

Service-providing industries .................................. 7 2 1 6

Education and health services ........................... 2 6 ( ) 6 () 2

Educational services ...................................... 1 6 () 1 –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 6 () – – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1 1 1 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 3 – – 3

Hospitals .................................................... 2 – – –

Public administration ......................................... 1 – 1 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution4

Financial

Flexible planning

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account2

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 19 10 24 27 14 10

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 17 8 21 22 12 9

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 24 17 34 39 22 13

100 workers or more .............................................. 38 27 60 63 31 31

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 36 20 50 52 24 27

500 workers or more .......................................... 42 34 71 76 40 35

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 24 13 41 46 26 21

New England ..................................................... 27 12 46 52 21 21

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 23 14 39 44 27 21

South ..................................................................... 28 23 43 45 23 22

South Atlantic .................................................... 28 21 42 44 24 21

East South Central ............................................ 28 24 41 42 21 25

West South Central ........................................... 28 27 45 47 22 22

Midwest ................................................................. 32 19 43 46 22 19

East North Central ............................................. 31 18 43 45 23 20

West North Central ............................................ 35 23 44 49 20 17

West ...................................................................... 30 14 41 43 21 20

Mountain ............................................................ 29 16 43 46 20 22

Pacific ................................................................ 30 13 39 42 21 19

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Stock options

Total5 Performance Signing Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 1 1 4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5 1 1 4

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 5 2 6 () 3

100 workers or more .............................................. 9 3 1 7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 9 2 1 7

500 workers or more .......................................... 10 3 2 8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 7 2 1 6

New England ..................................................... 8 1 1 6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 7 2 1 5

South ..................................................................... 6 2 1 5

South Atlantic .................................................... 6 2 1 5

East South Central ............................................ 7 2 1 6

West South Central ........................................... 6 2 1 5

Midwest ................................................................. 7 1 6 () 6

East North Central ............................................. 7 1 6 () 7

West North Central ............................................ 7 1 6 () 6

West ...................................................................... 8 3 1 6

Mountain ............................................................ 8 2 1 7

Pacific ................................................................ 8 4 1 5

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 2 Formerly referred to as Dependent care reimbursement account. 3 Formerly referred to as Healthcare reimbursement account. 4 Savings plans established by the employer on behalf of the employee, but with no employer contribution. 

These are cash or deferred arrangement plans or individual retirement accounts used to fund savings and

retirement plans authorized by section 401(k), 403(b), or 457 of the Internal Revenue Code. The employees’

contributions can be pre- and post-tax. Employees may authorize a payroll deduction by the employer to fund

the established plan. 5 The sum of the individual components may be greater than the total because some employees may have

access to more than one type of stock option. 6 Less than 0.5. 7 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation,

which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed

using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution4

Financial

Flexible planning

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account2

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account3

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.8 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.7

Professional and related .................................... 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2

Teachers ........................................................ 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.5

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.7

Registered nurses ......................................... 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.8

Service ................................................................... 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1

Protective service .............................................. 2.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.1 2.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 1.4 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 0.7 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.5 1.2 2.0 2.1 1.6 1.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.6 0.9

Production ......................................................... 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.2

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.8 1.2 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.1

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6

Union ..................................................................... 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:6

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.9 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.4 0.7 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.3 0.8 0.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.1

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.5 2.0 3.2

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.7 1.5 2.5 3.0 2.2 1.7

Hospitals .................................................... 2.2 3.3 2.4 2.2 2.5 3.6

Public administration ......................................... 1.8 1.4 0.9 1.4 2.0 1.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, civilian workers,1

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Stock options

Total Performance Signing Other

All workers ............................................................. 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.3 0.7 0.4 1.0

Professional and related .................................... 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5

Teachers ........................................................ 5 () – – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – – – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 0.4 – – 0.3

Service ................................................................... 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.7

Protective service .............................................. – – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6

Sales and related ............................................... 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.7

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 0.7 – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.6

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.8

Production ......................................................... 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.5 – 0.3 1.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.5

Union ..................................................................... 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:6

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.5 5 ( ) 0.1 0.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4

Education and health services ........................... 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.8

Educational services ...................................... 0.3 5 ( ) 0.2 –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.2 – – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.5 0.1 0.5 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.2 – – 1.2

Hospitals .................................................... 0.6 – – –

Public administration ......................................... 0.4 – 0.3 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution4

Financial

Flexible planning

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account2

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.1 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.1

New England ..................................................... 2.1 1.5 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.8 0.9 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.2

South ..................................................................... 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.7

East South Central ............................................ 6.2 3.7 4.5 3.8 2.0 2.1

West South Central ........................................... 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.5

Midwest ................................................................. 2.4 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0

East North Central ............................................. 3.5 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.3

West North Central ............................................ 0.9 1.9 2.2 1.4 0.9 1.5

West ...................................................................... 1.1 0.7 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.1

Mountain ............................................................ 1.9 1.0 3.1 4.4 1.2 1.7

Pacific ................................................................ 1.3 0.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, civilian workers,1

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Stock options

Total Performance Signing Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.5

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.6

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.8

New England ..................................................... 2.0 0.2 0.3 2.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.8

South ..................................................................... 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.6

East South Central ............................................ 1.9 0.5 0.3 2.2

West South Central ........................................... 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8

Midwest ................................................................. 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.6

East North Central ............................................. 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.9

West North Central ............................................ 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.7

West ...................................................................... 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.7

Mountain ............................................................ 2.0 0.7 0.3 1.9

Pacific ................................................................ 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further

explanation. 2 Formerly referred to as Dependent care reimbursement account. 3 Formerly referred to as Healthcare reimbursement account. 4 Savings plans established by the employer on behalf of the employee, but with no employer contribution. 

These are cash or deferred arrangement plans or individual retirement accounts used to fund savings and

retirement plans authorized by section 401(k), 403(b), or 457 of the Internal Revenue Code. The employees’

contributions can be pre- and post-tax. Employees may authorize a payroll deduction by the employer to fund

the established plan. 5 Less than 0.05. 6 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation,

which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed

using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 42. Health-related benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March

2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance2

Retiree healthcare

benefits3

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

All workers ............................................................. 17 22 20

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 27 34 31

Management, business, and financial ............... 31 30 27

Professional and related .................................... 26 36 32

Teachers ........................................................ 27 58 53

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 24 62 55

Registered nurses ......................................... 22 23 18

Service ................................................................... 9 11 10

Protective service .............................................. 17 43 39

Sales and office ..................................................... 16 18 17

Sales and related ............................................... 12 10 9

Office and administrative support ...................... 19 23 22

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 12 17 16

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 7 13 13

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 16 20 18

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 13 19 17

Production ......................................................... 14 15 13

Transportation and material moving .................. 12 22 20

Full time ................................................................. 21 26 24

Part time ................................................................ 6 7 7

Union ..................................................................... 24 55 51

Nonunion ............................................................... 16 16 15

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 7 6 5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4 3 3

Second 25 percent ............................................ 14 17 15

Third 25 percent ................................................ 21 27 26

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 31 40 36

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 33 39 35

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 14 17 15

Service-providing industries .................................. 18 23 20

Education and health services ........................... 22 32 28

Educational services ...................................... 31 60 55

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 23 60 54

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 51 69 67

Health care and social assistance ................. 16 14 11

Hospitals .................................................... 27 30 23

Public administration ......................................... 29 72 71

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 42. Health-related benefits: Access, civilian workers,1 March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance2

Retiree healthcare

benefits3

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 9 9 9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 8 7 7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 12 15 13

100 workers or more .............................................. 26 34 30

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 19 21 19

500 workers or more .......................................... 35 49 44

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 16 24 23

New England ..................................................... 16 23 22

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 16 24 23

South ..................................................................... 19 24 21

South Atlantic .................................................... 19 23 19

East South Central ............................................ 21 23 19

West South Central ........................................... 19 26 24

Midwest ................................................................. 15 19 18

East North Central ............................................. 15 19 17

West North Central ............................................ 14 21 19

West ...................................................................... 18 19 17

Mountain ............................................................ 19 16 14

Pacific ................................................................ 17 20 18

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for

further explanation. 2 A health plan that provides long-term (more than 1 year) custodial care, home care, or nursing

home care. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the employee. 3 A health plan that provides coverage to a retiree beyond what is mandated by COBRA or other

health continuation laws. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the

employee. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 42. Standard errors for health-related benefits: Access,

civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance2

Retiree healthcare

benefits3

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.4 0.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 1.0 0.9

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.6 1.4 1.2

Professional and related .................................... 1.1 1.2 1.2

Teachers ........................................................ 1.7 2.2 2.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.0 2.7 2.5

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.4 2.8 2.0

Service ................................................................... 1.0 0.6 0.6

Protective service .............................................. 2.0 3.5 3.5

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.7 0.6 0.7

Sales and related ............................................... 1.0 1.0 0.9

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.8 0.9 0.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.9 0.9 0.8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.0 1.2 1.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.5 1.2 1.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.0 1.2 1.1

Production ......................................................... 1.6 1.5 1.4

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.3 1.8 1.8

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.5 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 0.7 0.6 0.7

Union ..................................................................... 1.1 1.7 1.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.6 0.4 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.7 0.4 0.4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.7 0.6 0.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.6 0.5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.8 0.9

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.1 0.9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 1.4 1.4

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.0 1.0 0.9

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 0.5 0.5

Education and health services ........................... 1.4 1.1 1.1

Educational services ...................................... 1.1 1.4 1.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.5 1.7 1.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.4 1.8 1.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.2 1.4 1.2

Hospitals .................................................... 3.1 2.6 1.9

Public administration ......................................... 1.6 1.5 1.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 42. Standard errors for health-related benefits: Access,

civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance2

Retiree healthcare

benefits3

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.3 0.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 0.4 0.4

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.9 0.9 0.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 0.8 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.1 0.9 0.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 1.2 1.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.1 0.8 0.7

New England ..................................................... 1.2 1.7 1.7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.4 0.9 0.8

South ..................................................................... 1.2 0.9 0.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.6 1.3 0.9

East South Central ............................................ 5.6 2.1 1.9

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 1.4 1.1

Midwest ................................................................. 1.3 0.9 1.0

East North Central ............................................. 1.7 1.0 1.2

West North Central ............................................ 1.8 1.8 1.9

West ...................................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.9

Mountain ............................................................ 1.2 1.4 1.7

Pacific ................................................................ 1.1 1.2 1.0

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for

further explanation. 2 A health plan that provides long-term (more than 1 year) custodial care, home care, or nursing

home care. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the employee. 3 A health plan that provides coverage to a retiree beyond what is mandated by COBRA or other

health continuation laws. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the

employee. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 43. Nonproduction bonuses: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses2

Cash

profit-sharing

bonus

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus3

All workers ............................................................. 39 6 3 10 6 6 2 5 10

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 45 6 5 12 3 9 2 6 13

Management, business, and financial ............... 53 8 6 17 4 7 2 7 15

Professional and related .................................... 42 4 5 9 3 10 3 6 12

Teachers ........................................................ 28 – 2 1 1 14 4 4 ( ) 11

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 31 – 2 1 – 17 4 – 12

Registered nurses ......................................... 47 2 6 7 – 9 2 14 19

Service ................................................................... 25 1 1 6 6 4 3 4 5

Protective service .............................................. 34 1 3 2 1 11 9 – 13

Sales and office ..................................................... 41 9 3 10 6 5 1 5 8

Sales and related ............................................... 35 12 1 8 6 3 1 4 5

Office and administrative support ...................... 45 7 4 12 7 6 2 6 10

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 40 6 2 12 11 3 2 4 10

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 37 4 1 12 13 2 – 1 7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 44 9 3 12 9 5 2 6 13

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 40 7 2 9 6 4 1 5 14

Production ......................................................... 43 11 2 12 6 3 1 4 15

Transportation and material moving .................. 37 4 1 6 5 5 1 6 14

Full time ................................................................. 44 6 4 11 6 7 2 6 12

Part time ................................................................ 21 3 1 4 5 1 1 4 4

Union ..................................................................... 39 5 4 2 1 17 4 3 15

Nonunion ............................................................... 39 6 3 11 6 4 2 6 9

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 24 4 1 5 6 2 2 5 4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 20 1 – 6 6 1 4 () 3 3

Second 25 percent ............................................ 41 5 2 10 8 4 2 5 10

Third 25 percent ................................................ 45 6 4 12 5 8 2 6 13

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 48 8 6 13 3 10 2 6 14

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 50 8 6 14 2 12 2 7 15

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 47 11 2 15 8 4 1 4 14

Service-providing industries .................................. 37 5 3 9 5 6 2 6 10

Education and health services ........................... 35 1 3 6 5 10 3 6 9

Educational services ...................................... 28 – 3 1 1 14 4 4 () 9

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 29 – 2 1 – 16 5 – 11

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 27 – 5 – 1 12 4 1 6

Health care and social assistance ................. 40 1 3 8 8 8 3 9 9

Hospitals .................................................... 39 2 3 4 – 11 2 12 15

Public administration ......................................... 43 – 6 2 1 19 10 – 14

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 43. Nonproduction bonuses: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses2

Cash

profit-sharing

bonus

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 36 3 2 13 8 4 1 4 6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 36 3 2 14 10 3 1 3 6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 36 4 2 10 6 5 2 6 8

100 workers or more .............................................. 41 8 4 7 3 8 3 7 14

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 41 8 3 7 5 7 2 7 11

500 workers or more .......................................... 42 7 5 6 1 10 3 6 17

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 42 4 3 13 3 10 1 5 10

New England ..................................................... 40 4 3 14 1 9 3 4 7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 42 4 3 12 4 10 1 5 11

South ..................................................................... 42 6 4 10 8 3 2 6 12

South Atlantic .................................................... 44 6 4 11 9 4 2 7 13

East South Central ............................................ 41 7 2 9 8 2 3 5 13

West South Central ........................................... 39 7 3 11 7 2 2 5 10

Midwest ................................................................. 38 6 2 9 5 6 2 6 10

East North Central ............................................. 40 7 2 10 6 6 2 5 10

West North Central ............................................ 34 5 2 7 3 5 4 6 9

West ...................................................................... 32 5 3 7 5 7 – 4 7

Mountain ............................................................ 33 5 2 9 7 3 1 3 8

Pacific ................................................................ 32 5 3 6 4 10 – 5 6

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 The sum of the individual components may be greater than the total because some employees may have access to more than one type of nonproduction bonus. 3 Includes all other bonuses provided to employees and not published separately. 4 Less than 0.5. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 43. Standard errors for nonproduction bonuses: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses

Cash

profit-sharing

bonus

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus2

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.7

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.8 0.7 0.9 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.9

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.8

Teachers ........................................................ 1.3 – 0.5 0.4 0.2 1.1 0.4 3 ( ) 0.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.8 – 0.5 0.5 – 1.6 0.6 – 1.0

Registered nurses ......................................... 3.8 0.9 2.5 2.9 – 1.7 0.7 3.0 3.4

Service ................................................................... 1.5 0.2 0.3 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.7

Protective service .............................................. 4.2 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 1.5 2.4 – 3.5

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.5

Sales and related ............................................... 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.5

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.6 0.5 0.4 1.1 1.3 0.4 0.7 0.5 1.1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.0 0.7 0.4 1.7 1.9 0.3 – 0.5 1.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.3 0.7 0.8 1.8 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.9 1.2

Production ......................................................... 2.3 1.3 0.5 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.2 1.2 1.7

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.9 0.7 0.2 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.3 1.1 1.8

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6

Union ..................................................................... 1.5 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.4 1.1 1.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.6

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.6 0.2 – 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.8 0.9

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 0.6 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.9 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 1.0 1.1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.3 1.1 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.3

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4

Education and health services ........................... 2.0 0.2 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.1

Educational services ...................................... 0.8 – 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.5

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.3 – 0.3 0.3 – 1.4 0.6 – 0.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.8 – 0.6 – 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.2 0.5

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.2 0.3 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 2.1 1.7

Hospitals .................................................... 2.5 0.7 0.5 1.0 – 1.9 0.5 1.7 2.3

Public administration ......................................... 1.6 – 1.1 0.7 0.4 1.6 1.0 – 1.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 43. Standard errors for nonproduction bonuses: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses

Cash

profit-sharing

bonus

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus2

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.3 0.6 0.5 1.4 1.1 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.1

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.8

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.3 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.8 1.0

New England ..................................................... 2.7 1.0 1.2 2.3 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.8 1.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.2 1.0 1.3

South ..................................................................... 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.5 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.4 1.1 1.1

East South Central ............................................ 1.2 1.4 0.8 2.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 2.8

West South Central ........................................... 2.2 0.7 1.0 2.1 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.7

Midwest ................................................................. 2.1 0.7 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.7 1.0

East North Central ............................................. 2.8 1.0 0.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.7 1.5

West North Central ............................................ 2.6 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.8 1.1 0.6 1.7 0.7

West ...................................................................... 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.8 – 1.1 0.5

Mountain ............................................................ 1.3 0.6 0.4 1.7 1.9 0.4 0.3 1.2 1.2

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 0.5 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.1 – 1.5 0.5

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Includes all other bonuses provided to employees and not published separately. 3 Less than 0.05. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 44. Unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1, civilian workers,2

March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

All workers ............................................................. 17 17 41 37

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 28 28 56 51

Management, business, and financial ............... 24 24 62 58

Professional and related .................................... 30 29 53 48

Teachers ........................................................ 49 48 45 41

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 57 56 47 43

Registered nurses ......................................... 23 23 48 44

Service ................................................................... 10 10 25 23

Protective service .............................................. 34 34 44 39

Sales and office ..................................................... 14 14 42 38

Sales and related ............................................... 7 7 35 32

Office and administrative support ...................... 18 18 46 43

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 13 11 33 29

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 10 9 24 24

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 16 12 41 34

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 14 12 36 32

Production ......................................................... 10 8 33 29

Transportation and material moving .................. 17 16 38 34

Full time ................................................................. 21 20 49 44

Part time ................................................................ 7 7 17 16

Union ..................................................................... 47 44 63 53

Nonunion ............................................................... 12 12 38 35

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 5 5 20 19

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2 2 11 10

Second 25 percent ............................................ 14 14 40 37

Third 25 percent ................................................ 21 20 48 44

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 33 31 62 55

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 32 32 68 61

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 11 10 37 35

Service-providing industries .................................. 18 18 42 38

Education and health services ........................... 28 27 44 41

Educational services ...................................... 50 50 49 44

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 57 56 45 42

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 44 44 59 50

Health care and social assistance ................. 13 13 41 39

Hospitals .................................................... 28 28 54 48

Public administration ......................................... 56 56 50 46

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 44. Unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1, civilian workers,2

March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 8 8 28 28

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 7 6 26 25

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 13 13 35 34

100 workers or more .............................................. 26 26 54 47

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 18 18 48 44

500 workers or more .......................................... 36 35 60 51

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 23 23 48 43

New England ..................................................... 16 16 44 40

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 25 25 49 45

South ..................................................................... 17 16 33 30

South Atlantic .................................................... 16 16 33 30

East South Central ............................................ 17 14 31 28

West South Central ........................................... 17 17 33 33

Midwest ................................................................. 11 10 31 26

East North Central ............................................. 10 8 31 26

West North Central ............................................ 13 13 30 27

West ...................................................................... 21 21 59 56

Mountain ............................................................ 17 17 51 45

Pacific ................................................................ 23 23 63 61

1 The percentage of workers with access to the benefit reflects both the availability of the benefit and the

employer’s policy on providing the benefit to unmarried domestic partners. For more information, see

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/employer-sponsored-benefits-extended-to-domestic-partners.htm. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms"

at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 44. Standard errors for unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1,

civilian workers,2 March 2018

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1

Teachers ........................................................ 2.7 2.7 2.0 1.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 3.2 3.2 2.3 2.1

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.7

Service ................................................................... 0.6 0.7 1.6 1.6

Protective service .............................................. 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9

Sales and related ............................................... 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.1 1.0 2.1 2.2

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.3 1.0 2.3 2.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.4 1.4 2.8 2.9

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.5

Production ......................................................... 1.5 1.3 2.2 2.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.2 1.1 2.1 1.8

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8

Part time ................................................................ 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0

Union ..................................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.3 0.4 1.1 1.2

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.3 0.5 1.3 1.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.8

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.3 1.1 1.9 1.9

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8

Education and health services ........................... 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.6

Educational services ...................................... 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.6

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.7 2.5 2.1 2.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.4

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.0 1.0 2.2 2.4

Hospitals .................................................... 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.6

Public administration ......................................... 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 44. Standard errors for unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1,

civilian workers,2 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.4 0.5 1.1 1.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.8 0.9 1.8 1.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.0

New England ..................................................... 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 2.1 1.2 1.2

South ..................................................................... 0.6 0.6 1.3 1.4

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.7 0.6 1.7 1.8

East South Central ............................................ 2.7 2.4 3.8 4.3

West South Central ........................................... 1.0 1.0 2.1 2.4

Midwest ................................................................. 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.1

East North Central ............................................. 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.3

West North Central ............................................ 1.7 1.6 2.3 2.3

West ...................................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2

Mountain ............................................................ 2.4 2.2 2.7 1.8

Pacific ................................................................ 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7

1 The percentage of workers with access to the benefit reflects both the availability of the benefit and the

employer’s policy on providing the benefit to unmarried domestic partners. For more information, see

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/employer-sponsored-benefits-extended-to-domestic-partners.htm. 2 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms"

at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 63 9 8 21 59 13 1 27

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 82 7 4 8 78 10 1 11

Management, business, and financial ............... 87 9 1 3 83 13 2 () 4

Professional and related .................................... 80 6 5 9 76 9 1 13

Teachers ........................................................ 83 1 3 13 75 9 1 15

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 94 – – 5 83 12 – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 85 3 6 6 81 – – 10

Service ................................................................... 39 9 11 42 35 13 2 51

Protective service .............................................. 71 – – 14 65 – – 23

Sales and office ..................................................... 60 8 13 19 54 14 2 30

Sales and related ............................................... 46 8 22 24 40 14 3 44

Office and administrative support ...................... 68 8 8 16 63 13 2 22

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 60 14 4 21 55 20 1 24

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 55 14 6 25 46 23 2 29

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 65 14 3 18 63 17 1 20

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 67 10 5 18 63 14 1 22

Production ......................................................... 70 11 3 15 66 16 2 ( ) 18

Transportation and material moving .................. 64 10 7 20 61 12 1 25

Full time ................................................................. 78 10 3 9 74 14 1 11

Part time ................................................................ 17 4 22 56 12 9 3 76

Union ..................................................................... 92 3 3 3 86 9 1 5

Nonunion ............................................................... 59 9 9 23 54 14 2 30

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 29 9 16 45 24 14 2 59

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 16 9 17 58 15 10 2 73

Second 25 percent ............................................ 66 10 6 18 61 15 1 22

Third 25 percent ................................................ 78 9 4 8 74 13 1 11

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 87 6 2 5 84 9 1 6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 87 6 3 4 85 9 1 6

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 73 12 3 12 69 16 2 ( ) 15

Service-providing industries .................................. 62 8 9 22 57 12 2 29

Education and health services ........................... 73 6 7 14 69 10 2 19

Educational services ...................................... 84 2 4 10 77 9 1 13

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 86 2 4 8 77 11 1 11

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 88 2 3 7 86 4 1 9

Health care and social assistance ................. 66 9 9 17 63 11 2 23

Hospitals .................................................... 89 2 4 5 88 3 2 8

Public administration ......................................... 89 1 2 8 83 7 2 () 9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

All workers ............................................................. 25 46 1 27 53 19 7 21

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 40 49 1 11 66 22 3 8

Management, business, and financial ............... 34 61 2 ( ) 5 78 17 1 4

Professional and related .................................... 42 43 1 13 61 25 4 10

Teachers ........................................................ 72 12 2 14 39 45 1 14

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 88 6 – – 34 61 – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 40 49 – – 76 13 6 6

Service ................................................................... 15 33 1 52 30 17 10 43

Protective service .............................................. 54 21 2 23 38 36 10 15

Sales and office ..................................................... 19 49 1 31 53 15 13 20

Sales and related ............................................... 9 45 2 45 43 11 21 25

Office and administrative support ...................... 24 52 1 23 59 17 7 17

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 24 50 2 ( ) 25 51 24 4 21

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 27 42 1 30 42 27 5 25

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 22 58 – – 59 20 3 18

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 22 55 1 22 58 19 5 18

Production ......................................................... 19 62 – – 67 14 3 15

Transportation and material moving .................. 25 48 2 25 50 23 6 21

Full time ................................................................. 31 57 2 ( ) 12 66 22 3 9

Part time ................................................................ 7 14 4 75 12 9 21 58

Union ..................................................................... 79 16 2 3 46 49 1 4

Nonunion ............................................................... 17 51 1 31 54 14 8 24

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 6 32 2 60 25 13 16 46

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3 22 1 74 13 12 17 58

Second 25 percent ............................................ 20 56 1 23 57 19 5 19

Third 25 percent ................................................ 33 55 1 12 65 23 4 8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 47 46 1 6 70 23 2 5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 46 47 1 6 73 20 2 4

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 23 62 2 ( ) 15 68 16 3 12

Service-providing industries .................................. 26 44 1 29 50 19 8 22

Education and health services ........................... 40 39 2 19 52 27 6 15

Educational services ...................................... 70 16 3 11 41 46 2 12

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 81 7 3 9 28 60 1 11

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 57 33 2 8 67 23 1 9

Health care and social assistance ................. 20 54 1 25 60 15 9 17

Hospitals .................................................... 43 47 2 8 80 11 4 6

Public administration ......................................... 85 5 1 8 35 55 1 9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 45 12 10 33 41 16 1 41

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 40 12 10 38 35 17 2 46

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 61 11 9 20 58 13 1 28

100 workers or more .............................................. 81 5 6 8 76 10 1 12

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 76 7 8 9 70 14 2 15

500 workers or more .......................................... 87 3 3 7 84 6 1 9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 64 8 8 20 59 13 1 27

New England ..................................................... 66 7 8 19 64 9 1 27

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 64 8 7 20 57 15 1 27

South ..................................................................... 63 9 8 20 60 12 2 26

South Atlantic .................................................... 62 8 8 22 59 11 2 28

East South Central ............................................ 66 7 7 19 58 15 1 25

West South Central ........................................... 62 12 8 18 61 14 2 24

Midwest ................................................................. 63 6 9 21 60 10 2 29

East North Central ............................................. 62 7 10 21 60 9 2 29

West North Central ............................................ 65 5 8 22 60 10 1 28

West ...................................................................... 63 10 6 21 56 17 1 26

Mountain ............................................................ 67 8 7 18 60 14 1 25

Pacific ................................................................ 61 11 6 22 54 18 1 27

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 12 45 1 42 40 17 10 33

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 9 43 2 ( ) 48 37 15 10 38

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 20 52 1 28 50 21 8 21

100 workers or more .............................................. 39 47 2 12 65 21 5 9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 26 57 2 15 63 20 7 9

500 workers or more .......................................... 55 35 1 9 67 22 2 8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 30 43 1 26 52 20 7 21

New England ..................................................... 29 43 1 26 52 21 8 20

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 30 42 2 26 52 20 6 21

South ..................................................................... 25 47 1 27 53 19 8 20

South Atlantic .................................................... 26 44 1 29 54 16 8 22

East South Central ............................................ 25 48 1 26 57 16 7 20

West South Central ........................................... 23 51 2 ( ) 25 49 25 7 18

Midwest ................................................................. 24 46 1 29 54 15 9 22

East North Central ............................................. 24 46 1 29 55 15 9 21

West North Central ............................................ 25 45 1 29 54 16 7 22

West ...................................................................... 24 49 1 26 51 22 6 21

Mountain ............................................................ 20 54 1 25 56 19 7 19

Pacific ................................................................ 25 47 1 27 49 23 5 22

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Less than 0.5. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.8

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.6 1.6 1.5 0.1 0.7

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.3 1.0

Teachers ........................................................ 2.1 0.2 0.6 2.1 2.1 0.9 0.2 2.1

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.4 – – 2.4 2.5 1.2 – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.2 1.0 1.5 1.2 2.8 – – 1.6

Service ................................................................... 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.1 0.3 1.4

Protective service .............................................. 4.2 – – 2.4 3.2 – – 3.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.0 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.4 1.0

Sales and related ............................................... 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.3 1.6

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.5 1.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.8 2.0 0.6 1.8 1.8 2.0 0.4 1.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.8 2.3 1.1 2.5 2.6 2.6 0.7 2.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.0 2.2 0.6 2.5 1.9 2.2 0.2 2.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.8 1.1 0.9 1.4 2.1 1.3 0.2 1.7

Production ......................................................... 2.4 1.9 0.9 1.9 2.7 1.7 0.1 2.2

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.4 1.2 1.1 1.9 2.6 1.4 0.3 2.1

Full time ................................................................. 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.1 0.7 1.4 2.0 0.7 1.0 0.3 1.4

Union ..................................................................... 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.8

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.8 1.1 1.1 0.3 1.2

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.9 1.9 1.2 0.3 1.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 0.9 0.5 1.1 1.6 1.0 0.2 1.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.4 1.0 0.5 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.2 0.8

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.7 1.2 0.5 1.3 1.7 1.1 0.1 1.3

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.8

Education and health services ........................... 1.7 0.7 0.8 1.7 1.5 1.1 0.5 1.6

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.3 1.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.8 0.7 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.1 0.3 1.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.2 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.5 1.0 1.3 2.7 2.2 1.8 0.7 2.4

Hospitals .................................................... 1.4 0.5 0.9 0.7 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.0

Public administration ......................................... 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.7

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.3 1.2 0.1 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.6

Professional and related .................................... 1.2 1.2 0.2 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.9

Teachers ........................................................ 2.1 1.0 0.4 2.2 1.5 1.5 0.5 2.1

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.6 1.1 – – 1.5 2.0 – –

Registered nurses ......................................... 3.6 3.5 – – 3.2 2.4 1.6 1.2

Service ................................................................... 0.8 1.4 0.2 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.7

Protective service .............................................. 4.2 3.5 0.6 3.1 3.2 2.5 3.0 2.5

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.8 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.0

Sales and related ............................................... 1.1 1.7 0.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.6

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.8 1.2 0.2 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.4 2.5 0.2 2.0 1.6 1.7 0.5 1.8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.3 3.1 0.3 2.9 2.4 2.2 1.0 2.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.2 2.7 – – 1.8 2.2 0.6 2.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.2 1.8 0.2 1.6 1.8 1.3 0.9 1.5

Production ......................................................... 1.6 2.1 – – 2.5 2.0 0.9 1.9

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.9 2.3 0.4 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.0 1.9

Full time ................................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 0.6 1.3 0.4 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.4 2.0

Union ..................................................................... 1.3 1.5 0.2 0.4 1.3 1.3 0.3 0.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.4 1.2 0.2 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.8

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.4 1.8 0.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.6 2.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 1.1 0.2 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.5 1.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.0 1.1 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.6 1.6 0.1 0.8 1.5 1.3 0.5 0.7

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.5 1.7 0.1 1.4 1.7 1.4 0.4 1.3

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.9

Education and health services ........................... 1.4 1.2 0.2 1.5 1.4 1.0 0.8 1.7

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.9

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.8 1.1 0.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.4 1.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.9 1.5 0.6 1.0 2.0 1.8 0.5 1.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.8 1.9 0.3 2.4 2.3 1.4 1.2 2.7

Hospitals .................................................... 2.7 2.5 0.7 0.9 2.4 1.8 1.0 0.7

Public administration ......................................... 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.2 0.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.1 0.6 0.6 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.2 1.1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.3 1.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.2 1.3 1.0 2.2 1.9 1.3 0.3 1.8

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.6

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.3 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.1 0.2 1.0

New England ..................................................... 2.2 1.4 2.6 1.9 1.8 1.0 0.3 1.8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 0.8 1.1 1.9 1.1 1.4 0.3 1.2

South ..................................................................... 1.3 0.9 0.8 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.2 1.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.8 1.2 0.8 2.2 1.7 0.8 0.2 1.7

East South Central ............................................ 3.4 2.7 0.7 5.5 2.2 3.9 0.1 6.1

West South Central ........................................... 2.3 1.2 2.0 1.7 2.5 1.2 0.5 2.3

Midwest ................................................................. 1.2 0.6 0.9 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.5 1.5

East North Central ............................................. 1.3 0.7 1.3 2.4 1.4 1.1 0.7 1.9

West North Central ............................................ 2.8 1.1 1.1 2.9 2.1 1.2 0.2 2.3

West ...................................................................... 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.8 1.7 1.4 0.2 1.2

Mountain ............................................................ 2.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.3 1.6 0.3 3.0

Pacific ................................................................ 2.2 1.5 0.6 1.0 2.3 1.9 0.3 1.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.6 1.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 1.3 0.1 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.1 2.2 0.2 2.0 2.2 1.6 1.0 2.1

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 1.2 0.2 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.4 1.8 0.2 1.0 1.4 0.8 0.9 1.4

New England ..................................................... 2.3 2.3 0.5 1.6 2.1 1.9 2.5 1.9

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.6 2.3 0.2 1.3 2.0 1.0 0.9 1.7

South ..................................................................... 1.0 1.4 0.1 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.3 1.7 0.2 1.8 1.7 1.5 0.8 2.2

East South Central ............................................ 4.1 2.6 0.2 6.1 2.6 3.6 0.9 5.3

West South Central ........................................... 0.7 3.1 0.2 2.6 2.2 1.2 1.9 1.8

Midwest ................................................................. 1.0 0.8 0.2 1.5 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.9

East North Central ............................................. 1.1 1.1 0.3 1.8 1.2 0.9 1.4 2.4

West North Central ............................................ 2.1 1.2 0.3 2.3 2.0 1.2 1.1 3.0

West ...................................................................... 1.3 1.9 0.2 1.3 1.7 1.3 0.7 0.8

Mountain ............................................................ 2.4 3.9 0.4 3.1 2.7 1.6 1.7 1.7

Pacific ................................................................ 1.5 2.0 0.2 1.1 2.2 1.7 0.6 1.0

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 46. Paid leave combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave2

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation2

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays2

All workers ............................................................. 41 44 66 71 76 84 84

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 52 61 75 76 92 94 91

Management, business, and financial ............... 62 62 92 94 95 98 97

Professional and related .................................... 47 61 68 69 91 92 89

Teachers ........................................................ 11 61 16 14 88 89 76

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 11 78 15 12 96 99 86

Registered nurses ......................................... 66 67 88 88 93 95 94

Service ................................................................... 27 28 48 50 58 68 67

Protective service .............................................. 39 40 73 74 77 83 82

Sales and office ..................................................... 47 46 72 77 78 85 86

Sales and related ............................................... 40 38 60 66 67 77 80

Office and administrative support ...................... 52 52 79 84 85 89 90

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 31 29 60 73 68 83 85

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 21 20 46 59 57 74 77

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 41 39 73 86 79 92 92

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 38 35 63 80 71 86 87

Production ......................................................... 37 31 61 86 70 89 91

Transportation and material moving .................. 39 38 64 74 72 83 84

Full time ................................................................. 50 53 77 84 87 94 94

Part time ................................................................ 16 16 28 30 43 52 52

Union ..................................................................... 48 61 70 73 92 95 92

Nonunion ............................................................... 40 41 65 71 74 82 82

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 23 23 39 46 50 62 63

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 13 13 26 34 33 48 52

Second 25 percent ............................................ 43 43 71 79 79 89 89

Third 25 percent ................................................ 52 52 81 86 89 94 94

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 53 63 77 79 93 95 93

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 54 62 78 79 94 96 91

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 38 35 66 85 73 90 92

Service-providing industries .................................. 42 45 65 69 77 83 82

Education and health services ........................... 45 59 67 66 88 90 88

Educational services ...................................... 24 60 41 38 91 91 83

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 18 70 27 23 93 93 83

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 36 42 69 69 91 92 87

Health care and social assistance ................. 58 58 83 84 86 89 91

Hospitals .................................................... 68 69 93 92 95 95 95

Public administration ......................................... 53 53 90 90 93 93 92

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 46. Paid leave combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave2

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation2

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays2

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 32 33 56 63 66 77 78

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 30 30 55 63 64 75 76

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 38 42 59 65 72 80 81

100 workers or more .............................................. 51 54 75 79 87 91 90

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 48 50 72 79 83 90 89

500 workers or more .......................................... 53 59 78 78 90 92 90

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 50 53 68 72 80 85 84

New England ..................................................... 46 51 69 70 82 85 86

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 52 54 68 72 80 85 83

South ..................................................................... 41 43 65 72 74 83 85

South Atlantic .................................................... 42 45 65 72 72 82 84

East South Central ............................................ 34 36 60 71 70 82 84

West South Central ........................................... 41 44 67 72 78 84 86

Midwest ................................................................. 40 41 60 69 70 81 82

East North Central ............................................. 40 41 60 69 70 81 82

West North Central ............................................ 40 41 62 68 72 80 82

West ...................................................................... 38 40 70 71 84 89 84

Mountain ............................................................ 41 43 67 72 74 84 85

Pacific ................................................................ 36 38 71 71 88 91 83

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Includes workers with access to one or more of these leave benefits. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 46. Standard errors for paid leave combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave2

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation2

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays2

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.0 2.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7

Teachers ........................................................ 1.5 1.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.0 2.5 2.1 2.7 2.4 0.9 1.4

Registered nurses ......................................... 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.9 1.0 0.9

Service ................................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.5

Protective service .............................................. 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.2 3.3

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.5 1.7 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.5 3.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.8 1.7 2.2 1.4 2.2 1.5 1.2

Production ......................................................... 2.5 2.3 3.0 1.6 3.0 1.6 1.1

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.0 2.4 1.9 1.7

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 1.0 0.9 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.8

Union ..................................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.2 1.1 1.9 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 1.8 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.7

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7

Education and health services ........................... 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.9

Educational services ...................................... 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.9 2.0 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.0 3.0 2.3 1.9 2.4 1.8 1.1

Hospitals .................................................... 2.5 2.5 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7

Public administration ......................................... 2.3 2.3 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 46. Standard errors for paid leave combinations: Access, civilian workers,1 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave2

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation2

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays2

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.8

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.7

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 0.9

New England ..................................................... 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.5 1.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.5 1.4 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.1

South ..................................................................... 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.6 2.3 2.3 1.2

East South Central ............................................ 4.0 4.3 3.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 1.4

West South Central ........................................... 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.1 1.9

Midwest ................................................................. 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6

East North Central ............................................. 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.9 1.4 1.8

West North Central ............................................ 2.7 2.1 2.4 3.6 3.1 3.7 3.5

West ...................................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9

Mountain ............................................................ 1.8 1.9 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.2

Pacific ................................................................ 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.0 0.9

1 Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See Technical Note for further explanation. 2 Includes workers with access to one or more of these leave benefits. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 1. Establishments offering retirement and healthcare benefits: private

industry workers, March 2018

(All establishments = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Retirement benefits

Healthcare

benefits All plans1 Defined

benefit

Defined

contribution

All establishments .................................................. 48 8 47 56

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 41 9 40 51

Construction ...................................................... 31 10 30 43

Manufacturing .................................................... 52 7 51 60

Service-providing industries .................................. 49 8 49 56

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 51 8 50 58

Wholesale trade ............................................. 67 10 67 78

Retail trade .................................................... 46 6 44 51

Transportation and warehousing ................... 43 – 42 51

Utilities ........................................................... 94 – 94 98

Information ......................................................... 74 – 74 80

Financial activities ............................................. 62 22 62 70

Finance and insurance .................................. 81 32 81 78

Credit intermediation and related activities 92 47 91 95

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 66 14 66 56

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 33 – 33 57

Professional and business services .................. 52 2 52 62

Professional and technical services .............. 55 – 55 62

Administrative and waste services ................ 39 – 39 55

Education and health services ........................... 53 – 53 58

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 97 – 96 99

Health care and social assistance ................. 54 – 54 59

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 26 – 26 33

Accommodation and food services ................ 26 – 26 30

Other services ................................................... 32 – 31 44

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 46 7 46 54

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 45 7 45 53

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 76 13 75 87

100 workers or more .............................................. 90 26 87 96

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 90 24 87 96

500 workers or more .......................................... 90 41 89 95

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Establishments offering retirement and healthcare benefits: private

industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All establishments = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Retirement benefits

Healthcare

benefits All plans1 Defined

benefit

Defined

contribution

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 52 9 51 65

New England ..................................................... 59 – 57 60

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 50 8 50 66

South ..................................................................... 43 7 43 51

South Atlantic .................................................... 47 9 46 55

East South Central ............................................ 37 – 37 45

West South Central ........................................... 41 5 41 49

Midwest ................................................................. 49 8 48 55

East North Central ............................................. 43 8 43 57

West North Central ............................................ 62 – 61 49

West ...................................................................... 51 – 51 57

Mountain ............................................................ 53 4 53 52

Pacific ................................................................ 50 – 50 59

1 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. The total is less than the sum of the

individual items because some employers offered both types of plans.

Note: Dash indicates no establishments in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 1. Standard errors for establishments offering retirement and healthcare

benefits: private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Retirement benefits

Healthcare

benefits All plans1 Defined

benefit

Defined

contribution

All establishments .................................................. 2.3 0.8 2.3 2.2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.9 1.3 2.9 3.4

Construction ...................................................... 2.8 1.9 2.8 4.0

Manufacturing .................................................... 5.2 1.3 5.1 6.6

Service-providing industries .................................. 2.6 0.9 2.6 2.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 2.0 1.2 2.1 2.9

Wholesale trade ............................................. 6.1 3.1 6.1 8.4

Retail trade .................................................... 2.8 0.8 2.9 2.7

Transportation and warehousing ................... 6.7 – 6.9 7.5

Utilities ........................................................... 6.0 – 6.0 2.2

Information ......................................................... 10.5 – 10.5 9.5

Financial activities ............................................. 3.6 2.6 3.6 3.3

Finance and insurance .................................. 3.5 2.9 3.5 2.9

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.5 4.0 2.6 2.4

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 7.4 2.7 7.4 6.4

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 4.7 – 4.7 7.2

Professional and business services .................. 5.9 0.6 5.8 5.6

Professional and technical services .............. 6.6 – 6.6 7.4

Administrative and waste services ................ 8.6 – 8.5 8.1

Education and health services ........................... 8.9 – 8.9 8.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3.2 – 3.3 1.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 9.4 – 9.4 8.6

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 3.6 – 3.6 3.1

Accommodation and food services ................ 3.9 – 3.9 3.3

Other services ................................................... 5.6 – 5.9 8.5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.3 0.8 2.3 2.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.4 0.9 2.4 2.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.3 1.8 3.3 2.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 2.0 1.3 1.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.3 2.1 1.5 1.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.6 3.5 1.8 0.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Standard errors for establishments offering retirement and healthcare

benefits: private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Retirement benefits

Healthcare

benefits All plans1 Defined

benefit

Defined

contribution

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 5.5 1.3 5.6 3.0

New England ..................................................... 6.1 – 5.8 4.4

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 7.3 1.0 7.2 3.6

South ..................................................................... 3.5 1.0 3.4 3.3

South Atlantic .................................................... 5.8 1.5 5.8 4.2

East South Central ............................................ 4.1 – 4.0 10.0

West South Central ........................................... 4.3 1.0 4.0 4.9

Midwest ................................................................. 5.4 1.9 5.4 6.1

East North Central ............................................. 6.3 2.3 6.1 7.8

West North Central ............................................ 6.3 – 6.3 8.2

West ...................................................................... 4.0 – 4.0 3.3

Mountain ............................................................ 8.9 0.6 9.0 6.7

Pacific ................................................................ 3.9 – 3.9 3.4

1 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans.

Note: Dash indicates no establishments in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 2. Retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All retirement benefits2 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 68 51 76 17 13 78 64 47 73

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 83 72 86 24 19 77 80 67 84

Management, business, and financial ............... 87 76 88 26 21 80 85 73 86

Professional and related .................................... 81 69 85 23 17 75 78 64 83

Service ................................................................... 44 24 55 6 5 84 41 22 52

Protective service .............................................. 70 43 62 – – – 67 39 58

Sales and office ..................................................... 71 52 73 14 10 68 68 49 71

Sales and related ............................................... 68 42 62 10 6 61 65 39 60

Office and administrative support ...................... 73 59 80 17 12 71 71 56 78

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 62 47 76 20 19 95 56 39 70

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 57 44 77 22 22 98 49 34 70

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 66 49 75 17 16 91 63 44 71

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 71 54 76 21 17 80 64 47 73

Production ......................................................... 73 56 77 19 14 77 71 52 73

Transportation and material moving .................. 69 52 76 23 19 83 58 42 72

Full time ................................................................. 77 61 79 20 16 80 74 56 76

Part time ................................................................ 39 22 56 9 5 64 34 18 52

Union ..................................................................... 92 82 88 68 61 89 58 46 80

Nonunion ............................................................... 65 48 74 12 8 72 64 47 72

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 44 22 51 5 3 62 41 20 49

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 32 13 42 3 2 56 30 12 40

Second 25 percent ............................................ 67 49 72 12 8 72 64 45 70

Third 25 percent ................................................ 79 65 82 20 16 80 75 59 79

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 87 77 89 33 27 82 82 70 86

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 88 80 90 35 28 79 84 74 88

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 75 60 79 22 19 84 71 54 76

Construction ...................................................... 57 43 76 17 17 100 49 35 71

Manufacturing .................................................... 84 67 80 24 19 79 82 63 77

Service-providing industries .................................. 66 49 75 16 12 76 62 45 72

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 76 53 69 17 13 73 68 46 67

Wholesale trade ............................................. 79 65 82 11 8 76 78 63 80

Retail trade .................................................... 72 42 58 12 7 56 65 37 56

Transportation and warehousing ................... 82 68 83 33 28 84 64 51 80

Utilities ........................................................... 97 93 96 73 66 89 97 80 82

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All retirement benefits2 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

Information ......................................................... 86 77 90 33 28 86 86 74 86

Financial activities ............................................. 83 73 89 37 28 76 82 71 86

Finance and insurance .................................. 93 85 92 47 35 75 92 83 90

Credit intermediation and related activities 94 87 92 48 33 69 94 84 89

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 89 82 91 44 38 87 89 78 88

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 54 39 73 7 7 95 53 37 70

Professional and business services .................. 64 51 80 13 9 71 62 49 79

Professional and technical services .............. 79 67 85 12 10 80 78 65 83

Administrative and waste services ................ 41 28 69 4 3 75 39 27 68

Education and health services ........................... 73 58 80 16 13 78 69 53 77

Educational services ...................................... 72 64 88 16 13 84 65 55 85

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 89 80 90 16 11 70 87 77 89

Health care and social assistance ................. 73 57 79 17 13 77 69 53 76

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 34 15 42 2 2 100 33 13 38

Accommodation and food services ................ 34 13 38 2 2 100 32 11 35

Other services ................................................... 48 36 74 9 8 91 44 31 71

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 53 37 70 7 6 80 51 35 69

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 49 34 70 6 5 81 48 33 69

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 66 46 70 11 9 79 62 42 68

100 workers or more .............................................. 85 67 79 28 22 77 79 60 76

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 83 61 74 19 15 76 77 55 72

500 workers or more .......................................... 88 77 87 41 32 79 82 68 83

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 69 55 80 22 18 82 63 49 78

New England ..................................................... 72 57 79 22 19 83 67 52 77

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 68 55 80 22 18 81 62 48 78

South ..................................................................... 66 47 71 15 11 75 64 43 68

South Atlantic .................................................... 66 48 73 17 13 73 63 44 70

East South Central ............................................ 70 46 66 14 – – 69 44 64

West South Central ........................................... 65 45 69 12 9 78 63 43 68

Midwest ................................................................. 70 54 78 17 14 80 66 50 75

East North Central ............................................. 70 55 79 17 14 81 66 51 77

West North Central ............................................ 70 52 75 16 13 78 66 47 71

West ...................................................................... 66 51 77 15 11 76 62 46 74

Mountain ............................................................ 72 56 79 12 9 78 68 52 77

Pacific ................................................................ 63 48 76 16 12 76 59 43 73

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Workers are considered as having access or as participating if they have access to or are participating

in at least one of these plan types. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 2. Standard errors for retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March

2018

Characteristics

All retirement benefits2 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.2 0.8

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.1

Professional and related .................................... 1.7 1.5 0.9 1.6 1.4 2.3 1.8 1.6 0.9

Service ................................................................... 2.0 1.1 2.4 0.6 0.6 2.4 2.0 1.0 2.4

Protective service .............................................. 7.9 6.1 8.7 – – – 7.7 6.3 8.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 2.0 1.0 1.1 1.0

Sales and related ............................................... 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.0 0.9 4.2 1.6 1.3 1.5

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.7 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.1 0.8 2.6 2.5 2.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.7 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.1 2.0 1.7 1.2 0.9

Production ......................................................... 2.5 1.9 1.3 1.6 1.3 3.2 2.5 2.0 1.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.2 1.9 1.4 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

Part time ................................................................ 1.9 1.1 1.8 0.8 0.5 2.6 1.7 0.9 1.9

Union ..................................................................... 1.0 1.3 1.0 2.3 2.2 1.0 2.3 2.0 1.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.5 0.9 0.8 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.8 0.9 1.5 0.4 0.3 3.6 1.7 0.8 1.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3.0 1.2 2.2 0.4 0.3 4.0 2.7 1.0 2.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.6 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.9 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.5 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.4 0.9

Construction ...................................................... 2.5 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.8 0.1 2.4 2.3 2.2

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.0 1.8 1.1 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.1

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.8 0.9 1.0 0.9

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.6 2.9 1.7 2.0 1.7 5.8 2.5 2.7 1.6

Retail trade .................................................... 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.5 2.6 1.3 1.0 1.3

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.8 3.0 1.8 3.3 3.1 2.5 3.6 3.4 2.4

Utilities ........................................................... 2.1 2.1 0.8 9.2 8.5 2.5 2.1 2.8 1.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Standard errors for retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

All retirement benefits2 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

Information ......................................................... 3.2 3.4 1.6 3.5 3.3 1.6 3.2 3.2 1.7

Financial activities ............................................. 1.7 1.7 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.6 0.8

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.6

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.2 1.2 0.7 2.4 1.8 1.7 1.1 1.1 0.7

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.4 1.5 0.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 4.7 4.1 4.0 2.2 2.1 5.1 4.4 3.7 4.2

Professional and business services .................. 1.9 1.7 2.3 1.7 1.5 4.3 1.9 1.6 2.4

Professional and technical services .............. 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.3 5.6 2.8 2.8 2.5

Administrative and waste services ................ 2.7 2.9 5.4 1.5 1.2 8.3 2.8 2.9 5.7

Education and health services ........................... 2.9 2.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 3.5 2.7 2.3 1.7

Educational services ...................................... 4.1 3.8 1.4 2.5 2.4 3.0 3.7 3.4 1.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.9 1.8 0.9 1.5 1.1 3.5 1.8 1.7 0.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.3 2.7 1.9 2.1 2.0 4.0 3.1 2.6 1.9

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 3.5 1.4 3.2 0.6 0.6 0.3 3.5 1.3 3.0

Accommodation and food services ................ 4.0 1.6 3.5 0.4 0.4 0.0 4.0 1.5 3.5

Other services ................................................... 3.9 3.8 3.6 2.3 2.0 3.4 4.0 3.8 4.1

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.5 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.5 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.5 0.5 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.7 2.2 2.3 1.2 1.0 3.4 2.7 2.1 2.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.0 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.5 1.5 0.8 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 2.0 1.8 1.2 1.7

New England ..................................................... 2.3 1.8 2.5 2.7 2.8 5.1 3.0 2.1 2.4

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.3 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.6 2.2 1.3 2.0

South ..................................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.9 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.4

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.6 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.4 3.1 2.3 1.7 1.3

East South Central ............................................ 3.1 6.0 5.7 3.4 – – 3.2 5.2 4.7

West South Central ........................................... 2.1 2.6 2.6 1.0 0.7 3.4 2.1 2.7 3.0

Midwest ................................................................. 1.9 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.1

East North Central ............................................. 2.1 2.1 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.2

West North Central ............................................ 3.9 2.8 2.0 2.2 2.0 4.5 3.0 1.9 2.2

West ...................................................................... 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 2.7 1.7 1.3 1.3

Mountain ............................................................ 2.0 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.0 3.9 2.2 2.0 1.9

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.7 3.4 2.2 1.7 1.7

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Workers are considered as having access or as participating if they have access to or are participating

in at least one of these plan types. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 3. Retirement benefit combinations: Access, private industry

workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

All workers ............................................................. 13 4 51

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 21 3 59

Management, business, and financial ............... 24 2 61

Professional and related .................................... 19 4 58

Service ................................................................... 4 3 38

Protective service .............................................. – 3 56

Sales and office ..................................................... 11 3 57

Sales and related ............................................... 7 3 57

Office and administrative support ...................... 14 3 57

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 14 6 42

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 14 8 35

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 14 3 49

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 14 7 50

Production ......................................................... 16 2 54

Transportation and material moving .................. 12 11 46

Full time ................................................................. 16 3 58

Part time ................................................................ 4 5 31

Union ..................................................................... 34 34 24

Nonunion ............................................................... 11 1 54

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3 2 39

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1 2 29

Second 25 percent ............................................ 8 3 56

Third 25 percent ................................................ 16 4 59

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 28 5 54

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 31 4 53

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 18 4 53

Construction ...................................................... 9 7 40

Manufacturing .................................................... 22 2 59

Service-providing industries .................................. 12 4 50

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 9 8 59

Wholesale trade ............................................. 10 1 68

Retail trade .................................................... 5 7 60

Transportation and warehousing ................... 14 18 49

Utilities ........................................................... 73 – –

Information ......................................................... 33 – 53

Financial activities ............................................. 36 2 ( ) 46

Finance and insurance .................................. 47 2 ( ) 46

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Retirement benefit combinations: Access, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

Credit intermediation and related activities 47 – 46

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 43 – 46

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 6 – 47

Professional and business services .................. 12 2 51

Professional and technical services .............. 11 – 67

Administrative and waste services ................ 3 2 36

Education and health services ........................... 12 4 56

Educational services ...................................... 9 7 56

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 13 3 73

Health care and social assistance ................. 13 4 57

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 1 32

Accommodation and food services ................ – 2 32

Other services ................................................... 5 4 39

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 2 46

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5 1 43

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 7 4 55

100 workers or more .............................................. 22 6 57

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 13 6 64

500 workers or more .......................................... 35 6 47

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 16 6 47

New England ..................................................... 17 5 50

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 16 6 46

South ..................................................................... 12 3 51

South Atlantic .................................................... 14 4 49

East South Central ............................................ 13 1 56

West South Central ........................................... 10 2 53

Midwest ................................................................. 13 4 53

East North Central ............................................. 14 4 53

West North Central ............................................ 13 4 54

West ...................................................................... 11 4 51

Mountain ............................................................ 8 4 60

Pacific ................................................................ 12 4 47

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 2 Less than 0.5.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions

of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 3. Standard errors for retirement benefit combinations:

Access, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.3 0.9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 0.7 1.4

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.3 0.8 1.6

Professional and related .................................... 1.2 0.9 1.8

Service ................................................................... 0.5 0.3 2.0

Protective service .............................................. – 1.7 9.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.7 0.3 0.9

Sales and related ............................................... 0.9 0.4 1.6

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.9 0.3 1.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.1 0.8 1.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.7 1.2 2.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.2 0.8 2.4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.0 0.7 1.9

Production ......................................................... 1.7 0.3 2.7

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.3 1.4 2.1

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.3 1.0

Part time ................................................................ 0.5 0.6 1.6

Union ..................................................................... 2.1 2.3 2.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.1 0.9

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.3 0.4 1.8

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.2 0.5 2.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.3 1.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.5 1.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 0.7 1.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 0.9 2.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 0.5 2.1

Construction ...................................................... 1.3 1.2 2.3

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.9 0.3 2.8

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 0.3 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.8 0.6 1.3

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.8 0.5 2.8

Retail trade .................................................... 0.7 0.7 1.4

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.1 2.4 3.8

Utilities ........................................................... 9.2 – –

Information ......................................................... 3.5 – 2.4

Financial activities ............................................. 1.5 0.1 1.4

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.8 0.2 1.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Standard errors for retirement benefit combinations:

Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.4 – 2.1

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.7 – 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 1.8 – 4.1

Professional and business services .................. 1.6 0.5 2.0

Professional and technical services .............. 2.5 – 3.7

Administrative and waste services ................ 1.2 0.7 2.8

Education and health services ........................... 1.2 1.1 2.3

Educational services ...................................... 1.4 1.8 3.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.4 0.8 1.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.4 1.3 2.7

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 0.4 3.6

Accommodation and food services ................ – 0.5 4.0

Other services ................................................... 1.6 1.2 3.5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.2 1.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 0.2 1.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.1 0.8 3.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.8 0.6 1.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.0 0.8 1.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.6 0.9 1.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.3 0.6 2.2

New England ..................................................... 3.1 1.3 2.9

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.4 0.7 2.9

South ..................................................................... 0.8 0.5 1.4

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.1 0.9 2.3

East South Central ............................................ 3.5 0.1 1.5

West South Central ........................................... 0.9 0.3 2.3

Midwest ................................................................. 1.0 0.6 1.3

East North Central ............................................. 1.3 0.8 1.6

West North Central ............................................ 1.4 1.0 2.5

West ...................................................................... 1.2 0.7 2.3

Mountain ............................................................ 1.4 1.2 3.2

Pacific ................................................................ 1.6 0.9 2.9

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions

of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 5. Defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard freeze plans, private

industry workers, March 2018

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans1

Soft freeze2

All Hard freeze3

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 61 22 3 14

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 54 23 4 19

Management, business, and financial ............... 58 17 3 21

Professional and related .................................... 51 27 5 17

Service ................................................................... 75 – – –

Protective service .............................................. 83 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 57 24 2 17

Sales and related ............................................... 58 20 2 20

Office and administrative support ...................... 56 25 3 16

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 77 17 2 4

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 92 4 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 58 33 3 5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 61 24 4 11

Production ......................................................... 44 34 3 19

Transportation and material moving .................. 74 17 4 5

Full time ................................................................. 60 22 3 15

Part time ................................................................ 69 23 – –

Union ..................................................................... 78 17 1 4

Nonunion ............................................................... 49 25 5 21

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 67 20 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 88 – – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 64 18 4 14

Third 25 percent ................................................ 61 22 3 14

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 59 23 3 14

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 57 22 4 17

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 57 23 6 14

Construction ...................................................... 98 – – –

Manufacturing .................................................... 38 34 8 19

Service-providing industries .................................. 62 21 2 14

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 70 24 2 4

Wholesale trade ............................................. 68 21 – –

Retail trade .................................................... 66 29 – –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 75 20 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 61 30 3 5

Information ......................................................... 33 49 – –

Financial activities ............................................. 53 17 2 28

Finance and insurance .................................. 50 18 2 30

Credit intermediation and related activities 50 15 3 33

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 62 22 1 15

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 96 – – –

Professional and business services .................. 62 – – 17

Professional and technical services .............. 75 – – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard freeze plans, private

industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans1

Soft freeze2

All Hard freeze3

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

Establishment characteristics

Education and health services ........................... 62 21 – –

Educational services ...................................... 58 32 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 65 – – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 62 19 – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 93 – – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 100 – – –

Other services ................................................... 81 – – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 66 18 2 14

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 64 18 1 17

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 68 19 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 59 23 4 14

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 65 21 4 10

500 workers or more .......................................... 55 24 3 17

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 64 20 2 14

New England ..................................................... 68 20 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 63 20 2 15

South ..................................................................... 58 25 4 13

South Atlantic .................................................... 60 22 5 13

East South Central ............................................ 56 37 – –

West South Central ........................................... 57 24 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 61 20 4 15

East North Central ............................................. 61 20 4 15

West North Central ............................................ 62 20 – –

West ...................................................................... 60 23 3 14

Mountain ............................................................ 60 23 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 60 23 4 14

1 Plans open to new participants. 2 New employees are not allowed in the plan. Benefit accruals may continue for existing participants. 3 Participants in these plans stop accruing benefits on the date the plan is frozen. The benefit the employee receives is

calculated as of the day the plan was frozen. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did

not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 5. Standard errors for defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard

freeze plans, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans1

Soft freeze2

All Hard freeze3

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 1.7 1.3 0.5 1.2

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 3.0 2.1 1.0 2.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 3.2 2.1 1.0 2.8

Professional and related .................................... 4.0 3.0 1.3 2.6

Service ................................................................... 5.3 – – –

Protective service .............................................. 12.1 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.7 1.8 0.5 1.6

Sales and related ............................................... 5.7 3.8 0.7 3.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.6 1.7 0.6 1.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.6 2.3 0.6 0.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.0 1.5 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 4.2 4.2 1.3 1.2

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.7 2.6 1.1 2.2

Production ......................................................... 3.4 4.2 1.1 4.7

Transportation and material moving .................. 3.2 2.9 1.8 1.8

Full time ................................................................. 2.0 1.4 0.5 1.3

Part time ................................................................ 3.4 3.6 – –

Union ..................................................................... 1.6 1.6 0.4 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.5 1.7 0.8 1.9

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 5.6 4.6 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5.8 – – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.7 1.7 1.3 2.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.1 1.8 0.8 1.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 2.3 1.8 0.7 1.3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 3.2 2.4 1.0 2.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 3.0 2.9 1.2 2.4

Construction ...................................................... 1.2 – – –

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.9 3.6 1.6 3.4

Service-providing industries .................................. 2.0 1.4 0.5 1.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 2.2 1.8 0.6 1.1

Wholesale trade ............................................. 5.6 4.5 – –

Retail trade .................................................... 5.2 3.9 – –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 4.4 4.0 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 4.9 3.6 1.6 2.2

Information ......................................................... 6.1 6.4 – –

Financial activities ............................................. 1.9 1.6 0.3 1.8

Finance and insurance .................................. 2.1 1.8 0.3 1.7

Credit intermediation and related activities 3.9 1.9 0.6 3.8

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 3.2 2.6 0.3 2.6

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 4.3 – – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Standard errors for defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard

freeze plans, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans1

Soft freeze2

All Hard freeze3

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

Establishment characteristics

Professional and business services .................. 8.4 – – 5.1

Professional and technical services .............. 9.4 – – –

Education and health services ........................... 5.5 3.7 – –

Educational services ...................................... 7.2 7.3 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 4.2 – – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 6.2 4.0 – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 6.1 – – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 0.0 – – –

Other services ................................................... 10.1 – – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 3.2 2.1 0.6 2.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 3.3 2.5 0.3 3.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 5.2 3.6 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 2.3 1.7 0.6 1.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.4 2.3 0.9 2.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 3.1 2.2 0.9 1.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.6 1.9 0.5 1.4

New England ..................................................... 4.7 3.1 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 3.2 2.4 0.6 1.5

South ..................................................................... 4.1 2.8 0.7 2.2

South Atlantic .................................................... 6.0 3.1 1.0 3.2

East South Central ............................................ 10.8 10.6 – –

West South Central ........................................... 4.4 4.3 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 2.7 2.4 1.5 3.4

East North Central ............................................. 3.4 3.1 1.9 4.5

West North Central ............................................ 3.9 3.6 – –

West ...................................................................... 3.7 2.9 1.1 2.0

Mountain ............................................................ 6.7 4.1 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 4.5 3.7 1.5 2.3

1 Plans open to new participants. 2 New employees are not allowed in the plan. Benefit accruals may continue for existing participants. 3 Participants in these plans stop accruing benefits on the date the plan is frozen. The benefit the employee receives is

calculated as of the day the plan was frozen. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 6. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Selected attributes,

private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits2

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

All workers ............................................................. – – 89

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – – 90

Management, business, and financial ............... – – 93

Professional and related .................................... – – 88

Service ................................................................... – – 62

Protective service .............................................. – – 94

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 93

Sales and related ............................................... – 2 98

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 92

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – – 85

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – – 93

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – – 83

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 10 90

Production ......................................................... – – 89

Transportation and material moving .................. – 8 92

Full time ................................................................. – – 90

Part time ................................................................ – – 80

Union ..................................................................... – – 87

Nonunion ............................................................... 3 ( ) 10 89

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – – 78

Second 25 percent ............................................ – – 90

Third 25 percent ................................................ – – 87

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – – 91

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – – 91

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... – 10 90

Construction ...................................................... – – 96

Manufacturing .................................................... – 10 90

Service-providing industries .................................. – – 88

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... – – 92

Wholesale trade ............................................. – – 98

Retail trade .................................................... – – 100

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 6. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Selected attributes,

private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits2

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

Transportation and warehousing ................... – – 90

Utilities ........................................................... – – 74

Information ......................................................... – – 95

Financial activities ............................................. – 8 92

Finance and insurance .................................. – 8 92

Credit intermediation and related activities – – 96

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – – 83

Professional and business services .................. – – 95

Professional and technical services .............. – – 98

Administrative and waste services ................ – – 100

Education and health services ........................... – – 73

Educational services ...................................... – – 85

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 71

Other services ................................................... – – 100

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – – 88

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – – 84

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 94

100 workers or more .............................................. – – 89

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – – 89

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 89

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – – 86

New England ..................................................... – – 77

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – – 89

South ..................................................................... – – 91

South Atlantic .................................................... – 7 93

East South Central ............................................ – – 80

West South Central ........................................... – – 93

Midwest ................................................................. – – 89

East North Central ............................................. – – 88

West North Central ............................................ – 7 93

West ...................................................................... – – 87

Mountain ............................................................ – – 92

Pacific ................................................................ – 15 85

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 The length of time is calculated based on the year the plan was modified. For example, plans frozen

after January 2017 are included in the "1 year" column. Those frozen between 2013 and 2016 are included in

the "2 to 5 years" column and plans frozen before 2013 are included in the "Greater than 5 years" column. 3 Less than 0.5. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this

category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 6. Standard errors for defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1

Selected attributes, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits2

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

All workers ............................................................. – – 1.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – – 1.7

Management, business, and financial ............... – – 2.0

Professional and related .................................... – – 2.2

Service ................................................................... – – 12.9

Protective service .............................................. – – 3.6

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 1.3

Sales and related ............................................... – 0.8 0.8

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 1.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – – 3.6

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – – 3.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – – 4.2

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 2.4 2.4

Production ......................................................... – – 3.5

Transportation and material moving .................. – 2.9 2.9

Full time ................................................................. – – 1.6

Part time ................................................................ – – 7.6

Union ..................................................................... – – 2.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 3 ( ) 2.2 2.2

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – – 12.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ – – 3.3

Third 25 percent ................................................ – – 2.5

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – – 1.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – – 1.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... – 2.2 2.2

Construction ...................................................... – – 4.9

Manufacturing .................................................... – 2.3 2.3

Service-providing industries .................................. – – 2.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... – – 1.4

Wholesale trade ............................................. – – 2.2

Retail trade .................................................... – – 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 6. Standard errors for defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1

Selected attributes, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits2

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

Transportation and warehousing ................... – – 3.8

Utilities ........................................................... – – 5.5

Information ......................................................... – – 2.9

Financial activities ............................................. – 2.5 2.5

Finance and insurance .................................. – 2.6 2.6

Credit intermediation and related activities – – 2.0

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – – 5.4

Professional and business services .................. – – 2.8

Professional and technical services .............. – – 2.8

Administrative and waste services ................ – – 0.0

Education and health services ........................... – – 7.8

Educational services ...................................... – – 7.2

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 9.1

Other services ................................................... – – 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – – 4.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – – 6.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 3.2

100 workers or more .............................................. – – 1.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – – 3.7

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 1.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – – 4.1

New England ..................................................... – – 10.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – – 3.4

South ..................................................................... – – 3.3

South Atlantic .................................................... – 1.7 1.7

East South Central ............................................ – – 17.0

West South Central ........................................... – – 4.8

Midwest ................................................................. – – 3.5

East North Central ............................................. – – 4.8

West North Central ............................................ – 2.6 2.6

West ...................................................................... – – 2.7

Mountain ............................................................ – – 2.3

Pacific ................................................................ – 3.5 3.5

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 The length of time is calculated based on the year the plan was modified. For example, plans frozen

after January 2017 are included in the "1 year" column. Those frozen between 2013 and 2016 are included in

the "2 to 5 years" column and plans frozen before 2013 are included in the "Greater than 5 years" column. 3 Less than 0.05. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 7. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, private industry workers, March

2018

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans2

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

All workers ............................................................. 10 90 10 21 36 31

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 8 92 10 19 45 31

Management, business, and financial ............... 7 93 6 19 49 31

Professional and related .................................... 9 91 12 19 43 31

Sales and office ..................................................... 15 85 6 17 37 31

Sales and related ............................................... 25 75 3 – 45 23

Office and administrative support ...................... 12 88 7 20 34 34

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 9 91 – 29 22 34

Full time ................................................................. 8 92 11 22 38 31

Part time ................................................................ 33 67 7 16 – 35

Union ..................................................................... 7 93 16 36 20 28

Nonunion ............................................................... 11 89 9 17 41 32

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 36 64 – 5 28 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 11 89 13 19 31 32

Third 25 percent ................................................ 12 88 10 25 26 35

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 6 94 10 22 44 30

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 7 93 6 21 52 29

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 4 96 – 30 41 32

Construction ...................................................... – 100 – – – –

Manufacturing .................................................... 5 95 – 30 42 33

Service-providing industries .................................. 12 88 11 18 34 31

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 23 77 – 17 18 33

Retail trade .................................................... 50 50 – 11 21 29

Financial activities ............................................. 4 96 4 14 55 24

Finance and insurance .................................. 4 96 4 14 55 25

Credit intermediation and related activities 5 95 7 11 47 33

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 5 95 – 25 56 13

Professional and business services:

Professional and technical services ............. – 100 – – 94 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 7. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans2

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 9 91 7 24 27 36

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 6 94 8 21 25 40

100 workers or more .............................................. 11 89 11 21 38 30

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 18 82 13 24 30 28

500 workers or more .......................................... 7 93 10 19 43 31

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 13 87 – 11 36 33

South ..................................................................... 9 91 8 29 34 30

South Atlantic .................................................... 12 88 5 25 41 30

Midwest ................................................................. 9 91 17 23 26 33

East North Central ............................................. 9 91 – 23 24 34

West ...................................................................... 10 90 6 19 51 29

Pacific ................................................................ 12 88 – 23 48 32

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 The sum of the individual components may be greater than the total because some employers offer more than one alternative. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication

criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 7. Standard errors for frozen defined benefit retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, private

industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

All workers ............................................................. 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.6 2.4 2.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.5 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.9 2.8

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.6 1.6 1.8 3.5 4.2 3.9

Professional and related .................................... 2.3 2.3 3.1 2.6 4.7 3.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.6 2.6 0.9 2.9 2.9 2.7

Sales and related ............................................... 5.4 5.4 1.4 – 6.2 3.5

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.2 2.2 1.1 3.4 2.8 3.4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.9 2.9 – 4.1 3.9 5.0

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.7 2.5 2.1

Part time ................................................................ 6.4 6.4 2.2 4.8 – 7.0

Union ..................................................................... 2.8 2.8 3.6 4.0 3.5 4.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 2.8 2.4

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 8.2 8.2 – 2.3 7.2 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 3.0 3.0 2.6 4.0 3.5 4.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.5 2.5 1.9 2.9 3.0 3.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 1.1 2.3 2.4 3.4 2.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.5 1.5 1.4 3.0 3.9 3.2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.8 1.8 – 3.4 4.3 4.9

Construction ...................................................... – 0.0 – – – –

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.9 1.9 – 3.3 4.4 5.1

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.7 1.7 2.1 1.9 2.7 2.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 4.6 4.6 – 3.0 3.1 4.3

Retail trade .................................................... 5.6 5.6 – 2.7 4.7 5.3

Financial activities ............................................. 1.3 1.3 0.9 2.0 2.7 2.4

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.3 1.3 0.9 2.0 2.7 2.4

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.4 4.5 3.6

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.9 1.9 – 4.4 5.2 2.9

Professional and business services:

Professional and technical services ............. – 0.0 – – 4.1 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 7. Standard errors for frozen defined benefit retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, private

industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.3 2.3 1.9 3.8 3.6 5.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.8 1.8 2.6 3.9 3.8 7.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.9 2.6 2.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.6 4.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.1 3.5 3.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 3.7 3.7 – 2.0 4.1 4.6

South ..................................................................... 2.4 2.4 2.5 3.4 3.7 3.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 3.5 3.5 1.2 3.7 4.8 5.8

Midwest ................................................................. 2.7 2.7 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.0

East North Central ............................................. 2.6 2.6 – 5.3 4.4 4.7

West ...................................................................... 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.9 7.3 4.0

Pacific ................................................................ 2.4 2.4 – 3.2 8.5 4.3

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms,

see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 8. Defined contribution retirement plans: Selected attributes, private

industry workers, March 2018

(All workers participating in defined contribution plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

All workers ............................................................. 68 32 83 17

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 65 35 83 17

Management, business, and financial ............... 68 32 85 15

Professional and related .................................... 63 37 81 19

Service ................................................................... 65 35 83 17

Protective service .............................................. – – 95 5

Sales and office ..................................................... 71 29 84 16

Sales and related ............................................... 77 23 86 14

Office and administrative support ...................... 68 32 83 17

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 65 35 82 18

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 55 45 77 23

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 72 28 85 15

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 71 29 84 16

Production ......................................................... 72 28 83 17

Transportation and material moving .................. 70 30 84 16

Full time ................................................................. 68 32 83 17

Part time ................................................................ 67 33 83 17

Union ..................................................................... 65 35 80 20

Nonunion ............................................................... 68 32 84 16

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 74 26 83 17

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 70 30 77 23

Second 25 percent ............................................ 71 29 84 16

Third 25 percent ................................................ 66 34 83 17

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 65 35 83 17

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 63 37 83 17

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 68 32 82 18

Construction ...................................................... 57 43 79 21

Manufacturing .................................................... 69 31 82 18

Service-providing industries .................................. 68 32 84 16

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 74 26 85 15

Wholesale trade ............................................. 75 25 89 11

Retail trade .................................................... 75 25 84 16

Transportation and warehousing ................... 69 31 82 18

Utilities ........................................................... 82 18 91 9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 8. Defined contribution retirement plans: Selected attributes, private

industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in defined contribution plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

Information ......................................................... 78 22 92 8

Financial activities ............................................. 66 34 77 23

Finance and insurance .................................. 66 34 77 23

Credit intermediation and related activities 65 35 73 27

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 72 28 83 17

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 66 34 – –

Professional and business services .................. 69 31 89 11

Professional and technical services .............. 66 34 87 13

Administrative and waste services ................ 77 23 86 14

Education and health services ........................... 58 42 80 20

Educational services ...................................... 62 38 90 10

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 59 41 87 13

Health care and social assistance ................. 57 43 78 22

Other services ................................................... 58 42 82 18

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 66 34 83 17

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 64 36 83 17

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 69 31 84 16

100 workers or more .............................................. 69 31 83 17

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 72 28 86 14

500 workers or more .......................................... 65 35 80 20

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 62 38 83 17

New England ..................................................... 58 42 81 19

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 64 36 83 17

South ..................................................................... 72 28 81 19

South Atlantic .................................................... 69 31 79 21

East South Central ............................................ 76 24 81 19

West South Central ........................................... 74 26 83 17

Midwest ................................................................. 67 33 84 16

East North Central ............................................. 67 33 85 15

West North Central ............................................ 69 31 82 18

West ...................................................................... 67 33 86 14

Mountain ............................................................ 67 33 86 14

Pacific ................................................................ 66 34 87 13

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or

data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 8. Standard errors for defined contribution retirement plans: Selected

attributes, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.2

Professional and related .................................... 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3

Service ................................................................... 2.9 2.9 2.1 2.1

Protective service .............................................. – – 1.6 1.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7

Sales and related ............................................... 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.7

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 4.1 4.1 3.1 3.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.3

Production ......................................................... 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.7

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Part time ................................................................ 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

Union ..................................................................... 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.1 2.1 1.3 1.3

Construction ...................................................... 4.0 4.0 2.9 2.9

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.4 2.4 1.5 1.5

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.6

Retail trade .................................................... 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.5

Transportation and warehousing ................... 4.1 4.1 3.0 3.0

Utilities ........................................................... 3.0 3.0 2.1 2.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 8. Standard errors for defined contribution retirement plans: Selected

attributes, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

Information ......................................................... 3.6 3.6 2.6 2.6

Financial activities ............................................. 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.9

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.8 2.8 1.6 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 5.9 5.9 – –

Professional and business services .................. 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.8

Professional and technical services .............. 2.9 2.9 1.7 1.7

Administrative and waste services ................ 5.4 5.4 4.0 4.0

Education and health services ........................... 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.7

Educational services ...................................... 2.8 2.8 1.2 1.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.7

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0

Other services ................................................... 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.0 3.0 2.2 2.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4

New England ..................................................... 2.6 2.6 1.6 1.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.7

South ..................................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6

East South Central ............................................ 4.5 4.5 2.7 2.7

West South Central ........................................... 2.3 2.3 1.4 1.4

Midwest ................................................................. 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6

East North Central ............................................. 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.7

West North Central ............................................ 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4

West ...................................................................... 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4

Mountain ............................................................ 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.2

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.3

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry

workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Healthcare2 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 70 55 79 69 50 72

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 88 74 85 87 66 76

Management, business, and financial ............... 95 80 84 95 72 75

Professional and related .................................... 84 72 85 83 63 76

Service ................................................................... 43 29 68 42 26 62

Protective service .............................................. 57 37 65 57 35 62

Sales and office ..................................................... 67 51 77 66 45 69

Sales and related ............................................... 55 38 70 54 35 65

Office and administrative support ...................... 75 60 80 74 53 71

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 73 61 84 73 57 78

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 67 57 85 67 55 82

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 79 65 83 78 59 76

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 77 62 80 77 56 73

Production ......................................................... 81 67 82 81 61 75

Transportation and material moving .................. 73 56 77 73 51 70

Full time ................................................................. 86 70 81 86 63 73

Part time ................................................................ 22 13 61 21 11 54

Union ..................................................................... 95 83 88 94 77 81

Nonunion ............................................................... 67 53 78 66 47 71

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 36 23 63 35 20 58

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 24 13 54 24 12 49

Second 25 percent ............................................ 73 57 78 72 51 70

Third 25 percent ................................................ 86 71 82 86 64 75

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 92 80 87 92 72 78

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 94 82 88 93 74 79

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 85 73 86 85 67 79

Construction ...................................................... 69 58 84 69 55 80

Manufacturing .................................................... 92 80 87 92 73 79

Service-providing industries .................................. 66 52 78 66 46 70

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 69 51 74 68 46 67

Wholesale trade ............................................. 86 70 82 86 62 73

Retail trade .................................................... 56 36 64 54 32 59

Transportation and warehousing ................... 85 70 82 85 64 75

Utilities ........................................................... 98 87 88 98 77 78

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 42 33 78 24 19 79 68 49 72

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 61 49 80 36 29 80 86 65 76

Management, business, and financial ............... 64 51 79 37 30 81 93 70 75

Professional and related .................................... 59 47 80 35 28 80 82 63 76

Service ................................................................... 23 16 69 13 10 76 40 25 62

Protective service .............................................. 23 – – – 7 – 48 32 66

Sales and office ..................................................... 38 29 78 21 16 77 65 45 69

Sales and related ............................................... 27 20 72 15 11 74 53 34 64

Office and administrative support ...................... 45 36 80 24 19 78 73 52 71

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 38 32 85 25 21 82 71 56 78

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 31 27 87 22 20 91 66 54 82

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 44 37 83 28 21 76 76 58 76

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 45 36 80 27 21 77 76 55 73

Production ......................................................... 46 37 80 26 21 80 80 60 75

Transportation and material moving .................. 43 35 80 29 21 75 72 50 70

Full time ................................................................. 53 42 79 30 24 80 84 62 73

Part time ................................................................ 11 7 66 7 5 67 20 11 54

Union ..................................................................... 74 62 83 56 45 81 94 76 81

Nonunion ............................................................... 39 30 78 21 17 78 65 46 71

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 16 11 65 9 6 72 34 20 58

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 10 6 62 6 5 70 23 12 49

Second 25 percent ............................................ 40 31 79 22 17 78 71 50 70

Third 25 percent ................................................ 53 42 79 31 24 78 84 63 74

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 67 55 82 41 33 81 91 71 78

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 70 58 82 42 34 81 93 73 79

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 51 42 84 31 25 82 83 66 79

Construction ...................................................... 33 27 84 21 18 87 67 54 80

Manufacturing .................................................... 59 50 84 36 29 81 90 71 79

Service-providing industries .................................. 40 31 77 23 18 78 64 45 70

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 35 27 76 22 16 74 67 45 67

Wholesale trade ............................................. 47 38 80 31 23 76 84 61 73

Retail trade .................................................... 23 15 64 12 9 69 53 31 59

Transportation and warehousing ................... 57 47 83 38 29 76 85 64 75

Utilities ........................................................... 63 59 93 45 42 92 98 76 78

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Healthcare2 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

Information ......................................................... 93 81 88 92 72 78

Financial activities ............................................. 87 73 84 87 65 75

Finance and insurance .................................. 93 80 86 93 71 77

Credit intermediation and related activities 95 81 84 95 71 74

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 90 79 88 89 70 79

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 68 51 74 68 45 66

Professional and business services .................. 72 56 78 71 51 71

Professional and technical services .............. 85 72 85 85 65 76

Administrative and waste services ................ 51 34 67 51 31 61

Education and health services ........................... 74 60 81 73 52 71

Educational services ...................................... 74 63 85 74 55 74

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 90 76 84 90 69 76

Health care and social assistance ................. 74 60 80 73 51 70

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 34 23 67 34 21 63

Accommodation and food services ................ 32 20 62 32 19 58

Other services ................................................... 47 38 80 47 34 73

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 56 42 76 55 39 70

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 51 39 77 51 36 71

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 69 52 75 69 48 69

100 workers or more .............................................. 86 70 82 85 62 73

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 84 67 79 83 59 71

500 workers or more .......................................... 89 76 86 88 68 76

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 70 58 82 70 51 73

New England ..................................................... 70 58 82 70 51 72

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 70 57 82 70 51 73

South ..................................................................... 69 53 76 68 48 70

South Atlantic .................................................... 68 52 77 67 48 71

East South Central ............................................ 70 52 75 70 47 68

West South Central ........................................... 71 54 76 71 49 69

Midwest ................................................................. 68 54 79 67 47 70

East North Central ............................................. 68 53 78 67 47 71

West North Central ............................................ 68 54 80 68 47 70

West ...................................................................... 72 59 83 71 53 75

Mountain ............................................................ 73 59 81 72 52 72

Pacific ................................................................ 71 60 84 70 54 77

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

Information ......................................................... 73 58 79 56 44 79 92 71 78

Financial activities ............................................. 64 52 81 30 23 76 85 64 75

Finance and insurance .................................. 76 61 80 33 25 76 92 71 77

Credit intermediation and related activities 78 62 79 32 23 72 94 70 75

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 71 58 82 34 26 78 88 69 79

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 31 26 83 23 18 80 66 44 66

Professional and business services .................. 41 32 77 25 19 73 70 50 71

Professional and technical services .............. 56 44 79 36 27 75 84 63 75

Administrative and waste services ................ 19 14 73 15 11 77 49 30 62

Education and health services ........................... 50 38 77 27 22 82 71 50 70

Educational services ...................................... 53 38 73 29 21 73 73 55 75

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 63 48 75 33 22 68 89 68 76

Health care and social assistance ................. 50 38 77 27 22 84 71 49 70

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 18 13 73 9 8 83 33 21 63

Accommodation and food services ................ 17 11 66 9 7 79 31 18 58

Other services ................................................... 26 22 84 15 13 86 46 34 73

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 28 22 77 16 13 77 54 38 70

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 25 20 78 14 11 77 49 35 71

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 39 29 73 25 19 76 66 45 69

100 workers or more .............................................. 58 46 80 34 27 80 84 61 73

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 52 40 78 30 24 79 82 58 71

500 workers or more .......................................... 67 55 81 39 32 81 88 67 76

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 46 37 80 25 20 80 69 50 73

New England ..................................................... 44 35 79 16 13 80 68 49 72

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 46 37 81 28 22 81 69 50 73

South ..................................................................... 36 27 75 20 15 76 67 47 70

South Atlantic .................................................... 37 28 75 19 14 76 65 46 71

East South Central ............................................ 33 25 76 21 16 76 69 46 67

West South Central ........................................... 35 26 74 20 15 75 69 48 69

Midwest ................................................................. 42 32 78 24 18 76 67 47 71

East North Central ............................................. 41 32 77 24 19 76 66 47 71

West North Central ............................................ 43 34 79 23 17 76 67 47 70

West ...................................................................... 49 40 82 33 27 83 69 52 75

Mountain ............................................................ 46 38 82 30 25 83 70 51 72

Pacific ................................................................ 50 41 82 34 28 82 69 53 77

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Healthcare is a collective term for the following benefits: medical, dental, and vision care benefits; and outpatient prescription drug coverage. If workers have access to or

participate in at least one of these benefits, they are considered as having access to or participating in healthcare. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1

private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Healthcare2 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.7

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.1

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 1.3 0.7 1.5 1.3 0.9

Service ................................................................... 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.9

Protective service .............................................. 6.0 6.6 8.0 6.0 6.5 8.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.9

Sales and related ............................................... 1.7 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.1

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.5 1.4 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.3 2.0 0.9 2.3 1.9 1.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.3 2.9 1.6 3.3 2.8 1.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.7 2.5 1.1 2.7 2.4 1.4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.2

Production ......................................................... 2.2 1.8 1.1 2.2 1.9 1.2

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 1.6 1.1 2.2 1.5 1.0 2.4

Union ..................................................................... 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.3 0.9 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.2 1.4 2.3 2.2 1.3 2.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.8

Construction ...................................................... 3.0 2.7 1.1 3.0 2.4 1.1

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.1 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.9

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.4

Retail trade .................................................... 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... 3.5 2.5 1.8 3.7 2.8 1.5

Utilities ........................................................... 1.1 5.2 5.2 1.1 4.3 4.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.7

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.9 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2

Professional and related .................................... 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 0.9

Service ................................................................... 1.5 1.0 2.7 1.1 0.9 3.3 1.6 1.1 1.9

Protective service .............................................. 4.8 – – – 2.6 – 8.6 6.3 5.3

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9

Sales and related ............................................... 1.3 0.8 1.8 1.2 0.8 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.7 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.0 1.7 1.3 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.3 1.9 0.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.7 2.4 2.5 3.3 2.7 1.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.7 2.5 1.5 2.7 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.4 1.4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.2

Production ......................................................... 1.9 1.7 1.5 2.1 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.7 2.2 1.3 2.5 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 1.0 0.9 2.5 0.8 0.7 3.6 1.5 1.0 2.4

Union ..................................................................... 1.7 1.9 1.2 2.1 2.1 1.7 0.9 1.1 1.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.1 0.8 2.2 0.7 0.6 2.3 1.4 0.9 1.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.8 1.0 5.2 1.0 0.8 3.9 2.1 1.3 2.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 1.3 0.7 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.1 1.9 1.1 2.3 1.9 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.9 1.7 1.1 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.5 0.8

Construction ...................................................... 3.0 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.5 3.0 2.5 1.1

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.8 1.6 1.0 2.3 1.9 1.1 1.0 1.4 0.9

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.0 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.3

Retail trade .................................................... 1.3 0.9 1.9 1.2 0.9 2.6 1.2 1.0 1.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... 4.2 3.5 1.7 3.3 2.6 2.8 3.3 2.4 1.6

Utilities ........................................................... 7.2 7.0 1.8 5.0 4.8 2.1 1.3 4.3 4.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1

private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Healthcare2 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

Information ......................................................... 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.6 2.5 2.3

Financial activities ............................................. 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.0

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7

Credit intermediation and related activities 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.2

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.7 1.7 0.9 1.5 1.4 1.2

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 3.9 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.7

Professional and business services .................. 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5

Professional and technical services .............. 2.8 2.3 1.5 2.8 2.0 1.9

Administrative and waste services ................ 3.9 4.4 5.3 3.9 4.2 5.2

Education and health services ........................... 2.2 2.2 1.3 2.2 2.0 1.3

Educational services ...................................... 2.9 2.7 1.1 2.9 2.8 1.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 1.9 1.2 1.7 2.0 1.4

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.5 2.6 1.5 2.6 2.3 1.5

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 1.8 1.8 3.3 1.8 1.7 3.4

Accommodation and food services ................ 2.4 1.9 3.1 2.4 1.7 3.0

Other services ................................................... 4.3 3.7 3.0 4.2 3.5 3.5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.2 1.8 1.6 2.2 1.7 1.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.7

New England ..................................................... 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.5 1.4 0.7 1.6 1.3 0.8

South ..................................................................... 1.8 1.5 0.8 1.8 1.3 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.2 2.1 1.0 2.1 1.8 1.0

East South Central ............................................ 7.0 5.3 1.2 7.0 4.3 1.3

West South Central ........................................... 2.9 2.2 1.6 3.0 1.7 2.2

Midwest ................................................................. 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.6 1.1 0.9

East North Central ............................................. 2.0 1.4 0.9 1.9 1.3 1.2

West North Central ............................................ 2.8 2.0 1.4 2.8 2.2 1.3

West ...................................................................... 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Mountain ............................................................ 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.7 3.4 3.8

Pacific ................................................................ 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

Information ......................................................... 2.8 3.0 2.1 3.7 3.4 2.3 1.9 2.7 2.3

Financial activities ............................................. 2.1 1.7 0.6 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.0

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.4 1.2 0.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.7

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.8 1.4 1.8 0.8 1.3 1.2

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 3.5 2.7 1.2 3.0 2.8 2.3 1.5 1.4 1.1

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 5.4 4.7 2.8 4.4 3.6 4.9 3.9 3.7 3.7

Professional and business services .................. 2.2 1.7 1.9 2.1 1.9 3.2 2.5 2.3 2.6

Professional and technical services .............. 3.8 2.9 2.4 3.7 2.9 3.3 2.9 2.0 2.0

Administrative and waste services ................ 3.6 2.8 5.2 3.3 2.6 5.5 4.0 4.2 5.2

Education and health services ........................... 2.6 2.3 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.5 2.1 1.9 1.3

Educational services ...................................... 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.3 3.2 2.9 2.7 1.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.2 3.0 1.6 2.0 1.5

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.0 2.7 1.7 2.3 2.1 1.7 2.4 2.1 1.5

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 2.0 1.7 6.0 1.5 1.4 4.6 1.9 1.7 3.6

Accommodation and food services ................ 2.5 1.8 6.2 1.6 1.5 6.2 2.5 1.7 3.0

Other services ................................................... 3.6 3.0 3.4 2.9 2.6 3.4 4.3 3.6 3.5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.8 2.1 1.3 1.0 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.0 1.8 2.3 1.8 1.7 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.8

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.3 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.7 1.3 0.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.3 0.9

New England ..................................................... 3.2 3.3 2.9 1.9 1.8 3.5 2.4 3.0 2.8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 1.5 0.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.0

South ..................................................................... 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.7 1.2 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 2.0 2.0 1.7 0.9

East South Central ............................................ 3.3 3.8 5.3 3.2 2.8 1.9 7.0 4.3 1.1

West South Central ........................................... 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.2 1.9 3.2 3.0 1.5 2.2

Midwest ................................................................. 1.7 1.4 1.0 1.9 1.4 1.1 1.6 1.2 0.9

East North Central ............................................. 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.3 1.3 2.0 1.4 1.1

West North Central ............................................ 3.8 2.8 1.4 4.5 3.7 2.2 2.5 2.2 1.6

West ...................................................................... 2.2 1.8 0.9 1.9 1.7 0.9 1.7 1.5 1.7

Mountain ............................................................ 5.3 4.0 1.1 4.5 4.1 1.5 3.9 3.1 4.0

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 1.9 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.5

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Healthcare is a collective term for the following benefits: medical, dental, and vision care benefits; and outpatient prescription drug coverage. If workers have access to or

participate in at least one of these benefits, they are considered as having access to or participating in healthcare. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 10. Medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid by employer and

employee, private industry workers, March 2018

(In percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

All workers ............................................................. 79 21 67 33

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 80 20 67 33

Management, business, and financial ............... 78 22 68 32

Professional and related .................................... 81 19 67 33

Service ................................................................... 78 22 60 40

Protective service .............................................. 79 21 67 33

Sales and office ..................................................... 78 22 65 35

Sales and related ............................................... 77 23 64 36

Office and administrative support ...................... 78 22 65 35

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 79 21 67 33

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 79 21 67 33

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 79 21 67 33

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 79 21 71 29

Production ......................................................... 79 21 72 28

Transportation and material moving .................. 79 21 69 31

Full time ................................................................. 79 21 67 33

Part time ................................................................ 77 23 61 39

Union ..................................................................... 87 13 83 17

Nonunion ............................................................... 77 23 64 36

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 75 25 58 42

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 76 24 62 38

Second 25 percent ............................................ 78 22 65 35

Third 25 percent ................................................ 79 21 67 33

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 81 19 71 29

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 81 19 72 28

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 80 20 71 29

Construction ...................................................... 79 21 66 34

Manufacturing .................................................... 80 20 73 27

Service-providing industries .................................. 78 22 65 35

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 78 22 66 34

Wholesale trade ............................................. 78 22 67 33

Retail trade .................................................... 75 25 60 40

Transportation and warehousing ................... 81 19 73 27

Utilities ........................................................... 88 12 80 20

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 10. Medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid by employer and

employee, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(In percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

Information ......................................................... 80 20 75 25

Financial activities ............................................. 79 21 70 30

Finance and insurance .................................. 79 21 71 29

Credit intermediation and related activities 78 22 69 31

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 80 20 73 27

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 80 20 64 36

Professional and business services .................. 78 22 64 36

Professional and technical services .............. 80 20 64 36

Administrative and waste services ................ 74 26 59 41

Education and health services ........................... 79 21 62 38

Educational services ...................................... 78 22 66 34

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 79 21 71 29

Health care and social assistance ................. 79 21 62 38

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 78 22 62 38

Accommodation and food services ................ 76 24 58 42

Other services ................................................... 80 20 64 36

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 78 22 62 38

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 78 22 63 37

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 77 23 60 40

100 workers or more .............................................. 79 21 70 30

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 78 22 65 35

500 workers or more .......................................... 81 19 76 24

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 81 19 71 29

New England ..................................................... 78 22 72 28

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 81 19 71 29

South ..................................................................... 77 23 63 37

South Atlantic .................................................... 77 23 63 37

East South Central ............................................ 77 23 64 36

West South Central ........................................... 77 23 61 39

Midwest ................................................................. 78 22 69 31

East North Central ............................................. 78 22 70 30

West North Central ............................................ 79 21 67 33

West ...................................................................... 80 20 66 34

Mountain ............................................................ 78 22 65 35

Pacific ................................................................ 81 19 66 34

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 10. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid

by employer and employee, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

All workers ............................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Professional and related .................................... 0.5 0.5 1.1 1.1

Service ................................................................... 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.7

Protective service .............................................. 2.6 2.6 5.6 5.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Sales and related ............................................... 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

Production ......................................................... 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

Transportation and material moving .................. 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.8

Union ..................................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Construction ...................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5

Manufacturing .................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7

Wholesale trade ............................................. 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.2

Retail trade .................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9

Transportation and warehousing ................... 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6

Utilities ........................................................... 0.7 0.7 1.7 1.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 10. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid

by employer and employee, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

Information ......................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Financial activities ............................................. 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

Credit intermediation and related activities 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0

Professional and business services .................. 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1

Professional and technical services .............. 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.6

Administrative and waste services ................ 0.9 0.9 1.7 1.7

Education and health services ........................... 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.3

Educational services ...................................... 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.5

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 1.8 1.8 2.9 2.9

Accommodation and food services ................ 1.8 1.8 2.7 2.7

Other services ................................................... 1.5 1.5 2.8 2.8

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.3

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7

New England ..................................................... 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0

South ..................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.4 0.4 1.3 1.3

East South Central ............................................ 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.4

West South Central ........................................... 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9

Midwest ................................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9

East North Central ............................................. 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2

West North Central ............................................ 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.3

West ...................................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9

Mountain ............................................................ 1.3 1.3 2.1 2.1

Pacific ................................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms"

at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 11. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with single coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. 100 $440.88 14 $566.44 86 $421.04 $135.80

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 100 450.11 13 556.38 87 433.69 131.79

Management, business, and financial ............... 100 433.70 10 522.47 90 423.60 133.20

Professional and related .................................... 100 460.59 15 570.74 85 440.54 130.83

Service ................................................................... 100 415.11 13 540.54 87 396.57 134.76

Protective service .............................................. 100 387.40 – – – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 100 433.06 11 558.56 89 418.14 137.09

Sales and related ............................................... 100 421.52 7 600.56 93 407.15 134.11

Office and administrative support ...................... 100 438.19 12 547.03 88 423.29 138.49

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 100 442.94 21 575.59 79 408.41 144.12

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 100 445.35 28 595.59 72 386.53 152.69

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 100 440.91 14 542.66 86 423.85 138.08

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 100 447.72 15 598.77 85 421.84 138.44

Production ......................................................... 100 439.00 14 534.80 86 423.32 134.92

Transportation and material moving .................. 100 457.51 15 665.04 85 420.16 142.44

Full time ................................................................. 100 441.34 13 557.68 87 423.18 135.45

Part time ................................................................ 100 433.43 16 686.54 84 385.53 141.63

Union ..................................................................... 100 543.80 36 639.54 64 490.46 126.54

Nonunion ............................................................... 100 424.64 10 525.77 90 413.21 136.84

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 100 406.07 9 602.50 91 386.91 142.19

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 100 429.54 14 618.19 86 398.51 151.78

Second 25 percent ............................................ 100 429.13 12 547.14 88 413.04 137.73

Third 25 percent ................................................ 100 443.21 15 563.88 85 422.14 137.58

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 100 460.32 16 572.09 84 439.81 130.14

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 100 456.11 15 546.27 85 440.48 126.82

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 100 444.24 16 540.84 84 425.49 134.66

Construction ...................................................... 100 441.01 27 584.33 73 389.87 154.65

Manufacturing .................................................... 100 445.23 13 510.94 87 435.44 128.61

Service-providing industries .................................. 100 439.87 13 576.16 87 419.76 136.13

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 100 447.06 14 644.28 86 415.27 141.70

Wholesale trade ............................................. 100 430.11 14 552.76 86 410.81 139.65

Retail trade .................................................... 100 427.55 12 708.98 88 388.58 157.21

Transportation and warehousing ................... 100 479.76 16 661.49 84 444.86 126.37

Utilities ........................................................... 100 536.37 18 541.78 82 535.21 94.30

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 11. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with single coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

Information ......................................................... 100 $439.50 12 $521.11 88 $427.87 $124.56

Financial activities ............................................. 100 419.56 9 561.82 91 405.60 123.24

Finance and insurance .................................. 100 409.85 7 512.78 93 402.49 119.30

Credit intermediation and related activities 100 405.25 5 482.51 95 401.25 119.23

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 100 417.90 9 528.79 91 407.41 118.97

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 100 463.79 19 639.52 81 422.01 143.97

Professional and business services .................. 100 410.40 15 516.43 85 392.03 138.27

Professional and technical services .............. 100 428.65 21 521.77 79 403.84 134.40

Administrative and waste services ................ 100 391.19 9 505.30 91 379.99 145.18

Education and health services ........................... 100 468.27 9 583.07 91 456.62 134.01

Educational services ...................................... 100 480.77 7 705.03 93 464.57 138.82

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 100 500.59 5 689.85 95 491.23 141.79

Health care and social assistance ................. 100 466.14 10 568.57 90 455.23 133.16

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 100 414.38 16 493.57 84 398.85 138.37

Accommodation and food services ................ 100 411.65 12 518.11 88 397.34 139.44

Other services ................................................... 100 478.81 28 647.38 72 412.06 158.79

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 100 434.19 16 554.11 84 411.73 143.44

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 100 436.45 17 557.63 83 411.20 142.19

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 100 428.99 12 542.82 88 412.89 146.15

100 workers or more .............................................. 100 445.80 12 578.30 88 427.61 130.41

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 100 442.12 12 610.43 88 419.73 135.36

500 workers or more .......................................... 100 450.66 12 538.56 88 438.09 123.83

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 100 473.54 15 586.76 85 454.13 130.44

New England ..................................................... 100 460.52 12 623.84 88 438.86 143.32

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 100 477.70 15 577.85 85 459.23 126.14

South ..................................................................... 100 420.92 11 532.29 89 407.59 139.06

South Atlantic .................................................... 100 426.73 11 544.35 89 411.94 143.28

East South Central ............................................ 100 422.78 12 542.41 88 406.22 140.89

West South Central ........................................... 100 410.56 9 502.32 91 401.22 131.46

Midwest ................................................................. 100 440.79 14 612.00 86 413.09 139.63

East North Central ............................................. 100 445.07 14 634.51 86 414.35 141.67

West North Central ............................................ 100 431.14 14 560.94 86 410.27 135.04

West ...................................................................... 100 443.31 17 546.74 83 422.49 131.39

Mountain ............................................................ 100 420.60 14 553.85 86 398.22 140.16

Pacific ................................................................ 100 453.69 18 544.12 82 434.05 127.22

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above

and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 11. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. $3.32 0.7 $8.08 0.7 $3.66 $1.26

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 4.54 1.1 10.96 1.1 5.02 2.03

Management, business, and financial ............... 8.23 0.9 22.25 0.9 7.64 2.34

Professional and related .................................... 4.73 1.6 14.96 1.6 5.74 2.78

Service ................................................................... 10.29 2.1 22.39 2.1 11.06 5.86

Protective service .............................................. 23.29 – – – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 3.42 0.9 18.74 0.9 3.21 2.29

Sales and related ............................................... 4.94 1.0 27.92 1.0 4.99 3.00

Office and administrative support ...................... 3.82 1.1 19.82 1.1 3.86 3.67

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 9.17 2.2 18.23 2.2 8.21 3.64

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 14.90 3.9 23.23 3.9 13.27 6.07

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 8.94 1.9 24.00 1.9 8.48 4.30

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 6.71 1.3 19.12 1.3 7.28 2.42

Production ......................................................... 9.18 1.6 16.83 1.6 10.31 2.57

Transportation and material moving .................. 7.73 2.1 26.86 2.1 7.15 4.10

Full time ................................................................. 3.44 0.7 8.47 0.7 3.63 1.18

Part time ................................................................ 14.96 2.0 27.30 2.0 14.66 9.33

Union ..................................................................... 7.14 2.6 16.97 2.6 7.17 3.53

Nonunion ............................................................... 3.42 0.6 9.93 0.6 3.80 1.44

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 8.83 1.3 24.62 1.3 9.40 5.24

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 15.78 3.6 44.63 3.6 19.26 7.08

Second 25 percent ............................................ 4.35 0.9 19.95 0.9 3.95 2.69

Third 25 percent ................................................ 5.22 1.0 11.97 1.0 5.71 2.55

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 4.64 1.0 10.69 1.0 4.67 2.10

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 6.05 1.4 11.89 1.4 6.11 2.84

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 7.17 1.2 13.09 1.2 7.24 1.89

Construction ...................................................... 12.38 3.3 20.78 3.3 11.39 5.55

Manufacturing .................................................... 6.62 1.2 15.46 1.2 7.46 2.16

Service-providing industries .................................. 3.74 0.7 9.76 0.7 4.18 1.58

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 5.79 1.3 15.69 1.3 4.79 3.06

Wholesale trade ............................................. 7.05 2.1 30.20 2.1 7.13 3.87

Retail trade .................................................... 7.48 1.1 25.48 1.1 5.75 4.41

Transportation and warehousing ................... 10.91 2.8 33.17 2.8 12.31 5.41

Utilities ........................................................... 15.13 2.5 20.78 2.5 16.58 7.04

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 11. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

Information ......................................................... $7.93 2.0 $21.20 2.0 $7.57 $2.55

Financial activities ............................................. 5.83 1.3 23.88 1.3 4.72 1.80

Finance and insurance .................................. 2.67 0.6 24.94 0.6 3.44 1.32

Credit intermediation and related activities 3.86 0.7 24.74 0.7 3.96 2.63

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 4.59 1.3 39.15 1.3 5.13 2.21

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 25.10 5.2 62.49 5.2 20.98 8.91

Professional and business services .................. 7.16 2.2 14.74 2.2 8.83 3.11

Professional and technical services .............. 8.72 3.7 26.04 3.7 11.59 4.84

Administrative and waste services ................ 11.85 2.3 59.39 2.3 11.90 3.98

Education and health services ........................... 8.18 1.6 14.92 1.6 8.92 4.64

Educational services ...................................... 8.92 1.5 44.16 1.5 8.76 6.05

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 5.09 1.5 29.14 1.5 5.03 3.63

Health care and social assistance ................. 9.44 1.9 15.13 1.9 10.28 5.30

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 14.86 3.8 12.38 3.8 19.10 8.55

Accommodation and food services ................ 17.70 2.5 26.07 2.5 21.99 9.45

Other services ................................................... 20.50 3.3 62.16 3.3 17.86 12.50

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 4.76 1.1 14.83 1.1 5.60 2.31

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5.43 1.3 16.98 1.3 5.94 2.78

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 7.99 1.9 20.46 1.9 8.55 3.77

100 workers or more .............................................. 3.70 0.9 10.26 0.9 3.71 1.70

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 4.74 1.0 14.10 1.0 4.69 2.52

500 workers or more .......................................... 6.02 1.4 14.97 1.4 6.09 2.13

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 4.59 1.5 14.91 1.5 4.79 2.62

New England ..................................................... 9.17 2.2 31.96 2.2 9.66 4.77

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 5.14 1.7 17.40 1.7 5.61 2.63

South ..................................................................... 5.40 0.8 12.28 0.8 5.76 2.20

South Atlantic .................................................... 7.11 1.1 17.50 1.1 7.78 3.35

East South Central ............................................ 6.17 1.4 38.15 1.4 4.18 5.28

West South Central ........................................... 11.95 1.6 13.53 1.6 12.40 3.37

Midwest ................................................................. 7.88 1.3 15.01 1.3 9.54 2.54

East North Central ............................................. 10.33 1.4 21.42 1.4 13.33 3.39

West North Central ............................................ 11.35 2.6 15.01 2.6 7.86 3.07

West ...................................................................... 7.68 1.8 19.51 1.8 7.97 2.69

Mountain ............................................................ 18.42 2.7 32.25 2.7 13.66 4.40

Pacific ................................................................ 7.34 2.4 24.10 2.4 9.18 3.22

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with

earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 12. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

All workers ............................................................. 73 16 10 1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 73 16 11 1

Management, business, and financial ............... 75 16 8 1

Professional and related .................................... 71 16 12 1

Service ................................................................... 80 14 – –

Protective service .............................................. 87 7 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 66 24 9 1

Sales and related ............................................... 58 32 9 1

Office and administrative support ...................... 70 21 9 3 ( )

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 76 10 14 1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 79 8 11 2

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 73 – 15 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 75 13 12 3 ( )

Production ......................................................... 80 12 7 1

Transportation and material moving .................. 69 – 18 –

Full time ................................................................. 73 16 10 1

Part time ................................................................ 74 16 – –

Union ..................................................................... 76 7 16 2

Nonunion ............................................................... 72 17 10 1

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 81 13 5 1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 84 11 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 70 20 10 3 ( )

Third 25 percent ................................................ 74 15 11 3 ( )

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 71 16 12 1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 71 17 11 1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 78 12 10 1

Construction ...................................................... 81 7 11 1

Manufacturing .................................................... 78 13 9 1

Service-providing industries .................................. 71 18 10 1

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 61 23 15 1

Wholesale trade ............................................. 77 – 13 –

Retail trade .................................................... 51 39 – –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 58 – 26 –

Utilities ........................................................... 76 5 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 12. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

Information ......................................................... 80 – 14 –

Financial activities ............................................. 62 28 9 1

Finance and insurance .................................. 57 32 9 1

Credit intermediation and related activities 59 35 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 58 26 13 3

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 86 6 – –

Professional and business services .................. 80 12 – –

Professional and technical services .............. 78 15 – –

Administrative and waste services ................ 91 – 6 –

Education and health services ........................... 74 17 – –

Educational services ...................................... 81 16 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 72 27 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 73 17 – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 79 14 – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 79 15 – –

Other services ................................................... 78 – 14 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 75 15 10 1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 73 16 10 3 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 77 11 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 71 18 10 1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 77 15 8 1

500 workers or more .......................................... 64 22 13 1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 73 17 9 1

New England ..................................................... 78 12 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 71 19 9 1

South ..................................................................... 74 17 9 1

South Atlantic .................................................... 75 17 – –

East South Central ............................................ 76 13 – –

West South Central ........................................... 72 18 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 72 15 12 1

East North Central ............................................. 73 14 – –

West North Central ............................................ 70 16 12 2

West ...................................................................... 71 17 12 1

Mountain ............................................................ 65 23 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 74 14 – –

1 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 2 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 3 Less than 0.5. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category

or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 12. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, private industry workers, 

March 2018

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

All workers ............................................................. 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.3

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.5 1.5 1.0 0.3

Professional and related .................................... 1.9 1.4 1.3 0.3

Service ................................................................... 2.5 2.1 – –

Protective service .............................................. 3.5 2.3 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.1

Sales and related ............................................... 2.4 2.1 1.2 0.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.8 1.5 0.7 0.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.1 1.2 1.7 0.4

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.0 2.0 2.2 0.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.5 – 2.4 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.8 1.3 1.3 0.2

Production ......................................................... 2.3 2.0 1.1 0.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.3 – 2.4 –

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.1

Part time ................................................................ 2.9 2.0 – –

Union ..................................................................... 2.6 1.1 2.3 0.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.1

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3.1 2.8 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 1.3 1.2 0.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.9 1.7 1.4 0.4

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.2 1.6 1.2 0.2

Construction ...................................................... 2.5 1.6 2.3 0.3

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.4 2.2 1.4 0.3

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.8 1.7 1.8 0.3

Wholesale trade ............................................. 3.8 – 2.5 –

Retail trade .................................................... 3.1 2.3 – –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 4.0 – 4.7 –

Utilities ........................................................... 5.8 2.6 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 12. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

Information ......................................................... 2.5 – 2.4 –

Financial activities ............................................. 2.1 2.0 1.3 0.3

Finance and insurance .................................. 2.0 2.1 1.3 0.3

Credit intermediation and related activities 3.0 3.1 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 3.0 3.1 2.3 0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 4.4 1.8 – –

Professional and business services .................. 2.4 2.7 – –

Professional and technical services .............. 3.7 3.8 – –

Administrative and waste services ................ 2.5 – 2.1 –

Education and health services ........................... 2.9 2.6 – –

Educational services ...................................... 2.1 1.7 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.4 2.4 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.3 2.9 – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 3.9 2.9 – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 4.4 2.9 – –

Other services ................................................... 4.9 – 4.2 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.0 1.9 1.2 0.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.8 1.7 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.9 1.6 1.1 0.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.1 1.9 1.4 0.1

New England ..................................................... 3.3 2.3 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.8 2.7 1.6 0.1

South ..................................................................... 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.2

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.2 2.3 – –

East South Central ............................................ 4.3 3.4 – –

West South Central ........................................... 2.4 1.7 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.9 1.1 1.2 0.3

East North Central ............................................. 2.7 1.2 – –

West North Central ............................................ 1.7 2.3 1.1 0.6

West ...................................................................... 2.3 2.0 1.5 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 4.5 3.0 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 2.6 2.6 – –

1 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 2 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 13. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with family coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. 100 $1,069.16 7 $1,480.03 93 $1,037.19 $564.99

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 100 1,088.91 6 1,394.99 94 1,070.75 554.19

Management, business, and financial ............... 100 1,084.23 4 1,378.48 96 1,073.28 528.77

Professional and related .................................... 100 1,091.86 7 1,400.44 93 1,069.10 570.82

Service ................................................................... 100 925.47 7 1,457.94 93 882.22 633.12

Protective service .............................................. 100 985.77 – – – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 100 1,033.83 4 1,420.07 96 1,017.84 572.77

Sales and related ............................................... 100 998.47 3 1,403.88 97 985.11 565.17

Office and administrative support ...................... 100 1,049.67 4 1,425.41 96 1,032.67 576.22

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 100 1,077.61 14 1,511.59 86 1,008.31 588.35

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 100 1,054.86 22 1,591.24 78 904.16 620.61

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 100 1,096.11 7 1,312.33 93 1,079.51 566.29

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 100 1,157.94 11 1,581.24 89 1,106.65 521.87

Production ......................................................... 100 1,166.57 11 1,530.79 89 1,121.23 494.96

Transportation and material moving .................. 100 1,148.36 11 1,640.20 89 1,090.57 551.55

Full time ................................................................. 100 1,077.03 7 1,476.32 93 1,047.28 559.60

Part time ................................................................ 100 943.19 12 1,514.94 88 866.70 656.19

Union ..................................................................... 100 1,395.68 32 1,584.27 68 1,306.85 432.49

Nonunion ............................................................... 100 1,018.19 3 1,324.45 97 1,007.58 579.54

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 100 893.18 5 1,452.15 95 863.94 648.43

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 100 951.99 5 1,518.68 95 918.30 612.51

Second 25 percent ............................................ 100 1,017.77 5 1,385.94 95 997.49 582.77

Third 25 percent ................................................ 100 1,080.67 8 1,472.22 92 1,046.43 573.10

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 100 1,160.83 9 1,533.15 91 1,125.04 512.34

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 100 1,159.27 8 1,459.25 92 1,133.85 488.27

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 100 1,151.99 11 1,523.24 89 1,107.04 497.34

Construction ...................................................... 100 1,020.75 19 1,582.74 81 891.41 632.44

Manufacturing .................................................... 100 1,195.09 9 1,476.65 91 1,168.77 457.44

Service-providing industries .................................. 100 1,044.33 6 1,457.28 94 1,017.29 584.27

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 100 1,070.74 9 1,531.43 91 1,027.60 578.78

Wholesale trade ............................................. 100 1,058.70 7 1,301.09 93 1,040.55 547.95

Retail trade .................................................... 100 931.19 7 1,482.23 93 891.14 660.82

Transportation and warehousing ................... 100 1,231.70 12 1,677.78 88 1,168.71 509.14

Utilities ........................................................... 100 1,442.07 – – – – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 13. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with family coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

Information ......................................................... 100 $1,208.47 10 $1,398.67 90 $1,186.96 $437.84

Financial activities ............................................. 100 1,084.10 3 1,482.22 97 1,072.42 479.47

Finance and insurance .................................. 100 1,089.23 2 1,435.46 98 1,081.29 452.10

Credit intermediation and related activities 100 1,039.05 1 1,299.43 99 1,036.30 467.76

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 100 1,141.54 3 1,465.17 97 1,130.59 440.23

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 100 1,060.18 – – – – –

Professional and business services .................. 100 972.82 3 1,273.64 97 962.20 575.82

Professional and technical services .............. 100 974.20 4 1,180.35 96 964.61 587.59

Administrative and waste services ................ 100 913.89 2 1,597.55 98 897.79 609.80

Education and health services ........................... 100 1,053.33 5 1,523.81 95 1,028.52 649.70

Educational services ...................................... 100 1,147.76 3 1,657.18 97 1,134.37 583.55

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 100 1,259.10 2 1,686.19 98 1,248.60 545.64

Health care and social assistance ................. 100 1,037.00 5 1,512.93 95 1,009.64 661.49

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 100 937.34 – – – – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 100 900.05 7 1,488.76 93 855.18 663.78

Other services ................................................... 100 1,081.60 – – – – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 100 989.01 7 1,388.99 93 959.36 629.35

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 100 991.48 8 1,367.81 92 960.47 613.39

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 100 983.30 5 1,459.87 95 956.87 665.24

100 workers or more .............................................. 100 1,126.31 7 1,540.17 93 1,093.01 518.84

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 100 1,047.86 6 1,585.98 94 1,015.02 580.63

500 workers or more .......................................... 100 1,228.88 10 1,504.53 90 1,199.38 434.56

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 100 1,171.90 9 1,474.52 91 1,142.73 505.54

New England ..................................................... 100 1,185.79 7 1,444.37 93 1,166.10 500.27

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 100 1,167.39 9 1,481.93 91 1,134.96 507.29

South ..................................................................... 100 1,010.06 4 1,526.52 96 987.33 605.87

South Atlantic .................................................... 100 1,019.92 5 1,525.12 95 992.68 615.02

East South Central ............................................ 100 1,032.25 5 1,586.38 95 1,004.73 572.79

West South Central ........................................... 100 983.76 3 1,478.79 97 970.97 606.47

Midwest ................................................................. 100 1,101.32 9 1,503.48 91 1,061.82 541.53

East North Central ............................................. 100 1,123.03 10 1,493.52 90 1,081.77 534.17

West North Central ............................................ 100 1,053.79 7 1,536.62 93 1,019.73 557.07

West ...................................................................... 100 1,041.32 9 1,428.81 91 1,004.75 573.19

Mountain ............................................................ 100 1,016.18 8 1,437.08 92 982.00 583.48

Pacific ................................................................ 100 1,053.04 9 1,425.64 91 1,015.54 568.31

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above

and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 13. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. $9.20 0.5 $19.89 0.5 $9.51 $6.70

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 14.73 0.8 30.55 0.8 15.08 13.85

Management, business, and financial ............... 15.45 0.6 33.29 0.6 15.59 12.02

Professional and related .................................... 19.31 1.2 38.50 1.2 20.12 18.51

Service ................................................................... 31.20 1.7 41.60 1.7 28.73 24.99

Protective service .............................................. 90.09 – – – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 10.28 0.5 36.93 0.5 11.10 8.81

Sales and related ............................................... 14.98 0.6 46.65 0.6 15.33 13.09

Office and administrative support ...................... 12.04 0.7 45.60 0.7 12.83 12.65

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 23.42 1.7 44.50 1.7 23.47 14.71

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 41.13 3.3 39.09 3.3 39.03 26.20

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 22.56 1.2 101.91 1.2 23.50 16.90

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 17.46 1.2 32.97 1.2 19.30 7.93

Production ......................................................... 22.08 1.6 37.35 1.6 23.02 10.28

Transportation and material moving .................. 21.32 1.7 60.72 1.7 24.23 12.73

Full time ................................................................. 9.11 0.5 22.11 0.5 9.46 6.45

Part time ................................................................ 40.40 1.5 26.18 1.5 38.71 30.93

Union ..................................................................... 14.25 2.5 26.53 2.5 20.33 13.98

Nonunion ............................................................... 10.12 0.3 31.08 0.3 10.10 7.39

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 30.58 1.1 19.44 1.1 28.93 19.83

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 30.37 1.2 87.72 1.2 32.73 32.87

Second 25 percent ............................................ 13.40 0.7 35.02 0.7 14.04 14.39

Third 25 percent ................................................ 15.84 0.9 30.62 0.9 15.43 9.30

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 12.21 0.9 25.39 0.9 12.23 10.99

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 14.05 1.0 32.46 1.0 14.31 12.91

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 15.45 1.1 25.86 1.1 14.98 6.99

Construction ...................................................... 30.51 2.9 46.21 2.9 29.86 15.60

Manufacturing .................................................... 15.76 1.3 33.94 1.3 15.38 7.80

Service-providing industries .................................. 10.81 0.5 25.92 0.5 11.36 8.42

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 15.12 1.1 33.16 1.1 14.91 9.31

Wholesale trade ............................................. 16.08 1.8 57.12 1.8 16.81 15.62

Retail trade .................................................... 20.97 0.8 41.93 0.8 22.21 11.73

Transportation and warehousing ................... 33.77 2.6 75.78 2.6 38.57 25.15

Utilities ........................................................... 39.46 – – – – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 13. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

Information ......................................................... $17.06 2.2 $41.44 2.2 $16.91 $9.27

Financial activities ............................................. 14.51 0.9 41.85 0.9 13.86 10.85

Finance and insurance .................................. 9.20 0.4 88.37 0.4 9.63 6.87

Credit intermediation and related activities 9.79 0.4 40.16 0.4 9.58 12.23

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 13.81 0.7 108.65 0.7 14.29 7.43

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 69.98 – – – – –

Professional and business services .................. 23.48 0.7 58.25 0.7 23.72 15.52

Professional and technical services .............. 29.30 1.1 71.82 1.1 28.81 25.76

Administrative and waste services ................ 33.48 0.9 72.32 0.9 33.52 36.24

Education and health services ........................... 28.00 1.5 60.34 1.5 29.75 26.94

Educational services ...................................... 33.66 0.7 72.28 0.7 35.26 18.97

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 26.30 0.5 82.34 0.5 25.94 12.21

Health care and social assistance ................. 31.48 1.7 63.36 1.7 33.23 30.69

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 61.43 – – – – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 60.58 1.7 89.06 1.7 64.49 37.26

Other services ................................................... 82.10 – – – – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 13.18 0.6 28.86 0.6 12.93 12.57

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 16.19 0.9 33.35 0.9 15.42 13.73

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 20.43 0.7 61.71 0.7 21.75 25.44

100 workers or more .............................................. 10.57 0.7 25.90 0.7 11.07 7.72

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 14.90 0.7 30.82 0.7 14.74 10.76

500 workers or more .......................................... 13.84 1.3 34.88 1.3 15.45 7.98

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 16.80 1.4 30.99 1.4 20.98 17.61

New England ..................................................... 25.36 1.6 92.84 1.6 26.70 18.00

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 19.90 1.6 28.82 1.6 26.33 21.88

South ..................................................................... 15.60 0.7 54.51 0.7 15.56 11.36

South Atlantic .................................................... 22.00 1.2 83.54 1.2 23.33 15.20

East South Central ............................................ 16.08 1.6 30.14 1.6 13.25 17.09

West South Central ........................................... 31.75 0.7 63.19 0.7 29.11 23.53

Midwest ................................................................. 19.91 1.1 31.85 1.1 20.56 15.02

East North Central ............................................. 25.90 1.4 36.17 1.4 27.31 20.50

West North Central ............................................ 29.24 1.5 63.10 1.5 27.56 17.49

West ...................................................................... 21.04 1.0 40.33 1.0 19.90 10.82

Mountain ............................................................ 43.72 2.0 74.07 2.0 41.34 18.50

Pacific ................................................................ 23.45 1.1 49.33 1.1 21.82 13.35

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with

earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 14. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

All workers ............................................................. 73 16 11 1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 73 16 10 1

Management, business, and financial ............... 74 17 8 1

Professional and related .................................... 73 15 11 1

Service ................................................................... 80 14 6 3 ( )

Protective service .............................................. 88 7 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 65 24 10 3 ( )

Sales and related ............................................... 57 32 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 69 20 10 3 ( )

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 74 10 15 1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 78 8 12 1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 71 – 17 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 75 – 13 –

Production ......................................................... 80 12 – –

Transportation and material moving .................. 69 – 18 –

Full time ................................................................. 72 16 11 1

Part time ................................................................ 75 16 – –

Union ..................................................................... 76 6 15 2

Nonunion ............................................................... 72 17 10 1

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 82 13 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 86 10 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 69 20 11 3 ( )

Third 25 percent ................................................ 73 15 12 1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 71 16 12 1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 71 17 10 1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 78 11 10 3 ( )

Construction ...................................................... 80 – 13 –

Manufacturing .................................................... 79 12 9 3 ( )

Service-providing industries .................................. 71 18 11 1

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 61 23 – –

Wholesale trade ............................................. 76 – 14 –

Retail trade .................................................... 52 39 – –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 57 – 26 –

Utilities ........................................................... 78 6 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 14. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

Information ......................................................... 77 – 14 –

Financial activities ............................................. 63 27 9 1

Finance and insurance .................................. 58 31 9 1

Credit intermediation and related activities 60 34 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 60 25 12 2

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 86 6 – –

Professional and business services .................. 79 12 – –

Professional and technical services .............. 79 13 – –

Administrative and waste services ................ 89 – 7 –

Education and health services ........................... 74 16 9 1

Educational services ...................................... 79 17 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 71 26 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 73 16 – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 79 16 – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 78 16 – –

Other services ................................................... 78 7 15 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 74 14 11 1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 72 16 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 78 10 12 1

100 workers or more .............................................. 72 18 10 1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 77 14 8 1

500 workers or more .......................................... 64 22 13 1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 74 16 9 1

New England ..................................................... 79 12 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 72 17 9 2

South ..................................................................... 74 16 9 3 ( )

South Atlantic .................................................... 76 17 – –

East South Central ............................................ 77 13 – –

West South Central ........................................... 71 18 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 72 15 13 1

East North Central ............................................. 72 15 – –

West North Central ............................................ 70 15 13 1

West ...................................................................... 70 17 12 1

Mountain ............................................................ 62 25 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 73 14 – –

1 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 2 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 3 Less than 0.5. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category

or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 14. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, private industry workers, 

March 2018

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.2

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.5 1.7 1.0 0.3

Professional and related .................................... 1.8 1.4 1.2 0.2

Service ................................................................... 2.6 1.9 1.2 0.1

Protective service .............................................. 3.3 2.2 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.2

Sales and related ............................................... 2.7 2.2 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.8 1.4 1.0 0.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.4 1.3 2.0 0.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.1 1.9 2.2 0.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.0 – 2.7 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.8 – 1.2 –

Production ......................................................... 2.2 1.8 – –

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.5 – 2.3 –

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.2

Part time ................................................................ 2.8 2.0 – –

Union ..................................................................... 2.8 1.1 2.3 1.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.1

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.7 1.2 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3.2 2.6 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 1.3 1.1 0.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.9 1.8 1.1 0.4

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.0 1.6 1.1 4 ( )

Construction ...................................................... 2.7 – 2.5 –

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.2 2.1 1.3 4 ( )

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 2.0 1.7 – –

Wholesale trade ............................................. 4.0 – 2.8 –

Retail trade .................................................... 2.8 2.2 – –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 4.4 – 4.5 –

Utilities ........................................................... 5.0 2.6 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 14. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

Information ......................................................... 2.7 – 2.4 –

Financial activities ............................................. 2.1 1.9 1.2 0.3

Finance and insurance .................................. 2.0 2.0 1.3 0.4

Credit intermediation and related activities 3.0 3.1 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 3.0 3.0 2.2 0.8

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 4.2 1.6 – –

Professional and business services .................. 2.5 2.6 – –

Professional and technical services .............. 3.5 3.5 – –

Administrative and waste services ................ 2.7 – 2.5 –

Education and health services ........................... 2.8 2.3 1.7 0.3

Educational services ...................................... 2.2 1.7 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.7 2.3 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.2 2.6 – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 4.0 2.7 – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 5.1 3.0 – –

Other services ................................................... 3.9 2.6 3.6 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.8 1.8 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.8 1.6 2.3 0.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.9 1.6 1.1 0.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.1 1.5 1.2 0.6

New England ..................................................... 2.7 1.8 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.7 2.1 1.3 0.8

South ..................................................................... 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.2

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.1 2.1 – –

East South Central ............................................ 4.2 3.1 – –

West South Central ........................................... 2.5 1.5 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.8 1.1 1.1 0.2

East North Central ............................................. 2.5 1.3 – –

West North Central ............................................ 2.0 2.1 1.2 0.4

West ...................................................................... 2.2 2.1 1.4 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 2.6 2.6 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 2.9 2.8 – –

1 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 2 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 4 Less than 0.05.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 15. Medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage, private industry workers, 

March 2018

(Includes workers participating in medical care benefits with flat dollar amount contributory coverage)

Characteristics

Single coverage1 Family coverage1

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $45.88 $77.00 $120.54 $169.23 $236.49 $200.00 $311.47 $461.03 $738.39 $1089.57

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 45.60 75.18 118.66 169.17 233.66 194.26 312.54 454.82 721.40 1101.92

Management, business, and financial ............... 46.72 79.28 121.35 171.29 230.20 190.04 324.95 438.05 666.50 1023.37

Professional and related .................................... 43.80 71.72 114.65 167.40 238.55 198.06 309.00 460.36 775.08 1130.40

Service ................................................................... 36.02 75.61 118.33 166.84 236.49 216.67 354.20 539.41 867.12 1155.56

Protective service .............................................. – – 123.27 144.91 – 137.89 – 472.90 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 46.72 76.00 124.96 167.80 236.24 215.72 333.43 481.50 748.13 1056.37

Sales and related ............................................... 52.92 84.73 124.96 166.54 215.00 211.79 320.78 475.27 658.92 1001.45

Office and administrative support ...................... 45.65 74.93 125.00 170.28 248.83 219.75 337.24 487.31 769.82 1088.55

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 48.96 80.95 124.75 174.33 238.99 215.04 304.22 465.36 732.51 1093.83

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 48.96 81.39 124.24 189.67 257.03 241.53 323.09 493.05 805.65 1085.27

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 49.03 80.89 124.75 161.75 220.02 200.74 297.90 440.11 690.46 1099.15

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 49.00 81.40 119.40 170.00 241.03 179.57 285.08 393.57 651.41 1017.22

Production ......................................................... 45.30 73.84 118.58 167.03 251.05 163.23 264.00 375.64 613.12 995.96

Transportation and material moving .................. 60.00 92.19 120.78 172.12 233.66 208.67 307.75 420.46 685.80 1031.75

Full time ................................................................. 46.19 77.18 120.70 167.91 234.09 198.08 307.98 458.42 729.28 1084.11

Part time ................................................................ – – 116.73 197.71 302.25 270.14 366.95 544.42 783.00 1284.85

Union ..................................................................... 44.12 73.67 116.73 157.91 208.50 179.00 255.52 366.95 516.68 757.92

Nonunion ............................................................... 46.06 77.86 120.99 170.64 239.81 203.78 323.04 476.67 763.29 1106.72

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 48.90 89.28 123.27 178.81 252.67 244.57 372.87 547.10 867.12 1224.29

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 66.21 99.75 127.49 191.32 259.77 213.55 365.64 533.39 836.64 1205.89

Second 25 percent ............................................ 47.38 74.93 117.99 162.33 241.83 206.33 306.61 461.00 769.82 1131.27

Third 25 percent ................................................ 45.50 78.78 122.12 170.72 234.98 205.83 319.30 477.97 722.77 1093.83

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 45.50 73.62 119.13 168.00 230.20 185.16 292.17 433.33 648.71 984.86

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 45.75 72.92 116.73 166.92 225.23 179.59 285.72 426.90 606.38 916.38

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 44.98 73.65 115.67 167.66 234.09 174.08 279.32 391.23 629.53 946.19

Construction ...................................................... 45.50 87.84 130.00 184.12 260.00 247.78 342.27 502.98 812.71 1042.45

Manufacturing .................................................... 44.29 73.25 112.88 162.04 230.15 155.59 258.16 366.93 577.15 891.02

Service-providing industries .................................. 46.01 79.66 121.66 170.46 236.82 208.37 337.42 483.86 775.08 1112.00

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 48.53 82.39 121.33 169.28 226.20 207.65 312.76 465.19 723.53 1042.68

Wholesale trade ............................................. 53.40 83.41 124.16 172.28 215.00 210.17 308.42 469.52 687.14 1020.44

Retail trade .................................................... 56.04 90.66 128.37 176.16 270.00 224.16 360.00 521.13 834.56 1215.50

Transportation and warehousing ................... 48.53 80.55 116.73 155.51 216.70 198.00 294.33 411.08 651.41 976.50

Utilities ........................................................... – 54.80 83.27 124.39 199.00 140.23 255.26 349.69 447.48 737.85

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 15. Medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage, private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

(Includes workers participating in medical care benefits with flat dollar amount contributory coverage)

Characteristics

Single coverage1 Family coverage1

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Information ......................................................... $48.12 $72.52 $123.90 $154.74 $182.08 $219.75 $290.94 $394.68 $548.33 $646.27

Financial activities ............................................. 53.96 72.97 122.80 144.36 196.83 211.79 340.58 442.16 585.00 829.59

Finance and insurance .................................. 50.00 66.19 117.65 139.67 184.67 204.00 320.13 427.12 524.22 739.59

Credit intermediation and related activities 52.35 65.55 120.46 139.67 186.01 211.79 336.58 456.96 556.00 753.51

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 44.22 64.63 117.11 142.30 181.50 189.93 304.70 403.89 499.68 729.42

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 63.34 91.91 130.00 163.92 277.38 235.00 380.43 528.66 826.00 1024.00

Professional and business services .................. 47.76 87.11 129.57 174.74 233.20 193.33 305.75 467.08 723.31 1122.53

Professional and technical services .............. 45.50 84.00 126.24 165.83 225.44 194.26 306.60 487.31 752.89 1106.72

Administrative and waste services ................ 52.76 101.84 138.82 170.64 237.73 193.77 311.47 491.81 723.31 1265.95

Education and health services ........................... 41.17 71.71 110.60 170.82 264.88 229.54 344.77 553.58 932.18 1255.80

Educational services ...................................... 52.73 79.00 114.65 180.03 245.18 229.54 362.05 543.13 794.00 1033.31

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 49.11 75.00 121.55 185.00 257.00 243.58 352.00 483.29 652.60 967.62

Health care and social assistance ................. 38.55 70.93 109.51 170.82 275.00 228.95 342.03 554.16 971.44 1298.09

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 32.83 – 123.12 184.80 259.77 249.23 460.00 539.27 867.12 1224.29

Accommodation and food services ................ – – 123.53 186.64 259.77 341.39 461.77 656.06 867.12 1231.21

Other services ................................................... 58.00 93.17 127.18 205.46 266.23 186.36 342.68 580.11 851.53 1239.54

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 54.22 90.13 127.76 175.03 247.76 244.68 349.97 515.43 861.81 1209.45

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 54.46 86.67 127.37 172.72 239.81 244.68 342.68 490.89 792.22 1176.90

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 53.93 93.11 128.00 180.00 269.59 243.70 355.85 597.82 949.09 1253.54

100 workers or more .............................................. 40.93 71.26 116.73 164.72 231.00 180.80 282.00 430.00 656.06 971.44

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 42.03 73.37 117.55 168.58 236.17 203.08 324.00 481.50 754.30 1031.73

500 workers or more .......................................... 40.76 67.17 112.00 156.93 217.46 150.00 234.51 365.00 514.68 731.54

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 48.53 77.86 116.73 157.47 223.63 175.70 270.00 393.56 584.00 998.00

New England ..................................................... 47.82 89.15 123.12 174.90 241.03 205.71 317.47 404.58 606.04 948.30

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 48.54 74.93 111.00 151.13 218.93 162.87 262.33 386.83 581.11 998.62

South ..................................................................... 42.00 75.32 123.00 175.03 239.81 204.50 328.10 501.19 850.70 1129.39

South Atlantic .................................................... 40.19 76.00 124.47 179.20 255.81 200.74 333.07 515.43 861.00 1130.40

East South Central ............................................ 44.23 70.52 120.00 178.81 251.39 193.33 307.98 434.00 798.47 1114.49

West South Central ........................................... 46.00 75.76 122.18 170.64 233.23 232.18 340.17 513.68 813.38 1110.81

Midwest ................................................................. 52.83 80.55 124.63 172.90 249.17 196.34 310.64 446.82 690.69 1050.54

East North Central ............................................. 53.14 85.89 126.53 176.50 244.09 203.08 318.50 445.90 679.98 995.96

West North Central ............................................ 52.00 73.62 119.84 167.66 259.77 191.62 282.00 449.68 757.02 1088.55

West ...................................................................... 43.00 75.99 115.93 164.92 222.56 211.72 333.33 485.33 738.39 1051.68

Mountain ............................................................ 47.67 80.45 116.73 191.14 262.11 207.12 326.18 480.29 749.69 1142.05

Pacific ................................................................ 41.76 73.50 114.95 158.01 213.00 212.18 338.00 487.06 738.39 1023.56

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of participating workers pay the

same as or more than the premium shown, and half pay the same as or less than the premium shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers pay the same or less than

the premium shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 15. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage,

private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Single coverage1 Family coverage1

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $1.84 $2.52 $1.27 $2.37 $3.42 $3.39 $7.81 $7.48 $16.80 $25.71

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.72 2.59 3.33 3.78 5.56 5.66 15.74 9.20 36.21 35.22

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.98 3.64 2.79 5.61 6.25 15.68 24.39 10.18 19.45 37.07

Professional and related .................................... 4.12 2.79 3.83 6.85 9.89 5.83 15.73 14.81 49.54 32.20

Service ................................................................... 5.15 13.85 2.31 11.39 11.59 19.00 30.96 40.05 39.67 74.02

Protective service .............................................. – – 9.25 13.66 – 18.76 – 104.81 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 3.18 4.25 1.34 3.66 12.23 4.92 9.87 8.34 23.98 41.50

Sales and related ............................................... 3.65 4.94 2.43 6.15 9.35 11.84 16.63 10.89 13.19 48.65

Office and administrative support ...................... 3.57 3.36 1.87 6.59 15.66 6.01 10.55 11.01 28.09 42.20

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.55 5.95 2.73 5.21 11.58 7.24 25.86 18.77 36.93 63.36

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 0.38 10.76 8.30 10.49 37.49 13.01 30.53 22.75 67.14 121.89

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.77 4.19 3.78 8.28 7.72 3.27 24.29 18.11 30.81 63.51

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.09 4.13 2.33 5.08 10.41 10.14 4.62 10.56 20.89 35.79

Production ......................................................... 4.55 1.33 2.32 4.86 10.76 15.46 12.47 13.88 25.47 50.22

Transportation and material moving .................. 7.77 1.32 5.35 8.29 11.56 11.49 12.22 19.01 24.57 56.61

Full time ................................................................. 1.77 2.15 1.04 2.36 2.63 2.94 5.90 5.85 21.99 30.83

Part time ................................................................ – – 1.79 23.76 20.00 9.00 4.92 57.16 53.98 159.28

Union ..................................................................... 3.49 4.53 1.33 5.07 4.82 17.97 11.51 2.39 17.25 60.00

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.09 2.51 1.33 2.24 5.33 4.16 7.41 7.53 18.87 20.27

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 13.10 5.62 1.87 9.47 23.18 17.07 14.00 39.02 38.20 73.76

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 6.07 6.98 5.08 13.78 18.70 45.83 15.04 23.56 78.14 104.83

Second 25 percent ............................................ 4.23 1.93 1.58 3.82 10.99 7.77 12.15 20.08 39.11 41.56

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.07 3.16 2.07 4.88 5.66 5.47 10.92 11.57 29.90 29.08

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.35 3.22 3.31 3.65 5.58 10.33 10.43 5.74 13.62 34.28

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.82 4.68 6.48 8.78 9.91 8.14 12.61 15.01 39.80 47.43

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.93 1.30 3.89 4.25 3.18 8.91 7.04 10.00 11.13 17.27

Construction ...................................................... 6.36 2.94 2.58 7.91 13.25 11.32 11.96 13.70 37.52 83.22

Manufacturing .................................................... 3.96 1.78 4.57 6.26 9.32 10.39 12.50 19.00 28.18 30.33

Service-providing industries .................................. 2.44 2.69 1.66 3.06 4.32 4.02 6.01 8.30 19.49 28.77

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 4.48 3.17 4.01 4.31 9.33 7.21 16.76 21.90 33.90 30.63

Wholesale trade ............................................. 5.85 3.47 4.27 5.16 4.18 23.10 7.17 30.88 40.87 49.56

Retail trade .................................................... 12.88 4.99 5.82 3.65 21.99 8.35 8.93 14.74 51.19 81.93

Transportation and warehousing ................... 5.14 6.32 3.82 11.12 12.86 4.89 34.74 46.08 55.52 123.43

Utilities ........................................................... – 4.29 7.34 10.42 23.09 16.36 39.47 16.78 92.70 149.21

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 15. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage,

private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Single coverage1 Family coverage1

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Information ......................................................... $7.81 $3.63 $2.00 $5.42 $9.78 $18.38 $14.75 $11.57 $12.37 $25.41

Financial activities ............................................. 1.76 2.07 2.16 5.77 7.67 2.51 7.81 10.75 38.17 45.39

Finance and insurance .................................. 2.62 4.62 2.24 2.07 5.30 3.83 10.83 4.43 16.33 11.91

Credit intermediation and related activities 3.40 6.00 3.66 2.71 5.08 0.05 12.72 13.80 22.93 25.97

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 4.76 4.66 1.16 5.12 6.41 7.33 18.96 11.47 14.16 21.03

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 4.70 9.91 6.50 17.67 25.97 42.48 53.37 45.22 75.38 101.55

Professional and business services .................. 3.76 5.15 5.56 12.64 6.93 15.19 22.18 23.10 30.37 30.13

Professional and technical services .............. 2.56 6.52 6.68 12.79 8.69 7.08 27.82 32.19 72.42 48.40

Administrative and waste services ................ 5.77 10.98 9.59 5.96 11.59 47.07 45.41 33.23 121.35 87.41

Education and health services ........................... 6.47 4.49 4.32 9.25 25.90 14.54 25.51 40.90 70.15 118.91

Educational services ...................................... 3.94 4.57 8.36 13.56 11.52 37.70 26.06 28.12 62.64 35.74

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.73 2.58 4.52 5.06 9.74 13.38 12.62 19.91 36.14 110.09

Health care and social assistance ................. 5.94 6.89 4.41 9.69 31.25 16.65 27.37 66.50 74.99 131.11

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 7.94 – 6.31 31.99 12.71 49.38 42.52 121.89 44.03 107.52

Accommodation and food services ................ – – 10.58 39.05 27.44 36.67 15.47 150.79 112.66 34.76

Other services ................................................... 6.32 13.13 8.47 28.89 12.28 52.90 19.12 83.00 134.91 65.93

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.57 3.37 2.60 6.70 11.01 6.50 9.52 18.49 47.03 56.84

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.01 3.98 2.67 8.70 8.30 7.03 10.33 15.02 61.35 74.39

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 4.87 3.97 6.05 7.23 20.66 19.23 12.17 43.13 51.99 43.92

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.94 2.97 2.77 3.16 4.34 4.78 3.28 10.82 24.70 39.56

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.55 3.09 2.24 3.69 8.18 6.20 9.23 11.31 19.91 26.22

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.73 4.14 4.29 5.62 7.32 5.51 13.95 10.92 12.82 53.70

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.01 4.49 3.87 5.73 8.78 12.57 15.10 19.47 35.87 50.62

New England ..................................................... 3.56 4.66 2.53 5.65 22.97 11.33 10.92 25.20 57.25 133.74

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.13 5.64 2.84 5.47 10.96 17.81 11.82 24.62 43.24 74.98

South ..................................................................... 4.25 2.76 1.28 3.55 11.75 5.67 14.43 16.93 24.40 20.51

South Atlantic .................................................... 7.01 5.31 1.19 5.36 16.50 5.38 20.54 29.86 15.52 22.86

East South Central ............................................ 5.43 9.90 4.70 6.61 28.34 27.66 4.97 27.54 75.84 47.01

West South Central ........................................... 5.39 4.75 2.59 4.84 8.57 26.55 25.53 32.68 66.54 83.93

Midwest ................................................................. 3.28 2.35 2.51 7.41 12.69 10.84 7.64 13.68 26.44 95.67

East North Central ............................................. 5.52 3.64 3.77 9.26 14.61 18.81 11.63 17.32 34.21 123.52

West North Central ............................................ 2.14 1.65 4.49 3.25 10.83 6.23 9.49 14.58 58.64 20.27

West ...................................................................... 3.73 6.08 4.00 5.80 6.81 7.75 12.49 16.61 32.73 128.35

Mountain ............................................................ 4.94 3.00 4.27 12.26 20.12 26.98 23.47 24.08 74.21 51.16

Pacific ................................................................ 8.82 10.44 4.76 7.44 7.07 6.58 13.86 21.85 40.08 181.96

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of participating workers pay the

same as or more than the premium shown, and half pay the same as or less than the premium shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers pay the same or less than

the premium shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 16. Insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 57 55 98 42 41 97 34 33 97

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 78 77 99 56 56 99 59 57 97

Management, business, and financial ............... 82 82 99 65 64 98 64 62 96

Professional and related .................................... 75 74 99 51 51 99 56 55 98

Service ................................................................... 30 29 95 23 23 98 12 11 97

Protective service .............................................. 43 41 95 27 26 96 7 7 96

Sales and office ..................................................... 54 53 98 41 39 96 32 31 96

Sales and related ............................................... 42 40 96 33 31 93 19 17 92

Office and administrative support ...................... 63 62 99 46 45 98 41 40 98

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 53 52 98 35 35 98 24 23 96

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 44 43 98 29 28 100 14 14 98

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 62 60 98 42 41 97 33 32 96

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 64 62 97 47 45 96 30 28 96

Production ......................................................... 66 65 98 50 50 99 33 32 97

Transportation and material moving .................. 61 59 95 44 41 94 26 25 95

Full time ................................................................. 72 70 98 51 50 98 44 42 97

Part time ................................................................ 14 12 89 16 15 93 4 4 96

Union ..................................................................... 85 82 96 69 66 95 38 37 97

Nonunion ............................................................... 54 53 98 39 38 98 33 32 97

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 24 22 93 18 17 94 7 6 91

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 15 13 86 11 10 93 4 3 87

Second 25 percent ............................................ 58 57 97 42 40 97 29 28 97

Third 25 percent ................................................ 72 71 99 52 51 98 45 44 97

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 83 82 99 63 62 99 63 61 97

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 85 85 99 67 66 98 68 65 96

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 69 68 98 52 51 99 37 36 97

Construction ...................................................... 43 42 97 29 28 98 14 14 98

Manufacturing .................................................... 81 80 99 63 62 99 47 45 97

Service-providing industries .................................. 54 53 98 40 38 97 33 32 97

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 56 54 96 41 39 93 24 22 93

Wholesale trade ............................................. 72 71 99 51 49 97 44 42 97

Retail trade .................................................... 42 40 94 33 30 91 10 9 87

Transportation and warehousing ................... 76 72 95 55 51 94 35 33 94

Utilities ........................................................... 93 93 100 46 46 99 88 87 98

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 16. Insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

Information ......................................................... 88 86 99 80 79 99 73 72 99

Financial activities ............................................. 80 79 99 64 64 99 65 62 96

Finance and insurance .................................. 91 91 99 75 74 99 77 73 96

Credit intermediation and related activities 92 92 99 75 73 98 83 78 94

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 88 88 100 71 71 100 69 68 97

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 48 47 99 35 34 97 30 28 95

Professional and business services .................. 55 54 97 44 43 98 38 37 97

Professional and technical services .............. 70 69 98 58 58 99 54 53 97

Administrative and waste services ................ 33 31 93 22 22 99 14 14 98

Education and health services ........................... 64 64 99 37 37 99 46 45 98

Educational services ...................................... 68 67 99 46 46 100 61 58 96

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 88 87 99 53 53 99 80 77 96

Health care and social assistance ................. 64 63 100 36 35 98 43 43 98

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 22 20 95 18 18 98 5 5 95

Accommodation and food services ................ 20 18 94 17 17 98 3 3 91

Other services ................................................... 31 30 98 26 25 97 18 17 95

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 40 40 98 31 30 98 24 23 97

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 35 35 98 28 28 98 21 21 97

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 56 54 97 37 37 98 30 29 97

100 workers or more .............................................. 76 74 98 55 53 97 46 44 97

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 70 69 97 50 48 96 37 36 97

500 workers or more .......................................... 84 83 98 63 61 98 59 57 97

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 56 55 98 68 67 98 35 34 97

New England ..................................................... 61 60 98 46 45 97 39 38 98

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 54 54 99 75 74 99 34 32 96

South ..................................................................... 58 56 97 35 33 96 33 32 96

South Atlantic .................................................... 57 56 98 36 34 96 34 32 96

East South Central ............................................ 57 55 96 35 34 96 35 34 95

West South Central ........................................... 58 57 97 33 32 97 32 30 96

Midwest ................................................................. 59 58 97 43 42 97 36 35 97

East North Central ............................................. 60 58 97 45 44 97 36 35 97

West North Central ............................................ 58 57 98 39 38 98 36 35 98

West ...................................................................... 53 52 98 29 29 98 31 30 98

Mountain ............................................................ 58 57 99 35 34 98 35 35 98

Pacific ................................................................ 51 50 98 27 26 98 29 28 97

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 16. Standard errors for insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March

2018

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 1.4 0.2 1.4 1.4 0.4 1.5 1.5 0.5

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.9 1.9 0.2 2.0 2.0 0.8 1.8 1.8 0.9

Professional and related .................................... 1.7 1.8 0.2 1.7 1.7 0.3 2.0 2.0 0.4

Service ................................................................... 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0

Protective service .............................................. 6.3 5.9 2.1 4.4 4.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.4 1.3 1.2 0.4

Sales and related ............................................... 1.5 1.5 0.7 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 1.6 0.1 1.4 1.4 0.3 1.6 1.6 0.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.9 1.9 0.3 1.9 1.9 0.5 1.4 1.3 0.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.7 2.8 0.6 2.8 2.8 0.3 2.2 2.2 1.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.2 2.2 0.4 2.0 2.0 0.8 1.9 1.7 1.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.1 2.0 0.4 1.9 1.9 0.4 1.4 1.3 0.6

Production ......................................................... 2.7 2.7 0.4 2.3 2.3 0.3 1.9 1.8 0.6

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.7 2.6 0.6 2.9 2.8 0.8 1.9 1.8 1.3

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.3

Part time ................................................................ 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.6

Union ..................................................................... 1.3 1.3 0.5 1.8 1.8 0.6 2.4 2.4 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.3

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.2 1.0 1.7 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.7

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.2 1.7 5.9 1.5 1.3 1.6 0.9 0.9 4.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 1.6 0.3 1.5 1.5 0.3 1.1 1.1 0.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.2 1.2 0.2 1.3 1.3 0.2 1.2 1.2 0.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 1.1 0.2 1.5 1.5 0.4 1.4 1.4 0.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 1.8 0.3 2.0 2.0 0.8 2.1 2.1 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.7 1.7 0.4 2.0 2.0 0.1 1.4 1.4 0.6

Construction ...................................................... 3.0 2.9 0.7 2.8 2.8 0.5 1.9 1.9 1.1

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.8 1.8 0.4 2.2 2.2 0.2 1.6 1.5 0.7

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.1 1.1 0.3 1.3 1.4 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.9

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.0 2.0 0.4 2.6 2.6 0.8 2.7 2.6 0.9

Retail trade .................................................... 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.8

Transportation and warehousing ................... 4.5 4.5 0.9 5.2 5.2 1.3 3.4 3.2 1.8

Utilities ........................................................... 2.8 2.8 0.0 5.3 5.2 0.4 5.6 5.3 0.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 16. Standard errors for insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

Information ......................................................... 2.5 2.5 0.6 3.4 3.3 0.3 3.7 3.7 0.2

Financial activities ............................................. 1.3 1.3 0.2 1.9 1.9 0.3 1.7 1.5 1.0

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.7 0.7 0.2 1.4 1.4 0.2 1.6 1.3 1.0

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.0 0.9 0.3 2.4 2.4 0.4 1.5 1.9 1.7

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.6 1.5 0.3 2.2 2.2 0.1 2.0 1.9 0.8

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 4.3 4.3 0.9 5.0 5.0 1.7 3.1 3.1 2.4

Professional and business services .................. 2.3 2.5 1.2 2.5 2.5 0.9 1.9 2.0 1.0

Professional and technical services .............. 3.3 3.4 0.7 3.8 3.7 0.7 3.1 3.1 1.1

Administrative and waste services ................ 2.8 2.7 3.3 3.7 3.7 0.5 2.9 3.0 1.7

Education and health services ........................... 2.2 2.2 0.1 2.0 2.0 0.5 2.9 2.9 0.4

Educational services ...................................... 2.8 2.7 0.4 3.6 3.6 0.1 3.7 3.7 0.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 1.8 0.3 2.0 2.0 0.1 2.2 1.9 0.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.5 2.5 0.1 2.2 2.1 0.6 3.5 3.4 0.5

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 4.2

Accommodation and food services ................ 2.4 2.1 2.7 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.0 8.3

Other services ................................................... 3.1 3.1 1.0 3.0 2.9 1.7 2.9 2.8 2.5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.2 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.2 1.2 0.3 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.1 1.1 0.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.1 2.1 0.7 2.0 1.9 0.7 2.1 2.0 0.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.3 1.2 0.3 1.4 1.4 0.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.1 1.1 0.3 1.6 1.5 0.4 1.5 1.4 0.5

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.8 1.8 0.4 2.0 2.0 0.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.1 1.1 0.2 1.4 1.3 0.5 1.9 1.9 0.8

New England ..................................................... 2.2 2.1 0.5 3.3 3.2 0.7 3.1 3.1 0.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.2 1.5 1.4 0.7 2.3 2.3 1.1

South ..................................................................... 1.3 1.3 0.3 1.5 1.5 0.4 1.4 1.4 0.6

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.8 1.9 0.3 1.3 1.3 0.4 2.1 2.1 0.7

East South Central ............................................ 2.4 3.2 1.7 4.4 4.7 1.5 4.9 5.4 2.5

West South Central ........................................... 2.3 2.2 0.4 3.6 3.6 0.7 1.4 1.2 0.9

Midwest ................................................................. 1.5 1.5 0.8 1.5 1.5 0.5 1.7 1.6 0.4

East North Central ............................................. 1.9 1.9 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.6 2.2 2.1 0.5

West North Central ............................................ 2.3 2.4 0.4 3.1 2.9 0.6 2.4 2.3 0.7

West ...................................................................... 1.9 1.9 0.3 1.4 1.3 0.2 1.9 1.9 0.4

Mountain ............................................................ 2.5 2.5 0.2 1.9 1.7 0.5 3.5 3.5 0.6

Pacific ................................................................ 2.5 2.6 0.5 1.9 1.8 0.2 2.2 2.3 0.5

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 17. Life insurance plans: Employee contribution

requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 4 96

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 3 97

Management, business, and financial ............... 3 97

Professional and related .................................... 3 97

Service ................................................................... 5 95

Sales and office ..................................................... 5 95

Sales and related ............................................... 7 93

Office and administrative support ...................... 4 96

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... 5 95

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 5 95

Production ......................................................... 5 95

Transportation and material moving .................. 5 95

Full time ................................................................. 4 96

Part time ................................................................ 3 97

Union ..................................................................... 1 99

Nonunion ............................................................... 4 96

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 5 95

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5 95

Second 25 percent ............................................ 5 95

Third 25 percent ................................................ 4 96

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 3 97

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 3 97

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 8 92

Service-providing industries .................................. 3 97

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 5 95

Wholesale trade ............................................. 4 96

Retail trade .................................................... 7 93

Transportation and warehousing ................... 5 95

Financial activities ............................................. 3 97

Finance and insurance .................................. 3 97

Credit intermediation and related activities 2 98

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 4 96

Professional and business services .................. 3 97

Education and health services ........................... 1 99

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 17. Life insurance plans: Employee contribution

requirement, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

Educational services ...................................... 3 97

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3 97

Health care and social assistance ................. 1 99

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 95

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 6 94

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 4 96

100 workers or more .............................................. 3 97

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 4 96

500 workers or more .......................................... 3 97

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 4 96

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 4 96

South ..................................................................... 5 95

South Atlantic .................................................... 4 96

East South Central ............................................ 6 94

West South Central ........................................... 5 95

Midwest ................................................................. 3 97

East North Central ............................................. 3 97

West North Central ............................................ 4 96

West ...................................................................... 4 96

Mountain ............................................................ 3 97

Pacific ................................................................ 4 96

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 17. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 0.4 0.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.4 0.4

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.5 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 0.5 0.5

Service ................................................................... 1.5 1.5

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.5 0.5

Sales and related ............................................... 1.0 1.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.5 0.5

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... 1.5 1.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.9 0.9

Production ......................................................... 1.3 1.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.4 1.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.4 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 0.7 0.7

Union ..................................................................... 0.5 0.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.4 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.1 1.1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.7 1.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.4 0.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 0.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.7 0.7

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 1.7 1.7

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.4 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.9 0.9

Wholesale trade ............................................. 0.8 0.8

Retail trade .................................................... 1.1 1.1

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.0 2.0

Financial activities ............................................. 0.5 0.5

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.6 0.6

Credit intermediation and related activities 0.6 0.6

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.3 1.3

Professional and business services .................. 1.0 1.0

Education and health services ........................... 0.5 0.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 17. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

Educational services ...................................... 0.9 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.3 1.3

Health care and social assistance ................. 0.6 0.6

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.6 0.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.8 0.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.7 0.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.4 0.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.5 0.5

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.6 0.6

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.1 1.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.2 1.2

South ..................................................................... 0.7 0.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.8 0.8

East South Central ............................................ 1.8 1.8

West South Central ........................................... 1.5 1.5

Midwest ................................................................. 0.6 0.6

East North Central ............................................. 0.4 0.4

West North Central ............................................ 1.6 1.6

West ...................................................................... 0.5 0.5

Mountain ............................................................ 0.6 0.6

Pacific ................................................................ 0.6 0.6

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 18. Life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, private industry workers, 

March 2018

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

All workers ............................................................. 61 2 35 2 1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 71 2 24 1 1

Management, business, and financial ............... 73 2 24 1 1

Professional and related .................................... 70 2 25 2 1

Service ................................................................... 53 – 43 2 –

Protective service .............................................. 48 – 52 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 62 3 33 2 1 ( )

Sales and related ............................................... 59 – 35 2 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 63 2 32 2 1 ( )

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... 15 1 80 4 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 51 – 43 4 –

Production ......................................................... 48 – 45 5 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 54 – 41 3 –

Full time ................................................................. 61 2 35 2 1

Part time ................................................................ 51 – 39 6 –

Union ..................................................................... 46 – 43 8 –

Nonunion ............................................................... 63 2 33 1 1

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 45 2 50 3 1 ( )

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 37 – 58 4 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 56 2 40 2 1 ( )

Third 25 percent ................................................ 60 2 35 3 1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 70 2 25 2 1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 74 2 20 1 2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 18 – 79 2 –

Service-providing industries .................................. 63 2 32 2 1

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 55 3 38 4 1

Wholesale trade ............................................. 49 2 44 3 2

Retail trade .................................................... 52 5 38 5 1

Transportation and warehousing ................... 61 – 34 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 70 7 22 – –

Information ......................................................... 84 ––––

Financial activities ............................................. 79 2 18 1 1 ( )

Finance and insurance .................................. 83 2 14 1 1 ( )

Credit intermediation and related activities 85 – 12 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 83 1 15 – –

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 59 – 40 – –

Professional and business services .................. 62 3 34 – –

Professional and technical services .............. 60 – 36 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 18. Life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

Administrative and waste services ................ 45 – 50 2 –

Education and health services ........................... 67 – 28 3 –

Educational services ...................................... 63 – 32 2 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 73 – 22 3 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 68 – 28 3 –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 42 – 58 – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 35 – 65 – –

Other services ................................................... 50 – 50 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 50 1 48 1 1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 51 – 46 1 –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 47 – 50 2 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 67 2 27 3 1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 61 3 33 3 1

500 workers or more .......................................... 76 1 19 3 1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 69 2 25 4 1

New England ..................................................... 68 – 24 4 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 69 2 25 4 1

South ..................................................................... 61 2 34 2 1

South Atlantic .................................................... 62 3 32 – –

East South Central ............................................ 60 – 32 3 –

West South Central ........................................... 61 – 37 1 –

Midwest ................................................................. 57 1 39 3 1

East North Central ............................................. 56 – 40 2 –

West North Central ............................................ 60 – 35 4 –

West ...................................................................... 56 2 40 1 1

Mountain ............................................................ 58 – 39 1 –

Pacific ................................................................ 55 2 41 1 1

1 Less than 0.5. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not

meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit

Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 18. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, private

industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

All workers ............................................................. 1.3 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.7 0.3 1.5 0.5 0.2

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.9 0.6 1.9 0.2 0.3

Professional and related .................................... 2.0 0.5 1.9 0.7 0.3

Service ................................................................... 3.6 – 3.5 0.4 –

Protective service .............................................. 11.1 – 11.1 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.8 0.6 2.0 0.4 0.1

Sales and related ............................................... 2.7 – 2.9 0.4 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.9 0.4 1.9 0.5 0.1

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... 1.7 0.3 2.3 1.0 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.0 – 1.9 0.6 –

Production ......................................................... 2.6 – 2.4 1.0 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.8 – 2.9 0.6 –

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.1

Part time ................................................................ 3.5 – 3.5 0.9 –

Union ..................................................................... 2.7 – 2.4 1.1 –

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.5 0.2 1.5 0.3 0.1

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3.7 0.4 3.5 0.6 0.1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 7.6 – 7.8 0.8 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 0.4 1.7 0.4 0.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.7 0.4 1.7 0.5 0.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.4 1.4 0.3 0.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.1 0.8 2.0 0.4 0.5

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 2.9 – 2.9 0.7 –

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.6 0.3 1.5 0.3 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 2.1 0.5 2.1 0.5 0.3

Wholesale trade ............................................. 3.5 0.7 3.3 0.8 0.6

Retail trade .................................................... 2.2 0.7 1.9 0.7 0.3

Transportation and warehousing ................... 4.7 – 4.8 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 4.4 2.4 2.9 – –

Information ......................................................... 3.9 ––––

Financial activities ............................................. 1.9 0.7 1.9 0.2 0.1

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.5 0.8 1.4 0.2 0.1

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.6 – 2.1 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.5 0.4 1.5 – –

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 6.2 – 6.2 – –

Professional and business services .................. 3.9 1.0 3.8 – –

Professional and technical services .............. 4.3 – 4.7 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 18. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, private

industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

Administrative and waste services ................ 6.0 – 6.1 0.7 –

Education and health services ........................... 2.7 – 2.7 1.0 –

Educational services ...................................... 3.1 – 2.9 0.6 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.3 – 2.4 0.9 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.1 – 3.1 1.2 –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 6.6 – 6.6 – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 7.3 – 7.3 – –

Other services ................................................... 6.7 – 6.6 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.1 0.4 2.0 0.2 0.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.9 – 1.8 0.3 –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.9 – 4.0 0.6 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.3 0.3 1.3 0.5 0.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.7 0.5 1.8 0.7 0.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.5 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.0 0.5 1.9 0.4 0.2

New England ..................................................... 4.2 – 3.8 1.4 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.6 0.5 2.5 0.4 0.3

South ..................................................................... 2.6 0.4 2.6 0.6 0.3

South Atlantic .................................................... 4.3 0.6 3.9 – –

East South Central ............................................ 5.7 – 7.6 1.6 –

West South Central ........................................... 2.8 – 3.0 0.2 –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.7 0.4 1.7 0.5 0.2

East North Central ............................................. 1.9 – 2.1 0.5 –

West North Central ............................................ 3.6 – 2.8 1.3 –

West ...................................................................... 3.2 0.5 3.3 0.3 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 5.4 – 5.5 0.7 –

Pacific ................................................................ 4.0 0.7 4.1 0.2 0.4

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 19. Life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas, private industry

workers, March 2018

(All workers with fixed multiple of annual earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts1

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

All workers ............................................................. 1 66 8 22 4 1.3 1.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 2 ( ) 63 7 25 4 1.4 1.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 1 59 7 27 6 1.4 1.0

Professional and related .................................... – 65 8 23 – 1.3 1.0

Service ................................................................... – 79 5 15 – 1.2 1.0

Protective service .............................................. – 90 – 5 – 1.1 1.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1 67 8 20 4 1.3 1.0

Sales and related ............................................... – 72 9 18 – 1.3 1.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 1 65 8 21 5 1.3 1.0

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... – 72 – 14 – 1.2 1.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 65 10 22 – 1.3 1.0

Production ......................................................... – 58 7 31 – 1.4 1.0

Transportation and material moving .................. – 71 13 14 – 1.2 1.0

Full time ................................................................. 1 66 8 22 4 1.3 1.0

Part time ................................................................ – 73 6 20 – 1.2 1.0

Union ..................................................................... – 75 4 17 – 1.3 1.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1 65 8 23 4 1.3 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 75 7 16 – 1.2 1.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 77 4 – – 1.2 1.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2 ( ) 73 8 15 4 1.3 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1 63 9 23 4 1.4 1.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 2 ( ) 62 7 26 4 1.4 1.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 59 7 29 – 1.4 1.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... – 63 – – – 1.4 1.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 1 69 8 20 3 1.3 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... – 68 12 18 – 1.3 1.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. – 54 20 23 – 1.4 1.0

Retail trade .................................................... – 78 7 15 – 1.2 1.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... – 65 – 17 2 1.3 1.0

Utilities ........................................................... – 63 – 29 3 1.4 1.0

Information ......................................................... – 59 – 25 8 1.4 1.0

Financial activities ............................................. 1 66 6 23 5 1.3 1.0

Finance and insurance .................................. 1 65 5 23 5 1.4 1.0

Credit intermediation and related activities – 67 – 20 7 1.4 1.0

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – 63 – 28 4 1.4 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – 72 – – – 1.2 1.0

Professional and business services .................. – 65 6 23 5 1.3 1.0

Professional and technical services .............. – 64 7 24 5 1.4 1.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 19. Life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed multiple of annual earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts1

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

Administrative and waste services ................ – 63 6 25 – 1.4 1.0

Education and health services ........................... – 74 7 15 – 1.2 1.0

Educational services ...................................... – 59 9 23 – 1.4 1.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 56 11 22 – 1.3 1.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – 77 7 14 – 1.2 1.0

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 80 – – – 1.2 1.0

Accommodation and food services ................ – 93 – – – 1.0 1.0

Other services ................................................... – 51 – 38 – 1.5 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1 63 10 22 4 1.3 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1 63 10 22 4 1.3 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 62 11 21 – 1.3 1.0

100 workers or more .............................................. – 67 7 22 – 1.3 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 66 7 22 – 1.3 1.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 68 7 22 – 1.3 1.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 65 10 22 – 1.3 1.0

New England ..................................................... – 62 12 23 – 1.3 1.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 66 9 22 – 1.3 1.0

South ..................................................................... 1 66 7 23 4 1.3 1.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 2 68 8 20 3 1.3 1.0

East South Central ............................................ – 67 6 21 6 1.4 1.0

West South Central ........................................... – 60 8 27 – 1.4 1.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 69 8 19 – 1.3 1.0

East North Central ............................................. – 70 9 18 3 1.3 1.0

West North Central ............................................ – 67 – 21 5 1.3 1.0

West ...................................................................... 2 ( ) 64 6 24 5 1.4 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 73 6 19 – 1.3 1.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 59 6 27 – 1.4 1.0

1 Includes participants in plans in which insurance equaled a multiple of earnings plus or minus a specified amount. 2 Less than 0.5. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 19. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas,

private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts1

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

All workers ............................................................. 0.2 1.3 0.7 1.1 0.5 2 ( ) 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.1 1.7 0.8 1.5 0.8 2 ( ) 0.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.1 2.3 0.8 2.0 0.9 2 ( ) 0.0

Professional and related .................................... – 2.3 1.2 2.0 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Service ................................................................... – 3.9 1.3 3.5 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Protective service .............................................. – 4.3 – 2.4 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.3 1.9 1.1 1.5 1.0 2 ( ) 0.0

Sales and related ............................................... – 2.4 2.0 2.0 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.2 2.3 1.1 1.7 1.4 2 ( ) 0.0

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... – 5.4 – 3.6 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 2.6 2.0 1.6 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Production ......................................................... – 3.0 1.9 2.4 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Transportation and material moving .................. – 4.1 3.3 2.1 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.1 1.3 0.7 1.1 0.5 2 ( ) 0.0

Part time ................................................................ – 4.9 1.6 5.0 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Union ..................................................................... – 3.7 1.0 2.6 – 0.1 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.2 1.3 0.7 1.2 0.4 2 ( ) 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 3.5 1.5 3.3 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 6.1 1.3 – – 0.1 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.2 1.9 1.2 1.2 0.8 2 ( ) 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.4 1.7 1.0 1.2 0.7 2 ( ) 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.1 1.5 0.7 1.5 0.6 2 ( ) 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 2.3 0.8 2.5 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... – 5.7 – – – 0.1 0.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.2 1.5 0.8 1.2 0.6 2 ( ) 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... – 2.4 1.8 1.3 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. – 3.9 2.7 3.0 – 2 ( ) 0.1

Retail trade .................................................... – 1.9 1.3 1.4 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... – 5.7 – 4.2 0.9 2 ( ) 0.0

Utilities ........................................................... – 4.3 – 3.8 0.8 2 ( ) 0.0

Information ......................................................... – 4.8 – 3.6 2.3 0.1 0.0

Financial activities ............................................. 0.1 1.5 0.9 1.6 0.7 2 ( ) 0.0

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.1 1.5 0.8 1.5 0.8 2 ( ) 0.0

Credit intermediation and related activities – 2.4 – 2.0 1.2 2 ( ) 0.0

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – 2.4 – 2.7 1.3 2 ( ) 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – 6.3 – – – 0.1 0.0

Professional and business services .................. – 3.5 1.5 3.4 1.7 2 ( ) 0.0

Professional and technical services .............. – 3.7 1.8 3.8 2.4 2 ( ) 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 19. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas,

private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts1

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

Administrative and waste services ................ – 7.9 2.3 6.7 – 0.1 0.0

Education and health services ........................... – 3.9 1.7 2.9 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Educational services ...................................... – 3.8 1.7 3.3 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 3.1 1.8 2.7 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – 4.4 1.9 3.3 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 6.7 – – – 0.1 0.0

Accommodation and food services ................ – 2.8 – – – 2 ( ) 0.0

Other services ................................................... – 7.7 – 6.7 – 0.1 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.4 2.5 1.3 2.1 0.7 2 ( ) 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.2 3.2 1.7 2.4 0.6 2 ( ) 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 3.8 2.7 3.1 – 2 ( ) 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. – 1.3 0.7 1.1 – 2 ( ) 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 1.8 0.9 1.7 – 2 ( ) 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 1.8 1.0 1.6 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 3.6 1.2 2.9 – 2 ( ) 0.0

New England ..................................................... – 7.0 3.3 6.3 – 0.1 0.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 3.8 1.4 3.0 – 2 ( ) 0.0

South ..................................................................... 0.4 1.9 1.3 1.8 0.7 2 ( ) 0.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.7 3.4 1.9 2.5 1.0 2 ( ) 0.0

East South Central ............................................ – 2.4 2.7 3.1 0.8 2 ( ) 0.0

West South Central ........................................... – 1.8 1.8 3.2 – 2 ( ) 0.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 1.8 1.3 1.2 – 2 ( ) 0.0

East North Central ............................................. – 1.8 1.3 1.3 0.9 2 ( ) 0.0

West North Central ............................................ – 3.9 – 2.3 0.8 2 ( ) 0.0

West ...................................................................... 0.1 3.1 1.4 3.0 2.0 2 ( ) 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 6.5 2.8 4.2 – 0.1 0.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 3.0 1.5 4.0 – 2 ( ) 0.0

1 Includes participants in plans in which insurance equaled a multiple of earnings plus or minus a specified amount. 2 Less than 0.05. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 20. Life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with fixed multiple of earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 80 $50,000 $50,000 $250,000 $500,000 $1,000,000 20

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 81 50,000 100,000 300,000 – 1,500,000 19

Management, business, and financial ............... 80 50,000 100,000 300,000 750,000 – 20

Professional and related .................................... 82 50,000 100,000 300,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 18

Service ................................................................... 83 – 50,000 – 500,000 1,000,000 17

Sales and office ..................................................... 83 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 – 17

Sales and related ............................................... 86 50,000 50,000 – 500,000 – 14

Office and administrative support ...................... 82 50,000 – 200,000 500,000 – 18

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... 74 50,000 – – – 1,000,000 26

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 70 50,000 50,000 150,000 500,000 1,000,000 30

Production ......................................................... 69 50,000 – – 500,000 1,000,000 31

Transportation and material moving .................. 70 50,000 50,000 100,000 300,000 500,000 30

Full time ................................................................. 80 50,000 50,000 250,000 500,000 1,000,000 20

Part time ................................................................ 71 50,000 100,000 – – – 29

Union ..................................................................... 70 50,000 70,000 – 500,000 – 30

Nonunion ............................................................... 81 50,000 50,000 250,000 – – 19

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 80 50,000 50,000 – – – 20

Second 25 percent ............................................ 80 50,000 50,000 150,000 500,000 1,000,000 20

Third 25 percent ................................................ 78 50,000 70,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 22

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 80 50,000 100,000 300,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 20

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 80 50,000 – 300,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 20

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 72 50,000 50,000 – – – 28

Service-providing industries .................................. 82 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 – 18

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 77 50,000 50,000 100,000 400,000 1,000,000 23

Wholesale trade ............................................. 86 50,000 50,000 200,000 400,000 1,000,000 14

Retail trade .................................................... 75 50,000 50,000 50,000 500,000 1,000,000 25

Transportation and warehousing ................... 74 50,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 500,000 26

Utilities ........................................................... 63 50,000 – 300,000 750,000 1,000,000 37

Information ......................................................... 81 50,000 200,000 – 2,000,000 – 19

Financial activities ............................................. 84 50,000 100,000 300,000 650,000 2,000,000 16

Finance and insurance .................................. 83 50,000 100,000 300,000 750,000 2,000,000 17

Credit intermediation and related activities 88 50,000 – 250,000 650,000 2,000,000 12

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 71 100,000 – 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 29

Professional and business services .................. 82 50,000 – 300,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 18

Education and health services ........................... 82 50,000 100,000 250,000 500,000 1,000,000 18

Educational services ...................................... 90 50,000 50,000 200,000 400,000 500,000 10

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 91 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 500,000 9

Health care and social assistance ................. 81 50,000 100,000 250,000 – 1,000,000 19

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 92 20,000 – – – 1,000,000 8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 20. Life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with fixed multiple of earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 81 $50,000 $50,000 $150,000 $500,000 $1,000,000 19

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 83 50,000 50,000 150,000 500,000 – 17

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 76 50,000 – 150,000 500,000 – 24

100 workers or more .............................................. 79 50,000 – 300,000 750,000 – 21

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 79 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 – 21

500 workers or more .......................................... 80 50,000 – 400,000 1,000,000 – 20

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 77 50,000 – 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 23

New England ..................................................... 79 50,000 100,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 21

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 76 50,000 – 250,000 500,000 1,000,000 24

South ..................................................................... 82 50,000 50,000 250,000 – – 18

South Atlantic .................................................... 85 50,000 50,000 250,000 750,000 2,000,000 15

East South Central ............................................ 77 50,000 50,000 250,000 – 1,000,000 23

West South Central ........................................... 81 50,000 – 200,000 500,000 – 19

Midwest ................................................................. 78 50,000 50,000 250,000 500,000 – 22

East North Central ............................................. 81 50,000 – 250,000 – – 19

West North Central ............................................ 72 50,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 28

West ...................................................................... 80 50,000 – 220,000 850,000 1,000,000 20

Mountain ............................................................ 79 50,000 – – 1,000,000 1,000,000 21

Pacific ................................................................ 81 50,000 50,000 200,000 – – 19

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 20. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry workers, March

2018

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 1.0 $0.00 $3,160.70 $55,806.65 $117,112.93 $248,706.15 1.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 0.00 0.00 20,402.21 – 448,848.53 1.3

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.6 0.00 23,845.28 46,524.19 164,930.10 – 1.6

Professional and related .................................... 1.6 0.00 0.00 73,561.20 165,999.25 242,777.68 1.6

Service ................................................................... 3.8 – 0.00 – 0.00 0.00 3.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.1 0.00 0.00 10,561.96 84,120.45 – 1.1

Sales and related ............................................... 1.2 0.00 0.00 – 133,474.72 – 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 0.00 – 31,973.58 126,510.13 – 1.3

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... 4.5 0.00 – – – 0.00 4.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.7 0.00 7,299.32 35,724.26 18,248.29 0.00 2.7

Production ......................................................... 3.6 0.00 – – 53,202.44 0.00 3.6

Transportation and material moving .................. 4.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 49,974.99 125,103.96 4.3

Full time ................................................................. 1.1 0.00 0.00 57,148.03 133,863.97 272,505.05 1.1

Part time ................................................................ 3.8 0.00 13,927.40 – – – 3.8

Union ..................................................................... 3.2 0.00 11,541.23 – 92,599.95 – 3.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 0.00 0.00 35,630.92 – – 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.7 0.00 0.00 – – – 2.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.2 0.00 0.00 1,824.83 0.00 0.00 2.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.6 0.00 17,856.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 0.00 0.00 43,995.03 98,270.04 437,578.56 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.0 0.00 – 37,619.81 131,273.57 316,069.61 2.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 5.8 0.00 0.00 – – – 5.8

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 0.00 4,469.90 55,040.60 76,745.93 – 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 2.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 117,201.75 0.00 2.3

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.7 0.00 6,451.74 7,901.74 104,828.43 156,446.48 2.7

Retail trade .................................................... 2.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 92,599.95 273,724.31 2.3

Transportation and warehousing ................... 6.2 0.00 5,161.40 5,474.49 43,757.86 60,865.63 6.2

Utilities ........................................................... 7.9 11,174.75 – 55,500.00 206,254.09 0.00 7.9

Information ......................................................... 2.7 0.00 51,613.95 – 129,034.88 – 2.7

Financial activities ............................................. 1.4 0.00 0.00 2,580.70 135,332.92 539,791.63 1.4

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 208,462.23 204,022.06 1.5

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.6 0.00 – 63,292.89 117,201.75 158,034.81 1.6

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.7 9,656.09 – 0.00 0.00 427,960.28 2.7

Professional and business services .................. 3.5 0.00 – 70,675.31 297,200.69 418,120.80 3.5

Education and health services ........................... 1.9 0.00 3,649.66 61,545.71 0.00 0.00 1.9

Educational services ...................................... 2.3 0.00 7,901.74 51,613.95 90,784.08 0.00 2.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.9 0.00 0.00 29,565.61 93,048.37 137,241.80 1.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.2 0.00 0.00 73,561.20 – 0.00 2.2

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 3.0 4,741.04 – – – 0.00 3.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 20. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.6 $0.00 $0.00 $22,810.36 $20,402.21 $0.00 1.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.8 0.00 0.00 26,989.58 51,613.95 – 1.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 4.0 0.00 – 44,465.58 27,372.43 – 4.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.3 0.00 – 42,610.83 18,809.90 – 1.3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.7 0.00 7,901.74 34,442.89 25,806.98 – 1.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.6 0.00 – 36,210.32 0.00 – 1.6

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.0 0.00 – 51,005.51 0.00 0.00 2.0

New England ..................................................... 4.3 0.00 13,127.36 9,124.14 0.00 146,839.20 4.3

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.1 0.00 – 30,261.36 48,922.77 0.00 2.1

South ..................................................................... 1.5 0.00 0.00 66,805.93 – – 1.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.0 0.00 6,321.39 69,024.62 184,862.45 449,311.97 2.0

East South Central ............................................ 3.1 0.00 0.00 67,048.49 – 0.00 3.1

West South Central ........................................... 2.9 0.00 – 38,978.36 79,411.51 – 2.9

Midwest ................................................................. 2.4 0.00 9,525.89 48,709.60 62,551.98 – 2.4

East North Central ............................................. 3.1 0.00 – 69,637.01 – – 3.1

West North Central ............................................ 3.0 0.00 0.00 58,423.03 0.00 0.00 3.0

West ...................................................................... 2.0 0.00 – 48,666.85 247,026.82 195,691.08 2.0

Mountain ............................................................ 3.6 0.00 – – 0.00 0.00 3.6

Pacific ................................................................ 2.4 0.00 14,252.37 27,326.77 – – 2.4

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth

of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 21. Life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1 private industry

workers, March 2018

(Includes workers participating in life insurance plans with flat-dollar amount formulas)

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $10,000 $12,000 $20,000 $35,000 $50,000

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 10,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Management, business, and financial ............... 10,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Professional and related .................................... 10,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Service ................................................................... 5,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 25,000

Protective service .............................................. 5,000 – 10,000 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 10,000 – 20,000 – 50,000

Sales and related ............................................... 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Office and administrative support ...................... 10,000 – 20,000 50,000 50,000

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... – 10,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Production ......................................................... 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Transportation and material moving .................. 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 40,000

Full time ................................................................. 10,000 15,000 20,000 35,000 50,000

Part time ................................................................ 5,000 5,000 – 25,000 50,000

Union ..................................................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 35,000 50,000

Nonunion ............................................................... 10,000 15,000 20,000 – 50,000

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5,000 10,000 15,000 – 25,000

Second 25 percent ............................................ 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Third 25 percent ................................................ 10,000 15,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 10,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – – 25,000 50,000 –

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 10,000 10,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Service-providing industries .................................. 10,000 – 20,000 40,000 50,000

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 10,000 – 20,000 25,000 50,000

Wholesale trade ............................................. 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

Retail trade .................................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 20,000 –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 10,000 – 20,000 40,000 50,000

Utilities ........................................................... 10,000 – – 50,000 50,000

Financial activities ............................................. – 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Finance and insurance .................................. 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000 50,000

Credit intermediation and related activities – 20,000 30,000 50,000 –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 15,000 25,000 – 50,000 50,000

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 10,000 15,000 15,000 25,000 50,000

Professional and business services .................. 10,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Professional and technical services .............. 15,000 25,000 – 50,000 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 21. Life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1 private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

(Includes workers participating in life insurance plans with flat-dollar amount formulas)

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Administrative and waste services ................ – $10,000 $20,000 – $50,000

Education and health services ........................... $10,000 10,000 20,000 – 50,000

Educational services ...................................... 10,000 15,000 25,000 $50,000 50,000

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 10,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Health care and social assistance ................. 10,000 10,000 – – 50,000

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 10,000 15,000 15,000 –

Accommodation and food services ................ – 10,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

Other services ................................................... – – – – 50,000

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 10,000 15,000 20,000 – 50,000

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 10,000 – 20,000 – 50,000

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 10,000 15,000 20,000 – 50,000

100 workers or more .............................................. 10,000 10,000 20,000 35,000 50,000

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 10,000 – 20,000 – 50,000

500 workers or more .......................................... – 10,000 20,000 50,000 50,000

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 10,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

New England ..................................................... 10,000 15,000 25,000 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 10,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

South ..................................................................... 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 50,000

South Atlantic .................................................... 10,000 – 15,000 25,000 50,000

East South Central ............................................ 10,000 15,000 – – 50,000

West South Central ........................................... 10,000 15,000 20,000 – 50,000

Midwest ................................................................. 10,000 – 20,000 – 50,000

East North Central ............................................. 10,000 – 20,000 25,000 50,000

West North Central ............................................ 10,000 15,000 20,000 – 50,000

West ...................................................................... 6,000 10,000 20,000 – 50,000

Mountain ............................................................ 10,000 – 20,000 – 50,000

Pacific ................................................................ 5,000 10,000 20,000 – 50,000

1 Includes participants in plans providing a fixed benefit amount. Dollar amounts can be a flat amount or can vary by the

employee’s earnings or length of service. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th

percentile or median, half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as

or less than the amount shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount

shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 21. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1

private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $0.00 $3,508.94 $0.00 $8,109.72 $0.00

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Professional and related .................................... 0.00 0.00 912.41 0.00 364.97

Service ................................................................... 364.97 0.00 3,770.82 3,649.66 3,761.98

Protective service .............................................. 0.00 – 0.00 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.00 – 0.00 – 0.00

Sales and related ............................................... 0.00 2,737.24 0.00 0.00 0.00

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.00 – 912.41 2,580.70 0.00

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance:

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and 

 forestry ............................................................... – 1,247.71 0.00 0.00 0.00

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.00 0.00 0.00 258.07 5,037.32

Production ......................................................... 0.00 875.16 0.00 182.48 816.09

Transportation and material moving .................. 0.00 1,580.35 0.00 2,761.47 5,329.62

Full time ................................................................. 0.00 1,344.07 0.00 8,037.54 0.00

Part time ................................................................ 0.00 0.00 – 5,320.24 3,289.76

Union ..................................................................... 0.00 0.00 2,708.20 5,918.75 0.00

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.00 547.45 0.00 – 0.00

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 5,241.42

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.00 0.00 0.00 930.48 0.00

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.00 456.21 912.41 11,721.60 0.00

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1,032.28 645.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – – 4,913.50 0.00 –

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 0.00 0.00 2,040.22 7,184.36 0.00

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.00 – 0.00 8,498.69 0.00

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.00 – 0.00 0.00 0.00

Wholesale trade ............................................. 0.00 0.00 1,482.50 0.00 0.00

Retail trade .................................................... 0.00 0.00 4,652.42 4,562.07 –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 0.00 – 3,761.98 5,119.29 5,624.50

Utilities ........................................................... 0.00 – – 0.00 0.00

Financial activities ............................................. – 0.00 912.41 0.00 0.00

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.00 2,234.95 6,948.74 0.00 0.00

Credit intermediation and related activities – 3,761.98 7,067.53 0.00 –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 0.00 2,040.22 – 0.00 0.00

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 0.00 4,080.44 0.00 7,242.06 12,104.54

Professional and business services .................. 0.00 – 5,241.42 0.00 8,799.01

Professional and technical services .............. 4,080.44 3,533.77 – 0.00 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 21. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1

private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Administrative and waste services ................ – $2,040.22 $3,026.14 – $0.00

Education and health services ........................... $0.00 0.00 3,704.00 – 0.00

Educational services ...................................... 0.00 1,842.99 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.00 2,414.02 1,824.83 0.00 4,080.44

Health care and social assistance ................. 2,064.56 0.00 – – 0.00

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 0.00 3,533.77 0.00 –

Accommodation and food services ................ – 2,414.02 3,289.76 0.00 3,026.14

Other services ................................................... – – – – 0.00

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.00 182.48 0.00 – 0.00

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.00 – 0.00 – 0.00

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.00 0.00 912.41 – 0.00

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.00 364.97 0.00 7,200.56 0.00

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.00 – 632.14 – 0.00

500 workers or more .......................................... – 0.00 0.00 4,562.07 0.00

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.00 4,141.20 2,414.02 0.00 9,124.14

New England ..................................................... 0.00 2,737.24 6,255.20 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.00 – 912.41 0.00 0.00

South ..................................................................... 0.00 3,795.03 2,001.08 7,443.87 0.00

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.00 – 4,080.44 982.70 0.00

East South Central ............................................ 0.00 0.00 – – 0.00

West South Central ........................................... 0.00 2,737.24 0.00 – 0.00

Midwest ................................................................. 0.00 – 0.00 – 0.00

East North Central ............................................. 0.00 – 0.00 3,792.84 0.00

West North Central ............................................ 0.00 3,136.90 4,080.44 – 0.00

West ...................................................................... 1,303.19 0.00 0.00 – 0.00

Mountain ............................................................ 0.00 – 0.00 – 0.00

Pacific ................................................................ 0.00 0.00 3,026.14 – 0.00

1 Includes participants in plans providing a fixed benefit amount. Dollar amounts can be a flat amount or can vary by the

employee’s earnings or length of service. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th

percentile or median, half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as

or less than the amount shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount

shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 22. Short-term disability plans: Method of funding, private industry

workers, March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured1

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

All workers ............................................................. 41 43 16 2 ( )

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 45 43 12 2 ( )

Management, business, and financial ............... 47 41 – –

Professional and related .................................... 43 44 – –

Service ................................................................... – 37 36 –

Protective service .............................................. 36 – 37 –

Sales and office ..................................................... 46 38 – –

Sales and related ............................................... 50 35 15 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 45 39 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 34 50 – –

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 25 56 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 40 47 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 40 50 10 –

Production ......................................................... 47 47 6 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 33 52 14 –

Full time ................................................................. 43 44 13 2 ( )

Part time ................................................................ – 29 44 –

Union ..................................................................... 35 49 – –

Nonunion ............................................................... 42 42 16 2 ( )

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 33 37 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 28 36 37 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 39 43 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 42 46 12 2 ( )

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 46 42 12 2 ( )

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 47 41 12 2 ( )

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 41 41 18 2 ( )

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 42 40 – –

Wholesale trade ............................................. 36 45 19 –

Retail trade .................................................... 47 31 22 –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 37 50 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 50 46 – –

Information ......................................................... 66 30 4 –

Financial activities ............................................. 64 27 – –

Finance and insurance .................................. 70 25 – –

Credit intermediation and related activities 74 21 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 69 27 – –

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 25 39 37 –

Professional and business services .................. 37 45 – –

Professional and technical services .............. 32 50 – –

Administrative and waste services ................ 35 – 33 –

Education and health services ........................... 27 54 – –

Educational services ...................................... 43 37 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 60 27 13 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 24 57 – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 34 31 35 –

Accommodation and food services ................ 38 24 38 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 22. Short-term disability plans: Method of funding, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured1

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

Establishment characteristics

Other services ................................................... 31 40 28 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 30 46 24 2 ( )

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 30 43 26 2 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 28 53 19 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 49 41 10 2 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 45 45 11 2 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 54 36 9 2 ( )

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 30 47 –

New England ..................................................... 35 63 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 24 56 –

South ..................................................................... 49 51 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 45 55 – –

East South Central ............................................ 55 44 – –

West South Central ........................................... 54 46 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 55 44 – 2 ( )

East North Central ............................................. 55 45 – 2 ( )

West North Central ............................................ 56 43 – –

West ...................................................................... 40 50 10 –

Mountain ............................................................ 38 62 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 42 43 15 –

1 Employer assumes all risks and expenses of providing the benefit. 2 Less than 0.5. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data

did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 22. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of funding,

private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured1

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

All workers ............................................................. 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.9 1.9 1.1 0.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.7 2.4 – –

Professional and related .................................... 2.4 3.0 – –

Service ................................................................... – 4.2 5.0 –

Protective service .............................................. 10.7 – 7.6 –

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.4 2.3 – –

Sales and related ............................................... 2.9 2.8 2.6 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.5 2.4 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.2 2.1 – –

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.4 4.6 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.0 2.6 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.3 2.4 1.3 –

Production ......................................................... 2.3 2.2 1.2 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 3.6 4.0 2.6 –

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 1.5 0.9 0.1

Part time ................................................................ – 2.8 3.2 –

Union ..................................................................... 2.9 3.2 – –

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.3 1.4 0.9 2 ( )

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.8 3.2 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5.6 5.3 9.3 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 2.3 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.8 2.2 1.8 0.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 1.7 1.2 0.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.7 2.5 1.7 0.1

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.5 1.7 1.2 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.5 1.7 – –

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.7 2.9 2.0 –

Retail trade .................................................... 2.6 2.9 2.1 –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 5.0 5.7 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 8.3 8.2 – –

Information ......................................................... 3.8 3.8 0.7 –

Financial activities ............................................. 2.4 1.9 – –

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.9 1.8 – –

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.0 1.7 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 3.2 3.5 – –

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 6.0 6.9 7.6 –

Professional and business services .................. 4.9 4.6 – –

Professional and technical services .............. 4.3 4.8 – –

Administrative and waste services ................ 10.3 – 7.2 –

Education and health services ........................... 3.6 5.2 – –

Educational services ...................................... 6.6 6.3 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3.6 3.7 0.9 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.2 6.4 – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 6.1 3.8 5.8 –

Accommodation and food services ................ 6.8 4.6 5.8 –

Other services ................................................... 5.3 5.8 4.0 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 22. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of funding,

private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured1

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.8 2.3 1.7 0.1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.2 2.6 1.8 0.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.2 3.5 2.8 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.7 1.7 1.0 0.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.1 2.2 1.0 2 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.4 2.1 1.6 0.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 2.4 2.5 –

New England ..................................................... 5.3 5.1 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 2.0 2.4 –

South ..................................................................... 2.8 2.8 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 4.5 4.5 – –

East South Central ............................................ 4.5 4.9 – –

West South Central ........................................... 3.3 3.3 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 2.1 2.1 – 0.1

East North Central ............................................. 2.1 2.1 – 0.1

West North Central ............................................ 5.0 4.9 – –

West ...................................................................... 2.9 2.9 1.9 –

Mountain ............................................................ 4.0 4.0 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 3.9 3.5 2.7 –

1 Employer assumes all risks and expenses of providing the benefit. 2 Less than 0.05. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 23. Short-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 15 85

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 12 88

Management, business, and financial ............... 12 88

Professional and related .................................... 12 88

Service ................................................................... 31 69

Protective service .............................................. 43 57

Sales and office ..................................................... 17 83

Sales and related ............................................... 18 82

Office and administrative support ...................... 16 84

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 12 88

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 12 88

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 12 88

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 11 89

Production ......................................................... 7 92

Transportation and material moving .................. 16 84

Full time ................................................................. 13 87

Part time ................................................................ 39 61

Union ..................................................................... 14 86

Nonunion ............................................................... 16 84

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 29 71

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 39 61

Second 25 percent ............................................ 18 82

Third 25 percent ................................................ 12 88

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 11 89

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 13 87

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 9 91

Construction ...................................................... 16 84

Manufacturing .................................................... 7 93

Service-providing industries .................................. 17 83

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 20 80

Wholesale trade ............................................. 21 79

Retail trade .................................................... 24 76

Information ......................................................... 6 94

Financial activities ............................................. 9 91

Finance and insurance .................................. 5 95

Credit intermediation and related activities 6 94

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 5 95

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 29 71

Professional and business services .................. 17 83

Professional and technical services .............. 13 87

Administrative and waste services ................ 34 66

Education and health services ........................... 18 82

Educational services ...................................... 11 89

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 6 94

Health care and social assistance ................. 19 81

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 23. Short-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 28 72

Accommodation and food services ................ 30 70

Other services ................................................... 21 79

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 21 79

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 21 79

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 19 81

100 workers or more .............................................. 12 88

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 13 87

500 workers or more .......................................... 10 90

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 37 63

New England ..................................................... 4 96

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 44 56

South ..................................................................... 4 95

South Atlantic .................................................... 4 96

West South Central ........................................... 4 96

Midwest ................................................................. 5 95

East North Central ............................................. 4 96

West North Central ............................................ 7 93

West ...................................................................... 10 90

Mountain ............................................................ 4 96

Pacific ................................................................ 13 87

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans,

key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 23. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 1.0 1.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 1.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.9 1.9

Professional and related .................................... 1.0 1.0

Service ................................................................... 4.2 4.2

Protective service .............................................. 7.9 7.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.6 1.6

Sales and related ............................................... 2.3 2.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 1.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.1 2.1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.4 3.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.3 2.3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.6 1.6

Production ......................................................... 1.5 1.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.7 2.7

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9

Part time ................................................................ 2.3 2.3

Union ..................................................................... 2.3 2.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.8 2.8

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5.1 5.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 1.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.6 1.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 1.7

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 1.4

Construction ...................................................... 4.2 4.2

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.6 1.6

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.2 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.1 1.1

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.2 2.2

Retail trade .................................................... 2.2 2.2

Information ......................................................... 1.7 1.7

Financial activities ............................................. 1.2 1.2

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.7 0.7

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.2 1.2

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 0.9 0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 8.4 8.4

Professional and business services .................. 2.8 2.8

Professional and technical services .............. 2.6 2.6

Administrative and waste services ................ 6.5 6.5

Education and health services ........................... 3.7 3.7

Educational services ...................................... 2.8 2.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.0 1.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.8 4.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 23. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 3.9 3.9

Accommodation and food services ................ 3.8 3.8

Other services ................................................... 5.6 5.6

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.7 1.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.9 2.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.4 1.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 1.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.4 2.4

New England ..................................................... 1.2 1.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.4 2.4

South ..................................................................... 0.5 0.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.6 0.6

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 1.1

Midwest ................................................................. 1.0 1.0

East North Central ............................................. 1.2 1.2

West North Central ............................................ 1.9 1.9

West ...................................................................... 1.3 1.3

Mountain ............................................................ 1.1 1.1

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 2.0

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 24. Short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, private industry

workers, March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

All workers ............................................................. 5 2 71 21 1 ( )

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1 1 70 28 1 ( )

Management, business, and financial ............... 2 – 61 36 –

Professional and related .................................... – 1 76 22 –

Service ................................................................... 6 1 87 6 –

Protective service .............................................. – – 78 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 2 1 71 25 1

Sales and related ............................................... 4 – 72 22 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 2 – 71 26 –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 18 – 61 17 –

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 38 5 51 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 4 4 67 25 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 13 – 68 13 –

Production ......................................................... 17 – 60 17 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 10 – 76 9 –

Full time ................................................................. 6 2 69 22 1 ( )

Part time ................................................................ – 3 86 9 –

Union ..................................................................... 21 12 55 – –

Nonunion ............................................................... 3 1 74 22 1 ( )

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 5 – 82 10 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 3 83 8 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 7 1 76 15 1 ( )

Third 25 percent ................................................ 6 3 70 20 1 ( )

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 4 3 64 29 1 ( )

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2 1 64 33 1 ( )

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 16 4 62 18 1 ( )

Construction ...................................................... 31 – 58 8 –

Manufacturing .................................................... 13 – 62 20 –

Service-providing industries .................................. 3 2 74 22 1 ( )

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 5 4 76 14 1

Wholesale trade ............................................. 6 – 76 16 –

Retail trade .................................................... – 3 79 14 –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 9 – 74 9 –

Information ......................................................... – – 37 62 –

Financial activities ............................................. – 1 49 50 –

Finance and insurance .................................. – 1 43 56 –

Credit intermediation and related activities – – 32 67 –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – – 55 44 –

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – – 89 7 –

Professional and business services .................. – – 74 24 –

Professional and technical services .............. – – 81 19 –

Administrative and waste services ................ – – 82 – –

Education and health services ........................... 2 – 90 8 –

Educational services ...................................... 1 – 80 19 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1 – 75 23 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 24. Short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

Health care and social assistance ................. 2 – 92 5 –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 10 – 85 – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 8 – 88 – –

Other services ................................................... – – 82 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 – 78 16 –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5 – 78 16 –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 6 1 78 15 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 6 3 67 24 1 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 6 – 70 21 –

500 workers or more .......................................... 5 5 62 28 1 ( )

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 3 – 84 13 –

New England ..................................................... 5 – 70 24 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2 – 86 11 –

South ..................................................................... 5 3 64 27 1 ( )

South Atlantic .................................................... 5 3 66 26 1

East South Central ............................................ – – 62 23 –

West South Central ........................................... 4 2 64 31 –

Midwest ................................................................. 11 – 64 22 –

East North Central ............................................. 11 – 63 23 –

West North Central ............................................ 11 – 65 21 –

West ...................................................................... 4 3 71 22 1

Mountain ............................................................ 5 – 73 19 –

Pacific ................................................................ 3 3 70 23 1

1 Less than 0.5. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not

meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit

Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 24. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment,

private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

All workers ............................................................. 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.4 0.3 1.5 1.4 0.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.5 – 2.3 2.2 –

Professional and related .................................... – 0.5 1.5 1.4 –

Service ................................................................... 1.5 0.3 2.3 1.5 –

Protective service .............................................. – – 10.3 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.4 0.3 1.5 1.4 0.2

Sales and related ............................................... 0.7 – 1.9 1.8 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.3 – 1.6 1.6 –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.8 – 2.7 2.0 –

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.6 1.8 3.7 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 0.5 1.1 3.4 3.1 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.3 – 2.2 2.0 –

Production ......................................................... 1.9 – 2.9 2.4 –

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.6 – 3.1 2.9 –

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.1

Part time ................................................................ – 0.8 1.5 1.8 –

Union ..................................................................... 2.4 2.0 2.5 – –

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.3 0.2 1.1 1.0 0.1

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.4 – 2.3 1.6 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 1.3 3.4 1.9 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.4 1.8 1.2 0.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 0.7 1.5 1.4 0.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.5 0.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.7 0.2 2.0 2.0 0.2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.3 0.9 1.8 1.6 0.2

Construction ...................................................... 3.5 – 3.5 2.8 –

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.4 – 2.2 1.7 –

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.4 0.3 1.1 1.1 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.7 0.7 1.6 1.4 0.2

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.4 – 2.2 2.5 –

Retail trade .................................................... – 0.8 1.5 1.2 –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.3 – 4.2 2.6 –

Information ......................................................... – – 3.3 3.4 –

Financial activities ............................................. – 0.4 2.1 2.3 –

Finance and insurance .................................. – 0.3 2.2 2.2 –

Credit intermediation and related activities – – 2.5 2.6 –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – – 2.2 2.1 –

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – – 3.9 2.9 –

Professional and business services .................. – – 4.0 3.8 –

Professional and technical services .............. – – 3.0 3.0 –

Administrative and waste services ................ – – 7.1 – –

Education and health services ........................... 0.9 – 1.8 1.7 –

Educational services ...................................... 0.3 – 4.6 4.4 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.5 – 2.4 2.2 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.0 – 2.0 1.9 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 24. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment,

private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 2.8 – 4.2 – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 2.3 – 3.6 – –

Other services ................................................... – – 5.3 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.7 – 1.5 1.3 –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.9 – 1.8 1.3 –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.9 0.6 2.7 2.6 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.6 0.5 1.4 1.2 0.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.7 – 1.9 1.7 –

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 0.9 2.4 2.2 0.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.3 – 1.6 1.4 –

New England ..................................................... 1.3 – 3.8 3.5 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.4 – 1.8 1.6 –

South ..................................................................... 1.0 0.7 1.6 1.6 0.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.4 1.0 2.1 2.5 0.1

East South Central ............................................ – – 5.0 3.6 –

West South Central ........................................... 1.2 0.4 2.8 2.2 –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.0 – 1.9 2.2 –

East North Central ............................................. 1.4 – 2.4 2.8 –

West North Central ............................................ 1.2 – 3.0 3.3 –

West ...................................................................... 1.0 0.5 2.8 2.0 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 1.2 – 5.5 3.3 –

Pacific ................................................................ 1.5 0.5 3.0 2.6 0.5

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 25. Short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks1

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 94 12 20 26 26 26 6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 94 12 18 26 26 26 6

Management, business, and financial ............... 96 12 – 26 26 26 4

Professional and related .................................... 93 12 18 26 26 26 7

Service ................................................................... 98 13 – 26 26 26 2

Sales and office ..................................................... 94 12 18 26 26 26 6

Sales and related ............................................... 91 12 – 26 26 26 9

Office and administrative support ...................... 95 12 18 26 26 26 5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 92 13 26 26 26 – 8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 95 13 26 26 26 – 5

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 90 13 25 26 26 52 10

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 92 13 21 26 26 26 8

Transportation and material moving .................. 95 13 25 26 26 26 5

Full time ................................................................. 94 12 18 26 26 26 6

Part time ................................................................ 97 13 26 26 26 26 3

Union ..................................................................... 90 13 26 26 26 26 10

Nonunion ............................................................... 95 12 18 26 26 26 5

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 95 12 – 26 26 26 5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 95 12 – 26 26 – 5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 96 12 24 26 26 26 4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 94 12 – 26 26 26 6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 92 12 21 26 26 26 8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 92 12 24 26 26 26 8

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 98 12 13 26 26 26 2

Service-providing industries .................................. 95 12 20 26 26 26 5

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 93 12 21 26 26 26 7

Wholesale trade ............................................. 92 12 13 26 26 26 8

Retail trade .................................................... 93 12 – 26 26 26 7

Transportation and warehousing ................... 93 21 26 26 26 26 7

Information ......................................................... 90 12 25 26 26 52 10

Financial activities ............................................. 94 13 25 26 26 26 6

Finance and insurance .................................. 94 13 25 26 26 26 6

Credit intermediation and related activities 93 12 26 26 26 26 7

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 97 13 24 26 26 26 3

Professional and business services .................. 95 12 13 26 26 26 5

Professional and technical services .............. 94 12 13 26 26 26 6

Education and health services ........................... 97 12 – 26 26 26 3

Educational services ...................................... 94 12 24 26 26 26 6

Health care and social assistance ................. 97 12 – 26 26 26 3

Accommodation and food services ................ 100 13 26 26 26 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 25. Short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks1

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 95 12 – 26 26 26 5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 96 12 – 26 26 26 4

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 94 12 13 26 26 26 6

100 workers or more .............................................. 93 12 21 26 26 26 7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 95 12 13 26 26 26 5

500 workers or more .......................................... 91 13 25 26 26 26 9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 95 – 26 26 26 26 5

New England ..................................................... 96 12 – 26 26 26 4

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 94 25 26 26 26 26 6

South Atlantic .................................................... 94 12 13 26 26 26 6

West South Central ........................................... 94 11 13 26 26 26 6

Midwest ................................................................. 94 12 13 26 26 26 6

East North Central ............................................. 94 12 13 26 26 26 6

West North Central ............................................ 95 12 13 26 26 26 5

West ...................................................................... 95 12 13 26 26 26 5

Mountain ............................................................ 95 11 13 21 26 26 5

Pacific ................................................................ 95 13 25 26 26 26 5

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 25. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, private industry workers, 

March 2018

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks1

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.7 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.5 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 1.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Service ................................................................... 0.5 1.2 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.8 0.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 1.9 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.6 0.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 – 1.3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.5 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 – 1.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.9 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 1.9

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.0 0.4 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.3 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

Union ..................................................................... 1.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.0 0.3 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.5 0.3 – 0.0 0.0 – 1.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.4 0.6 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... 0.8 0.8 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.1 0.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.1 1.2 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1

Retail trade .................................................... 1.3 0.3 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2

Information ......................................................... 2.9 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 6.7 2.9

Financial activities ............................................. 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 0.7 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

Professional and business services .................. 1.4 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4

Professional and technical services .............. 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4

Education and health services ........................... 0.8 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Educational services ...................................... 1.4 0.3 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4

Health care and social assistance ................. 0.9 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

Accommodation and food services ................ 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 25. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks1

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.7 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.6 0.3 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.7 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.6 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.5 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

New England ..................................................... 1.0 1.1 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.6 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

West South Central ........................................... 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Midwest ................................................................. 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

East North Central ............................................. 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2

West North Central ............................................ 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

West ...................................................................... 1.1 0.2 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

Mountain ............................................................ 1.9 0.0 1.0 5.2 0.0 0.0 1.9

Pacific ................................................................ 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 26. Short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

All workers ............................................................. 1 24 1 41 19 14 62.0 60.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 17 – 44 20 19 64.0 60.0

Management, business, and financial ............... – 14 – 43 24 18 64.6 60.0

Professional and related .................................... – 18 – 44 18 19 63.7 60.0

Service ................................................................... – 38 – 35 19 6 58.4 60.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1 29 2 39 17 12 61.0 60.0

Sales and related ............................................... – 35 – 37 14 12 61.0 60.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 1 27 2 40 19 11 61.0 60.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 25 – 38 23 11 60.9 60.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 38 – 26 28 – 58.7 60.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – 18 – 44 21 12 62.0 60.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 19 – 44 17 17 62.7 60.0

Production ......................................................... – 16 – 42 16 22 63.3 60.0

Transportation and material moving .................. – 22 – 46 19 12 62.1 60.0

Full time ................................................................. 1 22 1 43 18 15 62.3 60.0

Part time ................................................................ – 37 – 26 30 5 59.4 60.0

Union ..................................................................... – 30 – 36 22 9 59.7 60.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1 23 1 42 19 15 62.3 60.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 37 – 34 19 7 58.8 60.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 34 – 24 27 12 60.2 60.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1 30 2 39 18 10 60.1 60.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1 20 1 46 18 15 62.4 60.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1 17 2 ( ) 41 20 20 64.6 60.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 18 – 39 19 22 65.8 60.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... – 30 – 34 24 6 58.8 60.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 2 ( ) 26 1 41 19 12 61.6 60.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... – 30 – 39 19 10 61.2 60.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. – 15 – 51 23 10 63.4 60.0

Retail trade .................................................... – 43 – 31 17 7 58.2 60.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... – 23 – 44 – 14 64.0 60.0

Information ......................................................... – 18 – 51 – 20 62.4 60.0

Financial activities ............................................. – 26 – 36 13 23 64.6 60.0

Finance and insurance .................................. – 21 – 37 13 28 66.3 60.0

Credit intermediation and related activities – 36 – 37 13 14 61.5 60.0

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – 15 – 41 16 27 65.7 60.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – 40 – 35 – – 59.4 60.0

Professional and business services .................. – 14 – 37 26 21 64.9 60.0

Professional and technical services .............. – 15 – 39 18 25 65.4 60.0

Administrative and waste services ................ – 17 – 36 33 – 63.2 60.0

Education and health services ........................... – 22 – 51 18 8 60.3 60.0

Educational services ...................................... – 35 – 28 19 18 63.4 60.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 23 – 38 10 29 67.0 60.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – 20 – 55 18 6 59.8 60.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 26. Short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 51 – 31 12 – 55.6 50.0

Accommodation and food services ................ – 53 – 28 13 – 55.7 50.0

Other services ................................................... – 33 – 24 29 7 59.5 60.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2 ( ) 24 2 39 23 12 62.2 60.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 26 – 37 23 11 61.6 60.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 19 – 44 23 13 63.5 60.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 24 2 ( ) 43 16 16 61.9 60.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 24 – 42 16 16 61.3 60.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 24 – 44 15 16 62.6 60.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 37 – 23 32 6 60.1 60.0

New England ..................................................... – 8 – 53 23 12 63.1 60.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 42 – 19 34 6 59.7 60.0

South ..................................................................... – 18 – 55 9 18 62.7 60.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 1 19 – 53 9 18 62.3 60.0

East South Central ............................................ – 16 – 48 – – 65.1 60.0

West South Central ........................................... – 16 – 61 8 – 62.3 60.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 17 – 53 11 18 63.0 60.0

East North Central ............................................. – 17 – 53 11 18 62.8 60.0

West North Central ............................................ – 17 – 50 12 19 63.5 60.0

West ...................................................................... – 14 – 42 17 20 63.6 60.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 14 – 46 – 24 63.2 60.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 13 – 39 19 18 63.9 60.0

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 2 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 26. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, private industry workers,

 March 2018

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

All workers ............................................................. 0.2 1.0 0.3 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 1.2 – 2.7 1.9 1.5 0.4 0.0

Management, business, and financial ............... – 2.3 – 3.2 3.2 2.0 0.6 0.0

Professional and related .................................... – 1.8 – 3.4 2.1 1.8 0.4 0.0

Service ................................................................... – 3.3 – 4.2 2.5 2.2 0.5 0.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.3 1.3 0.6 2.1 1.8 1.2 0.5 0.0

Sales and related ............................................... – 2.1 – 3.1 1.9 2.8 1.2 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.4 1.4 0.8 2.5 2.2 1.1 0.4 0.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 3.6 – 3.2 3.3 2.2 0.8 0.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 10.1 – 5.4 8.0 – 1.6 0.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. – 3.5 – 3.6 3.0 2.4 1.0 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 1.8 – 2.7 2.0 1.8 0.5 0.0

Production ......................................................... – 3.4 – 4.9 3.2 3.0 0.6 0.0

Transportation and material moving .................. – 2.2 – 3.0 3.0 1.4 0.8 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.9 0.2 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.0

Part time ................................................................ – 3.2 – 4.3 2.9 0.9 0.5 0.0

Union ..................................................................... – 2.7 – 3.6 3.1 1.8 0.5 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.2 1.1 0.2 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.3 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 4.3 – 3.5 4.0 0.8 0.6 0.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 4.6 – 5.4 6.2 2.6 0.7 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 1.8 0.4 2.5 1.7 1.4 0.5 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.3 1.5 0.2 2.6 2.2 1.5 0.3 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.3 1.1 0.2 2.3 2.0 1.7 0.5 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 2.1 – 3.3 2.2 2.6 1.0 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries:

 Construction ................................................... – 7.1 – 4.9 5.9 2.5 1.1 0.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.2 1.1 0.3 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.3 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... – 1.6 – 1.7 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. – 2.7 – 3.1 4.4 1.6 0.7 0.0

Retail trade .................................................... – 2.3 – 3.0 1.7 1.4 0.4 0.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... – 3.9 – 4.9 – 2.5 1.5 0.0

Information ......................................................... – 5.5 – 7.9 – 4.4 0.9 0.0

Financial activities ............................................. – 3.6 – 2.6 2.2 2.3 0.9 0.0

Finance and insurance .................................. – 2.1 – 2.5 1.5 2.6 1.0 0.0

Credit intermediation and related activities – 3.9 – 2.9 1.7 3.2 1.3 0.0

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – 2.7 – 4.0 2.7 3.6 1.1 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – 11.5 – 7.1 – – 2.2 2.1

Professional and business services .................. – 1.7 – 3.4 3.9 2.9 0.9 3.5

Professional and technical services .............. – 2.0 – 5.2 3.8 4.6 1.4 0.0

Administrative and waste services ................ – 4.4 – 7.3 6.1 – 1.6 5.3

Education and health services ........................... – 2.3 – 5.4 4.1 1.9 0.4 0.0

Educational services ...................................... – 3.5 – 5.5 5.3 4.0 1.2 0.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 2.3 – 3.2 2.1 4.1 1.6 0.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – 2.3 – 5.3 4.2 2.2 0.4 0.0

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 6.9 – 6.2 3.3 – 0.9 8.3

Accommodation and food services ................ – 8.3 – 7.5 3.8 – 1.0 7.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 26. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, private industry workers,

 March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

Other services ................................................... – 7.1 – 6.0 7.3 2.8 1.5 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.2 2.0 0.5 2.7 2.1 1.5 0.5 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 2.3 – 3.1 2.1 1.6 0.5 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 2.8 – 3.9 3.7 3.2 1.2 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.3 1.6 0.2 2.1 1.4 1.1 0.3 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 1.8 – 2.7 1.7 1.6 0.4 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 3.0 – 3.1 2.2 1.6 0.6 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 1.6 – 2.9 2.4 0.8 0.3 0.0

New England ..................................................... – 2.6 – 6.4 6.2 2.0 0.9 0.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 1.8 – 2.6 2.3 0.9 0.4 0.0

South ..................................................................... – 1.8 – 2.8 1.7 2.5 0.8 0.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.6 2.1 – 3.8 2.2 3.1 0.6 0.0

East South Central ............................................ – 4.0 – 9.3 – – 4.4 0.0

West South Central ........................................... – 3.9 – 3.7 2.2 – 1.2 0.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 2.3 – 3.2 1.4 2.1 0.5 0.0

East North Central ............................................. – 3.1 – 4.5 1.7 2.7 0.7 0.0

West North Central ............................................ – 2.4 – 2.2 2.3 2.7 0.5 0.0

West ...................................................................... – 1.6 – 4.4 3.9 1.9 0.5 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 1.5 – 6.3 – 4.1 0.9 0.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 2.5 – 6.0 4.4 1.6 0.5 0.0

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 27. Short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 76 $170 $250 $633 $1,500 $2,500 24

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 73 170 500 1,000 2,300 3,000 27

Management, business, and financial ............... 77 170 559 1,000 2,000 2,889 23

Professional and related .................................... 71 170 500 1,000 2,309 3,000 29

Service ................................................................... 75 170 170 500 637 1,500 25

Sales and office ..................................................... 81 170 200 633 1,500 2,500 19

Sales and related ............................................... 85 170 200 500 1,400 – 15

Office and administrative support ...................... 80 170 200 700 1,666 2,500 20

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 78 170 260 594 1,000 2,000 22

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 75 170 350 600 1,300 2,500 25

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 73 170 350 584 1,000 1,730 27

Production ......................................................... 66 170 300 633 1,500 2,500 34

Transportation and material moving .................. 79 170 – 500 1,000 1,500 21

Full time ................................................................. 74 170 300 677 1,500 2,500 26

Part time ................................................................ 88 170 170 500 633 – 12

Union ..................................................................... 81 170 230 500 624 1,400 19

Nonunion ............................................................... 75 170 275 637 1,500 2,500 25

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 81 170 170 500 637 1,666 19

Second 25 percent ............................................ 78 170 200 595 1,150 2,309 22

Third 25 percent ................................................ 75 170 500 750 1,500 2,500 25

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 72 170 500 1,000 2,000 2,500 28

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 72 170 559 1,000 2,300 2,889 28

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 71 170 350 700 1,400 2,500 29

Construction ...................................................... 92 170 – 570 750 1,500 8

Manufacturing .................................................... 65 200 400 – 1,500 3,000 35

Service-providing industries .................................. 77 170 200 633 1,500 2,500 23

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 84 170 200 500 1,000 2,308 16

Wholesale trade ............................................. 82 170 500 636 1,250 2,308 18

Retail trade .................................................... 89 170 200 – – 2,500 11

Transportation and warehousing ................... 77 170 – 500 615 1,500 23

Information ......................................................... 75 170 1,150 1,965 2,300 2,500 25

Financial activities ............................................. 64 170 615 1,000 2,500 5,000 36

Finance and insurance .................................. 57 – 1,000 1,385 3,000 5,770 43

Credit intermediation and related activities 67 170 – 1,250 2,769 8,077 33

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 52 – 1,000 1,250 2,500 – 48

Professional and business services .................. 82 170 559 – 2,000 2,500 18

Professional and technical services .............. 79 170 500 1,000 2,000 2,500 21

Education and health services ........................... 71 170 350 637 2,000 2,500 29

Educational services ...................................... 69 170 170 595 1,000 2,000 31

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 43 170 170 600 1,500 2,000 57

Health care and social assistance ................. 71 170 500 692 2,000 2,500 29

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 27. Short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 76 $170 $170 $315 $637 $1,500 24

Other services ................................................... 76 170 – 637 1,000 1,500 24

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 78 170 200 615 1,000 2,000 22

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 78 170 170 615 1,067 2,000 22

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 79 170 300 615 1,000 2,000 21

100 workers or more .............................................. 74 170 300 692 2,000 3,000 26

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 77 170 250 633 1,500 2,500 23

500 workers or more .......................................... 70 170 500 – 2,350 3,000 30

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 89 170 170 500 637 1,500 11

New England ..................................................... 77 200 500 700 1,500 2,500 23

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 91 170 170 500 633 1,000 9

South ..................................................................... 66 200 500 1,000 2,300 2,889 34

South Atlantic .................................................... 69 200 500 1,000 2,300 3,000 31

East South Central ............................................ 56 200 500 1,000 1,500 2,500 44

West South Central ........................................... 66 250 600 1,500 2,500 2,889 34

Midwest ................................................................. 65 – 500 1,000 2,000 2,500 35

East North Central ............................................. 66 200 500 1,000 – 2,500 34

West North Central ............................................ 63 275 500 1,000 2,157 – 37

West ...................................................................... 77 250 594 1,000 2,300 3,000 23

Mountain ............................................................ 69 – – 1,200 2,000 2,500 31

Pacific ................................................................ 82 220 584 1,000 2,310 3,500 18

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 27. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 1.4 $0.00 $46.63 $3.55 $0.00 $0.00 1.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.9 0.00 79.94 0.00 249.44 355.92 1.9

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.4 0.00 50.02 76.51 0.00 495.16 2.4

Professional and related .................................... 2.4 0.00 48.03 90.13 73.14 326.22 2.4

Service ................................................................... 3.8 0.00 0.00 76.94 4.99 406.70 3.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.9 0.00 0.00 5.68 30.29 0.00 1.9

Sales and related ............................................... 3.1 0.00 0.00 76.80 198.68 – 3.1

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.2 0.00 55.95 116.95 351.49 0.00 2.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.5 0.00 76.16 65.79 21.18 148.26 2.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.1 9.48 90.43 8.39 230.35 218.40 3.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 3.1 0.00 64.25 64.98 27.37 418.67 3.1

Production ......................................................... 3.8 0.00 47.85 40.57 171.15 75.16 3.8

Transportation and material moving .................. 3.7 28.45 – 60.19 92.70 0.00 3.7

Full time ................................................................. 1.4 0.00 48.04 65.80 150.76 0.00 1.4

Part time ................................................................ 2.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.34 – 2.8

Union ..................................................................... 2.6 0.00 17.31 0.00 20.12 335.56 2.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.5 0.00 52.95 29.69 121.81 0.00 1.5

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3.3 0.00 5.55 42.87 118.84 453.24 3.3

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.6 0.00 0.00 7.60 225.02 184.18 2.6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.8 0.00 85.23 119.88 308.20 162.58 1.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 2.0 0.00 5.43 230.53 168.52 371.07 2.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 3.0 0.00 81.17 42.80 306.56 555.75 3.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.5 0.00 78.66 85.15 182.39 159.36 2.5

Construction ...................................................... 2.7 0.00 – 73.74 219.31 406.00 2.7

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.9 29.63 97.27 – 222.00 688.71 2.9

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.6 0.00 26.60 15.44 0.00 0.00 1.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.42 218.10 1.8

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.7 0.00 34.14 13.32 0.00 463.23 2.7

Retail trade .................................................... 1.7 0.00 0.00 – – 0.00 1.7

Transportation and warehousing ................... 5.3 31.92 – 0.00 28.63 0.00 5.3

Information ......................................................... 4.9 0.00 77.48 313.31 0.00 322.59 4.9

Financial activities ............................................. 2.4 0.00 148.05 200.52 110.22 1,243.12 2.4

Finance and insurance .................................. 2.6 – 165.70 154.19 298.56 620.22 2.6

Credit intermediation and related activities 3.4 0.00 – 311.73 388.22 406.98 3.4

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 3.7 – 82.12 293.55 569.80 – 3.7

Professional and business services .................. 3.4 0.00 75.29 – 152.68 0.00 3.4

Professional and technical services .............. 4.0 0.00 15.23 223.29 405.18 235.24 4.0

Education and health services ........................... 2.9 0.00 100.83 48.73 249.92 351.01 2.9

Educational services ...................................... 5.3 0.00 0.00 15.69 237.22 478.21 5.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3.6 0.00 0.00 56.87 225.58 301.91 3.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.3 0.00 136.82 69.37 301.13 462.73 3.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 27. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 6.9 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $39.82 $223.49 6.9

Other services ................................................... 4.3 0.00 – 32.56 42.35 47.34 4.3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.2 0.00 29.22 20.43 149.13 0.00 2.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.8 0.00 12.14 24.25 200.68 79.25 2.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 4.2 0.00 67.17 17.70 21.18 141.32 4.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.4 0.00 48.10 75.66 126.41 480.85 1.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.6 0.00 68.16 23.62 160.34 0.00 1.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.4 0.00 79.14 – 185.16 277.72 2.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.6 0.00 0.00 58.87 3.53 366.15 1.6

New England ..................................................... 3.2 49.76 42.80 61.55 5.16 127.28 3.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.8 0.00 0.00 118.44 0.00 299.10 1.8

South ..................................................................... 2.7 0.00 0.00 200.00 268.57 464.14 2.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 3.3 0.00 28.85 144.27 375.31 363.53 3.3

East South Central ............................................ 5.9 0.00 0.00 143.80 0.00 39.74 5.9

West South Central ........................................... 5.8 35.63 177.90 202.51 208.09 860.55 5.8

Midwest ................................................................. 4.4 – 9.12 0.00 516.50 0.00 4.4

East North Central ............................................. 5.8 28.12 139.09 68.12 – 0.00 5.8

West North Central ............................................ 5.1 36.38 0.00 82.12 275.96 – 5.1

West ...................................................................... 1.9 56.37 22.23 235.82 343.63 598.62 1.9

Mountain ............................................................ 3.8 – – 337.26 589.80 289.10 3.8

Pacific ................................................................ 1.6 49.28 23.00 163.81 236.64 827.23 1.6

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 28. Long-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 6 94

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 5 95

Management, business, and financial ............... 5 95

Professional and related .................................... 5 95

Service ................................................................... 6 94

Sales and office ..................................................... 7 93

Sales and related ............................................... 7 93

Office and administrative support ...................... 6 94

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 8 92

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 4 96

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 10 90

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 6 94

Production ......................................................... 5 95

Transportation and material moving .................. 9 91

Full time ................................................................. 6 94

Part time ................................................................ 3 97

Union ..................................................................... 8 92

Nonunion ............................................................... 6 94

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 10 90

Second 25 percent ............................................ 6 94

Third 25 percent ................................................ 5 95

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 6 94

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 7 93

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 6 94

Construction ...................................................... 5 95

Manufacturing .................................................... 6 94

Service-providing industries .................................. 6 94

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 11 89

Wholesale trade ............................................. 7 93

Retail trade .................................................... 14 86

Transportation and warehousing ................... 12 88

Utilities ........................................................... 16 84

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 28. Long-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

Financial activities ............................................. 4 96

Finance and insurance .................................. 2 98

Credit intermediation and related activities 2 98

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2 98

Professional and business services .................. 6 94

Professional and technical services .............. 7 93

Education and health services ........................... 5 95

Educational services ...................................... 9 91

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 12 88

Health care and social assistance ................. 4 96

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 95

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4 96

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 7 93

100 workers or more .............................................. 6 94

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 6 94

500 workers or more .......................................... 6 94

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 7 93

New England ..................................................... 3 97

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 9 91

South ..................................................................... 7 93

South Atlantic .................................................... 7 93

West South Central ........................................... 5 95

Midwest ................................................................. 5 95

East North Central ............................................. 5 95

West North Central ............................................ 6 94

West ...................................................................... 3 97

Mountain ............................................................ 4 96

Pacific ................................................................ 3 97

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans,

key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 28. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.6 0.6

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.9 0.9

Professional and related .................................... 0.7 0.7

Service ................................................................... 2.1 2.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.1 1.1

Sales and related ............................................... 1.4 1.4

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 1.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.3 1.3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.6 1.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.6 1.6

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.1 1.1

Production ......................................................... 1.2 1.2

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.7 1.7

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 1.2 1.2

Union ..................................................................... 1.7 1.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.6 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.2 2.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.6 0.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.8 0.8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.3 1.3

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.8 0.8

Construction ...................................................... 2.1 2.1

Manufacturing .................................................... 0.8 0.8

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.2 1.2

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.3 1.3

Retail trade .................................................... 2.6 2.6

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.5 2.5

Utilities ........................................................... 3.1 3.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 28. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

Financial activities ............................................. 0.8 0.8

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.7 0.7

Credit intermediation and related activities 0.6 0.6

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 0.9 0.9

Professional and business services .................. 2.1 2.1

Professional and technical services .............. 1.7 1.7

Education and health services ........................... 1.5 1.5

Educational services ...................................... 1.6 1.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.4 1.4

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.8 1.8

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.0 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.7 0.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.9 2.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.8 0.8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.9 0.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 1.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.1 2.1

New England ..................................................... 0.9 0.9

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.6 2.6

South ..................................................................... 1.3 1.3

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.9 1.9

West South Central ........................................... 1.2 1.2

Midwest ................................................................. 0.8 0.8

East North Central ............................................. 0.6 0.6

West North Central ............................................ 2.1 2.1

West ...................................................................... 0.7 0.7

Mountain ............................................................ 1.1 1.1

Pacific ................................................................ 0.9 0.9

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 29. Long-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, private

industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

All workers ............................................................. 94 4 2 1 ( )

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 95 4 – –

Management, business, and financial ............... 95 4 – –

Professional and related .................................... 95 4 – –

Service ................................................................... 97 – – –

Protective service .............................................. 89 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 97 2 – –

Sales and related ............................................... 96 3 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 98 2 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 86 4 9 2

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 94 4 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 89 4 6 1

Production ......................................................... 86 5 8 1

Transportation and material moving .................. 93 3 – –

Full time ................................................................. 94 4 2 1 ( )

Part time ................................................................ 94 4 – –

Union ..................................................................... 82 2 13 2

Nonunion ............................................................... 96 4 – –

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 94 5 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 97 2 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 95 3 2 1 ( )

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 93 5 2 1 ( )

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 93 7 – –

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 85 8 6 1

Construction ...................................................... 77 – 20 –

Manufacturing .................................................... 88 7 4 1

Service-providing industries .................................. 96 3 1 1 ( )

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 93 5 2 1

Wholesale trade ............................................. 95 3 – –

Retail trade .................................................... 92 7 – –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 92 5 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 89 6 – 5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 29. Long-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, private

industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

Information ......................................................... 95 4 – –

Financial activities ............................................. 99 1 – –

Finance and insurance .................................. 99 1 – –

Credit intermediation and related activities 99 1 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 99 – – –

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 98 – – –

Professional and business services .................. 96 – – –

Professional and technical services .............. 98 – – –

Education and health services ........................... 98 2 – –

Educational services ...................................... 97 2 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 96 4 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 98 – – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 95 – – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 89 – – –

Other services ................................................... 99 – – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 95 3 1 1 ( )

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 95 4 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 96 – – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 94 4 2 1 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 96 3 1 1 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 92 5 – –

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 95 4 – –

New England ..................................................... 98 – 2 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 94 5 – –

South ..................................................................... 94 5 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 97 3 – –

East South Central ............................................ 89 8 – –

West South Central ........................................... 92 7 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 91 4 5 1 ( )

East North Central ............................................. 91 3 5 1 ( )

West North Central ............................................ 91 4 – –

West ...................................................................... 98 2 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 98 2 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 97 – – 1 ( )

1 Less than 0.5. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category

or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 29. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Method of benefit

payment, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.7 0.7 – –

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.9 0.9 – –

Professional and related .................................... 0.8 0.8 – –

Service ................................................................... 1.3 – – –

Protective service .............................................. 7.5 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.5 0.5 – –

Sales and related ............................................... 1.3 1.2 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.5 0.5 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.4 1.3 1.7 0.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.1 1.6 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.3 1.3 1.9 0.3

Production ......................................................... 3.7 1.9 2.9 0.4

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.2 1.1 – –

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.1

Part time ................................................................ 2.0 1.4 – –

Union ..................................................................... 3.1 0.7 3.0 0.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.6 0.5 – –

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.7 1.5 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.8 0.6 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.4 1.4 – –

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.1 1.4 1.6 0.2

Construction ...................................................... 4.8 – 4.5 –

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.6 1.7 1.7 0.2

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.4 0.8 1.0 0.2

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.6 1.2 – –

Retail trade .................................................... 1.8 1.4 – –

Transportation and warehousing ................... 3.5 1.7 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 2.6 2.4 – 2.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 29. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Method of benefit

payment, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

Information ......................................................... 1.5 1.0 – –

Financial activities ............................................. 0.2 0.3 – –

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.3 0.3 – –

Credit intermediation and related activities 0.2 0.2 – –

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 0.8 – – –

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 1.8 – – –

Professional and business services .................. 2.0 – – –

Professional and technical services .............. 1.4 – – –

Education and health services ........................... 0.9 0.9 – –

Educational services ...................................... 0.7 0.6 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.9 0.6 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.0 – – –

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 5.0 – – –

Accommodation and food services ................ 11.0 – – –

Other services ................................................... 1.4 – – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.0 0.8 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.6 – – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.1 1.0 0.4 0.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.2 1.0 – –

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.3 1.4 – –

New England ..................................................... 0.9 – 0.9 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.9 1.9 – –

South ..................................................................... 1.1 0.9 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.0 1.0 – –

East South Central ............................................ 4.8 2.7 – –

West South Central ........................................... 1.9 1.8 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.5 1.0 1.1 0.1

East North Central ............................................. 1.7 1.2 1.3 0.2

West North Central ............................................ 2.9 2.1 – –

West ...................................................................... 0.7 0.6 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 0.8 0.8 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 1.0 – – 0.1

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 30. Long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, private industry workers, March

2018

(All workers with a fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

All workers ............................................................. 27 63 5 4 1 57.6 60.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 27 62 7 5 1 ( ) 57.7 60.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 22 67 6 5 1 58.1 60.0

Professional and related .................................... 30 58 7 5 1 ( ) 57.4 60.0

Service ................................................................... 31 62 – 2 – 57.1 60.0

Protective service .............................................. 30 59 – – – 57.7 60.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 28 63 3 5 1 57.3 60.0

Sales and related ............................................... 24 66 – 5 – 57.7 60.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 29 62 3 5 1 57.2 60.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 21 68 8 – – 58.6 60.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 24 69 5 – – 57.7 60.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 25 67 5 3 1 57.9 60.0

Production ......................................................... 26 61 7 – – 58.0 60.0

Transportation and material moving .................. 23 73 – 1 – 57.7 60.0

Full time ................................................................. 27 63 6 4 1 57.7 60.0

Part time ................................................................ 29 63 – 4 – 57.3 60.0

Union ..................................................................... 33 60 5 – – 57.3 60.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 26 63 6 4 1 57.7 60.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 27 67 – 3 – 57.3 60.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 29 63 4 4 1 57.2 60.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 26 65 6 4 1 57.7 60.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 26 62 7 5 1 ( ) 57.8 60.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 26 60 8 6 1 ( ) 57.9 60.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 24 58 13 – – 58.5 60.0

Construction ...................................................... – 71 – – – 58.6 60.0

Manufacturing .................................................... 25 55 13 – – 58.6 60.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 27 64 4 4 1 ( ) 57.5 60.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 23 69 4 4 1 57.9 60.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. 21 73 2 3 2 57.8 60.0

Retail trade .................................................... 19 70 – 7 – 58.5 60.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... 26 70 – – – 57.6 60.0

Utilities ........................................................... 33 39 17 – – 58.4 60.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 30. Long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with a fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

Information ......................................................... 28 62 5 – – 57.3 60.0

Financial activities ............................................. 32 58 – 5 – 57.2 60.0

Finance and insurance .................................. 36 55 – 6 – 56.9 60.0

Credit intermediation and related activities 35 55 – 7 – 57.1 60.0

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 38 53 6 3 – 56.4 60.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – 83 – – – 59.7 60.0

Professional and business services .................. 24 67 – 5 – 57.6 60.0

Professional and technical services .............. 28 60 – 7 – 57.1 60.0

Education and health services ........................... 31 62 4 – – 57.0 60.0

Educational services ...................................... – 73 10 11 – 61.0 60.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 76 7 8 – 60.8 60.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 37 59 – – – 56.2 60.0

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 72 – – – 57.4 60.0

Other services ................................................... – 79 – – – 60.3 60.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 22 65 7 5 1 58.4 60.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 23 67 5 4 1 58.2 60.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 20 63 – 5 – 58.9 60.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 30 62 5 4 1 ( ) 57.2 60.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 23 69 – 4 – 58.0 60.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 36 55 5 – – 56.4 60.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 25 68 2 4 1 ( ) 57.7 60.0

New England ..................................................... 22 68 5 – – 58.1 60.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 26 69 – 4 – 57.6 60.0

South ..................................................................... 30 63 3 4 1 57.0 60.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 29 63 3 4 1 57.0 60.0

East South Central ............................................ 25 69 – 4 – 57.5 60.0

West South Central ........................................... 33 59 4 – – 56.7 60.0

Midwest ................................................................. 23 66 6 4 1 ( ) 58.0 60.0

East North Central ............................................. 24 67 5 – – 57.7 60.0

West North Central ............................................ 22 66 6 – – 58.4 60.0

West ...................................................................... 27 55 12 – – 58.2 60.0

Mountain ............................................................ 22 64 – 3 – 58.8 60.0

Pacific ................................................................ 30 50 14 – – 57.9 60.0

1 Less than 0.5. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 30. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, private industry

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.4 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.1 2.2 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.0

Professional and related .................................... 1.8 2.0 1.5 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.0

Service ................................................................... 5.4 6.1 – 0.5 – 0.6 0.0

Protective service .............................................. 8.7 10.5 – – – 1.2 0.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.8 1.7 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0

Sales and related ............................................... 3.2 3.2 – 1.7 – 0.5 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.3 2.2 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.7 3.0 1.6 – – 0.5 0.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.5 3.5 1.3 – – 0.4 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.8 2.7 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.0

Production ......................................................... 4.3 3.3 2.0 – – 0.6 0.0

Transportation and material moving .................. 3.3 3.6 – 0.6 – 0.4 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 5.0 5.6 – 1.2 – 0.5 0.0

Union ..................................................................... 3.8 3.2 1.4 – – 0.4 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 4.8 4.6 – 0.8 – 0.6 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.4 2.6 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.7 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.1 2.5 1.4 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2.5 2.6 2.3 – – 0.4 0.0

Construction ...................................................... – 6.7 – – – 1.3 0.0

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.1 2.3 2.7 – – 0.4 0.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.9 2.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. 3.3 3.5 0.5 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.0

Retail trade .................................................... 4.2 4.3 – 1.3 – 0.6 0.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... 4.5 4.8 – – – 0.5 0.0

Utilities ........................................................... 4.0 4.8 4.3 – – 0.5 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 30. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

Information ......................................................... 3.8 4.3 2.5 – – 0.7 0.0

Financial activities ............................................. 1.7 1.8 – 0.9 – 0.2 0.0

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.7 1.7 – 1.0 – 0.2 0.0

Credit intermediation and related activities 3.0 2.9 – 1.5 – 0.4 0.0

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.3 2.3 1.8 0.8 – 0.3 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – 4.8 – – – 0.5 0.0

Professional and business services .................. 2.7 3.4 – 1.2 – 0.4 0.0

Professional and technical services .............. 4.0 3.8 – 1.2 – 0.7 0.0

Education and health services ........................... 2.7 2.5 1.6 – – 0.3 0.0

Educational services ...................................... – 3.0 2.7 2.9 – 0.3 0.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 3.2 1.3 1.5 – 0.3 0.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.0 2.9 – – – 0.4 0.0

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 11.9 – – – 1.2 0.0

Other services ................................................... – 6.5 – – – 0.6 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.1 2.3 1.5 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 3.0 3.4 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.4 4.2 – 1.3 – 0.5 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.5 1.5 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.5 2.5 – 0.7 – 0.3 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.1 2.2 1.1 – – 0.3 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.6 2.4 0.6 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.0

New England ..................................................... 6.1 6.4 2.1 – – 0.9 0.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.8 2.4 – 1.5 – 0.4 0.0

South ..................................................................... 2.0 2.0 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.4 2.7 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.0

East South Central ............................................ 3.1 1.6 – 1.8 – 0.6 0.0

West South Central ........................................... 4.8 4.4 0.9 – – 0.6 0.0

Midwest ................................................................. 1.7 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0

East North Central ............................................. 1.9 2.6 1.7 – – 0.3 0.0

West North Central ............................................ 3.5 2.5 2.1 – – 0.5 0.0

West ...................................................................... 2.7 2.9 2.6 – – 0.5 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ 6.0 4.1 – 1.2 – 0.9 0.0

Pacific ................................................................ 2.7 3.7 2.5 – – 0.5 0.0

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 31. Long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers participating in fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 91 $4,000 $5,000 $8,000 $12,000 – 9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 91 4,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 $20,000 9

Management, business, and financial ............... 91 5,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 20,833 9

Professional and related .................................... 92 4,000 5,000 8,500 12,500 16,000 8

Service ................................................................... 96 4,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 4

Sales and office ..................................................... 91 4,000 5,000 9,500 15,000 20,000 9

Sales and related ............................................... 87 5,000 5,000 10,000 12,000 20,000 13

Office and administrative support ...................... 92 4,000 5,000 9,500 15,000 20,000 8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 88 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 12

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 89 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 11

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 89 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 11

Production ......................................................... 88 3,000 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 12

Transportation and material moving .................. 90 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 10

Full time ................................................................. 91 4,000 5,000 8,500 12,000 16,000 9

Part time ................................................................ 88 4,500 5,000 6,667 10,000 20,000 12

Union ..................................................................... 85 3,000 – 6,000 10,000 15,000 15

Nonunion ............................................................... 92 4,500 5,000 9,000 12,500 17,333 8

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 95 4,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 91 – 5,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 92 4,000 5,000 8,000 12,000 15,000 8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 90 4,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 10

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 89 5,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 11

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 91 – 5,000 10,000 12,500 – 9

Manufacturing .................................................... 90 – 5,000 10,000 12,500 15,000 10

Service-providing industries .................................. 91 4,000 5,000 8,000 12,000 17,000 9

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 87 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 13

Wholesale trade ............................................. 86 3,000 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 14

Utilities ........................................................... 65 – 6,000 12,000 15,000 15,000 35

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 31. Long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers participating in fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Information ......................................................... 96 $4,000 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 4

Financial activities ............................................. 87 5,000 10,000 12,000 20,833 30,000 13

Finance and insurance .................................. 85 5,400 10,000 12,500 20,833 30,000 15

Credit intermediation and related activities 89 6,000 10,000 15,000 20,833 30,000 11

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 77 5,000 10,000 – 17,333 30,000 23

Professional and business services .................. 90 – 6,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 10

Professional and technical services .............. 93 5,000 6,667 10,000 15,000 20,000 7

Education and health services ........................... 95 4,000 5,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 5

Educational services ...................................... 93 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,000 20,000 7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 91 4,000 6,000 8,500 12,000 20,000 9

Health care and social assistance ................. 95 4,000 5,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 5

Accommodation and food services ................ 100 5,000 – – 10,000 10,000 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 92 4,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 91 4,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 – 9

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 95 4,000 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 5

100 workers or more .............................................. 90 – 5,000 10,000 13,500 20,000 10

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 91 3,500 5,000 8,000 10,000 15,000 9

500 workers or more .......................................... 89 – 6,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 11

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 94 3,000 5,000 8,000 – 15,000 6

New England ..................................................... 93 – 5,000 7,500 – 15,000 7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 94 3,000 5,000 8,333 10,000 17,333 6

South ..................................................................... 91 4,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 9

South Atlantic .................................................... 91 – 6,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 9

East South Central ............................................ 88 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 15,000 12

West South Central ........................................... 92 4,000 5,000 10,000 13,500 – 8

Midwest ................................................................. 88 – 5,000 7,500 12,000 15,000 12

East North Central ............................................. 87 – 5,000 7,000 11,000 15,000 13

West North Central ............................................ 90 – 5,000 8,000 12,500 20,000 10

West ...................................................................... 92 4,500 6,000 10,000 12,000 20,000 8

Mountain ............................................................ 91 5,000 6,000 10,000 12,000 – 9

Pacific ................................................................ 93 4,000 6,000 10,000 12,000 20,000 7

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 31. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 $226.46 $0.00 $791.90 $491.35 – 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.1 426.28 1,067.95 0.00 2,860.68 $1,088.62 1.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,117.03 1.5

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 0.00 0.00 1,769.51 1,020.11 4,352.14 1.4

Service ................................................................... 1.1 946.32 0.00 699.50 0.00 2,007.31 1.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.8 642.22 0.00 1,414.52 3,160.70 760.04 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 2.1 0.00 316.07 2,367.21 1,252.70 886.35 2.1

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.8 413.96 0.00 1,460.54 1,813.39 789.86 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.9 – 0.00 558.32 1,465.55 0.00 1.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.0 – 121.05 1,287.46 1,371.66 0.00 2.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.7 – 0.00 387.10 0.00 0.00 1.7

Production ......................................................... 2.4 17.88 0.00 1,210.45 366.32 0.00 2.4

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.6 – 508.01 816.09 0.00 1,067.95 2.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.7 330.49 0.00 938.43 613.76 2,539.20 0.7

Part time ................................................................ 2.6 408.04 0.00 908.87 456.21 3,827.79 2.6

Union ..................................................................... 2.6 91.24 – 1,066.58 0.00 1,963.28 2.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.6 687.59 0.00 1,471.94 487.10 3,251.81 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 747.11 0.00 754.20 0.00 0.00 1.6

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 – 0.00 547.45 1,646.44 0.00 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.00 0.00 223.49 1,162.63 258.07 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 191.86 0.00 0.00 1,694.73 0.00 1.3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 948.28 223.49 0.00 456.21 973.33 1.7

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 – 0.00 821.17 2,667.93 – 1.4

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.7 – 182.48 491.35 1,075.72 1,328.50 1.7

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 277.66 0.00 179.89 304.53 2,842.94 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.4 – 0.00 223.49 0.00 2,032.04 1.4

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.5 824.30 0.00 1,386.75 0.00 1,603.88 1.5

Utilities ........................................................... 4.5 – 1,328.50 1,959.04 0.00 0.00 4.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 31. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Information ......................................................... 1.6 $408.04 $774.21 $1,585.61 $0.00 $3,016.49 1.6

Financial activities ............................................. 1.1 103.23 129.03 242.73 0.00 0.00 1.1

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.1 731.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.1

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.3 1,048.92 0.00 3,543.18 0.00 0.00 1.3

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.1 163.22 0.00 – 3,590.50 3,871.05 2.1

Professional and business services .................. 2.4 – 0.00 0.00 2,335.14 2,837.82 2.4

Professional and technical services .............. 2.8 0.00 1,139.70 0.00 0.00 3,756.96 2.8

Education and health services ........................... 1.5 759.34 0.00 1,227.96 0.00 0.00 1.5

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 615.32 0.00 288.53 0.00 4,333.73 1.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.2 1,079.58 1,328.50 1,699.65 635.29 0.00 1.2

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.8 855.71 0.00 774.93 0.00 516.14 1.8

Accommodation and food services ................ 0.0 0.00 – – 0.00 0.00 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.8 256.24 0.00 288.53 364.97 0.00 0.8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.1 350.71 0.00 539.79 258.07 – 1.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.9 999.50 0.00 779.57 1,115.61 0.00 0.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 – 273.72 0.00 1,999.00 3,417.60 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.6 502.05 0.00 562.45 1,047.63 0.00 1.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.2 – 394.94 0.00 0.00 760.04 1.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.7 132.57 0.00 219.25 – 2,962.11 0.7

New England ..................................................... 1.7 – 0.00 518.87 – 1,346.28 1.7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.8 85.77 0.00 469.15 2,272.84 4,037.58 0.8

South ..................................................................... 1.2 925.46 805.82 1,241.02 2,155.31 5,059.49 1.2

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.9 – 956.95 1,834.19 516.14 3,224.55 1.9

East South Central ............................................ 3.0 – 0.00 1,034.63 1,446.03 0.00 3.0

West South Central ........................................... 1.6 1,196.62 182.48 893.98 2,468.69 – 1.6

Midwest ................................................................. 1.8 – 0.00 717.13 957.03 617.29 1.8

East North Central ............................................. 2.4 – 0.00 1,320.46 1,695.63 0.00 2.4

West North Central ............................................ 2.5 – 294.53 1,540.88 1,117.47 2,000.57 2.5

West ...................................................................... 1.0 276.90 0.00 810.97 1,548.74 3,785.04 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ 1.7 51.61 0.00 2,204.95 2,139.24 – 1.7

Pacific ................................................................ 1.2 612.07 547.45 729.93 2,478.68 2,137.67 1.2

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 32. Leave benefits: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave1

Paid Unpaid

All workers ............................................................. 78 71 77 43 55 57 28 16 88

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 91 90 89 62 75 77 43 28 94

Management, business, and financial ............... 96 94 96 64 78 81 45 30 95

Professional and related .................................... 87 87 85 60 73 75 41 27 93

Service ................................................................... 54 52 57 25 30 35 12 9 81

Protective service .............................................. 63 60 66 25 30 34 13 4 80

Sales and office ..................................................... 82 74 80 48 57 57 27 17 89

Sales and related ............................................... 74 65 71 40 46 48 22 14 86

Office and administrative support ...................... 88 81 86 53 64 63 31 19 90

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 79 63 75 30 45 45 19 9 83

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 68 50 62 18 28 31 10 5 80

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 89 75 88 40 59 58 28 13 87

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 85 65 83 38 61 59 30 8 87

Production ......................................................... 90 63 87 37 64 61 29 8 87

Transportation and material moving .................. 80 68 79 40 59 57 31 8 88

Full time ................................................................. 90 82 90 52 66 68 33 19 90

Part time ................................................................ 44 39 40 17 24 26 11 6 80

Union ..................................................................... 90 83 89 57 78 78 41 15 92

Nonunion ............................................................... 77 70 76 42 53 55 26 16 87

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 54 45 52 22 29 31 11 7 81

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 40 31 41 13 22 25 8 4 76

Second 25 percent ............................................ 82 73 83 43 57 56 25 15 88

Third 25 percent ................................................ 91 83 90 52 67 69 33 18 90

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 93 90 91 62 77 79 47 27 94

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 93 92 92 63 80 82 53 31 95

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 90 68 87 38 61 60 31 10 88

Construction ...................................................... 74 53 69 23 33 34 10 6 79

Manufacturing .................................................... 98 76 96 46 75 73 40 12 92

Service-providing industries .................................. 76 71 75 44 54 56 27 17 88

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 82 71 80 44 57 57 29 13 89

Wholesale trade ............................................. 91 84 89 47 70 71 28 13 86

Retail trade .................................................... 76 64 74 39 48 47 22 14 88

Transportation and warehousing ................... 88 77 88 50 70 71 47 9 93

Utilities ........................................................... 99 98 98 59 86 86 53 13 96

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 32. Leave benefits: Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave1

Paid Unpaid

Information ......................................................... 97 95 95 81 88 87 48 41 93

Financial activities ............................................. 93 92 93 62 81 83 53 31 94

Finance and insurance .................................. 98 97 97 69 88 91 65 38 97

Credit intermediation and related activities 98 98 98 62 90 92 69 34 97

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 97 96 96 79 85 88 58 40 95

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 81 79 81 41 59 61 18 12 86

Professional and business services .................. 80 72 77 46 53 53 28 19 86

Professional and technical services .............. 95 91 94 61 68 71 43 32 87

Administrative and waste services ................ 62 49 54 23 27 27 10 5 80

Education and health services ........................... 84 84 82 57 66 68 28 21 93

Educational services ...................................... 64 81 56 47 69 68 37 19 90

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 84 86 73 45 87 88 57 25 95

Health care and social assistance ................. 88 84 86 59 66 68 27 22 94

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 38 41 45 13 18 25 8 8 77

Accommodation and food services ................ 35 37 44 11 16 24 6 8 76

Other services ................................................... 64 60 68 28 38 34 14 10 83

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 71 62 70 33 43 45 17 12 82

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 70 60 69 30 39 41 16 11 80

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 75 66 73 40 55 57 23 15 88

100 workers or more .............................................. 87 82 86 55 71 71 40 21 95

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 86 79 85 51 65 65 33 18 95

500 workers or more .......................................... 88 87 89 62 80 81 51 25 94

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 80 75 78 52 64 71 35 22 87

New England ..................................................... 80 78 78 47 65 71 39 20 93

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 79 74 78 54 63 70 33 23 86

South ..................................................................... 79 67 78 43 57 58 29 14 85

South Atlantic .................................................... 78 67 77 44 57 57 27 13 87

East South Central ............................................ 79 62 78 37 55 57 30 14 82

West South Central ........................................... 81 71 79 45 57 61 31 17 83

Midwest ................................................................. 76 64 76 40 55 53 24 12 89

East North Central ............................................. 76 64 76 40 56 53 24 13 88

West North Central ............................................ 76 65 76 41 53 55 25 11 91

West ...................................................................... 78 81 78 39 48 47 24 18 90

Mountain ............................................................ 79 69 81 44 54 56 26 18 90

Pacific ................................................................ 78 86 76 36 44 42 23 18 90

1 The sum of paid and unpaid family leave may exceed 100 percent because some workers have access to both types of plans. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 32. Standard errors for leave benefits: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave

Paid Unpaid

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2 0.7

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.6 0.7 0.7 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.7 0.6

Professional and related .................................... 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.0

Service ................................................................... 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.2 1.3

Protective service .............................................. 8.0 7.3 7.4 5.9 6.6 6.2 2.5 1.2 4.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.6

Sales and related ............................................... 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.9 1.1 0.9 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.2

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.8 2.3 2.7 1.5 2.1 2.3 1.2 1.0 2.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.3 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.2 2.3 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.4 0.6 1.0

Production ......................................................... 1.1 3.1 1.6 2.5 2.0 2.3 1.9 0.7 1.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.8 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 0.9 1.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.8 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.8 0.7 1.2

Union ..................................................................... 1.3 1.5 1.4 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.3 1.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.7 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.7 1.0 1.1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3.0 2.2 2.3 1.1 2.1 2.7 1.5 0.9 1.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.2 0.7 0.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.1 0.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.6 1.1 1.0 2.2 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.9 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.9

Construction ...................................................... 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.4 1.6 1.3 1.7

Manufacturing .................................................... 0.6 2.6 0.8 2.5 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.3 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.7 0.7

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.3 1.7 1.4 2.1 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.4 1.3

Retail trade .................................................... 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.7 3.1 2.7 4.0 3.3 3.4 3.8 1.6 2.0

Utilities ........................................................... 0.6 0.6 1.1 5.2 3.4 3.5 5.8 2.3 1.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 32. Standard errors for leave benefits: Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave

Paid Unpaid

Information ......................................................... 0.9 1.6 1.5 3.5 2.2 2.4 3.5 2.9 2.2

Financial activities ............................................. 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.0 0.9

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.4 0.5

Credit intermediation and related activities 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.6 1.3 1.1 1.5 2.4 0.7

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 0.8 0.8 0.7 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.9 2.3 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 3.0 3.9 2.9 3.5 4.7 4.0 2.6 2.1 2.5

Professional and business services .................. 1.4 2.2 1.7 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.0 1.6 2.2

Professional and technical services .............. 1.2 1.8 1.2 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.0

Administrative and waste services ................ 2.8 4.3 2.8 2.2 2.4 3.6 2.6 1.4 3.3

Education and health services ........................... 1.4 2.2 1.9 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.4

Educational services ...................................... 2.3 3.1 2.3 2.9 4.5 4.3 2.7 2.6 2.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.1 1.7 1.7 2.1 1.9 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.2

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.5 2.5 2.0 3.4 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.3 1.5

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 2.9 2.0 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.5 1.3 1.4 2.0

Accommodation and food services ................ 3.4 2.3 3.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 1.3 1.6 2.2

Other services ................................................... 3.5 4.7 3.3 3.8 4.0 2.6 2.0 2.5 3.7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 1.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.8 1.6 1.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.4 0.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.2

New England ..................................................... 2.0 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.6 1.7 2.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.3 1.6 1.3 1.5

South ..................................................................... 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.5 2.6 2.1 2.7 2.1 2.3 1.4 0.8 1.4

East South Central ............................................ 1.7 3.9 2.9 5.1 6.0 4.7 5.4 2.3 3.9

West South Central ........................................... 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.1 2.6 2.1 1.3 1.8 1.5

Midwest ................................................................. 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.2

East North Central ............................................. 2.4 2.3 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.4

West North Central ............................................ 3.6 2.4 4.3 3.0 1.8 2.9 2.6 0.9 2.1

West ...................................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.1

Mountain ............................................................ 2.6 3.3 3.3 2.7 1.9 2.0 1.9 3.7 2.5

Pacific ................................................................ 1.4 1.1 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.1

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 33. Paid holidays: Number of days provided, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with paid holidays = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

All workers ............................................................. 8 3 25 14 14 10 12 6 3 1 1 2 8 7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 2 1 18 13 16 14 15 8 7 2 1 3 9 8

Management, business, and financial ............... 2 1 17 10 17 12 20 8 7 2 1 3 9 9

Professional and related .................................... 2 1 19 15 16 14 12 7 7 2 2 3 9 8

Service ................................................................... 16 7 30 21 10 6 5 2 1 1 1 () 1 6 6

Protective service .............................................. – – – – 13 – – – – – – 2 7 7

Sales and office ..................................................... 13 4 26 13 13 8 13 4 2 1 1 () 1 7 7

Sales and related ............................................... 27 6 30 10 10 6 6 4 1 1 – – 6 6

Office and administrative support ...................... 6 3 25 15 15 9 17 5 3 1 1 1 8 8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5 6 36 17 12 7 10 4 2 1 1 () 1 7 7

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 5 6 38 18 14 7 6 1 – – – 1 7 7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 5 5 34 16 10 7 13 6 2 1 1 () 1 8 7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 5 2 24 12 18 10 13 9 3 1 1 () 3 8 8

Production ......................................................... 3 2 21 10 14 13 16 12 4 – – 4 9 9

Transportation and material moving .................. 7 3 28 13 23 6 9 6 2 – – – 8 7

Full time ................................................................. 5 3 23 15 15 10 13 7 4 1 1 2 8 8

Part time ................................................................ 25 6 34 13 10 4 5 1 1 1 1 () 1 6 6

Union ..................................................................... 1 – 22 11 18 10 13 11 4 1 – 4 9 8

Nonunion ............................................................... 9 4 25 15 14 10 12 5 3 1 1 2 8 7

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 22 7 35 15 9 4 4 2 1 – – 1 () 6 6

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 26 5 37 14 10 2 4 – – – – – 6 6

Second 25 percent ............................................ 7 4 28 16 14 8 12 6 2 1 1 () 1 8 7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 4 2 24 15 16 10 15 7 3 1 1 3 8 8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 2 1 16 12 17 14 16 9 7 2 1 3 9 9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1 1 13 11 17 16 17 9 8 3 1 3 9 9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 2 2 20 12 14 13 16 10 6 1 1 3 9 9

Construction ...................................................... 6 6 40 19 14 7 5 2 – – – – 7 6

Manufacturing .................................................... – 1 12 9 14 16 20 13 8 2 – 4 9 9

Service-providing industries .................................. 9 3 26 15 15 9 11 5 3 1 1 2 8 7

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 17 6 31 11 16 5 7 4 1 – – 1 7 6

Wholesale trade ............................................. 4 2 28 13 19 11 12 6 – 2 – 2 8 8

Retail trade .................................................... 31 9 39 9 7 3 1 1 1 () – – – 5 6

Transportation and warehousing ................... – 3 21 13 33 3 11 9 2 – – – 8 8

Utilities ........................................................... – – – – 11 24 26 19 7 – – – 10 10

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 33. Paid holidays: Number of days provided, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with paid holidays = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

Information ......................................................... – – 16 26 12 14 17 – – – – – 8 8

Financial activities ............................................. 1 – 10 8 20 16 35 5 3 1 – 1 9 9

Finance and insurance .................................. – – 5 5 22 17 41 6 2 1 – 1 9 10

Credit intermediation and related activities – – 4 3 18 6 59 6 2 – – 1 9 10

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – – 8 9 26 21 25 5 3 – – – 9 9

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 5 – 29 – 15 12 13 3 – – – – 8 7

Professional and business services .................. 4 2 26 12 16 13 11 8 4 – – 2 8 8

Professional and technical services .............. – – 14 12 20 16 14 6 7 – – – 9 8

Administrative and waste services ................ 6 4 37 14 13 9 7 9 – – – – 7 7

Education and health services ........................... 3 4 29 20 12 7 9 4 5 2 2 3 8 7

Educational services ...................................... – 1 2 4 9 – 15 9 10 7 7 26 12 11

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1 2 – – 11 6 13 8 13 11 8 23 12 12

Health care and social assistance ................. 3 – 33 23 13 6 8 3 4 1 – – 7 7

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 28 – 29 25 8 3 – 2 – – – – 5 6

Accommodation and food services ................ 30 – 28 30 8 – – – – – – – 5 6

Other services ................................................... 11 5 21 13 13 5 15 – – 4 – – 8 7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 10 4 29 16 13 9 10 4 3 1 1 () 1 7 7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 10 4 30 17 12 8 11 5 2 1 1 () 1 7 7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 10 4 27 13 16 11 10 4 4 – – 1 7 7

100 workers or more .............................................. 5 2 21 13 16 11 14 8 4 2 1 3 8 8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 8 4 23 14 14 10 13 6 4 – – 2 8 8

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 16 11 17 12 16 11 6 2 2 5 9 9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 7 2 20 16 13 9 14 9 6 3 – – 8 8

New England ..................................................... 8 – 15 12 13 8 19 11 7 3 – 2 9 9

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 6 3 22 17 13 9 12 8 5 2 – – 8 8

South ..................................................................... 10 4 26 14 13 10 11 4 3 – – 2 7 7

South Atlantic .................................................... 12 3 27 14 13 10 11 4 3 – – 1 7 7

East South Central ............................................ – 5 24 9 13 11 – – – – – 4 8 8

West South Central ........................................... 8 6 25 18 13 11 11 4 2 – – 2 7 7

Midwest ................................................................. 6 1 29 15 16 8 13 6 2 1 1 () 3 8 7

East North Central ............................................. 6 1 27 16 15 7 13 7 2 1 1 () 4 8 8

West North Central ............................................ 6 1 32 12 17 10 12 6 2 1 – – 8 7

West ...................................................................... 7 4 23 13 16 11 12 6 4 – – 1 8 8

Mountain ............................................................ 8 4 30 13 16 9 11 5 4 – – – 8 7

Pacific ................................................................ 6 5 20 13 16 11 13 7 4 – – 1 8 8

1 Less than 0.5. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 33. Standard errors for paid holidays: Number of days provided, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.4 0.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.9

Management, business, and financial ............... 0.5 0.2 1.9 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.0

Professional and related .................................... 0.5 0.1 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.1

Service ................................................................... 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.7 1.6 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

Protective service .............................................. – – – – 3.8 – – – – – – 0.9 0.5 0.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.9 0.5 1.3 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Sales and related ............................................... 2.1 0.9 1.5 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.3 – – 0.1 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.6 0.4 1.7 1.1 1.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.8 0.9 1.7 1.9 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.3 1.4 3.2 2.9 2.2 1.1 1.3 0.5 – – – 0.5 0.1 0.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.0 0.9 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.0 1.7 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.6 0.5 1.7 1.0 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.0

Production ......................................................... 0.7 0.7 1.9 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 0.8 – – 0.9 0.1 0.8

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.1 0.5 2.6 1.6 2.3 0.9 1.4 1.0 0.4 – – – 0.1 0.8

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 1.1 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 1 ( ) 0.2 0.1 0.0

Union ..................................................................... 0.3 – 2.3 1.0 1.7 2.1 1.5 2.0 0.7 0.5 – 1.1 0.2 0.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.0 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 – – 0.1 0.1 0.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4.2 1.2 3.5 2.4 2.0 0.9 1.2 – – – – – 0.2 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.5 0.3 1.5 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 0.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.5 0.5 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.3 0.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.7

Construction ...................................................... 1.2 1.4 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.1 1.0 0.8 – – – – 0.1 0.4

Manufacturing .................................................... – 0.4 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.5 – 0.8 0.1 0.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 0.5 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.3 – – 0.3 0.1 0.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.1 0.5 1.8 1.8 2.6 1.6 2.1 1.3 – 0.7 – 0.7 0.1 0.1

Retail trade .................................................... 2.1 1.2 1.6 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.2 1 ( ) – – – 0.1 0.0

Transportation and warehousing ................... – 0.9 2.8 3.3 5.4 0.9 1.9 2.6 0.8 – – – 0.2 0.0

Utilities ........................................................... – – – – 2.7 4.5 4.4 2.6 2.9 – – – 0.2 0.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 33. Standard errors for paid holidays: Number of days provided, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

Information ......................................................... – – 2.5 2.7 1.7 2.4 2.6 – – – – – 0.2 0.0

Financial activities ............................................. 0.3 – 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 – 0.2 0.1 0.0

Finance and insurance .................................. – – 0.7 0.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 0.7 0.6 0.3 – 0.2 0.1 1.0

Credit intermediation and related activities – – 1.2 0.5 2.1 1.4 2.7 1.2 0.6 – – 0.3 0.1 0.0

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – – 1.4 1.6 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.2 1.1 – – – 0.1 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 1.6 – 5.8 – 2.9 2.3 3.3 1.4 – – – – 0.2 0.7

Professional and business services .................. 1.2 0.4 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.1 – – 0.7 0.2 0.0

Professional and technical services .............. – – 2.5 2.1 2.9 2.6 3.0 1.8 2.1 – – – 0.2 1.0

Administrative and waste services ................ 2.1 1.0 3.5 2.9 3.0 2.4 1.6 2.8 – – – – 0.2 0.5

Education and health services ........................... 1.1 1.9 3.3 2.8 2.4 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.5 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.0

Educational services ...................................... – 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.4 – 2.1 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 3.5 0.4 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.2 0.9 – – 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.7 2.2 1.2 2.7 0.3 0.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.3 – 3.7 3.3 2.8 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.6 0.5 – – 0.2 0.0

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 5.6 – 4.2 4.1 1.9 1.2 – 0.8 – – – – 0.3 0.0

Accommodation and food services ................ 6.3 – 4.3 5.8 2.5 – – – – – – – 0.4 0.0

Other services ................................................... 2.1 1.8 3.8 3.3 2.8 1.4 3.6 – – 1.6 – – 0.3 1.2

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.6 0.5 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.9 0.5 1.8 1.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.1 1.2 2.6 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.3 – – 0.3 0.1 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.8 – – 0.4 0.1 0.7

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.8 0.3 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.5 – – 0.1 0.0

New England ..................................................... 2.1 – 2.1 2.0 3.9 2.0 3.3 2.6 1.6 1.3 – 0.6 0.2 1.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.8 0.4 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.1 0.6 – – 0.1 0.2

South ..................................................................... 1.2 0.6 1.7 1.6 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 – – 0.3 0.1 0.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.8 0.9 2.6 2.6 1.0 1.5 1.4 0.6 0.8 – – 0.3 0.1 0.0

East South Central ............................................ – 0.6 4.3 1.7 4.0 1.6 – – – – – 1.0 0.6 1.4

West South Central ........................................... 1.2 1.3 2.6 2.4 2.4 1.3 1.6 0.6 0.6 – – 0.6 0.2 0.0

Midwest ................................................................. 0.5 0.4 1.6 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.1 1.1

East North Central ............................................. 0.5 0.5 1.8 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.9

West North Central ............................................ 1.1 0.4 3.4 1.6 2.1 1.2 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.5 – – 0.1 0.6

West ...................................................................... 1.0 1.6 2.6 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 – – 0.5 0.1 0.2

Mountain ............................................................ 2.3 0.5 5.4 2.0 4.1 2.2 1.7 0.8 1.5 – – – 0.2 0.5

Pacific ................................................................ 0.9 2.4 2.7 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.4 – – 0.5 0.1 0.0

1 Less than 0.05. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 34. Paid sick leave: Type of provision, private industry workers, 

March 2018

(All workers with paid sick leave = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year1

As needed2

As part of

consolidated

leave plan3

All workers ............................................................. 64 4 32

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 56 6 38

Management, business, and financial ............... 61 7 32

Professional and related .................................... 53 6 41

Service ................................................................... 65 2 33

Sales and office ..................................................... 62 3 35

Sales and related ............................................... 61 3 36

Office and administrative support ...................... 63 3 34

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 73 7 21

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 69 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 75 7 19

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 77 2 20

Transportation and material moving .................. 82 2 16

Full time ................................................................. 62 5 33

Part time ................................................................ 71 1 28

Nonunion ............................................................... 61 4 34

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 66 2 32

Second 25 percent ............................................ 64 4 32

Third 25 percent ................................................ 67 3 30

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 59 7 35

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 58 9 33

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 69 5 26

Construction ...................................................... 69 4 28

Service-providing industries .................................. 62 4 33

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 69 3 28

Wholesale trade ............................................. 74 4 22

Retail trade .................................................... 60 2 37

Transportation and warehousing ................... 82 – –

Information ......................................................... 71 7 22

Financial activities ............................................. 60 4 36

Finance and insurance .................................. 57 4 39

Credit intermediation and related activities 68 2 30

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 40 4 56

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 71 5 24

Professional and business services .................. 62 9 29

Professional and technical services .............. 56 7 37

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 34. Paid sick leave: Type of provision, private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

(All workers with paid sick leave = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year1

As needed2

As part of

consolidated

leave plan3

Education and health services ........................... 52 2 46

Educational services ...................................... 80 6 14

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 82 7 11

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 51

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 72 2 26

Accommodation and food services ................ 75 – –

Other services ................................................... 70 6 24

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 64 5 30

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 63 6 31

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 68 3 29

100 workers or more .............................................. 63 3 34

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 66 2 32

500 workers or more .......................................... 59 5 37

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 69 5 27

New England ..................................................... 68 6 26

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 69 4 27

South ..................................................................... 58 5 37

South Atlantic .................................................... 57 5 38

East South Central ............................................ 62 5 33

West South Central ........................................... 58 6 36

West ...................................................................... 68 3 30

Mountain ............................................................ 60 2 38

Pacific ................................................................ 70 3 27

1 Employees earn or accrue a specified number of sick leave days per year. This number may vary by

length of service. 2 Plan does not specify maximum number of days. 3 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes,

such as vacation, illness, or personal business. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this

category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 34. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Type of provision, private

industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year1

As needed2

As part of

consolidated

leave plan3

All workers ............................................................. 1.2 0.5 1.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.6 1.0 1.6

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.0 1.5 1.9

Professional and related .................................... 2.2 1.1 2.3

Service ................................................................... 2.9 1.1 2.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.5 0.4 1.4

Sales and related ............................................... 1.6 0.5 1.6

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.9 0.5 1.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.3 1.9 2.1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 4.9 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.1 2.0 2.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.8 0.5 1.9

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.1 0.8 2.3

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 0.6 1.2

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 0.4 2.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.3 0.5 1.2

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.7 0.6 2.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 0.8 1.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.5 0.6 1.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.6 1.1 1.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.3 1.9 2.2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.9 0.8 1.9

Construction ...................................................... 4.1 0.8 3.9

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.4 0.5 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.5 0.7 1.6

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.8 1.0 2.6

Retail trade .................................................... 2.1 0.6 1.8

Transportation and warehousing ................... 3.2 – –

Information ......................................................... 4.0 2.2 3.8

Financial activities ............................................. 1.7 0.6 1.6

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.3 0.6 1.4

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.0 0.5 1.9

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.3 1.1 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 4.6 1.9 3.9

Professional and business services .................. 3.5 2.2 2.8

Professional and technical services .............. 3.1 1.9 3.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 34. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Type of provision, private

industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year1

As needed2

As part of

consolidated

leave plan3

Education and health services ........................... 3.1 0.7 3.2

Educational services ...................................... 3.1 1.3 3.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.9 1.1 1.7

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 3.7

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 4.5 0.8 4.4

Accommodation and food services ................ 4.4 – –

Other services ................................................... 3.8 1.5 4.1

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.5 0.7 1.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.9 0.8 1.9

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.7 1.0 2.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.8 0.5 1.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.1 0.5 2.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.1 1.0 1.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.2 1.0 1.6

New England ..................................................... 3.2 1.0 2.9

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.7 1.3 1.8

South ..................................................................... 2.6 1.1 2.2

South Atlantic .................................................... 4.5 1.5 3.4

East South Central ............................................ 4.6 1.7 5.5

West South Central ........................................... 2.2 1.9 3.1

West ...................................................................... 1.9 1.0 2.1

Mountain ............................................................ 6.3 0.3 6.1

Pacific ................................................................ 1.5 1.4 2.0

1 Employees earn or accrue a specified number of sick leave days per year. This number may vary by

length of service. 2 Plan does not specify maximum number of days. 3 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes,

such as vacation, illness, or personal business. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 35. Paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 private industry workers, 

March 2018

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 27 54 17 2176

Full time ................................................................. 24 54 19 2176

Part time ................................................................ 37 54 8 1 3 () 6 5

Nonunion ............................................................... 27 54 16 2176

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 31 54 13 1165

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 30 55 13 1165

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 33 52 13 ––65

100 workers or more .............................................. 23 53 21 2176

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 28 54 16 2 3 () 7 6

500 workers or more .......................................... 15 53 28 3187

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 25 54 17 2176

Full time ................................................................. 23 54 19 3176

Part time ................................................................ 34 56 8 1 3 () 6 5

Nonunion ............................................................... 26 54 17 2176

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 29 55 13 1165

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 29 56 13 1175

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 31 53 13 ––65

100 workers or more .............................................. 21 53 21 3186

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 26 54 17 2176

500 workers or more .......................................... 13 52 28 4297

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 35. Paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 25 54 18 2176

Full time ................................................................. 23 53 20 3186

Part time ................................................................ 34 55 9 1 3 () 6 5

Nonunion ............................................................... 26 54 17 2176

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 29 54 14 2175

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 29 55 14 1175

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 31 52 14 ––65

100 workers or more .............................................. 20 53 22 3186

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 26 54 17 2176

500 workers or more .......................................... 12 52 30 4297

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 25 54 18 2186

Full time ................................................................. 23 53 20 3286

Part time ................................................................ 34 56 9 1 3 () 6 5

Nonunion ............................................................... 25 54 17 2176

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 29 54 14 2175

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 29 55 14 2175

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 31 52 15 ––65

100 workers or more .............................................. 20 53 22 3186

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 25 54 17 3186

500 workers or more .......................................... 12 52 29 4 2 10 7

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period.

The total number of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do

not necessarily reflect individual provisions for progression. 2 Employees eligible for paid sick leave but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. 3 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 35. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 private

industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.6

Full time ................................................................. 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

Part time ................................................................ 2.4 2.5 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.9

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.4 1.5 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.7 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.0 3.4 2.3 – – 0.3 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.8 1.9 1.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.5 2.3 1.8 0.6 0.3 0.4 1.0

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 2.4 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.4 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.7 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.9 3.5 2.3 – – 0.3 3 ( )

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.4 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.8 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 2.1 1.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 35. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 private

industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 2.4 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.9

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 1.8 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.9 3.2 2.2 – – 0.3 3 ( )

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 3 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.8 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 2.2 2.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 2.4 1.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.8

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.7 1.7 1.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.9 3.4 2.4 – – 0.3 3 ( )

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.4 1.4 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 3 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.8 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 2.2 2.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period.

The total number of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do

not necessarily reflect individual provisions for progression. 2 Employees eligible for paid sick leave but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. 3 Less than 0.05.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 36. Paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, private industry workers, 

March 2018

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Carryover provision1

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

All workers ............................................................. 46 9 37 54

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 54 13 42 46

Management, business, and financial ............... 49 11 37 51

Professional and related .................................... 58 14 44 42

Sales and office ..................................................... 43 8 35 57

Sales and related ............................................... 43 8 35 57

Office and administrative support ...................... 44 9 35 56

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 38 8 30 62

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 38 10 28 62

Transportation and material moving .................. 39 5 34 61

Full time ................................................................. 46 10 36 54

Nonunion ............................................................... 46 9 37 54

Average wage within the following categories:2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 47 8 39 53

Third 25 percent ................................................ 44 9 35 56

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 51 12 39 49

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 50 12 38 50

Service-providing industries .................................. 48 9 39 52

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 43 7 35 57

Wholesale trade ............................................. 30 7 23 70

Retail trade .................................................... 42 7 35 58

Information ......................................................... 24 9 15 76

Financial activities ............................................. 43 9 34 57

Finance and insurance .................................. 50 8 41 50

Credit intermediation and related activities 53 7 45 47

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 45 – – 55

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 22 – – 78

Education and health services ........................... 72 12 60 28

Educational services ...................................... 71 12 59 29

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 78 17 61 22

Health care and social assistance ................. 72 12 60 28

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 48 8 40 52

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 37 7 30 63

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 32 7 25 68

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 49 8 42 51

100 workers or more .............................................. 54 11 43 46

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 50 10 40 50

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 36. Paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Carryover provision1

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 44 9 35 56

New England ..................................................... 43 6 37 57

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 44 10 35 56

South ..................................................................... 46 10 36 54

South Atlantic .................................................... 47 11 37 53

East South Central ............................................ 43 8 35 57

West South Central ........................................... 45 11 35 55

West ...................................................................... 51 9 41 49

Pacific ................................................................ 47 10 38 53

1 Plans that allow employees to accumulate unused sick leave from year to year. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or

data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 36. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, private

industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Carryover provision1

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

All workers ............................................................. 1.4 0.6 1.3 1.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.7 0.9 1.6 1.7

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.5 1.5 2.8 2.5

Professional and related .................................... 2.2 1.1 2.1 2.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.9 0.9 1.4 1.9

Sales and related ............................................... 2.4 1.1 2.2 2.4

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.4 1.3 1.8 2.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.5 1.2 3.4 3.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 3.3 1.7 2.9 3.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.4 1.0 2.4 2.4

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 0.6 1.3 1.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.4 0.6 1.3 1.4

Average wage within the following categories:2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.0 0.9 2.1 2.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.4 0.7 1.5 1.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.8 1.1 2.1 1.8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.5 1.6 3.1 2.5

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.6 0.6 1.5 1.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 2.0 0.9 1.6 2.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. 3.7 1.4 3.3 3.7

Retail trade .................................................... 2.0 0.9 1.9 2.0

Information ......................................................... 3.0 2.5 2.3 3.0

Financial activities ............................................. 2.8 1.4 2.6 2.8

Finance and insurance .................................. 2.2 1.6 2.6 2.2

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.6 1.6 2.9 2.6

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 4.5 – – 4.5

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 5.3 – – 5.3

Education and health services ........................... 2.9 1.6 2.6 2.9

Educational services ...................................... 3.5 2.0 3.8 3.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.9 2.2 3.5 2.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.8 2.0 3.4 3.8

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 4.8 2.2 4.0 4.8

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.9 0.8 1.6 1.9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.2 1.0 1.9 2.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.8 1.9 2.9 2.8

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.7 0.8 1.8 1.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.0 1.1 2.0 2.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 36. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, private

industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Carryover provision1

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 3.1 0.6 3.3 3.1

New England ..................................................... 4.7 1.3 5.0 4.7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 3.4 0.7 3.6 3.4

South ..................................................................... 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.6

East South Central ............................................ 3.2 2.3 4.2 3.2

West South Central ........................................... 3.8 2.6 3.9 3.8

West ...................................................................... 2.6 1.2 2.3 2.6

Pacific ................................................................ 2.6 1.4 2.2 2.6

1 Plans that allow employees to accumulate unused sick leave from year to year. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 37. Paid sick leave: Limit on days accumulated, private industry workers, March 2018

(Includes workers in sick leave plans1 that specify a fixed number of days and limit the number of accumulated carryover days)

Characteristics

Limit on paid sick leave days accumulated (in number of days)2

Mean

number of

days 10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 5 10 21 60 120 45

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 6 15 36 69 126 57

Management, business, and financial ............... 6 12 30 60 120 55

Professional and related .................................... – 18 44 80 130 59

Sales and office ..................................................... 5 10 20 50 120 40

Sales and related ............................................... 5 10 – 30 – 32

Office and administrative support ...................... 5 10 24 60 120 44

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5 7 – – 110 40

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 5 – 18 65 – 51

Transportation and material moving .................. 6 10 24 115 163 61

Full time ................................................................. 5 10 27 60 120 47

Nonunion ............................................................... 5 10 20 50 92 40

Average wage within the following categories:3

Second 25 percent ............................................ 5 10 19 60 100 39

Third 25 percent ................................................ 5 10 30 64 120 51

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 6 12 30 80 133 56

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 7 12 – 120 150 64

Service-providing industries .................................. 6 10 30 60 120 49

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 5 10 28 90 150 54

Wholesale trade ............................................. – – – 30 60 27

Retail trade .................................................... 5 10 18 31 120 32

Information ......................................................... 12 – 65 90 – 63

Financial activities ............................................. 10 12 26 60 125 54

Finance and insurance .................................. 10 12 25 60 130 57

Credit intermediation and related activities 10 12 20 – 90 34

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – – – – – 104

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – – – – – 27

Education and health services ........................... – 20 45 75 120 60

Educational services ...................................... 12 20 56 – 130 68

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 12 24 60 125 132 79

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 40 72 120 58

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 5 7 10 20 60 23

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 9 20 35 90 36

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5 8 15 30 60 27

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 5 10 – – 115 51

100 workers or more .............................................. 5 10 30 69 125 50

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 5 10 20 60 96 38

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 37. Paid sick leave: Limit on days accumulated, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(Includes workers in sick leave plans1 that specify a fixed number of days and limit the number of accumulated carryover days)

Characteristics

Limit on paid sick leave days accumulated (in number of days)2

Mean

number of

days 10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 5 8 – 70 130 52

New England ..................................................... 5 – – – 137 55

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 5 8 – 65 130 50

South ..................................................................... 7 10 30 73 120 53

South Atlantic .................................................... 7 10 30 72 130 59

East South Central ............................................ 10 – 30 60 94 45

West South Central ........................................... – 11 – 73 120 46

West ...................................................................... 6 10 20 50 110 37

Pacific ................................................................ 6 8 20 50 96 36

1 Employees earn or accrue a specified number of sick leave days per year. This number may vary by length of service. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median,

half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as or less than the amount shown. At

the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same

logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with

earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 37. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Limit on days accumulated, private industry

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Limit on paid sick leave days accumulated (in number of days)1

Mean

number of

days 10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 0.4 0.0 3.4 0.9 0.0 2.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 1.4 7.1 7.8 9.2 5.9

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.3 2.3 1.7 0.0 12.5 9.4

Professional and related .................................... – 3.6 8.2 14.9 10.3 4.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.0 0.0 1.0 5.5 5.8 1.7

Sales and related ............................................... 1.0 1.6 – 0.0 – 2.5

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.1 2.3 6.7 3.8 4.7 2.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.4 1.2 – – 17.1 6.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 0.4 – 3.4 16.3 – 8.9

Transportation and material moving .................. 0.0 0.0 5.7 12.8 22.0 6.8

Full time ................................................................. 0.0 0.0 5.2 0.9 0.0 3.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.0 0.9 0.9 8.1 16.4 2.6

Average wage within the following categories:2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.0 2.9 4.4 10.6 18.8 3.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.0 0.8 0.9 5.0 3.4 4.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.2 1.7 4.3 14.5 10.6 4.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.0 2.7 – 29.0 29.7 5.6

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.3 0.3 1.4 6.3 0.9 2.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.7 0.0 5.8 23.2 15.3 3.6

Wholesale trade ............................................. – – – 3.8 2.3 3.2

Retail trade .................................................... 0.8 2.5 2.9 5.5 6.2 2.0

Information ......................................................... 1.4 – 18.9 0.0 – 10.1

Financial activities ............................................. 0.0 0.0 6.7 1.8 30.6 3.8

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.0 0.0 6.6 13.7 19.3 4.2

Credit intermediation and related activities 0.0 0.0 2.8 – 2.6 1.9

Insurance carriers and related activities .... – – – – – 11.7

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – – – – – 4.2

Education and health services ........................... – 3.3 8.7 13.1 7.2 6.9

Educational services ...................................... 2.7 4.3 13.2 – 5.4 4.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.1 2.0 13.5 9.2 14.5 2.4

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 11.1 7.3 6.6 8.5

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 0.8 1.7 2.7 1.3 2.7 3.1

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.0 1.7 3.0 6.3 7.3 5.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.2 2.1 1.7 0.7 5.1 1.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.6 1.8 – – 27.2 12.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.4 0.0 4.5 6.2 7.6 2.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.0 1.4 1.3 3.5 15.9 2.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 37. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Limit on days accumulated, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Limit on paid sick leave days accumulated (in number of days)1

Mean

number of

days 10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.0 1.4 – 14.8 10.9 4.8

New England ..................................................... 0.2 – – – 17.2 7.7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.2 1.2 – 14.5 8.3 4.7

South ..................................................................... 0.9 1.4 3.9 8.5 3.0 6.8

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.0 1.9 4.6 18.2 12.2 12.1

East South Central ............................................ 2.2 – 8.3 14.6 22.0 6.3

West South Central ........................................... – 1.9 – 2.3 12.4 4.6

West ...................................................................... 0.0 1.6 4.6 9.0 19.5 2.8

Pacific ................................................................ 0.0 1.6 2.3 7.8 17.7 2.6

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median,

half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as or less than the amount shown. At

the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same

logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with

earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 38. Paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 8 31 35 16 7 2 10 10

Full time ................................................................. 5 30 38 18 7 2 11 10

Part time ................................................................ 28 42 21 4––85

Union ..................................................................... 8 40 36 12 4 1 9 10

Nonunion ............................................................... 8 30 35 17 7 2 11 10

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 12 38 34 11 – – 9 10

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 13 37 34 10 – – 9 10

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 9 41 35 11 4 1 9 10

100 workers or more .............................................. 4 25 37 22 8 3 12 10

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 6 30 38 19 6 2 11 10

500 workers or more .......................................... 2 18 36 26 13 5 14 12

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 2 11 32 34 15 6 15 15

Full time ................................................................. 1 8 31 36 17 7 15 15

Part time ................................................................ 9 27 33 21 5 4 11 10

Union ..................................................................... – 7 46 31 12 – 14 12

Nonunion ............................................................... 3 11 30 34 15 7 15 15

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 4 16 34 32 11 3 13 12

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4 18 33 30 12 3 13 12

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3 10 37 37 10 3 14 15

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 6 30 36 19 9 16 15

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1 7 35 35 16 6 15 15

500 workers or more .......................................... 3 ( ) 4 21 38 22 14 18 15

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 38. Paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 2 7 15 37 23 15 17 15

Full time ................................................................. 1 6 14 38 25 16 18 16

Part time ................................................................ 9 19 23 30 9 9 14 13

Union ..................................................................... – – 12 52 25 8 17 15

Nonunion ............................................................... 2 8 16 35 23 16 17 15

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 4 13 20 35 21 9 15 15

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4 14 21 32 20 9 15 15

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3 7 18 42 23 8 16 15

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 3 11 39 26 21 19 19

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1 3 14 42 24 16 18 16

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 6 35 28 29 21 20

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 2 7 11 20 30 29 20 20

Full time ................................................................. 1 5 11 20 32 31 20 20

Part time ................................................................ 9 19 13 25 17 18 16 16

Union ..................................................................... – – 4 13 46 35 21 20

Nonunion ............................................................... 2 8 12 21 28 28 19 20

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 4 12 17 23 27 17 17 15

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4 14 18 23 25 16 16 15

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3 6 15 25 33 18 18 20

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 2 6 18 33 40 22 20

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1 3 7 23 33 33 21 20

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 4 10 33 51 24 25

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period. The total number

of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual

provisions for progression. Fractional vacation amounts were rounded to the nearest full number of days. 2 Employees eligible for paid vacations but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. Estimates include plans that are

exclusively for paid vacation and vacation plans that are part of a consolidated leave plan that provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes. 3 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 38. Standard errors for paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 private industry

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 2.3 2.2 0.7 – – 0.4 0.0

Union ..................................................................... 1.5 2.4 2.2 1.6 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.6 – – 0.2 0.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.9 1.5 1.4 0.8 – – 0.3 0.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.3 1.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.4 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.7 1.3 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.5 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.2 1.1

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 1.3 1.9 1.8 2.3 0.9 1.5 0.4 0.0

Union ..................................................................... – 1.1 2.4 2.0 1.2 – 0.3 1.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.2 1.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.2 2.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.3 1.1 2.0 2.7 1.8 1.0 0.3 0.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.4 0.7 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.2 0.6 1.7 2.0 1.3 1.0 0.3 3 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 38. Standard errors for paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.1 3 ( )

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 1.4 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.2 2.4 0.5 1.5

Union ..................................................................... – – 1.7 2.2 2.1 1.3 0.3 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.2 3 ( )

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.3 1.1 1.6 2.8 2.2 1.3 0.3 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.2 1.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.2 0.2 0.8

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 1.0 2.3 2.0 1.5 0.3 0.0

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.9 1.3 2.4 0.5 1.0

Union ..................................................................... – – 0.9 1.5 2.4 2.5 0.3 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.2 1.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.3 0.3 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.3 1.1 1.6 1.7 2.2 2.0 0.4 3 ( )

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.3 0.2 3 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.6 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 0.8 0.9 1.7 1.8 0.3 0.5

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period. The total number

of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual

provisions for progression. Fractional vacation amounts were rounded to the nearest full number of days. 2 Employees eligible for paid vacations but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. Estimates include plans that are

exclusively for paid vacation and vacation plans that are part of a consolidated leave plan that provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes. 3 Less than 0.05.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 39. Consolidated leave plans:1 Access, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

All workers ............................................................. 39 14 18 21 23 61 8 12 15 17

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 49 17 21 23 25 51 11 14 17 19

Management, business, and financial ............... 42 16 20 23 25 58 11 14 17 19

Professional and related .................................... 54 17 21 24 26 46 11 14 17 19

Service ................................................................... 43 13 17 20 22 57 6 11 13 14

Protective service .............................................. 31 15 19 22 25 69 7 9 11 12

Sales and office ..................................................... 40 13 18 21 23 60 8 12 15 17

Sales and related ............................................... 38 11 16 19 22 62 7 11 14 16

Office and administrative support ...................... 42 14 19 22 24 58 8 12 15 18

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 23 10 14 17 19 77 7 11 13 15

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 26 9 12 14 15 74 7 10 12 13

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 20 12 16 19 21 80 7 11 14 16

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 21 10 15 18 21 79 7 11 14 18

Production ......................................................... 23 10 15 18 20 77 7 11 14 17

Transportation and material moving .................. 20 10 15 18 21 80 7 12 15 18

Full time ................................................................. 39 15 19 22 24 61 8 13 15 18

Part time ................................................................ 38 11 15 16 18 62 6 10 12 14

Union ..................................................................... 20 14 17 21 24 80 8 13 16 21

Nonunion ............................................................... 41 14 18 21 23 59 8 12 15 17

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 35 11 15 17 20 65 6 10 13 14

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 28 10 14 16 18 72 5 9 12 13

Second 25 percent ............................................ 38 13 18 21 24 62 7 12 14 17

Third 25 percent ................................................ 37 14 18 21 24 63 8 12 15 18

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 44 17 20 23 25 56 10 14 17 20

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 42 17 21 23 25 58 11 15 18 20

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 25 11 15 17 20 75 7 11 14 17

Construction ...................................................... 30 9 13 15 16 70 6 10 11 13

Manufacturing .................................................... 24 11 15 18 21 76 8 12 15 19

Service-providing industries .................................. 42 15 19 22 24 58 8 12 15 17

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 28 11 16 19 23 72 7 11 14 17

Wholesale trade ............................................. 26 11 15 18 20 74 8 12 15 17

Retail trade .................................................... 36 10 16 19 23 64 6 10 13 16

Transportation and warehousing ................... 15 11 17 21 27 85 8 12 15 19

Utilities ........................................................... 22 14 17 20 25 78 10 13 16 20

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 39. Consolidated leave plans:1 Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

Information ......................................................... 32 16 21 24 26 68 11 14 17 21

Financial activities ............................................. 44 16 21 24 26 56 11 15 16 19

Finance and insurance .................................. 49 17 21 24 26 51 12 15 17 20

Credit intermediation and related activities 37 17 21 25 26 63 12 16 18 21

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 69 17 21 24 26 31 11 14 16 19

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 26 14 18 20 22 74 9 12 14 16

Professional and business services .................. 41 16 19 22 24 59 9 13 15 18

Professional and technical services .............. 49 16 19 22 23 51 10 13 16 18

Administrative and waste services ................ 38 13 18 20 22 62 7 11 13 15

Education and health services ........................... 66 17 21 24 25 34 10 14 17 18

Educational services ...................................... 24 13 15 16 17 76 13 17 19 21

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 16 18 21 24 25 84 14 17 19 22

Health care and social assistance ................. 70 17 21 24 26 30 9 13 17 18

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 28 10 15 17 19 72 6 10 12 13

Accommodation and food services ................ 27 10 14 17 19 73 5 10 12 13

Other services ................................................... 28 10 13 14 15 72 8 12 13 14

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 34 12 16 19 20 66 7 11 13 15

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 34 13 16 19 20 66 7 11 13 14

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 36 12 16 19 20 64 7 12 14 17

100 workers or more .............................................. 43 16 20 23 26 57 9 13 16 20

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 40 14 19 22 25 60 8 13 16 19

500 workers or more .......................................... 48 17 22 25 27 52 10 14 17 21

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 35 15 19 22 24 65 9 13 16 18

New England ..................................................... 34 16 20 22 25 66 10 14 16 18

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 35 14 19 21 24 65 9 13 15 18

South ..................................................................... 39 14 18 20 23 61 8 11 14 16

South Atlantic .................................................... 39 14 18 21 23 61 8 11 14 16

East South Central ............................................ 32 14 18 21 24 68 7 11 14 16

West South Central ........................................... 44 12 17 20 22 56 8 12 14 16

Midwest ................................................................. 38 15 20 23 25 62 7 12 15 18

East North Central ............................................. 36 15 19 22 25 64 7 12 16 18

West North Central ............................................ 43 16 20 23 26 57 7 12 15 18

West ...................................................................... 42 14 18 21 22 58 8 12 15 17

Mountain ............................................................ 48 14 18 21 23 52 8 12 14 17

Pacific ................................................................ 39 14 18 20 22 61 9 13 15 17

1 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes, such as vacation, illness, or personal

business. Those with no consolidated leave plan often have separate leave plans for different purposes. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 39. Standard errors for consolidated leave plans:1 Access, private industry workers, March

2018

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

All workers ............................................................. 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Professional and related .................................... 2.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 2.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4

Service ................................................................... 2.9 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Protective service .............................................. 8.9 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.2 8.9 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Sales and related ............................................... 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 3.0 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.8 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Production ......................................................... 1.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.8 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 2.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Part time ................................................................ 2.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 2.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4

Union ..................................................................... 2.0 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.4 2.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Construction ...................................................... 3.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 3.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 2.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4

Retail trade .................................................... 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Transportation and warehousing ................... 3.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.7 3.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4

Utilities ........................................................... 4.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 2.3 4.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 39. Standard errors for consolidated leave plans:1 Access, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

Information ......................................................... 4.3 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.7 4.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3

Financial activities ............................................. 1.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 2.1 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 3.7 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.5 3.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Professional and business services .................. 2.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7

Professional and technical services .............. 3.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 3.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8

Administrative and waste services ................ 3.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 3.9 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.9

Education and health services ........................... 2.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6

Educational services ...................................... 4.0 0.9 1.4 1.6 1.8 4.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 2.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 3.3 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 3.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Accommodation and food services ................ 3.7 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 3.7 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7

Other services ................................................... 4.0 1.0 1.5 1.7 2.2 4.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

New England ..................................................... 3.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 3.0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.1 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

South ..................................................................... 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 2.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

East South Central ............................................ 4.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 4.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.1

West South Central ........................................... 2.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 2.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

Midwest ................................................................. 2.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 2.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2

East North Central ............................................. 2.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 2.8 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2

West North Central ............................................ 3.7 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 3.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3

West ...................................................................... 2.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

Mountain ............................................................ 4.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 4.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5

Pacific ................................................................ 2.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 2.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6

1 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes, such as vacation, illness, or personal

business. Those with no consolidated leave plan often have separate leave plans for different purposes. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 40. Quality of life benefits: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Childcare1 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

All workers ............................................................. 10 7 7 40 50

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 19 17 14 58 68

Management, business, and financial ............... 19 22 14 57 68

Professional and related .................................... 19 14 14 58 68

Service ................................................................... 6 1 4 22 32

Protective service .............................................. 8 – 2 19 32

Sales and office ..................................................... 8 7 6 41 54

Sales and related ............................................... 5 4 3 39 53

Office and administrative support ...................... 10 8 8 43 54

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 7 1 3 28 34

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 4 1 2 20 23

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 10 1 3 35 45

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4 3 2 41 51

Production ......................................................... 7 4 2 44 50

Transportation and material moving .................. 2 3 3 39 52

Full time ................................................................. 12 9 8 46 56

Part time ................................................................ 4 2 3 23 34

Union ..................................................................... 16 2 8 57 76

Nonunion ............................................................... 9 8 7 39 48

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 4 1 3 23 33

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3 – – 16 26

Second 25 percent ............................................ 6 4 4 36 48

Third 25 percent ................................................ 11 7 7 47 56

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 21 18 15 60 71

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 25 24 18 64 76

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 9 6 3 45 51

Construction ...................................................... 3 3 4 22 24

Manufacturing .................................................... 12 8 3 56 64

Service-providing industries .................................. 10 7 8 39 50

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 4 3 3 42 58

Wholesale trade ............................................. 7 14 4 33 47

Retail trade .................................................... 2 1 2 40 57

Transportation and warehousing ................... 3 – 5 54 68

Utilities ........................................................... 17 – 13 77 83

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 40. Quality of life benefits: Access, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Childcare1 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

Information ......................................................... 42 14 21 70 80

Financial activities ............................................. 20 17 16 60 68

Finance and insurance .................................. 26 21 20 74 81

Credit intermediation and related activities 28 13 14 73 81

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 18 30 26 73 78

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – 5 4 19 32

Professional and business services .................. 9 17 9 32 42

Professional and technical services .............. 13 27 16 40 52

Administrative and waste services ................ 2 5 5 15 23

Education and health services ........................... 15 4 10 49 62

Educational services ...................................... 23 9 21 51 64

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 32 9 33 75 87

Health care and social assistance ................. 14 4 8 49 61

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 6 3 ( ) 4 19 24

Accommodation and food services ................ 5 – 4 18 23

Other services ................................................... 3 6 2 16 24

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 6 4 22 30

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4 6 4 19 27

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 7 5 4 32 41

100 workers or more .............................................. 16 9 10 62 74

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 9 6 6 54 69

500 workers or more .......................................... 27 12 16 74 83

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 15 9 10 42 53

New England ..................................................... 17 12 13 46 58

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 14 8 9 41 51

South ..................................................................... 9 7 6 43 51

South Atlantic .................................................... 10 7 6 42 52

East South Central ............................................ – 5 2 41 50

West South Central ........................................... 9 7 6 45 49

Midwest ................................................................. 7 7 4 40 51

East North Central ............................................. 8 7 5 39 50

West North Central ............................................ 6 5 4 41 52

West ...................................................................... 10 7 9 36 48

Mountain ............................................................ 10 8 8 38 48

Pacific ................................................................ 9 6 9 35 48

1 A workplace program that provides for either the full or partial cost of caring for an employee’s children in a nursery, day care

center, or a baby sitter in facilities either on or off the employer’s premises. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018. 3 Less than 0.5.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 40. Standard errors for quality of life benefits: Access, private industry workers, 

March 2018

Characteristics Childcare1 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.6 1.4

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.7 1.8 1.1 2.5 1.9

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.6

Service ................................................................... 0.8 0.4 0.9 1.2 1.7

Protective service .............................................. 2.9 – 1.0 4.3 5.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.7 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.1

Sales and related ............................................... 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.3 1.4

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.3 1.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.7 0.2 0.5 1.5 1.6

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 0.9 0.4 0.5 1.9 2.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.0 0.4 0.8 2.0 2.3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.6 0.5 0.3 1.6 2.1

Production ......................................................... 1.1 0.7 0.3 2.2 2.4

Transportation and material moving .................. 0.7 0.6 0.6 2.4 2.9

Full time ................................................................. 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8

Part time ................................................................ 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5

Union ..................................................................... 2.1 0.6 1.4 2.0 2.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.8

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.2

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.7 – – 1.9 2.3

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.5 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.3 1.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.6 1.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.0 1.8 1.5 2.3 2.3

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.0 0.8 0.5 1.4 1.5

Construction ...................................................... 1.0 0.5 0.9 2.5 2.3

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.3 1.2 0.6 1.4 1.8

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.2

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.8 1.6 0.8 2.0 2.7

Retail trade .................................................... 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.4

Transportation and warehousing ................... 1.2 – 1.4 4.2 4.3

Utilities ........................................................... 2.4 – 2.4 4.8 5.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 40. Standard errors for quality of life benefits: Access, private industry workers, 

March 2018—continued

Characteristics Childcare1 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

Information ......................................................... 3.9 2.3 2.9 2.6 3.0

Financial activities ............................................. 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.7 2.0

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.3 1.4 1.1 1.8 1.7

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.6 2.5 2.6 2.0 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ – 1.7 1.7 3.0 3.9

Professional and business services .................. 2.0 1.5 1.1 2.8 2.3

Professional and technical services .............. 3.6 3.3 2.3 3.9 3.8

Administrative and waste services ................ 1.1 1.1 1.7 2.5 2.8

Education and health services ........................... 1.7 0.8 1.1 2.0 1.9

Educational services ...................................... 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.2 2.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.5

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.8 0.7 1.2 2.2 2.2

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 1.5 0.1 1.2 1.7 2.0

Accommodation and food services ................ 1.6 – 1.2 2.4 2.7

Other services ................................................... 0.8 1.5 1.0 2.5 3.3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.9 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.9 2.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.0 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.6

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.4 0.9 0.6 1.5 1.5

New England ..................................................... 2.6 2.5 1.7 3.2 2.9

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 0.9 0.5 1.5 1.6

South ..................................................................... 1.1 0.5 0.5 1.7 1.4

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.7 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.2

East South Central ............................................ – 1.4 0.9 5.8 6.6

West South Central ........................................... 1.4 1.0 1.2 3.6 2.4

Midwest ................................................................. 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.4 1.3

East North Central ............................................. 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.5

West North Central ............................................ 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.4 2.4

West ...................................................................... 1.2 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.7

Mountain ............................................................ 2.9 0.5 1.6 1.6 2.9

Pacific ................................................................ 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.2 2.0

1 A workplace program that provides for either the full or partial cost of caring for an employee’s children in a nursery, day care

center, or a baby sitter in facilities either on or off the employer’s premises. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution3

Payroll

deduction

IRA4

Financial

Flexible planning

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account1

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account2

All workers ............................................................. 28 15 39 41 16 6 20

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 44 25 60 63 22 10 29

Management, business, and financial ............... 50 25 61 65 20 9 29

Professional and related .................................... 40 25 59 63 23 10 29

Service ................................................................... 11 7 20 21 10 4 9

Protective service .............................................. – – 20 27 7 4 9

Sales and office ..................................................... 31 13 37 39 14 4 23

Sales and related ............................................... 27 8 30 31 10 2 22

Office and administrative support ...................... 34 17 41 45 17 6 24

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 19 11 25 28 14 5 14

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 12 7 13 17 12 7 8

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 24 15 36 39 16 4 20

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 23 16 40 41 20 6 17

Production ......................................................... 27 18 39 41 18 6 19

Transportation and material moving .................. 20 14 41 42 21 6 14

Full time ................................................................. 34 19 46 49 18 7 23

Part time ................................................................ 10 4 18 17 10 3 10

Union ..................................................................... 25 15 55 59 31 8 22

Nonunion ............................................................... 28 15 37 39 15 6 19

Average wage within the following categories:7

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 11 6 18 18 9 3 11

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 6 5 12 11 8 1 7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 26 13 35 37 15 5 17

Third 25 percent ................................................ 35 19 46 49 19 7 23

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 44 26 63 67 24 10 31

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 49 28 69 72 24 11 33

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 29 18 40 41 16 6 23

Construction ...................................................... 15 9 14 18 10 3 8

Manufacturing .................................................... 36 22 51 52 19 7 29

Service-providing industries .................................. 27 15 39 41 16 6 19

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 27 11 38 40 13 3 21

Wholesale trade ............................................. 26 17 40 45 15 4 13

Retail trade .................................................... 26 5 28 29 8 1 23

Transportation and warehousing ................... 28 21 59 60 28 7 18

Utilities ........................................................... 46 25 67 68 12 4 41

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Stock options

Total5 Performance Signing Other

All workers ............................................................. 8 2 1 7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 12 5 2 8

Management, business, and financial ............... 16 6 3 12

Professional and related .................................... 9 4 1 6

Service ................................................................... 3 6 () – 3

Protective service .............................................. – – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 9 2 1 8

Sales and related ............................................... 8 2 1 7

Office and administrative support ...................... 10 3 2 8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5 3 6 () 3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2 – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 7 5 1 4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 9 1 1 9

Production ......................................................... 5 1 1 5

Transportation and material moving .................. 13 – 1 12

Full time ................................................................. 9 3 1 7

Part time ................................................................ 5 1 6 () 5

Union ..................................................................... 12 4 6 () 8

Nonunion ............................................................... 8 2 1 6

Average wage within the following categories:7

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 4 6 ( ) 6 () 4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2 6 () – 2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 7 1 1 7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 9 2 1 7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 14 6 2 10

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 16 7 3 11

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 7 3 1 5

Construction ...................................................... 2 – – 2

Manufacturing .................................................... 10 4 2 7

Service-providing industries .................................. 8 2 1 7

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 10 2 1 9

Wholesale trade ............................................. 6 2 2 5

Retail trade .................................................... 8 2 6 () 7

Transportation and warehousing ................... 22 – – 21

Utilities ........................................................... 5 – – 5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution3

Payroll

deduction

IRA4

Financial

Flexible planning

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account1

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account2

Information ......................................................... 57 27 78 79 26 6 47

Financial activities ............................................. 53 28 65 64 17 8 35

Finance and insurance .................................. 64 35 79 79 18 9 45

Credit intermediation and related activities 63 34 79 79 17 11 39

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 66 34 76 76 16 5 50

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 19 9 23 22 13 6 8

Professional and business services .................. 32 16 37 41 21 9 16

Professional and technical services .............. 44 21 46 51 22 12 26

Administrative and waste services ................ 12 9 18 19 18 7 4

Education and health services ........................... 28 21 47 51 23 10 20

Educational services ...................................... 34 23 57 60 34 17 28

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 48 34 80 84 46 19 41

Health care and social assistance ................. 27 21 45 50 21 9 19

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 7 4 16 17 6 2 9

Accommodation and food services ................ 7 4 15 15 5 2 9

Other services ................................................... 15 7 16 17 11 4 7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 18 9 22 25 12 4 9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 17 7 20 21 10 4 8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 23 14 31 35 17 6 12

100 workers or more .............................................. 39 23 58 60 22 8 32

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 36 18 49 50 19 8 28

500 workers or more .......................................... 43 31 72 76 26 10 38

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 26 14 40 44 19 8 20

New England ..................................................... 28 13 45 52 15 7 21

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 25 14 38 42 20 9 19

South ..................................................................... 26 18 38 39 15 6 21

South Atlantic .................................................... 26 16 37 38 16 7 20

East South Central ............................................ 25 18 36 37 13 5 24

West South Central ........................................... 27 21 41 42 14 3 21

Midwest ................................................................. 31 18 41 43 17 4 18

East North Central ............................................. 30 16 41 42 18 5 19

West North Central ............................................ 33 21 41 45 13 4 16

West ...................................................................... 28 10 36 39 15 7 19

Mountain ............................................................ 27 12 39 42 14 5 20

Pacific ................................................................ 28 10 35 38 16 8 18

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Stock options

Total5 Performance Signing Other

Information ......................................................... 38 22 4 20

Financial activities ............................................. 19 7 6 17

Finance and insurance .................................. 24 9 8 22

Credit intermediation and related activities 25 10 10 24

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 22 6 3 18

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 5 – – 4

Professional and business services .................. 8 2 – 6

Professional and technical services .............. 10 4 – 8

Administrative and waste services ................ 5 – – 4

Education and health services ........................... 3 6 ( ) 6 () 2

Educational services ...................................... 2 1 1 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2 2 2 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 3 – – 3

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 4 – – 3

Accommodation and food services ................ 3 – – 3

Other services ................................................... 2 – – 2

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 2 1 4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5 1 1 4

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 5 2 6 () 4

100 workers or more .............................................. 11 3 1 9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 10 2 1 8

500 workers or more .......................................... 14 4 2 11

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 8 2 1 7

New England ..................................................... 9 1 2 7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 8 2 1 6

South ..................................................................... 7 2 1 6

South Atlantic .................................................... 7 2 1 6

East South Central ............................................ 8 2 1 7

West South Central ........................................... 7 2 1 6

Midwest ................................................................. 8 1 1 7

East North Central ............................................. 8 2 1 7

West North Central ............................................ 7 1 6 () 7

West ...................................................................... 9 4 1 7

Mountain ............................................................ 9 2 1 8

Pacific ................................................................ 9 4 1 6

1 Formerly referred to as Dependent care reimbursement account. 2 Formerly referred to as Healthcare reimbursement account. 3 Savings plans established by the employer on behalf of the employee, but with no employer contribution. 

These are cash or deferred arrangement plans or individual retirement accounts used to fund savings and

retirement plans authorized by section 401(k), 403(b), or 457 of the Internal Revenue Code. The employees’

contributions can be pre- and post-tax. Employees may authorize a payroll deduction by the employer to fund

the established plan. 4 An individual retirement plan that can be sponsored by the employer, but with no employer contributions. 

The employee establishes either a traditional (with tax-deductible contributions) or Roth (contributions are made

post-tax but accumulate tax-free until retirement) IRA plan with a financial institution, and authorizes the payroll

deduction by the employer. 5 The sum of the individual components may be greater than the total because some employees may have

access to more than one type of stock option. 6 Less than 0.5. 7 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation,

which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed

using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution3

Payroll

deduction

IRA4

Financial

Flexible planning

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account1

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account2

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.8 1.3

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.3 0.9 2.0

Professional and related .................................... 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.0 1.7

Service ................................................................... 1.2 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.2

Protective service .............................................. – – 4.7 5.4 2.1 1.8 1.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.9

Sales and related ............................................... 1.4 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.4 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.4 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.7 1.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.4 1.1 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.6 1.3 2.3 2.3 1.7 0.6 1.2

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.6 0.9 0.9

Production ......................................................... 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.1 1.2

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.9 1.2 2.5 2.4 1.9 1.1 1.2

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.8

Part time ................................................................ 0.8 0.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.7

Union ..................................................................... 1.8 1.7 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.6 1.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.5 1.0 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.5 1.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 0.7 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.9

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.3 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.7 0.9 2.2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.6 1.2

Construction ...................................................... 2.3 1.1 2.1 2.4 1.2 0.7 1.6

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.4

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.5 1.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.6 2.0 3.0 2.4 2.1 1.0 2.1

Retail trade .................................................... 1.2 0.5 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.3 1.2

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.8 2.0 4.6 4.7 2.5 1.8 2.4

Utilities ........................................................... 6.1 3.6 6.0 5.2 2.6 1.7 3.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Stock options

Total Performance Signing Other

All workers ............................................................. 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.6

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.4 0.8 0.4 1.2

Professional and related .................................... 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.7

Service ................................................................... 0.8 0.1 – 0.8

Protective service .............................................. – – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6

Sales and related ............................................... 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.7

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 0.8 – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.8

Production ......................................................... 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.6 – 0.3 1.5

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.5

Union ..................................................................... 1.4 0.8 0.1 1.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.4 0.1 – 0.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.5 1.0 0.6 1.1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5

Construction ...................................................... 0.8 – – 0.7

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.7

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.9

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.1 0.7 0.6 1.0

Retail trade .................................................... 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.8

Transportation and warehousing ................... 3.2 – – 3.1

Utilities ........................................................... 2.1 – – 2.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution3

Payroll

deduction

IRA4

Financial

Flexible planning

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account1

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account2

Information ......................................................... 3.1 2.6 2.4 3.1 3.2 2.1 4.3

Financial activities ............................................. 1.6 1.1 2.5 2.2 1.1 0.9 1.6

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.8

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.9 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.1 2.4

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.3 2.4 2.9 2.4 1.6 1.5 2.6

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 2.6 2.0 4.7 4.3 2.4 1.7 2.4

Professional and business services .................. 3.0 1.6 2.2 2.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Professional and technical services .............. 4.2 2.8 3.6 3.9 2.3 2.2 2.3

Administrative and waste services ................ 2.0 2.1 3.2 2.9 2.1 2.3 0.9

Education and health services ........................... 1.6 1.4 2.4 2.8 2.0 1.7 1.6

Educational services ...................................... 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.5 3.3 2.5 3.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.4 2.3 2.5 1.8 2.9 1.7 2.7

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.8 1.6 2.7 3.2 2.3 1.9 1.8

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 1.5 1.1 2.2 2.2 0.9 0.6 2.4

Accommodation and food services ................ 1.6 1.3 2.1 2.1 1.0 0.7 2.8

Other services ................................................... 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.8 3.1 1.7 1.8

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.6 0.9 1.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.6 0.9 1.8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.7 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.5 0.9 1.2

New England ..................................................... 2.7 1.4 2.5 2.5 2.1 1.1 2.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.0 1.0 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.1 1.4

South ..................................................................... 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.3

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.9 2.1

East South Central ............................................ 6.6 3.3 4.8 4.4 1.6 2.1 2.4

West South Central ........................................... 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.6 0.6 1.8

Midwest ................................................................. 2.8 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.5 1.1

East North Central ............................................. 4.0 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.4 0.7 1.4

West North Central ............................................ 0.9 2.1 2.5 1.9 1.3 0.7 1.7

West ...................................................................... 1.2 0.7 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.2

Mountain ............................................................ 2.2 0.9 3.3 4.8 1.2 2.1 1.8

Pacific ................................................................ 1.5 0.9 2.3 2.4 2.5 1.8 1.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Stock options

Total Performance Signing Other

Information ......................................................... 3.2 2.8 1.1 2.6

Financial activities ............................................. 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.2

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.5

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.3 1.7 1.4 2.3

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.5 1.1 0.8 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 1.3 – – 1.3

Professional and business services .................. 1.1 0.5 – 0.8

Professional and technical services .............. 2.0 1.0 – 1.9

Administrative and waste services ................ 1.4 – – 1.4

Education and health services ........................... 1.2 0.1 0.1 1.2

Educational services ...................................... 0.8 0.1 0.1 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.5 0.3 0.3 –

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.3 – – 1.3

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 1.2 – – 1.2

Accommodation and food services ................ 1.4 – – 1.4

Other services ................................................... 0.7 – – 0.7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.8

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.3 0.4 0.2 1.0

New England ..................................................... 2.4 0.3 0.4 2.5

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.5 0.5 0.3 1.0

South ..................................................................... 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.6

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.7

East South Central ............................................ 2.4 0.5 0.3 2.7

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 0.5 0.4 1.0

Midwest ................................................................. 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.7

East North Central ............................................. 1.1 0.3 0.2 1.0

West North Central ............................................ 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.7

West ...................................................................... 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.8

Mountain ............................................................ 2.3 0.8 0.3 2.1

Pacific ................................................................ 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6

1 Formerly referred to as Dependent care reimbursement account. 2 Formerly referred to as Healthcare reimbursement account. 3 Savings plans established by the employer on behalf of the employee, but with no employer contribution. 

These are cash or deferred arrangement plans or individual retirement accounts used to fund savings and

retirement plans authorized by section 401(k), 403(b), or 457 of the Internal Revenue Code. The employees’

contributions can be pre- and post-tax. Employees may authorize a payroll deduction by the employer to fund

the established plan. 4 An individual retirement plan that can be sponsored by the employer, but with no employer contributions. 

The employee establishes either a traditional (with tax-deductible contributions) or Roth (contributions are made

post-tax but accumulate tax-free until retirement) IRA plan with a financial institution, and authorizes the payroll

deduction by the employer. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation,

which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed

using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 42. Health-related benefits: Access, private industry workers,

 March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance1

Retiree healthcare

benefits2

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

All workers ............................................................. 15 14 12

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 26 22 19

Management, business, and financial ............... 30 24 21

Professional and related .................................... 24 21 18

Service ................................................................... 7 4 3

Protective service .............................................. 4 – 3

Sales and office ..................................................... 15 13 12

Sales and related ............................................... 11 9 8

Office and administrative support ...................... 17 16 15

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 11 13 12

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 5 9 8

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 15 17 15

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 13 17 15

Production ......................................................... 14 14 12

Transportation and material moving .................. 12 20 18

Full time ................................................................. 19 17 15

Part time ................................................................ 6 5 5

Union ..................................................................... 22 41 36

Nonunion ............................................................... 15 12 10

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 6 4 3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4 2 3

Second 25 percent ............................................ 12 10 8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 18 17 16

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 30 29 25

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 35 31 27

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 14 16 14

Construction ...................................................... 3 6 7

Manufacturing .................................................... 20 20 18

Service-providing industries .................................. 16 14 12

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 12 15 14

Wholesale trade ............................................. 13 9 7

Retail trade .................................................... 8 8 6

Transportation and warehousing ................... 19 38 36

Utilities ........................................................... 43 67 60

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 42. Health-related benefits: Access, private industry workers,

 March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance1

Retiree healthcare

benefits2

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

Information ......................................................... 46 44 41

Financial activities ............................................. 39 38 36

Finance and insurance .................................. 50 49 47

Credit intermediation and related activities 51 54 53

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 47 42 38

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 8 5 –

Professional and business services .................. 16 10 8

Professional and technical services .............. 22 11 10

Administrative and waste services ................ 5 4 2

Education and health services ........................... 17 12 10

Educational services ...................................... 30 29 31

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 52 46 47

Health care and social assistance ................. 14 10 7

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 5 1 2

Accommodation and food services ................ 5 – 1

Other services ................................................... 6 7 5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 8 6 5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 7 5 5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 10 7 6

100 workers or more .............................................. 25 24 21

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 18 16 14

500 workers or more .......................................... 34 36 31

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 15 16 15

New England ..................................................... 16 15 13

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 15 16 15

South ..................................................................... 16 15 12

South Atlantic .................................................... 16 14 11

East South Central ............................................ – 14 11

West South Central ........................................... 17 17 15

Midwest ................................................................. 14 13 12

East North Central ............................................. 14 13 12

West North Central ............................................ 13 14 13

West ...................................................................... 15 12 11

Mountain ............................................................ 17 11 9

Pacific ................................................................ 14 13 12

1 A health plan that provides long-term (more than 1 year) custodial care, home care, or nursing

home care. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the employee. 2 A health plan that provides coverage to a retiree beyond what is mandated by COBRA or other

health continuation laws. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the

employee. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions

of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 42. Standard errors for health-related benefits: Access,

private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance1

Retiree healthcare

benefits2

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.5 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 1.2 1.1

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.7 1.6 1.4

Professional and related .................................... 1.5 1.5 1.5

Service ................................................................... 1.1 0.5 0.5

Protective service .............................................. 1.4 – 1.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.7 0.6 0.7

Sales and related ............................................... 1.0 1.0 0.9

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.9 0.9 0.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.0 0.9 0.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.1 1.2 0.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.6 1.2 1.2

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.0 1.2 1.2

Production ......................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.5

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.4 1.9 1.9

Full time ................................................................. 0.7 0.5 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 0.7 0.6 0.6

Union ..................................................................... 1.8 2.7 2.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.7 0.4 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.7 0.5 0.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.9 0.7 0.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 0.5 0.5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 0.7 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.3 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.0 1.7 1.5

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.0 1.0 1.0

Construction ...................................................... 0.8 1.1 0.8

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.3 1.5 1.2

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.5 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.8 1.0 1.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.7 1.4 1.3

Retail trade .................................................... 0.7 0.8 0.7

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.5 3.2 3.2

Utilities ........................................................... 5.0 6.4 7.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 42. Standard errors for health-related benefits: Access,

private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance1

Retiree healthcare

benefits2

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

Information ......................................................... 3.5 3.4 3.1

Financial activities ............................................. 1.9 1.6 1.1

Finance and insurance .................................. 2.0 1.6 1.1

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.6 2.4 1.8

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.7 2.4 2.5

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 2.3 1.9 –

Professional and business services .................. 1.8 1.6 1.4

Professional and technical services .............. 3.1 2.4 2.3

Administrative and waste services ................ 0.9 1.7 1.0

Education and health services ........................... 1.8 1.4 1.4

Educational services ...................................... 2.5 2.0 4.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.7 2.4 2.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.1 1.6 1.4

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 1.4 0.5 0.4

Accommodation and food services ................ 1.2 – 0.7

Other services ................................................... 1.6 1.8 1.6

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 0.3 0.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 0.4 0.4

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.0 0.7 0.8

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 0.9 0.9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.2 1.0 0.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.7 1.6 1.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.1 0.8 0.8

New England ..................................................... 1.5 1.7 1.8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.4 0.9 0.9

South ..................................................................... 1.4 0.9 0.8

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.8 1.4 1.1

East South Central ............................................ – 2.1 2.3

West South Central ........................................... 1.4 1.2 1.2

Midwest ................................................................. 1.5 1.1 1.1

East North Central ............................................. 2.0 1.4 1.4

West North Central ............................................ 1.7 1.7 1.9

West ...................................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.9

Mountain ............................................................ 1.1 1.0 1.4

Pacific ................................................................ 1.2 1.3 1.1

1 A health plan that provides long-term (more than 1 year) custodial care, home care, or nursing

home care. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the employee. 2 A health plan that provides coverage to a retiree beyond what is mandated by COBRA or other

health continuation laws. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the

employee. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions

of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 43. Nonproduction bonuses: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses1

Cash

profit-sharing

bonus

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus2

All workers ............................................................. 39 6 3 11 7 4 1 6 10

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 49 7 5 15 5 6 1 9 14

Management, business, and financial ............... 55 9 6 20 4 5 1 8 15

Professional and related .................................... 46 6 5 13 5 7 1 9 13

Service ................................................................... 24 1 1 6 7 3 – 5 5

Protective service .............................................. – 3 – – – 2 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 42 9 3 11 7 4 1 6 8

Sales and related ............................................... 35 12 1 8 6 3 1 4 5

Office and administrative support ...................... 47 8 4 13 8 4 1 7 9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 40 7 2 13 12 3 – 4 10

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 36 4 – 13 13 1 – 1 7

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 44 9 3 13 10 4 – 7 13

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 40 8 2 9 6 4 1 5 14

Production ......................................................... 43 11 2 12 6 3 1 4 16

Transportation and material moving .................. 36 4 1 7 6 5 – 6 13

Full time ................................................................. 46 8 4 13 7 5 1 6 12

Part time ................................................................ 22 3 1 5 5 1 1 5 3

Union ..................................................................... 34 9 4 4 2 7 – 6 18

Nonunion ............................................................... 40 6 3 12 7 4 1 6 9

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 24 3 1 5 6 1 – 5 4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 20 1 – 6 5 – – 3 4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 41 6 2 11 9 4 1 5 9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 46 7 3 14 7 6 1 6 13

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 51 10 6 16 4 7 1 8 15

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 52 10 6 17 3 7 1 8 15

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 47 11 2 15 8 4 1 4 14

Construction ...................................................... 38 4 – 16 13 – – 2 5

Manufacturing .................................................... 52 15 2 14 6 5 1 4 18

Service-providing industries .................................. 38 6 3 10 6 4 1 7 9

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 37 11 1 8 7 2 1 5 8

Wholesale trade ............................................. 44 5 2 15 11 3 – 4 9

Retail trade .................................................... 35 14 4 () 6 6 2 – 5 3

Transportation and warehousing ................... 37 6 – 6 4 4 – 4 19

Utilities ........................................................... 41 – 5 15 – 7 – – 16

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 43. Nonproduction bonuses: Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses1

Cash

profit-sharing

bonus

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus2

Information ......................................................... 73 19 10 21 – 20 – 26 28

Financial activities ............................................. 65 12 7 22 6 4 1 8 19

Finance and insurance .................................. 74 15 8 23 5 3 2 10 23

Credit intermediation and related activities 71 13 4 19 4 5 1 11 26

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 74 15 15 23 6 2 3 10 20

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 39 5 – 17 8 5 – 3 7

Professional and business services .................. 42 5 5 15 5 3 1 7 10

Professional and technical services .............. 58 9 8 22 7 4 2 8 12

Administrative and waste services ................ 26 – – 7 4 3 – 6 6

Education and health services ........................... 37 1 3 8 8 7 – 9 9

Educational services ...................................... 17 – 2 3 2 7 – 1 4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 18 – 3 – 3 8 – 3 4

Health care and social assistance ................. 40 1 3 9 8 7 – 10 9

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 18 – 1 5 5 – – 3 4

Accommodation and food services ................ 18 – 1 5 4 – – 3 4

Other services ................................................... 25 1 – 6 11 1 – 3 4

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 37 3 2 14 9 3 1 4 6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 37 3 2 14 10 3 1 3 6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 37 4 2 12 6 2 1 6 8

100 workers or more .............................................. 43 10 4 8 4 6 1 8 14

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 41 10 4 8 5 5 – 9 11

500 workers or more .......................................... 45 11 5 8 1 7 1 8 20

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 41 4 3 14 4 6 1 5 10

New England ..................................................... 37 5 3 16 1 4 1 5 7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 42 4 3 14 5 6 1 6 11

South ..................................................................... 44 7 4 12 9 3 1 7 12

South Atlantic .................................................... 44 6 4 12 10 3 1 8 11

East South Central ............................................ 43 9 2 – 9 2 – 5 15

West South Central ........................................... 44 8 4 13 8 2 1 5 10

Midwest ................................................................. 39 7 2 10 6 4 1 6 11

East North Central ............................................. 41 8 2 11 7 4 1 6 11

West North Central ............................................ 35 6 2 8 3 5 2 7 10

West ...................................................................... 32 6 2 8 6 5 – 5 7

Mountain ............................................................ 36 6 2 10 8 3 – 4 9

Pacific ................................................................ 30 6 2 7 5 6 – 6 6

1 The sum of the individual components may be greater than the total because some employees may have access to more than one type of nonproduction bonus. 2 Includes all other bonuses provided to employees and not published separately. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 4 Less than 0.5.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 43. Standard errors for nonproduction bonuses: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses

Cash

profit-sharing

bonus

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus1

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.6 0.6 0.7 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.9

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.1 0.8 1.0 1.7 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.8 1.1

Professional and related .................................... 2.0 0.7 0.9 1.4 0.8 0.9 0.3 1.1 1.1

Service ................................................................... 1.7 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.2 0.6 – 1.2 0.8

Protective service .............................................. – 1.1 – – – 0.9 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.5

Sales and related ............................................... 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.5

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.7 0.6 0.5 1.3 1.4 0.4 – 0.6 1.2

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 3.1 0.8 – 1.9 2.0 0.3 – 0.5 2.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.5 0.7 0.8 1.9 1.7 0.8 – 0.9 1.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.9 1.2

Production ......................................................... 2.3 1.3 0.5 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.2 1.2 1.7

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.0 0.8 0.2 1.2 0.9 1.0 – 1.2 1.9

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.7

Union ..................................................................... 2.5 1.3 1.8 0.9 0.6 1.5 – 2.0 2.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.3 – 0.9 0.7

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.1 0.2 – 1.3 0.6 – – 1.0 1.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.8 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.9 0.9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.3 1.1 1.2 1.6 0.7 1.0 0.2 1.2 1.3

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.4 1.1 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.3

Construction ...................................................... 2.4 1.0 – 1.9 1.5 – – 0.6 1.7

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.2 1.5 0.5 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 1.5

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.9

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.5 1.0 0.6 1.2 1.4 0.9 – 1.5 1.3

Retail trade .................................................... 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 – 0.9 0.4

Transportation and warehousing ................... 3.0 1.4 – 1.6 1.5 1.1 – 1.3 3.0

Utilities ........................................................... 7.0 – 1.6 3.3 – 2.4 – – 4.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 43. Standard errors for nonproduction bonuses: Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses

Cash

profit-sharing

bonus

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus1

Information ......................................................... 3.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 – 2.9 – 3.0 2.4

Financial activities ............................................. 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.7 1.2

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.9 1.4

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.4 0.5 0.9 0.4 1.1 1.6

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.8 1.5 2.2 2.0 1.2 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 3.9 1.9 – 3.8 2.8 2.1 – 0.9 1.7

Professional and business services .................. 2.7 0.8 1.0 2.3 1.1 0.9 0.3 1.1 1.2

Professional and technical services .............. 2.7 1.7 1.9 3.6 1.5 1.0 0.6 2.0 2.5

Administrative and waste services ................ 3.8 – – 2.0 1.9 1.3 – 1.2 1.4

Education and health services ........................... 3.1 0.3 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.2 – 1.9 1.6

Educational services ...................................... 2.2 – 0.5 0.9 0.5 1.5 – 0.3 1.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 – 0.5 – 0.5 0.9 – 0.7 1.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.5 0.3 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.3 – 2.2 1.8

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 2.3 – 0.5 1.2 0.9 – – 0.8 1.2

Accommodation and food services ................ 2.5 – 0.5 1.4 0.8 – – 0.9 1.4

Other services ................................................... 3.8 0.6 – 1.4 2.8 0.6 – 1.2 1.5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.5 0.7 0.5 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.8 – 1.2 0.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.8 1.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.4 0.4 0.5 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.9 1.1

New England ..................................................... 3.2 1.1 1.3 2.6 0.6 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.3 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.2 1.4

South ..................................................................... 1.2 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.7 0.4 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.3 1.3

East South Central ............................................ 1.5 1.8 0.9 – 1.2 0.8 – 1.0 3.3

West South Central ........................................... 2.6 0.9 1.2 2.4 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.9

Midwest ................................................................. 2.4 0.8 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.8 1.2

East North Central ............................................. 3.1 1.1 0.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.1 0.8 1.7

West North Central ............................................ 3.1 0.5 0.4 1.6 1.0 1.2 0.7 2.0 1.0

West ...................................................................... 1.5 0.5 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 – 1.3 0.6

Mountain ............................................................ 1.8 0.8 0.4 2.0 2.3 0.6 – 1.5 1.3

Pacific ................................................................ 2.1 0.6 0.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 – 1.7 0.7

1 Includes all other bonuses provided to employees and not published separately. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 44. Unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1, private industry

workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

All workers ............................................................. 11 10 40 36

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 17 17 58 54

Management, business, and financial ............... 19 19 64 59

Professional and related .................................... 16 16 56 50

Service ................................................................... 4 4 22 21

Protective service .............................................. – – 37 31

Sales and office ..................................................... 10 10 41 38

Sales and related ............................................... 6 7 35 31

Office and administrative support ...................... 12 11 46 42

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 10 8 32 29

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 7 6 22 23

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 13 9 41 34

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 12 11 35 31

Production ......................................................... 9 7 33 29

Transportation and material moving .................. 14 14 38 34

Full time ................................................................. 13 12 48 44

Part time ................................................................ 5 5 16 16

Union ..................................................................... 36 30 60 46

Nonunion ............................................................... 8 8 38 35

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3 3 19 18

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1 1 10 10

Second 25 percent ............................................ 8 8 38 36

Third 25 percent ................................................ 13 12 47 42

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 22 21 62 56

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 24 23 69 61

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 10 9 37 35

Construction ...................................................... 6 6 22 24

Manufacturing .................................................... 12 10 45 40

Service-providing industries .................................. 11 11 41 37

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 10 9 42 37

Wholesale trade ............................................. 7 6 38 35

Retail trade .................................................... 6 6 37 34

Transportation and warehousing ................... 22 21 54 47

Utilities ........................................................... 35 30 65 61

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 44. Unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1, private industry

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

Information ......................................................... 32 20 80 46

Financial activities ............................................. 29 28 65 63

Finance and insurance .................................. 37 35 75 72

Credit intermediation and related activities 40 38 75 71

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 28 27 72 68

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 8 6 36 37

Professional and business services .................. 10 10 42 40

Professional and technical services .............. 12 11 54 53

Administrative and waste services ................ 4 4 25 23

Education and health services ........................... 11 11 43 40

Educational services ...................................... 12 12 52 45

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 15 15 68 56

Health care and social assistance ................. 10 10 41 39

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 2 3 19 17

Accommodation and food services ................ 2 2 17 16

Other services ................................................... 7 8 19 20

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5 5 27 26

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5 4 25 24

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 6 6 33 32

100 workers or more .............................................. 18 17 55 48

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 13 13 49 45

500 workers or more .......................................... 25 23 64 53

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 16 16 45 41

New England ..................................................... 13 13 44 40

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 17 17 45 41

South ..................................................................... 10 9 35 32

South Atlantic .................................................... 10 10 35 31

East South Central ............................................ 8 6 33 29

West South Central ........................................... 9 9 35 34

Midwest ................................................................. 8 7 30 25

East North Central ............................................. 7 6 29 24

West North Central ............................................ 9 9 31 28

West ...................................................................... 12 11 56 52

Mountain ............................................................ 9 9 48 43

Pacific ................................................................ 13 13 59 57

1 The percentage of workers with access to the benefit reflects both the availability of the benefit and the

employer’s policy on providing the benefit to unmarried domestic partners. For more information, see

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/employer-sponsored-benefits-extended-to-domestic-partners.htm. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms"

at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 44. Standard errors for unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1,

private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.6

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5

Service ................................................................... 0.5 0.5 1.8 1.8

Protective service .............................................. – – 6.5 6.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0

Sales and related ............................................... 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.2 1.0 2.2 2.3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.4 1.1 2.3 2.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.6 1.4 3.1 3.2

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.0 0.9 1.7 1.6

Production ......................................................... 1.5 1.3 2.2 2.3

Transportation and material moving .................. 1.2 1.2 2.3 1.9

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9

Part time ................................................................ 0.6 0.5 1.1 1.1

Union ..................................................................... 2.4 2.3 1.5 1.9

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.3 0.3 1.2 1.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.2 0.5 1.4 1.3

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.1

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.3 1.1 1.9 1.9

Construction ...................................................... 1.1 0.8 2.0 2.1

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.6 1.4 2.4 2.4

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 0.7 0.6 1.3 1.0

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.2 0.9 2.5 2.3

Retail trade .................................................... 0.6 0.5 1.2 1.2

Transportation and warehousing ................... 2.2 2.1 3.2 2.6

Utilities ........................................................... 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 44. Standard errors for unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1,

private industry workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

Information ......................................................... 3.4 3.7 3.2 4.1

Financial activities ............................................. 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.6

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.7

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.2 2.0 2.7 2.5

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 1.7 1.5 3.4 3.4

Professional and business services .................. 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.0

Professional and technical services .............. 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.1

Administrative and waste services ................ 1.3 1.5 3.8 2.9

Education and health services ........................... 1.1 1.0 2.0 2.3

Educational services ...................................... 2.4 2.2 3.2 3.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 2.0 2.6 3.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.2 1.1 2.3 2.6

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 0.8 0.9 1.9 1.8

Accommodation and food services ................ 0.7 0.9 2.0 1.9

Other services ................................................... 1.7 1.8 2.7 3.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.4 0.5 1.1 1.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.7 0.8 2.1 2.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.3

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.6

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3

New England ..................................................... 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.5

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.5

South ..................................................................... 0.6 0.5 1.4 1.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.7 0.6 1.9 1.9

East South Central ............................................ 2.0 1.5 4.6 5.1

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 1.0 2.3 2.7

Midwest ................................................................. 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.3

East North Central ............................................. 0.6 0.8 1.4 1.4

West North Central ............................................ 1.8 1.7 2.7 2.6

West ...................................................................... 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4

Mountain ............................................................ 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.0

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9

1 The percentage of workers with access to the benefit reflects both the availability of the benefit and the

employer’s policy on providing the benefit to unmarried domestic partners. For more information, see

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/employer-sponsored-benefits-extended-to-domestic-partners.htm. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms"

at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 59 10 8 23 55 14 2 30

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 79 9 4 8 77 11 1 12

Management, business, and financial ............... 85 10 1 3 82 13 1 () 4

Professional and related .................................... 75 8 6 11 74 9 1 16

Service ................................................................... 33 10 11 46 29 14 2 56

Protective service .............................................. 49 – – 22 39 – – 39

Sales and office ..................................................... 57 9 14 20 52 14 2 32

Sales and related ............................................... 46 8 22 24 39 14 3 44

Office and administrative support ...................... 65 9 8 17 60 14 2 24

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 57 16 4 23 52 21 1 26

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 51 16 6 27 42 25 2 31

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 63 15 3 19 61 17 1 21

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 66 11 5 18 63 14 1 22

Production ......................................................... 70 12 3 15 65 16 1 ( ) 18

Transportation and material moving .................. 63 10 7 21 60 13 1 26

Full time ................................................................. 74 12 4 11 71 15 1 13

Part time ................................................................ 17 4 22 57 11 9 2 77

Union ..................................................................... 90 5 3 3 84 10 1 5

Nonunion ............................................................... 56 10 9 25 52 14 2 32

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 26 9 17 47 21 14 2 62

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 15 9 17 59 13 11 2 74

Second 25 percent ............................................ 61 12 6 21 57 16 2 26

Third 25 percent ................................................ 75 11 5 9 71 15 1 13

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 84 8 3 5 82 10 1 7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 86 8 2 4 85 9 1 6

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 72 12 3 13 69 16 1 ( ) 15

Construction ...................................................... 52 17 5 26 43 26 1 30

Manufacturing .................................................... 82 10 2 6 80 12 1 () 8

Service-providing industries .................................. 56 9 10 25 52 13 2 33

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 60 7 16 17 53 14 3 30

Wholesale trade ............................................. 75 11 5 10 71 15 1 13

Retail trade .................................................... 48 6 24 22 38 16 4 42

Transportation and warehousing ................... 79 6 3 12 75 – – 14

Utilities ........................................................... 96 – – – 93 – – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

All workers ............................................................. 16 53 1 30 56 13 8 23

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 24 64 1 ( ) 12 76 11 4 8

Management, business, and financial ............... 26 69 – – 83 12 1 3

Professional and related .................................... 22 61 1 16 72 11 6 11

Service ................................................................... 6 37 1 57 30 12 11 47

Protective service .............................................. – 44 – 42 47 – – 23

Sales and office ..................................................... 13 53 1 33 55 11 14 21

Sales and related ............................................... 9 45 2 45 43 11 21 25

Office and administrative support ...................... 16 58 1 25 63 11 8 18

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 54 – 27 52 21 4 23

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 45 – 32 43 24 6 27

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 17 61 – 22 60 18 3 19

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 20 57 1 22 59 18 5 18

Production ......................................................... – 63 – 19 67 14 3 15

Transportation and material moving .................. 22 51 1 26 52 21 6 21

Full time ................................................................. 19 66 1 ( ) 14 70 15 4 11

Part time ................................................................ 6 14 2 77 13 8 22 58

Union ..................................................................... 67 27 1 5 56 38 2 4

Nonunion ............................................................... 11 55 1 33 55 11 9 25

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 4 32 1 63 24 11 17 48

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2 22 1 75 13 11 17 59

Second 25 percent ............................................ 11 61 1 27 58 15 6 21

Third 25 percent ................................................ 20 66 1 ( ) 14 71 15 5 10

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 33 59 – – 79 13 3 5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 35 58 – – 82 12 2 4

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 22 63 1 ( ) 15 69 16 3 13

Construction ...................................................... – 52 – 31 45 24 4 27

Manufacturing .................................................... 24 68 – – 80 12 2 6

Service-providing industries .................................. 15 51 1 34 53 13 9 25

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 15 52 2 30 53 15 15 17

Wholesale trade ............................................. 10 76 1 13 73 12 5 10

Retail trade .................................................... 9 45 3 43 42 13 24 22

Transportation and warehousing ................... 32 53 – – 61 24 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 73 – – – 96 – – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Information ......................................................... 85 7 1 6 87 6 1 7

Financial activities ............................................. 78 8 4 9 79 8 1 12

Finance and insurance .................................. 90 3 3 4 90 3 1 6

Credit intermediation and related activities 92 3 2 3 91 4 1 4

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 86 3 4 7 86 3 2 9

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 44 24 9 23 47 – – 32

Professional and business services .................. 58 14 6 23 54 17 1 27

Professional and technical services .............. 74 11 5 10 70 16 – –

Administrative and waste services ................ 33 18 8 41 30 20 3 47

Education and health services ........................... 64 9 8 18 62 11 2 25

Educational services ...................................... 69 5 3 23 67 – – 25

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 88 2 2 9 87 3 1 9

Health care and social assistance ................. 64 9 9 18 61 12 3 25

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 24 9 10 56 21 – – 65

Accommodation and food services ................ 23 9 10 58 19 – – 68

Other services ................................................... 39 8 9 44 31 – – 53

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 43 12 10 34 39 16 2 43

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 38 13 11 39 34 17 2 48

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 57 12 9 22 55 14 1 30

100 workers or more .............................................. 79 7 6 9 74 11 2 13

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 75 8 8 9 69 14 2 15

500 workers or more .......................................... 85 4 3 8 83 5 1 10

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 61 9 8 22 55 14 1 30

New England ..................................................... 63 7 9 21 61 9 1 29

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 60 9 8 23 54 16 1 30

South ..................................................................... 58 11 9 23 56 13 2 30

South Atlantic .................................................... 57 10 9 24 55 12 2 31

East South Central ............................................ 62 – – 22 55 – – 29

West South Central ........................................... 56 14 9 21 56 14 2 28

Midwest ................................................................. 60 7 10 23 57 10 2 31

East North Central ............................................. 59 8 10 22 57 10 2 30

West North Central ............................................ 62 6 8 24 57 11 1 31

West ...................................................................... 59 12 7 23 52 18 1 28

Mountain ............................................................ 63 9 8 19 57 16 1 26

Pacific ................................................................ 57 13 6 24 50 20 1 29

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Information ......................................................... 33 60 – 8 85 7 1 6

Financial activities ............................................. 36 50 1 ( ) 13 78 9 4 9

Finance and insurance .................................. 47 46 1 ( ) 7 90 3 3 4

Credit intermediation and related activities 47 48 1 ( ) 4 92 3 2 3

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 44 45 – – 85 4 4 7

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 7 61 – 32 43 25 9 23

Professional and business services .................. – 58 – 28 56 15 6 23

Professional and technical services .............. – 73 – 15 73 12 5 10

Administrative and waste services ................ – 47 – 49 31 19 8 42

Education and health services ........................... 16 57 1 26 60 13 8 18

Educational services ...................................... – 59 – 25 62 12 3 23

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 16 74 – – 85 5 1 9

Health care and social assistance ................. 16 57 1 26 60 13 9 18

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 32 – 66 23 11 10 56

Accommodation and food services ................ – 30 – 68 22 10 10 58

Other services ................................................... – 39 – 52 36 11 8 45

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 7 48 1 ( ) 45 41 14 10 35

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 6 45 1 ( ) 49 37 14 11 39

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 11 58 1 ( ) 31 53 16 9 22

100 workers or more .............................................. 27 58 1 14 73 12 6 9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 18 65 1 15 69 14 8 9

500 workers or more .......................................... 40 48 1 11 79 10 3 8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 21 49 1 29 56 14 8 23

New England ..................................................... – 49 – 29 58 12 9 21

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 21 49 1 29 55 15 7 23

South ..................................................................... 14 54 1 31 55 13 9 23

South Atlantic .................................................... 17 50 1 32 54 13 9 24

East South Central ............................................ – 56 – 30 61 – – 22

West South Central ........................................... – 59 – 29 54 16 9 21

Midwest ................................................................. 16 51 1 32 57 11 9 23

East North Central ............................................. 16 51 1 32 56 11 10 23

West North Central ............................................ – 52 – 32 58 9 8 24

West ...................................................................... 14 57 1 29 55 15 7 23

Mountain ............................................................ 11 61 1 27 59 13 8 20

Pacific ................................................................ 15 55 1 30 53 17 6 24

1 Less than 0.5. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.8

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.0 0.2 1.0

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.3 1.1 0.3 0.6 1.9 1.7 0.1 0.7

Professional and related .................................... 1.8 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.8 1.1 0.3 1.4

Service ................................................................... 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.9 1.4 1.2 0.4 1.6

Protective service .............................................. 7.2 – – 4.9 6.3 – – 5.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.1 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.4 1.1

Sales and related ............................................... 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.0 0.3 1.6

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.6 1.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.0 2.1 0.6 2.0 1.9 2.1 0.5 2.1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 2.9 2.4 1.2 2.7 2.7 2.6 0.8 3.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.1 2.4 0.6 2.6 2.1 2.4 0.2 2.6

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.9 1.2 0.9 1.5 2.1 1.3 0.2 1.7

Production ......................................................... 2.4 1.9 0.9 2.0 2.7 1.7 0.1 2.2

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.5 1.3 1.1 2.0 2.7 1.5 0.3 2.1

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.2 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 1.2 0.7 1.4 2.1 0.7 1.1 0.3 1.5

Union ..................................................................... 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.5 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.9

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.9

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.9 1.2 1.2 0.3 1.2

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.1 1.6 1.8 3.2 2.2 1.5 0.3 2.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.9 0.6 1.2 1.7 1.0 0.3 1.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.0 0.4 1.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 1.2 0.6 0.9 1.7 1.4 0.2 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.8 1.3 0.5 1.3 1.8 1.1 0.1 1.4

Construction ...................................................... 2.7 1.8 0.8 2.7 3.0 2.2 0.3 2.9

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.9 1.6 0.6 1.0 1.8 1.3 0.1 1.1

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.2 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.8

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.4 1.9 0.9 1.5 2.0 1.5 0.5 1.4

Retail trade .................................................... 1.4 0.7 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.9

Transportation and warehousing ................... 3.7 0.9 1.5 2.7 4.7 – – 3.5

Utilities ........................................................... 2.2 – – – 2.8 – – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.9 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 1.3 0.2 1.0 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.9

Management, business, and financial ............... 1.5 1.4 – – 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.6

Professional and related .................................... 1.6 1.7 0.3 1.5 1.8 1.3 0.9 1.3

Service ................................................................... 0.6 1.5 0.1 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.9

Protective service .............................................. – 5.6 – 6.1 7.6 – – 5.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.8 1.1 0.3 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.1

Sales and related ............................................... 1.1 1.7 0.4 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.7

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.9 1.4 0.2 1.4 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 2.6 – 2.3 1.8 2.0 0.6 2.1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. – 3.3 – 3.2 2.7 2.6 1.2 2.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 1.4 3.1 – 2.7 1.9 2.3 0.6 2.6

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.3 1.9 0.2 1.7 1.9 1.3 0.9 1.5

Production ......................................................... – 2.1 – 2.2 2.5 2.0 0.9 2.0

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.0 2.4 0.4 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.1 2.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 0.6 1.4 0.4 1.5 1.1 0.9 1.4 2.1

Union ..................................................................... 2.3 2.5 0.4 0.6 2.3 2.3 0.4 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.4 1.3 0.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.4 2.0 0.2 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 3.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 1.3 0.2 1.3 1.5 0.9 0.6 1.2

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 1.2 0.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.4 – – 1.3 1.1 0.6 0.7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.9 1.8 – – 1.8 1.5 0.6 0.8

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.5 1.7 0.1 1.4 1.7 1.5 0.4 1.3

Construction ...................................................... – 2.9 – 2.9 2.6 2.3 0.7 2.8

Manufacturing .................................................... 1.9 1.8 – – 2.0 1.8 0.6 1.0

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.0 1.3 0.4 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.7

Wholesale trade ............................................. 1.9 2.3 0.5 1.5 2.3 1.9 0.9 1.5

Retail trade .................................................... 0.7 1.4 0.6 0.9 1.5 0.9 1.1 0.9

Transportation and warehousing ................... 3.3 4.5 – – 4.3 2.3 – –

Utilities ........................................................... 9.2 – – – 2.2 – – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Information ......................................................... 3.2 2.5 0.5 1.7 2.5 1.6 0.2 1.6

Financial activities ............................................. 1.9 1.8 0.8 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.2 1.2

Finance and insurance .................................. 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.6

Credit intermediation and related activities 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.7 1.1 1.0 0.2 0.7

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.7 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 0.6 0.6 1.4

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 4.8 5.9 2.6 4.5 4.2 – – 4.0

Professional and business services .................. 2.2 1.4 1.0 2.2 2.5 1.4 0.4 2.2

Professional and technical services .............. 3.4 1.6 1.7 2.3 3.4 2.3 – –

Administrative and waste services ................ 2.9 2.3 1.9 3.6 3.0 2.5 0.7 3.6

Education and health services ........................... 2.4 1.0 1.2 2.6 2.1 1.7 0.7 2.3

Educational services ...................................... 4.1 1.8 1.2 2.8 2.9 – – 2.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.9 0.7 0.4 1.7 1.8 0.8 0.2 1.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.7 1.1 1.4 2.9 2.4 2.0 0.8 2.6

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 2.6 1.8 1.9 2.7 2.0 – – 1.8

Accommodation and food services ................ 3.0 1.8 2.1 3.2 2.3 – – 2.3

Other services ................................................... 3.9 1.7 1.8 4.4 3.1 – – 4.2

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.2 1.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.3 1.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.5 1.5 1.2 2.5 2.2 1.5 0.3 2.1

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.8

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 0.8 0.6 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.4 1.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.6 0.8 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.2 0.2 1.1

New England ..................................................... 2.7 1.7 3.0 2.1 2.2 1.1 0.2 2.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.1 0.9 1.2 2.1 1.3 1.4 0.3 1.4

South ..................................................................... 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.8 1.4 1.0 0.2 1.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.1 1.4 0.9 2.6 1.9 1.0 0.2 2.0

East South Central ............................................ 3.9 – – 6.3 2.3 – – 7.1

West South Central ........................................... 2.5 1.3 2.2 2.0 2.8 1.2 0.5 2.6

Midwest ................................................................. 1.4 0.7 1.0 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.5 1.7

East North Central ............................................. 1.5 0.8 1.4 2.5 1.7 1.3 0.8 2.1

West North Central ............................................ 3.1 1.3 1.2 3.3 2.5 1.4 0.2 2.7

West ...................................................................... 1.9 1.3 0.8 1.0 2.1 1.6 0.3 1.4

Mountain ............................................................ 2.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.6 1.8 0.3 3.5

Pacific ................................................................ 2.5 1.7 0.7 1.1 2.8 2.2 0.4 1.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Information ......................................................... 3.5 3.2 – 1.6 3.2 2.5 0.5 1.7

Financial activities ............................................. 1.5 1.8 0.1 1.2 1.9 1.8 0.8 1.2

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.7 1.7 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.3 2.4 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.0 0.3 0.7

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 1.6 1.9 – – 1.7 0.6 1.0 1.4

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 2.2 4.3 – 3.9 4.6 5.8 2.6 4.5

Professional and business services .................. – 2.3 – 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.0 2.1

Professional and technical services .............. – 2.9 – 2.8 3.4 1.9 1.7 2.3

Administrative and waste services ................ – 3.6 – 3.9 3.0 2.4 1.9 3.5

Education and health services ........................... 1.8 1.8 0.3 2.3 2.1 1.4 1.2 2.6

Educational services ...................................... – 2.6 – 3.0 3.6 2.0 1.2 2.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.5 1.6 – – 1.8 0.9 0.4 1.7

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.0 2.1 0.3 2.6 2.4 1.6 1.3 2.9

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... – 1.7 – 1.8 2.7 1.9 2.0 2.7

Accommodation and food services ................ – 2.4 – 2.4 3.1 1.9 2.1 3.1

Other services ................................................... – 3.7 – 4.1 3.9 2.0 1.7 4.5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.6 1.2 0.1 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.5 1.3 0.1 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.2 2.6 0.2 2.2 2.5 1.7 1.1 2.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.2 1.3 0.3 0.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.6 1.7 0.3 1.4 1.5 1.0 0.6 1.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.5 2.0 0.2 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.0 1.6

New England ..................................................... – 2.8 – 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.9 2.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.6 2.5 0.2 1.5 2.3 1.1 1.1 2.0

South ..................................................................... 1.0 1.7 0.1 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.8 1.8

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.5 2.1 0.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 0.9 2.6

East South Central ............................................ – 3.8 – 6.7 4.0 – – 6.3

West South Central ........................................... – 3.7 – 2.9 2.5 1.3 2.2 2.0

Midwest ................................................................. 1.3 0.8 0.3 1.6 1.1 0.9 1.0 2.0

East North Central ............................................. 1.5 1.0 0.3 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.4

West North Central ............................................ – 1.4 – 2.6 2.2 1.3 1.3 3.5

West ...................................................................... 1.4 2.2 0.2 1.4 2.0 1.5 0.8 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ 2.4 4.9 0.4 3.6 3.1 1.7 2.0 2.0

Pacific ................................................................ 1.7 2.3 0.3 1.3 2.6 2.0 0.6 1.1

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 46. Paid leave combinations: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave1

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation1

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays1

All workers ............................................................. 42 41 66 73 74 83 83

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 60 61 86 88 91 94 93

Management, business, and financial ............... 64 63 93 95 95 98 98

Professional and related .................................... 58 60 82 84 89 92 90

Service ................................................................... 24 24 44 46 54 65 64

Protective service .............................................. 25 25 53 58 60 73 71

Sales and office ..................................................... 47 46 71 76 77 84 86

Sales and related ............................................... 39 38 60 66 67 77 80

Office and administrative support ...................... 52 51 78 84 83 89 90

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 29 27 57 71 66 82 84

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 18 16 41 55 53 72 75

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 40 38 71 85 77 91 91

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 38 34 63 81 70 86 87

Production ......................................................... 37 31 61 86 69 89 91

Transportation and material moving .................. 39 37 65 76 71 82 84

Full time ................................................................. 52 50 79 88 84 93 93

Part time ................................................................ 16 16 29 31 43 52 53

Union ..................................................................... 56 53 81 87 87 92 92

Nonunion ............................................................... 41 40 65 72 72 82 82

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 22 21 38 45 47 60 62

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 13 12 26 32 33 47 50

Second 25 percent ............................................ 43 41 69 78 76 88 88

Third 25 percent ................................................ 51 50 80 87 87 94 94

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 60 61 87 90 92 95 94

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 62 62 89 91 94 95 95

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 38 34 66 85 73 90 92

Construction ...................................................... 23 21 47 63 56 76 80

Manufacturing .................................................... 46 41 74 95 81 97 98

Service-providing industries .................................. 43 43 67 71 74 81 81

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 43 40 68 76 75 84 86

Wholesale trade ............................................. 47 46 82 88 86 91 93

Retail trade .................................................... 38 36 60 68 68 78 81

Transportation and warehousing ................... 50 47 75 85 82 91 91

Utilities ........................................................... 59 59 97 98 98 99 99

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 46. Paid leave combinations: Access, private industry workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave1

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation1

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays1

Information ......................................................... 81 80 94 94 95 96 97

Financial activities ............................................. 62 62 91 92 93 95 94

Finance and insurance .................................. 69 69 96 97 98 98 98

Credit intermediation and related activities 62 62 97 98 98 99 99

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 79 79 95 96 97 98 97

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 41 41 76 78 80 85 84

Professional and business services .................. 45 44 68 74 75 81 83

Professional and technical services .............. 61 61 89 93 93 97 96

Administrative and waste services ................ 22 22 42 50 51 62 66

Education and health services ........................... 55 57 78 79 85 88 89

Educational services ...................................... 34 47 55 53 82 83 77

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 40 45 72 72 87 88 86

Health care and social assistance ................. 59 59 82 84 85 89 90

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 12 12 30 32 44 57 52

Accommodation and food services ................ 11 11 27 30 40 55 50

Other services ................................................... 28 26 54 60 63 75 72

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 32 31 56 64 64 76 77

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 30 30 55 63 63 75 76

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 39 38 61 68 69 79 80

100 workers or more .............................................. 54 53 78 84 85 91 90

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 50 48 74 82 82 90 90

500 workers or more .......................................... 62 61 85 87 88 91 91

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 51 50 70 75 78 83 83

New England ..................................................... 45 46 72 73 80 84 86

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 53 52 70 75 77 83 83

South ..................................................................... 42 41 65 74 70 81 84

South Atlantic .................................................... 43 42 64 73 69 80 83

East South Central ............................................ 37 35 61 74 66 80 83

West South Central ........................................... 44 42 69 76 74 82 85

Midwest ................................................................. 40 38 61 71 68 80 81

East North Central ............................................. 40 38 61 71 67 80 81

West North Central ............................................ 41 38 63 71 69 78 81

West ...................................................................... 38 38 70 73 82 88 84

Mountain ............................................................ 43 43 68 75 71 83 86

Pacific ................................................................ 36 36 72 72 87 90 83

1 Includes workers with access to one or more of these leave benefits. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 46. Standard errors for paid leave combinations: Access, private industry workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave1

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation1

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays1

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.6 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6

Management, business, and financial ............... 2.2 2.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.9

Service ................................................................... 1.6 1.6 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.7

Protective service .............................................. 5.8 5.9 7.2 7.7 7.3 6.9 7.3

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.8

Sales and related ............................................... 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.7

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 1.6 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.6

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry ............................................................. 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.8 3.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair ................. 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.2

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.8 1.8 2.3 1.5 2.3 1.6 1.2

Production ......................................................... 2.5 2.4 3.1 1.6 3.0 1.6 1.1

Transportation and material moving .................. 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.5 2.0 1.8

Full time ................................................................. 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.1 1.0 1.7 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.9

Union ..................................................................... 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.2 1.1 2.0 2.6 2.3 2.8 2.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.2 2.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.6

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries ................................... 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.0

Construction ...................................................... 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.6

Manufacturing .................................................... 2.4 2.5 2.7 0.8 2.4 0.7 0.6

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities ..................... 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.8

Wholesale trade ............................................. 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.4 1.2

Retail trade .................................................... 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.1

Transportation and warehousing ................... 4.0 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5

Utilities ........................................................... 5.2 5.2 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 46. Standard errors for paid leave combinations: Access, private industry workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave1

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation1

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays1

Information ......................................................... 3.5 3.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 0.8

Financial activities ............................................. 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.8

Finance and insurance .................................. 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4

Credit intermediation and related activities 2.6 2.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Insurance carriers and related activities .... 2.1 2.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.7

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.1 3.9 3.1 2.8

Professional and business services .................. 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.6

Professional and technical services .............. 3.8 3.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 0.6 1.0

Administrative and waste services ................ 2.3 2.3 3.2 3.0 4.2 4.0 3.0

Education and health services ........................... 3.0 2.9 2.3 1.9 2.3 1.8 1.3

Educational services ...................................... 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.0 3.2 3.2 2.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.0 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.4 3.4 2.5 2.1 2.5 1.9 1.2

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.7

Accommodation and food services ................ 2.0 2.0 2.6 3.0 2.3 3.3 3.1

Other services ................................................... 3.7 3.9 4.5 3.4 5.0 4.0 3.4

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.0

New England ..................................................... 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.6 3.2 2.8 1.8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 1.6 2.2 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.2

South ..................................................................... 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.8 2.9 1.5

East South Central ............................................ 5.0 5.2 3.5 2.8 2.7 3.3 1.8

West South Central ........................................... 2.1 1.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.2

Midwest ................................................................. 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.8

East North Central ............................................. 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.5 2.2 1.6 1.9

West North Central ............................................ 3.0 2.3 2.7 4.0 3.7 4.4 4.1

West ...................................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.1

Mountain ............................................................ 2.6 2.7 3.6 3.2 2.9 3.1 2.6

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.0

1 Includes workers with access to one or more of these leave benefits. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 2. Retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All retirement benefits2 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 91 83 90 86 77 89 37 17 45

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 94 84 90 89 78 88 39 17 42

Professional and related .................................... 93 83 89 88 77 88 39 16 42

Teachers ........................................................ 94 84 89 91 80 88 38 13 36

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 99 90 91 99 89 90 32 9 28

Service ................................................................... 84 78 92 78 72 91 31 16 50

Protective service .............................................. 92 86 94 89 81 92 34 19 55

Sales and office ..................................................... 91 82 90 86 75 88 37 18 49

Office and administrative support ...................... 92 83 90 87 76 88 37 18 48

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 97 91 93 90 82 92 40 21 54

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 90 82 91 87 79 91 27 13 47

Full time ................................................................. 99 90 91 94 83 89 40 18 46

Part time ................................................................ 45 39 86 40 36 90 16 6 38

Union ..................................................................... 97 88 90 95 84 89 34 13 38

Nonunion ............................................................... 86 78 90 79 70 89 39 20 51

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 78 70 90 71 64 90 30 13 44

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 68 59 88 59 53 90 25 10 41

Second 25 percent ............................................ 94 86 91 89 79 89 38 18 49

Third 25 percent ................................................ 98 89 90 93 83 89 39 19 48

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 97 87 90 93 82 88 41 17 41

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 95 85 89 91 78 86 45 18 39

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 91 83 90 86 77 89 37 17 45

Education and health services ........................... 93 83 89 88 77 88 38 15 39

Educational services ...................................... 93 83 89 90 80 88 35 12 35

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 93 84 91 92 84 91 28 8 29

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 92 78 85 82 67 81 59 26 43

Health care and social assistance ................. 93 81 87 73 62 84 55 31 56

Hospitals .................................................... 93 79 85 68 55 80 58 36 63

Public administration ......................................... 91 85 94 87 79 91 36 19 54

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 87 83 94 83 78 94 28 12 43

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 85 80 94 81 76 93 25 12 48

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 89 85 95 85 81 94 32 12 39

100 workers or more .............................................. 93 83 89 87 76 88 40 18 46

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 91 83 92 87 79 91 30 13 43

500 workers or more .......................................... 93 82 88 87 75 86 44 20 47

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All retirement benefits2 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

State government .................................................. 95 86 90 90 78 86 48 22 45

Local government .................................................. 90 81 90 85 76 90 33 15 45

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 91 84 92 87 80 92 31 9 30

New England ..................................................... 85 74 87 78 70 90 16 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 93 87 93 90 83 93 36 9 25

South ..................................................................... 94 84 90 89 79 89 42 18 42

South Atlantic .................................................... 92 81 89 88 76 86 57 22 39

East South Central ............................................ 94 86 91 89 79 89 40 21 53

West South Central ........................................... 97 88 91 90 83 91 21 10 47

Midwest ................................................................. 90 78 87 83 71 85 41 18 44

East North Central ............................................. 89 77 87 82 69 84 47 19 40

West North Central ............................................ 92 81 88 85 74 86 30 17 58

West ...................................................................... 89 83 93 84 76 91 29 19 66

Mountain ............................................................ 86 81 94 78 71 91 32 24 75

Pacific ................................................................ 91 84 92 87 79 91 28 17 61

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Workers are considered as having access or as participating if they have access to or are participating in

at least one of these plan types. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 2. Standard errors for retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

All retirement benefits2 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.5

Professional and related .................................... 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.5

Teachers ........................................................ 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 2.4

Service ................................................................... 1.8 1.8 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.7 1.2 3.2

Protective service .............................................. 1.6 1.8 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.9 1.8 4.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.3 2.0 1.4 2.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.3 2.1 1.4 2.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.9 2.0 1.4 3.5 2.3 4.8

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.8 2.3 1.5 3.1 2.4 1.5 3.2 2.6 6.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 1.3

Part time ................................................................ 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.3 2.1 0.9 5.3

Union ..................................................................... 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.7

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.7 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.4 0.9 1.7 1.1 2.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.8 2.7 1.5 2.4 2.2 1.5 2.7 1.4 3.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.9 1.3 2.5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.9

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.7 1.1 1.8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.4 2.0 1.6 2.6

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 1.3

Education and health services ........................... 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.7

Educational services ...................................... 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.7 2.1

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 2.6 1.9 2.7 1.4 1.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.7 3.5 3.0 4.1 4.7 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.7

Hospitals .................................................... 1.7 4.3 3.6 5.0 5.0 4.8 6.1 5.1 4.6

Public administration ......................................... 0.9 1.1 0.5 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.2 2.6

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.3 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.5 0.8 2.0 1.5 3.8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.2 2.4 1.2 2.2 2.4 1.5 2.8 2.3 6.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.9 2.0 1.0 2.4 1.4 3.3

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.8 1.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.1 2.0 1.1 2.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.0 1.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Standard errors for retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

All retirement benefits2 Defined benefit Defined contribution

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

State government .................................................. 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.9 1.1 1.8

Local government .................................................. 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.8 1.7

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.7 1.4 3.7

New England ..................................................... 2.3 3.0 2.4 2.3 3.5 2.2 4.4 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.6 1.2 3.3

South ..................................................................... 0.8 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.3 2.6 1.8 1.2 2.7 2.1 1.1 1.3 2.0

East South Central ............................................ 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.8 1.4 1.7 4.1 3.4 6.3

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 1.6 1.5 3.0 2.7 1.7 2.6 1.6 4.8

Midwest ................................................................. 1.9 1.7 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.3 2.5 1.6 2.5

East North Central ............................................. 2.7 2.2 0.8 1.4 1.7 1.6 3.4 2.2 3.0

West North Central ............................................ 1.6 2.6 1.8 2.9 2.6 2.1 3.4 1.9 4.8

West ...................................................................... 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.9 1.5 3.3

Mountain ............................................................ 2.2 2.1 0.8 1.9 1.3 1.5 4.0 3.1 3.4

Pacific ................................................................ 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.5 2.2 1.7 4.7

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Workers are considered as having access or as participating if they have access to or are participating in

at least one of these plan types. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 3. Retirement benefit combinations: Access, State and local

government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

All workers ............................................................. 32 54 5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 34 54 5

Professional and related .................................... 34 55 5

Teachers ........................................................ 35 56 3

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 32 67 –

Service ................................................................... 25 53 6

Protective service .............................................. 31 58 3

Sales and office ..................................................... 32 54 6

Office and administrative support ...................... 32 55 5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 32 58 8

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 23 63 4

Full time ................................................................. 35 59 5

Part time ................................................................ 11 29 5

Union ..................................................................... 32 63 3

Nonunion ............................................................... 31 47 8

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 23 48 7

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 17 42 8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 32 57 5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 35 59 5

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 37 55 4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 40 51 5

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 32 54 5

Education and health services ........................... 33 54 5

Educational services ...................................... 33 57 3

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 27 65 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 50 33 9

Health care and social assistance ................. 36 37 19

Hospitals .................................................... 34 35 25

Public administration ......................................... 32 55 4

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 24 59 4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 20 61 5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 28 58 4

100 workers or more .............................................. 34 53 6

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 27 61 4

500 workers or more .......................................... 37 49 7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Retirement benefit combinations: Access, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

State government .................................................. 43 47 5

Local government .................................................. 28 57 5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 26 61 4

New England ..................................................... – 70 8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 32 58 3

South ..................................................................... 37 51 5

South Atlantic .................................................... 54 34 4

East South Central ............................................ 35 54 5

West South Central ........................................... 15 76 6

Midwest ................................................................. 34 49 7

East North Central ............................................. 41 41 7

West North Central ............................................ 23 62 7

West ...................................................................... 24 60 5

Mountain ............................................................ 24 54 8

Pacific ................................................................ 24 63 4

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions

of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 3. Standard errors for retirement benefit combinations:

Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.8 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.9 1.1 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 0.9 1.1 0.6

Teachers ........................................................ 1.1 1.3 0.4

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.1 1.1 –

Service ................................................................... 1.3 1.5 1.1

Protective service .............................................. 1.8 1.9 0.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.9 1.8 0.9

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.9 1.8 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 4.3 3.4 1.9

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.8 3.7 1.5

Full time ................................................................. 0.7 0.8 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.5 1.8 1.1

Union ..................................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.8

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.3 1.2 0.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.9 1.8 1.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 2.0 0.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 1.1 0.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.6 1.7 0.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.0 2.0 0.7

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 0.8 0.5

Education and health services ........................... 0.9 1.0 0.6

Educational services ...................................... 1.0 0.9 0.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.9 0.8 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.5 2.6 1.4

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.0 4.7 3.2

Hospitals .................................................... 3.8 6.5 4.6

Public administration ......................................... 1.2 1.2 0.9

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.9 2.1 0.9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.4 2.9 1.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.6 2.7 1.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 1.1 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.8 2.3 0.8

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.1 1.3 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Standard errors for retirement benefit combinations:

Access, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Defined

benefit and

defined

contribution

Defined

benefit only

Defined

contribution

only

State government .................................................. 1.9 2.1 0.9

Local government .................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.6

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.5 1.2 0.7

New England ..................................................... – 3.1 2.3

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.2 1.3 0.7

South ..................................................................... 0.9 1.4 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.3 2.0 0.8

East South Central ............................................ 2.8 3.9 1.7

West South Central ........................................... 1.6 3.2 2.1

Midwest ................................................................. 1.5 1.6 1.4

East North Central ............................................. 1.8 1.5 1.9

West North Central ............................................ 2.8 3.7 1.6

West ...................................................................... 1.9 2.0 0.9

Mountain ............................................................ 4.3 3.1 1.4

Pacific ................................................................ 2.0 2.5 1.2

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions

of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 4. Defined benefit retirement plans: Employee contribution requirement and method

of contribution, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Fixed percent of annual earnings1

Employee

contribution

Total not required

Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

All workers ............................................................. 91 79 7.1 7.0 9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 92 80 7.3 7.2 8

Professional and related .................................... 92 81 7.4 7.2 8

Teachers ........................................................ 92 83 7.7 7.3 8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 92 84 7.7 7.3 8

Service ................................................................... 92 78 7.1 7.0 8

Protective service .............................................. 92 76 7.3 7.2 8

Sales and office ..................................................... 88 76 6.7 6.8 12

Office and administrative support ...................... 88 77 6.7 6.8 12

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 89 78 6.5 6.3 11

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 88 76 6.3 6.3 12

Full time ................................................................. 91 79 7.1 7.0 9

Part time ................................................................ 90 76 7.1 7.0 10

Union ..................................................................... 91 71 7.3 7.0 9

Nonunion ............................................................... 90 87 6.9 7.0 10

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 91 84 6.7 6.8 9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 94 90 6.8 7.2 6

Second 25 percent ............................................ 90 78 6.8 7.0 10

Third 25 percent ................................................ 91 79 7.0 7.0 9

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 91 74 7.9 7.5 9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 94 71 8.2 8.0 6

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 91 79 7.1 7.0 9

Education and health services ........................... 92 82 7.3 7.2 8

Educational services ...................................... 93 83 7.3 7.2 7

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 92 83 7.4 7.2 8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 94 82 7.3 7.5 6

Health care and social assistance ................. – 75 6.9 7.0 –

Hospitals .................................................... – 72 7.0 7.5 –

Public administration ......................................... 90 74 6.7 6.3 10

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 90 79 7.4 7.0 10

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 89 73 7.2 7.0 11

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 91 83 7.5 7.0 9

100 workers or more .............................................. 91 79 7.0 7.1 9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 88 79 7.0 6.9 12

500 workers or more .......................................... 93 79 7.0 7.2 7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Defined benefit retirement plans: Employee contribution requirement and method

of contribution, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Fixed percent of annual earnings1

Employee

contribution

Total not required

Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

State government .................................................. 92 76 6.7 7.0 8

Local government .................................................. 90 80 7.2 7.1 10

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 98 55 6.7 7.2 2

New England ..................................................... – 61 7.2 7.3 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 97 53 6.6 7.2 3

South ..................................................................... 94 94 6.4 7.0 6

South Atlantic .................................................... 98 97 5.3 6.0 2

East South Central ............................................ 81 81 7.1 7.5 19

West South Central ........................................... 95 95 7.5 7.5 5

Midwest ................................................................. 87 80 7.7 6.8 13

East North Central ............................................. 82 73 8.2 8.0 18

West North Central ............................................ 95 93 7.1 6.0 5

West ...................................................................... 82 72 8.4 8.0 18

Mountain ............................................................ 84 84 8.9 8.0 16

Pacific ................................................................ 82 68 8.1 8.0 18

1 The employee contributes a fixed percentage of his or her earnings to the retirement plan. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage

data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms,

see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 4. Standard errors for defined benefit retirement plans: Employee contribution

requirement and method of contribution, State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Fixed percent of annual earnings1

Employee

contribution

Total not required

Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.8 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.7 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.7

Professional and related .................................... 0.8 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.8

Teachers ........................................................ 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.0

Service ................................................................... 1.1 1.6 0.1 0.0 1.1

Protective service .............................................. 1.8 2.9 0.2 0.4 1.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 1.6 0.1 0.2 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 1.6 0.1 0.3 1.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.2 3.7 0.2 0.4 3.2

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 3.1 3.2 0.2 0.4 3.1

Full time ................................................................. 0.7 0.9 2 ( ) 0.1 0.7

Part time ................................................................ 2.3 3.0 0.2 0.0 2.3

Union ..................................................................... 1.0 1.4 0.1 0.1 1.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.9 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.2 1.9 0.2 0.3 1.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.5 0.1 0.1 1.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.0 1.5 0.1 0.0 1.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.4 0.1 0.0 1.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.1 1.6 0.2 0.1 1.1

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 0.9 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 0.7

Education and health services ........................... 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.8

Educational services ...................................... 0.8 0.9 2 ( ) 0.0 0.8

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.9 1.3 2 ( ) 0.0 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.8 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.8

Health care and social assistance ................. – 4.8 0.3 0.4 –

Hospitals .................................................... – 7.1 0.3 0.7 –

Public administration ......................................... 1.5 1.9 0.1 0.2 1.5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.3 1.9 0.2 0.0 1.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.7 2.3 0.2 0.5 1.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.1 3.4 0.2 0.2 2.1

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.3 2.1 0.1 0.2 1.3

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.9 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Standard errors for defined benefit retirement plans: Employee contribution

requirement and method of contribution, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Fixed percent of annual earnings1

Employee

contribution

Total not required

Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

State government .................................................. 0.9 1.6 0.1 0.3 0.9

Local government .................................................. 0.9 1.1 2 ( ) 0.2 0.9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.6 2.4 0.1 0.1 0.6

New England ..................................................... – 6.2 0.4 0.3 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.8 2.7 0.1 0.2 0.8

South ..................................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.5

East South Central ............................................ 4.2 4.1 0.1 0.4 4.2

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.4 1.1

Midwest ................................................................. 1.6 2.2 0.1 2 ( ) 1.6

East North Central ............................................. 2.5 3.4 0.1 0.4 2.5

West North Central ............................................ 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.7

West ...................................................................... 1.9 2.0 0.1 0.0 1.9

Mountain ............................................................ 3.1 3.1 0.3 0.2 3.1

Pacific ................................................................ 2.4 2.5 0.1 0.6 2.4

1 The employee contributes a fixed percentage of his or her earnings to the retirement plan. 2 Less than 0.05. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage

data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 5. Defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard freeze plans, State

and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans1

Soft freeze2

All Hard freeze3

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 43 56 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 42 58 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Professional and related .................................... 42 57 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Teachers ........................................................ 43 57 – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 43 56 – –

Service ................................................................... 45 55 – –

Protective service .............................................. 47 53 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 45 55 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 45 55 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 54 46 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 46 54 – –

Full time ................................................................. 43 56 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Part time ................................................................ 48 52 – 4 ( )

Union ..................................................................... 39 61 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Nonunion ............................................................... 48 51 – –

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 48 51 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 47 53 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 46 54 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 44 56 – –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 37 62 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 32 68 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 44 56 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Education and health services ........................... 42 57 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Educational services ...................................... 42 58 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 43 57 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 39 61 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 46 54 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 49 51 – –

Public administration ......................................... 43 56 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 47 53 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 47 53 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 47 53 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 42 57 4 ( ) 4 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 50 50 – –

500 workers or more .......................................... 39 61 4 ( ) 4 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard freeze plans, State

and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics Open plans1

Soft freeze2

All Hard freeze3

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

State government .................................................. 39 61 – –

Local government .................................................. 45 55 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 29 70 – –

New England ..................................................... 34 64 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 27 72 – –

South ..................................................................... 48 52 4 ( ) –

South Atlantic .................................................... 58 42 – –

East South Central ............................................ 38 62 – –

West South Central ........................................... 39 61 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 53 47 – –

East North Central ............................................. 53 47 – –

West North Central ............................................ 52 47 – –

West ...................................................................... 41 59 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 41 59 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 41 59 – –

1 Plans open to new participants. 2 New employees are not allowed in the plan. Benefit accruals may continue for existing participants. 3 Participants in these plans stop accruing benefits on the date the plan is frozen. The benefit the employee receives is

calculated as of the day the plan was frozen. 4 Less than 0.5. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did

not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 5. Standard errors for defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard

freeze plans, State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics Open plans1

Soft freeze2

All Hard freeze3

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.1 4 ( )

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.1 1.1 0.1 4 ( )

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 1.2 0.2 4 ( )

Teachers ........................................................ 1.7 1.7 – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.1 2.1 – –

Service ................................................................... 1.3 1.3 – –

Protective service .............................................. 1.9 1.9 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.5 1.5 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.5 1.5 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 4.3 4.3 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 3.9 4.0 – –

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.1 4 ( )

Part time ................................................................ 3.0 3.0 – 4 ( )

Union ..................................................................... 1.1 1.1 0.2 4 ( )

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.3 1.3 – –

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.4 1.5 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.5 2.5 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 1.7 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.8 1.8 – –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.0 0.2 4 ( )

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.4 1.4 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.9 0.1 4 ( )

Education and health services ........................... 0.9 0.9 0.1 4 ( )

Educational services ...................................... 1.0 1.0 0.2 4 ( )

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.3 1.3 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.6 1.6 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.9 2.9 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 3.3 3.2 – –

Public administration ......................................... 1.5 1.5 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.6 1.6 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.7 2.7 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.6 2.6 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.0 0.1 4 ( )

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.0 2.0 – –

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.9 0.9 0.1 4 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Standard errors for defined benefit retirement plans: Open, soft and hard

freeze plans, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics Open plans1

Soft freeze2

All Hard freeze3

participants

still accruing

benefits

Some

participants

still accruing

benefits

State government .................................................. 1.5 1.5 – –

Local government .................................................. 1.1 1.1 0.1 4 ( )

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.9 2.0 – –

New England ..................................................... 4.4 4.2 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.1 2.2 – –

South ..................................................................... 1.6 1.6 4 ( ) –

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.4 2.4 – –

East South Central ............................................ 2.7 2.7 – –

West South Central ........................................... 1.7 1.8 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.7 1.6 – –

East North Central ............................................. 1.8 1.8 – –

West North Central ............................................ 3.6 3.2 – –

West ...................................................................... 1.8 1.9 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 4.4 4.8 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 1.8 1.8 – –

1 Plans open to new participants. 2 New employees are not allowed in the plan. Benefit accruals may continue for existing participants. 3 Participants in these plans stop accruing benefits on the date the plan is frozen. The benefit the employee receives is

calculated as of the day the plan was frozen. 4 Less than 0.05. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 6. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Selected attributes,

State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits2

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

All workers ............................................................. 3 ( ) 22 78

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1 22 78

Professional and related .................................... 1 21 78

Teachers ........................................................ 1 19 80

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1 20 80

Service ................................................................... – – 77

Protective service .............................................. – 23 77

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 78

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 77

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 24 76

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – – 82

Full time ................................................................. 3 ( ) 21 78

Part time ................................................................ 1 30 69

Union ..................................................................... 1 21 79

Nonunion ............................................................... 3 ( ) 24 76

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3 ( ) 21 79

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – – 84

Second 25 percent ............................................ – – 74

Third 25 percent ................................................ – – 80

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1 22 77

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1 29 70

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 3 ( ) 22 77

Education and health services ........................... 1 21 78

Educational services ...................................... 1 21 79

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1 20 79

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 22 78

Health care and social assistance ................. – 24 76

Hospitals .................................................... – 24 76

Public administration ......................................... – 24 76

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1 28 71

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1 33 65

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 76

100 workers or more .............................................. – – 79

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – – 76

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 81

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 6. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Selected attributes,

State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits2

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

State government .................................................. – 21 79

Local government .................................................. 1 22 77

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 3 97

New England ..................................................... – – 98

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 3 97

South ..................................................................... – 21 79

South Atlantic .................................................... – 11 89

East South Central ............................................ – 59 41

West South Central ........................................... – 12 88

Midwest ................................................................. 2 17 80

East North Central ............................................. 4 14 83

West North Central ............................................ – 24 76

West ...................................................................... – 47 53

Mountain ............................................................ – – 86

Pacific ................................................................ – 61 39

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 The length of time is calculated based on the year the plan was modified. For example, plans frozen

after January 2017 are included in the "1 year" column. Those frozen between 2013 and 2016 are included in

the "2 to 5 years" column and plans frozen before 2013 are included in the "Greater than 5 years" column. 3 Less than 0.5. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this

category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 6. Standard errors for defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1

Selected attributes, State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits2

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.1 0.9 0.9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.1 1.3 1.3

Professional and related .................................... 0.1 1.3 1.3

Teachers ........................................................ 0.1 1.8 1.8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.2 2.2 2.1

Service ................................................................... – – 1.9

Protective service .............................................. – 3.5 3.5

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 1.5

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 1.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 3.3 3.3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – – 3.2

Full time ................................................................. 0.1 0.9 0.9

Part time ................................................................ 0.3 4.6 4.5

Union ..................................................................... 0.1 1.4 1.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.1 1.2 1.2

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.1 1.6 1.6

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – – 2.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ – – 1.6

Third 25 percent ................................................ – – 2.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.1 1.2 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.2 1.3 1.3

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.1 0.9 0.9

Education and health services ........................... 0.1 1.1 1.1

Educational services ...................................... 0.2 1.2 1.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.2 1.7 1.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 2.4 2.4

Health care and social assistance ................. – 3.6 3.6

Hospitals .................................................... – 5.8 5.8

Public administration ......................................... – 1.7 1.7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.5 2.3 2.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.7 4.8 4.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 2.2

100 workers or more .............................................. – – 1.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – – 1.9

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 1.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 6. Standard errors for defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1

Selected attributes, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Time since plan closed to new workers or

stopped accruing benefits2

1 year 2 to 5 years Greater than

5 years

State government .................................................. – 1.6 1.6

Local government .................................................. 0.1 1.3 1.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 0.4 0.4

New England ..................................................... – – 1.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 0.5 0.5

South ..................................................................... – 1.5 1.5

South Atlantic .................................................... – 1.4 1.4

East South Central ............................................ – 2.2 2.2

West South Central ........................................... – 0.9 0.9

Midwest ................................................................. 0.5 2.6 2.7

East North Central ............................................. 0.7 1.8 2.3

West North Central ............................................ – 5.9 5.9

West ...................................................................... – 2.7 2.7

Mountain ............................................................ – – 4.5

Pacific ................................................................ – 3.0 3.0

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 The length of time is calculated based on the year the plan was modified. For example, plans frozen

after January 2017 are included in the "1 year" column. Those frozen between 2013 and 2016 are included in

the "2 to 5 years" column and plans frozen before 2013 are included in the "Greater than 5 years" column. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 7. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, State and local government workers, March

2018

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans2

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

Other

All workers ............................................................. – 100 93 5 1 17 –

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 100 94 5 1 16 –

Professional and related .................................... – 100 94 4 1 16 –

Teachers ........................................................ – 100 95 5 1 17 –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 100 95 5 1 18 –

Service ................................................................... – 100 91 7 – 17 –

Protective service .............................................. – 100 90 9 – 18 –

Sales and office ..................................................... – 100 92 6 – 20 –

Office and administrative support ...................... – 100 92 6 – 21 –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 100 89 6 – 14 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 100 91 4 – 16 –

Full time ................................................................. – 100 93 5 1 18 –

Part time ................................................................ – 100 98 2 1 8 –

Union ..................................................................... – 100 94 4 1 18 –

Nonunion ............................................................... – 100 91 7 1 16 –

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 100 92 6 4 ( ) 19 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 100 94 6 – 17 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ – 100 91 6 – 19 –

Third 25 percent ................................................ – 100 93 5 – 15 –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – 100 95 4 1 17 –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 100 94 4 1 16 –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – 100 93 5 1 17 –

Education and health services ........................... – 100 95 4 1 17 –

Educational services ...................................... – 100 96 4 1 16 –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 100 95 4 1 17 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 100 96 3 – 14 –

Health care and social assistance ................. – 100 89 – – 17 –

Hospitals .................................................... – 100 92 – – 9 –

Public administration ......................................... – 100 89 8 – 20 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 100 92 6 1 15 –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 100 92 6 2 11 –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 100 93 6 – 19 –

100 workers or more .............................................. – 100 93 5 – 18 –

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 100 94 3 – 20 –

500 workers or more .......................................... – 100 93 6 – 17 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 7. Defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers participating in frozen defined benefit plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans2

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

Other

State government .................................................. – 100 92 5 – 19 –

Local government .................................................. – 100 93 5 1 16 –

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 100 97 3 – 18 –

New England ..................................................... – 100 93 – – – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 100 98 2 – 20 –

South ..................................................................... – 100 92 6 – 23 –

South Atlantic .................................................... – 100 86 10 – 46 –

East South Central ............................................ – 100 93 – – 23 –

West South Central ........................................... – 100 96 – – 3 –

Midwest ................................................................. – 100 90 6 3 14 –

East North Central ............................................. – 100 91 3 4 21 –

West North Central ............................................ – 100 89 – – – –

West ...................................................................... – 100 92 6 – 8 –

Mountain ............................................................ – 100 91 – – 7 –

Pacific ................................................................ – 100 93 5 – 9 –

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 The sum of the individual components may be greater than the total because some employers offer more than one alternative. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 4 Less than 0.5.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 7. Standard errors for defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, State and local

government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

Other

All workers ............................................................. – 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.9 –

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 0.0 0.8 0.9 0.2 1.1 –

Professional and related .................................... – 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.1 1.3 –

Teachers ........................................................ – 0.0 1.2 1.2 0.2 1.5 –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 0.0 1.3 1.4 0.3 1.6 –

Service ................................................................... – 0.0 1.8 1.6 – 1.7 –

Protective service .............................................. – 0.0 2.8 2.6 – 2.7 –

Sales and office ..................................................... – 0.0 1.3 1.1 – 1.9 –

Office and administrative support ...................... – 0.0 1.3 1.2 – 2.0 –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 0.0 3.3 1.8 – 2.9 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 0.0 2.8 1.6 – 3.6 –

Full time ................................................................. – 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.9 –

Part time ................................................................ – 0.0 0.8 0.9 0.3 1.6 –

Union ..................................................................... – 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.1 1.3 –

Nonunion ............................................................... – 0.0 1.2 1.3 0.3 1.0 –

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 0.0 1.7 1.5 0.1 1.8 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 0.0 2.5 2.4 – 3.0 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ – 0.0 1.4 1.3 – 1.8 –

Third 25 percent ................................................ – 0.0 0.9 0.9 – 0.9 –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.2 1.8 –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 0.0 2.1 2.1 0.3 2.7 –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.9 –

Education and health services ........................... – 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.2 1.2 –

Educational services ...................................... – 0.0 0.8 0.9 0.2 1.2 –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 0.0 1.0 1.1 0.2 1.5 –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 0.0 1.1 1.1 – 2.0 –

Health care and social assistance ................. – 0.0 4.6 – – 4.5 –

Hospitals .................................................... – 0.0 2.7 – – 2.8 –

Public administration ......................................... – 0.0 1.7 1.5 – 1.7 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 0.0 1.5 1.3 0.5 2.3 –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 0.0 2.4 2.0 0.7 2.6 –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 0.0 1.7 1.6 – 3.3 –

100 workers or more .............................................. – 0.0 0.9 0.8 – 1.0 –

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 0.0 1.4 1.0 – 2.8 –

500 workers or more .......................................... – 0.0 1.1 1.0 – 1.2 –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 7. Standard errors for defined benefit frozen retirement plans:1 Plan alternatives, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

No

alternative to

frozen plans

Alternatives

to frozen

plans

Alternatives to frozen plans

Modified

existing

defined

benefit plan

New defined

benefit plan

Enhanced

existing

defined

contribution

plan

New defined

contribution

plan

Other

State government .................................................. – 0.0 1.5 1.6 – 1.7 –

Local government .................................................. – 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.2 1.1 –

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 0.0 1.2 1.2 – 2.4 –

New England ..................................................... – 0.0 5.5 – – – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 0.0 0.6 0.7 – 2.5 –

South ..................................................................... – 0.0 1.7 1.6 – 1.5 –

South Atlantic .................................................... – 0.0 3.2 3.0 – 3.4 –

East South Central ............................................ – 0.0 4.7 – – 3.6 –

West South Central ........................................... – 0.0 1.6 – – 0.6 –

Midwest ................................................................. – 0.0 2.0 1.6 0.5 2.2 –

East North Central ............................................. – 0.0 2.1 0.9 0.7 3.0 –

West North Central ............................................ – 0.0 4.0 – – – –

West ...................................................................... – 0.0 1.2 1.3 – 1.2 –

Mountain ............................................................ – 0.0 4.0 – – 2.6 –

Pacific ................................................................ – 0.0 0.6 1.1 – 1.3 –

1 Plans closed to new workers or plans that cease accruals for some or all plan participants. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 8. Defined contribution retirement plans: Selected attributes, State and

local government workers, March 2018

(All workers participating in defined contribution plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

All workers ............................................................. 71 29 88 12

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 73 27 89 11

Professional and related .................................... 73 27 89 11

Teachers ........................................................ 78 22 95 5

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 73 27 98 2

Service ................................................................... 61 39 86 14

Protective service .............................................. 60 40 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 71 29 89 11

Office and administrative support ...................... 70 30 88 12

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 73 27 – –

Full time ................................................................. 71 29 88 12

Part time ................................................................ 67 33 – –

Union ..................................................................... 67 33 85 15

Nonunion ............................................................... 73 27 90 10

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 66 34 88 12

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 65 35 82 18

Second 25 percent ............................................ 71 29 87 13

Third 25 percent ................................................ 66 34 85 15

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 79 21 93 7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 81 19 92 8

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 71 29 89 11

Education and health services ........................... 73 27 88 12

Educational services ...................................... 74 26 91 9

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 71 29 92 8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 76 24 90 10

Health care and social assistance ................. 70 30 82 18

Hospitals .................................................... 74 26 – –

Public administration ......................................... 67 33 90 10

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 68 32 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 74 26 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 62 38 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 71 29 88 12

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 59 41 87 13

500 workers or more .......................................... 75 25 89 11

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 8. Defined contribution retirement plans: Selected attributes, State and

local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in defined contribution plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

State government .................................................. 71 29 85 15

Local government .................................................. 71 29 90 10

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 63 37 75 25

South ..................................................................... 82 18 88 12

South Atlantic .................................................... 79 21 91 9

East South Central ............................................ 93 7 86 14

West South Central ........................................... 78 22 81 19

Midwest ................................................................. 56 44 85 15

East North Central ............................................. 47 53 82 18

West North Central ............................................ 80 20 92 8

West ...................................................................... 71 29 – –

Mountain ............................................................ – – 100 –

Pacific ................................................................ 66 34 – –

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or

data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 8. Standard errors for defined contribution retirement plans: Selected

attributes, State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

All workers ............................................................. 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.2

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.3

Professional and related .................................... 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.4

Teachers ........................................................ 2.8 2.8 1.0 1.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 5.8 5.8 0.4 0.4

Service ................................................................... 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.8

Protective service .............................................. 4.1 4.1 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 3.1 3.1 2.3 2.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 3.2 3.2 2.4 2.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5.2 5.2 – –

Full time ................................................................. 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.2

Part time ................................................................ 6.3 6.3 – –

Union ..................................................................... 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.2 2.2 1.5 1.5

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4.9 4.9 4.2 4.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.8 2.8 1.9 1.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 3.0 3.0 2.3 2.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.1

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.2

Education and health services ........................... 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.8

Educational services ...................................... 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 4.8 4.8 2.3 2.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.7

Health care and social assistance ................. 5.8 5.8 4.3 4.3

Hospitals .................................................... 5.7 5.7 – –

Public administration ......................................... 3.0 3.0 1.4 1.4

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5.2 5.2 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 6.2 6.2 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 7.4 7.4 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.6 3.6 2.7 2.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 8. Standard errors for defined contribution retirement plans: Selected

attributes, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee contribution Employee contribution

option

Required Not required Pretax Not pretax

State government .................................................. 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.8

Local government .................................................. 2.6 2.6 1.5 1.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 4.6 4.6 5.4 5.4

South ..................................................................... 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 3.0 3.0 2.1 2.1

East South Central ............................................ 1.5 1.5 4.1 4.1

West South Central ........................................... 6.4 6.4 5.0 5.0

Midwest ................................................................. 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.6

East North Central ............................................. 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8

West North Central ............................................ 5.2 5.2 2.8 2.8

West ...................................................................... 4.4 4.4 – –

Mountain ............................................................ – – 0.0 –

Pacific ................................................................ 5.1 5.1 – –

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local

government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Healthcare2 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 89 79 89 89 70 79

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 92 81 88 92 72 78

Professional and related .................................... 91 80 87 91 71 78

Teachers ........................................................ 92 80 86 92 71 77

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 99 85 85 99 75 76

Service ................................................................... 81 72 89 81 64 79

Protective service .............................................. 89 82 92 89 71 80

Sales and office ..................................................... 89 80 90 89 74 84

Office and administrative support ...................... 90 81 90 90 75 84

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 96 84 88 95 75 79

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 84 76 90 84 67 79

Full time ................................................................. 99 88 89 99 79 80

Part time ................................................................ 27 23 84 27 19 70

Union ..................................................................... 95 85 90 95 74 78

Nonunion ............................................................... 84 73 88 84 68 81

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 72 63 86 72 57 79

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 60 50 83 60 47 78

Second 25 percent ............................................ 93 83 89 93 75 80

Third 25 percent ................................................ 97 86 88 97 78 80

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 95 86 90 95 74 77

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 93 86 93 93 75 80

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 89 79 89 89 70 79

Education and health services ........................... 90 79 87 90 70 78

Educational services ...................................... 90 78 87 90 70 77

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 90 77 85 90 68 76

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 90 82 91 90 74 82

Health care and social assistance ................. 91 82 90 91 75 83

Hospitals .................................................... 90 82 91 90 75 83

Public administration ......................................... 90 82 91 90 74 82

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 86 76 88 85 68 80

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 83 73 88 82 66 80

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 89 79 89 89 70 79

100 workers or more .............................................. 90 80 89 90 71 79

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 86 77 89 86 67 78

500 workers or more .......................................... 92 81 88 92 73 80

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 58 49 85 37 32 85 88 70 79

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 59 49 83 37 31 84 91 71 78

Professional and related .................................... 58 48 83 35 29 83 90 70 78

Teachers ........................................................ 57 46 81 34 28 82 91 70 77

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 59 48 82 36 30 82 98 74 76

Service ................................................................... 53 46 86 35 30 86 80 64 80

Protective service .............................................. 61 55 90 44 39 89 89 71 80

Sales and office ..................................................... 58 50 86 39 35 88 88 74 84

Office and administrative support ...................... 59 50 86 40 35 88 89 75 84

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 67 60 89 41 37 90 93 73 79

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 61 53 86 46 40 87 83 67 81

Full time ................................................................. 65 55 85 41 35 85 98 78 80

Part time ................................................................ 19 15 77 14 12 87 27 19 69

Union ..................................................................... 75 64 86 55 48 88 94 73 78

Nonunion ............................................................... 44 37 83 22 18 79 83 67 81

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 37 31 83 21 17 81 72 57 79

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 26 21 81 12 9 79 59 46 78

Second 25 percent ............................................ 66 55 84 40 35 86 92 74 81

Third 25 percent ................................................ 61 52 85 40 34 86 96 77 80

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 72 61 85 49 43 86 94 72 77

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 75 65 86 55 47 87 92 74 80

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 58 49 85 37 32 85 88 70 79

Education and health services ........................... 57 47 82 34 28 83 89 70 78

Educational services ...................................... 57 46 82 34 28 82 89 69 77

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 54 44 82 33 28 83 89 67 76

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 63 52 81 36 29 81 89 73 82

Health care and social assistance ................. 61 50 82 35 30 87 91 75 83

Hospitals .................................................... 60 49 82 31 28 91 90 75 83

Public administration ......................................... 60 53 88 43 38 89 89 73 82

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 59 48 80 39 32 82 84 67 80

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 56 45 80 37 31 83 81 65 81

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 63 50 81 41 33 81 87 69 79

100 workers or more .............................................. 58 50 86 37 32 87 89 70 79

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 54 47 87 33 29 88 85 66 77

500 workers or more .......................................... 60 51 85 38 33 86 91 73 80

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Healthcare2 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

State government .................................................. 96 87 91 96 80 83

Local government .................................................. 87 76 87 87 67 78

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 88 79 91 87 68 78

New England ..................................................... 89 78 88 88 64 72

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 87 80 91 87 70 80

South ..................................................................... 93 79 86 93 75 82

South Atlantic .................................................... 91 79 87 91 73 81

East South Central ............................................ 92 82 89 92 78 85

West South Central ........................................... 96 79 83 96 77 80

Midwest ................................................................. 85 74 87 85 64 76

East North Central ............................................. 84 74 88 84 66 78

West North Central ............................................ 88 75 85 88 62 71

West ...................................................................... 88 82 93 88 70 79

Mountain ............................................................ 86 77 90 86 64 74

Pacific ................................................................ 89 85 95 89 72 81

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

State government .................................................. 65 55 85 43 37 86 94 79 84

Local government .................................................. 56 47 84 35 30 85 86 66 78

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 68 62 90 48 43 89 86 69 80

New England ..................................................... 61 54 89 – – – 88 64 73

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 71 64 90 59 53 90 86 70 82

South ..................................................................... 38 30 79 19 14 73 91 74 81

South Atlantic .................................................... 44 36 82 25 19 75 91 73 81

East South Central ............................................ 29 22 76 11 10 86 92 77 84

West South Central ........................................... 32 23 74 14 9 64 92 74 80

Midwest ................................................................. 62 52 85 32 27 84 83 62 75

East North Central ............................................. 63 53 84 44 37 86 83 65 78

West North Central ............................................ 58 51 87 – 7 – 82 57 70

West ...................................................................... 81 69 85 64 57 89 88 70 79

Mountain ............................................................ 69 59 85 31 27 86 86 65 75

Pacific ................................................................ 87 74 85 79 71 90 89 72 81

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Healthcare is a collective term for the following benefits: medical, dental, and vision care benefits; and outpatient prescription drug coverage. If workers have access to or

participate in at least one of these benefits, they are considered as having access to or participating in healthcare. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1

State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Healthcare2 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

Professional and related .................................... 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.8

Teachers ........................................................ 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.3 1.1 1.1

Service ................................................................... 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.1

Protective service .............................................. 1.2 1.5 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.0 0.7

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.2 3.8 4.1 1.3 3.3 3.6

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.5 4.2 1.0 4.5 3.5 2.2

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.5 1.5 2.1 1.6 1.3 3.2

Union ..................................................................... 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.9

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 1.3 0.9 1.6 1.3 1.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.1 1.7 1.7 2.1 1.7 1.6

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.7 1.2

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.7

Educational services ...................................... 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.6 1.6 0.5 1.6 1.8 1.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.2 2.7 2.1 1.2 2.7 2.2

Hospitals .................................................... 0.9 3.1 2.8 0.9 3.4 3.1

Public administration ......................................... 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.8 2.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.4 2.1 1.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.5 1.7 0.8 1.5 1.5 1.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.7

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.6 0.7 0.8

Teachers ........................................................ 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.5 2.4 0.7 0.9 0.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.1 1.8 3.0 0.7 1.1 1.1

Service ................................................................... 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.2

Protective service .............................................. 3.2 2.8 1.6 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.2 1.6 1.7

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.1 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.1 0.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.1 1.8 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.1 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 4.4 4.1 1.5 4.8 4.5 1.7 1.5 3.3 3.7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.8 4.2 2.3 5.1 4.3 3.0 4.6 3.7 2.4

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.5 1.3 3.7 1.5 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.2 3.3

Union ..................................................................... 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.9

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.1 1.6 2.1 1.2 0.9 3.8 2.2 1.7 1.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.1 1.8 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.6 1.8 0.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.0 1.1 0.9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 2.1 1.5 2.4 2.3 2.8 1.5 1.6 1.3

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.7

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.8

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.9 0.8 1.0 1.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.3 1.9 1.5 2.6 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.1 2.7 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.8 1.3 2.7 2.2

Hospitals .................................................... 5.4 3.1 3.3 4.9 4.5 2.1 0.9 3.4 3.2

Public administration ......................................... 2.5 2.0 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.3 2.2 1.7 2.4 1.9 2.4 1.3 1.3 1.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4.2 3.8 2.1 3.5 2.8 3.8 2.3 1.9 2.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.7 2.3 2.2 3.1 2.3 2.8 1.5 1.9 2.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.4 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.7 1.4 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1

State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Healthcare2 Medical care

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate

State government .................................................. 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8

Local government .................................................. 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.3 1.3 0.5 1.4 1.3 1.4

New England ..................................................... 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.4 3.7 4.5

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 1.6 0.6 1.8 1.2 1.0

South ..................................................................... 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.9

East South Central ............................................ 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.3 3.2 2.2

West South Central ........................................... 1.1 1.9 1.8 1.1 2.0 1.7

Midwest ................................................................. 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.4

East North Central ............................................. 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.7

West North Central ............................................ 1.4 2.4 2.2 1.5 2.1 2.6

West ...................................................................... 1.0 1.1 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.1

Mountain ............................................................ 2.1 1.7 1.3 2.1 1.0 1.0

Pacific ................................................................ 1.1 1.4 0.7 1.1 1.9 1.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Standard errors for healthcare benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Dental care Vision care Outpatient prescription drug

coverage

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

State government .................................................. 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.7

Local government .................................................. 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.7

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.7 1.6 0.7 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.2

New England ..................................................... 3.0 2.6 2.0 – – – 1.4 3.2 4.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.0 1.8 0.6 1.8 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.3 0.6

South ..................................................................... 2.2 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 3.3 2.1 1.9 2.9 2.0 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.0

East South Central ............................................ 5.5 4.3 5.4 2.2 1.8 4.4 1.3 3.1 2.2

West South Central ........................................... 3.5 2.4 3.9 1.0 1.0 4.8 1.4 1.8 2.0

Midwest ................................................................. 1.8 1.4 1.0 3.0 2.2 2.2 1.5 1.0 1.2

East North Central ............................................. 2.4 1.7 1.0 4.0 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.1 1.6

West North Central ............................................ 2.6 2.5 2.0 – 2.6 – 2.7 2.0 1.6

West ...................................................................... 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.3

Mountain ............................................................ 3.7 4.2 2.0 2.8 2.0 3.2 2.1 1.1 1.0

Pacific ................................................................ 1.1 2.2 1.8 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.1 2.1 1.8

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Healthcare is a collective term for the following benefits: medical, dental, and vision care benefits; and outpatient prescription drug coverage. If workers have access to or

participate in at least one of these benefits, they are considered as having access to or participating in healthcare. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 10. Medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid by employer and

employee, State and local government workers, March 2018

(In percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

All workers ............................................................. 86 14 71 29

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 85 15 70 30

Professional and related .................................... 85 15 69 31

Teachers ........................................................ 85 15 66 34

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 85 15 65 35

Service ................................................................... 88 12 73 27

Protective service .............................................. 89 11 78 22

Sales and office ..................................................... 88 12 73 27

Office and administrative support ...................... 88 12 73 27

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 89 11 75 25

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 86 14 70 30

Full time ................................................................. 87 13 71 29

Part time ................................................................ 85 15 70 30

Union ..................................................................... 86 14 76 24

Nonunion ............................................................... 87 13 67 33

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 87 13 66 34

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 88 12 62 38

Second 25 percent ............................................ 87 13 74 26

Third 25 percent ................................................ 86 14 70 30

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 85 15 75 25

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 85 15 76 24

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 86 14 71 29

Education and health services ........................... 85 15 68 32

Educational services ...................................... 85 15 67 33

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 85 15 65 35

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 86 14 72 28

Health care and social assistance ................. 87 13 75 25

Hospitals .................................................... 87 13 75 25

Public administration ......................................... 88 12 77 23

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 87 13 74 26

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 89 11 73 27

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 86 14 74 26

100 workers or more .............................................. 86 14 71 29

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 87 13 72 28

500 workers or more .......................................... 86 14 70 30

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 10. Medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid by employer and

employee, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(In percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

State government .................................................. 86 14 74 26

Local government .................................................. 87 13 70 30

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 85 15 83 17

New England ..................................................... 78 22 77 23

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 87 13 84 16

South ..................................................................... 87 13 63 37

South Atlantic .................................................... 86 14 66 34

East South Central ............................................ 88 12 62 38

West South Central ........................................... 87 13 58 42

Midwest ................................................................. 87 13 74 26

East North Central ............................................. 85 15 76 24

West North Central ............................................ 90 10 71 29

West ...................................................................... 87 13 75 25

Mountain ............................................................ 87 13 72 28

Pacific ................................................................ 87 13 77 23

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 10. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid

by employer and employee, State and local government workers, March

2018

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

All workers ............................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Teachers ........................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

Service ................................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Protective service .............................................. 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.6

Union ..................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

Education and health services ........................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Educational services ...................................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

Health care and social assistance ................. 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1

Hospitals .................................................... 1.0 1.0 2.3 2.3

Public administration ......................................... 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 10. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Share of premiums paid

by employer and employee, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer

share

Employee

share

Employer

share

Employee

share

State government .................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Local government .................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

New England ..................................................... 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

South ..................................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6

East South Central ............................................ 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9

West South Central ........................................... 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.2

Midwest ................................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

East North Central ............................................. 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8

West North Central ............................................ 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4

West ...................................................................... 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ 0.3 0.3 2.9 2.9

Pacific ................................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms"

at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 11. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with single coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. 100 $551.12 22 $582.81 78 $542.05 $116.83

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 100 543.81 21 583.66 79 533.11 123.89

Professional and related .................................... 100 540.08 22 577.46 78 529.76 127.75

Teachers ........................................................ 100 535.96 23 570.89 77 525.64 139.02

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 100 533.42 25 566.11 75 522.76 144.83

Service ................................................................... 100 559.63 24 568.80 76 556.68 111.56

Protective service .............................................. 100 575.86 24 552.23 76 583.38 106.22

Sales and office ..................................................... 100 559.73 23 585.61 77 552.08 102.38

Office and administrative support ...................... 100 560.40 23 588.04 77 552.21 101.18

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 100 563.20 26 595.01 74 552.22 89.94

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 100 574.12 22 617.97 78 561.88 119.19

Full time ................................................................. 100 551.22 22 581.90 78 542.54 115.83

Part time ................................................................ 100 548.47 26 601.86 74 528.80 144.04

Union ..................................................................... 100 579.30 24 592.86 76 574.91 135.79

Nonunion ............................................................... 100 525.05 20 571.56 80 513.28 100.24

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 100 529.20 25 572.94 75 514.19 105.58

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 100 510.20 30 559.05 70 489.10 106.57

Second 25 percent ............................................ 100 555.79 22 579.60 78 549.21 109.12

Third 25 percent ................................................ 100 554.18 20 579.69 80 547.62 116.09

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 100 561.86 22 597.72 78 551.81 132.66

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 100 574.09 25 594.82 75 567.03 152.34

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 100 552.00 22 582.96 78 543.18 116.93

Education and health services ........................... 100 534.75 22 573.95 78 523.70 124.82

Educational services ...................................... 100 535.45 22 573.76 78 524.50 130.00

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 100 528.64 24 566.09 76 516.65 139.48

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 100 551.32 16 596.21 84 542.60 107.84

Health care and social assistance ................. 100 530.72 21 575.13 79 519.25 96.00

Hospitals .................................................... 100 521.61 21 585.40 79 504.48 94.60

Public administration ......................................... 100 579.98 23 598.56 77 574.47 104.22

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 100 552.13 23 598.63 77 537.90 109.61

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 100 546.90 29 575.33 71 534.87 106.40

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 100 556.72 18 632.76 82 540.18 112.03

100 workers or more .............................................. 100 550.83 22 577.95 78 543.22 118.87

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 100 561.97 22 564.19 78 561.36 111.06

500 workers or more .......................................... 100 545.89 22 583.92 78 535.13 122.34

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 11. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with single coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

State government .................................................. 100 $542.65 12 $588.13 88 $536.18 $105.02

Local government .................................................. 100 554.48 26 581.80 74 544.81 122.40

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 100 565.39 25 599.14 75 553.96 147.85

New England ..................................................... 100 547.75 2 571.84 98 547.21 165.71

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 100 570.78 32 599.71 68 556.94 139.96

South ..................................................................... 100 514.82 23 567.61 77 499.18 105.24

South Atlantic .................................................... 100 537.33 13 599.65 87 527.69 106.50

East South Central ............................................ 100 527.22 18 524.21 82 527.89 87.84

West South Central ........................................... 100 476.52 39 561.87 61 422.69 114.22

Midwest ................................................................. 100 576.58 17 571.61 83 577.63 117.49

East North Central ............................................. 100 570.91 11 545.57 89 573.90 123.91

West North Central ............................................ 100 587.62 31 589.02 69 586.99 101.38

West ...................................................................... 100 582.70 23 603.08 77 576.63 112.92

Mountain ............................................................ 100 520.46 16 552.32 84 514.47 85.07

Pacific ................................................................ 100 608.33 26 615.86 74 605.70 125.95

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above

and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 11. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. $3.77 0.8 $5.74 0.8 $4.54 $2.80

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 4.93 0.9 6.00 0.9 6.10 3.81

Professional and related .................................... 5.52 1.0 6.37 1.0 6.99 4.42

Teachers ........................................................ 7.43 1.5 7.99 1.5 9.82 7.30

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 9.47 1.7 8.40 1.7 12.87 8.53

Service ................................................................... 6.26 1.8 9.88 1.8 7.77 3.65

Protective service .............................................. 7.59 2.2 10.78 2.2 9.67 4.67

Sales and office ..................................................... 5.66 1.6 11.53 1.6 6.46 2.79

Office and administrative support ...................... 5.77 1.6 10.97 1.6 6.63 2.95

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 11.77 3.5 26.16 3.5 12.45 5.26

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 15.11 3.0 36.34 3.0 17.49 8.13

Full time ................................................................. 3.79 0.8 5.85 0.8 4.51 2.75

Part time ................................................................ 12.46 2.8 11.12 2.8 16.34 9.10

Union ..................................................................... 5.14 1.3 7.66 1.3 6.36 3.79

Nonunion ............................................................... 5.14 1.2 8.22 1.2 5.71 3.20

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 4.53 1.6 9.42 1.6 5.56 4.01

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 8.03 2.5 10.90 2.5 10.61 6.57

Second 25 percent ............................................ 5.48 1.4 10.19 1.4 6.86 2.89

Third 25 percent ................................................ 6.30 1.2 9.52 1.2 7.68 4.48

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 6.24 1.5 9.77 1.5 7.09 4.36

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 5.58 1.7 9.67 1.7 7.71 5.57

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 3.79 0.8 5.75 0.8 4.58 2.83

Education and health services ........................... 5.32 1.0 6.34 1.0 6.60 4.22

Educational services ...................................... 5.86 1.0 6.80 1.0 7.25 4.97

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 6.41 1.3 8.07 1.3 9.30 6.33

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 12.06 1.9 14.10 1.9 12.85 4.75

Health care and social assistance ................. 12.83 3.6 18.75 3.6 15.22 2.96

Hospitals .................................................... 23.39 4.0 13.57 4.0 28.51 3.66

Public administration ......................................... 4.23 1.3 11.96 1.3 4.51 3.04

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 11.61 2.0 17.16 2.0 13.88 3.73

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 13.14 3.2 18.07 3.2 16.61 4.69

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 15.05 2.1 25.38 2.1 16.74 5.09

100 workers or more .............................................. 4.81 1.0 6.53 1.0 5.79 3.03

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 8.24 2.0 11.07 2.0 10.38 5.25

500 workers or more .......................................... 5.60 1.0 7.28 1.0 6.72 3.37

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 11. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

State government .................................................. $5.74 1.0 $5.06 1.0 $6.30 $2.93

Local government .................................................. 5.24 1.1 6.88 1.1 6.77 3.72

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 6.54 1.2 9.11 1.2 7.81 3.30

New England ..................................................... 10.42 0.9 17.61 0.9 10.70 8.91

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 7.82 1.7 9.20 1.7 10.93 5.37

South ..................................................................... 5.86 1.2 7.20 1.2 6.93 5.26

South Atlantic .................................................... 10.64 1.3 16.32 1.3 11.51 8.52

East South Central ............................................ 12.09 1.9 11.60 1.9 13.87 7.72

West South Central ........................................... 5.25 2.9 8.81 2.9 6.13 7.21

Midwest ................................................................. 5.27 2.2 14.04 2.2 6.44 6.19

East North Central ............................................. 5.10 1.5 16.82 1.5 6.31 7.99

West North Central ............................................ 11.53 6.3 20.59 6.3 15.00 11.41

West ...................................................................... 10.12 1.8 17.40 1.8 12.10 4.67

Mountain ............................................................ 14.27 3.0 25.12 3.0 16.55 4.40

Pacific ................................................................ 12.56 2.1 21.47 2.1 16.04 6.77

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with

earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 12. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

All workers ............................................................. 61 26 7 6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 60 28 7 5

Professional and related .................................... 61 28 7 5

Teachers ........................................................ 63 26 7 4

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 64 24 8 5

Service ................................................................... 65 23 6 7

Protective service .............................................. 67 19 4 10

Sales and office ..................................................... 58 27 8 7

Office and administrative support ...................... 58 27 8 7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 71 19 7 3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 60 20 16 4

Full time ................................................................. 62 26 7 6

Part time ................................................................ 51 28 13 8

Union ..................................................................... 65 17 7 10

Nonunion ............................................................... 58 34 7 2

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 59 30 8 3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 62 31 6 1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 63 25 7 6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 63 27 6 4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 61 23 8 9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 59 23 8 10

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 61 26 7 6

Education and health services ........................... 60 30 6 4

Educational services ...................................... 61 28 7 4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 64 23 8 5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 53 40 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 52 41 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 48 47 – 5

Public administration ......................................... 63 21 7 9

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 60 23 10 7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 68 17 9 6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 54 28 11 7

100 workers or more .............................................. 62 27 6 5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 63 26 7 5

500 workers or more .......................................... 61 27 6 6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 12. Medical care benefits, single coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

State government .................................................. 51 39 4 7

Local government .................................................. 66 20 9 5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 65 19 8 8

New England ..................................................... 77 10 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 59 23 6 11

South ..................................................................... 57 36 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 45 48 – –

East South Central ............................................ 53 44 – –

West South Central ........................................... 83 – 9 –

Midwest ................................................................. 72 21 5 2

East North Central ............................................. 73 20 4 2

West North Central ............................................ 69 25 – –

West ...................................................................... 57 17 10 17

Mountain ............................................................ 68 21 8 3

Pacific ................................................................ 51 15 11 23

1 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 2 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category

or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 12. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, State and local government

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

All workers ............................................................. 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.8 1.7 0.9 0.6

Professional and related .................................... 2.2 2.1 0.9 0.6

Teachers ........................................................ 3.0 2.6 1.1 0.6

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 3.1 2.7 1.2 0.8

Service ................................................................... 2.8 1.4 1.2 1.2

Protective service .............................................. 4.0 1.9 1.4 2.6

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.7 2.3 1.2 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.6 2.2 1.2 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5.0 4.4 1.4 1.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 5.0 4.8 1.8 1.7

Full time ................................................................. 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 4.6 3.9 3.4 2.5

Union ..................................................................... 1.6 1.7 1.0 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.2 1.9 0.8 0.4

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.8 1.6 1.2 0.7

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.7 2.7 1.4 0.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.4 2.0 1.0 0.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 3.0 2.5 0.9 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 1.9 1.1 1.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.5

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.4

Education and health services ........................... 1.9 1.8 0.8 0.5

Educational services ...................................... 2.1 1.9 1.0 0.5

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.0 1.9 1.1 0.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3.4 3.2 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 5.2 5.2 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 5.6 5.6 – 2.7

Public administration ......................................... 2.3 1.3 1.5 0.7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 3.3 2.7 1.8 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5.7 5.0 2.9 1.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.1 3.1 2.2 1.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.2 2.9 1.7 1.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.9 1.6 0.9 0.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 12. Standard errors for medical care benefits, single coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Single coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

State government .................................................. 2.1 2.1 1.2 0.7

Local government .................................................. 1.6 1.4 1.0 0.6

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.9 3.3 1.4 1.2

New England ..................................................... 4.3 1.6 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 3.7 4.1 1.6 1.7

South ..................................................................... 2.6 2.4 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 4.2 4.1 – –

East South Central ............................................ 3.4 1.7 – –

West South Central ........................................... 3.0 – 1.8 –

Midwest ................................................................. 2.1 2.1 1.1 0.6

East North Central ............................................. 2.2 2.3 1.3 0.9

West North Central ............................................ 5.1 4.6 – –

West ...................................................................... 3.0 1.6 1.9 1.4

Mountain ............................................................ 5.8 2.0 2.9 1.3

Pacific ................................................................ 3.3 2.2 2.4 2.1

1 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 2 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 13. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with family coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. 100 $1,175.30 7 $1,528.42 93 $1,148.24 $486.15

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 100 1,141.85 7 1,518.84 93 1,112.14 504.68

Professional and related .................................... 100 1,129.37 7 1,512.50 93 1,099.53 518.09

Teachers ........................................................ 100 1,068.49 7 1,532.23 93 1,030.89 565.35

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 100 1,050.66 9 1,537.47 91 1,004.14 590.05

Service ................................................................... 100 1,223.94 7 1,563.92 93 1,198.53 464.13

Protective service .............................................. 100 1,328.74 9 1,570.70 91 1,305.94 404.71

Sales and office ..................................................... 100 1,210.87 7 1,478.74 93 1,191.80 454.86

Office and administrative support ...................... 100 1,211.80 7 1,482.08 93 1,192.44 451.65

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 100 1,242.11 7 1,650.60 93 1,210.40 425.47

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 100 1,235.12 7 1,537.97 93 1,213.39 505.21

Full time ................................................................. 100 1,174.24 7 1,524.07 93 1,148.08 484.15

Part time ................................................................ 100 1,202.55 11 1,597.60 89 1,152.58 539.97

Union ..................................................................... 100 1,332.79 12 1,527.40 88 1,306.27 480.31

Nonunion ............................................................... 100 1,030.62 3 1,532.67 97 1,017.04 491.00

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 100 1,043.01 4 1,622.58 96 1,018.87 513.07

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 100 938.91 5 1,497.44 95 911.05 567.59

Second 25 percent ............................................ 100 1,232.51 8 1,471.02 92 1,213.02 445.61

Third 25 percent ................................................ 100 1,139.73 6 1,525.85 94 1,115.29 497.31

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 100 1,271.17 10 1,535.02 90 1,240.36 485.34

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 100 1,314.24 16 1,512.47 84 1,277.68 511.06

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 100 1,176.55 7 1,529.10 93 1,149.45 486.88

Education and health services ........................... 100 1,101.57 7 1,513.09 93 1,069.39 531.11

Educational services ...................................... 100 1,079.74 7 1,531.01 93 1,043.44 551.65

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 100 1,042.96 9 1,535.89 91 994.79 592.12

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 100 1,171.56 – – – – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 100 1,224.49 6 1,391.11 94 1,213.55 417.02

Hospitals .................................................... 100 1,260.42 7 1,455.99 93 1,245.65 410.90

Public administration ......................................... 100 1,296.37 7 1,583.80 93 1,273.66 412.06

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 100 1,173.44 8 1,616.41 92 1,137.05 442.87

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 100 1,149.53 9 1,553.46 91 1,111.83 447.48

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 100 1,194.79 7 1,687.51 93 1,159.14 438.82

100 workers or more .............................................. 100 1,175.83 7 1,500.97 93 1,151.43 498.49

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 100 1,201.49 3 1,503.76 97 1,190.86 462.98

500 workers or more .......................................... 100 1,164.49 9 1,500.48 91 1,133.03 515.06

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 13. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee premiums by employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with family coverage medical care benefits = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Total Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

State government .................................................. 100 $1,198.99 1 $1,246.53 99 $1,198.36 $410.13

Local government .................................................. 100 1,165.92 9 1,544.04 91 1,126.63 518.94

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 100 1,415.61 23 1,559.56 77 1,373.72 416.24

New England ..................................................... 100 1,394.08 – – – – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 100 1,422.16 29 1,560.60 71 1,365.40 408.73

South ..................................................................... 100 939.53 1 1,523.22 99 933.44 528.22

South Atlantic .................................................... 100 1,018.65 1 1,568.53 99 1,012.83 496.70

East South Central ............................................ 100 887.21 – – – – –

West South Central ........................................... 100 852.11 – – – – –

Midwest ................................................................. 100 1,290.91 4 1,428.33 96 1,284.70 474.66

East North Central ............................................. 100 1,322.40 3 1,300.69 97 1,322.97 449.37

West North Central ............................................ 100 1,231.43 – – – – –

West ...................................................................... 100 1,307.75 8 1,505.31 92 1,290.46 462.19

Mountain ............................................................ 100 1,116.26 6 1,421.64 94 1,097.84 457.22

Pacific ................................................................ 100 1,388.15 9 1,527.42 91 1,374.32 464.35

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above

and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 13. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

All workers ............................................................. $9.82 0.5 $25.84 0.5 $10.94 $7.04

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 13.58 0.5 21.37 0.5 15.20 9.64

Professional and related .................................... 15.25 0.6 18.33 0.6 16.78 11.01

Teachers ........................................................ 19.76 0.8 17.37 0.8 22.40 16.67

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 22.03 1.0 17.94 1.0 24.89 20.04

Service ................................................................... 18.38 0.8 44.33 0.8 20.82 10.01

Protective service .............................................. 25.06 1.2 45.94 1.2 29.22 8.79

Sales and office ..................................................... 19.65 0.8 33.88 0.8 20.42 13.71

Office and administrative support ...................... 19.46 0.8 34.18 0.8 20.13 13.14

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 37.22 1.9 181.64 1.9 31.90 28.41

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 43.92 2.4 95.42 2.4 46.07 24.74

Full time ................................................................. 9.93 0.5 27.23 0.5 10.91 7.28

Part time ................................................................ 34.96 2.4 42.40 2.4 37.88 24.16

Union ..................................................................... 13.55 0.8 15.00 0.8 15.52 9.21

Nonunion ............................................................... 13.41 0.4 116.64 0.4 13.01 8.33

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 15.37 0.7 108.06 0.7 17.52 9.65

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 21.51 1.0 79.89 1.0 22.50 15.36

Second 25 percent ............................................ 21.39 0.9 41.42 0.9 21.40 9.91

Third 25 percent ................................................ 14.61 0.8 49.47 0.8 15.52 12.32

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 18.17 0.9 17.82 0.9 20.37 12.97

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 21.88 1.6 17.47 1.6 25.22 15.31

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 9.84 0.5 26.15 0.5 11.02 6.92

Education and health services ........................... 13.00 0.6 23.54 0.6 15.21 10.05

Educational services ...................................... 12.81 0.7 23.82 0.7 15.48 11.69

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 13.28 0.9 21.17 0.9 16.81 13.39

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 19.66 – – – – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 48.52 1.2 89.55 1.2 52.82 13.76

Hospitals .................................................... 93.13 1.2 55.72 1.2 100.49 19.43

Public administration ......................................... 13.89 0.6 63.19 0.6 15.54 8.45

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 19.60 1.2 85.78 1.2 19.64 15.14

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 32.88 1.8 133.84 1.8 33.90 25.14

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 31.57 1.4 75.04 1.4 34.85 20.21

100 workers or more .............................................. 12.44 0.5 18.59 0.5 13.33 8.24

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 20.02 0.9 64.02 0.9 21.71 16.02

500 workers or more .......................................... 15.30 0.7 20.84 0.7 16.80 8.72

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 13. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage: Employer and employee

premiums by employee contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Employee contribution not

required Employee contribution required

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Percent of

participating

employees

Average

flat monthly

employer

premium

Average

flat monthly

employee

contribution

State government .................................................. $12.57 0.4 $103.97 0.4 $12.49 $9.90

Local government .................................................. 11.90 0.6 25.48 0.6 13.30 8.79

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 17.67 1.2 24.40 1.2 21.05 9.69

New England ..................................................... 32.73 – – – – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 19.76 1.7 23.97 1.7 26.95 16.18

South ..................................................................... 13.72 0.3 136.57 0.3 14.09 9.39

South Atlantic .................................................... 18.09 0.3 125.16 0.3 16.89 12.14

East South Central ............................................ 43.45 – – – – –

West South Central ........................................... 23.71 – – – – –

Midwest ................................................................. 22.99 1.5 146.97 1.5 25.53 11.98

East North Central ............................................. 31.10 0.7 131.65 0.7 31.97 15.30

West North Central ............................................ 30.25 – – – – –

West ...................................................................... 20.24 1.1 41.52 1.1 22.29 23.28

Mountain ............................................................ 49.29 1.9 37.69 1.9 57.22 62.94

Pacific ................................................................ 19.04 1.3 55.00 1.3 19.06 19.01

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with

earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 14. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

All workers ............................................................. 63 24 7 5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 62 26 7 5

Professional and related .................................... 63 26 7 4

Teachers ........................................................ 66 23 8 4

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 68 20 8 4

Service ................................................................... 68 21 6 6

Protective service .............................................. 69 19 4 8

Sales and office ..................................................... 60 25 7 7

Office and administrative support ...................... 61 25 7 7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 73 16 6 4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 62 18 13 7

Full time ................................................................. 64 24 7 5

Part time ................................................................ 54 25 – –

Union ..................................................................... 66 16 8 9

Nonunion ............................................................... 61 31 6 2

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 63 27 7 3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 66 28 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 63 25 7 6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 65 24 7 4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 62 21 8 8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 61 21 9 10

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 63 24 7 5

Education and health services ........................... 63 27 6 4

Educational services ...................................... 65 25 7 3

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 68 20 8 4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 56 36 6 1

Health care and social assistance ................. 54 40 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 50 45 – –

Public administration ......................................... 63 22 6 8

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 61 23 10 6

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 64 19 11 6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 59 25 10 6

100 workers or more .............................................. 64 25 6 5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 66 23 6 5

500 workers or more .......................................... 63 25 6 5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 14. Medical care benefits, family coverage: Employee participation by

type of contribution, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with contributory coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

State government .................................................. 49 41 4 7

Local government .................................................. 70 17 9 4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 65 18 8 8

New England ..................................................... 77 10 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 60 22 6 12

South ..................................................................... 62 33 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 51 42 – –

East South Central ............................................ 60 38 – –

West South Central ........................................... 77 17 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 75 18 5 2

East North Central ............................................. 76 17 4 3

West North Central ............................................ 74 19 – –

West ...................................................................... 55 17 12 16

Mountain ............................................................ 69 19 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 49 16 14 21

1 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 2 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category

or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 14. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, State and local government

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

All workers ............................................................. 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.6 1.5 0.9 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 1.9 1.8 0.9 0.5

Teachers ........................................................ 2.5 2.1 1.1 0.6

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.6 2.1 1.2 0.7

Service ................................................................... 2.0 1.3 0.7 1.0

Protective service .............................................. 2.9 1.9 1.2 2.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.6 2.0 1.3 1.1

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.5 1.9 1.2 1.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5.0 4.0 1.5 1.3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.7 4.4 1.5 2.5

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.4

Part time ................................................................ 4.3 3.6 – –

Union ..................................................................... 1.7 1.5 1.1 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.0 1.7 0.7 0.3

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.7 1.6 1.0 0.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.8 2.8 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.4 1.9 0.9 0.6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.4 2.1 0.7 0.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.6 1.7 1.3 0.9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.3

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.4

Education and health services ........................... 1.7 1.6 0.9 0.5

Educational services ...................................... 1.8 1.6 1.0 0.5

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3.4 2.9 1.9 0.3

Health care and social assistance ................. 5.2 5.1 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 5.6 5.5 – –

Public administration ......................................... 2.2 1.4 1.2 0.7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 3.2 2.6 1.7 0.9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4.8 4.2 2.7 1.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.2 2.9 2.0 1.3

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.3 1.1 0.6 0.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.6 2.5 1.5 0.8

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.8 1.5 0.8 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 14. Standard errors for medical care benefits, family coverage:

Employee participation by type of contribution, State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Family coverage

Flat dollar

amount Varies1

Exists, but

amount

unknown

Other2

State government .................................................. 2.1 2.0 1.1 0.6

Local government .................................................. 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.9 3.1 1.4 1.1

New England ..................................................... 4.0 1.6 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 3.8 3.8 1.5 1.5

South ..................................................................... 2.1 1.9 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 4.1 3.7 – –

East South Central ............................................ 2.2 0.9 – –

West South Central ........................................... 2.0 1.8 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.8 1.9 1.0 0.7

East North Central ............................................. 2.3 2.2 1.2 1.0

West North Central ............................................ 3.2 3.6 – –

West ...................................................................... 2.9 1.4 1.9 1.4

Mountain ............................................................ 4.8 1.7 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 3.4 1.9 2.3 2.1

1 Based on worker attributes. For example, employee contributions may vary based on earnings, length of service,

or age. 2 Includes contribution types not separately published such as composite rates, flexible benefits, and percent of

earnings. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 15. Medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage, State and local

government workers, March 2018

(Includes workers participating in medical care benefits with flat dollar amount contributory coverage)

Characteristics

Single coverage1 Family coverage1

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $26.69 $50.00 $93.27 $139.66 $216.70 $147.92 $245.77 $392.80 $625.00 $984.58

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 28.15 51.19 98.31 149.65 241.88 144.16 244.16 409.89 660.34 1016.00

Professional and related .................................... 29.30 53.15 100.08 153.84 248.87 148.76 250.32 420.00 669.52 1050.30

Teachers ........................................................ 30.00 54.36 103.60 172.41 305.09 144.16 267.18 500.47 771.54 1126.00

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 29.77 55.00 104.70 184.50 317.62 148.76 281.36 541.74 854.64 1176.68

Service ................................................................... 28.00 50.00 90.58 136.86 212.16 180.00 247.39 385.00 592.00 913.00

Protective service .............................................. 25.00 50.00 90.58 135.94 203.96 180.00 243.23 348.00 511.34 667.12

Sales and office ..................................................... 20.00 41.15 85.00 129.20 181.88 120.44 232.68 378.74 587.57 836.80

Office and administrative support ...................... 20.00 40.00 85.00 128.61 181.88 118.10 232.68 378.74 589.94 836.80

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 43.40 84.00 120.00 169.20 142.82 250.00 348.35 524.16 720.05

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 42.94 97.68 143.00 219.66 – 273.33 396.29 686.00 1096.60

Full time ................................................................. 25.00 50.00 90.98 139.56 213.82 147.36 244.46 392.57 618.48 974.90

Part time ................................................................ 39.45 82.01 119.23 – 292.91 199.29 293.80 432.14 735.47 1126.08

Union ..................................................................... 34.16 62.73 106.67 162.07 242.89 125.00 222.69 363.50 585.85 983.44

Nonunion ............................................................... 20.00 44.01 84.00 128.00 184.00 180.00 253.50 425.50 649.19 984.58

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 22.49 46.12 85.68 132.05 203.00 180.00 266.34 435.82 664.50 1053.00

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 20.00 38.69 86.67 132.45 221.42 210.34 320.73 561.47 716.80 1126.08

Second 25 percent ............................................ 21.37 47.61 86.53 135.30 193.97 127.00 217.87 363.50 561.47 819.38

Third 25 percent ................................................ 27.34 50.00 95.70 138.21 219.31 150.00 254.59 432.00 664.42 995.48

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 31.54 59.24 104.04 164.87 258.93 115.45 224.54 375.19 589.56 993.24

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 31.54 68.09 110.55 195.10 441.47 133.64 227.10 399.23 591.75 1290.28

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 26.28 50.00 93.61 141.22 219.66 147.34 245.77 396.93 633.00 984.58

Education and health services ........................... 28.50 53.00 98.22 151.00 247.22 165.00 262.03 472.88 685.00 1073.66

Educational services ...................................... 30.89 54.36 101.00 163.29 264.82 148.76 266.34 486.19 723.76 1098.32

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 29.77 55.00 104.19 179.06 305.09 148.76 300.00 546.14 877.00 1176.68

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 31.54 50.00 87.38 132.24 185.00 – 211.30 351.24 507.15 675.26

Health care and social assistance ................. – 45.50 84.74 117.00 156.27 198.80 252.01 378.28 522.32 667.00

Hospitals .................................................... – – 83.40 104.50 143.59 211.00 253.50 384.94 507.15 667.00

Public administration ......................................... 23.31 49.69 89.33 135.87 185.12 123.16 216.74 343.55 500.16 717.19

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 21.75 53.15 97.68 125.00 184.12 102.00 195.74 350.98 583.64 785.37

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 21.37 44.74 101.98 150.05 200.37 – 208.15 399.23 593.00 899.24

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 33.60 55.00 90.69 117.92 174.38 111.22 195.47 326.28 558.51 695.00

100 workers or more .............................................. 28.00 50.00 90.89 145.00 228.90 180.00 250.86 404.30 649.19 1002.05

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 49.70 86.39 139.46 221.48 137.57 215.16 355.74 622.14 1023.77

500 workers or more .......................................... 28.15 50.00 95.61 146.56 230.16 191.73 281.56 432.02 654.34 986.96

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 15. Medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(Includes workers participating in medical care benefits with flat dollar amount contributory coverage)

Characteristics

Single coverage1 Family coverage1

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. $31.54 $50.00 $90.89 $130.00 $178.82 $171.00 $211.00 $331.37 $485.97 $656.35

Local government .................................................. 23.83 50.00 94.97 151.05 241.33 144.16 264.44 423.40 667.00 1060.73

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 50.65 97.88 129.12 184.50 241.88 86.00 264.98 402.12 494.00 650.39

New England ..................................................... 70.10 124.02 165.57 200.37 259.17 195.47 312.91 418.16 508.30 653.78

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 44.67 73.39 124.22 165.38 237.96 – 234.76 389.96 485.97 650.39

South ..................................................................... 20.00 43.88 83.49 132.23 189.16 186.29 306.56 499.44 667.00 1037.00

South Atlantic .................................................... 21.07 49.32 74.19 114.40 174.38 180.00 260.40 422.23 640.10 834.51

East South Central ............................................ 16.25 – – 130.00 172.09 225.27 349.73 489.58 667.00 –

West South Central ........................................... 30.00 58.37 98.38 157.10 259.22 232.55 348.00 539.70 798.86 1096.60

Midwest ................................................................. 30.00 56.00 89.83 127.97 – 144.16 213.27 318.98 596.08 1130.21

East North Central ............................................. – 68.78 90.89 133.61 219.31 129.15 211.00 286.46 519.00 1010.15

West North Central ............................................ 29.77 36.00 79.17 113.36 – 165.00 222.69 396.93 796.95 1183.88

West ...................................................................... – 42.13 78.12 127.17 225.83 102.21 199.29 322.80 593.09 968.91

Mountain ............................................................ 16.75 40.00 51.00 89.20 178.80 125.06 222.08 363.12 669.52 974.90

Pacific ................................................................ 34.66 49.55 103.92 152.58 255.88 95.00 – 310.78 585.85 911.78

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of participating workers pay the

same as or more than the premium shown, and half pay the same as or less than the premium shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers pay the same or less than

the premium shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 15. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage, State

and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Single coverage1 Family coverage1

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $2.96 $0.60 $5.75 $4.82 $11.63 $12.19 $7.27 $11.44 $24.97 $22.94

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 2.29 3.14 3.72 6.48 11.68 13.68 14.87 19.85 11.10 46.03

Professional and related .................................... 2.27 3.41 3.91 7.39 15.48 16.14 12.08 21.55 12.58 35.70

Teachers ........................................................ 2.53 4.62 4.96 10.37 26.02 15.47 25.26 14.54 52.21 67.38

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 4.51 6.13 5.21 12.16 26.42 16.64 27.07 35.61 74.77 13.54

Service ................................................................... 4.67 3.07 7.59 9.55 10.16 6.18 7.55 18.98 13.95 57.02

Protective service .............................................. 6.04 3.43 10.82 14.76 22.74 29.20 7.27 14.67 32.55 25.23

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.54 5.75 3.03 6.39 5.50 22.56 18.22 15.24 16.29 41.83

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.68 5.67 3.00 6.42 6.80 21.33 18.96 14.93 16.35 44.95

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 5.48 9.39 8.54 5.05 23.86 22.23 23.34 22.41 112.94

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 9.50 18.08 15.32 27.96 – 26.57 46.84 109.09 105.92

Full time ................................................................. 3.40 0.91 6.20 4.49 9.03 12.13 8.11 11.31 25.09 25.90

Part time ................................................................ 8.34 5.57 6.45 – 40.03 25.00 28.38 30.69 121.05 81.59

Union ..................................................................... 1.68 5.23 4.05 6.63 8.02 12.66 12.30 18.08 24.57 16.12

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.52 2.80 1.95 4.13 4.78 2.31 14.96 17.27 16.10 54.31

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 4.21 5.28 2.20 6.54 11.44 1.39 21.33 19.64 9.24 64.51

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.73 7.12 2.02 7.75 26.27 7.77 15.73 22.77 63.15 62.26

Second 25 percent ............................................ 4.04 3.18 3.52 4.78 9.36 20.18 13.32 12.86 29.35 52.16

Third 25 percent ................................................ 5.52 4.18 6.65 3.38 17.57 14.69 9.17 22.72 11.19 39.62

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.55 6.85 3.52 10.54 23.00 22.98 13.34 25.38 27.52 44.56

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.64 12.27 10.82 10.06 94.28 29.53 29.40 25.74 28.39 106.13

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 3.03 0.60 5.74 5.30 12.51 11.59 7.35 12.90 23.51 22.14

Education and health services ........................... 1.78 3.40 3.48 6.45 14.41 20.37 16.66 30.19 18.20 22.16

Educational services ...................................... 2.20 3.72 4.07 9.76 15.29 18.02 20.05 15.56 32.71 26.82

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 3.22 5.40 4.97 8.73 19.47 14.41 20.52 24.07 58.87 10.57

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.70 7.77 11.38 10.63 12.57 – 2.97 21.47 32.57 29.42

Health care and social assistance ................. – 9.71 3.41 12.81 8.99 23.21 8.80 12.87 39.14 23.79

Hospitals .................................................... – – 2.87 8.79 11.97 6.46 32.51 26.02 18.46 50.39

Public administration ......................................... 4.55 4.97 6.83 4.53 6.32 26.26 15.66 7.49 12.80 30.48

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 3.60 4.39 5.39 9.60 5.60 11.90 19.24 23.81 14.32 92.32

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.03 7.09 3.97 10.35 16.01 – 29.38 26.67 18.41 255.55

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 7.54 10.39 8.18 6.27 9.18 12.38 28.58 29.08 39.64 30.01

100 workers or more .............................................. 2.35 0.80 4.93 6.43 11.89 3.59 8.58 18.25 14.73 37.66

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 4.09 6.09 10.44 27.92 22.38 6.47 18.76 52.37 65.87

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.24 1.77 6.10 6.09 11.52 10.70 14.40 16.61 9.00 36.88

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 15. Standard errors for medical care benefits: Monthly employee contributions for single and family coverage, State

and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Single coverage1 Family coverage1

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. $0.94 $1.84 $8.21 $6.20 $9.31 $29.54 $1.93 $24.43 $0.58 $47.79

Local government .................................................. 2.98 3.36 5.91 6.66 10.59 10.47 9.99 16.29 9.58 31.63

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 4.75 8.43 5.90 2.83 4.51 14.17 15.51 15.02 9.70 28.91

New England ..................................................... 18.87 6.98 8.44 6.10 22.04 42.94 22.63 33.06 8.80 60.60

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 10.99 10.88 0.00 7.06 18.34 – 30.05 31.69 0.01 88.37

South ..................................................................... 1.08 8.53 3.18 7.50 12.97 10.26 15.31 11.54 12.50 50.58

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.41 7.70 7.36 12.22 11.04 0.00 21.77 24.26 30.57 111.18

East South Central ............................................ 4.59 – – 2.52 3.73 5.06 14.16 39.96 0.00 –

West South Central ........................................... 6.25 8.53 13.18 5.61 10.35 30.41 4.38 24.73 87.48 31.70

Midwest ................................................................. 2.48 8.55 4.14 6.68 – 26.17 3.50 24.00 63.16 73.71

East North Central ............................................. – 9.16 8.19 8.02 64.53 32.25 6.54 15.67 84.06 109.83

West North Central ............................................ 0.98 5.81 15.67 8.69 – 25.30 23.77 16.07 132.42 27.44

West ...................................................................... – 2.64 6.99 13.78 12.80 7.09 19.74 38.99 69.72 62.94

Mountain ............................................................ 1.74 7.76 4.40 9.12 38.10 7.81 32.22 88.86 120.62 38.31

Pacific ................................................................ 2.77 8.24 9.21 32.87 23.87 26.89 – 34.03 66.36 60.61

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of participating workers pay the

same as or more than the premium shown, and half pay the same as or less than the premium shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers pay the same or less than

the premium shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 16. Insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 81 80 98 26 25 96 38 37 98

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 83 81 98 25 24 95 41 40 97

Professional and related .................................... 82 80 98 25 24 95 40 39 97

Teachers ........................................................ 82 80 98 22 21 95 40 39 97

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 87 86 98 21 20 95 39 39 98

Service ................................................................... 75 74 97 25 25 98 31 31 98

Protective service .............................................. 86 84 98 29 29 99 32 32 100

Sales and office ..................................................... 82 80 97 29 28 98 38 38 98

Office and administrative support ...................... 82 80 97 29 28 98 38 37 98

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 89 88 99 33 32 96 40 38 96

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 80 78 98 29 26 92 33 32 96

Full time ................................................................. 91 89 98 28 27 96 42 41 98

Part time ................................................................ 24 23 95 15 14 97 14 13 93

Union ..................................................................... 89 87 98 27 26 98 38 38 98

Nonunion ............................................................... 75 73 97 26 25 94 38 37 97

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 65 63 97 20 19 94 30 29 97

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 52 50 96 17 16 93 23 22 96

Second 25 percent ............................................ 87 85 97 30 29 97 40 39 98

Third 25 percent ................................................ 87 86 98 27 25 96 42 41 98

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 88 86 98 29 28 98 42 41 97

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 84 82 97 33 33 99 37 36 97

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 82 80 98 26 25 96 38 37 98

Education and health services ........................... 82 80 97 24 23 95 40 39 97

Educational services ...................................... 81 79 98 23 22 94 38 37 97

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 79 78 98 21 20 95 35 34 97

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 86 83 96 28 26 93 48 46 96

Health care and social assistance ................. 87 84 96 32 31 96 52 50 97

Hospitals .................................................... 87 83 95 43 42 97 63 61 98

Public administration ......................................... 83 81 98 30 30 99 35 34 98

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 74 73 99 22 21 96 35 35 99

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 69 68 99 24 23 95 32 32 99

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 79 78 99 19 19 97 38 37 98

100 workers or more .............................................. 84 81 97 28 27 96 39 38 97

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 79 76 97 22 22 97 36 35 98

500 workers or more .......................................... 86 84 97 30 29 96 41 40 97

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 16. Insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

State government .................................................. 90 87 96 30 28 95 38 37 97

Local government .................................................. 79 77 98 25 24 97 38 37 98

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 82 80 97 33 33 100 16 16 99

New England ..................................................... 82 75 92 11 11 100 17 16 99

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 82 81 99 40 40 100 16 15 98

South ..................................................................... 82 80 97 23 22 94 34 33 96

South Atlantic .................................................... 85 82 97 33 31 93 45 43 96

East South Central ............................................ 74 72 96 – – – 32 31 97

West South Central ........................................... 83 81 97 13 13 97 17 17 99

Midwest ................................................................. 81 79 98 24 22 93 58 57 99

East North Central ............................................. 81 78 97 34 31 93 64 63 99

West North Central ............................................ 81 80 100 6 6 98 46 46 99

West ...................................................................... 80 79 99 28 28 99 46 44 97

Mountain ............................................................ 82 82 100 29 28 98 62 60 96

Pacific ................................................................ 79 78 98 28 28 100 38 37 97

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 16. Standard errors for insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.1 1.1 0.2

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.8 0.9 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.4 1.4 0.4

Professional and related .................................... 0.9 1.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.6 1.6 0.4

Teachers ........................................................ 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.5 1.5 0.5 2.3 2.3 0.6

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.3 1.3 0.5 1.7 1.6 0.6 2.4 2.4 0.4

Service ................................................................... 1.3 1.5 0.6 1.9 1.9 0.4 1.9 1.9 0.5

Protective service .............................................. 1.7 1.8 0.6 2.8 2.8 0.3 2.7 2.7 0.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.6 1.5 0.4 1.4 1.4 0.4 1.4 1.4 0.4

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 1.5 0.4 1.3 1.4 0.5 1.5 1.4 0.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.3 2.3 0.6 4.8 4.4 1.6 4.9 4.5 1.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.6 4.6 0.7 3.9 3.9 4.7 3.2 3.1 1.3

Full time ................................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.1 1.1 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.3

Part time ................................................................ 1.8 1.7 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.6

Union ..................................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.3 1.2 1.2 0.4 1.3 1.3 0.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.6 1.6 0.3

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.5 1.5 0.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.8 1.9 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.7 1.8 0.6 1.5 1.5 0.4

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.2 1.3 0.4 1.9 1.9 0.7 2.3 2.3 0.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 1.1 0.4 1.4 1.4 0.4 1.6 1.6 0.7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.6 1.8 0.7 1.7 1.6 0.4 1.9 1.8 1.1

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.1 1.1 0.2

Education and health services ........................... 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.6 1.6 0.4

Educational services ...................................... 1.1 1.1 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.8 1.8 0.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.3 1.3 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.8 1.8 0.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.6 1.8 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.5 2.4 2.5 1.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.0 1.9 1.3 3.3 3.2 1.7 3.7 3.8 0.9

Hospitals .................................................... 2.8 2.3 2.0 4.5 4.1 2.1 3.6 3.9 1.2

Public administration ......................................... 1.2 1.2 0.3 1.7 1.7 0.4 1.5 1.5 0.3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.7 1.7 0.4 2.0 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.0 0.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.8 2.9 0.7 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.1 0.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.5 2.5 0.4 2.7 2.6 1.8 3.0 3.0 0.6

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.3 1.3 0.3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.8 1.8 0.5 2.1 2.1 1.5 2.1 2.1 0.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.2 1.1 0.4 1.3 1.3 0.5 1.4 1.4 0.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 16. Standard errors for insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates,1 State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Life insurance Short-term disability Long-term disability

Access Participation Take-up

rate Access Participation Take-uprate Access Participation Take-uprate

State government .................................................. 0.8 0.9 0.5 1.6 1.5 0.9 1.5 1.5 0.5

Local government .................................................. 1.0 1.0 0.3 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.2 1.2 0.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.0 2.0 0.7 1.8 1.8 0.1 1.6 1.5 0.6

New England ..................................................... 2.4 3.0 2.7 2.0 2.0 0.0 2.4 2.4 0.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.5 2.5 0.1 2.4 2.4 0.1 2.1 2.1 0.8

South ..................................................................... 0.9 1.0 0.5 1.9 1.9 1.2 2.1 2.1 0.6

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.8 1.2 0.8 3.1 3.4 1.6 3.3 3.4 0.8

East South Central ............................................ 1.9 2.0 0.6 – – – 6.1 5.8 0.9

West South Central ........................................... 2.5 2.1 1.0 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.5 0.3

Midwest ................................................................. 2.1 2.2 0.5 1.5 1.5 0.7 2.5 2.5 0.2

East North Central ............................................. 2.9 3.1 0.8 2.0 2.0 0.7 2.1 2.2 0.2

West North Central ............................................ 2.5 2.5 0.3 2.5 2.4 2.0 5.6 5.6 0.5

West ...................................................................... 1.8 1.7 0.3 2.1 2.0 0.8 2.4 2.4 0.5

Mountain ............................................................ 4.1 4.1 3 ( ) 4.9 4.6 2.3 7.1 6.7 0.5

Pacific ................................................................ 1.8 1.6 0.5 2.0 2.0 3 ( ) 1.8 2.0 0.8

1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan, rounded for presentation. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. 

The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 3 Less than 0.05.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 17. Life insurance plans: Employee contribution

requirement, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 10 90

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 10 90

Professional and related .................................... 11 89

Teachers ........................................................ 11 89

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 10 90

Service ................................................................... 9 91

Protective service .............................................. 7 93

Sales and office ..................................................... 10 90

Office and administrative support ...................... 9 91

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 7 93

Full time ................................................................. 10 90

Part time ................................................................ 13 87

Union ..................................................................... 9 91

Nonunion ............................................................... 11 89

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 11 89

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 13 87

Second 25 percent ............................................ 8 92

Third 25 percent ................................................ 8 92

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 12 88

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 11 89

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 10 90

Education and health services ........................... 11 89

Educational services ...................................... 11 89

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 10 90

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 14 86

Health care and social assistance ................. 12 88

Hospitals .................................................... 10 90

Public administration ......................................... 7 93

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 9 91

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 9 91

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 9 91

100 workers or more .............................................. 10 90

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 8 92

500 workers or more .......................................... 11 89

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 17. Life insurance plans: Employee contribution

requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

State government .................................................. 13 87

Local government .................................................. 9 91

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 14 86

New England ..................................................... 42 58

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 5 95

South ..................................................................... 10 90

South Atlantic .................................................... 10 90

East South Central ............................................ 12 88

West South Central ........................................... 8 92

Midwest ................................................................. 11 89

East North Central ............................................. 14 86

West North Central ............................................ 6 94

West ...................................................................... 5 95

Mountain ............................................................ 8 92

Pacific ................................................................ 4 96

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 17. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers,

March 2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.7 0.7

Professional and related .................................... 0.7 0.7

Teachers ........................................................ 0.9 0.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.9 0.9

Service ................................................................... 1.3 1.3

Protective service .............................................. 2.1 2.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.2 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.4 1.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 3.1 3.1

Union ..................................................................... 0.7 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.9 0.9

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.2 1.2

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.8 1.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.8 0.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 1.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.7 1.7

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 0.7 0.7

Educational services ...................................... 0.7 0.7

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.7 0.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.1 2.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.1 2.1

Hospitals .................................................... 2.3 2.3

Public administration ......................................... 0.9 0.9

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.1 2.1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.7 2.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.2 2.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.4 1.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.7 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 17. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers,

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

State government .................................................. 1.5 1.5

Local government .................................................. 0.6 0.6

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.6 1.6

New England ..................................................... 3.8 3.8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 1.7

South ..................................................................... 0.9 0.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.2 1.2

East South Central ............................................ 1.7 1.7

West South Central ........................................... 1.9 1.9

Midwest ................................................................. 1.3 1.3

East North Central ............................................. 2.0 2.0

West North Central ............................................ 0.7 0.7

West ...................................................................... 1.0 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ 2.0 2.0

Pacific ................................................................ 1.1 1.1

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 18. Life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, State and local government

workers, March 2018

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

All workers ............................................................. 36 2 53 6 3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 34 3 54 5 4

Professional and related .................................... 34 2 55 5 4

Teachers ........................................................ 29 2 59 5 5

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 27 2 63 4 5

Service ................................................................... 37 2 53 6 2

Protective service .............................................. 36 2 53 7 2

Sales and office ..................................................... 38 2 50 6 4

Office and administrative support ...................... 39 2 50 6 4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 36 – 53 7 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 36 – 44 17 –

Full time ................................................................. 36 2 53 6 3

Part time ................................................................ 32 – 59 – 3

Union ..................................................................... 32 1 58 8 1

Nonunion ............................................................... 39 3 48 4 6

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 37 2 54 3 5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 38 1 54 4 3

Second 25 percent ............................................ 39 2 51 6 3

Third 25 percent ................................................ 35 2 52 7 4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 33 3 55 7 2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 30 2 59 7 1

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 36 2 53 6 3

Education and health services ........................... 35 2 54 4 4

Educational services ...................................... 31 2 58 4 4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 27 2 63 3 5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 43 4 43 7 3

Health care and social assistance ................. 57 – 35 4 –

Hospitals .................................................... 65 – 28 – –

Public administration ......................................... 35 2 53 7 3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 28 3 62 2 5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 18 – 70 3 –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 37 – 55 – 3

100 workers or more .............................................. 37 2 51 7 3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 34 3 53 6 4

500 workers or more .......................................... 39 2 49 7 3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 18. Life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with basic life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

State government .................................................. 39 3 46 7 5

Local government .................................................. 34 2 56 5 3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 33 – 52 12 –

New England ..................................................... 19 – 74 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 37 – 45 14 –

South ..................................................................... 40 3 46 4 8

South Atlantic .................................................... 51 5 29 2 14

East South Central ............................................ 44 – 39 12 –

West South Central ........................................... 21 – 74 4 –

Midwest ................................................................. 41 2 50 5 1

East North Central ............................................. 42 – 52 4 –

West North Central ............................................ 38 – 48 7 –

West ...................................................................... 26 1 68 4 1

Mountain ............................................................ 40 – 56 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 18 1 74 5 1

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not

meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit

Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 18. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, State

and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

All workers ............................................................. 1.0 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 0.3 1.2 0.6 1.0

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 0.3 1.4 0.6 1.3

Teachers ........................................................ 1.8 0.4 1.7 0.8 2.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.8 0.4 1.8 0.8 2.1

Service ................................................................... 2.0 0.5 1.9 0.7 0.5

Protective service .............................................. 3.4 0.7 3.4 1.0 0.7

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.3 0.8 2.7 0.9 0.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.4 0.5 2.7 0.9 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 4.1 – 5.5 1.8 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.7 – 3.8 3.3 –

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 3.3 – 3.2 – 1.0

Union ..................................................................... 1.4 0.3 1.3 0.6 0.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.6 0.4 1.6 0.5 0.9

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 0.6 1.7 0.7 0.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.2 0.3 2.4 1.4 1.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 0.5 1.7 0.7 0.5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.9 0.4 1.7 0.8 1.9

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.4 1.5 0.7 0.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.5 0.9 2.2 1.4 0.3

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.5

Education and health services ........................... 1.3 0.3 1.2 0.6 0.7

Educational services ...................................... 1.4 0.3 1.3 0.7 0.8

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.6 0.3 1.5 0.7 0.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.1 0.8 2.7 1.4 1.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.1 – 3.5 1.2 –

Hospitals .................................................... 6.0 – 4.2 – –

Public administration ......................................... 2.4 0.4 2.4 0.6 0.2

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.5 0.8 3.0 0.8 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.8 – 3.9 1.2 –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 4.0 – 4.2 – 1.3

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.6 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.3 0.5 2.5 1.5 0.8

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.5 0.4 1.5 0.7 0.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 18. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Method of benefit payment, State

and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Basic life insurance method of payment

Fixed

multiple of

annual

earnings

Variable

multiple of

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amount

Variable

dollar

amount

Other

State government .................................................. 1.8 0.6 1.8 0.9 0.9

Local government .................................................. 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.0 – 1.8 1.0 –

New England ..................................................... 3.1 – 2.4 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.3 – 2.0 1.3 –

South ..................................................................... 1.7 0.4 1.4 0.6 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.6 0.6 1.8 0.6 2.0

East South Central ............................................ 3.7 – 3.6 2.2 –

West South Central ........................................... 2.5 – 2.8 1.0 –

Midwest ................................................................. 2.7 0.3 2.8 1.2 0.6

East North Central ............................................. 2.3 – 3.0 1.3 –

West North Central ............................................ 6.4 – 5.5 2.2 –

West ...................................................................... 2.0 0.5 1.8 1.0 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 2.6 – 3.4 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 2.5 0.5 2.0 0.9 0.5

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 19. Life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas, State and local

government workers, March 2018

(All workers with fixed multiple of annual earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts1

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

All workers ............................................................. – 50 20 24 6 1.5 1.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 48 23 23 6 1.5 1.3

Professional and related .................................... – 49 23 22 6 1.5 1.3

Teachers ........................................................ – 46 25 21 8 1.5 1.3

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 48 28 19 5 1.5 1.3

Service ................................................................... – 52 18 20 9 1.5 1.0

Protective service .............................................. – 52 – 24 – 1.6 –

Sales and office ..................................................... – 51 19 27 3 1.4 –

Office and administrative support ...................... – 51 19 27 3 1.4 –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 55 11 32 – 1.4 1.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 49 – 28 – 1.4 1.3

Full time ................................................................. – 50 20 24 6 1.5 1.1

Part time ................................................................ – 48 20 29 – 1.5 –

Union ..................................................................... – 50 28 15 8 1.5 1.1

Nonunion ............................................................... – 50 14 32 4 1.5 –

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 54 20 23 3 1.4 1.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 54 22 22 – 1.4 1.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ – 49 20 25 5 1.5 –

Third 25 percent ................................................ – 52 19 25 4 1.4 1.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – 45 22 23 10 1.6 1.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 42 22 25 11 1.6 1.5

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – 50 21 24 6 1.5 1.1

Education and health services ........................... – 47 23 23 7 1.5 1.4

Educational services ...................................... – 43 24 25 7 1.5 1.5

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 44 26 24 6 1.5 1.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 43 19 28 11 1.6 1.5

Health care and social assistance ................. – 58 20 – 4 1.4 1.0

Hospitals .................................................... – 62 17 – – 1.4 1.0

Public administration ......................................... – 55 17 22 6 1.4 1.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 59 17 18 6 1.4 1.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 65 – – – 1.4 1.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 56 22 – – 1.4 1.0

100 workers or more .............................................. – 48 21 25 6 1.5 1.3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 41 27 28 5 1.5 1.5

500 workers or more .......................................... – 51 19 24 6 1.5 1.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 19. Life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed multiple of annual earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts1

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

State government .................................................. – 52 21 19 8 1.4 1.0

Local government .................................................. – 49 20 26 5 1.5 1.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 35 45 8 12 1.6 1.5

New England ..................................................... – 51 – – – 1.5 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 32 48 7 13 1.6 1.5

South ..................................................................... – 51 13 33 3 1.5 1.0

South Atlantic .................................................... – 51 14 31 4 1.5 1.0

East South Central ............................................ – 52 – 41 – 1.5 –

West South Central ........................................... – 52 – 30 – 1.5 –

Midwest ................................................................. – 49 22 21 7 1.4 1.1

East North Central ............................................. – 52 12 27 9 1.5 1.0

West North Central ............................................ – 44 44 11 – 1.3 –

West ...................................................................... – 62 11 22 – 1.4 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 54 – 32 – 1.4 1.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 71 – – – 1.4 1.0

1 Includes participants in plans in which insurance equaled a multiple of earnings plus or minus a specified amount. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 19. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas,

State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts1

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

All workers ............................................................. – 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.8 2 ( ) 0.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 2.1 2.0 2.2 1.0 2 ( ) 0.2

Professional and related .................................... – 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.1 2 ( ) 0.2

Teachers ........................................................ – 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.0 2 ( ) 0.3

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 3.4 2.8 3.2 1.7 0.1 0.2

Service ................................................................... – 4.1 3.0 3.2 2.4 0.1 0.3

Protective service .............................................. – 6.7 – 5.6 – 0.1 –

Sales and office ..................................................... – 3.5 2.9 3.7 0.8 2 () –

Office and administrative support ...................... – 3.5 2.7 3.8 0.8 2 () –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 4.8 3.1 4.3 – 2 ( ) 0.2

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 6.5 – 6.7 – 0.1 0.4

Full time ................................................................. – 2.0 1.8 1.9 0.8 2 ( ) 0.3

Part time ................................................................ – 7.4 5.2 6.7 – 0.1 –

Union ..................................................................... – 2.6 2.4 2.1 1.5 2 ( ) 0.2

Nonunion ............................................................... – 2.6 2.0 2.7 0.8 2 () –

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 3.5 3.3 2.9 0.9 2 ( ) 0.1

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 4.7 4.8 4.2 – 2 ( ) 0.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ – 3.0 3.0 2.4 1.0 2 () –

Third 25 percent ................................................ – 2.2 2.1 2.3 1.1 2 ( ) 0.1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – 2.9 2.1 2.4 2.1 2 ( ) 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 3.8 3.7 3.9 2.4 2 ( ) 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – 1.9 1.8 1.9 0.8 2 ( ) 0.3

Education and health services ........................... – 2.3 2.2 2.6 1.0 2 ( ) 0.3

Educational services ...................................... – 2.3 2.4 2.6 1.2 2 ( ) 0.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 3.5 3.1 3.4 1.6 2 ( ) 0.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 3.2 4.4 4.3 1.7 2 ( ) 0.1

Health care and social assistance ................. – 6.0 5.4 – 1.9 0.1 0.0

Hospitals .................................................... – 5.5 4.8 – – 0.1 0.0

Public administration ......................................... – 3.8 3.8 3.6 1.8 2 ( ) 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 5.6 4.4 5.1 2.6 0.1 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 10.9 – – – 0.1 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 6.4 5.7 – – 0.1 0.1

100 workers or more .............................................. – 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.9 2 ( ) 0.3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 4.0 3.1 3.7 1.8 0.1 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.0 2 ( ) 0.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 19. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Fixed multiple of annual earnings benefit formulas,

State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Multiple of annual earnings amounts1

Mean

multiple of

annual

earnings

Median

multiple of

annual

earnings

Less than

1.0 times

earnings

1.0 times

earnings

Over 1.0

and under

2.0 times

earnings

2.0 times

earnings

Greater

than 2.0

times

earnings

State government .................................................. – 2.7 3.3 2.5 1.5 2 ( ) 2 ( )

Local government .................................................. – 2.2 1.8 2.2 0.9 2 ( ) 0.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 3.3 2.9 2.3 3.0 0.1 0.0

New England ..................................................... – 7.4 – – – 0.1 –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 3.4 2.6 2.3 3.5 0.1 0.0

South ..................................................................... – 3.2 2.7 3.4 0.9 2 ( ) 0.2

South Atlantic .................................................... – 3.3 2.8 4.2 1.1 2 ( ) 0.3

East South Central ............................................ – 10.8 – 11.7 – 0.1 –

West South Central ........................................... – 8.0 – 6.4 – 0.1 –

Midwest ................................................................. – 3.5 4.2 3.6 1.5 2 ( ) 0.3

East North Central ............................................. – 3.1 1.3 5.0 2.2 2 ( ) 0.2

West North Central ............................................ – 8.2 10.9 3.2 – 2 () –

West ...................................................................... – 4.8 3.1 3.8 – 0.1 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 7.2 – 5.4 – 0.1 0.2

Pacific ................................................................ – 7.0 – – – 0.1 0.0

1 Includes participants in plans in which insurance equaled a multiple of earnings plus or minus a specified amount. 2 Less than 0.05. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 20. Life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local government workers, March

2018

(All workers with fixed multiple of earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 59 $50,000 $50,000 $150,000 $300,000 $500,000 41

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 56 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 44

Professional and related .................................... 55 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 45

Teachers ........................................................ 49 50,000 50,000 120,000 250,000 400,000 51

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 45 50,000 50,000 – 250,000 – 55

Service ................................................................... 55 50,000 50,000 150,000 250,000 500,000 45

Protective service .............................................. 58 40,000 – 150,000 250,000 500,000 42

Sales and office ..................................................... 65 40,000 50,000 – 250,000 500,000 35

Office and administrative support ...................... 65 40,000 50,000 – 250,000 500,000 35

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 71 50,000 100,000 – 300,000 – 29

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 68 50,000 50,000 – – 500,000 32

Full time ................................................................. 60 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 40

Part time ................................................................ 34 50,000 50,000 50,000 – 500,000 66

Union ..................................................................... 58 40,000 50,000 130,000 250,000 500,000 42

Nonunion ............................................................... 59 50,000 50,000 150,000 325,000 500,000 41

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 62 – 50,000 – 300,000 500,000 38

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 59 50,000 – – – 500,000 41

Second 25 percent ............................................ 63 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 37

Third 25 percent ................................................ 57 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 43

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 53 50,000 50,000 150,000 250,000 500,000 47

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 54 50,000 50,000 – 250,000 450,000 46

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 58 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 42

Education and health services ........................... 55 50,000 50,000 – 300,000 500,000 45

Educational services ...................................... 52 50,000 50,000 – 250,000 400,000 48

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 47 50,000 50,000 – 250,000 – 53

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 63 50,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 400,000 37

Health care and social assistance ................. 64 – 50,000 – 500,000 500,000 36

Hospitals .................................................... 67 50,000 – 250,000 500,000 500,000 33

Public administration ......................................... 61 40,000 – 150,000 300,000 500,000 39

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 45 40,000 – 100,000 250,000 500,000 55

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 65 40,000 – 150,000 – – 35

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 37 – – – 250,000 – 63

100 workers or more .............................................. 61 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 39

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 56 40,000 50,000 – 200,000 350,000 44

500 workers or more .......................................... 64 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 36

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 20. Life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with fixed multiple of earnings formula life insurance coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 61 $40,000 $50,000 – $200,000 $400,000 39

Local government .................................................. 58 50,000 50,000 – 300,000 500,000 42

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 33 40,000 40,000 $40,000 – – 67

New England ..................................................... 33 50,000 – – – 500,000 67

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 33 40,000 40,000 40,000 – – 67

South ..................................................................... 62 50,000 – 150,000 300,000 500,000 38

South Atlantic .................................................... 56 50,000 100,000 200,000 325,000 500,000 44

West South Central ........................................... 69 50,000 50,000 – – – 31

Midwest ................................................................. 55 50,000 50,000 200,000 250,000 500,000 45

East North Central ............................................. 59 50,000 50,000 – 200,000 – 41

West North Central ............................................ 47 – – 200,000 500,000 500,000 53

West ...................................................................... 82 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000 500,000 18

Mountain ............................................................ 80 50,000 100,000 175,000 300,000 500,000 20

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 20. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local government

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 1.8 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $61,882.95 $0.00 1.8

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 2.4 0.00 0.00 26,648.12 55,500.00 0.00 2.4

Professional and related .................................... 2.6 0.00 0.00 34,779.63 60,522.72 0.00 2.6

Teachers ........................................................ 3.8 0.00 0.00 34,163.80 24,140.22 40,804.41 3.8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 4.9 0.00 0.00 – 41,812.08 – 4.9

Service ................................................................... 3.4 11,100.00 0.00 0.00 65,795.14 0.00 3.4

Protective service .............................................. 4.9 11,966.20 – 0.00 52,414.22 103,227.90 4.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 3.7 9,124.14 0.00 – 70,083.88 0.00 3.7

Office and administrative support ...................... 3.7 9,124.14 0.00 – 68,885.78 0.00 3.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 4.7 0.00 12,903.49 – 62,551.98 – 4.7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 5.5 12,241.32 0.00 – – 146,271.15 5.5

Full time ................................................................. 1.9 0.00 0.00 547.45 61,882.95 0.00 1.9

Part time ................................................................ 6.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 63,213.92 6.0

Union ..................................................................... 3.2 0.00 0.00 38,364.83 18,248.29 122,072.72 3.2

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.2 0.00 8,703.88 12,070.11 55,327.23 0.00 2.2

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.5 – 0.00 – 32,897.57 0.00 2.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3.8 0.00 – – – 0.00 3.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.8 9,124.14 0.00 12,915.10 61,206.62 0.00 2.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.6 1,824.83 0.00 27,372.43 64,517.44 0.00 2.6

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 3.0 0.00 0.00 31,275.99 47,410.44 65,159.42 3.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 4.3 3,160.70 0.00 – 27,372.43 80,064.04 4.3

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.8 0.00 0.00 3,649.66 51,613.95 0.00 1.8

Education and health services ........................... 2.4 0.00 0.00 – 67,666.46 0.00 2.4

Educational services ...................................... 2.5 0.00 0.00 – 24,140.22 68,278.84 2.5

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 4.0 0.00 0.00 – 60,522.72 – 4.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 5.5 0.00 0.00 16,193.75 25,806.98 0.00 5.5

Health care and social assistance ................. 6.0 – 0.00 – 100,365.58 0.00 6.0

Hospitals .................................................... 8.0 0.00 – 71,261.84 0.00 0.00 8.0

Public administration ......................................... 4.5 11,249.00 – 25,859.18 65,795.14 0.00 4.5

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5.4 6,321.39 – 27,750.00 20,402.21 0.00 5.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 9.2 10,986.92 – 40,804.41 – – 9.2

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 6.6 – – – 34,139.42 – 6.6

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.8 0.00 0.00 6,474.93 45,620.72 0.00 1.8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.9 5,474.49 0.00 – 58,423.03 91,241.44 3.9

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.4 0.00 0.00 31,606.96 23,262.09 0.00 2.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 20. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 3.9 $0.00 $0.00 – $27,372.43 $99,949.99 3.9

Local government .................................................. 2.5 0.00 7,795.67 – 0.00 0.00 2.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 3.6 0.00 0.00 $4,828.04 – – 3.6

New England ..................................................... 6.2 12,903.49 – – – 0.00 6.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 4.1 0.00 0.00 0.00 – – 4.1

South ..................................................................... 2.7 0.00 – 36,496.58 32,579.71 0.00 2.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 43,519.39 0.00 2.9

West South Central ........................................... 7.4 0.00 0.00 – – – 7.4

Midwest ................................................................. 4.0 0.00 0.00 41,612.50 15,803.48 0.00 4.0

East North Central ............................................. 4.7 0.00 0.00 – 54,363.36 – 4.7

West North Central ............................................ 7.5 – – 0.00 127,738.01 0.00 7.5

West ...................................................................... 3.8 0.00 0.00 21,878.93 32,897.57 89,379.36 3.8

Mountain ............................................................ 5.3 7,901.74 29,776.04 35,337.66 18,248.29 112,859.43 5.3

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth

of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 21. Life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1 State and local

government workers, March 2018

(Includes workers participating in life insurance plans with flat-dollar amount formulas)

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $5,000 $10,000 $25,000 $50,000 $50,000

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Professional and related .................................... 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Teachers ........................................................ 6,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Service ................................................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

Protective service .............................................. 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 –

Sales and office ..................................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 – 50,000

Office and administrative support ...................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 – 50,000

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 10,000 – – 50,000

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 10,000 20,000 30,000 50,000

Full time ................................................................. 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Part time ................................................................ – 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Union ..................................................................... 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Nonunion ............................................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 – 50,000

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 50,000

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5,000 10,000 – 25,000 50,000

Second 25 percent ............................................ 5,000 10,000 25,000 40,000 50,000

Third 25 percent ................................................ 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 50,000

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 50,000

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 5,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Education and health services ........................... 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Educational services ...................................... 6,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 6,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 5,000 – 25,000 40,000 50,000

Health care and social assistance ................. 5,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Hospitals .................................................... 5,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Public administration ......................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 35,000 50,000

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 50,000

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 10,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 50,000

100 workers or more .............................................. 5,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

500 workers or more .......................................... 5,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 50,000

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 21. Life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1 State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(Includes workers participating in life insurance plans with flat-dollar amount formulas)

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. $5,000 $5,000 $20,000 $30,000 $50,000

Local government .................................................. 6,000 – 25,000 50,000 50,000

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 5,000 6,000 20,000 50,000 50,000

New England ..................................................... 5,000 5,000 – 40,000 50,000

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 5,000 6,000 20,000 50,000 50,000

South ..................................................................... 5,000 10,000 – 25,000 –

South Atlantic .................................................... 10,000 – 20,000 25,000 –

East South Central ............................................ 10,000 15,000 20,000 – 50,000

West South Central ........................................... 5,000 – – 20,000 40,000

Midwest ................................................................. 10,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 50,000

East North Central ............................................. – 25,000 30,000 50,000 50,000

West North Central ............................................ 10,000 20,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

West ...................................................................... 5,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

Mountain ............................................................ 15,000 25,000 48,000 50,000 57,000

Pacific ................................................................ 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 50,000

1 Includes participants in plans providing a fixed benefit amount. Dollar amounts can be a flat amount or can vary by the

employee’s earnings or length of service. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th

percentile or median, half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as

or less than the amount shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount

shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 21. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1

State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. $0.00 $0.00 $5,833.75 $6,676.36 $0.00

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Professional and related .................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Teachers ........................................................ 0.00 – 1,759.80 0.00 0.00

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – – 2,948.10 0.00 0.00

Service ................................................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 8,060.80 0.00

Protective service .............................................. 0.00 0.00 1,048.28 10,645.98 –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 0.00

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 0.00

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 1,290.35 – – 0.00

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 2,775.00 1,580.35 5,397.92 0.00

Full time ................................................................. 0.00 0.00 6,120.66 7,608.31 0.00

Part time ................................................................ – 2,308.25 6,120.66 6,679.97 0.00

Union ..................................................................... 0.00 729.93 0.00 0.00 0.00

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.00 0.00 912.41 – 0.00

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 6,632.44 0.00

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.00 0.00 – 3,134.25 0.00

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.00 0.00 5,893.38 2,244.21 0.00

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.00 0.00 3,649.66 11,109.71 0.00

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.00 1,290.35 6,044.01 0.00 0.00

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 482.80 – 2,040.22 0.00 0.00

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.00 0.00 6,571.92 6,685.96 0.00

Education and health services ........................... 258.07 0.00 0.00 1,048.28 0.00

Educational services ...................................... 893.98 2,333.36 0.00 1,389.75 0.00

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 408.04 – 0.00 0.00 0.00

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.00 – 0.00 5,737.76 0.00

Health care and social assistance ................. 0.00 – 4,652.42 10,339.44 0.00

Hospitals .................................................... 0.00 – 6,321.39 8,224.70 9,894.54

Public administration ......................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 9,077.37 0.00

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 2,885.31 2,731.15 0.00 0.00

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 0.00 0.00 3,977.12 0.00 0.00

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 0.00 2,414.02 5,394.83 0.00 0.00

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.00 0.00 1,740.78 999.20 0.00

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 2,251.65 2,182.18 5,720.92 0.00

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 3,026.14 0.00

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 21. Standard errors for life insurance plans: Flat-dollar amount benefit formulas,1

State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Flat dollar amounts2

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. $0.00 $0.00 $1,824.83 $5,161.40 $0.00

Local government .................................................. 1,340.97 – 1,401.68 0.00 0.00

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 0.00 0.00 4,652.42 0.00 0.00

New England ..................................................... 0.00 0.00 – 7,947.95 0.00

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 0.00 0.00 1,251.04 0.00 0.00

South ..................................................................... 0.00 0.00 – 0.00 –

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.00 – 3,649.66 0.00 –

East South Central ............................................ 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 0.00

West South Central ........................................... 0.00 – – 5,397.92 0.00

Midwest ................................................................. 2,448.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

East North Central ............................................. – 6,888.58 316.07 0.00 0.00

West North Central ............................................ 1,766.88 3,533.77 4,080.44 0.00 0.00

West ...................................................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mountain ............................................................ 0.00 0.00 10,808.16 0.00 5,266.77

Pacific ................................................................ 0.00 0.00 4,741.04 0.00 0.00

1 Includes participants in plans providing a fixed benefit amount. Dollar amounts can be a flat amount or can vary by the employee’s

earnings or length of service. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile

or median, half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as or less than the

amount shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount shown. The remaining

percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers

with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for

March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and

related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 22. Short-term disability plans: Method of funding, State and local

government workers, March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured1

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

All workers ............................................................. 46 43 – –

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 49 41 – –

Professional and related .................................... 50 40 – –

Teachers ........................................................ 54 34 – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 52 41 – –

Service ................................................................... 36 49 – –

Protective service .............................................. 33 54 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 45 44 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 45 45 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 41 49 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 54 40 – –

Full time ................................................................. 47 44 9 2 ( )

Part time ................................................................ 31 36 – –

Union ..................................................................... 37 45 16 1

Nonunion ............................................................... 53 42 – –

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 40 47 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 29 52 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 42 48 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 53 37 – –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 45 43 – –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 45 43 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 46 43 – –

Education and health services ........................... 50 40 – –

Educational services ...................................... 49 39 – –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 44 46 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 59 24 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 52 45 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 56 44 – –

Public administration ......................................... 38 48 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 52 36 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 61 26 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 41 47 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 44 45 – –

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 43 42 – –

500 workers or more .......................................... 44 46 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 22. Short-term disability plans: Method of funding, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured1

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

State government .................................................. 65 23 – –

Local government .................................................. 38 52 9 1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 44 37 –

New England ..................................................... 60 40 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 44 40 –

South ..................................................................... 65 35 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 74 26 – –

East South Central ............................................ – 60 – –

West South Central ........................................... 40 60 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 47 52 – –

East North Central ............................................. 47 51 – –

West North Central ............................................ 45 55 – –

West ...................................................................... 47 47 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 33 67 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 53 38 – –

1 Employer assumes all risks and expenses of providing the benefit. 2 Less than 0.5. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data

did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 22. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of funding, State

and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured1

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

All workers ............................................................. 1.4 1.5 – –

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 2.1 2.1 – –

Professional and related .................................... 2.5 2.4 – –

Teachers ........................................................ 4.2 3.4 – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 4.7 4.3 – –

Service ................................................................... 3.1 4.0 – –

Protective service .............................................. 3.9 4.6 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.8 2.4 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 3.0 2.2 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5.9 5.4 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 6.7 6.6 – –

Full time ................................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.0 0.1

Part time ................................................................ 4.6 4.8 – –

Union ..................................................................... 2.2 2.6 1.5 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.8 1.8 – –

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 3.2 3.3 – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5.2 6.1 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 3.0 2.7 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 3.5 3.1 – –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 3.3 3.3 – –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 4.0 3.8 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.4 1.5 – –

Education and health services ........................... 1.8 1.9 – –

Educational services ...................................... 1.9 2.0 – –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.9 3.0 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 5.2 4.3 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 5.2 5.2 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 5.8 5.8 – –

Public administration ......................................... 3.6 3.3 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 4.6 4.4 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5.1 5.0 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 6.1 5.8 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.7 1.7 – –

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 4.9 4.8 – –

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.0 1.8 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 22. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of funding, State

and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Noncommercially

insured1

Commercially

insured

Legally

required Other

State government .................................................. 3.3 2.9 – –

Local government .................................................. 1.8 1.9 1.0 0.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 3.1 2.5 –

New England ..................................................... 11.0 11.0 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 3.2 2.4 –

South ..................................................................... 2.0 2.0 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.1 2.1 – –

East South Central ............................................ – 13.0 – –

West South Central ........................................... 3.5 3.5 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 3.5 3.6 – –

East North Central ............................................. 3.7 3.8 – –

West North Central ............................................ 9.8 9.8 – –

West ...................................................................... 3.4 3.5 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 5.6 5.6 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 4.7 4.7 – –

1 Employer assumes all risks and expenses of providing the benefit. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 23. Short-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 13 87

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 11 89

Professional and related .................................... 11 89

Teachers ........................................................ 13 87

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 12 88

Service ................................................................... 18 82

Protective service .............................................. 18 82

Sales and office ..................................................... 14 86

Office and administrative support ...................... 14 86

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 6 94

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 12 88

Full time ................................................................. 11 89

Part time ................................................................ 26 74

Union ..................................................................... 17 83

Nonunion ............................................................... 9 91

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 11 89

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 11 89

Second 25 percent ............................................ 12 88

Third 25 percent ................................................ 12 88

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 15 85

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 13 87

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 13 87

Education and health services ........................... 12 88

Educational services ...................................... 12 88

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 14 86

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 9 91

Public administration ......................................... 15 85

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 6 94

100 workers or more .............................................. 14 86

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 20 80

500 workers or more .......................................... 12 88

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 23. Short-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

State government .................................................. 10 90

Local government .................................................. 14 86

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 34 66

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 37 63

South ..................................................................... 4 96

South Atlantic .................................................... 5 95

Midwest ................................................................. 7 93

East North Central ............................................. 7 93

West ...................................................................... 7 93

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in

this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and

related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 23. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 1.3 1.3

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 1.3

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 1.4

Teachers ........................................................ 2.2 2.2

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.6 2.6

Service ................................................................... 3.4 3.4

Protective service .............................................. 4.3 4.3

Sales and office ..................................................... 3.2 3.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.9 2.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.5 2.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 3.0 3.0

Full time ................................................................. 1.3 1.3

Part time ................................................................ 3.1 3.1

Union ..................................................................... 2.1 2.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 1.2

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.0 2.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.8 1.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 1.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.8 1.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.8 1.8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.9 1.9

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.3 1.3

Education and health services ........................... 1.9 1.9

Educational services ...................................... 2.1 2.1

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.3 2.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.7 2.7

Public administration ......................................... 1.7 1.7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.7 2.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.5 1.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.4 3.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.5 1.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 23. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

State government .................................................. 2.0 2.0

Local government .................................................. 1.4 1.4

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 3.0 3.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 3.0 3.0

South ..................................................................... 1.3 1.3

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.7 1.7

Midwest ................................................................. 1.6 1.6

East North Central ............................................. 1.7 1.7

West ...................................................................... 2.8 2.8

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 24. Short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, State and local

government workers, March 2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

All workers ............................................................. – – 88 9 2

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – – 85 10 3

Professional and related .................................... – – 86 10 4

Teachers ........................................................ – – 82 11 6

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – – 83 9 7

Service ................................................................... – – 94 5 –

Protective service .............................................. – – 95 4 –

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 91 7 –

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 92 7 –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – – 89 8 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – – 73 – –

Full time ................................................................. – – 88 9 2

Part time ................................................................ – – 86 9 –

Union ..................................................................... – – 86 8 3

Nonunion ............................................................... – – 89 9 –

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – – 92 7 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – – 95 3 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ – – 89 8 –

Third 25 percent ................................................ – – 89 9 –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – – 83 11 4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – – 80 16 –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – – 88 9 2

Education and health services ........................... – – 86 10 4

Educational services ...................................... – – 85 10 4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – – 88 7 4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – – 79 20 –

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 88 9 –

Hospitals .................................................... – – 88 8 –

Public administration ......................................... – – 94 6 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – – 85 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – – 88 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 83 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. – – 88 9 2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – – 89 8 –

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 88 9 2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 24. Short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

State government .................................................. – – 86 11 –

Local government .................................................. – – 88 8 2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – – 94 – –

New England ..................................................... – – 63 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – – 97 – –

South ..................................................................... – – 86 12 –

South Atlantic .................................................... – – 82 15 –

East South Central ............................................ – – 97 – –

West South Central ........................................... – – 92 – –

Midwest ................................................................. – – 77 19 –

East North Central ............................................. – – 75 21 –

West ...................................................................... – – 92 2 6

Mountain ............................................................ – – 94 6 –

Pacific ................................................................ – – 91 – 8

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not

meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit

Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 24. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment,

State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

All workers ............................................................. – – 1.2 1.0 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – – 1.7 1.6 0.9

Professional and related .................................... – – 2.0 1.7 1.1

Teachers ........................................................ – – 2.9 2.1 1.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – – 3.2 1.7 1.7

Service ................................................................... – – 1.8 1.6 –

Protective service .............................................. – – 2.2 1.9 –

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 2.0 1.8 –

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 1.7 1.4 –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – – 3.7 2.8 –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – – 5.9 – –

Full time ................................................................. – – 1.2 1.0 0.5

Part time ................................................................ – – 3.8 2.8 –

Union ..................................................................... – – 1.8 1.4 0.9

Nonunion ............................................................... – – 1.2 0.9 –

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – – 1.9 1.5 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – – 2.1 1.2 –

Second 25 percent ............................................ – – 2.2 1.9 –

Third 25 percent ................................................ – – 1.9 1.4 –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – – 2.1 1.9 1.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – – 2.5 3.0 –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – – 1.2 1.0 0.6

Education and health services ........................... – – 1.7 1.6 1.1

Educational services ...................................... – – 2.0 1.9 1.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – – 2.2 1.4 1.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – – 3.1 4.0 –

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 3.3 1.3 –

Hospitals .................................................... – – 2.6 2.3 –

Public administration ......................................... – – 1.7 1.7 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – – 4.6 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – – 5.4 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 7.9 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. – – 1.6 1.4 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – – 2.7 2.4 –

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 2.0 1.7 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 24. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment,

State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics Flat dollar

amounts

Dollar

amount

varies

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Other

State government .................................................. – – 2.1 1.8 –

Local government .................................................. – – 1.7 1.4 0.5

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – – 1.4 – –

New England ..................................................... – – 8.5 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – – 1.5 – –

South ..................................................................... – – 2.9 2.4 –

South Atlantic .................................................... – – 3.6 3.0 –

East South Central ............................................ – – 2.0 – –

West South Central ........................................... – – 5.7 – –

Midwest ................................................................. – – 3.5 2.7 –

East North Central ............................................. – – 3.7 2.9 –

West ...................................................................... – – 1.6 0.6 1.6

Mountain ............................................................ – – 1.2 1.2 –

Pacific ................................................................ – – 2.2 – 2.2

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 25. Short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, State and local government workers, March

2018

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks1

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 87 12 21 26 26 52 13

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 88 12 21 26 26 52 12

Professional and related .................................... 88 12 20 26 26 52 12

Teachers ........................................................ 91 12 – 26 – 52 9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 88 12 13 26 – 52 12

Service ................................................................... 89 13 22 26 26 – 11

Protective service .............................................. 94 13 22 26 26 – 6

Sales and office ..................................................... 84 – 25 26 26 52 16

Office and administrative support ...................... 83 – 26 26 26 52 17

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 87 12 – 26 – 52 13

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 68 12 20 26 26 – 32

Full time ................................................................. 87 12 21 26 26 52 13

Part time ................................................................ 79 – 26 26 26 – 21

Union ..................................................................... 85 12 24 26 26 26 15

Nonunion ............................................................... 88 12 21 26 52 52 12

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 83 12 20 26 – 52 17

Second 25 percent ............................................ 88 12 22 26 26 52 12

Third 25 percent ................................................ 87 12 22 26 – 52 13

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 88 13 21 26 26 – 12

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 92 12 25 26 26 – 8

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 87 12 21 26 26 52 13

Education and health services ........................... 86 12 20 26 26 52 14

Educational services ...................................... 88 12 20 26 – 52 12

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 83 12 13 26 – 52 17

Public administration ......................................... 88 – 25 26 26 52 12

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 88 16 25 26 – 52 12

100 workers or more .............................................. 87 12 21 26 26 52 13

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 86 – 21 26 26 52 14

500 workers or more .......................................... 87 12 21 26 26 52 13

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 25. Short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks1

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 95 21 26 26 – 52 5

Local government .................................................. 84 12 18 26 26 52 16

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 93 26 26 26 26 26 7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 93 26 26 26 26 26 7

Midwest ................................................................. 57 12 13 26 26 52 43

East North Central ............................................. 53 12 16 26 26 52 47

West ...................................................................... 91 – 20 26 26 26 9

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 25. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, State and local government

workers, March 2018

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks1

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 0.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.6 0.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6

Professional and related .................................... 1.7 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7

Teachers ........................................................ 1.5 0.0 – 0.0 – 0.0 1.5

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.3 1.9 0.0 1.7 – 0.0 2.3

Service ................................................................... 1.3 0.8 1.4 0.0 0.0 – 1.3

Protective service .............................................. 1.2 3.5 3.5 0.0 0.0 – 1.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.4 – 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.4 – 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.8 2.1 – 0.0 – 0.0 2.8

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 6.4 3.2 5.9 0.0 0.0 – 6.4

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Part time ................................................................ 4.3 – 1.1 0.0 0.0 – 4.3

Union ..................................................................... 1.6 0.5 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.2 1.3 0.3 0.0 7.7 0.0 2.2

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.2 0.4 2.0 0.0 – 0.0 2.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 1.3 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.8 0.6 2.8 0.0 – 0.0 1.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.6 1.3 3.2 0.0 0.0 – 1.6

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.2 0.4 2.6 0.0 0.0 – 2.2

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.2 0.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2

Education and health services ........................... 1.9 0.3 1.1 0.0 2.2 0.0 1.9

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 0.6 1.9 0.0 – 0.0 1.3

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 – 0.0 2.0

Public administration ......................................... 1.3 – 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 3.5 4.2 2.3 0.0 – 0.0 3.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.1 – 2.4 0.0 3.2 0.0 3.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.9 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 25. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Duration of benefits, State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics Fixed

duration

Number of weeks1

Duration

10th varies

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 – 0.0 1.7

Local government .................................................. 1.3 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Midwest ................................................................. 3.1 0.0 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.1

East North Central ............................................. 2.9 0.0 4.2 0.0 5.4 0.0 2.9

West ...................................................................... 2.7 – 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 26. Short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, State and local government workers, March

2018

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

All workers ............................................................. – 35 – 24 24 10 60.2 60.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 36 – 21 25 10 60.5 60.0

Professional and related .................................... – 36 – 22 26 11 61.0 60.0

Teachers ........................................................ – 37 – 13 32 13 62.5 60.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 35 – 15 36 12 62.8 60.0

Service ................................................................... – 32 – 33 22 10 59.9 60.0

Protective service .............................................. – 30 – 33 23 11 60.3 60.0

Sales and office ..................................................... – 37 9 22 25 – 59.0 60.0

Office and administrative support ...................... – 37 9 21 25 – 59.1 60.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 32 – 29 19 – 62.6 60.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 43 – 33 – – 58.9 60.0

Full time ................................................................. – 34 – 25 24 10 60.5 60.0

Part time ................................................................ – 57 8 13 – 8 56.5 50.0

Union ..................................................................... – 27 10 19 35 8 61.4 60.0

Nonunion ............................................................... – 42 – 29 14 12 59.2 60.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 46 – 32 13 9 58.0 60.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 38 – 35 19 – 59.1 60.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ – 33 – 25 25 10 60.3 60.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ – 39 – 23 24 11 60.5 60.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – 27 12 19 31 – 61.6 60.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 24 15 16 35 – 62.0 60.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – 36 – 24 24 10 60.1 60.0

Education and health services ........................... – 36 – 19 23 11 60.7 60.0

Educational services ...................................... – 39 – 13 26 13 61.2 60.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 42 4 14 30 10 60.9 60.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 33 21 – 17 17 61.7 55.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – – – 46 – 6 58.7 60.0

Hospitals .................................................... – – – 41 – – 58.1 60.0

Public administration ......................................... – 38 – 27 25 8 59.1 60.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 48 – 26 16 – 57.6 60.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 52 – 26 – – 56.7 50.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 42 – 26 21 – 58.8 60.0

100 workers or more .............................................. – 33 – 24 25 10 60.8 60.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 41 – 29 24 4 58.1 60.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 29 – 22 26 13 61.8 60.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 26. Short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

State government .................................................. – 33 14 28 14 – 59.8 60.0

Local government .................................................. – 37 3 23 27 10 60.3 60.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 26 – 9 53 6 61.8 67.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 27 – 7 55 – 61.2 67.0

South ..................................................................... – 48 – 27 10 15 60.4 60.0

South Atlantic .................................................... – 62 – – 8 13 58.1 50.0

West South Central ........................................... – – – 50 – – 63.9 60.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 48 – 17 17 19 60.0 60.0

East North Central ............................................. – 52 – 15 15 19 59.7 50.0

West ...................................................................... – 22 19 41 15 3 58.5 60.0

Mountain ............................................................ – – – 67 23 – 61.0 60.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 29 28 28 12 3 57.3 58.0

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 26. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, State and local

government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

All workers ............................................................. – 1.6 – 1.9 1.5 1.3 0.5 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ – 1.9 – 2.0 1.7 1.6 0.7 0.0

Professional and related .................................... – 2.4 – 2.1 1.9 1.8 0.8 0.0

Teachers ........................................................ – 2.8 – 1.5 2.9 2.5 1.1 0.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ – 3.9 – 2.0 4.0 3.0 1.2 4.8

Service ................................................................... – 3.0 – 3.8 2.8 2.3 0.6 0.0

Protective service .............................................. – 3.8 – 5.1 4.5 3.1 0.7 0.0

Sales and office ..................................................... – 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.3 – 0.7 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... – 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.1 – 0.7 0.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – 5.1 – 5.2 4.7 – 1.9 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 9.1 – 6.5 – – 1.7 4.4

Full time ................................................................. – 1.7 – 1.9 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.0

Part time ................................................................ – 5.8 2.0 3.1 – 1.7 1.2 0.0

Union ..................................................................... – 1.9 1.6 1.7 2.3 1.7 0.5 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... – 2.7 – 2.5 1.8 2.0 0.8 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. – 3.4 – 3.0 2.4 2.1 0.7 1.8

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – 6.3 – 6.4 4.9 – 1.1 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ – 3.4 – 3.1 2.8 1.8 0.8 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ – 3.7 – 2.5 2.9 2.0 0.9 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.8 – 0.6 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 2.8 2.1 3.5 3.6 – 0.9 1.1

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. – 1.6 – 1.9 1.5 1.3 0.5 0.0

Education and health services ........................... – 2.4 – 2.4 1.8 1.9 0.9 0.0

Educational services ...................................... – 2.1 – 1.4 1.6 2.3 1.0 1.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... – 2.7 0.9 1.8 2.0 2.5 0.9 0.5

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – 3.4 2.1 – 3.1 4.4 2.1 2.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – – – 9.8 – 0.8 1.0 0.0

Hospitals .................................................... – – – 11.0 – – 1.1 2.9

Public administration ......................................... – 2.4 – 2.2 2.3 2.1 0.5 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 4.1 – 3.8 3.3 – 0.8 7.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 5.5 – 5.8 – – 1.1 8.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 7.6 – 6.1 5.7 – 1.5 3.2

100 workers or more .............................................. – 2.0 – 2.3 1.8 1.5 0.6 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 4.8 – 4.6 5.7 1.5 0.8 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 2.9 – 2.6 1.8 2.0 0.9 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 26. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

50 percent 50 percent 51 to 59percent 60 percent 61 to 69percent

Greater

than 69

percent

State government .................................................. – 2.3 1.6 2.6 2.5 – 1.1 1.0

Local government .................................................. – 2.0 0.8 2.3 1.6 1.6 0.5 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 2.0 – 1.9 3.2 2.5 0.7 0.4

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 2.3 – 1.6 3.7 – 0.7 0.2

South ..................................................................... – 4.5 – 4.2 2.3 3.2 1.4 8.0

South Atlantic .................................................... – 5.6 – – 1.7 2.4 0.9 0.0

West South Central ........................................... – – – 7.0 – – 5.7 0.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 3.6 – 2.6 2.9 2.9 1.1 8.4

East North Central ............................................. – 3.1 – 2.7 2.5 3.1 1.2 5.2

West ...................................................................... – 2.6 2.9 3.8 2.6 1.3 0.4 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ – – – 6.0 5.8 – 0.3 0.0

Pacific ................................................................ – 3.4 4.0 4.5 2.8 1.4 0.5 4.3

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 27. Short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local government workers,

March 2018

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 74 $170 $200 $604 $800 $1,500 26

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 78 170 200 615 723 1,160 22

Professional and related .................................... 79 170 200 615 720 1,150 21

Teachers ........................................................ 84 185 225 692 692 1,000 16

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 84 200 225 692 692 1,000 16

Service ................................................................... 74 170 200 600 1,000 – 26

Protective service .............................................. 77 135 200 570 1,000 2,300 23

Sales and office ..................................................... 71 170 200 600 692 1,270 29

Office and administrative support ...................... 70 170 200 595 692 1,270 30

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 62 170 – 692 1,000 1,500 38

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 59 170 170 – 692 1,000 41

Full time ................................................................. 75 170 200 615 808 1,500 25

Part time ................................................................ 70 170 170 185 615 731 30

Union ..................................................................... 77 135 185 225 633 1,000 23

Nonunion ............................................................... 72 185 500 692 1,000 1,500 28

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 70 170 – 692 923 1,500 30

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 75 170 – 576 1,000 1,500 25

Second 25 percent ............................................ 72 170 200 580 800 1,500 28

Third 25 percent ................................................ 76 170 – 692 923 1,500 24

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 78 170 185 – 692 1,000 22

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 82 135 185 200 633 831 18

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 74 170 200 604 750 1,500 26

Education and health services ........................... 76 185 200 633 808 1,160 24

Educational services ...................................... 77 170 200 615 692 1,000 23

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 75 170 200 615 692 1,000 25

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 81 185 185 595 692 923 19

Health care and social assistance ................. 75 185 – 923 – – 25

Public administration ......................................... 71 135 200 576 – 1,500 29

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 72 135 170 576 692 1,270 28

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 66 135 135 – 692 – 34

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 80 135 – 633 – 1,270 20

100 workers or more .............................................. 75 170 200 615 808 1,500 25

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 73 170 – 692 1,000 1,000 27

500 workers or more .......................................... 75 170 200 576 750 1,500 25

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 27. Short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local government workers,

March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed percent of annual earnings short-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 81 $135 $185 $595 $692 – 19

Local government .................................................. 72 170 200 604 1,000 $1,500 28

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 93 170 170 200 604 637 7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 96 170 170 200 604 633 4

South ..................................................................... 78 500 576 692 692 1,000 22

South Atlantic .................................................... 81 500 692 692 692 – 19

Midwest ................................................................. 30 – 500 923 1,270 1,500 70

East North Central ............................................. 25 – 580 923 1,000 1,500 75

West ...................................................................... 80 135 185 594 1,385 2,310 20

Mountain ............................................................ 78 – 1,000 1,500 2,310 2,310 22

Pacific ................................................................ 81 135 135 185 – 1,000 19

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 27. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local

government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 1.6 $0.00 $0.00 $13.71 $81.18 $151.33 1.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 2.1 0.00 0.00 33.26 72.69 272.75 2.1

Professional and related .................................... 2.3 0.00 0.00 38.69 84.37 255.41 2.3

Teachers ........................................................ 2.7 12.24 0.00 76.59 0.00 0.00 2.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.9 0.00 7.90 54.42 51.85 38.71 2.9

Service ................................................................... 2.3 12.77 20.48 38.20 0.00 – 2.3

Protective service .............................................. 2.7 0.00 28.71 63.82 178.38 13.66 2.7

Sales and office ..................................................... 3.1 13.13 2.74 25.98 20.24 341.32 3.1

Office and administrative support ...................... 3.0 8.21 4.74 37.80 8.76 352.84 3.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 6.1 11.06 – 28.56 113.96 29.68 6.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 7.2 0.00 0.00 – 38.26 188.32 7.2

Full time ................................................................. 1.6 0.00 0.00 25.40 116.73 29.68 1.6

Part time ................................................................ 4.3 49.06 0.00 30.75 109.63 17.37 4.3

Union ..................................................................... 2.1 28.69 0.00 24.14 95.34 76.22 2.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.8 3.87 20.57 0.00 106.08 229.01 2.8

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.7 6.12 – 28.22 155.53 257.84 2.7

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4.7 0.00 – 130.14 152.65 226.02 4.7

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.8 3.65 0.00 22.67 128.53 66.10 2.8

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.4 0.00 – 14.19 207.79 0.00 2.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 2.2 28.56 0.00 – 39.10 229.29 2.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.9 39.89 0.00 0.00 44.79 65.61 2.9

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.6 0.00 0.00 12.87 78.49 203.58 1.6

Education and health services ........................... 2.2 10.95 0.00 64.64 122.78 306.54 2.2

Educational services ...................................... 2.2 18.56 0.00 32.30 0.00 0.00 2.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.8 11.93 0.00 89.09 0.00 136.86 2.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 4.2 26.10 0.00 9.66 0.00 0.00 4.2

Health care and social assistance ................. 6.8 0.00 – 257.85 – – 6.8

Public administration ......................................... 2.6 0.00 0.00 12.28 – 0.00 2.6

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 6.5 0.00 45.37 83.07 41.54 365.39 6.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 8.6 9.12 0.00 – 0.00 – 8.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 5.5 11.06 – 105.24 – 253.50 5.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 2.1 2.74 0.00 18.10 116.96 161.42 2.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.8 29.25 – 24.07 167.39 0.00 3.8

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.9 17.74 0.00 39.62 91.45 226.54 2.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 27. Standard errors for short-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum weekly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 2.5 $0.00 $0.00 $33.77 $0.00 – 2.5

Local government .................................................. 2.1 0.00 0.00 17.51 119.26 $51.40 2.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.4 0.00 8.21 0.00 14.66 56.01 2.4

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.6 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.53 0.00 1.6

South ..................................................................... 3.7 30.06 58.65 0.00 0.00 27.37 3.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 3.8 15.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 3.8

Midwest ................................................................. 5.9 – 141.61 0.00 163.38 51.20 5.9

East North Central ............................................. 5.7 – 160.96 0.00 212.64 41.97 5.7

West ...................................................................... 2.3 0.00 27.37 105.18 299.59 534.49 2.3

Mountain ............................................................ 4.5 – 179.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.5

Pacific ................................................................ 2.6 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 91.87 2.6

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 28. Long-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 17 83

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 19 81

Professional and related .................................... 20 80

Teachers ........................................................ 24 76

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 28 72

Service ................................................................... 14 86

Sales and office ..................................................... 14 86

Office and administrative support ...................... 14 86

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 13 87

Full time ................................................................. 17 83

Part time ................................................................ 19 81

Union ..................................................................... 16 84

Nonunion ............................................................... 18 82

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 18 82

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 22 78

Second 25 percent ............................................ 12 88

Third 25 percent ................................................ 18 82

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 20 80

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 17 83

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 17 83

Education and health services ........................... 19 81

Educational services ...................................... 21 79

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 24 76

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 13 87

Health care and social assistance ................. 13 87

Public administration ......................................... 15 85

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 22 78

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 17 83

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 26 74

100 workers or more .............................................. 16 84

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 20 80

500 workers or more .......................................... 14 86

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 28. Long-term disability plans: Employee contribution

requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

State government .................................................. 18 82

Local government .................................................. 17 83

Geographic areas

South ..................................................................... 14 86

South Atlantic .................................................... 19 81

Midwest ................................................................. 24 76

East North Central ............................................. 32 68

West North Central ............................................ 4 96

West ...................................................................... 14 86

Mountain ............................................................ 27 73

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans,

key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 28. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.9

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 1.3

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 1.4

Teachers ........................................................ 1.9 1.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.5 2.5

Service ................................................................... 3.2 3.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.6 1.6

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.7 1.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.4 3.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9

Part time ................................................................ 3.8 3.8

Union ..................................................................... 1.4 1.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 1.2

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.9 1.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.8 2.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 1.5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.9 1.9

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 1.7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.8 2.8

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 1.0

Education and health services ........................... 1.1 1.1

Educational services ...................................... 1.2 1.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.8 1.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.1 2.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 2.8 2.8

Public administration ......................................... 2.0 2.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 3.4 3.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 4.5 4.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 4.9 4.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.1 1.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.1 3.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 1.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 28. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Employee

contribution requirement, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Employee

contribution

required

Employee

contribution not

required

State government .................................................. 2.2 2.2

Local government .................................................. 1.2 1.2

Geographic areas

South ..................................................................... 1.0 1.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.1 1.1

Midwest ................................................................. 2.0 2.0

East North Central ............................................. 2.8 2.8

West North Central ............................................ 1.9 1.9

West ...................................................................... 1.8 1.8

Mountain ............................................................ 2.8 2.8

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee

Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 29. Long-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, State and

local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

All workers ............................................................. 97 2 1 1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 97 1 1 1

Professional and related .................................... 96 1 1 1

Teachers ........................................................ 95 1 2 1

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 94 1 3 2

Service ................................................................... 97 – – –

Protective service .............................................. 97 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 98 2 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 98 2 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 98 – – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 96 – – –

Full time ................................................................. 97 2 1 1

Part time ................................................................ 96 – – –

Union ..................................................................... 96 1 2 1

Nonunion ............................................................... 98 2 – –

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 98 – – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 100 – – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 97 2 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 98 1 – –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 95 2 3 1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 94 – 4 –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 97 2 1 1

Education and health services ........................... 96 2 1 1

Educational services ...................................... 96 2 2 1

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 95 1 2 2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 97 – – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 99 – – –

Hospitals .................................................... 98 – – –

Public administration ......................................... 98 2 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 96 1 3 –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 96 2 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 95 – 4 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 97 2 – –

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 96 2 – –

500 workers or more .......................................... 98 1 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 29. Long-term disability plans: Method of benefit payment, State and

local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

State government .................................................. 97 3 – –

Local government .................................................. 97 1 1 1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 92 – 8 –

New England ..................................................... 100 – – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 89 – – –

South ..................................................................... 100 – – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 100 – – –

East South Central ............................................ 99 – – –

West South Central ........................................... 99 – – –

Midwest ................................................................. 95 4 – –

East North Central ............................................. 95 5 – –

West North Central ............................................ 97 2 – –

West ...................................................................... 97 – – 2

Mountain ............................................................ 100 – – –

Pacific ................................................................ 95 – – 4

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category

or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 29. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Method of benefit

payment, State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.2

Professional and related .................................... 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.2

Teachers ........................................................ 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.4

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.4 0.6 1.0 0.5

Service ................................................................... 1.4 – – –

Protective service .............................................. 1.9 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.7 0.5 – –

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.7 0.5 – –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.0 – – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 1.9 – – –

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2

Part time ................................................................ 2.0 – – –

Union ..................................................................... 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.4 0.3 – –

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.7 – – –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 0.3 – – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.7 0.4 – –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.4 0.3 – –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.5 – 1.1 –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2

Education and health services ........................... 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3

Educational services ...................................... 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.4

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 0.6 – – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.0 – – –

Hospitals .................................................... 1.3 – – –

Public administration ......................................... 0.5 0.5 – –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.2 0.3 1.1 –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.0 0.4 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.2 – 1.1 –

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.4 0.3 – –

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.1 0.7 – –

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.4 0.3 – –

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 29. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Method of benefit

payment, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Percent

varies by

annual

earnings

Flat dollar

amounts Other

State government .................................................. 0.5 0.5 – –

Local government .................................................. 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.3 – 2.3 –

New England ..................................................... 0.0 – – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 3.3 – – –

South ..................................................................... 0.2 – – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.2 – – –

East South Central ............................................ 0.5 – – –

West South Central ........................................... 0.8 – – –

Midwest ................................................................. 0.8 0.8 – –

East North Central ............................................. 1.1 1.1 – –

West North Central ............................................ 0.4 0.7 – –

West ...................................................................... 1.3 – – 0.7

Mountain ............................................................ 0.1 – – –

Pacific ................................................................ 2.2 – – 1.2

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 30. Long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, State and local government

workers, March 2018

(All workers with a fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

All workers ............................................................. 18 42 20 17 2 60.2 60.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 18 39 23 18 3 60.3 60.0

Professional and related .................................... 17 39 24 17 3 60.4 60.0

Teachers ........................................................ 17 32 28 19 4 60.8 62.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 18 26 28 23 5 61.0 63.0

Service ................................................................... 22 48 13 14 3 59.7 60.0

Protective service .............................................. 25 46 – 17 – 59.4 60.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 16 47 19 17 1 60.4 60.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 16 46 19 17 1 60.5 60.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 17 49 – 18 – 60.2 60.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 51 – – – 61.1 60.0

Full time ................................................................. 18 43 20 17 2 60.2 60.0

Part time ................................................................ 25 34 23 – – 60.5 60.0

Union ..................................................................... 23 42 11 20 4 59.5 60.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 14 42 28 15 1 60.8 60.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 17 45 23 14 2 60.3 60.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 17 44 22 – – 60.1 60.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 18 47 17 16 1 59.7 60.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 17 39 23 19 2 60.5 60.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 19 41 18 18 4 60.2 60.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 45 19 17 – 60.3 60.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 18 42 20 17 2 60.2 60.0

Education and health services ........................... 17 40 25 15 3 60.2 60.0

Educational services ...................................... 17 37 27 16 3 60.6 60.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 17 29 28 22 4 61.3 63.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 14 53 27 – – 59.6 60.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – 57 14 – – 58.0 60.0

Hospitals .................................................... – 61 12 – – 57.7 60.0

Public administration ......................................... 20 44 13 20 2 60.3 60.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 13 25 34 25 4 62.7 65.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 13 30 27 30 – 61.8 65.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 20 39 21 – 63.4 65.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 19 47 17 15 2 59.6 60.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 17 38 20 22 4 61.0 60.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 20 51 16 12 1 59.0 60.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 30. Long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with a fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability coverage = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

State government .................................................. – 42 30 15 – 60.4 60.0

Local government .................................................. 19 43 17 18 3 60.2 60.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 55 15 14 – 60.1 60.0

New England ..................................................... – 48 – – – 59.3 60.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 58 – 13 – 60.5 60.0

South ..................................................................... 9 47 38 – – 61.0 60.0

South Atlantic .................................................... – 34 52 5 – 61.5 62.0

East South Central ............................................ – 69 15 – – 60.2 60.0

West South Central ........................................... – 75 6 9 – 59.8 60.0

Midwest ................................................................. 35 32 8 18 7 58.1 60.0

East North Central ............................................. 43 22 8 21 6 57.6 60.0

West North Central ............................................ 15 59 – – 9 59.2 60.0

West ...................................................................... – 45 14 31 – 61.9 60.0

Mountain ............................................................ 5 42 – 44 – 63.0 66.0

Pacific ................................................................ 13 48 18 – – 61.0 60.0

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 30. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, State and local

government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

All workers ............................................................. 1.4 1.9 1.0 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.0

Professional and related .................................... 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.0

Teachers ........................................................ 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.1 0.6 2.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 1.6 0.9 1.9

Service ................................................................... 3.0 3.6 2.3 2.7 0.9 0.4 0.0

Protective service .............................................. 5.1 4.9 – 4.5 – 0.6 0.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.6 3.0 2.1 2.9 0.5 0.4 0.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 3.1 2.2 3.0 0.5 0.4 0.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.1 5.7 – 5.2 – 0.6 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – 8.4 – – – 0.8 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 1.4 1.9 1.1 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 5.0 5.1 4.4 – – 0.9 0.0

Union ..................................................................... 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.3 0.7 0.5 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.1 3.0 1.2 1.8 0.3 0.4 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.8 3.1 1.9 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 3.5 5.0 1.9 – – 0.5 0.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.8 3.2 2.1 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.6 2.8 2.5 1.8 0.7 0.5 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.6 2.5 1.7 2.8 0.8 0.4 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 4.0 2.3 4.0 – 0.6 0.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.4 1.9 1.0 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.0

Education and health services ........................... 1.8 2.1 1.2 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.0

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 1.8 1.3 2.0 0.7 0.4 0.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.7 2.5 1.9 3.0 1.2 0.5 1.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3.1 2.0 1.5 – – 1.2 0.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – 8.3 2.4 – – 1.2 0.0

Hospitals .................................................... – 8.5 1.4 – – 1.4 0.0

Public administration ......................................... 2.8 4.2 1.5 3.7 0.4 0.6 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 3.3 2.8 3.6 3.9 0.9 0.8 1.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 3.5 5.0 6.3 6.7 – 0.7 1.7

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 4.5 6.1 4.3 – 1.2 2.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 2.0 2.2 1.2 1.7 0.6 0.5 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3.9 2.9 3.0 3.6 2.0 1.2 0.6

500 workers or more .......................................... 2.1 2.7 1.7 1.9 0.3 0.5 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 30. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Fixed percent of annual earnings, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Fixed percent of annual earnings Mean fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Median

fixed

percent of

annual

earnings

Less than

60 percent 60 percent 61 to 66percent 67 percent

Greater

than 67

percent

State government .................................................. – 2.5 1.2 2.0 – 0.8 0.0

Local government .................................................. 1.8 2.3 1.3 2.0 0.6 0.4 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – 5.5 4.2 3.2 – 0.8 0.0

New England ..................................................... – 14.0 – – – 2.4 0.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – 5.5 – 2.7 – 0.5 0.0

South ..................................................................... 3.0 3.2 1.9 – – 0.5 0.0

South Atlantic .................................................... – 4.5 2.4 1.7 – 0.6 1.0

East South Central ............................................ – 4.5 4.2 – – 0.9 0.0

West South Central ........................................... – 4.5 2.1 2.6 – 0.6 0.0

Midwest ................................................................. 1.8 2.0 1.6 2.6 1.1 0.7 0.0

East North Central ............................................. 2.2 2.1 2.2 3.0 1.0 0.7 0.0

West North Central ............................................ 3.8 5.1 – – 2.8 1.9 0.0

West ...................................................................... – 4.9 2.0 4.6 – 0.5 1.9

Mountain ............................................................ 2.3 8.6 – 7.0 – 0.6 6.0

Pacific ................................................................ 3.0 5.7 2.9 – – 0.8 0.0

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 31. Long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local government workers,

March 2018

(All workers participating in fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 73 $2,400 $3,900 $5,000 $7,500 $10,000 27

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 73 – 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,000 27

Professional and related .................................... 74 1,500 3,900 5,000 7,200 10,000 26

Teachers ........................................................ 72 – 3,900 5,000 6,000 9,450 28

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 69 – 3,900 5,000 6,000 8,000 31

Service ................................................................... 72 – 3,900 5,000 6,000 10,000 28

Protective service .............................................. 72 3,000 – 5,000 6,000 10,000 28

Sales and office ..................................................... 73 3,000 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,000 27

Office and administrative support ...................... 73 3,000 3,900 5,000 8,000 10,000 27

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 72 3,000 4,000 5,000 8,000 10,000 28

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 67 3,900 5,000 5,000 6,000 10,000 33

Full time ................................................................. 73 – 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,000 27

Part time ................................................................ 61 2,500 – 6,000 7,500 10,000 39

Union ..................................................................... 70 3,000 5,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 30

Nonunion ............................................................... 76 800 3,900 5,000 7,000 10,000 24

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 69 1,000 3,900 5,000 6,111 10,000 31

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 68 800 – 5,000 7,000 10,000 32

Second 25 percent ............................................ 74 2,500 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,000 26

Third 25 percent ................................................ 74 1,500 3,900 5,000 7,000 10,000 26

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 73 3,102 5,000 5,000 8,000 10,000 27

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 75 3,000 5,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 25

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 73 – 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,000 27

Education and health services ........................... 74 1,500 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,000 26

Educational services ...................................... 72 1,500 3,900 5,000 7,000 10,000 28

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 69 – 3,900 5,000 6,000 8,250 31

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 79 – 4,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 21

Health care and social assistance ................. 83 – 5,000 – 10,000 – 17

Public administration ......................................... 67 3,102 4,000 5,000 6,250 10,000 33

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 70 800 3,900 5,000 6,250 10,000 30

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 70 2,500 3,900 5,000 6,000 10,000 30

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 70 800 – 5,000 7,500 10,000 30

100 workers or more .............................................. 74 2,500 3,900 5,000 7,500 10,000 26

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 72 3,000 3,900 5,000 6,000 10,000 28

500 workers or more .......................................... 74 – 4,000 5,000 8,000 10,000 26

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 31. Long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local government workers,

March 2018—continued

(All workers participating in fixed percent of annual earnings long-term disability plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 75 – $3,900 $5,000 $7,500 $15,000 25

Local government .................................................. 72 $2,500 3,900 5,000 7,000 10,000 28

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 80 2,500 5,000 5,000 – 13,000 20

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 79 2,500 5,000 5,000 6,500 – 21

South ..................................................................... 89 800 3,900 5,000 6,000 10,000 11

South Atlantic .................................................... 90 800 – 3,900 5,000 10,000 10

West South Central ........................................... 85 – 5,000 5,000 6,000 10,000 15

Midwest ................................................................. 51 – 5,000 5,000 7,500 11,667 49

East North Central ............................................. 48 – 5,000 5,000 7,500 11,667 52

West North Central ............................................ 61 5,000 5,000 5,000 7,500 – 39

West ...................................................................... 77 3,102 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 23

Mountain ............................................................ 65 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,333 – 35

Pacific ................................................................ 86 3,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 14

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 31. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local

government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 1.4 $695.83 $0.00 $0.00 $476.21 $0.00 1.4

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.6 – 18.25 0.00 254.42 228.10 1.6

Professional and related .................................... 1.8 309.41 0.00 0.00 498.08 354.74 1.8

Teachers ........................................................ 2.2 – 0.00 0.00 253.83 978.04 2.2

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 3.6 – 335.49 0.00 0.00 249.20 3.6

Service ................................................................... 3.2 – 225.72 0.00 723.47 100.37 3.2

Protective service .............................................. 5.1 593.93 – 0.00 0.00 948.21 5.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.8 668.25 0.00 91.24 989.29 0.00 2.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.7 658.46 0.00 164.15 1,082.51 0.00 2.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 4.3 501.73 1,081.43 875.16 1,578.37 2,032.04 4.3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 6.6 650.67 884.05 0.00 795.42 790.17 6.6

Full time ................................................................. 1.4 – 0.00 0.00 534.52 0.00 1.4

Part time ................................................................ 5.4 562.45 – 1,062.70 678.20 291.97 5.4

Union ..................................................................... 2.1 26.32 0.00 0.00 568.34 0.00 2.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 2.0 115.41 0.00 0.00 690.38 446.99 2.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 2.6 290.83 0.00 0.00 916.81 0.00 2.6

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 4.8 0.00 – 0.00 1,044.03 0.00 4.8

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2.0 419.31 350.54 0.00 629.76 0.00 2.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.4 439.95 0.00 0.00 479.54 0.00 2.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 2.0 150.06 0.00 0.00 170.66 2,303.28 2.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 3.6 114.21 635.55 0.00 676.66 2,541.69 3.6

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.4 – 0.00 0.00 471.29 0.00 1.4

Education and health services ........................... 1.6 378.62 0.00 0.00 404.93 772.04 1.6

Educational services ...................................... 1.7 299.16 0.00 0.00 547.45 0.00 1.7

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 3.0 – 232.26 0.00 186.93 466.43 3.0

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 4.1 – 1,008.79 1,224.13 1,119.11 2,925.42 4.1

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.4 – 0.00 – 1,482.50 – 4.4

Public administration ......................................... 3.2 143.36 593.56 0.00 1,038.59 0.00 3.2

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 4.1 0.00 206.46 0.00 922.62 451.62 4.1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 7.0 474.10 126.43 0.00 387.10 456.21 7.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 4.9 0.00 – 0.00 1,714.35 1,403.90 4.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.9 638.69 118.26 0.00 303.71 0.00 1.9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 4.5 612.99 101.60 0.00 647.66 1,300.63 4.5

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.8 – 365.77 0.00 384.67 2,322.63 1.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 31. Standard errors for long-term disability plans: Maximum benefit amounts, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

With

maximum

benefit

amount

Maximum monthly benefit amount1

With no

maximum

benefit

amount

10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 2.8 – $0.00 $0.00 $1,241.29 $4,467.15 2.8

Local government .................................................. 1.8 $302.61 112.49 0.00 756.07 0.00 1.8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 4.7 241.40 0.00 248.53 – 2,612.76 4.7

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 5.8 437.58 1,163.60 0.00 1,445.54 – 5.8

South ..................................................................... 1.7 0.00 375.86 1,393.47 91.24 0.00 1.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.7 0.00 – 0.00 258.07 1,632.18 1.7

West South Central ........................................... 4.2 – 0.00 729.93 889.31 0.00 4.2

Midwest ................................................................. 2.3 – 0.00 0.00 152.19 1,888.10 2.3

East North Central ............................................. 1.6 – 0.00 0.00 482.80 1,655.74 1.6

West North Central ............................................ 6.3 1,094.90 0.00 482.80 880.10 – 6.3

West ...................................................................... 3.7 120.73 418.12 865.59 608.22 1,210.45 3.7

Mountain ............................................................ 7.0 223.49 0.00 1,048.28 1,189.34 – 7.0

Pacific ................................................................ 3.3 96.09 1,050.50 898.62 425.76 0.00 3.3

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th percentile or median, half of the

participating workers receive the same as or more than the benefit shown, and half receive the same as or less than the benefit shown. At the 25th percentile,

one-fourth of the participating workers receive the same or less than the benefit shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 32. Leave benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave1

Paid Unpaid

All workers ............................................................. 68 91 61 59 82 87 70 25 94

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 57 93 47 63 83 88 70 26 94

Professional and related .................................... 52 93 40 64 82 88 68 27 94

Teachers ........................................................ 32 92 15 69 81 87 65 27 94

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 28 99 13 82 85 91 64 29 96

Service ................................................................... 78 85 74 53 78 84 68 23 92

Protective service .............................................. 90 91 89 53 85 90 78 27 97

Sales and office ..................................................... 88 92 86 55 83 88 74 24 95

Office and administrative support ...................... 88 93 87 55 84 89 75 25 95

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 96 96 97 57 88 90 70 26 95

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 73 89 62 58 82 86 72 20 93

Full time ................................................................. 74 99 67 65 88 93 75 27 97

Part time ................................................................ 33 44 24 24 50 55 39 12 78

Union ..................................................................... 70 97 58 70 90 93 72 28 95

Nonunion ............................................................... 67 86 63 51 75 83 69 23 93

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 65 79 59 46 71 78 61 21 90

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 52 65 44 39 62 69 51 16 89

Second 25 percent ............................................ 89 95 85 57 85 90 75 26 96

Third 25 percent ................................................ 70 97 63 70 87 92 76 25 96

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 53 95 41 66 87 91 69 29 95

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 49 93 37 54 87 89 72 28 95

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 68 91 60 59 82 87 70 25 94

Education and health services ........................... 55 92 45 63 82 87 68 26 94

Educational services ...................................... 50 92 37 65 81 87 67 26 93

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 39 93 26 72 81 87 62 27 92

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 81 90 69 42 83 87 80 24 97

Health care and social assistance ................. 92 92 92 52 84 91 75 23 94

Hospitals .................................................... 91 92 92 52 84 90 71 23 91

Public administration ......................................... 91 92 90 54 85 89 77 24 96

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 64 89 55 61 80 85 65 22 92

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 70 86 66 51 81 82 65 23 93

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 57 92 44 70 79 88 65 20 91

100 workers or more .............................................. 70 92 63 59 83 88 72 26 95

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 69 90 61 63 80 84 63 29 93

500 workers or more .......................................... 70 93 63 57 84 90 76 25 95

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 32. Leave benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave1

Paid Unpaid

State government .................................................. 92 95 86 51 90 93 88 23 98

Local government .................................................. 60 90 52 62 80 85 64 26 93

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 64 90 57 73 93 92 75 23 94

New England ..................................................... 60 90 55 82 92 90 72 20 95

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 65 90 58 70 93 93 75 24 94

South ..................................................................... 69 92 62 57 81 90 77 27 94

South Atlantic .................................................... 78 91 66 60 81 89 75 21 94

East South Central ............................................ 71 90 60 45 72 85 78 23 92

West South Central ........................................... 56 94 56 57 86 95 81 37 97

Midwest ................................................................. 66 89 55 65 79 84 56 30 95

East North Central ............................................. 69 88 55 66 79 84 56 36 95

West North Central ............................................ 61 91 57 62 80 84 56 18 96

West ...................................................................... 72 93 67 49 78 82 68 20 92

Mountain ............................................................ 66 88 60 45 66 73 61 – 98

Pacific ................................................................ 74 95 70 50 84 85 70 23 89

1 The sum of paid and unpaid family leave may exceed 100 percent because some workers have access to both types of plans. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 32. Standard errors for leave benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave

Paid Unpaid

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.6

Professional and related .................................... 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.1 0.7

Teachers ........................................................ 2.1 1.0 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.3 0.9

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.4 0.5 2.1 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.1 1.6 0.7

Service ................................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.4 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.1

Protective service .............................................. 1.1 1.2 1.4 3.5 1.9 1.3 2.2 1.8 0.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.2 0.9

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.6 2.2 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.2 1.4 1.1 2.7 2.8 2.6 4.1 2.3 1.6

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 3.7 2.4 4.4 4.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.8

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.6 2.1

Union ..................................................................... 1.1 0.4 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.8

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.8 2.6 2.2 2.3 1.6 1.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.9 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.8 0.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.1 0.7 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.0 0.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 0.9 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 0.7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.5 2.0 2.0 0.9

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 1.2 0.6 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.7

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.7

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.6 0.8 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.1 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.9 1.8 1.9 2.4 2.7 0.7

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.6 1.4 1.2 4.7 2.4 2.6 4.4 3.1 1.6

Hospitals .................................................... 1.5 1.3 1.2 7.6 2.1 3.0 6.0 4.0 2.8

Public administration ......................................... 0.8 0.8 0.9 2.2 1.9 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.8 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 1.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.7 2.1 2.6 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 2.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.3 1.3 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.9 2.3 1.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.1 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.1 1.2 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.3

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 32. Standard errors for leave benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacations

Paid

personal

leave

Paid

funeral

leave

Paid jury

duty

leave

Paid

military

leave

Family leave

Paid Unpaid

State government .................................................. 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.8 0.5

Local government .................................................. 1.0 0.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.7

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.4 1.1 3.1 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.2

New England ..................................................... 2.2 1.1 2.9 2.0 2.2 2.9 3.1 3.9 2.6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 3.1 1.4 3.8 2.1 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.7 1.3

South ..................................................................... 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.7 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.0 1.2

East South Central ............................................ 6.9 1.0 6.2 5.9 7.0 5.3 6.3 4.2 4.8

West South Central ........................................... 1.6 2.1 1.9 2.8 2.1 1.5 2.0 2.1 1.4

Midwest ................................................................. 1.9 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.3 2.1 1.8 0.7

East North Central ............................................. 2.5 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.7 2.6 2.1 1.6 0.9

West North Central ............................................ 2.9 0.6 0.9 3.6 5.4 4.4 4.4 3.8 1.0

West ...................................................................... 1.1 0.8 1.4 2.6 2.2 1.9 2.3 1.8 1.4

Mountain ............................................................ 1.3 2.1 2.6 5.7 6.6 5.2 6.2 – 1.3

Pacific ................................................................ 1.5 0.6 1.5 2.7 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.6 2.0

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 33. Paid holidays: Number of days provided, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with paid holidays = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

All workers ............................................................. 3 1 5 3 4 7 15 21 18 10 7 7 11 11

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 4 2 7 3 3 7 13 20 15 11 7 8 11 11

Professional and related .................................... 5 2 8 4 3 7 13 19 13 10 7 7 11 11

Teachers ........................................................ 9 4 16 7 4 6 12 14 7 6 6 10 10 10

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 13 6 23 8 3 4 11 – 3 3 – 11 9 8

Service ................................................................... 2 1 4 2 4 7 18 20 21 9 8 5 11 11

Protective service .............................................. – – – 2 2 7 20 24 25 10 6 1 11 11

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 1 1 4 8 14 22 25 10 7 7 12 11

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 1 1 4 8 14 22 25 10 8 7 12 11

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – – – – 4 7 19 28 15 – 3 8 11 11

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – – 4 – 9 8 – 24 19 – 4 – 10 11

Full time ................................................................. 2 1 5 3 4 7 15 21 19 10 7 7 11 11

Part time ................................................................ – – 4 3 4 5 15 16 16 9 6 9 10 11

Union ..................................................................... 3 – 6 3 – 4 13 24 22 10 5 7 11 11

Nonunion ............................................................... 2 1 3 2 6 10 16 18 16 10 9 6 11 11

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 4 2 5 2 6 8 16 17 16 11 7 6 11 11

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 5 3 8 4 8 6 15 12 14 13 6 6 11 11

Second 25 percent ............................................ 2 ( ) 1 2 2 4 8 15 22 21 10 8 6 11 11

Third 25 percent ................................................ 3 2 7 3 2 6 14 25 18 9 5 5 11 11

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 4 – 4 4 – 7 13 19 19 11 7 10 11 11

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – – 2 7 3 7 12 17 20 13 5 12 12 11

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 3 1 5 3 4 7 15 21 18 10 7 7 11 11

Education and health services ........................... 4 3 8 4 4 7 14 14 14 11 8 11 11 11

Educational services ...................................... 5 3 8 4 4 6 13 12 12 11 9 13 11 11

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 8 5 13 6 4 4 12 10 8 8 6 16 11 10

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – – – 2 4 8 14 13 18 16 13 10 12 12

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 9 4 – 10 16 22 18 – – – 10 11

Hospitals .................................................... – – – – – – – 19 22 – – – 10 11

Public administration ......................................... – – – – 2 8 16 29 25 10 7 3 11 11

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – – 3 3 3 5 16 26 14 13 5 8 11 11

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – – 4 – 2 5 17 30 15 14 5 5 11 11

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 5 – 2 5 – 6 14 22 13 11 4 11 11 11

100 workers or more .............................................. 3 1 5 3 4 8 14 20 20 10 8 6 11 11

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 5 – 4 – 3 8 14 22 17 9 9 5 11 11

500 workers or more .......................................... 2 1 5 3 4 8 14 18 21 10 7 7 11 11

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 33. Paid holidays: Number of days provided, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with paid holidays = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

State government .................................................. – – 2 ( ) 1 3 9 12 26 23 13 10 3 11 11

Local government .................................................. 4 2 7 3 4 6 16 18 16 9 5 9 11 11

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – – – – 2 1 7 27 34 9 5 12 12 12

New England ..................................................... – – – – – – – 40 24 – – – 11 11

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – – – – – – 6 23 38 8 6 13 12 12

South ..................................................................... 3 1 7 1 5 9 13 17 18 9 10 5 11 11

South Atlantic .................................................... 2 – 10 – 4 10 15 18 21 10 4 5 11 11

East South Central ............................................ 8 6 4 – 8 – 14 – – 21 3 – 10 11

West South Central ........................................... – – – – 5 10 7 20 15 – 27 5 12 12

Midwest ................................................................. 4 2 6 7 4 10 19 17 12 9 4 5 10 10

East North Central ............................................. 5 – 7 9 – 9 16 14 12 13 6 6 10 11

West North Central ............................................ 4 – – 4 – 11 26 – 12 – 1 3 10 10

West ...................................................................... – – 3 2 2 6 20 26 13 14 6 7 11 11

Mountain ............................................................ – – – – 4 8 40 18 6 3 4 6 11 10

Pacific ................................................................ – – 2 2 1 5 12 30 16 18 6 7 12 11

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 2 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 33. Standard errors for paid holidays: Number of days provided, State and local government workers, March

2018

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

All workers ............................................................. 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.0

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.0

Professional and related .................................... 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 0.2 0.0

Teachers ........................................................ 1.2 1.7 2.7 1.7 1.2 1.8 1.9 2.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 2.1 0.3 0.0

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.8 2.5 3.7 2.0 1.0 1.8 2.8 – 1.4 1.1 – 3.1 0.4 1.5

Service ................................................................... 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.8 1.8 2.4 1.1 1.4 0.7 0.1 0.0

Protective service .............................................. – – – 0.9 0.6 1.5 2.5 2.1 3.4 1.7 1.9 0.7 0.1 0.0

Sales and office ..................................................... – – 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 0.1 0.3

Office and administrative support ...................... – – 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 0.1 0.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance – – – – 1.2 1.5 2.8 4.4 3.2 – 1.0 1.7 0.1 0.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... – – 1.7 – 2.6 2.8 – 4.1 3.1 – 2.0 – 0.3 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.0

Part time ................................................................ – – 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.2 2.9 3.7 2.6 1.8 2.3 2.9 0.4 0.0

Union ..................................................................... 0.4 – 0.7 0.6 – 0.6 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.0

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.6 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.1 0.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.1 1.0 1.7 1.2 2.7 1.7 1.9 2.1 3.0 2.7 1.6 1.5 0.3 1.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.8 0.1 0.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.0

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 – 1.2 0.4 – 0.9 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.8 0.2 0.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – – 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 3.0 2.3 1.6 1.0 2.5 0.3 1.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.0

Education and health services ........................... 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.2 0.0

Educational services ...................................... 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.5 0.2 0.0

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.2 0.9 1.2 2.3 0.3 0.4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities – – – 0.6 0.8 1.6 1.4 2.5 2.5 2.7 1.3 1.7 0.2 0.0

Health care and social assistance ................. – – 2.8 2.1 – 2.7 4.0 3.7 2.7 – – – 0.2 0.2

Hospitals .................................................... – – – – – – – 4.6 3.9 – – – 0.4 1.2

Public administration ......................................... – – – – 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.0 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – – 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.7 2.8 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – – 1.6 – 1.1 1.5 4.1 3.6 2.8 4.1 1.6 1.7 0.2 0.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.4 – 0.9 2.4 – 2.7 3.4 3.5 2.4 2.7 1.4 1.8 0.2 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.9 – 1.5 – 1.0 1.5 2.1 2.5 2.1 1.3 2.2 1.2 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 33. Standard errors for paid holidays: Number of days provided, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

Paid holidays

Mean

number

of days

Median

number

of days

Less

than 5

days

5

days

6

days

7

days

8

days

9

days

10

days

11

days

12

days

13

days

14

days

Greater

than 14

days

State government .................................................. – – 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.4

Local government .................................................. 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.0

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... – – – – 0.8 0.5 0.9 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.2 2.7 0.3 0.0

New England ..................................................... – – – – – – – 7.2 5.8 – – – 0.1 0.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... – – – – – – 0.7 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.5 3.2 0.3 0.0

South ..................................................................... 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.4 0.8 0.1 0.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 0.7 – 0.6 – 1.2 2.1 1.9 1.3 1.1 2.9 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.0

East South Central ............................................ 0.7 0.5 1.6 – 1.9 – 1.4 – – 2.2 0.7 – 0.2 0.0

West South Central ........................................... – – – – 2.4 1.4 2.7 5.2 4.3 – 4.8 1.0 0.2 1.3

Midwest ................................................................. 0.2 0.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 2.1 2.0 3.0 1.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.0

East North Central ............................................. 0.2 – 2.6 2.4 – 2.7 2.2 3.1 2.7 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.1 0.8

West North Central ............................................ 0.4 – – 1.5 – 2.7 3.9 – 1.8 – 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.0

West ...................................................................... – – 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.3 1.7 2.2 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.1 0.2 0.0

Mountain ............................................................ – – – – 1.4 1.0 4.0 3.9 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.9 0.6 0.0

Pacific ................................................................ – – 0.4 0.7 0.3 1.8 1.9 2.6 2.0 2.6 1.8 0.9 0.1 0.1

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 34. Paid sick leave: Type of provision, State and local

government workers, March 2018

(All workers with paid sick leave = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year1

As needed2

As part of

consolidated

leave plan3

All workers ............................................................. 88 2 11

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 89 1 10

Professional and related .................................... 89 1 10

Teachers ........................................................ 92 1 7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 92 – –

Service ................................................................... 85 4 11

Protective service .............................................. 85 6 9

Sales and office ..................................................... 87 2 11

Office and administrative support ...................... 87 2 11

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 83 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 87 – –

Full time ................................................................. 88 2 11

Part time ................................................................ 88 1 11

Union ..................................................................... 91 2 7

Nonunion ............................................................... 85 1 14

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 89 1 10

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 86 1 13

Second 25 percent ............................................ 87 2 12

Third 25 percent ................................................ 85 2 14

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 91 2 7

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 90 2 8

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 88 2 11

Education and health services ........................... 89 1 10

Educational services ...................................... 93 1 6

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 92 1 7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 94 1 5

Health care and social assistance ................. 64 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 53 – –

Public administration ......................................... 86 3 11

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 89 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 87 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 91 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 87 2 11

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 91 – –

500 workers or more .......................................... 86 2 12

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 34. Paid sick leave: Type of provision, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with paid sick leave = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year1

As needed2

As part of

consolidated

leave plan3

State government .................................................. 88 1 11

Local government .................................................. 87 2 11

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 95 – –

New England ..................................................... 97 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 94 – –

South ..................................................................... 86 1 13

South Atlantic .................................................... 86 1 14

East South Central ............................................ 91 – –

West South Central ........................................... 84 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 89 2 9

East North Central ............................................. 89 2 8

West North Central ............................................ 88 – –

West ...................................................................... 84 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 86 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 83 – –

1 Employees earn or accrue a specified number of sick leave days per year. This number may vary by

length of service. 2 Plan does not specify maximum number of days. 3 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes,

such as vacation, illness, or personal business. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this

category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 34. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Type of provision, State

and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year1

As needed2

As part of

consolidated

leave plan3

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.3 0.7

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 0.2 0.9

Professional and related .................................... 1.1 0.2 1.0

Teachers ........................................................ 1.3 0.3 1.2

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.4 – –

Service ................................................................... 1.2 0.6 1.1

Protective service .............................................. 1.4 1.1 1.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.4 0.7 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 0.7 1.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.0 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.5 – –

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.3 0.7

Part time ................................................................ 1.3 0.7 1.5

Union ..................................................................... 0.8 0.4 0.7

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 0.3 1.2

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 0.9 0.3 0.8

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.6 0.6 1.5

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 0.5 1.3

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.4 0.5 1.4

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.2 0.8

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.4 0.3 1.4

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.3 0.7

Education and health services ........................... 1.0 0.2 0.9

Educational services ...................................... 0.7 0.2 0.6

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.7 0.2 0.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.8 0.3 1.7

Health care and social assistance ................. 5.3 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 7.1 – –

Public administration ......................................... 1.3 0.7 1.2

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.4 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.8 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.5 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 0.3 0.9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.3 – –

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.1 0.4 1.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 34. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Type of provision, State

and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Sick leave provision

Fixed number

of days per

year1

As needed2

As part of

consolidated

leave plan3

State government .................................................. 1.1 0.3 1.1

Local government .................................................. 0.9 0.3 0.8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.2 – –

New England ..................................................... 1.9 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.5 – –

South ..................................................................... 1.3 0.4 1.2

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.9 0.1 1.9

East South Central ............................................ 2.3 – –

West South Central ........................................... 2.0 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.5 0.6 1.4

East North Central ............................................. 1.6 0.8 1.2

West North Central ............................................ 3.0 – –

West ...................................................................... 1.8 – –

Mountain ............................................................ 4.6 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 1.8 – –

1 Employees earn or accrue a specified number of sick leave days per year. This number may vary by

length of service. 2 Plan does not specify maximum number of days. 3 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes,

such as vacation, illness, or personal business. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories

were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 35. Paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 State and local government

workers, March 2018

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 9 15 62 14 3 ( ) 11 12

Full time ................................................................. 8 14 63 15 3 ( ) 11 12

Part time ................................................................ 20 27 48 – – 9 10

Union ..................................................................... 8 10 66 16 3 ( ) 12 12

Nonunion ............................................................... – 20 59 12 – 11 12

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 13 62 13 – 11 12

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 13 65 14 – 11 12

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 16 13 59 – – 10 10

100 workers or more .............................................. 8 15 62 15 3 ( ) 11 12

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 14 64 15 – 12 12

500 workers or more .......................................... – 15 61 14 – 11 12

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 8 14 61 16 3 ( ) 11 12

Full time ................................................................. 8 13 62 17 3 ( ) 12 12

Part time ................................................................ 19 27 48 – – 9 10

Union ..................................................................... 8 9 65 18 1 12 12

Nonunion ............................................................... – 20 57 14 – 11 12

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 12 61 14 – 11 12

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 12 65 16 – 12 12

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 16 – 58 13 – 10 10

100 workers or more .............................................. 7 15 61 16 3 ( ) 12 12

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 15 62 17 – 12 12

500 workers or more .......................................... – 15 60 16 – 11 12

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 35. Paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 8 14 61 16 3 ( ) 12 12

Full time ................................................................. 8 13 62 17 3 ( ) 12 12

Part time ................................................................ 19 27 47 – – 9 10

Union ..................................................................... 8 9 64 18 1 12 12

Nonunion ............................................................... – 20 57 14 – 11 12

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 12 61 15 – 11 12

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 13 63 17 – 12 12

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 16 – 60 13 – 10 10

100 workers or more .............................................. 7 15 60 17 3 ( ) 12 12

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 15 62 18 – 12 12

500 workers or more .......................................... – 15 60 16 – 11 12

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 8 14 60 17 1 12 12

Full time ................................................................. 8 13 61 17 3 ( ) 12 12

Part time ................................................................ 19 27 47 – – 9 10

Union ..................................................................... 8 9 63 19 1 12 12

Nonunion ............................................................... 9 20 57 14 3 ( ) 11 12

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 12 61 15 – 11 12

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 13 63 17 – 12 12

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 16 – 59 14 – 10 10

100 workers or more .............................................. 7 15 60 17 1 12 12

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 15 61 18 – 12 12

500 workers or more .......................................... 8 15 60 17 3 ( ) 11 12

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period.

The total number of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do

not necessarily reflect individual provisions for progression. 2 Employees eligible for paid sick leave but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. 3 Less than 0.5.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For

definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 35. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 State and

local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.9 1.4 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 1.0 1.4 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.8 2.7 3.9 – – 0.4 3 ( )

Union ..................................................................... 0.8 0.9 1.5 1.1 0.2 0.4 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... – 1.6 2.1 1.0 – 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 2.2 3.0 1.4 – 0.3 1.2

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 3.3 4.0 3.0 – 0.3 3 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.4 2.2 3.5 – – 0.5 0.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 1.5 2.3 1.8 – 0.8 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... – 1.4 1.7 1.1 – 0.2 0.0

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.9 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.9 2.9 4.0 – – 0.3 3 ( )

Union ..................................................................... 0.8 0.9 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.4 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... – 1.4 2.0 1.1 – 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 2.1 3.2 1.7 – 0.3 0.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 3.1 4.3 3.3 – 0.3 3 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.4 – 3.5 2.2 – 0.5 0.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 1.5 2.3 1.9 – 0.8 3 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... – 1.3 1.7 1.2 – 0.2 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 35. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 State and

local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Paid sick leave days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 29

days

Greater

than 29

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.9 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.9 2.9 3.9 – – 0.3 3 ( )

Union ..................................................................... 0.8 0.9 1.6 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... – 1.4 2.0 1.1 – 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 1.9 2.9 1.8 – 0.3 0.5

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 3.4 4.5 3.5 – 0.3 3 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.4 – 3.2 2.3 – 0.5 0.9

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 1.5 2.4 1.8 – 0.8 3 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... – 1.3 1.8 1.2 – 0.2 0.0

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.9 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.9 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0

Part time ................................................................ 2.9 2.9 3.9 – – 0.3 3 ( )

Union ..................................................................... 0.8 0.9 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.5 1.4 2.0 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... – 1.9 2.9 1.7 – 0.3 0.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 3.4 4.5 3.5 – 0.3 3 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.4 – 3.2 2.1 – 0.5 1.1

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 1.5 2.4 1.9 – 0.8 3 ( )

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 1.3 1.8 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period.

The total number of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do

not necessarily reflect individual provisions for progression. 2 Employees eligible for paid sick leave but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. 3 Less than 0.05.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 36. Paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, State and local government

workers, March 2018

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Carryover provision1

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

All workers ............................................................. 92 60 32 8

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 92 61 31 8

Professional and related .................................... 91 60 31 9

Teachers ........................................................ 90 58 32 10

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 90 56 34 10

Service ................................................................... 90 58 32 10

Protective service .............................................. 93 58 35 7

Sales and office ..................................................... 94 60 34 6

Office and administrative support ...................... 94 60 34 6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 96 56 40 4

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 93 52 41 7

Full time ................................................................. 92 60 32 8

Part time ................................................................ 91 58 32 9

Union ..................................................................... 93 60 33 7

Nonunion ............................................................... 91 60 32 9

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 91 56 35 9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 89 55 34 11

Second 25 percent ............................................ 94 65 29 6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 93 61 32 7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 91 58 33 9

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 90 58 32 10

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 92 60 32 8

Education and health services ........................... 91 61 30 9

Educational services ...................................... 90 60 30 10

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 90 57 33 10

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 92 72 20 8

Health care and social assistance ................. – 63 – –

Hospitals .................................................... – 61 – –

Public administration ......................................... 94 58 36 6

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 91 58 33 9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 90 58 33 10

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 91 57 34 9

100 workers or more .............................................. 92 60 32 8

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 94 55 39 6

500 workers or more .......................................... 92 63 29 8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 36. Paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers with fixed number of days per year sick leave plans = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Carryover provision1

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

State government .................................................. 95 74 21 5

Local government .................................................. 91 55 37 9

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 94 44 50 6

New England ..................................................... 94 37 57 6

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 94 46 48 6

South ..................................................................... 90 66 24 10

South Atlantic .................................................... 91 70 21 9

East South Central ............................................ 89 65 24 11

West South Central ........................................... 88 60 27 12

Midwest ................................................................. 90 49 41 10

East North Central ............................................. 91 53 38 9

West North Central ............................................ 88 42 46 12

West ...................................................................... 97 74 23 3

Mountain ............................................................ – 64 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 97 78 18 3

1 Plans that allow employees to accumulate unused sick leave from year to year. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or

data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 36. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, State and

local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Carryover provision1

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 1.1 1.2 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.7 1.3 1.5 0.7

Professional and related .................................... 0.8 1.6 1.6 0.8

Teachers ........................................................ 1.1 2.0 2.0 1.1

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.4 2.5 2.5 1.4

Service ................................................................... 1.5 2.1 2.0 1.5

Protective service .............................................. 1.4 3.3 2.8 1.4

Sales and office ..................................................... 0.8 2.0 1.8 0.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 0.7 2.0 1.9 0.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.3 3.7 3.6 1.3

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.4 4.2 4.2 2.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.6 1.2 1.2 0.6

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 3.8 3.3 2.2

Union ..................................................................... 0.8 1.6 1.6 0.8

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.0

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.2 2.0 1.8 1.2

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.0 3.3 3.3 2.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 0.6 1.6 1.5 0.6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.9 1.5 1.9 0.9

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.1 1.9 1.8 1.1

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.5 2.5 1.9 1.5

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 1.2 1.2 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 0.8 1.5 1.6 0.8

Educational services ...................................... 0.8 1.6 1.7 0.8

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.2 2.4 2.1 1.2

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 3.1 3.1 1.7

Health care and social assistance ................. – 5.0 – –

Hospitals .................................................... – 4.5 – –

Public administration ......................................... 1.0 2.1 1.8 1.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.8 2.9 2.7 1.8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.5 3.6 3.7 2.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.0 4.1 4.2 2.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 1.2 1.2 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.3 2.5 2.7 1.3

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.7 1.5 1.3 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 36. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Carryover provisions, State and

local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Carryover provision1

No

carryover

Total provision Unlimited

accumulation

Limit on days

accumulated

State government .................................................. 1.0 2.0 1.8 1.0

Local government .................................................. 0.8 1.5 1.4 0.8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.0 2.6 2.4 1.0

New England ..................................................... 2.2 4.0 4.2 2.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.2 3.2 2.8 1.2

South ..................................................................... 1.1 1.9 1.9 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.4 3.2 2.8 1.4

East South Central ............................................ 2.1 3.4 2.9 2.1

West South Central ........................................... 2.3 2.6 3.7 2.3

Midwest ................................................................. 1.5 2.4 2.6 1.5

East North Central ............................................. 1.7 2.4 1.6 1.7

West North Central ............................................ 3.0 5.4 6.9 3.0

West ...................................................................... 1.0 2.7 3.0 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ – 7.9 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.3

1 Plans that allow employees to accumulate unused sick leave from year to year. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may

include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates

generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 37. Paid sick leave: Limit on days accumulated, State and local government

workers, March 2018

(Includes workers in sick leave plans1 that specify a fixed number of days and limit the number of accumulated

carryover days)

Characteristics

Limit on paid sick leave days accumulated2

Mean

number

of days 10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 29 75 125 180 250 137

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 30 90 150 190 250 146

Professional and related .................................... 30 90 150 186 245 145

Teachers ........................................................ 30 100 160 200 260 155

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 34 100 160 200 260 159

Service ................................................................... 25 56 120 180 250 124

Protective service .............................................. 30 45 120 150 250 121

Sales and office ..................................................... 30 – 120 200 255 135

Office and administrative support ...................... 30 – 120 200 255 134

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 13 48 90 130 200 101

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 10 – 120 180 240 121

Full time ................................................................. 30 80 125 180 250 137

Part time ................................................................ 8 – 135 200 240 133

Union ..................................................................... 30 100 160 200 273 158

Nonunion ............................................................... – 60 105 150 200 114

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 20 60 115 180 240 119

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – – 90 120 195 104

Second 25 percent ............................................ – 60 120 180 240 129

Third 25 percent ................................................ 30 80 120 180 250 134

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – 110 160 200 260 160

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 130 160 200 240 164

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 28 75 125 180 250 137

Education and health services ........................... 30 90 150 191 259 148

Educational services ...................................... 27 90 160 200 259 150

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 30 90 160 200 260 151

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 15 100 150 200 220 146

Health care and social assistance ................. – – – – – 126

Hospitals .................................................... – – – – – 101

Public administration ......................................... – 54 120 165 240 120

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 40 90 120 180 260 136

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 40 – 120 175 200 126

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 90 120 190 260 144

100 workers or more .............................................. 24 72 130 185 250 137

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 60 120 185 260 133

500 workers or more .......................................... 27 90 135 185 240 139

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 37. Paid sick leave: Limit on days accumulated, State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

(Includes workers in sick leave plans1 that specify a fixed number of days and limit the number of accumulated

carryover days)

Characteristics

Limit on paid sick leave days accumulated2

Mean

number

of days 10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 40 90 125 200 300 151

Local government .................................................. 25 68 120 180 240 134

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 40 120 170 200 300 169

New England ..................................................... – 115 130 190 230 149

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 38 160 180 200 300 178

South ..................................................................... – 60 105 150 180 109

South Atlantic .................................................... – 90 120 180 180 120

East South Central ............................................ – 72 – 150 180 124

West South Central ........................................... 20 – 90 120 180 90

Midwest ................................................................. – 60 120 180 265 137

East North Central ............................................. – – 132 240 340 157

West North Central ............................................ 30 60 115 150 180 108

West ...................................................................... – 54 120 180 248 120

Mountain ............................................................ – – – – – 125

Pacific ................................................................ 10 – 125 180 248 115

1 Employees earn or accrue a specified number of sick leave days per year. This number may vary by length of service. 2 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th

percentile or median, half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as

or less than the amount shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount

shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions,

and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 37. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Limit on days accumulated, State and

local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Limit on paid sick leave days accumulated1

Mean

number

of days 10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

All workers ............................................................. 3.8 12.0 8.0 5.4 7.5 2.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 2.4 0.2 8.7 15.7 3.4

Professional and related .................................... 2.7 3.1 0.4 8.3 13.0 3.6

Teachers ........................................................ 5.4 9.3 0.0 10.8 5.1 4.5

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 9.2 10.5 0.6 6.8 4.8 4.7

Service ................................................................... 4.6 11.3 4.3 13.8 7.0 4.6

Protective service .............................................. 2.1 12.3 12.0 21.1 62.2 7.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 2.3 – 0.0 22.8 15.6 7.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 2.1 – 0.0 22.5 15.1 7.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.9 11.9 8.2 7.5 22.5 5.8

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 0.0 – 10.9 23.1 26.6 11.6

Full time ................................................................. 0.4 13.3 8.0 3.1 8.0 2.6

Part time ................................................................ 2.2 – 18.7 21.0 20.5 12.8

Union ..................................................................... 1.3 14.3 0.0 0.0 35.4 4.1

Nonunion ............................................................... – 0.0 15.0 14.7 9.7 2.5

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 5.3 8.3 16.5 11.0 15.1 4.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... – – 6.3 33.9 11.9 5.3

Second 25 percent ............................................ – 7.2 0.0 2.7 8.2 4.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 3.1 13.1 9.1 1.6 10.0 4.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ – 15.3 1.0 0.0 13.0 5.3

Highest 10 percent ........................................ – 13.2 0.0 9.7 28.1 7.0

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 3.8 13.6 8.2 5.4 7.0 2.6

Education and health services ........................... 3.5 3.8 4.9 11.7 11.2 3.7

Educational services ...................................... 4.2 7.2 9.4 8.5 10.0 3.9

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 4.1 6.1 6.7 10.2 7.3 4.4

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.8 15.7 25.8 23.9 39.9 7.6

Health care and social assistance ................. – – – – – 11.1

Hospitals .................................................... – – – – – 11.5

Public administration ......................................... – 9.9 3.4 19.0 22.6 4.1

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 5.1 10.9 1.5 7.8 53.4 8.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 5.8 – 11.1 34.4 52.1 9.5

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – 0.0 11.2 15.4 20.3 11.1

100 workers or more .............................................. 4.8 15.6 3.5 10.4 11.6 3.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ – 3.2 4.6 11.9 26.2 7.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 3.7 10.1 15.8 16.2 10.3 4.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 37. Standard errors for paid sick leave: Limit on days accumulated, State and

local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Limit on paid sick leave days accumulated1

Mean

number

of days 10th

percentile

25th

percentile

50th

percentile

(median)

75th

percentile

90th

percentile

State government .................................................. 4.2 15.4 23.6 7.7 0.0 6.4

Local government .................................................. 5.3 12.9 11.3 1.8 5.2 3.1

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 3.3 1.6 11.9 0.0 0.0 3.8

New England ..................................................... – 9.1 20.6 16.1 32.2 5.8

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 11.3 8.9 22.6 14.1 0.0 5.6

South ..................................................................... – 6.6 26.6 6.6 0.9 4.8

South Atlantic .................................................... – 0.0 14.9 24.9 10.8 8.8

East South Central ............................................ – 17.7 – 14.1 6.4 8.0

West South Central ........................................... 3.0 – 11.6 0.0 0.0 6.0

Midwest ................................................................. – 10.0 0.0 12.0 7.8 5.1

East North Central ............................................. – – 16.8 7.2 20.4 8.6

West North Central ............................................ 2.1 13.0 14.1 11.4 8.8 5.3

West ...................................................................... – 10.5 4.7 23.9 23.4 7.0

Mountain ............................................................ – – – – – 12.7

Pacific ................................................................ 1.4 – 20.4 0.0 38.8 5.6

1 The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles designate position within each published series. For example, at the 50th

percentile or median, half of participating workers receive the same as or more than the amount shown, and half receive the same as

or less than the amount shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of participating workers receive the same or less than the amount

shown. The remaining percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions,

and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 38. Paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 State and local government workers,

March 2018

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 4 12 57 16 10 2 13 12

Full time ................................................................. 3 11 57 16 10 2 13 12

Part time ................................................................ 9 24 46 15 – – 11 10

Union ..................................................................... 5 14 58 15 7 2 12 11

Nonunion ............................................................... 3 10 56 17 12 2 13 12

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 7 16 58 14 – – 11 11

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 8 16 58 14 – – 11 12

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 6 18 58 15 – – 11 10

100 workers or more .............................................. 3 10 56 17 12 2 13 12

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 3 13 64 10 8 1 12 12

500 workers or more .......................................... 3 9 52 20 13 2 14 12

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 2 5 28 45 14 6 16 15

Full time ................................................................. 2 4 28 46 14 6 16 15

Part time ................................................................ 5 13 35 35 8 4 14 15

Union ..................................................................... 2 6 26 49 12 5 15 15

Nonunion ............................................................... 2 4 30 43 15 7 16 15

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2 5 36 45 10 2 15 15

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 7 35 43 10 – 15 15

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 38 47 9 – 15 15

100 workers or more .............................................. 2 5 26 46 15 7 16 15

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2 5 35 47 5 6 15 15

500 workers or more .......................................... 1 4 22 45 19 8 16 15

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 38. Paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 State and local government workers,

March 2018—continued

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 1 3 12 47 26 11 18 18

Full time ................................................................. 1 2 11 47 26 12 19 18

Part time ................................................................ 4 8 21 44 16 8 16 17

Union ..................................................................... 1 3 12 48 24 12 18 18

Nonunion ............................................................... 1 3 11 47 27 11 19 18

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2 1 12 54 24 6 17 17

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 3 2 10 59 21 6 18 17

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 16 48 28 5 17 17

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 3 11 45 26 13 19 18

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1 4 14 50 23 8 18 18

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 10 43 28 15 19 19

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 1 2 6 13 47 31 22 22

Full time ................................................................. 1 2 6 12 47 32 22 22

Part time ................................................................ – – 12 20 40 19 19 20

Union ..................................................................... 1 2 6 11 47 34 22 22

Nonunion ............................................................... 1 2 7 14 47 29 22 22

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2 1 7 15 46 28 21 21

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2 1 6 18 48 26 21 21

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 9 12 45 31 21 21

100 workers or more .............................................. 1 2 6 12 47 32 22 22

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1 2 8 15 46 29 22 21

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 6 11 47 33 23 23

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period. The total number

of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual

provisions for progression. Fractional vacation amounts were rounded to the nearest full number of days. 2 Employees eligible for paid vacations but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. Estimates include plans that are

exclusively for paid vacation and vacation plans that are part of a consolidated leave plan that provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 38. Standard errors for paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 State and local

government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 1 year

All workers ............................................................. 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.1 3 ( )

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.1 3 ( )

Part time ................................................................ 2.6 3.8 3.7 2.3 – – 0.4 0.5

Union ..................................................................... 0.7 1.2 2.0 0.9 1.1 0.5 0.2 1.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.1 – – 0.3 1.1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.0 2.4 3.6 2.8 – – 0.3 0.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.5 3.4 5.3 4.2 – – 0.4 1.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.5 0.8 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.9 1.7 3.2 1.8 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.6 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.5 0.2 3 ( )

After 5 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.1 3 ( )

Full time ................................................................. 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.1 3 ( )

Part time ................................................................ 1.7 2.0 3.6 3.8 1.8 0.9 0.4 1.0

Union ..................................................................... 0.4 0.6 1.6 1.5 0.9 1.2 0.2 0.0

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.4 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.0

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.8 0.9 2.9 2.9 1.7 0.9 0.3 0.0

1 to 49 workers .................................................. – 1.5 4.7 4.1 2.4 – 0.3 3 ( )

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 3.4 4.0 2.6 – 0.3 0.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.7 1.1 3.0 2.9 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.0

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.5 0.4 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.2 3 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 38. Standard errors for paid vacations: Number of annual days by service requirement,1 State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Paid vacation days by length of service2

Mean

number of

days

Median

number of

days Less than 5

days 5 to 9 days 10 to 14days

15 to 19

days

20 to 24

days

Greater

than 24

days

After 10 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.1 3 ( )

Full time ................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.1 3 ( )

Part time ................................................................ 1.6 1.7 3.6 3.7 3.2 1.4 0.4 0.9

Union ..................................................................... 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.3 0.2 3 ( )

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.2 3 ( )

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.8 0.4 1.9 2.4 2.2 1.1 0.3 0.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.1 0.6 2.1 3.3 2.7 1.7 0.4 0.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 2.9 3.6 3.9 2.1 0.4 1.6

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.1 0.4

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.6 0.9 1.9 2.5 2.1 1.6 0.2 0.4

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 0.9 1.6 1.7 1.1 0.2 0.3

After 20 years

All workers ............................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.2 3 ( )

Full time ................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.3

Part time ................................................................ – – 2.7 4.9 3.9 2.8 0.5 0.1

Union ..................................................................... 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.8 1.8 0.3 0.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.5 0.3 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.7 0.2 0.1

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 0.8 0.4 1.5 2.6 2.5 1.9 0.3 0.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 1.0 0.6 1.4 3.8 3.6 2.8 0.4 0.6

50 to 99 workers ................................................ – – 2.9 2.5 4.5 3.3 0.4 0.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.2 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.8 2.5 2.0 0.3 0.6

500 workers or more .......................................... – – 0.6 1.0 1.9 1.6 0.2 0.2

1 Employees either are granted a specific number of days after completion of the indicated length of service or accrue days during the next 12-month period. The total number

of days is assumed to be available for use immediately upon completion of the service interval. Periods of service are chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual

provisions for progression. Fractional vacation amounts were rounded to the nearest full number of days. 2 Employees eligible for paid vacations but who have not fulfilled the minimum service requirement are included as receiving 0 days. Estimates include plans that are

exclusively for paid vacation and vacation plans that are part of a consolidated leave plan that provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes. 3 Less than 0.05.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 39. Consolidated leave plans:1 Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

All workers ............................................................. 14 17 21 24 27 86 12 15 18 21

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 15 18 21 23 26 85 13 16 18 22

Professional and related .................................... 17 17 20 23 25 83 13 16 18 22

Service ................................................................... 14 17 20 24 27 86 11 14 17 21

Protective service .............................................. 10 17 21 24 29 90 11 14 17 21

Sales and office ..................................................... 11 18 22 25 28 89 11 15 18 22

Office and administrative support ...................... 10 18 22 26 29 90 11 15 18 22

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 17 17 21 24 28 83 11 14 17 22

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 9 15 19 21 26 91 11 14 17 21

Full time ................................................................. 13 18 21 24 28 87 12 15 18 22

Part time ................................................................ 21 12 15 17 18 79 11 13 16 20

Union ..................................................................... 9 19 23 26 30 91 11 15 17 22

Nonunion ............................................................... 18 17 20 23 26 82 13 15 18 21

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 15 16 20 23 25 85 11 14 17 20

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 20 15 19 22 23 80 11 14 17 20

Second 25 percent ............................................ 12 18 21 25 28 88 12 15 18 22

Third 25 percent ................................................ 15 17 21 24 26 85 12 15 18 22

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 14 19 22 25 27 86 13 16 18 22

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 10 20 23 26 29 90 14 16 19 21

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 13 18 21 24 27 87 12 15 18 21

Education and health services ........................... 16 18 21 24 26 84 13 15 18 21

Educational services ...................................... 7 15 16 17 17 93 13 15 17 20

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 9 13 14 14 14 91 11 13 16 18

Health care and social assistance ................. 39 20 23 27 30 61 13 16 19 23

Hospitals .................................................... 54 20 24 27 30 46 13 16 19 23

Public administration ......................................... 10 18 22 26 30 90 11 14 17 22

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 10 14 19 22 25 90 11 14 17 21

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 7 14 18 21 24 93 11 14 17 21

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 13 14 19 22 25 87 11 14 17 21

100 workers or more .............................................. 15 18 21 24 27 85 12 15 18 22

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 13 17 20 22 26 87 11 14 17 21

500 workers or more .......................................... 16 18 22 25 28 84 13 15 18 22

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 39. Consolidated leave plans:1 Access, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers with paid vacations = 100 percent)

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

State government .................................................. 7 20 24 26 29 93 13 16 19 23

Local government .................................................. 18 17 20 23 26 82 11 14 17 21

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 5 17 19 23 25 95 11 15 18 22

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 5 19 20 24 26 95 12 16 19 22

South ..................................................................... 14 17 21 24 27 86 12 15 17 21

South Atlantic .................................................... 14 18 21 24 28 86 12 15 17 21

East South Central ............................................ 12 20 21 25 30 88 12 15 18 21

West South Central ........................................... 17 16 20 22 25 83 12 14 17 21

Midwest ................................................................. 17 16 19 22 24 83 12 14 18 22

East North Central ............................................. 14 17 20 24 27 86 12 15 18 22

West North Central ............................................ 21 15 18 20 21 79 12 14 17 23

West ...................................................................... 17 18 22 26 29 83 12 15 18 21

Mountain ............................................................ 24 17 19 22 25 76 13 15 18 21

Pacific ................................................................ 14 20 24 28 31 86 12 15 17 21

1 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes, such as vacation, illness, or personal

business. Those with no consolidated leave plan often have separate leave plans for different purposes. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 39. Standard errors for consolidated leave plans:1 Access, State and local government

workers, March 2018

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Professional and related .................................... 2.1 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 2.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Service ................................................................... 1.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Protective service .............................................. 2.0 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.4 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.6 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.6 2.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.7

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.8 2.0 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5

Full time ................................................................. 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Part time ................................................................ 2.9 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.9 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4

Union ..................................................................... 1.6 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.7 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.6 2.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.8 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.2 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Education and health services ........................... 1.8 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Educational services ...................................... 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 3.8 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7

Hospitals .................................................... 4.0 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 4.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.3

Public administration ......................................... 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.2 2.0 2.7 3.0 3.3 2.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.6 1.7 1.3 1.7 2.0 3.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.3 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.3 2.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 39. Standard errors for consolidated leave plans:1 Access, State and local government

workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

With consolidated leave plan With no consolidated leave plan

Access

Paid days by length of

service

(Mean number of days) Access

Paid vacation days by

length of service

(Mean number of days)

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

1

year

5

years

10

years

20

years

State government .................................................. 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Local government .................................................. 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.5 2.2 2.2 3.0 3.1 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 1.8 2.3 3.5 3.6 1.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4

South ..................................................................... 1.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

East South Central ............................................ 1.6 0.2 1.1 1.5 0.4 1.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9

West South Central ........................................... 3.8 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 3.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7

Midwest ................................................................. 2.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 2.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5

East North Central ............................................. 2.8 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.5 2.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West North Central ............................................ 6.0 1.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 6.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.5

West ...................................................................... 2.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 2.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Mountain ............................................................ 6.8 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.9 6.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6

Pacific ................................................................ 2.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 2.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

1 A consolidated leave plan provides a single amount of time off for workers to use for multiple purposes, such as vacation, illness, or personal

business. Those with no consolidated leave plan often have separate leave plans for different purposes. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 40. Quality of life benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March

2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Childcare1 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

All workers ............................................................. 14 5 12 63 79

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 15 5 11 64 79

Professional and related .................................... 14 4 10 63 78

Teachers ........................................................ 12 3 6 59 73

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 9 – 3 56 71

Service ................................................................... 12 3 9 59 76

Protective service .............................................. 13 3 13 61 82

Sales and office ..................................................... 16 4 13 64 82

Office and administrative support ...................... 16 4 13 64 83

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 13 7 16 66 79

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 10 – 21 65 76

Full time ................................................................. 16 5 13 67 82

Part time ................................................................ 5 2 6 41 55

Union ..................................................................... 15 3 16 58 82

Nonunion ............................................................... 13 5 8 67 76

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 12 3 6 60 69

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 8 3 3 56 61

Second 25 percent ............................................ 16 5 16 66 84

Third 25 percent ................................................ 17 5 14 68 82

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 12 5 12 59 81

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 12 5 13 55 80

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 14 4 11 63 79

Education and health services ........................... 14 4 7 63 77

Educational services ...................................... 12 3 6 60 75

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 8 2 3 54 70

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 22 6 16 78 91

Health care and social assistance ................. 26 6 14 81 92

Hospitals .................................................... 26 6 – 79 95

Public administration ......................................... 18 6 17 64 82

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 10 4 11 57 64

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 11 4 16 54 61

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 10 3 6 59 67

100 workers or more .............................................. 16 5 12 65 83

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 13 5 10 54 70

500 workers or more .......................................... 17 4 13 70 89

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 40. Quality of life benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics Childcare1 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

State government .................................................. 30 7 22 85 93

Local government .................................................. 9 4 8 56 74

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 20 2 8 46 80

New England ..................................................... 19 – – 54 80

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 20 – 7 43 80

South ..................................................................... 13 6 5 74 80

South Atlantic .................................................... 16 8 5 74 87

East South Central ............................................ 7 – 9 71 69

West South Central ........................................... – 6 3 75 75

Midwest ................................................................. 13 4 12 59 69

East North Central ............................................. 14 5 13 61 69

West North Central ............................................ 13 – 12 57 70

West ...................................................................... 12 5 24 62 84

Mountain ............................................................ 13 5 17 67 81

Pacific ................................................................ 12 5 27 59 85

1 A workplace program that provides for either the full or partial cost of caring for an employee’s children in a nursery, day care

center, or a baby sitter in facilities either on or off the employer’s premises. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 40. Standard errors for quality of life benefits: Access, State and local

government workers, March 2018

Characteristics Childcare1 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.2 0.8

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.3 1.1

Professional and related .................................... 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.3 1.2

Teachers ........................................................ 1.3 1.1 0.7 1.8 1.8

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.7 – 0.6 2.4 2.4

Service ................................................................... 1.1 0.6 1.0 2.3 1.7

Protective service .............................................. 1.5 0.9 1.8 3.2 1.9

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 0.8 1.0 2.0 1.5

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.2 0.8 1.0 2.0 1.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.5 2.2 2.3 4.0 3.0

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.9 – 4.2 4.0 4.0

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.8

Part time ................................................................ 0.7 0.6 1.1 2.8 2.7

Union ..................................................................... 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.6 1.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.4 0.9

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.1 0.6 0.7 1.8 1.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.2 0.8 0.6 2.9 2.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.1

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.5 1.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.2 1.1 1.7 2.1 2.2

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.3 0.8

Education and health services ........................... 1.2 0.8 0.7 1.5 1.0

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 0.9 0.6 1.6 1.1

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.4 1.1 0.4 2.0 1.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3.0 1.4 2.3 2.7 2.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.1 2.4 3.1 2.6 2.5

Hospitals .................................................... 2.8 2.1 – 3.2 2.3

Public administration ......................................... 1.4 1.4 1.3 2.1 1.1

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.5 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.6 3.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.8 1.6 1.7 2.5 2.2

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.4 1.0

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.3 1.2 1.4 3.0 2.8

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 40. Standard errors for quality of life benefits: Access, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics Childcare1 Flexible

workplace

Subsidized

commuting

Wellness

programs

Employee

assistance

programs

State government .................................................. 2.4 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.0

Local government .................................................. 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.5 1.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.5 0.8 1.2 2.3 1.7

New England ..................................................... 3.1 – – 2.7 3.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.6 – 0.9 3.1 2.0

South ..................................................................... 1.6 1.4 0.7 1.8 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.4 2.5 1.2 3.0 0.9

East South Central ............................................ 1.2 – 1.3 3.0 2.9

West South Central ........................................... – 1.7 1.2 2.4 2.1

Midwest ................................................................. 1.7 1.2 1.4 2.8 2.1

East North Central ............................................. 2.3 1.6 1.5 3.9 2.5

West North Central ............................................ 2.2 – 2.7 3.5 3.5

West ...................................................................... 1.5 1.4 1.5 2.9 2.0

Mountain ............................................................ 3.5 1.4 3.8 7.2 1.0

Pacific ................................................................ 1.5 2.0 1.2 2.6 3.0

1 A workplace program that provides for either the full or partial cost of caring for an employee’s children in a nursery, day care

center, or a baby sitter in facilities either on or off the employer’s premises. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include

workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using

wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key

provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution3

Financial

planning

Stock options

Flexible

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account1

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account2

Signing Other

All workers ............................................................. 36 37 63 69 63 27 1 4 ( )

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 38 38 65 71 66 27 1 4 ( )

Professional and related .................................... 37 38 64 70 65 26 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Teachers ........................................................ 38 39 59 67 63 24 – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 38 41 58 67 63 22 – –

Service ................................................................... 31 34 59 64 58 24 – –

Protective service .............................................. 30 35 62 67 64 28 – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 38 37 64 70 64 27 1 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 38 37 64 70 65 28 1 –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 34 38 60 65 57 28 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 30 40 58 62 64 25 – –

Full time ................................................................. 39 40 68 75 68 29 1 4 ( )

Part time ................................................................ 20 19 33 34 35 13 – –

Union ..................................................................... 31 29 62 70 65 28 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Nonunion ............................................................... 40 44 64 68 62 25 1 1

Average wage within the following categories:5

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 32 37 56 60 53 23 1 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 28 37 48 53 47 18 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 38 36 65 71 65 29 1 –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 38 44 70 75 71 30 1 1

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 37 31 62 70 65 25 1 –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 34 26 53 67 65 23 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 36 37 63 69 63 27 1 4 ( )

Education and health services ........................... 38 39 63 70 64 26 1 4 ( )

Educational services ...................................... 38 39 61 68 63 24 – –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 35 39 55 63 59 21 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 49 37 78 81 75 34 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 36 37 79 85 70 34 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 32 37 82 84 73 33 – –

Public administration ......................................... 35 35 64 69 66 31 1 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 32 31 51 55 52 24 – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 32 29 44 50 49 25 – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 32 33 57 61 54 22 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 37 39 66 73 67 27 1 1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 35 34 59 63 60 24 1 –

500 workers or more .......................................... 38 41 70 78 70 29 – 4 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Financial benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution3

Financial

planning

Stock options

Flexible

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account1

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account2

Signing Other

State government .................................................. 47 40 84 86 82 44 1 –

Local government .................................................. 32 36 56 63 57 21 – 4 ( )

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 15 9 47 58 70 26 – –

New England ..................................................... 20 – 49 55 57 22 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 13 11 46 59 74 27 – –

South ..................................................................... 41 54 71 76 67 27 1 –

South Atlantic .................................................... 41 50 75 78 71 27 – –

East South Central ............................................ 43 59 63 69 64 33 – –

West South Central ........................................... 39 58 69 76 64 26 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 40 31 57 66 61 25 – –

East North Central ............................................. 39 30 55 63 61 25 – –

West North Central ............................................ 43 35 62 70 61 24 – –

West ...................................................................... 42 37 67 69 53 27 – 1

Mountain ............................................................ 38 43 69 69 58 32 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 43 34 66 69 51 24 – –

1 Formerly referred to as Dependent care reimbursement account. 2 Formerly referred to as Healthcare reimbursement account. 3 Savings plans established by the employer on behalf of the employee, but with no employer contribution. These are cash or deferred arrangement plans or

individual retirement accounts used to fund savings and retirement plans authorized by section 401(k), 403(b), or 457 of the Internal Revenue Code. The employees’

contributions can be pre- and post-tax. Employees may authorize a payroll deduction by the employer to fund the established plan. 4 Less than 0.5. 5 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the

"Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution3

Financial

planning

Stock options

Flexible

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account1

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account2

Total Signing Other

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Professional and related .................................... 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Teachers ........................................................ 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.6 – – –

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.9 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.3 – – –

Service ................................................................... 1.4 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.3 0.5 – –

Protective service .............................................. 2.1 3.4 2.6 2.9 3.2 2.2 – – –

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.6 0.3 0.2 –

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.6 0.3 0.2 –

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 4.1 4.2 3.7 4.4 4.1 5.0 – – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 2.6 3.4 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.3 – – –

Full time ................................................................. 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.2

Part time ................................................................ 1.7 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.8 0.2 – –

Union ..................................................................... 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.2

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.2 0.3 0.3 –

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.7 1.5 0.4 – –

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.3 0.3 0.2 –

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3 0.2 0.2 –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.6 – – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1

Education and health services ........................... 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Educational services ...................................... 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.2 – –

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.2 – –

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.3 2.7 4.3 – – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.5 4.1 3.5 2.0 5.0 3.2 0.8 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 4.7 5.5 3.9 2.1 4.2 5.6 1.3 – –

Public administration ......................................... 1.8 1.4 0.9 1.4 2.0 1.7 0.4 0.3 –

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 – – –

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.9 3.4 2.8 3.3 2.8 3.5 – – –

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.4 3.0 3.0 2.6 3.3 2.6 – – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.8 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.5 2.0 0.6 0.6 –

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 0.3 – 0.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 41. Standard errors for financial benefits: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Health

savings

account

Section 125 cafeteria benefits

Savings

plans with

no employer

contribution3

Financial

planning

Stock options

Flexible

benefits

Dependent

care flexible

spending

account1

Healthcare

flexible

spending

account2

Total Signing Other

State government .................................................. 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.6 0.6 0.5 –

Local government .................................................. 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.3 0.9 0.2 – 0.2

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 1.8 – – –

New England ..................................................... 4.7 – 4.4 6.5 5.1 4.0 – – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.8 1.0 1.4 1.4 2.1 2.3 – – –

South ..................................................................... 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.9 1.5 0.4 0.4 –

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.3 2.4 – – –

East South Central ............................................ 2.6 4.1 6.3 4.4 6.7 3.8 – – –

West South Central ........................................... 3.6 2.3 2.5 2.2 4.3 2.0 – – –

Midwest ................................................................. 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.4 2.4 1.2 0.3 – –

East North Central ............................................. 2.4 2.7 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.4 – – –

West North Central ............................................ 4.8 3.1 5.4 2.9 3.8 2.3 – – –

West ...................................................................... 1.7 2.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.2 0.2 – 0.3

Mountain ............................................................ 3.2 4.8 2.7 3.5 3.0 5.5 – – –

Pacific ................................................................ 1.9 3.2 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.8 – – –

1 Formerly referred to as Dependent care reimbursement account. 2 Formerly referred to as Healthcare reimbursement account. 3 Savings plans established by the employer on behalf of the employee, but with no employer contribution. These are cash or deferred arrangement plans or individual retirement

accounts used to fund savings and retirement plans authorized by section 401(k), 403(b), or 457 of the Internal Revenue Code. The employees’ contributions can be pre- and

post-tax. Employees may authorize a payroll deduction by the employer to fund the established plan. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 42. Health-related benefits: Access, State and local

government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance1

Retiree healthcare

benefits2

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

All workers ............................................................. 29 68 64

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 32 70 65

Professional and related .................................... 31 70 64

Teachers ........................................................ 29 69 62

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 27 70 61

Service ................................................................... 24 62 58

Protective service .............................................. 28 71 68

Sales and office ..................................................... 30 70 68

Office and administrative support ...................... 30 71 68

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 24 62 62

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 22 62 58

Full time ................................................................. 32 74 69

Part time ................................................................ 14 33 29

Union ..................................................................... 28 72 68

Nonunion ............................................................... 31 65 60

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 22 56 51

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 17 46 41

Second 25 percent ............................................ 32 71 67

Third 25 percent ................................................ 35 75 71

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 30 72 67

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 29 73 68

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 29 68 64

Education and health services ........................... 31 69 62

Educational services ...................................... 31 69 62

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 24 65 57

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 51 81 77

Health care and social assistance ................. 34 68 62

Hospitals .................................................... 36 67 62

Public administration ......................................... 29 72 71

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 24 60 56

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 26 55 54

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 22 66 58

100 workers or more .............................................. 31 70 66

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 22 61 56

500 workers or more .......................................... 36 75 71

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 42. Health-related benefits: Access, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance1

Retiree healthcare

benefits2

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

State government .................................................. 51 88 87

Local government .................................................. 22 62 56

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 21 75 73

New England ..................................................... 13 70 73

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 23 76 73

South ..................................................................... 35 74 70

South Atlantic .................................................... 38 75 72

East South Central ............................................ 35 68 58

West South Central ........................................... 29 77 72

Midwest ................................................................. 23 62 55

East North Central ............................................. 23 60 54

West North Central ............................................ 24 65 57

West ...................................................................... 34 58 54

Mountain ............................................................ 29 46 44

Pacific ................................................................ 36 64 58

1 A health plan that provides long-term (more than 1 year) custodial care, home care, or nursing

home care. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the employee. 2 A health plan that provides coverage to a retiree beyond what is mandated by COBRA or other

health continuation laws. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the

employee. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions

of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 42. Standard errors for health-related benefits: Access, State

and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance1

Retiree healthcare

benefits2

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

All workers ............................................................. 0.9 1.1 1.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.1 1.2 1.2

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 1.4 1.2

Teachers ........................................................ 1.9 2.1 1.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.0 2.2 1.8

Service ................................................................... 1.6 1.7 1.6

Protective service .............................................. 2.5 2.5 2.2

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.4 2.1 2.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.4 2.0 2.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.3 5.3 3.9

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 3.1 4.2 4.4

Full time ................................................................. 0.9 1.1 1.0

Part time ................................................................ 1.4 1.8 2.0

Union ..................................................................... 1.1 1.6 1.6

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 1.3 1.2

Average wage within the following categories:3

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.4 1.7 1.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.9 2.1 2.1

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 1.7 1.5

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.0 1.5 1.2

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 1.7 1.4

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.1 2.0 2.6

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.9 1.1 1.1

Education and health services ........................... 1.2 1.4 1.2

Educational services ...................................... 1.2 1.6 1.3

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.6 1.8 1.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.8 2.7 2.5

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.8 3.1 3.7

Hospitals .................................................... 5.7 4.1 4.5

Public administration ......................................... 1.6 1.5 1.6

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.7 2.1 2.7

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.6 2.8 4.0

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.7 2.6 2.6

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.0 1.2 1.1

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.7 2.7 2.5

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.4 1.2 1.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 42. Standard errors for health-related benefits: Access, State

and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Long-term

care

insurance1

Retiree healthcare

benefits2

Under age

65

Age 65 and

over

State government .................................................. 1.9 1.8 1.4

Local government .................................................. 1.0 1.3 1.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.1 2.2 2.4

New England ..................................................... 3.7 2.8 3.2

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.4 2.7 2.8

South ..................................................................... 1.4 1.6 1.5

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.8 1.6 1.7

East South Central ............................................ 3.3 7.5 5.9

West South Central ........................................... 3.0 2.4 2.4

Midwest ................................................................. 1.9 2.9 3.1

East North Central ............................................. 1.3 2.8 4.3

West North Central ............................................ 5.0 6.4 3.7

West ...................................................................... 1.7 2.0 2.0

Mountain ............................................................ 4.6 4.4 4.0

Pacific ................................................................ 1.2 1.9 2.2

1 A health plan that provides long-term (more than 1 year) custodial care, home care, or nursing

home care. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the employee. 2 A health plan that provides coverage to a retiree beyond what is mandated by COBRA or other

health continuation laws. The plan, although sponsored by the employer, may be fully paid for by the

employee. 3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the

occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The

categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions

of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 43. Nonproduction bonuses: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses1

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus2

All workers ............................................................. 35 4 2 1 17 7 3 ( ) 11

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 36 4 1 3 ( ) 17 6 3 ( ) 12

Professional and related .................................... 35 4 1 3 ( ) 17 6 – 12

Teachers ........................................................ 33 3 1 – 17 5 – 12

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 35 3 – – 19 5 – 14

Service ................................................................... 33 3 2 2 15 8 – 10

Protective service .............................................. 43 6 2 1 19 11 – 15

Sales and office ..................................................... 35 4 2 1 16 7 3 ( ) 10

Office and administrative support ...................... 36 4 2 1 16 8 3 ( ) 10

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 40 – 2 3 15 – – 9

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 37 – – – 16 9 – 14

Full time ................................................................. 39 4 2 1 18 8 3 ( ) 12

Part time ................................................................ 15 2 2 1 5 1 – 5

Union ..................................................................... 45 4 – – 29 8 3 ( ) 12

Nonunion ............................................................... 27 3 2 1 6 6 3 ( ) 11

Average wage within the following categories:4

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 27 1 2 2 8 7 – 10

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 19 1 2 2 5 6 – 6

Second 25 percent ............................................ 37 4 2 1 16 8 3 ( ) 12

Third 25 percent ................................................ 36 5 1 – 18 7 3 ( ) 12

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 42 5 1 – 25 7 – 12

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 45 6 1 – 26 6 – 15

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 35 4 2 1 17 7 3 ( ) 11

Education and health services ........................... 32 3 1 3 ( ) 16 6 3 ( ) 11

Educational services ...................................... 31 3 1 – 17 5 – 10

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 31 2 1 – 17 5 – 12

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 31 6 – – 14 6 – 7

Health care and social assistance ................. 35 5 – – 12 8 2 11

Hospitals .................................................... 30 6 – – 7 5 – 9

Public administration ......................................... 43 6 2 1 19 10 – 14

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 33 4 2 – 19 7 – 8

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 31 6 2 – 16 – – 8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 34 3 1 – 21 5 – 8

100 workers or more .............................................. 36 3 1 1 16 7 3 ( ) 12

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 37 2 2 2 19 9 – 12

500 workers or more .......................................... 35 4 1 3 ( ) 15 7 3 ( ) 13

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 43. Nonproduction bonuses: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses1

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus2

State government .................................................. 46 9 3 ( ) – 19 11 – 15

Local government .................................................. 32 2 2 1 16 6 3 ( ) 10

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 48 – – – 33 7 – 14

New England ..................................................... 55 – – – 37 17 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 46 – – – 32 4 – 15

South ..................................................................... 33 3 3 1 5 8 – 17

South Atlantic .................................................... 48 4 4 2 9 8 – 27

East South Central ............................................ 28 – – 4 – 18 – 2

West South Central ........................................... 15 2 – – – 4 – 7

Midwest ................................................................. 29 1 – – 17 10 – 7

East North Central ............................................. 31 1 – – 23 9 – 6

West North Central ............................................ 26 – – – 6 13 – 7

West ...................................................................... 33 9 – – 22 2 – 5

Mountain ............................................................ 14 – – – 2 – – 5

Pacific ................................................................ 42 12 – – 31 2 – 5

1 The sum of the individual components may be greater than the total because some employees may have access to more than one type of nonproduction bonus. 2 Includes all other bonuses provided to employees and not published separately. 3 Less than 0.5. 4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary

of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 43. Standard errors for nonproduction bonuses: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus1

All workers ............................................................. 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.8

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 1.2 0.5 – 0.9

Teachers ........................................................ 1.5 0.6 0.4 – 1.3 0.5 – 1.1

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.7 0.6 – – 1.8 0.7 – 1.3

Service ................................................................... 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.8 – 1.2

Protective service .............................................. 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.5 1.8 1.4 – 2.3

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.2 1.3 1.1 0.2 0.8

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.2 1.4 1.1 0.2 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 3.6 – 0.7 1.0 1.9 – – 2.5

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 3.7 – – – 3.8 2.2 – 2.5

Full time ................................................................. 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.7

Part time ................................................................ 1.6 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.4 – 0.9

Union ..................................................................... 1.5 0.5 – – 1.6 0.7 0.1 0.8

Nonunion ............................................................... 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.7

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 – 1.0

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.7 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.8 1.4 – 0.9

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.4 0.7 0.1 0.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 1.6 0.7 0.3 – 1.3 0.6 0.1 1.3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.7 0.8 0.5 – 1.8 0.6 – 1.0

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.3 1.5 0.4 – 2.5 0.9 – 1.3

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.7

Educational services ...................................... 1.1 0.3 0.3 – 1.2 0.5 – 0.6

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.4 0.3 0.3 – 1.6 0.7 – 0.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.9 0.8 – – 1.9 1.7 – 0.9

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.4 1.6 – – 2.9 2.0 1.1 2.9

Hospitals .................................................... 4.9 1.6 – – 2.0 2.4 – 1.7

Public administration ......................................... 1.6 1.1 0.7 0.4 1.6 1.0 – 1.3

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.2 1.0 0.6 – 2.0 1.9 – 0.9

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 3.8 1.2 1.0 – 2.9 – – 1.8

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.0 1.4 0.3 – 2.9 1.5 – 2.0

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.7 1.2 – 1.7

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 0.5 0.4 3 ( ) 1.2 0.8 0.2 0.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 43. Standard errors for nonproduction bonuses: Access, State and local government workers, March

2018—continued

Characteristics

All

nonproduction

bonuses

Employee

recognition

bonus

End-of-year

bonus

Holiday

bonus

Payment in

lieu of

benefits

bonus

Longevity

bonus

Referral

bonus

Other

bonus1

State government .................................................. 2.2 0.9 0.2 – 1.5 1.7 – 1.2

Local government .................................................. 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.7

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.8 – – – 1.9 0.7 – 1.2

New England ..................................................... 3.0 – – – 3.0 1.5 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 2.3 – – – 2.4 0.8 – 1.1

South ..................................................................... 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.7 – 1.1

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.4 1.8 0.5 – 2.0

East South Central ............................................ 2.1 – – 0.9 – 2.3 – 0.7

West South Central ........................................... 1.9 0.9 – – – 1.5 – 1.7

Midwest ................................................................. 1.3 0.6 – – 1.7 1.0 – 1.3

East North Central ............................................. 1.5 0.3 – – 2.2 1.1 – 1.5

West North Central ............................................ 2.2 – – – 2.2 1.8 – 2.2

West ...................................................................... 2.6 1.0 – – 2.5 0.7 – 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ 1.9 – – – 0.7 – – 1.4

Pacific ................................................................ 3.7 1.1 – – 3.6 0.8 – 1.3

1 Includes all other bonuses provided to employees and not published separately. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and

below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018. 3 Less than 0.05.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary

of Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 44. Unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1, State and local

government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

All workers ............................................................. 57 57 48 44

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 59 59 49 45

Professional and related .................................... 59 58 48 44

Teachers ........................................................ 61 60 47 43

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 64 63 49 45

Service ................................................................... 51 51 44 41

Protective service .............................................. 54 54 49 45

Sales and office ..................................................... 60 60 51 46

Office and administrative support ...................... 60 60 51 46

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 50 50 45 39

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 56 57 45 43

Full time ................................................................. 62 61 52 47

Part time ................................................................ 30 29 25 24

Union ..................................................................... 60 60 66 60

Nonunion ............................................................... 54 54 33 30

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 47 47 31 29

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 40 39 23 22

Second 25 percent ............................................ 56 56 50 46

Third 25 percent ................................................ 60 60 51 47

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 65 64 61 54

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 64 64 65 60

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 57 57 48 44

Education and health services ........................... 60 59 48 43

Educational services ...................................... 62 61 48 43

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 62 61 46 42

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 60 59 53 46

Health care and social assistance ................. 49 48 43 41

Hospitals .................................................... 48 49 35 35

Public administration ......................................... 56 56 50 46

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 56 55 45 43

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 47 46 45 41

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 64 63 46 46

100 workers or more .............................................. 57 58 49 44

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 53 54 43 41

500 workers or more .......................................... 60 59 52 45

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 44. Unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1, State and local

government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

State government .................................................. 62 62 52 45

Local government .................................................. 55 55 47 43

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 63 63 67 61

New England ..................................................... 36 34 48 42

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 72 72 74 67

South ..................................................................... 57 57 24 22

South Atlantic .................................................... 51 52 26 21

East South Central ............................................ 63 60 21 21

West South Central ........................................... 62 64 22 23

Midwest ................................................................. 31 30 41 33

East North Central ............................................. 30 27 50 37

West North Central ............................................ 34 35 25 24

West ...................................................................... 77 77 79 77

Mountain ............................................................ 67 65 66 58

Pacific ................................................................ 82 82 85 85

1 The percentage of workers with access to the benefit reflects both the availability of the benefit and the

employer’s policy on providing the benefit to unmarried domestic partners. For more information, see

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/employer-sponsored-benefits-extended-to-domestic-partners.htm. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 44. Standard errors for unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1,

State and local government workers, March 2018

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

All workers ............................................................. 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.3

Professional and related .................................... 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.4

Teachers ........................................................ 2.4 2.5 1.8 1.6

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 2.5 2.6 1.9 1.7

Service ................................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.7

Protective service .............................................. 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.8

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5.6 5.4 4.2 4.1

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.3

Full time ................................................................. 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2

Part time ................................................................ 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.8

Union ..................................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.4

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.7

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.9

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.8

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

Education and health services ........................... 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5

Educational services ...................................... 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.6

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.2 4.6 3.0 3.5

Hospitals .................................................... 5.7 6.1 4.0 5.0

Public administration ......................................... 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.8

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 3.0 3.1 3.8 3.7

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.9 2.7 2.1 2.1

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 44. Standard errors for unmarried domestic partner benefits: Access1,

State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Defined benefit

retirement survivor

benefits

Healthcare benefits

Same sex Opposite

sex Same sex Oppositesex

State government .................................................. 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1

Local government .................................................. 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 3.2 3.0 2.5 3.0

New England ..................................................... 7.9 7.7 6.2 7.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 3.0 2.6 2.4 3.2

South ..................................................................... 2.1 2.0 2.2 1.9

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.0

East South Central ............................................ 3.6 3.9 0.8 1.2

West South Central ........................................... 4.7 4.1 4.2 3.3

Midwest ................................................................. 2.0 2.3 1.9 1.6

East North Central ............................................. 1.4 2.1 2.0 1.6

West North Central ............................................ 5.0 5.4 3.7 3.4

West ...................................................................... 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.0

Mountain ............................................................ 4.7 5.0 6.0 4.8

Pacific ................................................................ 2.6 2.6 1.7 1.6

1 The percentage of workers with access to the benefit reflects both the availability of the benefit and the

employer’s policy on providing the benefit to unmarried domestic partners. For more information, see

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/employer-sponsored-benefits-extended-to-domestic-partners.htm. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which

may include workers with earnings both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile

estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major

plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 88 1 3 8 81 8 1 10

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 91 1 3 5 82 9 1 8

Professional and related .................................... 90 1 3 6 82 10 1 8

Teachers ........................................................ 91 1 2 5 82 11 1 () 7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 99 – – 1 87 12 – –

Service ................................................................... 79 2 5 14 74 7 1 18

Protective service .............................................. 89 – – 8 85 – – 10

Sales and office ..................................................... 88 1 3 8 81 7 1 11

Office and administrative support ...................... 89 1 3 8 82 – – 10

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 95 – 3 – 89 7 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 84 – 6 10 79 6 – –

Full time ................................................................. 99 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 91 8 1 () 1

Part time ................................................................ 23 4 22 50 20 7 5 68

Union ..................................................................... 94 1 3 2 88 7 1 4

Nonunion ............................................................... 83 1 4 12 75 9 1 16

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 70 2 8 20 64 9 1 26

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 57 3 11 29 51 9 1 39

Second 25 percent ............................................ 92 1 2 5 86 7 1 6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 97 1 ( ) 1 2 87 10 – –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 95 1 ( ) 2 3 88 8 – –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 92 – – 4 84 9 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 88 1 3 8 81 8 1 10

Education and health services ........................... 89 1 4 6 81 9 1 9

Educational services ...................................... 89 1 4 6 80 10 1 9

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 89 1 4 6 78 12 1 9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 88 1 3 7 85 – – 9

Health care and social assistance ................. 90 – – 7 87 – – 9

Hospitals .................................................... 90 – – 7 87 – – 9

Public administration ......................................... 89 1 2 8 83 7 1 () 9

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 84 2 4 11 74 12 1 14

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 81 1 4 13 68 – – 17

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 86 2 3 8 79 10 1 11

100 workers or more .............................................. 89 1 3 7 83 7 1 9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 85 1 5 8 78 9 1 13

500 workers or more .......................................... 91 1 2 6 85 7 1 7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

All workers ............................................................. 83 6 3 8 36 53 1 10

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 86 6 2 6 38 53 1 7

Professional and related .................................... 86 6 3 6 38 54 1 8

Teachers ........................................................ 89 3 2 6 37 56 1 7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 99 – – 1 32 67 – –

Service ................................................................... 74 7 4 15 29 52 3 17

Protective service .............................................. 86 3 3 8 32 58 2 9

Sales and office ..................................................... 83 6 3 9 36 53 1 10

Office and administrative support ...................... 84 5 2 8 36 54 1 9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 87 8 3 2 38 57 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 81 4 6 10 26 58 – –

Full time ................................................................. 93 6 1 ( ) 1 40 59 – –

Part time ................................................................ 21 7 19 54 7 20 9 64

Union ..................................................................... 92 3 3 2 34 62 1 4

Nonunion ............................................................... 76 8 3 13 37 46 2 15

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 64 8 7 21 27 46 3 24

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 51 9 8 32 19 40 6 34

Second 25 percent ............................................ 86 7 2 5 37 56 1 6

Third 25 percent ................................................ 92 5 1 2 39 58 1 () 3

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 91 4 2 3 40 55 – –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 88 5 3 4 43 50 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 83 6 3 8 36 53 1 10

Education and health services ........................... 84 6 3 7 37 53 1 9

Educational services ...................................... 87 4 3 6 34 56 1 9

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 89 1 4 6 26 64 1 9

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 80 10 3 7 58 32 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 71 20 2 7 55 36 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 66 25 2 7 58 33 – –

Public administration ......................................... 85 5 1 8 35 55 1 9

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 80 6 3 11 27 59 1 13

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 77 5 4 14 23 59 2 16

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 82 6 3 9 31 58 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 84 6 3 7 38 52 1 9

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 82 4 5 9 28 58 2 11

500 workers or more .......................................... 85 7 2 6 43 49 1 7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

State government .................................................. 95 1 1 ( ) 4 90 6 1 () 4

Local government .................................................. 86 1 4 9 78 9 1 12

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 86 1 6 7 80 7 2 11

New England ..................................................... 84 – – 10 81 – – 11

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 86 1 ( ) 7 6 80 7 2 11

South ..................................................................... 92 1 2 6 82 11 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 90 1 2 8 84 – – 8

East South Central ............................................ 91 – – 5 74 18 – 8

West South Central ........................................... 95 – – 3 83 13 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 84 1 6 9 80 5 1 14

East North Central ............................................. 83 1 6 10 80 4 1 15

West North Central ............................................ 87 1 5 7 80 – – 12

West ...................................................................... 87 1 2 10 80 – – 12

Mountain ............................................................ 85 – – 13 82 – – 14

Pacific ................................................................ 88 1 3 8 79 – – 10

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Medical care benefit combinations: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

State government .................................................. 90 6 1 ( ) 4 48 47 – –

Local government .................................................. 81 6 4 9 31 55 2 11

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 82 5 5 8 30 57 1 12

New England ..................................................... 76 12 – – 15 73 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 84 3 6 7 35 52 – –

South ..................................................................... 87 5 2 6 41 51 1 6

South Atlantic .................................................... 86 5 2 8 56 35 1 8

East South Central ............................................ 86 6 – – 40 52 – 8

West South Central ........................................... 90 6 1 4 20 76 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 78 7 5 10 38 47 3 12

East North Central ............................................. 77 8 5 11 44 40 3 13

West North Central ............................................ 81 7 4 8 28 60 2 11

West ...................................................................... 82 6 2 10 28 60 1 11

Mountain ............................................................ 77 – – 13 32 54 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 84 5 2 9 26 63 – –

1 Less than 0.5. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of

major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, State and local government workers,

March 2018

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

All workers ............................................................. 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.5

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.5

Teachers ........................................................ 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.2 0.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.3 – – 0.3 1.3 1.3 – –

Service ................................................................... 1.4 0.4 1.0 1.6 1.4 0.9 0.3 1.2

Protective service .............................................. 1.3 – – 1.5 1.8 – – 1.1

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.2 0.3 0.5 1.1 1.6 1.1 0.3 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 0.3 0.4 1.1 1.6 – – 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.3 – 0.9 – 2.2 1.8 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.5 – 2.4 2.8 4.6 1.5 – –

Full time ................................................................. 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.2

Part time ................................................................ 1.5 0.7 2.2 2.7 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.7

Union ..................................................................... 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.5

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.1 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.9

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.7 0.4 1.0 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.4 1.5

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.4 0.7 1.8 2.4 1.9 1.1 0.5 2.0

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.9

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.4 1.2 1.0 – –

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 0.8 – –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.5 – – 1.2 1.7 1.1 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.5

Education and health services ........................... 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.5

Educational services ...................................... 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.6

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.4 1.3 1.1 0.2 0.8

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 1.7 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.6 – – 1.3

Health care and social assistance ................. 1.4 – – 1.6 2.0 – – 1.2

Hospitals .................................................... 1.1 – – 1.5 2.7 – – 1.1

Public administration ......................................... 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.8

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.4 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.7 1.2 0.3 1.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.2 0.5 0.6 2.1 2.9 – – 2.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.4 0.5 0.9 1.3 2.5 2.0 0.2 1.4

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.5

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.4 0.3 1.1 0.9 1.8 1.2 0.3 1.4

500 workers or more .......................................... 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.2 0.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, State and local government workers,

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

All workers ............................................................. 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.5

Professional and related .................................... 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.5

Teachers ........................................................ 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.4 0.7

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 0.3 – – 0.3 1.0 1.1 – –

Service ................................................................... 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.5 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.6

Protective service .............................................. 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.0 1.5

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.3 0.9 0.4 1.1 1.9 1.8 0.3 1.3

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.3 0.9 0.4 1.1 1.9 1.8 0.3 1.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 1.8 1.9 1.0 0.9 3.3 3.5 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.6 1.5 2.4 2.8 3.2 4.8 – –

Full time ................................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.8 – –

Part time ................................................................ 1.4 0.7 1.9 2.5 0.8 1.5 2.1 2.8

Union ..................................................................... 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.3 0.3

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.5 1.1

Average wage within the following categories:1

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.5 0.7 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.9

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 2.2 0.9 1.4 2.4 1.4 2.0 1.8 2.9

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.7 1.8 1.9 0.3 0.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.5

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.6 1.7 – –

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 1.5 0.8 0.7 1.2 2.0 2.0 – –

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.4 1.1 1.0 0.3 0.4

Educational services ...................................... 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.5

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.2 1.6 0.9 1.5 2.7 2.4 – –

Health care and social assistance ................. 3.9 3.2 0.5 1.5 4.2 4.5 – –

Hospitals .................................................... 4.8 4.5 0.7 1.4 6.0 6.3 – –

Public administration ......................................... 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.2 0.9

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.3 0.9 0.6 1.2 1.9 2.1 0.4 1.4

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 2.3 1.3 0.7 2.0 2.4 2.8 0.7 2.4

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 1.9 1.2 0.8 1.3 2.4 2.7 – –

100 workers or more .............................................. 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.6

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 1.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.9 2.3 0.7 1.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.7 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, State and local government workers,

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Medical care and retirement benefits Medical care and life insurance benefits

Medical

care and

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Retirement

benefits

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

retirement

benefits

Medical

care and

life

insurance

benefits

Medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

Life

insurance

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care and no

life

insurance

benefits

State government .................................................. 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.7

Local government .................................................. 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.7

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.4 0.3 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.3 0.7 1.7

New England ..................................................... 1.5 – – 1.6 2.5 – – 1.0

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.8 0.1 1.4 1.1 2.1 1.5 0.8 2.2

South ..................................................................... 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.1 – –

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.6 0.4 0.3 1.3 1.2 – – 1.1

East South Central ............................................ 2.0 – – 0.8 1.9 2.3 – 1.3

West South Central ........................................... 1.2 – – 1.0 2.6 2.6 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.4 0.3 0.8 1.7 2.0 1.1 0.2 1.2

East North Central ............................................. 2.0 0.4 1.0 2.4 2.8 1.4 0.2 1.7

West North Central ............................................ 1.7 0.4 1.3 1.6 2.5 – – 1.5

West ...................................................................... 1.1 0.2 0.3 1.0 1.8 – – 1.0

Mountain ............................................................ 2.1 – – 2.2 4.1 – – 2.0

Pacific ................................................................ 1.3 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.7 – – 1.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 45. Standard errors for medical care benefit combinations: Access, State and local government workers,

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Medical care benefits and defined benefit

retirement

Medical care benefits and defined contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Defined

benefit

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

benefit

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and defined

contribution

retirement

Medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

Defined

contribution

retirement

and no

medical

care

benefits

No medical

care

benefits

and no

defined

contribution

retirement

State government .................................................. 1.2 1.0 0.1 0.8 1.9 2.1 – –

Local government .................................................. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 1.3 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.8 0.5 1.4

New England ..................................................... 2.1 2.4 – – 4.3 4.5 – –

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 1.7 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.8 – –

South ..................................................................... 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.3 0.7

South Atlantic .................................................... 1.4 0.8 0.3 1.3 1.1 1.9 0.3 1.3

East South Central ............................................ 2.5 1.7 – – 4.1 3.7 – 1.3

West South Central ........................................... 2.9 2.2 0.2 1.2 2.5 3.0 – –

Midwest ................................................................. 1.2 1.0 0.7 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.1 2.1

East North Central ............................................. 1.3 1.3 0.8 2.1 1.9 1.2 1.6 3.2

West North Central ............................................ 2.4 1.4 1.3 1.8 3.6 3.7 0.8 1.0

West ...................................................................... 1.2 0.8 0.4 1.0 1.9 1.8 0.5 0.9

Mountain ............................................................ 1.8 – – 2.2 3.9 3.0 – –

Pacific ................................................................ 1.6 1.1 0.5 1.1 2.2 2.3 – –

1 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both above and below the

threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of

Employee Benefit Terms" at www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 46. Paid leave combinations: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave1

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation1

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays1

All workers ............................................................. 36 59 60 58 93 93 87

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 27 62 47 44 94 94 86

Professional and related .................................... 23 64 40 37 94 94 85

Teachers ........................................................ 9 68 14 10 94 94 80

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 9 81 13 8 100 100 87

Service ................................................................... 45 52 74 73 86 87 85

Protective service .............................................. 51 52 88 88 91 92 91

Sales and office ..................................................... 50 54 86 84 93 93 92

Office and administrative support ...................... 50 54 86 85 94 94 93

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 57 56 95 95 97 98 98

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 35 56 61 61 91 91 86

Full time ................................................................. 40 65 67 64 99 99 95

Part time ................................................................ 11 21 21 20 51 52 42

Union ..................................................................... 39 69 57 56 98 98 91

Nonunion ............................................................... 32 49 63 60 88 88 85

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 30 44 58 56 81 81 78

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 22 37 43 42 68 69 65

Second 25 percent ............................................ 48 56 85 84 96 96 94

Third 25 percent ................................................ 42 69 62 60 98 98 94

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 25 65 41 38 97 97 86

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 22 53 36 34 95 95 75

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 35 58 60 58 92 93 87

Education and health services ........................... 25 62 44 41 94 94 86

Educational services ...................................... 21 64 36 33 94 94 85

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 17 72 26 21 94 94 84

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 33 41 68 68 93 93 87

Health care and social assistance ................. 52 52 91 91 93 94 93

Hospitals .................................................... 51 51 91 91 93 94 93

Public administration ......................................... 53 53 90 90 93 93 92

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 32 61 54 52 90 90 86

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 35 51 65 63 87 88 85

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 30 70 44 41 92 92 87

100 workers or more .............................................. 37 58 62 60 93 94 88

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 39 62 61 60 91 91 88

500 workers or more .......................................... 36 56 62 60 95 95 88

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 46. Paid leave combinations: Access, State and local government workers, March 2018—continued

(All workers = 100 percent)

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave1

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation1

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays1

State government .................................................. 47 50 85 86 96 96 95

Local government .................................................. 32 62 52 49 91 92 85

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 46 71 56 55 92 92 85

New England ..................................................... 50 82 54 54 91 91 90

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 45 68 56 56 92 92 84

South ..................................................................... 31 56 62 59 94 94 91

South Atlantic .................................................... 39 59 66 65 92 92 90

East South Central ............................................ – 43 59 59 93 93 91

West South Central ........................................... 25 56 56 52 97 97 91

Midwest ................................................................. 36 64 55 53 90 90 88

East North Central ............................................. 38 66 54 54 89 89 87

West North Central ............................................ 32 61 57 51 92 92 89

West ...................................................................... 34 48 67 64 94 94 83

Mountain ............................................................ 24 45 60 55 89 89 84

Pacific ................................................................ 39 50 70 68 96 96 83

1 Includes workers with access to one or more of these leave benefits. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 46. Standard errors for paid leave combinations: Access, State and local government workers,

March 2018

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave1

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation1

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays1

All workers ............................................................. 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.6

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related ................ 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.8

Professional and related .................................... 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.9

Teachers ........................................................ 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 0.8 0.8 1.2

Primary, secondary, and special education

school teachers ........................................ 1.8 1.4 2.1 2.1 0.1 0.1 1.1

Service ................................................................... 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2

Protective service .............................................. 3.4 3.4 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0

Sales and office ..................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.2

Office and administrative support ...................... 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 2.7 2.7 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.9

Production, transportation, and material moving ... 4.6 4.2 3.5 4.6 2.8 2.8 2.9

Full time ................................................................. 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.5

Part time ................................................................ 1.4 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.4 1.8

Union ..................................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.8

Nonunion ............................................................... 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.8

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent ............................................. 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4

Lowest 10 percent ......................................... 1.6 1.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2

Second 25 percent ............................................ 1.8 1.9 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.7

Third 25 percent ................................................ 2.1 1.5 2.0 2.1 0.4 0.4 0.7

Highest 25 percent ............................................ 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.7 1.2

Highest 10 percent ........................................ 2.5 1.8 2.3 2.2 1.3 1.2 1.8

Establishment characteristics

Service-providing industries .................................. 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6

Education and health services ........................... 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.8

Educational services ...................................... 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.9

Elementary and secondary schools ........... 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.1

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 2.8 2.8 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.6

Health care and social assistance ................. 4.7 4.7 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3

Hospitals .................................................... 7.6 7.6 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.1

Public administration ......................................... 2.3 2.3 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7

1 to 99 workers ...................................................... 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3

1 to 49 workers .................................................. 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.1

50 to 99 workers ................................................ 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.3 1.3 1.5

100 workers or more .............................................. 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.7

100 to 499 workers ............................................ 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2

500 workers or more .......................................... 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 46. Standard errors for paid leave combinations: Access, State and local government workers,

March 2018—continued

Characteristics

Personal

leave and

vacation

Personal

leave and

sick leave

Sick leave

and

vacation

Vacation

and

holidays

Personal

leave, sick

leave, or

paid family

leave1

Personal

leave, sick

leave, paid

family

leave, or

vacation1

Personal

leave,

vacation, or

holidays1

State government .................................................. 1.7 1.8 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9

Local government .................................................. 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.8

Geographic areas

Northeast ............................................................... 2.9 1.3 2.6 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.8

New England ..................................................... 3.5 2.0 3.0 2.2 1.0 1.0 3.1

Middle Atlantic ................................................... 3.4 1.7 3.1 3.2 1.9 2.0 2.2

South ..................................................................... 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.0

South Atlantic .................................................... 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.1

East South Central ............................................ – 5.7 6.9 6.1 2.0 1.9 2.2

West South Central ........................................... 1.7 4.2 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.2 2.3

Midwest ................................................................. 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.8 1.0 0.9 1.3

East North Central ............................................. 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.5 1.6 1.4 1.3

West North Central ............................................ 3.9 3.6 1.0 2.2 0.5 0.4 2.8

West ...................................................................... 2.5 2.7 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.1

Mountain ............................................................ 6.1 6.2 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.8

Pacific ................................................................ 2.3 2.7 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 1.3

1 Includes workers with access to one or more of these leave benefits. 2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings both

above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using wage data for March 2018.

Note: For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the "Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms" at

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Technical Note

Interpreting the estimates

Comparing private and public sector data

Employee benefits in state and local government should not be directly compared to private industry. 

Differences between these sectors stem from factors such as variation in work activities and occupational 

structures. Manufacturing and sales, for example, make up a large part of private industry work activities 

but are rare in state and local government. Administrative support and professional occupations 

(including teachers) account for two-thirds of the state and local government workforce, compared with 

one-half of private industry.

Measures of reliability

To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of benefits estimates, standard errors are made available 

with publication of the bulletin. Standard errors provide users a measure of the precision of an estimate 

to ensure that it is within an acceptable range for its intended purpose.

Leave benefits for teachers

Primary, secondary, and special education teachers typically have a work schedule of 37 or 38 weeks per 

year. Because of this work schedule, they are generally not offered vacations or holidays. In many cases, 

the time off during winter and spring breaks during the school year are not considered vacation days for

the purposes of this survey.

Medical care premiums

The estimates for medical care premiums are not based on actual decisions regarding medical coverage 

made by employees; instead they are based on the assumption that all employees in the occupation can 

opt for single or family coverage. Monthly premiums are collected when possible. Annual premiums are 

converted to monthly premiums by dividing by 12 months.

Retirement plans

Differences in retirement plan participation are influenced by type of plan offered. In defined benefit 

plans participation is often mandatory, after meeting eligibility requirements, while participation in 

defined contribution plans is often voluntary.
Calculations for average wage categories

Estimates by worker average wage are grouped into six wage categories- the lowest 10 percent, the 

lowest 25 percent, the second 25 percent, the third 25 percent, the highest 25 percent, and the highest 

10 percent. The categories use percentile values based on unpublished March 2018 wages and salaries 

from the BLS Employer Costs for Employee Compensation publication. 

The percentiles are computed using average hourly earnings from sampled occupations within an 

establishment. Establishments in the survey are asked to report only individual worker earnings and 

scheduled hours of work for each sampled job. For the calculation of the percentile values, the individual 

worker hourly wages are weighted and arrayed from lowest to highest. The values corresponding to the 

percentiles are:

Characteristics 

Average hourly wage percentiles

10 25 50

(median) 75 90

Civilian $10.28 $13.18 $19.87 $31.55 $47.78

 Private industry $10.00 $12.75 $18.78 $30.08 $46.73

 State and local government $13.47 $18.14 $26.94 $38.41 $52.36

Individual workers can fall into a wage category different from the average for the occupation into which 

they are classified because average hourly wages for the occupation are used to produce the benefit 

estimates. 

Interpreting the tables

All estimates shown in the table are based on the set of workers specified in the statement underneath 

the table title and on any subsets indicated by column headers. For example, the statement may indicate 

that "All workers = 100 percent" or "All workers with paid sick leave = 100 percent." 

Benefit terms

For definitions of benefit terms, see the Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms at 

www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm. Major

terms for this bulletin include:
Access

Employees are considered to have access to a benefit plan if it is available for their use. For example, if 

an employee is permitted to participate in a medical care plan offered by the employer, but the employee 

declines to do so, he or she is placed in a category with those having access to medical care.

Participation

Employees in contributory plans are considered participants in an insurance or retirement plan if they 

have paid required contributions and fulfilled any applicable service requirements. Employees in 

noncontributory plans are counted as participating regardless of whether they have fulfilled the service 

requirements. (Note: Incidence can mean either access or rates of participation in a benefit plan.)

Take-up rates

Take-up rates are the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan. They are 

computed by using the number of workers participating in a plan divided by the number of workers with 

access to the plan, multiplied by 100, and rounded to the nearest one percent. Since the computation of 

take-up rates is based on the number of workers collected rather than rounded percentage estimates, the 

take-up rates in the tables may not equal the ratio of participation to access estimates.

Medical care benefits

Medical care benefits provide services or payments for services rendered in the hospital or by a qualified 

medical care provider.

Sample rotation

One-third of the private industry sample is rotated each year except in years when the government 

sample is replaced. The government sample is replaced less frequently than the private industry sample. 

The state and local government sample was replaced in its entirety for the March 2017 reference period.

Sample size

See appendix table 1.

Survey scope

See appendix table 2. Workers in the civilian economy are defined in the survey as those employed in 

private industry and state and local government. Excluded from the civilian economy are workers 
employed in federal and quasi-federal agencies, military personnel, agricultural workers, volunteers, 

unpaid workers, individuals receiving long-term disability compensation, and those working overseas. In 

addition, private industry excludes workers in private households, the self-employed, workers who set 

their own pay (e.g., proprietors, owners, major stockholders, and partners in unincorporated firms), and 

family members paid token wages.

Survey methods

For technical information on survey methods, see "National Compensation Measures," in the BLS 

Handbook of Methods at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm. The Concepts section of the Handbook

provides definitions for worker and establishment characteristics, including geographic areas. 

Additional information

For BLS research articles on employee benefits, see the Monthly Labor Review at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr, 

Beyond the Numbers at www.bls.gov/opub/btn, and The Economics Daily at www.bls.gov/opub/ted.
Appendix table 1. Survey establishment response, March 2018

Establishments Civilian Private industry State and local

governments

Total in sampling frame1 6,272,201 6,039,629 232,572

 Total in sample 11,478 9,881 1,597

 Responding2 8,032 6,588 1,444

 Refused3 2,424 2,284 140

 Out of business or not in survey scope 1,022 1,009 13

1 The sampling frame was developed from state unemployment insurance reports and is based on the 2012 North American 

Industry Classification System (NAICS). With some minor exceptions, an establishment is a single economic unit that engages in 

one, or predominantly one, type of economic activity. For private industry, the establishment is usually at a single physical 

location such as a mine, factory, office, or store; if a sampled establishment is owned by a larger entity with many locations, only 

the employment and characteristics of the establishment selected for the sample are considered for the survey. For state and 

local governments, an establishment can include more than one physical location, such as a school district or a police 

department.

2 Establishments that provided data at the initial interview.

3 Establishments that did not provide data at the initial interview. Data for establishments not responding at the time of update 

interviews are imputed. For information on nonresponse adjustment and imputation, see “National Compensation Measures,” 

BLS Handbook of Methods available at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Appendix table 2. Number of workers represented, March 2018

Occupational group1 Civilian2 Private industry2 State and local

governments2

All workers 137,310,900 118,068,300 19,242,600

 Management, professional, and related 42,783,300 31,749,100 11,034,300

 Management, business, and financial 13,068,900 11,447,500 -

 Professional and related 29,714,500 20,301,600 9,412,900

 Teachers 6,576,300 - 5,088,100

 Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers 4,532,400 - 3,881,300

 Registered nurses 3,110,500 - -

 Service 29,942,100 26,034,800 3,907,300

 Protective service 3,379,800 1,514,900 1,864,900

 Sales and office 32,990,300 30,291,200 2,699,000

 Sales and related 12,241,200 12,155,100 -

 Office and administrative support 20,749,100 18,136,200 2,613,000

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 11,377,700 10,532,700 845,000

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry 5,543,300 5,060,200 -

 Installation, maintenance, and repair 5,834,300 5,472,400 -

 Production, transportation, and material moving 20,217,500 19,460,600 757,000

 Production 9,565,000 9,447,500 -

 Transportation and material moving 10,652,500 10,013,100 -

1 The 2010 Standard Occupational Classification system is used to classify workers.

2 The numbers of workers represented by the survey are rounded to the nearest 100. Estimates of the number of workers provide a

description of the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. Estimates are not intended, however, for comparison to 

other statistical series to measure employment trends or levels.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no estimates for this characteristic are 

provided in this publication.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.