21-1727

Hay v. N.Y. Media LLC

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

2 held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 10th 3 day of March, two thousand twenty-two.

4

5 PRESENT:

6 JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,

7 PIERRE N. LEVAL,

8 MICHAEL H. PARK,

9 Circuit Judges.

10 _____________________________________

11

12 BRUCE HAY, 

13

14 Plaintiff-Appellant,

15

16 v. 21-1727

17

18 NEW YORK MEDIA LLC, KERA BOLONIK,

19

Defendants-Appellees.* 20

21 _____________________________________

22

23 FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: JILLIAN T. WEISS, Law Office of Jillian T. 

24 Weiss, P.C., Brooklyn, NY.

25

26 FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: KATHERINE BOLGER (Jeremy Chase, on the 

27 brief), Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, New 

28 York, NY.

29

* The Clerk is respectfully directed to amend the caption accordingly.
2

1 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of 

2 New York (Oetken, J.).

3 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

4 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

5 Bruce Hay, a civil procedure professor at Harvard Law School, appeals the denial of his 

6 request for leave to file a second amended complaint (“SAC”) in his lawsuit against Kera Bolonik 

and her former employer, New York Media LLC (“New York Media”).

1 7 The allegations in the 

8 SAC center on a July 2019 article—published in print in New York Magazine and online in The 

9 Cut—in which Bolonik wrote of Hay’s tumultuous relationship with married couple Maria-Pia 

10 Shuman and Mischa Shuman (“the Shumans”). The article described the relationship between a 

11 “spellbound” Hay and the Shumans, who cycled between flattery and romantic affection toward 

12 Hay, at certain times, and harassment of him and his family, at others. The article recounts that 

13 the Shumans, for example, deceived Hay into believing that he fathered Maria-Pia’s child, filed 

14 retaliatory rape and sexual harassment allegations against Hay in a Title IX complaint at Harvard, 

15 and manufactured a fraudulent lease in order to take possession of the Hay family’s home.

16 According to the article, Hay “entertain[ed] doubts” about the Shumans and on several occasions 

17 contacted law enforcement, but he “still sought ways to justify, or at least make sense of, [the 

18 Shumans’] campaign against him, searching in earnest for evidence of genuine affection amid the 

19 years of deceit.” App’x at 337, 344.

20 Hay approached Bolonik in the summer of 2018 and told her “that he believed he and 

21 several other men had been victimized by the Shumans.” SAC ¶ 71. Bolonik published an article 

1 The following facts are taken from the proposed SAC, which we must take as true for purposes 

of this appeal.
3

1 titled The Most Gullible Man in Cambridge on July 22, 2019, and—upon receiving further stories 

2 of similar interactions with the Shumans from other people—another article titled The Harvard 

3 Professor Scam Gets Even Weirder on August 8, 2019. After publication, Hay “promote[d] the 

4 article and defend[ed] it from legal attacks,” and he even assisted Bolonik in writing a letter 

5 “negat[ing]” the Shumans’ defamation claims against the author. Id. ¶¶ 81, 142. Hay further

6 agreed to solicit bids to convert the articles into a movie or TV series. 

7 Hay has since had “a change of heart.” Sp. App’x at 2. Although his SAC does not dispute 

8 that the Shumans falsely claimed his paternity of Maria-Pia’s child, that the sexual assault

9 allegations against him were fabricated, or that the Shumans fraudulently created a lease to his 

10 home, Hay objects to the way in which Bolonik characterized the Shumans. Whereas he once 

11 believed that he was a victim of a “campaign of fraud, extortion, and false accusations”—and so 

12 sued the Shumans and reported them to law enforcement—he now believes that the articles rely 

13 on a “salacious fictional portrayal of the Shumans as sexually deviant predators and Plaintiff as 

14 their clueless, gullible victim.” SAC ¶¶ 12, 71. His complaint states that the Shumans were 

15 “victims of a campaign of lies directed at them, fueled . . . by prejudice” against Maria-Pia for 

16 “reject[ing] traditional notions of feminine passivity in relationships” and against Mischa for being 

17 “a transgender woman of color.” Id. ¶¶ 24, 29, 86. Among other about-faces, Hay has retracted a 

18 claim that the Shumans made unauthorized withdrawals from his bank account—recalling now 

19 that he had in fact authorized the withdrawals. Hay has also dropped his lawsuit against the 

20 Shumans and requested that New York Media take down the two articles. Hay now says that it 

21 was Bolonik, not the Shumans, who “deceived and manipulated” Hay by turning him against the 

22 Shumans to facilitate publication of the article. Id. ¶ 123.

23 Proceeding pro se, Hay brought a diversity action against Bolonik and New York Media in 
4

1 the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging breach of contract 

and violation of the New York City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”).2 2 As to the breach of 

3 contract claim, Hay contends that he entered an oral contract with Bolonik in which she made 

4 certain promises of professionalism in exchange for his willingness to come forward with the story. 

5 Bolonik allegedly breached those promises through “reliance on a single whistleblower, 

6 inadequate planning and research, failure to adhere to accepted standards of accuracy and 

7 evidence, . . . [and] failure to cross-check her preferred narrative against other sources,” among 

8 other missteps. Id. ¶ 200. As for the NYCHRL claim, Hay alleges multiple incidents of sexual 

9 harassment by Bolonik, the details of which Hay first includes in his proposed SAC. Hay moved 

10 for leave to file the SAC, and the district court denied Hay’s motion as futile. Hay, now 

11 represented by counsel, appealed the court’s decision. We review de novo a denial of a motion 

12 for leave to amend as futile. Gorman v. Consol. Edison Corp., 488 F.3d 586, 592 (2d Cir. 2007). 

13 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on 

14 appeal.

15 First, we agree with the district court that the SAC failed to state a claim for breach of 

16 contract, though we reach that conclusion on alternative grounds. See McCall v. Pataki, 232 F.3d 

17 321, 323 (2d Cir. 2000) (“This Court . . . is free to affirm an appealed decision on any ground 

18 which finds support in the record, regardless of the ground upon which the trial court relied.” 

19 (cleaned up)).

20 It is evident from the face of the SAC that the alleged oral agreement between Hay, 

21 Bolonik, and New York Media is void under New York’s Statue of Frauds. New York’s Statute 

22 of Frauds provides in pertinent part:

2 Hay originally also brought a defamation claim, which he drops in his proposed SAC.
5

1 Every agreement, promise or undertaking is void, unless it or some note or 

2 memorandum thereof be in writing, and subscribed by the party to be charged 

3 therewith, or by his lawful agent, if such agreement, promise or undertaking . . . 

4 [b]y its terms is not to be performed within one year from the making thereof . . . . 

5 N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-701(a), (a)(1). Under the Statute of Frauds, an oral agreement is not 

6 enforceable if it contains terms that bind a party indefinitely. See, e.g., Myers v. Waverly Fabrics, 

7 475 N.Y.S.2d 860, 861 (1st Dep’t 1984) (finding that the Statute of Frauds applies to a contract 

8 whereby one party was “prevented, in perpetuity, from using the [other party’s] design in any 

9 manner except on fabric or on wallpaper”).

10 Here, Hay alleges that, in consideration for Bolonik’s promise that her reporting would be 

11 “professional” in that “she would bring to bear her experience . . . to ensure that the story was up 

12 to the customary ethical standards of long-form investigative journalism,” Hay “agreed to cease 

13 communications with the [New York] Times and other media outlets about the story and to work 

14 exclusively with Bolonik and New York Magazine.” SAC ¶¶ 75-76. Even drawing all reasonable 

15 inferences in Hay’s favor, his promise to work exclusively with Bolonik and New York Magazine 

16 would bind him permanently. Nothing in the SAC suggests that Hay’s obligation to refrain from 

17 working with other media outlets on the same story would terminate upon publication of Bolonik’s 

18 article, or upon any other event. There is no basis on which to conclude that Hay was free upon 

19 publication of Bolonik’s story to work with other publications on competing or other versions of 

20 the story. As a result, Hay’s alleged contract with Bolonik and New York Media is void under the 

21 Statute of Frauds, and the SAC therefore fails to state a claim for breach of contract. 

22 Second, the district court correctly dismissed Hay’s NYCHRL claim. Hay’s cause of 

23 action is precluded by Hoffman v. Parade Publications, 933 N.E.2d 744 (N.Y. 2010), in which the 

24 New York Court of Appeals rejected an NYCHRL claim by a Georgia resident because the case 

25 involved no “impact within” New York City. Id. at 746. Hay, a Cambridge, Massachusetts 
6

1 resident, does not contend that any of the alleged events took place when he was inside city limits

2 or that this suit otherwise involves his employment within New York City. There was thus no 

3 “impact” of any alleged violations within New York City, and considering Hay’s claim would 

4 impermissibly “expand[] NYCHRL protections to nonresidents who have, at most, tangential 

5 contacts with the city.” Id. at 747; see also id. (explaining that the “impact” requirement “confines 

6 the protections of the NYCHRL to those who are meant to be protected—those who work in the 

7 city”).

8 We have considered the remainder of Hay’s arguments and find them to be without merit. 

9 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

10 FOR THE COURT: 

11 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court