NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CACHET FINANCIAL SERVICES, a 

California corporation, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

BERKLEY INSURANCE COMPANY, a 

Delaware corporation; GREAT AMERICAN 

INSURANCE COMPANY, an Ohio 

corporation, 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 23-55217 

D.C. No. 

2:22-cv-01157-SPG-JEM 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Sherilyn Peace Garnett, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted February 13, 2024

Pasadena, California

Before: W. FLETCHER, NGUYEN, and LEE, Circuit Judges.

Cachet Financial Services appeals the district court’s dismissal of its lawsuit 

against Berkley Insurance Company and Great American Insurance Company. We 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

MAR 11 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm in part, reverse in part, and 

remand for further proceedings.

Cachet is a financial services company providing Automated Clearing House 

(“ACH”) transactions and related payroll services for its clients in the payroll 

industry. Cachet contracted with payroll firms, known as “remarketers,” to provide 

ACH transaction services. Cachet entered into written agreements with remarketers 

MyPayrollHR and iGreen Payroll Services, Inc. under which Cachet would act as an 

ACH services provider to route payments from their clients to those clients’ 

employees. Cachet alleges that these two remarketers caused over $40 million in 

losses by uploading fraudulent batch files into Cachet’s computer system.

After the insurers denied coverage, Cachet sued them. The district court 

rejected Cachet’s arguments that the losses were covered under (1) the Forgery or

Alteration Insuring Agreement and (2) the Computer And Funds Transfer Fraud 

Insuring Agreement. Cachet timely appealed. 

1. Forgery or Alteration Insuring Agreement. Cachet contends that the losses

are covered under the Forgery or Alteration Insuring Agreement, which requires the 

insurers to pay for any “loss resulting directly from ‘forgery’ or alteration of checks, 

drafts, promissory notes, or similar written promises, orders or directions to pay a 

sum certain in ‘money’ . . . .” The policy does not define “alteration,” nor is there 

any allegation from the pleadings that the parties understood the term to have any 
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specialized or technical meaning. We thus read “alteration” under its plain and 

ordinary meaning. See Emp’rs Reinsurance Co. v. Superior Ct., 161 Cal. App. 4th

906, 919 (2008). 

The batch files here were not “altered” under its plain and ordinary meaning 

because they were fraudulent to begin with and were never modified. See Charter

Bank Nw. v. Evanston Ins. Co., 791 F.2d 379, 383 (5th Cir. 1986) (rejecting coverage 

where documents were “fraudulent from their inception”); Suffolk Fed. Credit Union

v. CUMIS Ins. Soc’y, 910 F. Supp. 2d 446, 460 (E.D.N.Y. 2012). The remarketers 

created the batch files out of whole cloth and then uploaded them onto Cachet’s 

server exactly as created, without any modification to the account information 

contained therein. 

It does not matter that the remarketers had previously submitted nonfraudulent batch files or that the fraudulent files deviated from Cachet’s expectations

because the batch files at issue were never altered. Suppose, for example, that the 

remarketers duped Cachet into signing a check issued to an incorrect payee (which 

turned out to be a fraudulent entity controlled by the remarketers); no one would 

reasonably say that the check was “altered,” even if it was fraudulent. We thus 

affirm the district court’s dismissal of Cachet’s claim for coverage under the Forgery 

or Alteration Insuring Agreement. 
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2. “Fraudulent Entry” under the Computer And Funds Transfer Fraud Insuring 

Agreement. The Computer And Funds Transfer Fraud Insuring Agreement covers 

“loss resulting directly from a fraudulent[] (a) Entry of ‘electronic data’ or ‘computer 

program’ into; or (b) Change of ‘electronic data’ or ‘computer program’ within; any 

‘computer system’ owned” by Cachet. 

The district court concluded that because the term “fraudulent” modifies only 

the words “entry” and “change”—and not “electronic data” or “computer 

program”—the policy covers loss from a fraudulent entry or change but not an 

authorized entry of fraudulent electronic data or a fraudulent computer program into 

Cachet’s computer system. And because Cachet acknowledges that the remarketers 

were authorized to enter Cachet’s computer system to upload the electronic batch 

files, the district court held that Cachet failed to plausibly allege a “fraudulent entry.” 

See Universal Am. Corp. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 37 N.E.3d 78, 81 (N.Y. 2015)

(adopting a similar interpretation of a nearly identical policy language). 

While the district court’s interpretation of the provision is reasonable, we do 

not believe that its reading of “fraudulent entry” is the only reasonable one. 

Although Cachet authorized the remarketers to upload the electronic batch files onto 

its server, the authorized submission of fraudulent electronic data into Cachet’s 

computer system can arguably be described as a “fraudulent entry.” Consider this 

hypothetical: A thief who poses as a repairman to steal a homeowner’s jewels may 
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have been “authorized” to enter the home, but a reasonable person may still consider 

it a “fraudulent entry.” 

Under California law, consistent with the general rule of contra proferentem, 

ambiguities in insurance contracts are “generally resolved against the insurer and in 

favor of coverage.” AXIS Reinsurance Co. v. Northrop Grumman Corp., 975 F.3d 

840, 847 (9th Cir. 2020). At oral argument, Berkley suggested that because Cachet 

is a sophisticated insured, contra proferentem should not apply. But under California 

law, a sophisticated insured can still benefit from contra proferentem unless evidence 

shows that the insurance provision at issue was a product of actual negotiation and 

joint drafting by the parties. AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior Ct., 799 P.2d 1253, 1265 (Cal. 

1990) (noting that “where the policyholder does not suffer from lack of legal 

sophistication or a relative lack of bargaining power, and where it is clear that an 

insurance policy was actually negotiated and jointly drafted, [courts] need not go so 

far in protecting the insured from ambiguous or highly technical drafting” (emphasis 

added)). Here, nothing suggests that the Computer And Funds Transfer Fraud 

provision was “actually negotiated and jointly drafted” by the parties. See id. So 

we still apply contra proferentem and construe the ambiguous “fraudulent entry”

provision against the insurers. The district court thus erred in concluding that Cachet 

failed to plausibly allege that it suffered a loss from “fraudulent entry” under the 

Computer And Funds Transfer Fraud Insuring Agreement.
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The insurers contend that, even if Cachet plausibly alleged that it suffered a 

loss from “fraudulent entry,” coverage is still barred under the policy’s “Authorized 

Access” exclusion. We remand this issue for consideration by the district court. 

3. “Fraudulent Instruction” under the Computer And Funds Transfer Fraud 

Insuring Agreement. Cachet failed to plausibly allege that there was a “fraudulent 

instruction” under the Computer And Funds Transfer Fraud Insuring Agreement. As 

Cachet concedes, its claim that the batch files constitute “fraudulent instructions” 

hinges upon whether the batch files were “altered.” Because Cachet has failed to 

plausibly allege an “alteration” of the batch files, there is no coverage under this 

provision. 

4. Bad Faith. Because we reverse the district court’s dismissal of Cachet’s 

claim under the Computer And Funds Transfer Fraud Insuring Agreement, we also 

reverse and remand the dismissal of Cachet’s claim for tortious breach of the implied 

covenant of good faith and fair dealing. 

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED for further 

proceedings consistent with this disposition.