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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

3 Plaintiff-Appellee,

4 v. NO. A-1-CA-35091

5 CHELSEA COSTELLO,

6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY

8 Judith K. Nakamura, District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General

10 Santa Fe, NM 

11 John Kloss, Assistant Attorney General

12 Albuquerque, NM 

13 for Appellee

14 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender

15 Santa Fe, NM 

16 Josephine H. Ford, Assistant Public Defender

17 Albuquerque, NM 

18 for Appellant

19 MEMORANDUM OPINION

20 VANZI, Chief Judge.
2

1 {1} Defendant Chelsea Costello appeals from the district court’s judgment reversing

2 the metropolitan court’s suppression ruling in her favor. On appeal to this Court,

3 Defendant challenges the district court’s determination that the State could introduce

4 her blood test results without the trial testimony of the blood-draw technician

5 (phlebotomist) as violating her right to confrontation. Specifically, Defendant

6 contends that the phlebotomist’s testimony was required to establish her qualification

7 to draw blood under NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-103 (1978), as well as her compliance

8 with the State Laboratory Division (SLD) regulations for blood-draw procedures. We

9 affirm the district court’s decision.

10 BACKGROUND

11 {2} In the early morning hours of October 5, 2013, Officer Pedro Rico of the

12 Albuquerque Police Department (APD) responded to the scene of a single-vehicle

13 accident. When he arrived, Officer Rico found Defendant seated in the driver’s seat

14 of her Honda with the airbag deployed and the car against a light pole. Defendant, the

15 lone occupant in the vehicle, had red, bloodshot, watery eyes and a strong odor of

16 alcoholic beverages coming from her facial area. She admitted drinking one beer

17 earlier in the evening. 

18 {3} Officer Rico conducted a horizontal gaze nystagmus test at the scene but was

19 unable to perform a field sobriety test on Defendant because she started to complain

20 of chest and back pain. Defendant was transported to an emergency room by
3

1 ambulance. At the hospital, Officer Rico read Defendant her rights under the New

2 Mexico Implied Consent Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 66-8-105 to -112 (1978, as amended

3 through 2015), and Defendant agreed to a blood draw. A phlebotomist arrived at

4 Officer Rico’s request and drew Defendant’s blood without incident. Officer Rico

5 tagged the blood sample into evidence and left Defendant in the care of the hospital.

6 He was subsequently notified that Defendant’s blood alcohol content (BAC) was over

7 the legal limit. On December 17, 2013, Officer Rico charged Defendant in the

8 metropolitan court (trial court) with driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor,

9 contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-102 (2010, amended 2016).

10 {4} Prior to the start of the bench trial on July 14, 2014, defense counsel notified

11 the trial court that Kathleen Wenzel, the State’s witness from TriCore Reference

12 Laboratories who had drawn Defendant’s blood, was not present in the courtroom. On

13 that basis, defense counsel orally moved to exclude Wenzel. The State responded that

14 it could proceed without Wenzel’s testimony because Officer Chavez, who witnessed

15 the blood draw and was present to testify, could provide the necessary foundational

16 testimony that Wenzel would have provided. After argument and additional briefing

17 from the parties, the trial court entered an order of dismissal finding that the State was

18 “unable to proceed on an impaired to the slightest degree theory.” In suppressing the

19 evidence, the court found that “the confrontation clause precluded a witness other than
4

1 the phlebotomist or other person who performed the blood draw complied with

2 [Section] 66-8-103.”

3 {5} The State timely appealed the metropolitan court’s decision to the district court

4 pursuant to Rule 7-703(A) NMRA. The district court reversed, concluding that

5 compliance with Section 66-8-103 is foundational and, thus, not subject to

6 confrontation clause guarantees. Defendant timely appealed the district court’s

7 decision reversing the metropolitan court’s suppression order.

8 DISCUSSION

9 {6} Defendant argues that the trial court correctly ruled that she had a constitutional

10 right to confront the phlebotomist who took the blood sample in this case. Citing

11 Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004) and its progeny, Defendant contends that

12 the district court erred in reversing the trial court’s order and that she has a

13 constitutional right to confront Wenzel concerning her qualifications to take a blood

14 sample in accordance with the accuracy-ensuring regulations. We disagree.

15 {7} “Questions of admissibility under the Confrontation Clause are questions of

16 law, which we review de novo. Generally, we review admissibility of evidence . . . for

17 an abuse of discretion.” State v. Gonzales, 2012-NMCA-034, ¶ 5, 274 P.3d 151

18 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

19 {8} The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[i]n all

20 criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the
5

1 witnesses against him[.]” U.S. Const. amend. VI. Crawford signaled a fundamental

2 shift in Confrontation Clause jurisprudence, concluding that an out-of-court statement

3 that is both testimonial and offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted may not

4 be admitted unless the declarant is unavailable and the defendant had a prior

5 opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. 541 U.S. at 53-54. “[Statements] are

6 testimonial when . . . the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove

7 past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.” Davis v. Washington,

8 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006). 

9 {9} Our courts have previously held that compliance with Section 66-8-103 relates

10 to foundational matters that do not implicate the Confrontation Clause. In State v.

11 Dedman, the state argued that a venipuncture method used to draw a blood sample

12 was not a prerequisite to the admissibility of the blood alcohol report and that the

13 unavailability of the nurse who drew the blood sample to testify at trial did not require

14 the exclusion of the report on Sixth Amendment confrontation grounds. 2004-NMSC15 037, ¶ 1, 136 N.M. 561, 102 P.3d 628, overruled on other grounds by State v.

16 Bullcoming, 2010-NMSC-007, ¶¶ 1, 16, 147 N.M. 487, 226 P.3d 1 (Bullcoming I),

17 rev’d, Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. 647, 668 (2011) (Bullcoming II). Our

18 Supreme Court held that (1) the report was not testimonial and that (2) the testimony

19 of the officer in whose presence the blood was drawn “provided sufficient foundation

20 for [the] admission of the report and that [the] lack of opportunity to cross-examine
6

1 the nurse who drew the sample did not violate [the d]efendant’s confrontation rights.”

2 Dedman, 2004-NMSC-037, ¶¶ 1, 30, 45. After Dedman was decided, the Bullcoming

3 I Court, interpreting Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009), concluded

4 that blood alcohol reports were in fact testimonial and overruled Dedman’s holding

5 regarding that issue. Bullcoming I, 2010-NMSC-007, ¶¶ 13, 16. Bullcoming I did not

6 consider any other holdings in Dedman, in particular, with regard to the issue of

7 compliance with the blood sample collection regulatory requirement.

8 {10} Subsequently, in State v. Nez, 2010-NMCA-092, ¶ 1, 148 N.M. 914, 242 P.3d

9 481, this Court was asked on remand whether Bullcoming I changed our decision

10 upholding the admission of a BAC based on the precedent set in Dedman. We

11 concluded that it did not. In Nez, the defendant argued that because “the [s]tate did not

12 present any non-hearsay testimony sufficient to establish the method used to draw

13 blood and the qualifications of the blood drawer”—specifically that the state failed to

14 lay the necessary foundation to show compliance with Section 66-8-103—the district

15 court abused its discretion in admitting the report. Nez, 2010-NMCA-092, ¶ 12. After

16 describing the testimony from a law enforcement officer about his personal

17 observation of the nurse performing the defendant’s blood draw, we said that the

18 officer’s testimony provided an adequate foundation for the blood draw and that the

19 Confrontation Clause was not violated simply because the person who took the sample
7

1 did not testify, thus reaffirming our original pre-Bullcoming I analysis. Id. ¶¶ 13-14,

2 16.

3 {11} Not long after the United States Supreme Court decided Bullcoming II,

4 reversing our Supreme Court, we considered whether the Confrontation Clause

5 requires that a defendant have an opportunity to cross-examine a witness regarding the

6 underlying science and the accuracy of the Intoxilyzer 5000 breathalyzer machine (IR

7 5000). State v. Anaya, 2012-NMCA-094, ¶ 1, 287 P.3d 956. In Anaya, we concluded

8 that “[n]othing in Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming [II] requires the [s]tate to produce

9 a witness and provide foundational testimony that the IR 5000 is scientifically

10 accurate and reliable in measuring the alcohol level in a person’s breath.” Anaya,

11 2012-NMCA-094, ¶ 20. In other words, we said, these issues are non-testimonial

12 because they are preliminary and foundational in nature, and “not all foundational

13 evidence implicates the Confrontation Clause.” Id. ¶¶ 21-22. Consequently, “the

14 Confrontation Clause did not apply to the preliminary evidence regarding the

15 scientific aspects for certifying the machine because the witness that the defendant

16 demanded for cross-examination would present nothing more than preliminary factual

17 evidence to establish a foundation for the admission of evidence to be used at trial.”

18 Id. ¶ 22 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). We see little basis

19 for distinguishing this case from Anaya.
8

1 {12} Here, the district court’s decision is in line with Dedman and our decisions in

2 Nez and Anaya. Importantly, nothing in either Melendez-Diaz or Bullcoming II

3 overrules those cases or changes our conclusion. We hold that compliance with

4 Section 66-8-103 is a foundational issue and that the blood-draw procedures and

5 qualifications of the phlebotomist are non-testimonial facts that do not implicate the

6 Confrontation Clause. Had Defendant wanted to challenge the phlebotomist’s

7 qualifications or the procedure she used to draw Defendant’s blood, Defendant could

8 have taken the necessary steps to introduce any evidence she believed was relevant,

9 including issuing a subpoena to secure the presence of the phlebotomist at trial.

10 {13} Defendant continues to argue—as she did below—that Melendez-Diaz and

11 Bullcoming II compel a different result. We disagree. As a preliminary matter,

12 Defendant makes no serious argument as to why these cases are controlling except to

13 say that they are. It is true that in Melendez-Diaz, the United States Supreme Court

14 held that a certificate stating the seized substance was cocaine falls within the “core

15 class of testimonial statements.” 557 U.S. at 308, 310. And it is also true that the

16 Bullcoming II Court held that surrogate testimony of another analyst who did not take

17 part in the analysis or observe the report, could not substitute for the testimony of the

18 analyst who prepared the report. 564 U.S. at 661-63. However, neither of those

19 holdings has any bearing in this case. As we explained above, unlike the testimonial
9

1 statements at issue in Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming II, the evidence at issue here is

2 foundational and, therefore, does not implicate the Confrontation Clause. 

3 {14} We note also that the New Mexico Legislature has established the procedures

4 necessary to ensure the accuracy of breath and blood tests by enacting Section 66-8-

5 103 (listing individuals authorized to draw blood), and by mandating that tests taken

6 pursuant to the Implied Consent Act be approved by SLD. See § 66-8-107(A). As a

7 result, the admissibility of blood test results turns on each particular test and the

8 phlebotomist’s compliance with existing statutes and regulations. These regulations

9 clearly exist to ensure that the result of a blood draw conducted by a phlebotomist is

10 accurate.

11 {15} In determining whether compliance with statutory or SLD procedures

12 implicates the Confrontation Clause, we have previously held that issues that are

13 preliminary and foundational in nature are non-testimonial. See State v. Granillo14 Macias, 2008-NMCA-021, ¶¶ 16, 22-23, 143 N.M. 455, 176 P.3d 1187. We explained

15 in Granillo-Macias that preliminary factual evidence is non-testimonial because it

16 bears an attenuated relationship to conviction and would require too much of an

17 inferential leap to serve as testimonial evidence of a defendant’s guilt. See id. ¶¶ 21-

18 23. Thus, the Confrontation Clause did not apply to preliminary factual evidence to

19 establish a foundation for the admission of evidence to be used at trial. Id. Our holding

20 in Granillo-Macias is consistent with the United States Supreme Court’s subsequent
10

1 holdings in Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming II. See Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 312-

2 13, 319-20, 322-24 (explaining that the Confrontation Clause only applies to facts

3 regarding a defendant’s guilt or innocence, not to ensure the reliability of every piece

4 of evidence related to the defendant’s trial); see also Bullcoming II, 564 U.S. at 669

5 (noting that a statement is testimonial if it has “a primary purpose of creating an

6 out-of-court substitute for trial testimony” (internal quotation marks and citation

7 omitted)). Consequently, contrary to Defendant’s assertion, the phlebotomist’s

8 qualifications and compliance with statutory and regulatory standards are non9 testimonial facts and do not implicate the Confrontation Clause. 

10 {16} As we have noted, the State offered available witnesses “relating to the blood

11 drawer’s identity, qualifications, and manner of drawing the blood.” The State also

12 said that if the trial court held that language in the certificate signed by Wenzel was

13 testimonial, it could redact the certificate from the report. Because we have concluded

14 that compliance with Section 66-8-103 and SLD regulations is foundational, the State

15 may use hearsay evidence to establish these preliminary factual questions.

16 CONCLUSION

17 {17} The district court’s decision reversing the order of the Metropolitan Court is

18 affirmed.

19 {18} IT IS SO ORDERED.
11

1 __________________________________

2 LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge

3 WE CONCUR:

4 _________________________________

5 HENRY M. BOHNHOFF, Judge

6 _________________________________

7 EMIL J. KIEHNE, Judge