RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 21a0240p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

F.P. DEVELOPMENT, LLC,

Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

v.

CHARTER TOWNSHIP OF CANTON, MICHIGAN, 

Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

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Nos. 20-1447/1466

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.

No. 2:18-cv-13690—George Caram Steeh, III, District Judge.

Argued: June 10, 2021

Decided and Filed: October 13, 2021

Before: COLE, BUSH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Anne McClorey McLaughlin, ROSATI, SCHULTZ, JOPPICH & 

AMTSBUECHLER, P.C., Farmington Hills, Michigan, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee. Chance 

Weldon, TEXAS PUBLIC POLICY FOUNDATION, Austin, Texas, for Appellee/CrossAppellant. Richard K. Norton, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ilya 

Shapiro, CATO INSTITUTE, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae. ON BRIEF: Anne 

McClorey McLaughlin, ROSATI, SCHULTZ, JOPPICH & AMTSBUECHLER, P.C., 

Farmington Hills, Michigan, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee. Chance Weldon, Robert Henneke, 

Theodore Hadzi-Antich, TEXAS PUBLIC POLICY FOUNDATION, Austin, Texas, Michael J. 

Pattwell, CLARK HILL PLC, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellee/Cross-Appellant. Richard K. 

Norton, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Sean Hammond, MICHIGAN 

ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL, Lansing, Michigan, Ilya Shapiro, CATO INSTITUTE, 

Washington, D.C., Robert E. Thall, BAUCKHAM, SPARKS, THALL, SEEBER & 

KAUFMAN, P.C., Portage, Michigan, Kathryn D. Valois, PACIFIC LEGAL FOUNDATION, 

Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, Kimberly S. Hermann, SOUTHEASTERN LEGAL 

FOUNDATION, Roswell, Georgia, Braden Boucek, THE BEACON CENTER OF 

>
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 2

TENNESSEE, Nashville, Tennessee, Brian K. Kelsey, LIBERTY JUSTICE CENTER, 

Chicago, Illinois, for Amici Curiae.

_________________

OPINION

_________________

JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. American history teems with stories and myths of trees. 

Johnny Appleseed’s apple trees and George Washington’s cherry tree are but a few of those 

timber tales that inspire and teach. Whether to plant or cut down a tree can be, for better or 

worse, an individual choice. But sometimes the government gets involved. For example, it can 

reward those who plant, see, e.g., Timber Culture Act of 1873, ch. 277, 17 Stat. 605 (granting 

additional land to homesteaders who planted seedlings), or compensate for land taken to 

conserve, see, e.g., Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, 16 U.S.C. § 715 et seq. Those 

“carrot” measures serve to further the public interest in tree cultivation and management while 

compensating private parties for their property and efforts.

Here, however, the government used what F.P. Development portrays as the “stick” 

approach. Intending to help preserve its greenery, the Charter Township of Canton, Michigan, 

passed an ordinance that prohibits F.P. from removing certain trees on its land without a permit 

and requires F.P. to mitigate the removal. F.P. challenges the regulation, claiming that it 

constitutes a taking of its property without just compensation, an unreasonable seizure, and an 

excessive fine. The district court granted summary judgment to F.P. on the takings claim and to 

Canton on the others. We affirm. 

I.

Around July 2006, Canton passed an ordinance, which the parties refer to as the Tree 

Ordinance, addressing forest preservation and tree clearing. The township’s aim was to improve 

its community and protect its natural resources. Accordingly, the Tree Ordinance requires tree 

owners in Canton to get a permit before removing certain trees or undergrowth from their 

properties. Specifically, the ordinance deals with four categories of tree-related clearing. It 

prohibits the unpermitted removal, damage, or destruction of (1) any tree with a diameter at 
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 3

breast height of six inches or greater, (2) any landmark or historic tree,1(3) any tree located 

within a forest and with a diameter at breast height of three inches or more, and (4) any undercanopy vegetation within the dripline of a forest. There are, however, numerous exceptions. For 

example, agricultural and farming operations, commercial nurseries, tree farms, and occupied 

lots of fewer than two acres are not subject to the permitting requirement. 

The unlucky tree owner who does not fall into one of those exceptions has to submit a 

tree-removal-permit application to Canton before commissioning an arborist. Among other 

requirements, the application must describe the area affected by the tree removal, each tree to be 

removed and its location, and what the affected area will look like after the proposed removal. 

The ordinance also lists review procedures and standards that Canton must follow when 

reviewing applications. Those procedures require the township to evaluate the effect of the 

proposed development on the quality of the surrounding area. 

If Canton issues a permit, a tree owner must agree to mitigate the tree removal. The Tree 

Ordinance lists three standardized mitigation options: a tree owner can replace removed trees on 

its own property, replace them on someone else’s property, or pay a designated amount into 

Canton’s tree fund so the township can replace them elsewhere. For every landmark tree cut 

down, a tree owner must replant three trees or pay about $450 into the tree fund. For every nonlandmark tree cut down as part of a larger-scale tree removal, a tree owner must replant one tree 

or pay about $300 into the tree fund. If a tree owner fails to comply with those requirements, 

Canton sends a notice of violation and requires that the tree owner submit a permit application or 

face an enforcement lawsuit.2

F.P. Development, a real-estate holding company owned by Martin F. Powelson, is one 

of those non-complying tree owners. In 2007, F.P. purchased a 62-acre parcel of undeveloped 

land from Canton for $550,000. The plan was to use the land to expand Powelson’s traffic1A “landmark” or “historic” tree means “any tree which stands apart from neighboring trees by size, form 

or species, as specified in the [township’s] landmark tree list . . . or any tree, except box elder, catalpa, poplar, silver 

maple, tree of heaven, elm or willow, which has a [diameter at breast height] of 24 inches or more.”

2Canton also has the authority to impose criminal penalties on violators in the form of a $500 fine and up to 

90 days’ imprisonment. 
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 4

control sign business, POCO, which occupied the lot adjacent to the 62-acre parcel. F.P. left the

land undeveloped until 2016, when it filed a property split application with Canton, requesting 

permission to split 44 acres of the property roughly in two: a 28-acre plot for F.P. to keep and a 

16-acre plot to sell. Canton tentatively approved the separation and noted that any development 

involving tree removal would require the proper permitting. By 2017, F.P. completed the split. 

But, unfortunately for F.P., the two parcels were bisected by a county drainage ditch that 

had become clogged with fallen trees and other debris. After the county refused to clear the 

ditch, F.P. contracted with a timber company to remove the trees and debris and to clear several 

other trees from the property. As to that removal, F.P. did not apply for or receive a permit. Nor 

did it receive permission from Canton to proceed without a permit.

Soon after, someone tipped off Canton’s Landscape Architect and Planner to F.P.’s 

unpermitted tree removal. The township investigated and confirmed the tip. It then posted a 

“Stop Work” order on F.P.’s property and issued a “Notice of Violation.” The notice made clear 

that a survey of the property was required to determine the number and species of trees removed 

so that Canton could enforce the Tree Ordinance. 

From that survey, Canton determined that F.P. had removed 159 trees—14 landmark 

trees and 145 non-landmark trees. To comply with the ordinance, F.P. had to either replant 

187 trees (three for every landmark tree removed and one for every non-landmark tree) on its or 

another’s property or deposit $47,898 into Canton’s tree fund. 

F.P. chose neither option. Instead, it filed a lawsuit, seeking declaratory and injunctive 

relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. It claimed that Canton’s Tree Ordinance constituted (1) a facial 

and as-applied unconstitutional taking, in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments; 

(2) an unreasonable seizure, in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments; and (3) an 

excessive fine, in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Township filed a 

counterclaim seeking $47,898 in damages. 

After several months of discovery, F.P. moved for summary judgment. Canton moved to 

dismiss the case on ripeness grounds, for judgment on the pleadings, or for summary judgment in 

its favor. The district court denied Canton’s motion to dismiss on ripeness grounds. The court 
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 5

then granted F.P. summary judgment on its as-applied Fifth Amendment claim. It reasoned that 

although the ordinance, as applied to F.P., was not unconstitutional as a per se physical taking, it 

was unconstitutional as a regulatory taking and as an unconstitutional condition. The court did 

not decide F.P.’s facial challenge. Finally, the court granted Canton summary judgment on 

F.P.’s Fourth and Eighth Amendment claims. Both parties appeal. 

II.

We review a district court’s decision on summary judgment de novo. Jackson v. City of 

Cleveland, 925 F.3d 793, 806 (6th Cir. 2019). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is 

“no genuine dispute as to any material fact” and the moving party “is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We construe the evidence and draw all reasonable 

inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Jackson, 925 F.3d at 806.

III.

A. RIPENESS

We begin with the questions about our jurisdiction. The doctrine of ripeness prevents 

courts from deciding cases or controversies prematurely. See Nat’l Park Hosp. Ass’n v. Dep’t of 

Interior, 538 U.S. 803, 807–08 (2003). It is “drawn both from Article III limitations on judicial 

power and from prudential” concerns. Id. at 808 (quoting Reno v. Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc., 509 

U.S. 43, 57 n.18 (1993)). Issues of ripeness rooted in Article III are jurisdictional; those based 

on prudence are not. See Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 670 n.2 

(2010); see also Lucas v. S.C. Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1012–13 (1992).

Amici Michigan Township Association and Michigan Municipal League argue on appeal 

that F.P.’s as-applied challenge to the Canton Tree Ordinance is not ripe for review, citing 

prudential ripeness concerns. But Canton did not raise those concerns in its briefing before us. 

So the argument is forfeited. See Self-Ins. Inst. of Am., Inc. v. Snyder, 761 F.3d 631, 641 (6th 

Cir. 2014) (“[W]hile an amicus may offer assistance in resolving issues properly before a court, 

it may not raise additional issues or arguments not raised by the parties.” (quoting Cellnet 
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 6

Commc’ns Inc. v. FCC, 149 F.3d 429, 443 (6th Cir. 1998))); see also Stolt-Nielsen, 559 U.S. at 

670 n.2 (holding that a prudential ripeness argument was waived).

What’s more, “we do not think it prudent to apply” the doctrine of prudential ripeness sua 

sponte here. F.P. has standing under Article III, and the status of the prudential ripeness doctrine 

is uncertain. See Lucas, 505 U.S. at 1013; see also, e.g., Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control 

Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 125–27 (2014) (questioning the vitality of the doctrine of 

prudential ripeness); Miller v. City of Wickliffe, 852 F.3d 497, 503 & n.2 (6th Cir. 2017) 

(declining to address prudential ripeness because plaintiff lacked standing under Article III and 

because of the questioned vitality of the doctrine). We thus proceed to the merits.

B. TAKING WITHOUT JUST COMPENSATION 

F.P.’s first claim is that Canton’s Tree Ordinance constitutes a taking of its trees in 

violation of the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment, as incorporated by the Fourteenth 

Amendment. The Takings Clause states that “private property” shall not “be taken for public 

use, without just compensation.” U.S. Const. amend. V. In F.P.’s view, Canton’s Ordinance 

violates that prohibition in three ways: the ordinance imposes (1) a per se taking under Loretto v. 

Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419, 435 (1982) and Horne v. Department of 

Agriculture, 576 U.S. 350 (2015); (2) a regulatory taking under Penn Central Transportation Co. 

v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104, 124 (1978); and (3) an unconstitutional condition under 

Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, 483 U.S. 825 (1987), Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 

U.S. 374 (1994), and Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District, 570 U.S. 595, 604 

(2013). For reasons discussed below, we agree with F.P. that the ordinance violates the Fifth 

Amendment, through the Fourteenth Amendment, based on the unconstitutional-conditions 

doctrine, so we need not consider the other two theories for relief. See Brown v. Stored Value 

Cards, Inc., 953 F.3d 567, 575 n.6 (9th Cir. 2020); Phillip Morris, Inc. v. Harshbarger, 159 F.3d 

670, 674 n.4 (1st Cir. 1998). Before addressing pertinent legal issues below, however, we 

provide some background on what began as a highly contentious subject in American history.
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 7

1. Historical Background 

On April 13, 1772, almost two years before the Boston Tea Party, and three years before 

an American Patriot fired the shot heard ’round the world, a group of colonists revolted against 

the Crown’s longstanding Pine Tree Act. The act prohibited colonists from cutting down white 

pine trees on their own land without first obtaining a royal license and subjected violators to 

fines that grew with the size of the tree felled. See An Act Giving Further Encouragement for 

the Importation of Naval Stores, and for the Purposes Therein Mentioned, 1721, 5 Geo I., c. 12 

(Eng.). The colonists ignored the act, and a large group of disgruntled tree owners captured the 

British representatives, beat them with switches (one lashing for every tree the Crown claimed), 

maimed and shaved their horses, and ran them out of town. See William Little, History of 

Weare, New Hampshire 1735–1888, 189 (S.W. Huse & Co., 1888). 

F.P. suggests that the Founders adopted and ratified the Takings Clause of the Fifth 

Amendment, in part, to prevent the type of tree restrictions imposed by both the British Crown 

and the Township of Canton. It is true that “[t]he Founders recognized that the protection of 

private property [would be] indispensable to the promotion of individual freedom.” Cedar Point 

Nursery v. Hassid, 141 S. Ct. 2063, 2071 (2021). So, as part of the Bill of Rights, they included 

the Takings Clause in the Fifth Amendment. But that constitutional guarantee does not, as a 

matter of original meaning, obviously invalidate Canton’s property regulation.

Indeed, history presents a more complicated picture of land-use regulation in the 

Founding Era than F.P. suggests. The Takings Clause may not have even extended to 

regulations of private property like the one at issue in this case. See id. at 2071 (noting that the 

Takings Clause was originally “limited to physical appropriations of property”). In fact, despite 

the early colonists’ frustration with the Crown’s Pine Tree Act, general land regulation was 

commonplace in colonial America. See Act of May 12, 1724, 7 The Public Records of the 

Colony of Connecticut 10 (Charles J. Hoadly ed., Hartford, Conn. Cass, Lockwood & Brainard 

Co. 1876) (requiring removal of barberry bushes to prevent wheat blight).3 Indeed, the author of 

3

See also, e.g., Ordinance of Feb. 23, 1656, Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638–1674, 361, 

361 (E.B. O’Callaghan, trans., Albany, N.Y., Weed, Parsons and Co. 1868) (requiring installation of fences to 

support the “cultivation of the soil”); Act of Nov. 27, 1700, ch. LIII, sec. III, 2 The Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania 
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 8

the Takings Clause, James Madison, seemed to view the constitutional text as limiting only the 

government’s power to take property physically for public use. See James Madison, Property, 

Nat’l Gazette, Mar. 27, 1792, in 14 The Papers of James Madison, 266–68 (Robert A. Rutland et 

al. eds., 1983) (invoking the Takings Clause and distinguishing between “direct” and “indirect[]” 

violations of property). Madison’s interpretation finds support in common law and statutes that 

allowed certain government land-use regulations without requiring compensation to other land 

owners. See 1 Blackstone’s Commentaries editor’s app., 305–06 (St. George Tucker ed., 

Philadelphia, Birch & Small 1803).4

Of course, questions abound regarding whether the ratification of the Fourteenth 

Amendment placed greater limits on state-government regulation of private property than did the 

Fifth Amendment. See, e.g., Murr v. Wisconsin, 137 S. Ct. 1933, 1957 (2017) (Thomas, J. 

dissenting). But, as a court of middle management, we have no occasion or authority to answer 

those questions here. Regardless, the Supreme Court made clear in 1922 that the rights 

guaranteed by the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment, as applied to the states through the 

Fourteenth Amendment, limit all regulations of private property that go “too far.” See Penn. 

Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 415 (1922). And later, the Court held that certain permitting 

schemes should be subject to analysis under the unconstitutional-conditions doctrine. See 

Nollan, 483 U.S. at 835–37; Dolan, 512 U.S. at 386–88; Koontz, 570 U.S. at 604. Our analysis 

begins and ends there.5

2. Unconstitutional Conditions 

Under the unconstitutional-conditions doctrine, “the government may not deny a benefit 

to a person because he exercises a constitutional right.” Koontz, 570 U.S. at 604 (quoting Regan 

65, 66–67 (James T. Mitchell & Harry Flanders eds., Pa., Clarence M. Busch 1896) (requiring planting and 

maintenance of certain trees).

4

See also, e.g., Michael B. Rappaport, Originalism and Regulatory Takings: Why the Fifth Amendment 

May Not Protect Against Regulatory Takings but the Fourteenth Amendment May, 45 San Diego L. Rev. 729, 736 

(2008); see generally William Michael Treanor, The Original Understanding of the Takings Clause and the Political 

Process, 95 Colum. L. Rev. 782, 798–859 (1995).

5The briefing on appeal concluded before the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Cedar Point Nursery—

the Court’s most recent case involving the Takings Clause. 141 S. Ct. at 2063. But nothing in that case demands 

that we review F.P.’s challenge to Canton’s ordinance under a per se or regulatory takings approach.
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 9

v. Taxation with Representation of Wash., 461 U.S. 540, 545 (1983)). In practice, the doctrine 

“vindicates the Constitution’s enumerated rights by preventing the government from coercing 

people into giving them up.” Id.

F.P. argues that Canton’s Tree Ordinance places an unconstitutional condition on its Fifth 

Amendment rights by coercing it into giving up its right to just compensation for the township’s 

taking of trees in exchange for a permit. As noted, F.P. points to Nollan, Dolan, and Koontz for 

support.

Those cases “‘involve a special application’ of” the unconstitutional-conditions doctrine 

“that protects the Fifth Amendment right to just compensation” when the government demands 

property in exchange for land-use permits. Koontz, 570 U.S. at 604 (quoting Lingle v. Chevron 

U.S.A. Inc., 544 U.S. 528, 547 (2005)). In particular, they hold that “the government may choose 

whether and how a permit applicant is required to mitigate the impacts of a proposed 

development, but it may not leverage its legitimate interest in mitigation to pursue governmental 

ends that lack an essential nexus and rough proportionality to those impacts.” Id. at 606. 

There is an interesting question whether Canton’s application of the Tree Ordinance to 

F.P. falls into the category of government action covered by Nollan, Dolan, and Koontz. But the 

parties do not raise it. And we decline to do so on our own accord. So we proceed, as the parties 

request, and apply the essential nexus and rough proportionality test provided in those cases.

3. Essential Nexus and Rough Proportionality 

The parties agree that there is an “essential nexus” between Canton’s “legitimate” interest 

in forest and natural resource preservation and the permit conditions. See Dolan, 512 U.S. at 

386. Therefore, we need only address the “rough proportionality” prong of Nollan and Dolan. 

That prong “requires us to determine whether the degree of the exactions demanded by 

the [township’s] permit conditions bears the required relationship to the projected impact of 

[F.P.’s] proposed development.” Dolan, 512 U.S. at 388. The “required relationship” does not 

have to be “exacting,” but it cannot be “generalized.” Id. at 389–90. It must be “rough[ly] 

proportional[].” Id. at 391. Of course, “[n]o precise mathematical calculation is required, but the 
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 10

[township] must make some sort of individualized determination that the required dedication is 

related both in nature and extent to the impact of the proposed development.” Id. 

Canton fails to carry its burden to show that it made the required individualized 

determination. Under the Tree Ordinance, F.P. must replant one tree for every non-landmark 

tree removed and three trees for every felled landmark tree. The township also requires F.P. to 

bear the associated costs, whether F.P. does the replanting and relocation itself or outsources the 

task to the township. Of course, Canton’s mitigation options could offset F.P.’s tree removal, 

and they arguably involve some individualized assessment given that Canton must determine the 

number and type of trees cut. But Dolan requires more.

In Dolan, the government argued that its exaction of an easement for a bicycle pathway 

was necessary to reduce traffic congestion that the property owner’s proposed development 

might cause. 512 U.S. at 395. The Court held that the government’s assertion that the 

conditioned path “‘could offset some of the traffic demand’ is a far cry from a finding that the 

bicycle pathway system will, or is likely to, offset some of the traffic demand.” Id. (quoting 

Dolan v. City of Tigard, 845 P.2d 437, 447 (Ore. 1993) (en banc) (Peterson, J., dissenting)). 

Here, the township provides us with little information about its replacement or relocation 

requirements. Like the government in Dolan, it seems to assume that its mitigation requirements 

are appropriate. And the information it presents concerning the amount of money F.P. must 

spend to satisfy those requirements is based on tree replacement costs calculated fifteen years 

ago, in 2006. That limited and arguably stale information does not suffice. 

Canton has pointed to nothing indicating, for example, that F.P.’s tree removal effects a 

certain level of environmental degradation on the surrounding area. Nor does it demonstrate 

whether it considered that F.P.’s clearing of the clogged ditch on its property or its removal of 

dead trees may have improved the surrounding environment. The only evidence on that point 

suggests that even if F.P. offset its tree removal in a manner not contemplated by the township, 

Canton would still demand its pre-set mitigation. At bottom, Canton’s support fails to get it over 

the bar set by Nollan and Dolan. See id. at 395–96 (noting that “the city must make some effort 

to quantify its findings in support” of its exactions); see also Goss v. City of Little Rock, 151 F.3d 

861, 863 (8th Cir. 1998) (holding that local traffic mitigation requirements did not satisfy 
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 11

Dolan’s rough-proportionality test because they were based on pre-set assumptions, rather than 

an individualized impact assessment).

That a representative from Canton went to F.P.’s property to count and categorize the 

trees F.P. cut down does not alter our conclusion. And the “individualized assessment” that 

Canton points to in the ordinance relates to the initial review of a permit application, not to the 

proportionality of the mitigation requirements. See Canton Code of Ordinances Art. § 5A.05(F). 

According to Canton’s own representative, F.P.’s removal of regulated trees triggers the 

mitigation requirements, regardless of the specific impact caused by their removal. Canton has 

not made the necessary individualized determination here. 

Finally, our conclusion accords with analogous decisions handed down by state courts. 

See Dolan, 512 U.S. at 389 (recognizing the importance of state court decisions in this context 

given that they have dealt with the question “a good deal longer than we have”).

For example, in Mira Mar Development Corp. v. City of Coppell, a state court in Texas 

similarly concluded that the government’s lack of evidence sank its ability to demonstrate rough 

proportionality. 421 S.W.3d 74, 95–96 (Tex. Ct. App. 2013). There, a property owner applied 

to the City of Coppell for a development permit. Id. at 95. Like Canton, the city in part 

conditioned its granting of the permit on the owner’s agreeing to pay thousands of dollars in 

“tree mitigation fees” for trees it planned to remove from its property. Id. The Texas court first 

determined that the fees were exactions subject to the nexus and rough proportionality 

requirements of Nollan and Dolan. Id. Then, it noted the government’s lack of evidence to 

support a finding of rough proportionality: the city did “not show that the removal of trees in the 

development would harm the air quality, increase noise and glare, remove ecosystems, bring 

down property values, or reduce the other benefits of trees described in the ordinance.” Id. at 96. 

As we do here, the Texas court held that, based on the record before it, the ordinance could not 

meet the evidentiary bar set for rough proportionality in Dolan. Id.; see also, e.g., Town of 

Flower Mound v. Stafford Estates Ltd. P’ship, 135 S.W.3d 620, 644–45 (Tex. 2004) (holding 

that the Town’s monetary exaction was not roughly proportional because the rationale for it was 

too abstract and because the town provided no real evidence of impact). 
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 12

In other state court cases, like those the Supreme Court cited positively in Koontz, the 

government generally satisfies the nexus and rough proportionality test with ease by introducing 

some evidence relating to the “methodology and functioning” of its exactions. See, e.g., Home 

Builders Ass’n of Dayton & the Miami Valley v. Beavercreek, 729 N.E.2d 349, 357–59 (Ohio 

2000); see also, e.g., Sparks v. Douglas Cnty., 904 P.2d 738, 745 (Wash. 1995) (“In this case, the 

findings made by the County were more than mere conclusory statements of general impact.”); 

Hallmark Inns & Resorts, Inc. v. City of Lake Oswego, 88 P.3d 284, 291 (Or. Ct. App. 2004) 

(same). That is not the case here. On the record before us, Canton’s Tree Ordinance, as applied 

to F.P., fails rough proportionality and is thus an unconstitutional condition under Nollan, Dolan, 

and Koontz. 

C. UNREASONABLE SEIZURE

F.P.’s next claim involves the same trees, but a different right. The Fourth Amendment, 

as incorporated through the Fourteenth, preserves the right of the people “to be secure in their 

persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. 

amend. IV. “[F]rom the time of the founding to the present,” when speaking of property, “the 

word ‘seizure’ has meant a ‘taking possession.’” Torres v. Madrid, 141 S. Ct. 989, 995 

(2021) (quoting California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 624 (1991)). So, “a ‘seizure’ of property 

. . . occurs when ‘there is some meaningful interference with an individual’s possessory interests 

in that property.’” Fox v. Van Oosterum, 176 F.3d 342, 350 (6th Cir. 1999) (quoting Soldal v. 

Cook County, 506 U.S. 56, 61 (1992)). 

F.P. argues that the Tree Ordinance meaningfully interferes with its possessory interest in 

its trees and is therefore an unreasonable seizure. But the ordinance here does not enable Canton 

to take actual possession of F.P.’s trees. Nor does it meaningly interfere with F.P.’s possession 

of its trees. F.P. was able to sell its trees to the timber company that removed them. In short, 

F.P. has full control over the trees it removes from its property. Canton therefore has not seized 

them.
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 13

The most that can be said of the ordinance in this context is that it might interfere with 

F.P.’s control over some of its standing trees by limiting its ability to cut them down. But that 

does not mean that the ordinance should be subject to Fourth Amendment scrutiny.

The ordinance requires a permit for F.P.’s removal of its standing trees—real property, 

not located on or anywhere near a house or its curtilage. See Kerschensteiner v. N. Mich. Land 

Co., 221 N.W. 322, 327 (Mich. 1928) (“Standing timber is real estate. It is a part of the realty the 

same as the soil from which it grows.”). And the trees themselves are obviously not houses, 

persons, or papers. So the trees, if they are covered by the Fourth Amendment, must be effects. 

But the Supreme Court has told us that real property is not an “effect” within the meaning of the 

Fourth Amendment. Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 177 n.7 (1984) (“The Framers would 

have understood the term ‘effects’ to be limited to personal, rather than real, property.”); see also 

Soldal, 506 U.S. at 62 n.7 (“[T]he [Fourth] Amendment does not protect possessory interests in 

all kinds of property.”). Therefore, as applied to F.P., Canton’s Tree Ordinance is not subject to 

the limitations of the Fourth Amendment.

D. EXCESSIVE FINE

In its final claim, F.P. looks to the Eighth Amendment. The Excessive Fines Clause of 

that Amendment, as applied to localities through the Fourteenth, dictates that “excessive fines” 

shall not be “imposed.” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. As is clear from its language, the clause 

“limits the government’s power to extract payments, whether in cash or in kind, ‘as punishment

for some offense.’” Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602, 609–10 (1993) (quoting BrowningFerris Indus. of Vt., Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492 U.S. 257, 265 (1989)). It guards only 

“against abuses of [the] government’s punitive or criminal-law-enforcement authority.” Timbs v. 

Indiana, 139 S. Ct. 682, 686 (2019). So a monetary demand that is retributive or deterrent and 

thus intended to punish, even in part, is subject to the limitations of the Excessive Fines Clause. 

Austin, 509 U.S. at 621 (quoting United States v. Ward, 448 U.S. 242, 254 (1980)). But a 

demand that is related only to “damages sustained by society or to the cost of enforcing the law,” 

and thus wholly remedial, is not. Ward, 448 U.S. at 254.
Nos. 20-1447/1466 F.P. Dev., LLC. v. Charter Twp. of Canton, Mich. Page 14

F.P. argues that the ordinance violates the Excessive Fines Clause because Canton’s 

demand for payment in accordance with the Tree Ordinance is punishment that is grossly 

disproportionate to its tree removal. But that law is designed to remedy the harm that removing 

trees causes, and it purports to estimate the monetary demands it makes based on the cost it 

expects to incur replacing them. That purpose is remedial, not punitive, so it does not implicate 

the Eighth Amendment.6

IV.

Canton’s Tree Ordinance, as applied to F.P., is not an unreasonable seizure or an 

excessive fine. But it does represent an unconstitutional taking. Accordingly, we affirm.

6There is a form of punishment under Michigan law for F.P.’s violation of the ordinance: a $500 fine and 

up to 90 days’ imprisonment. But Canton has not levied that fine, nor has it attempted to arrest any representative of 

F.P. And F.P. does not challenge either of those penalties.