NASA Contractor Report 3959 

Development of a Global Model 

for Atmospheric Backscatter 

at 602 Wavelengths 

6. S. Kent, P. H. Wang, 

U. Farrukh, and A. Deepak 

Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing 

Hampton, Virginia 

E. M. Patterson 

Georgia TechnoZogy Research Institute 

AtZanta, Georgia 

Prepared for 

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center 

under Contract NASS-3 5 594 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

d 1986 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing 

(IFAORS) is pleased to submit the final report on NASA Contract 

NAS8-35594. We take pleasure in acknowledging the assistance and 

interest of Dr. D. E. Fitzjarrald, NASA-MSFC, at all stages of 

this work, as well as that shown by Dr. M. P. McCormick and Mr. 

L. E. McMaster, NASA-LRC, in the analysis of the satellite 

occultation data. 

iii 

SUMMARY 

This is the final report on NASA-MSFC Contract No. 

NAS8-35594. The objective of this work was to improve our 

understanding of the variation of the aerosol backscattering at 

10.6 pm within the free troposphere and to develop a model to 

describe this. The analysis combines theoretical modeling with 

the results contained within three independent data sets. The 

data sets used are those obtained by the SAGE I/SM I1 satellite 

experiments, the GAMETAG flight series and by direct backscatter 

measurements. The theoretical work includes use of a bimodal, 

two component aerosol model, and the study of the microphysical 

and associated optical changes occuring within an aerosol plume. 

A consistent picture is obtained,which describes the variation of 

the aerosol backscattering function in the free troposphere with 

altitude, latitude, and season. Most data are available and 

greatest consistency is found inside the northern hemisphere. 

The scarcity of data and lesser agreement within the southern 

hemisphere indicates the need for further experimental and 

theoretical studies. 

V 
a J 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Acknowledgments ...................... iii 

Summary .......................... V 

List of Figures ...................... ix 

ListofTables ....................... xv 

1 . INTRODUCTION ..................... 1-1 

2 . ANALYSIS OF THE SAGE I/SAM I1 DATA SET ......... 2-1 

2.1 SAGE I AND SAM I1 TROPOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS .... 2-1 

2.2 EXTINCTION PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND USE 

OF THE MEDIAN EXTINCTION ............. 2-5 

2.3 VARIATION WITH LATITUDE. ALTITUDE. AND SEASON ... 2-12 

2.4 VARIATION WITH SURFACE TYPE ........... 2-20 

2.5 VOLCANIC EFFECTS ................. 2-27 

3 . ANALYSIS OF THE GAMETAG DATA SET ............ 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................... 3.2 GAMETAG FLIGHT PROFILES .............. 3.3 INSTRUMENTATION .................. 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS ................... 3.5 DAILY FLIGHT DATA ................. 3.6 LATITUDINAL PROFILES ALONG AIRCRAFT FLIGHT 

TRACKS ...................... 3.7 CONCLUSIONS .................... 

3-1 

3-1 

3-2 

3-5 

3-8 

3-12 

3-17 

3-29 

4 . MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES IN AN AEROSOL PLUME 

4.1 BACKGROUND .............. 4.2 NUMERICAL MODEL ............ 4.2.1 Coagulation ........... 4.2.2 Theory of Differential Settling - 

Sedimentation .......... 4.2.3 Vertical Diffusion ....... 4.2.4 Backscattering Coefficient ... 4.3 NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 4.4 DISCUSSION AND REMARKS ........ 

...... 4-1 

...... 4-1 

...... 4-1 

...... 4-3 

...... 4-7 

...... 4-7 

...... 4-9 

...... 4-10 

...... 4-23 

5 . CONVERSION OF SAGE I/SAM I1 EXTINCTION TO 10.6 JJM 

BACKSCATTER ...................... 5-1 

5.1 INTRODUCTION ................... 5-1 

5.2 BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FITTING TO 

THE GAMETAG DATA ................. 5-3 

5.3 BIMODAL OPTICAL MODEL AND COMPARISON OF 

SAGE I/SAM I1 AND GAMETAG DATA .......... 5-7 

5.4 DERIVATION OF A CONVERSION FACTOR AND ITS 

APPLICATION .................... 5-11 

vii 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) 

6 . CO2 LIDAR MEASUREMENTS OF 810.6. .......... 6-1 

6.1 PUBLISHED MEASUREMENTS ............. 6-1 

SEASON ..................... 6-2 

7 . DATA INTERCOMPARISON ................ 7-1 

6.2 VARIATION OF 810 6 WITH ALTITUDE AND 

6.3 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR fi,,., ...... 6-7 

7.1 VARIATION WITH LATITUDE AND SEASON ....... 7-1 

7.2 VARIATION WITH ALTITUDE ............ 7-3 

7.3 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS ........... 7-5 

7.4 VOLCANIC EFFECTS ................ 7-6 

8 . CONCLUSIONS ..................... 8-1 

9 . REFERENCES ..................... 9-1 

APPENDIX A .................... A1 . A220 

APPENDIX B ..................... B1 . B21 

viii 
LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 2.1. 

Figure 2.2. 

Figure 2.3. 

& 

Figure 2.4. 

Figure 2.5. 

Figure 2.6. 

SAGE 1 pm extinction profiles showing 

penetration into the troposphere. .... (a) No high-altitude cloud present 

(b) High-altitude cloud present 

2-4 

Scatter plots showing the distribution of 

SAGE 1 pm extinction values at different 

altitudes. Superimposed on the scatter 

plot are lines showing the 20%, 50%, and 

80% cumulative probability levels for the 

extinction. ............... 2-7 - 2-8 

(a) Northern hemisphere, 20 - 60 N, 

(b) Southern hemisphere, 20 - 60 S, 

March - May, 1979 

March - May, 1979 

Cumulative probability distributions for 

SAGE I and SAM I1 extinction, March - 

May, 1979 ............... .2-9 - 2-11 

(a) SAM I1 60 - 90 S 

(b) SAGE I 20 - 90 S 

(c) SAGE I 20 S - 20 N 

(d) SAGE I 20 N - 60 N 

(e) SAM I1 60 N - 90 N 

Median.l vm aerosol extinction profiles 

for ,$AGE I data shown as a function of 

latifude band ............. 2-15 - 2-17 

(a) March - May, 1979 

(b) June - August, 1979 

(c) September - November, 1979 

(d) December 1979 - February 1980 

Median 1 pm aerosol extinction profiles 

for SAM I1 data shown as a function of 

latitude band ............. (a) March - May, 1979 

(b) September - November, 1979 

2-18 

SAGE I/SAM I1 median 1 w aerosol 

extinction profiles at an altitude of 

6km .................. (a) Equinoxes 

(b) Solstices 

2-19 

ix 
LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd) 

Figure 2.7. 

Figure 2.8. 

Figure 2.9. 

Figure 2.10. 

Figure 2.11. 

Figure 3.1. 

Figure 3.2. 

Figure 3.3. 

Figure 3.4. 

Figure 3.5. 

Contour plots of free tropospheric 

aerosol extinction at 1 pm from SAGE I 

(a) March - May, 1979 

(b) September - November, 1979 

andSAMI1.. ............. 2-21 

Division of the global surface area by 

surface type. ............. 2-24 

Median 1 pm aerosol extinction profiles 

over different types of surfaces. ... 2-25 

20 - 60 N 

20 - 60 S 

Histograms of percentage departures 

from the zonal mean for four surface 

classes, 20 S - 20 N. Values used 

are three-month median levels, the 

eleven points within each histogram 

covering the entire 33-month SAGE I 

data set. ............. 2-26 

Variation of the time-averaged zonal 

wind with latitude (Lorenz, 1967) . 2-26 

Median 1 pm aerosol extinction profiles 

for SAGE I data at a time of volcanic 

activity. ............... 2-29 

(a) March - May, 1980 

(b) June - August, 1980 

(c) September - November, 1980 

(d) December 1980 - February 1981 

Flight tracks for the NCAR Electra aircraft during 1977 (solid line) and 1978 

(dashed line) ............. 

A representative size distribution 

measured during the GAMETAG flights . . A plot of total. aerosol volume inferred 

from the optical particle data for the 

May 3, 1978 flight .......... 

A plot of particulate extinction 

calculated for h = 0.63 pm for the 

May 2, 1978 data set ......... 

A plot of the ratio of backscatter to 

extinction at 0.63 pm for the May 2, 

1978 data set ............. 

3-3 

3-9 

3-15 

3-16 

3-18 

X 3 
LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd) 

Figure 3.6. Latitudinal profile along the GAMETAG 

flight tracks for the 0.63 pm extinction 

determiend in the marine boundary layer 

during the 1977 GAMETAG flights. ..... 

As in Fig. 3.6, except for the 1978 oceanic 

data ................... Figure 3.7. 

Figure 3.8. As in Fig. 3.6, except for the 1978 

continental data ............. Figure 3.9 Latitudinal profile along the GAMETAG 

flight tracks in the free troposphere 

for the h - 0.63 pm extinction data 

determined during the 1977 flights .... Figure 3-10. As in Fig. 3.9 except for the 1978 

continental data ............. 

Figure 3.11. As in Fig. 3.9 axcept for the 1978 

oceanic data ............... 

Figure 3.12. Free tropospheric latitudinal profiles 

along GAMETAG flight tracks for the 

X = 10.6 pm extinction data ....... Figure 4.1. 

Figure 4.2. 

Figure 4.3. 

Figure 4.4. 

Figure 4.5. 

Figure 4.6. 

Schematic diagram shows the 10-layer 

model used for numerical study of the 

aerosol transport. The arrows indicate 

the interaction of aerosol size distribution between successive layers 

through the effect of gravitational 

sedimentation. .............. 

Time evolution of the aerosol size 

distribution in layer no. 1. The 

initial distribution is given by the 

solid line, and 

------- is the distribution at 2At 

I' 4At 

6At 

8At 

11 I1 

I1 I1 

I1 I1 I1 

--- I1 

--- - 11 

---- - 

- -e- ,I I1 I1 'I lOAt ... 

As Fig. 4.2, but for layer no. 2 ..... 

As Fig. 4.2, but for layer no. 3 ..... 

As Fig. 4.2, but for layer no. 4 ..... 

As Fig. 4.2, but for layer no. 5 ..... 

3-19 

3-20 

3-21 

3-23 

3-24 

3-25 

3-28 

4-2 

4-14 

4-14 

4-15 

4-15 

4-17 

i xi 
LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd) 

i 

Figure 4.7. As Fig. 4.2, except that the size 

distribution curves are derived from 

model size distribution parameters 

obtained by fitting to the curves in 

Fig. 4.2. ................. 

Figure 4.8. As Fig. 4.7, but corresponding to 

Fig. 4.3.. ................ 

Figure 4.9. As Fig. 4.7, but corresponding to 

Fig. 4.4.. ................ 

Figure 4.10. As Fig. 4.7, but corresponding to 

Fig. 4.5.. ................ 

Figure 4.11. As Fig. 4.7, but corresponding to 

Fig. 4.6. ................. 

Figure 4.12. Time evolution of the 10.6 pm backscattering function in the model 

analysis. ................. 

Figure 5.1. Backscatter to extinction ratios 

B1oe6/a1.o0 shown as a function of log- normal mode radius. ............ 

Figure 5.2. Example of the application of the bimodal log-normal fitting program to a 

simulated experimental size distribution. . 

Figure 5.3. Histograms of the log-normal parameters 

obtained from the bimodal fitting 

program.. ................ (a) agl: accumulatidn mode 

(b) rgl: accumulation mode 

(c) ag2: coarse particle mode 

(d) r : coarse particle mode 

1 pm extinction values calculated from size 

distributions measured during the GAMETAG 

flights.. ................ 

92 

Figure 5.4. 

Figure 5.5. Scatter plot of values of 810.6/al 00 as 

a function of a1.00. 

altitude of 5-7 km and taken from the 

1977-78 GAMETAG flights. The figure also 

shows the best fit regression line for 

B10.6"l. 00 

Data is for in 

upon al,OO. .......... 

4-17 

4-20 

4-20 

4-21 

4-21 

4-22 

5-2 

5-4 

5-6 

5-10 

5-12 

i xii 
LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd) 

Figure 5.6. Contour plots of the free tropospheric 

backscatter function at 10.6 pm derived 

from the SAGE I/SAM I1 data set. ..... (a) March - May, 1979 

(b) September - November, 1979 

5-15 

Figure 6.1. Measured values for in the free 

troposphere. .............. .6-3 - 6-4 

(a) NOAA seasonal averages 

(b) JPL seasonal averages, spring- 

(c) NASA-MSFC, 1981 individual profiles 

(d) NASA-MSFC, 1982 individual profiles 

summer, 1983-84 

Figure 6.2. Cumulative probability distributions for 

measured at NOAA .......... '10.6 

values of PI,., for altitudes between 5 

and 7 km ................. (a) Northern hemisphere, Spring-Summer 

(b) Northern hemisphere, Fall-Winter 

Figure 7.1 Comparison of modeled and directly measured 

Figure 7.2. Composite diagram showing modeled and 

directly measured verticalprofiles for 

',,*, .................. 

6-8 

7-2 

7-4 

xiii 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table 2.1. 

Table 2.2. 

Table 2.3. 

Table 3.1. 

Table 3.2. 

Table 4.1. 

Table 4.2. 

Table 4.3. 

Table 5.1. 

Table 5.2. 

Table 6.1. 

Table 7.1. 

Relative Frequency of SAGE Observations in 

the Troposphere (March-May 1979). . . . . . . 

Latitude Bands Used in the Analysis of 

SAGE I and SAM I1 Data. . . . . . . . . . . . 

Set of Surface Types Used . . . . . . . . . . 

Detailed Flight Tracks During the 1977 and 

1978 GAMETAG Flight Series. . . . . . . . . . 

Optical Constants Used in Calculations. . . . 

Terminal Velocity Vt. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Initial Aerosol Size Distribution . . . . . . 

Results of Curve Fitting at the Tenth 

Time Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Refractive Indices Used for Mie Scattering 

Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Conversion Factors Used with the SAGE I/ 

SAM I1 Free Tropospheric Data Sets . . . . . 

Royal Signal and Radar Establishment 

%o* Measurements (D. M. Vaughn, 1983). . . . 

Range of Observed Extinction and 

Backscatter Values (SAGE 1: and NOAA Data 

from Figs. 2.3(d) and 6.2). . . . . . . . . . 

2-3 

2-14 

2-23 

3-4 

3-10 

4-8 

4-12 

4-18 

5-8 

5-14 

6-5 

7-7 
1. INTRODUCTION 

The increased interest, in recent years, in the development 

and deployment of a Global Wind Measurement Satellite System 

(WINDSAT) (NOAA 19811, has led to an awareness of our lack of 

knowledge of the global characteristics of the free tropospheric 

aerosol. WINDSAT, as presently proposed, would use CO doppler 

shift lidar to measure wind velocity from the boundary layer to 

the lower stratosphere. It would rely on backscattering from the 

atmospehric aerosol for its signal and thus a knowledge of the 

is 

essential for the system design. In a previous study (Deepak et 

al., 19821, a broad survey was made of the problems associated 

with modeling the aerosol backscattering function and the 

principal characteristics of its global variation were 

determined. These included a decrease in 6. from the boundary 

layer to the upper free troposphere and a strong latitudinal 

gradient with minimum values occurring over the southern oceans. 

2 

global behavior of the aerosol backscattering function, BC02f 

m2 

The present study focusses on the use of three data sets to 

develop a global model for e, , including variation with 

latitude, altitude, and season. Although present experimental 

work is exploring the use of alternative wavelengths between 9 

and 11 pm, the work in this report concentrates on the use of the 

standard wavelength, h = 10.6 pm. The data sets will include 

2 

1-1 
those obtained from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment 

I (SAGE I) and Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement I1 (SAM 11) 

satellite systems, the GAMETAG experimental series,and C02 lidar 

measurements. Individually, each data set has important 

limitations as far as the present objectives are concerned. 

Viewed collectively, as a data set which must be made 

self-consistent, they enable a significant advance to be made on 

previous global models. The SAGE I/SAM I1 data set is the result 

of a direct global measurement of aerosol extinction at a 

wavelength of 1 pm, csl.oo (McCormick et al., 1979). The 

satellites were designed for measurement of the stratospheric 

aerosol extinction but significant penetration of the troposphere 

down to an altitude of about 5 km is found, enabling the 

latitudinal and seasonal characteristics of the upper free 

tropospheric aerosol to be mapped. This information is for a 

wavelength of 1 pm and to obtain the equivalent map for the 

aerosol backscatter function at 10.6 pm, filOe6, assumptions 

concerning the aerosol size distribution and composition must be 

made so that a conversion factor can be calculated. The GAMETAG 

data set consists of previously unanalyzed data obtained during 

two latitudinal flight surveys over the Pacific Ocean in 1977 and 

1978 (Patterson et al., 1980). Its analysis has been carried out 

under subcontract by the Georgia Institute of Technology under 

the direction of Dr. E. Patterson. These surveys measured the 

aerosol size distribution and composition and the data has been 

used to calculate the aerosol optical properties at 10.6 pm and 

i 1-2 
other wavelengths. Its limitations are in terms of the small 

range in flight altitude (boundary layer or 5-7 km for the 

majority of the data) and the fact that these flights represent 

single time and space cross-sections. Uncertainties also exist 

because of the limited sampling volumes of the instruments used, 

resulting in significant statistical fluctuations in some of the 

particle counts. The direct lidar measurements of 6 appear to 

offer the most accurate input into a global model. 

Unfortunately, the amount of published data is very small; this 

situation may be expected to improve as several groups are 

10.6 

currently making or planning to make measurements. All of the 

published data is confined to the northern hemisphere, and, 

although experiments are planned for the southern hemisphere, 

data for that hemisphere are not yet available. In addition, all 

these measurements have been made during or following a period of 

significant volcanic activity. Since 1979, several volcanoes 

have injected material into the stratosphere (Kent & McCormick, 

1984) and the recent eruption of El Chichon (McCormick et al., 

1984) is still profoundly influencing the stratospheric aerosol 

content. As will be shown later in this report, this volcanic 

influence extends into the upper troposphere as well as the 

stratosphere. WINDSAT cannot rely upon volcanic aerosol for its 

operation and present C02 lidar measurements are thus not 

representative of the conditions under which it may have to 

operate. 

1-3 
In addition to the use of the above data sets, this report 

contains the results of further theoretical studies, In the 

first of these, modeling has been carried out of the 

microphysical processes and changes in optical properties 

occurring in long-distance transport of an aerosol plume. The 

aerosol in the free troposphere over the remote oceans originates 

mainly from long-distance transport of aerosol injected over the 

continents. Changes in the aerosol size distribution, 

particularly for the larger particles which sediment, occur 

during this transport, resulting in corresponding changes in 

The other modeling which has been done is of an improved '10.6' 

optical model in which a bimodal aerosol size distribution is 

used in conjunction with a two component aerosol. The main 

application of this model has been to the calculation of 

conversion factors to derive from the SAGE I/SAM I1 

extinction at 1 pm. 

10.6 

The organization of this report is as follows: Sections 2 

and 3 present, respectively, the results of the analysis of the 

SAGE I/SAM I1 and GAMETAG data sets, As the latter contains a 

large number of plots representing the results of the analysis 

for individual stages of the 1977/1978 flights, these have been 

removed from Section 3 and placed in the Appendix to this 

report. Section 4 contains the results of the microphysical 

modeling study and Section 5 presents the results of the bimodal 

size distribution modeling, and its use in the conversion of the 

d 1 -4 
SAGE/SAM I1 1 pm extinction to the 10.6 p backscattering 

function. Sedtion 6 describes the available C02 lidar data set 

and Section 7 is an intercomparison of the results of the 

previous sections. Section 8 summarizes the main results, 

indicating the areas where further development is needed. 

a 1-5 
2. ANALYSIS OF THE SAGE I/SAM I1 DATA SET 

2.1 SAGE I AND SAM I1 TROPOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS 

The SAGE 1 (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I) and 

SAM I1 (Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement 11) satellite 

experiments contain sun photometers designed to measure the 

extinction produced by stratospheric aerosols at a wavelength of 

1 pm (McCormick et al., 1979). SAM 11, which was launched in 

October 1978, and which is still operational, consists of a 

single channel sun photometer only. The orbit of SAM I1 is such 

that its observations, which are made at satellite sunrise and 

sunset, occur between latitudes of 64 S and 81 S and 65 N and 83 

N, two measurements being made on each orbit. SAGE I commenced 

its observations in February 1979 and, owing to a faulty 

satellite power supply, these were terminated in November 1981. 

In contrast to SAM 11, the SAGE I coverage is nearly global, the 

latitude of observation moving during a six-week period through 

about 120" of latitude, the latitude extremes being approximately 

74" N & S. SAGE I also contains an aerosol channel at a 

wavelength of 0.45 pm in addition to the 1 pm channel. Useful 

data on the former channel is limited to altitudes above 10 km 

and, in this report, our analysis has been confined to the 1 pm 

data only. The SAGE I data set is also limited by the fact that 

observations were confined to sunsets only, after the first few 

months of observation, in order to conserve satellite power. 

As noted above, SAGE I and SAM I1 were designed for the 

2- I 
measurement of stratospheric aerosols and it was anticipated that 

tropospheric measurements would be hindered or possibly prevented 

by the presence of high altitude cloud. The former is indeed the 

case but significant. tropospheric penetration does occur. An 

example of a SAGE I profile showing penetration down to an 

altitude of 6 km is shown in Fig. 2.lO(a). It may be noted that 

the aerosol extinction increases smoothly with decreasing 

altitude, no apparent discontinuity occurring at the tropopause. 

Fig. 2.l(b) shows a different profile with a strong enhancement 

at an altitude of 10 km, presumed to be due to high altitude 

cloud. Table 2.1 shows the total number of observations made by 

SAGE I over a 3-month period and the frequency of penetration to 

various tropospheric altitudes for different latitude bands. It 

can be seen that good penetration (>, 50%) is obtained down to an 

altitude of 8 kilometers or less. Greatest frequency of 

penetration occurs in the southern hemisphere and, as might be 

expected, least occurs in the equatorial zone with its higher 

tropopause. This table shows that one might expect to obtain a 

resonable description of the free troposphere aerosol, on an 

average basis, down to an altitude of perhaps 5 or 6 km. Below 

this altitude, individual profiles, when available, will be 

accurate but average values, which represent only 20% - 30% of 

the total potential data set, may be expected to be biased toward 

more transparent atmospheres and lower extinction. 

2-2 
Table 2.1. Relative Frequency of SAGE Observations in the 

Troposphere (March - May 1979) 

Relative Frequency ( %) 

Altitude 

(kml 60"s - 20"s 20'5 - 20°N 20ON - 60°N 

20 

1% 

16 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

100 

100 

100 

98 

89 

73 

58 

44 

30 

6 

100 

96 

78 

61 

53 

48 

45 

36 

17 

0 

100 

100 

99 

98 

89 

68 

52 

34 

15 

4 

__~ - ~~ ~~ 

TOTAL 

OBSERVATIONS 827 290 455 

a 

L 

2-3 
N 

I 

0 

7 

h 

m 

Y 

1 IA T,TTTL-~/(~ 

u 

c 

a, 

VI 

a, 

L 

n 

‘u 

3 

0 

U 

a, 

P 

3 

- 

u 

u 

(0 

I 

s 

m 

I 

Q 

.- 

I 

.- 

n 

v 

.w 

S 

a, 

VI 

a 

L 

11 

a 

3 

0 

u 

a, 

P 

3 

- 

u 

u 

m 

I 

r 

m 

r 

0 

z 

.- 

- 

.- 

n 

m 

Y 

a, 

L 

a, 

c 

0 

$2. 

% 

e 

5 

u 

a, 

0 

c 

c 

0 

u 

(0 

L 

c1 

a, 

S 

a, 

e 

m 

u 

.- 

.- 

.- 

i5 

c 

VI 

a, I 

L‘ 

n 

c 

0 

U 

c 

.- 

u 

.- 

u 

z 

a 

E 

P 

W 

u 

v) 

a 

P 

N 

a, 

L 

3 

cn 

LL 

.- 
2.2 EXTINCTION PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND USE OF THE MEDIAN 

EXTINCTION 

Examination of the SAGE I and SAM I1 data shows that 

whereas, in the stratosphere, extinction values at a given 

altitude and latitude are fairly tightly concentrated about a 

mean level, the same is not true in the troposphere. In the 

latter case, extinction values may vary over several orders of 

magnitude, the higher values probably being due to attenuation by 

thin (sub-visible) cloud. Under such conditions, the use of the 

mean extinction as a measure of central tendency is of doubtful 

value. In order to obtain a better description, we have 

examined, in some detail, the extinction probability 

distribution. 

Figure 2.2(a) shows the result of binning three months of 

SAGE I data by altitude and extinction. The data has been taken 

over the latitude band 20" - 60" N, between March and May 1979, 

and the numbers on the diagram represent the numbers of 

observations falling into each (1 km) x (2 x 10-5km-1), 

altitude-extinction bin. In the stratosphere, the extinction 

values are tightly bunched at a given altitude and there is no 

problem about defining and using a mean level. In contrast, in 

the troposphere below about 12 km, the values are widely 

separated and there is a significant number of very high values 

(Extinction > km-l) which are shown in the bins at the 

bottom of the diagram. These values probably represent 

attenuation by sub-visible cloud (Rao, 1975; Uthe & Russell, 

i 2-5 
# 

1977). Superimposed on' &e diagram are lines showing the 

cumulative probabilitg' Pevels for the extinction, In the 

stratosphere they are close together, in the troposphere, they 

are quite widely separated. Rather than averaging the extinction 

values at a given altitude to form a mean value, we have chosen 

to use the 50% probability level, or the median, as our measure 

of central tendency, In the stratosphere, it approximates very 

well to the mean level. In the troposphere, it defines an 

aerosol level which is both useful and meaningful. The numerical 

value of the median is not appreciably affected by the inclusion 

of very high extinctions due to cloud and its relationship to the 

extinction probability distribution makes it compatible with 

published C02 lidar backscatter observations, e.g. (Post et al,, 

1982). A second example of binnned aerosol data and the 

associated probability levels is shown in Fig. 2.2(b). This is 

for the same time period as Fig. 2.2(a) and for the same latitude 

band in the southern hemisphere. The marked difference between 

the two diagrams with less extinction occurring in the southern 

hemisphere is a systematic feature of the SAGE I and SAM I1 

data , 

d' 

Figure 2.3(a-e) shows cumulative extinction probability 

distributions for five latitude bins and various altitudes. The 

data is for the period March-May 1979 and is for both SAGE I and 

SAM 11. The choice of axes and scales on these figures is such 

that log normal probability distributions appear as straight 

1 2-6 
P 0 

N 0 

c N 

0 N 

n N 

N z 

n 

N 

N 

e N 

N 0 

c e

Q 

e 

0 

c 

a 

n 

z 

n 

N 

" 

* c n

* 

P c

* c n 

* 

c n

z 

e n 

* 

e n 

* e n 

c n

* 

n 

z 

c rn 

z 

c n

z 

c n

z 

c n 

*1 

c n 

N 

c n 

2, 

a 

n 

0 

n 

0 

4 

n 

0 

z 

0 

n 0 

c 

n m 

n 

N 4 

.I 

0 N 

a 

e 

* 0 

n * 

" N 

" 

0 

03 

h 

03 

r 

I 

r 

U 

L 

1 

Z 

0 

CD 

I 

0 

N 

. 

a, 

L 

a, 

r 

.- % 

E 

r 

S 

L 

a, 

L 

0 

Z 

5 

n 

m v 

Y m 

2-7 
c z 

0 

I I I I I I I I I I I' N 

a, 

L 

7 

cn 

U 

.- 

a 2-8 
06 

$0 0 

0 

A - 

3 - 

-0 

n 

0 

I111 I I I 1 I Illl I I I I 1 Ill I I I I I I 

I I? - 

c 52 

( 1-W I N0113NllX3 

8, 

m 

0 

Q, 

I 

0 

CD 

w 

M 

N 

Q) 

d 2-9 
0 

%+ 

4 9+ 0 c 

0 

0 

rD 

I 

z 

0 

N 

. 6 

0 

0 

t 0 n 

7J 

u 

d 

2 

0 

N 

I 

%! 

N M 

N 

a, 

L 

=I 

uI 

U 

.- 

c. 

I 

n 

u 

U n 

u u 

P 

i 2-10 
ALTITUDE (km) 

06 *I2 

Q 10 4- 14 

-+- I I * 18 

-0. 

# t+ 0 

Q 

4-33 

eu -t33 t 

U t 

0 t 

0 + 

*o * * 

Q 

* 

0 + 

0 

8' 

0 Bpo +++* *** 

+ 4. +* * 

* 0 0 0. * * 

I Ill I I IIIIIII I Ill 111 I 

0.1 I IO 30 50 70 90 99 99.9 

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY (%) 

10-51 

(e) SAM I1 60 N - 90 N 

Figure 2.3. Cumulative probability distributions for SAGE I and 

SAM I1 extinction, March - May 1979. 

2-1 1 
lines, Although no detailed study has been made of these 

distributions, several interesting points emerge. 

(1) In the stratosphere, the probability distribution 

appears to be log-normal. The only exception to this is the 

distribution for an altitude of 18 km shown in Fig. 2.3(e). At 

this time of year, the stratospheric aerosol at this altitude is 

strongly differentiated depending upon whether it is observed 

inside or outside the polar vortex (McCormick et al., 1983). The 

two slope nature of the probability distribution reflects this 

division in the data, which includes measurements made both 

inside and outside the vortex. 

(2) Near the tropopause [e.g., at altitudes 14 and 18 km in 

Fig. 2,3(c)], the distribution shows a strong discontinuity in 

slope. The lower section of the distribution is believed to be 

due to aerosol, the higher and steeper section to the presence of 

sub-visible cloud. 

(3) The steeper slope and vague linearity of the probability 

distributions at lower altitude in the troposphere indicates the 

wide range of aerosol conditions included in the data set. 

2.3 VARIATION WITH LATITUDE, ALTITUDE, AND SEASON 

In order to study the variation of the aerosol extinction 

with latitude and season, the SAGE I data was grouped into seven 

latitude bands and the SAM I1 data in four latitude bands, as 

i 2-12 
shown in Table 2.2. Figure 2.4(a) shows the altitude variation of 

the median SAGE I extinction for the six latitude bands covered 

during the period March-May 1979. Apart from data in the 60 N - 

75 N latitude band, there is a general decrease in aerosol 

extinction with increasing altitude. In examining these and 

other data presented in this section, it should be remembered 

that below an altitude of 5 or 6 km, the fractional penetration 

is less than 50% and the data may have a systematic bias. This 

is particularly so when the extinction is high, as in the 60 N - 

75 N latitude band, and it is doubtful if in this case the 

decrease in median extinction for altitudes below 5 km is 

representative. It is more likely that observations are being 

made down to these altitudes only when the atmosphere is 

relatively clean of both aerosol and cloud. A secondary feature 

of the variation with altitude is the greater extinction observed 

in the upper free troposphere within the equatorial belt (20 S - 

20 N) as compared to the other latitude bands. This reflects the 

higher tropopause level (-16 km against -12 km for mid-latitude) 

and must indicate the effects of convection in raising the 

aerosol to the higher levels. 

Apart from the variation with altitude, the most important 

feature is the marked latitude asymmetry. At an altitude of 6 

km, the variation in extinction between 60 N - 75 M and 40 - 60 S 

is approximately one order of magnitude. Although this asymmetry 

is present at all times of the year, it is at a maximum in 

i 2-13 
TABLE 2.2. Latitude Bands Used in the Analysis of 

SAGE 1 and SAM 11 Data 

(a) SAGE 1 

60 N - 75 N 

40 N - 60 N 

20 N - 40 N 

20 S - 20 N 

40 S - 20 S 

60 S - 40 S 

75 S - 60 S 

75 N - 90 N 

60 N - 75 N 

75 S - 60 S 

90 s - 75 s 

2-14 
Q, 

b 

0, 

P 

. 

44 

u) 

3 

m 

3 

I 

a, 

C 

3 

a 

7 

n 

2 

cn 

b 

cn 

P 

. 

I 

c 

u 

L 

9 

n 

m 

Y 

% 

0 

0 

U 

c 

3 

rc 

m 

u) 

m 

c 

.- 

44 

g 

f 

2i 

a 

m 

44 

- 

W 

u 

tn 

L 

0 

rc 

=f 

N 

a, 

L 

3 

m 

U 

.- 

2-15 
March-May, both in 1979 and in the following years. It seems 

possible that the occurrence of particularly strong extinction in 

high northern latitudes at this time of year may be connected 

with the observation of arctic haze (Schnell, 1984) at somewhat 

lower altitudes. 

Figures 2.4(b)-(d) show the equivalent aerosol extinction 

plots for June-August 1979, September-November 1979, and December 

1979-February 1980. The features noted above are present in all 

these plots, the latitude asymmetry is, however, less in Figs. 

2.4(c) and (a). The peak in aerosol extinction visible in the 20 

S - 20 N latitude band in Fig. 2.4(d) at an altitude of 19 km is 

caused by the injection of material from the eruption of the 

Sierra Negra volcano on November 13, 1979 (Kent & McCormick, 

1984). Figures 2.5(a) and (b) show the high latitude aerosol 

extinction as measured by SAM I1 during March-May 1979 and 

September-November 1979. The tropopause altitude is lower (-10 

km) and colder temperatures in the antarctic stratosphere have 

produced an enhancement in the median aerosol extinction. In the 

troposphere, the hemispheric asymmetry observed at lower 

latitudes is still very evident. 

Figures 2.4 and 2.5 may be used to study the seasonal 

changes which occur in the aerosol extinction. An alternative 

way of displaying this which shows the seasonal variation very 

clearly is given in Fig. 2.6(a) and (b). In these figures, the 

SAGE 1/SAM I1 extinction at an altitude of 6 km has been plotted 

3 2-16 
0 

co 

In 

.- 

f 

rc 

0 

C 

0 

U 

C 

3 

rc 

m 

VI 

m 

.- 

CI 

I 

In 

b 

m 

.- 

C 

z L c 

a, 

I] 

U 

d) 

f 

n 

m 

+J 

3 

w 

u 

5 

L 

0 

% 

Ln 

a, 

rc 

0 

L 

a 

- 

.- 

In 

b 

- m 

L 

a, 

n 

> 

0 

z 

5 

aN 

a, 

4 n 

U 

u 

2-17 
A 

P v 

In 

- 

0 <v 

r 

L 

aJ 

II 

> 

0 

z 

5 

L 

a, 

II 

€ 

aJ 

Q 

aJ 

tn 

CI 

n 

a 

Y 

r 

n 

m 

Y 

3 

rc 

m 

m 

m 

c 

3 

0 

I: 

m 

L 

0 + 

In 

N 

2. 18 
n 

;f! 

A 

Y 

m 

cc 

0 

w 

0 a is 

c .- uu I- clm 

v) 

-v) 

041 

VI- t' 

Pa 

-I c 

nP 

Y 

L 

Q) 

z m 

m 

3 

E 0 

c 0 (o 

I= 

.- m 

T U 0 

E 

2-19 
against latitude for the same four seasons as shown in Fig. 2-4 

and 2.5- Both figures show the hemispheric asymmetry; in 

addition, they show a clear superimposed seasonal variation, In 

both hemispheres, maximum aerosol extinction is found in local 

Spring-Summer and minimum extinction in local Fall-Winter. As 

most aerosol at this altitude is derived from continental 

sources, the higher values in the northern hemisphere most likely 

reflect the greater land surface as compared to the southern 

hemisphere. The Spring-Surmer maximum is most probably related 

to the increased convection over land at that time of year. 

Another way of displaying the data in Figs 2.4 and 2.5 is 

shown in Fig. 2.7(a) and (b). In these figures, the aerosol 

extinction is plotted in the form of a contour diagram as a 

function of latitude and altitude. These figures will later be 

converted to equivalent plots for the backscatter function at 

10.6 ym, 

2.4 VARIATION WITH SURFACE TYPE 

Most of the aerosol in the free troposphere over the remote 

oceans is derived, not by convection from the ocean surface, but 

by long-range transport of aerosol from over the continental land 

masses. Some modification of the aerosol optical properties 

might be expected to occur during this transport and in Section 4 

a microphysical model is presented which investigates this 

variation theoretically. In the present section, we report the 

i 2-20 
n 

0 

u 

n 

m u 

U .- 

re0 

2-2 1 
results of an examination of the SAGE I data set for experimental 

evidence of such a variation, For the purposes of this study, 

the global surface has been divided into 10-degree 

latitude-longitude squares and each square categorized according 

to one of the five classes shown in Table 2.3. Two classes of 

remote ocean have been defined as it was felt that the antarctic 

continent was unlikely to be a major source of aerosols. A 

global map showing the classification of each 10-degree 

latitude-longitude square on the surface of the globe is given in 

Fig. 2.8. 

Each SAGE I observation has been classified according to the 

surface type beneath the observation position, as well as for 

season and latitude. Median extinction values have been 

calculated for each altitude. The analysis shows very little 

variation of aerosol extinction with sub-surface type, typical 

results of this analysis being shown in Fig. 2.9(a) and (b). In 

these figures, it can be seen that any systematic difference 

between the extinction over land or ocean is less than the error 

in the median values as shown by the error bars in the figures. 

The only positive result to be obtained from the analysis is for 

the equatorial region (20 s - 20~ ). Figure 2,10(a) shows 

histograms of percentage departures from the zonal mean 

extinction at an altitude of 6 km for the four surface classes 

found in the equatorial region. Individual data points in the 

histograms are for the medians of 3-month data sets and the 

i 2-22 
v) 

a, 

n 

r 

Ia, 

U 

m rc 

L 

3 

vl 

rc 

0 

c, 

a, 

v) 

m 

N 

W 

-I 

a, 

e 

r 

IU 

S 

m 

a, 

11 

0 

a, 

L 

m 

=I 

0- 

v) 

aJ 

a, 

L 

m aJ 

U 

0 

a, 

- 

c, 

P 

5 

5 

8 

5 

S .- 

.- 

E 

L 

m 

a, 

rc 

0 

do 

0 

In 

r. 

m 

5 

a, 

L 

8 

-I 

U 

S 

9 

aJ 

5 

S .- 

5 .- 

8 

8 

3 

C 

o\o 

0 

In 

S 

m 

5 

E 

E 

5 .- 

E 

. 

i 

0" 

U 

S 

m 

U 

S 

2- 

x3 

a, 

Zk 

5EW 

- 

c, m 

v) 

8 

W 

*t 6 

U 

S 

- m 

CI 

v) 

a, 

L 

m 

a, 

S 

a, 

5 

e 

E 

rc 

E 

Y 

0 

0 

0 

m 

S 

m 

5 

E 

E 

m 

C 

r 

S 

.- 

- 

8 

8 

N 

ct 

N 

a, 

c, 

z 

a, 

CY 

2-23 
,. 

a, 

n 

r u 

a, 

U 

f 

3 In 

c 

r 

a 

8 

L 

m 

a, 

U 

L 

c 

2 

YO 

co 

N 

a, 

L 

3 

w 

LL 

.- 

2-24 
z 

W 

o 

0 

a 

, 43 

In 

N 0 

N 

N 

m 

mm 

b 

tID 

U 

m 

(u 

t 

0 In 0 0 In 0 N N - In - 0 In 0 - 

- 

z 

1 

0 

Y 

z 

Io 

f 

X 

W 

0 

u) 

0 

W 

a 

a 

VI 

0 

CD 

I 

0 

N 

n 

Q 

U 

P) 

U 

L 

3 

In 

cc 

0 

# 

a, 

n 

r 

S 

a, 

L 

a, 

cc 

!5 

-0 

L 

cu 

> 

0 

In 

6) 

rc 

0 

L 

a 

S 

0 

2 

c, 

c, 

- .- 

z 

0 

CD 

I 

n 

m 

Y 

E 

=L 

TS 

.- m 

B 

z 

Q, 

N 

a, 

L 

3 

0 

u, 

.- 

2-25 
n 

9 

Y 

VI 

W 

VI 

4 

u 

u. 

0 

d 

z 

VI 

W 

VI 

4 

u 

$ 

0 

z 

In 

w 

In 

V 

LL 

0 

a 

Q) 

VI 

W 

In 

4 

V 

u00 - a 

n 

n v 

0 

N 

P 

n 

m 

0 

Y 

- 

N 

2-26 
eleven points within each histogram represent the entire 33-month 

SAGE I operational period. The median values of all the data 

within each histogram shows a small but steady shift from +9,7% 

for land to -9.3% for remote ocean. This very small change is in 

the expected direction and is indeed comparable to the 

statistical errors. At other latitudes, no such systematic 

variation is observed and it is likely that this difference is 

related to the magnitude of the zonal wind velocity. Figure 

2.10(b) shows the time averaged zonal wind at the 500 mb level as 

a function of latitude (Lorenz, 1967). The lowest velocities are 

observed within the equatorial belt giving greater transport 

times for movement of aerosol from over land to over ocean. 

Corresponsively, greater changes in microphysical properties and 

related optical extinction are thus likely to occur. 

2.5 VOLCANIC EFFECTS 

It is well known that volcanic eruptions inject solid and 

gaseous materials into the stratosphere and that aerosols formed 

and deposited there have lifetime of months or years 

(Deirmendjian, 1973; Deepak, 1982; Kent and McCormick, 1984). 

Solid particles are also injected in the troposphere where the 

majority of them are presumed to be fairly quickly removed by 

sedimentation and washout. Examination of the SAGE I and SAM I1 

data set show that the upper troposphere, as well as the 

stratosphere, has a long-lived enhancement in aerosol 

extinction. Examples of this enhancement are presented in Figs. 

3 2-27 
2.11 (a) thru (a), which shows vertical median extinction 

profiles for the four seasons between March 1980 and February 

1981. In 1979 the only volcanic eruption of significance was that 

of Sierra Negra on November 13, 1979, for which the major 

stratospheric effects were not felt until early in 1980. The 

stratosphere (and upper troposphere) in 1980 was affected not 

only by the after-effects of the Sierra Negra eruption but also 

by the eruptions of St. Helens (46 N, May 18, 1980) and Uluwun (5 

S, October 7, 1980). The 1980-81 seasonal extinction profiles 

(Fig. 2.11) may be compared with their equivalents for 1979 (Fig. 

2.4). Those for March thru May are similar, except for the 

stratospheric enhancement produced by Sierra Negra and visible in 

the 20 S - 20 N latitude belt in March thru May, 1980. Those for 

June thru August are very different. In 1980, the free 

troposphere between 40 N - 60 N and 60 N - 75 N is profoundly 

modified following the eruption of St. Helens. In the case of the 

60 N - 75 N band, the 1980 increase is visible down to an 

altitude of about 5 km, well beneath the tropopause altitude. 

Similar differences are observed within the same latitude bands 

for September-November and in the 40 - 60 N latitude band for 

December-February (no data is available for the 60 N - 75 N 

latitude band during northern winter); in all cases the 

enhancement appears to occur in the free troposphere down to an 

altitude of about 5 km. The stratospheric enhancement during 

this period and within these latitude bands is produced by the 

injection of material from the St. Helens eruption which was the 

i 2-28 - 
n 

P 

Y 

n 

m 

U 

AA 

In 0 

cu (u 

* - I I I 

0 0- 'b In - 

.- 

. 

I 

c 

0 

L 

n 

m 

Y 

E 

3 

P 

F 

F 

N 

al 

L 

3 

UI 

1- 

U 

2-29 
A 

Y 

7J 

N 

N I -$ 

n 

u 

Y 

.- 

co 

Q, 

c 

L9 

m 

3 

L 

LL 

I 

0 

co 

Q, 

L 

a, 

n 

U 

a, 

F 

5 

n 

n 

u v 

L 

a, 

n 

> 

0 

Z 

E 

i 

L 

Q) 

a 

E 

a, 

+, 

0 

m 

n 

U 

v 
largest of the four eruptions discussed above. There seems 

little doubt, therefore, that the free tropospheric enhancement 

is related to the same source. It is noticeable that the 

enhancement reaches to maximum amplitude close to the tropopause 

(-10 km at 60 N, see Fig. 2.7) and it is possible that the 

aerosol in the stratosphere is acting as a reservoir from which 

material is being fed into the upper troposphere by sedimentation 

and stratospheric-tropospheric exchange processes. The data 

shows many interesting and puzzling features which will be the 

object of future study. For example, the data shows that the 

maximum transfer of aerosol from the stratosphere to the 

troposphere occurs at high latitudes, whereas no such transfer is 

evident at low latitudes, although volcanic material is clearly 

present in the stratosphere (Fig. 2.11(a), (b), and (a)). These 

differences may help resolve the relative importance of 

sedimentation, stratospheric-tropospheric exchange and general 

circulation as mechanisms for transfer of material from 

stratosphere to troposphere or vice-versa. 

2-3 1 
3. ANALYSIS OF THE GAMETAG DATA SET 

3.1 INTRODUCTION 

Section 3, along with Appendices A and B, are based on the 

Final Report submitted by Georgia Institute of Technology, 

Principal Investigator, Dr. E. M. Patterson, under IFAORS subcontract F-520, 

The Global Atmospheric Measurement Experiment of 

Tropospheric Aerosols and Gases (GAMETAG) has as its objective 

the coordinated measurement of those atmospheric trace species 

(gases and aerosols) that are necessary to gain an understanding 

of atmospheric chemical properties and processes. In particular, 

the aerosol measurements of the phase I GAMETAG program were 

designed to measure the levels and types of tropospheric aerosols 

both in the planetary boundary layer and at mid-tropospheric 

altitudes in the free troposphere under a variety of remote 

conditions, to study aerosol chemical processes, and to study the 

optical effects of the aerosols as an indication of possible 

climatic impact. 

The aerosol measurements during the GAMETAG program have 

provided the most extensive data set available for 

mid-tropospheric remote area measurements. A detailed 

description of these aerosol measurements, emphasizing the 

aerosol chemistry, has been reported by Patterson et al. (1980), 

but only a limited analysis of the optical properties has been 

reported. 

3- 1 
It is the purpose of this chapter to present in considerably 

greater detail some calculated visible and infrared optical 

properties of the measured aerosol in both the free troposphere 

and the boundary layer. The visible wavelength calculations were 

made for h = 0.63 pm for comparison with on-board in-situ 

scattering instruments. Since one of the major aims of this work 

is the determination of aerosol properties in the 10 pm 

wavelength range for the analysis of the expected signal from an 

orbiting doppler lidar, the infrared calculations were made for X 

= 10.6 pm. Calculations were made of extinction and backscatter 

coefficients for each of these two wavelengths; ratios of 

backscatter to extinction were also calculated for each of these 

wavelengths. 

3.2 GAMETAG FLIGHT PROFILES 

There were two series of GAMETAG flights. One took place in 

August and September of 1977; the other occurred in April, May, 

and June of 1978. The GAMETAG flight patterns for the 1977 and 

1978 operations are shown in Figure 3.1. A listing of the data 

and location for each flight is given in Table 3.1; analysis was 

done for those days marked with +'s. Generally, the two flight 

series consisted of flights over continental and adjacent marine 

areas of North America and flights across the Pacific Ocean that 

were designed to cover as wide a latitude range as possible. In 

general, the flights consisted of sampling legs in both the 

mid-tropospheric region (5-6 km altitude) of the free troposphere 

i 3-2 
GAMETAG FLIGHT OPERATIONS 

60' - 

450 - 

n 

U -1977 

Figure 3.1. Flight tracks for the NCAR Electra aircraft 

during 1977 (solid line) and 1978 (dashed line). 

(From Patterson et al., 1980.) 

3-3 
DATE 

TABLE 3.1. Detailed Flight Tracks During the 1977 and 1978 

GAMETAG Flight Series 

Aug. 7 + 

Aug. 8 + 

Aug. 9 

Aug. 11 

Aug. 12 

Aug. 22 + 

Aug. 23 + 

Aug. 25 + 

Aug. 26 + 

Aug. 28 + 

Aug. 31 + 

Sept. 1 + 

Sept. 2 + 

Sept. 5 

Sept. 6 

April 27 + 

April 28 

May 2 + 

May 3 

May 4 + 

May 6 

May 10 + 

May 11 + 

May 12 + 

May 13 

May 14 + 

May 17 

May 18 + 

May 27 + 

May 28 + 

May 30 

May 31 + 

June 1 + 

INITIATION 

1977 

Denver 

Portland 

Anchorage 

Anchorage 

Church il I 

Denver 

San Francisco 

Hilo, Hawaii 

Johnston Island 

Pago Pago 

Pago Pago 

Pago Pago 

Jshnston Island 

Hilo, Hawaii 

San Francisco 

1978 

Denver 

San Francisco 

Hilo, Hawaii 

Johnston Island 

Canton Island 

Fiji Islands 

Christchurch, N .Z. 

Christchurch, N .Z. 

Fiji Islands 

Canton Island 

Johnston lsland 

Hilo, Hawaii 

San Francisco 

Denver 

G rea t Fa I I s 

Whitehorse 

Whitehorse 

Great Falls 

3-4 

DESTINATION 

Portland 

Anchorage 

Anchorage 

Churchill 

Denver 

San Francisco 

Hilo, Hawaii 

Johnston Island 

Pago Pago 

Pago Pago 

Pago Pago 

Johnston Island 

Hilo, Hawaii 

San Francisco 

Denver 

San Francisco 

Hilo, Hawaii 

Johnston Island 

Canton Island 

Fiji Island 

Christchurch, N . Z. 

Christchurch, N. Z. 

Fiji Islands 

Canton lsland 

Johnston Island 

Hilo, Hawaii 

San Francisco 

Denver 

Great Falls 

Whitehorse 

Whitehorse 

Great Falls 

Denver 
(that portion of the troposphere not directly influenced by the 

surface) and in the planetary boundary layer (0-2 km altitude) 

with sounding data taken on the ascents and descents available to 

link the measurements in the two regions. The detailed flight 

tracks for each flight are shown in Appendix A. 

The data were taken during two seasons, with most of the 

flights centered around local noon for maximum photochemical 

activity. Because of the scientific objectives of the program, 

the flights were planned to avoid regions of strong convective 

activity and to avoid cloud penetration as much as possible. 

Thus the measurements emphasized clear air data. 

3.3 INSTRUMENTATION 

The size distributions discussed here were determined by 

means of single particle optical counters. As discussed in 

Patterson et al. (1980) the inferences from these optical 

particle counters were tested by comparison with filter and 

cascade impactor measurements. 

Two optical particle counters manufactured by Particle 

Measurements Systems (PMS) of Boulder, Colorado, were used on the 

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Electra aircraft 

during GAMETAG. A combination active scattering aerosol 

spectrometer and classical scattering spectrometer probe 

(ASAS-CSSP) was mounted within the aircraft, and it sampled air 

from an aerosol inlet manifold, which also supplied the sample 

1 3-5 
air for the filter samples. The aerosol inlet manifold was 

designed to sample air isokinetically from the outside of the 

aircraft, to have a diffuser section to reduce the air speed 

within the sample tube, and to have a series of intakes for each 

of the aerosol measurement devices. All intakes were operated 

approximately isokinetically, and the entire system was 

wind-tunnel tested for sampling efficiency. Such testing showed 

sampling efficiencies of -1 for particles with r 4 0.75~. 

Sampling efficiency decreased for the larger particles, and so an 

externally mounted probe, the forward scatter spectrometer probe 

(FSSP), was used to measure the larger particles. Each of the 

probes has been extensively calibrated by the manufacturer and by 

the GAMETAG experimenters by using polystyrene latex spheres and 

glass spheres for the particle ranges used. Our determination of 

sizes from the optical particle counter data is based on the 

polystyrene and glass sphere calibration, with no explicit use of 

calculations for the differing response of the instruments to 

particles with differing refractive indices. Our calculations of 

the Mie scattering functions appropriate to the PMS optical 

geometry, as well as those reported by Pinnick and Auvermann 

(19791, indicate that for the range of sizes and refractive 

indices encountered in this experiment, the differing 

instrumental response characteristics will have no significant 

effect on our measured size distribution. 

The data from the PMS probes were transferred to the Electra 

d 3 -6 
Electronic Data Management system tape every 2 s, but for 

analysis, these second-by-second averages were converted to 

longer time averages to reduce statistical fluctuations. One 

minute accumulations were used as the standard archived output 

from the particle probes. 

Although each probe is a multi range device (for a complete 

description see the ASAS and FSSP manuals, available from PMS), 

only one of the ranges for each probe was used in the analysis of 

the size data: the nominal 0.25 pm 6 r 6 3.0 pm for the FSSP and 

nominal 0.15 pm 4 r < 0.75 pm for the ASAS-CSSP. 

The response calculations for these optical particle 

counters exhibit double valuedness, and so the ASAS and the FSSP 

size data were combined into a smaller number of larger 

intervals. Nine combined size ranges were used in the 

calculations, six ASAS size ranges and three FSSP size ranges. 

The same ASAS size ranges were used for both the 1977 and 

the 1978 data sets. The FSSP' data for the two data sets was 

handled somewhat differently, however. For the 1977 data, the 

FSSP data was combined into three ranges consisting of Channel 1 

(FSSP Range 71, Channels 2 - 9 (FSSP Range 8), and the rest of 

the FSSP Channels (FSSP Range 9). Range 7, which overlapped the 

ASAS data, was not used and Range 7 consisted of Channels 2 - 5, 

Range 8 consisted of Channels 6 - 9, while Range 9 consisted of 

the rest. These ranges, size limits, and mean radii are shown in 

d 3-7 
Table I of Appendix B. 

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 

The earlier analyses by Patterson et a1 showed that the 

typical size distribution exhibited a bimodal nature as shown in 

Fig. 3.2. Analysis of the filter and cascade impactor samples 

showed that these modes had different composition over land, with 

the submicron mode composed of sulfate and other secondary and 

combustion aerosols, and the supermicron mode composed of 

soil-derived aerosol particles. The marine free tropospheric 

aerosol was similar to the continental aerosol; the marine 

boundary layer aerosol, by contrast, was dominated by a sea salt 

aerosol. 

Consequently, we have used more than one set of optical 

constants to describe the aerosol. Over continental areas, and 

in the marine free troposphere the particles with r > 0.5 pm were 

described by optical constants appropriate to soil aerosols, 

while the smaller particles with r < 0.5 pm were described by 

optical constants appropriate to ammonium sulfate. Optical 

constraints appropriate to a wetted sea salt aerosol were used 

for the total size distribution in the marine boundary layer. 

The optical constants used in these calculations are shown in 

Table 3.2. 

Calculations of the extinction coefficient OE (expressed in 

3 3-8 
***Knollenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MRY 2.1978 

100 

(RSRS-CSSR)+FSSP I I I I I It, 

STRRTING 

I 

TIME 

'7 

=21:23: 0 3 

i ENDING TIME =21:42: 0 

a 

* .e 

-0001 I I I I I I IIII I I I I I Ill 

.1 1 10 

Radius (micron) 

Figure 3.2. A representative size distribution measured during 

the GAMETAG flights. 

*' 

d 3-9 
Table 3.2. Optical Constants Used in Calculations 

Wavelength 0.63 pm 10.6 pm 

1.98 - 0.06i 

Soil-Aerosol 1.9 - 0.005 1.74 - 0.4i 

Sea Salt (Wetted) 1.4 - 0.Oi 1.38 - 0.057i 

3-10 
-1 

terms of m ) and the backscatter coefficient (in units of 

-I -1 

m sr ) were made for 0.63 pm and 10.6 p. A Mie scattering 

routine available at Georgia Tech was used for the calculations. 

The calculation procedure involved a calculation of the optical 

quantity of interest using appropriate optical constants for each 

size range. These average efficiency factors were multiplied by 

the average particle cross sectional area for the interval and by 

the number density of the particles to determine G~ or f3 for each 

size interval. Values for the individual size intervals were 

then summed to determine 0 or f3 for the entire distribution. 

1 

Calculations were made for the basic one-minute data set 

3 

that consists of counts/cm in each one of the nine channels. 

These one-minute averages were combined into five minute averages 

which are plotted, together with the standard deviation 

calculated for each set. These one-minute and five-minute data 

are plotted for each of the days analyzed. 

The time averaging corresponds to a spatial averaging along 

the aircraft flight .tracks as well. A one-minute average 

corresponds to a distance of -9 km at high altitudes and -7 km 

at low altitudes. Five minute averages correspond to a spatial 

averaging over -50 km at high altitudes and “35 km at low 

altitudes. 

aIn addition, longer time averaging was also done. The 

,a>.. 

J 3-1 1 
one-minute particle averages were combined into 20 minute 

averages to produce a series of size distributions which are 

presented in Appendix B. The one-minute optical data were also 

averaged over flight legs or portions of flight legs (generally 

100-200 km) and plotted as a function of latitude to determine 

latitudinal profiles along our flight tracks. 

We will discuss the calculated optical properties in terms 

of the daily flight data and the latitude profiles. We will not 

further discuss the size distribution data. 

3.5 DAILY FLIGHT DATA 

Detailed optical calculations were made for twelve of the 

1978 flights and ten of the 1977 flights. These calculations 

were made as described above for the optical properties of 

interest: extinction coefficients at visible and infrared 

wavelengths, backscatter coefficients at these wavelengths, and 

backscatter-extinction ratios. These quantities have been 

plotted against time into the flight for each of the days 

analyzed. This data set is shown in Appendix A, arranged by 

flight days. In this Appendix, each data set consists of ten 

pages including a table and nine figures (Figures a-i) arranged 

as follows: 

1. An initial table giving date and location of the day’s flight 

with a list of significant points keyed to a detailed altitude 

d 3-12 
2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

and location plot for the flight. 

A detailed plot of altitudes and locations as a function of 

time after takeoff, with significant points indicated on the plot. 

A plot of the extinction, calculated for A = 0.63 pm using the 

assumed optical properties for the particles discussed above for 

the one-minute optical particle data. 

data are plotted against time after takeoff for each flight. 

A plot of the extinction, calculated for A = 0.63 pm as above 

except for the five-minute optical particle counter data. 

A plot of the backscatter coefficient in m sr 

calculated for = 0.63 pm based on the measured size 

distribution with five -minute resolution and assumed 

refractive indices. 

A plot of the ratio of the calculated backscattering 

coefficient to the calculated extinction coefficient 

for X = 0.63 pm. 

A plot of the extinction coefficient calculated for X = 10.6 

pm using the measured size distribution (one-minute averages) 

and assumed refractive indices. 

A plot of the extinction coefficient calculated for X = 

10.6 pm as above for the five-minute averages. 

A plot of the backscatter coefficient calculated for X = 10.6 

pm using the measured size distribution (five-minute averages) 

and assumed refractive indices. 

These and other optical 

-1 -1 

10. A plot of the ratio of the calculated backscattering 

coefficient to the calculated extinction coefficient 

3-13 
for ), = 10.6 pm. 

In addition, a numerical listing of the dN values (in 

cts/cm) for each size interval, presented as 20 minute averages, 

is shown in Appendix B. Although the complete series of plots is 

shown in A, we will discuss some points of interest in 

the data. 

Appendix 

A representative comparison of the total distribution 

volume, calculated in a manner analogous to that of 6 and Clg, 

with the extinction is shown in Figures 3.3 and 3.4. This 

comparison indicates that the variation in particle volume is 

quite comparable to the variation for 0 . Although no formal 

statistical tests have been made, the variation within flight 

legs that is shown in the figure appears to be separable into a 

random variation that is a statistical fluctuation due to the 

small number of particles sampled and a larger scale variation 

that reflects differences in aerosol concentrations on time sales 

of the order of 30 minutes, which correspond to distance scales 

of 200-300 km. There is also, of course, the large variation in 

concentration that is seen in going from the troposphere to the 

boundary layer; this concentration variation results in different 

calculated optical properties for the free troposphere and the 

boundary layer. 

E 

The calculated 6 values also show a variation that is 

similar to that shown by the oE values; a consideration of 

extinction to backscatter ratios for these distributions, such as 

1 3-14 
CI 

m * * 

\ 

m * * 

5 

5 

U 

w 

r 

=> 

-I 

0 

1 

iLt 

> 

l- 

-1 

3 

E 

3 

0 

H 

a 

100 

10 

1 

.1 

***Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DFITE=MAY 2.1978 

WFIVE LENGTH = 0.63 

i 

1 

1 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Figure 3.3. A plot of total aerosol volume inferred from the 

optical particle data for the May 2, 1978 flight. 

3-15 
***Knollenberg Doto*** 

DFITE=MFIY 2.1978 

10000 

1000 

*- 

E 

\ 100 d 

v 

@- + 

m 

w 10 

d 

X 

. I 

IX 

w 

.I 

.. 01 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS QFTER TRKE OFF) 

Figure 3.4. A plot of particulate extinction calculated for 

A = 0.63 pm for the May 2, 1978 data set. 

3-16 
the calculations shown in Figure 3.5, shows much less variation 

in calculated ratios. This relative uniformity is due to the 

similar variation of each of these quantities with particle size, 

and to the importance of the submicron particles in all of our 

measured distributions. The major difference that is seen is 

associated with the transition between boundary layer and free 

troposphere. The 10.6 pm values of f3 and oE are generally 

significantly lower than the 0.63 values, as expected. 

Calculated B/oE ratios for 10.6 pm are near 0.01 and are 

generally somewhat less than those calculated for visible 

wavelength data. 

3.6 LATITUDINAL PROFILES ALONG AIRCRAFT FLIGHT TRACKS 

The X = 0.63 pm extinction data from the individual flights 

were grouped into boundary layer and free tropospheric data and 

plotted against latitude for each of the flight series (1977 and 

1978). The 1978 data were further divided into marine and 

continental data. We note, however, that the separation into 

boundary layer and free troposphere was not always as well 

defined over the continental areas as over the ocean areas. 

The boundary layer data is shown in Figures 3.6 (1977 data), 

3.7 (1978 oceanic data), and 3.8 (1978 continental data). The 

1977 boundary layer data consists entirely of oceanic data. for 

these figures, the symbol 0 represents data between 100 and 200 

m, A data between 200 and 300 m, + data between 300 and 400 m, * 

3-17 
1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

***Knot lenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MRY 2.1978 

Figure 3.5. A plot of the ratio of backscatter to extinction 

at 0.63 pm for the May 2, 1978 data set. 

3-18 
Figure 3.6. Latitudinal profile along the GAMETAG flight 

tracks for the 0.63 pm extinction determined in the 

marine boundary layer during the 1977 GAMETAG 

flights . 

3-19 
I 

b 

I 

w 

. 

d 

X 

***Knollenberg Doto*** 

OCERNIC OClTR 1973 

+ + @+ 

+ OA 

0000 

I000 

100 

10 

I 

.I 

IO1 1111l11l11111# I I I I IllIt 

-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 -00 15 30 45 60 75 90 

Loti tude (Deg. 1 

Figure 3.7. As in Fig. 3.6, except for the 1978 oceanic data. 

i 3-20 
ULU 

b 

1 

w 

. 

d 

X 

C 

0 

t 

0 

C 

+ 

X 

W 

.- 

.- 

***Knollenberg Doto*** 

LFIND DRTFI 1978 

10000 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.1 

* 01 

0 

0 

-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 -00 15 30 45 60 75 90 

Loti tude (Deg. 1 

Figure 3.8. As in Fig. 3.6, except for the 1978 continental data. 

3-21 
data between 400 and 500 m, and@ data between 500 and 1000 m. 

The 1977 and the 1978 data are consistent; each suggests a marine 

-5 -1 

boundary layer extinction somewhat greater than 10 m at0.63 

pm, with slight decrease south of ITCZ (which was about 5-10 N 

for both of the flight series. There are no clear differences in 

the northern and southern hemisphere data, there are, however, a 

few data points in which the extinction is very low, -2-3 x 

-6 -1 

10 m , which corresponds to very low concentrations of sea salt 

aerosol. 

The free tropospheric data is shown in Figures 3.9, 3.10, 

and 3.11. The 1977 free tropospheric data is shown in Fig. 3.9. 

0 

For this data set, the data for latitudes north of -35 

represent data collected over continental areas; the data for 

0 

latitudes south of 35 are oceanic data. The 1978 free 

tropospheric data is separated into continental data (Fig. 3.10) 

and marine data (Fig. 3.11). The lack of data for latitudes north 

0 

of 20 N in Fig. 3.11 corresponds to missing data between San 

0 

Francisco and Hawaii (20-30 N) which a separate analysis has 

shown to be similar to that measured in 1977. 

For this free tropospheric data, the A’s represent data at 

all altitudes between 2 and 3 km, the +’s between 3 and 4 km, the 

*‘s between 4 and 5 km, and the 4’s for altitudes greater than 5 

km. 

i 3-22 
***KNOLLENBERG ORTR 1977*** 

I?- 

1 

w 

. 

4 

X 

Ix 

w 

10000 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

-01 

+ II 

0 

0 0 

0 

a 

FREE TROPOSPHERE 

-30 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 .O 15 30 45 60 75 90 

as 

LFITITUDE (DEG. 1 

Figure 3.9. Latitudinal profile along the GAMETAG flight 

tracks in the free troposphere for the X = 0.63 pm 

extinction data determined during the 1977 flights. 

a 3-23 
CLU 

Latitude (Oeg.) 

0 - 0-2 km 

+ - 3-4 km 

m - 4-5 km 

0- .5km 

A - 2-3 km 

Figure 3.10. As in Fig. 3.9, except for 1978 continental data. 

3-24 
rI 

w 

. 

d 

X 

C 

0 

10000 

i 000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

(. 01 

***Knol lenberg Data*** 

OCERNIC DRTFl 1978 

A A 

tg 0 

-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 -00 15 30 45 60 75 90 

Loti tude (Deg. ) 

Figure 3.11. As in Fig. 3.9, except for the 1978 oceanic data. 

i 3 -25 
A comparison of the free tropospheric data for the 1977 and 

the 1978 flights indicates that the continental data for each of 

the two years are consistent, with each exhibiting a similar 

-7 

(though wide) range of observed values between -2 x 10 and 1 x 

-4 -1 

10 m . Both of the marine free tropospheric data sets show a 

decrease in extinction from north to south. Looked at in detail, 

however, there are some significant differences in the two data 

sets. in the latitude region where there is considerable overlap 

0 

of data (25 S to the equator), there appears to be a greater 

extinction in the fall of 1977 than in the spring of 1978 by a 

factor of -. 2. The 1977 data also show more very high values of 

extinction. While some of these north of the equator may be 

influenced by clouds, others are associated only with increases 

in the submicron aerosol population. The marine data north of 

the equator appear to be consistent for the two years. 

The lowest values of extinction measured in the southern 

hemisphere are lower than the corresponding northern hemisphere 

0 

low values. The 1978 data for latitudes south of 20 S suggest 

that we are measuring a nid-tropospheric background aerosol. The 

0 -7 -1 

average for DE for latitudes south of 20 S is -1 x 10 m . If 

we look at the variation about this average, we see that the 

1 3-26 
lowest values measured in the southern hemisphere are 6-7 x 

10 rn with the 200 - 300 km spatial integration of Fig. 3.11, 

-8 -1 

-8 -1 -9 -1 

decreasing to 4 x 10 m for the 50 km data set and 4 x 10 m 

for the 9 km data sets. 

As an additional comparison, we have calculated similar 

latitudinal averages of CJ for the 1977 data set for X = 10.6 

pm. These values, shown in Fig. 3.12, are significantly lower 

E 

than the visible wavelength extinction data. The continental 

-8 -1 -5 -1 

10.6 pm data range between 1 x 10 m and 10 m with the 

-6 -1 

majority less than 10 m . The oceanic data shown on this figure 

-9 -1 -5 -1 

ranges from 4 x 10 m to 10 m , although almost all of the 

-8 -1 

oceanic values are less than 6 x 10 m . The average for the 

0 

oceanic data south of about 15 N appears to be in the range of 

-8 -1 

10 m . Because of the greater dependence of the 10.6 pm data on 

the larger particles, and the greater variability of these 

particles, there is more variation in this IR data than in the 

visible data. Based on the data, however, we can estimate that 

the 10.6 pm extinction is lower than the 0.63 pm extinction by a 

factor of about 30. For the more southerly latitudes measured in 

-9 -1 

1978, the 10.6 pm mid-tropospheric extinction is -10 E with 

3-27 
r\ 

I 

Lu 

. 

d 

'X 

10000 

1000 

100 

10 

i 

.l 

-31 

A 

LHTITUDE (DEG.) 

Figure 3.12. Free tropospheric latitudinal profiles along GAMETAG 

flight tracks for the X = 10.6 pm extinction data. 

3-28 
-10 -1 

lowest values (50 km averages) of the order of 3 x 10 m . The 

-7 -1 

corresponding 0.63 um extinction is - 1 x 10 m , roughly 2 

orders of magnitude higher. For the average free tropospheric 

f3pe ratio of less than 0.01 calculated for the 10.6 pm data,a 

average 6's will be approximately 10 m and lower. 

-11 -1 

3.7 CONCLUSIONS 

We have used measured particle size information and assumed 

refractive indices to calculate the aerosol extinction and 

backscatter coefficients along aircraft flight tracks for A = 

0.63 pm and A = 10.6 pm. These calculations show that 

mid-tropospheric extinctions over the Pacific are significantly 

higher in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere. 

The data indicate that the average a = 0.63 pm extinction is -1 

-7 -1 

x 10 m in the southern hemisphere at the mid-tropospheric 

flight altitudes. The 10.6 pm extinction is between 1 and 2 

orders of magnitude less, decreasing to '1 x 10 at the 

fl 

$9 

-9 

southernmost 1 at i tudes of the GANETAG measurements. 

Corresponding calculations of f3 show that the ratio of #3 to (T& is 

in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 for the 0.63 pm data and in the range 

of 0.01 and lower for the 10.6 pm data. The ratios appear to 

decrease at southern latitudes over the Pacific due to the 

decreased importance of particles with r > 1 pm. 

3 -29 

* 
4. MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES IN AN AEROSOL PLUME 

4.1 BACKGROUND 

A moving aerosol plume may spontaneously undergo different 

microphysical processes, These microphysical processes, in 

addition to condensation and evaporation, include coagulation, 

sedimentation, and diffusion. In our previous work we examined 

the possible effects of growth and evaporative processes on the 

backscatter of radiation traversing an aerosol medium (Deepak et 

al., 1982). In this report, the analysis is focused on the 

effects of coagulation, sedimentation, and diffusion on the 

aerosol size distribution and backscattering coefficient at 10.6 

pm wavelength. In general, a discussion of these microphysical 

processes in an aerosol plume requires a time dependent 3-D 

model. Detailed modeling like this is beyond the scope of this 

analysis. Instead, we will use a l-D model in this study. This 

simplification allows us to examine these microphysical processes 

in considerable detail, 

4.2 NUMERICAL MODEL 

To achieve the objective of this investigation, a ten-layer 

model has been developed for study of the effect of coagulation, 

sedimentation, and diffusion processes on aerosol size 

distribution and backscattering at 10.6 pm wavelength. Figure 

4.1 shows schematically the model layers, It includes ten 1 km 

4-1 
LAYER 

I 0. 

9. 

8s 

7 

6. 

e IO 

e 9 

e 8 

0 7 

6 

5. ~&,. 

4 - ?: ._ 

e 4 

0 3 

e 2 

0 i 

3. 

2. 

1. 

Figure 4.1. Schematic diagram shows the 10-layer model used 

for numerical study of the aerosol transport. The 

arrows indicate the interaction of aerosol size distribution between successive layers through the 

effect of gravitational sedimentation. 

J 4-2 
thick layers above the earth’s surface. A description of the 

basic equations governing the microphysical processes are given 

below. 

4.2.1 Coagulation 

Coagulation is the process under which aerosol particles 

come into contact and coalesce or adhere to one another. In 

other words, coagulation leads to the increase in the number of 

large particles at the expense of the number of smaller 

particles. Coagulation can arise as a result of Brownian motion 

of the aerosol particles--the so-called thermal coagulation. In 

addition, it can be also produced by hydrodynamic, electrical, 

gravitational, or other forces (Fuchs, 1964). In this 

investigation, we shall assume that the Brownian motion is the 

major cause of the coagulation processes and only the t.herma1 

coagulation is considered in the analysis. A brief theory of 

this coagulation is given as follows: 

The coagulation equation can be written as 

V 

+L 2 K (ui,uj) n(ui, t) n (uj ,t)dV 

0 

where K(V,u) is the coagulation kernel, which is the frequency of 

collisions per unit volume between particles of volume V and 

particles of volume u, n (V,t) is defined so that the number of 

4-3 
particles 

instant t 

The first 

reduction 

processes 

particles 

per unit volume with volume between u and u+du at an 

is given by 

j+dun(u, t) du. 

term on the right-hand side of Eq. 4.1 describes the 

in number of particles with volume V by coagulation 

between particles of this particular size with all 

of other sizes. The second term on the right-hand side 

U 

of Eq. 4.1 gives the production of new particleswithvolume V by 

coagulation processes between particles with volumes u and u , i j 

so that u and u are related by the equation 

i j 

u +u =v. 

i j 

To calculate the coagulation kernel K(V,u), we have employed the 

formulation derived by Fuchs (1964), whioh is given by 

K(uifuj) = 4.rr r. 13 .D.. 13 {% i- (4 2) 

with r , D , 6 , and G defined as 

ij ij ij ij 

r =r +r 

ij i j 

D =D +E 

= (G. +G 

ij 1 j 

G 

and 

4-4 
where r and r are the radii of ith and jth particles with 

i j 

volume u and u respectively; D is the diffusion coefficient, 

i j i 

and can be determined from the Einstein relation. That is, D = 

kTB , where 

temperature, 

i 

k is the Boltzmann 

and B is the mobility 

i 

i 

constant," is the absolute 

that can be calculated by 

1 + 1.246 Kn + 0.24 Knexp (- K 

n 

wheren is the viscosity of air; and K is the Knudson number 

m n 

and is defined as the ratio of the effective mean free 

air molecules (R) to the radius r . G is the average 

i i 

velocity of a particle, 

where m is the mass of the particle of volume ui . i 

correction factor given by 

where R = 8Di/(nGi) b 

path of 

kinetic 

is a 'i 

The analytic solution of Eq. 4.1 is very difficult. In this 

J 4-5 
modelling analysis, it is solved numerically. The approach is 

given as follows. 

First, the integration on the right-hand side of Eq. 4.1 is 

achieved by binning the particle volume spectrum into discrete 

bins. In this analysis, the bins are chosen so that the volume 

of a bin is twice that of the preceding bin. To assure the 

conservation of mass as coagulation takes place, it is assumed 

that , 

U. + u = f.. ui + (1 - f. .)u~+~ , j I i 

1 j 17 17 (4.3) 

Note, f = 0, in the case i = j. 

ij 

Equation 4.1 can now be rewritten in the form 

2 

K.. N 1 AN 

-= - 1 K..NiN -- At 11 j 217i 

j#i 

By applying Eq. 4.4, the rate of change of aerosol concentration 

with time in each bin can be calculated, and the change in the 

aerosol size distribution with time can than be determined. In 

the model, the volume range corresponds to a radius range 

of .01 pm to 1.29 pm. The number of bins used in the calculation 

is 32. 

J 4-6 
4.2.2 Theory of Differential Settling - Sedimentation 

Assume the aerosol particles are spherical in shape. The 

terminal velocity v is governed by the Stokes law t 

where p and p are densities of the particle and air, 

P m 

respectively, and r is the radius of the particle. Since the 

terminal velocity is a function of particle size, sedimentation 

results in differential settling, and thus in changes of the 

aerosol particle size distribution. Furthermore, the settling of 

the particles leads to interaction between different levels. In 

the present analysis, the fraction of the total number cf the 

same size of particles falling out of a given layer is determined 

fr=- At 

‘t 

where T is the mean time required for a particle of a given size 

to fall out of the layer and is given by 

1 

Vt 

‘t= - (4 7) 

and At is the time interval used in the numerical integration. 

In the model computation, we have specified P = 1.001 gm/cm , P 

and used U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) as the background 

atmosphere. Table 4.1 gives the terminal velocity as a function 

of the particle size. 

4.2.3 Vertical Diffusion 

In one-dimensional models, the vertical movement of 

4-7 
Table 4.1. Terminal Velocity Vt 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

i 

1.00E-02 

1.26E-02 

1.59E-02 

2.00E-02 

2.52E-02 

3.17E-02 

4.00E-02 

5.04E- 02 

6.35E- 02 

8. OOE- 02 

1.01E-01 

1.27E-01 

1.60E-01 

2.02E-01 

2.54E-0 1 

3.20E-01 

4.03E-01 

5.08E-01 

6.40E-01 

8.06E-01 

1.02E+00 

1.28E+00 

1.61E+00 

2.03E+00 

2.56E+00 

3.23E+00 

4.06E+00 

5.12E+00 

6.45E+OO 

8.13E+00 

1.02E+01 

1.29E+00 

4-8 

1.48E-06 

2.35E- 06 

3.72-E-06 

5.91E-06 

9.38E-06 

1.49E-05 

2.36E-05 

3.75E-05 

5.96E-05 

9.45E-05 

1.50E- 04 

2.38E-04 

3.78E-04 

6. OOE- 04 

9.53E- 04 

1.51E-03 

2.40E-03 

3.81E-03 

6.05E-03 

9.61F-03 

1.52E-02 

2.42E- 02 

3.84E- 02 

6.10E-02 

9.08E-02 

1.54E-01 

2.44E-01 

3.87E-01 

6.15E-01 

9.76E-01 

1.55E+00 

2.46E+00 
stratospheric minor constituents is generally described by eddy 

diffusion processes. For small particles this can be an 

important transport mechanism. However, for relative large 

particles the gravitational sedimentation is perhaps the dominant 

transport mode. Generally, the vertical flux at the kth level of 

the aerosol particles due to eddy diffusion can be written as 

where n is the concentration, and and denote the air 

aerosol, respectively; D is the eddy diffusion coefficient. 

the model analysis, the set of diffusion coefficients given 

m P 

and 

In 

by 

Liu et al. (1984) is adopted for the computation. They derived 

the vertical diffusion coefficients for tropospheric application 

based on the results of Radon 222 tracer observations. They also 

showed the seasonal dependence of the diffusion coefficients. 

With the vertical flux given by Eq. (4.8), the increase of the 

aerosol particles with size u in the layer between the kth and 

i 

(k -11th levels in a time step.At can-then simply be calculated 

In the calculation, the profile of n is adopted from the 

m 

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976). 

4.2.4 Backscattering Coefficient 

The general expression for the volume backscattering 

coefficient B of aerosol particles illuminated with light of 

i 4-9 
wavelength X is 

(4.10) 

where r is the radius of the particle, m = (n-ik) the complex 

refractive index, f(r)dr the number of particles per unit volume 

0 

with radius between r and r+dr, and o(X, r, m, 180 ) is the 

backscattering cross section 

il (X,r,m, 180") + i2 (X ,r,m, 180") A2 

2 o=-. 

2 4n 

(4.11) 

where i and i are the Mie intensity distribution functions for 

light scattered at 180 . In the model, the integration over the 

1 2 

0 

particle size in Eq. 4.10 is carried out numerically. In doing 

this, the computated size spectrum is first fitted by a single 

log-normal or a bimodel aerosol distribution depending on the 

size spectrum. Then, the backscattering coefficient is 

determined with the size parameters obtained from the fitting 

processes. It will be shown latter that a bimodel aerosol 

distribution is a better description in many cases, especially 

when the mixing of aerosol particles of two quite different size 

distributions is taking place. 

4.3 NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

The model described in the preceding section has been used 

to examine the evolution of aerosol size distribution and the 

backscattering of an aerosol plume involving coagulation, 

J 4-10 
sedimentation, and diffusion processes. The plume is assumed to 

extend from an altitude of 2 km to 4 km. In the regions below 1 

km and between 4 km and 10 km, only the background aerosol 

particles are introduced in the model. The initial aerosol size 

distributions in various layers are given in terms of parameters 

Of log-normal size distributions (Table 4.2). 

th 

In the analysis, it is assumed that the top layer (10 

layer) is steady. In other words, the aerosol size distribution 

in the top layer does not change with time. In the calculation, 

a time step of 0.05 day is used. The solution from this time 

step has been compared with that of a time step of 0.1 day. It 

is found that the differences between the results obtained with 

At = 0.1 day and that with At = 0.05 day are less than 0.5% in 

all the layers considered. The discussion on the computed 

results of the first ten time steps using a 0.05 day increment 

are given below. 

The time evolution of the aerosol size distribution in the 

first layer is given in Figure 4.2. In the figure, the initial 

size distribution is given by the solid line. Only the results 

of every other time step computations are shown. It is 

interesting to note that the concentration of the aerosol 

particles with size greater than about 0.05 pm show a sequential 

increase during the calculated ten steps. On the other hand, a 

decrease in the concentration of particles with size less than 

0.05 prn is also noticeable. This decrease in the concentration 

d 4-1 1 
Table 4.2. Initial Aerosol Size Distribution 

r (mode radius), (T (width of log-normal curve) 3 No. (particles/cm ), 

g 

Layer No. AI titude (km) No. rfl (pm) 0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

0- 1 

1-2 

2- 3 

3- 4 

4-5 

5-6 

6-7 

7-8 

8-9 

9 - 10 

7.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

3.1 

3.1 

3.1 

3.1 

3.1 

3.1 

0.3 

1 .o 

1 .o 

1.0 

0.151 

0.151 

0.151 

0.151 

0.151 

0.151 

2.512 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

J 4-12 
of smaller size particles can be attributed to coagulation, 

sedimentation, and diffusion processes. As to the increase in 

the number concentration of larger particles in the first layer, 

sedimentation and diffusion must be the main mechanisms since 

there is a dust layer right above this first model layer. The 

time evolution of the size distribution of the second layer is 

shown in Fig. 4.3. The main feature of this figure is the 

increase in number concentration of particles with radius smaller 

than 0.05 pm. Very little change is found for larger particles. 

The increase in concentration of smaller particles is mainly due 

to diffusion processes which bring in these smaller particles 

from the layer immediately below. The corresponding time 

evolution of the size distributions of layer No. 3 is given in 

Fig. 4.4. It shows that little change has occurred in the first 

ten time steps. However, a slightly increase in the number 

concentration of small particles is noticeable. Fig. 4.5 shows 

the time variations of the size distributions for the layer No. 

4, which is the upper part of the entire dust layer of this model 

computation. The noticeable features of Fig. 4.5 are the 

enrichment of small particles (< 0.03 pm), and reduction of 

larger particles, These features can only arise through 

sedimentation and diffusion processes; not aerosol coagulation 

processes, since the latter will cause the changes in opposite 

directions. By inspection, one may find that the increase in the 

number of small particle in the layer No. 4 can be linked with 

the background aerosol particles in the layer No. 5 (Fig. 4.6). 

d 4-13 
cu 

K 

W 

> 

-J 

a 

K 

W 

> 

-.l 

a 

- N m I b 2 $1 4- 

OJ c. 0 

0 

4 3 0 w-4 

$1 

0 

0 

w-4 

9. 

b 

w-4 

N 

b c. 0 

w-4 

4 

N 

4 

b 

4 

b 

w-4 

b 0, 4 

0 0 

N 

0 

S 

CT, 

LL 

.- 

In 

< 

M 

s 

P) 

4-14 
E 

W 

> 

I 

a 

m 

- N m N r. 0 b 

4 

b 

d 

b 53 53 4 

0 

-4 

53 

0 

53 

b 

4 

N 

b - “ N m 0 I d 

N 

si 53 4 si si si 0 

0 

si 

I 

si 

N 

- N m I 

b 

” 0 

4 

4 

N 

4 

b 53 si d 0 

4 

0 0 

(c 

0 

4 

n 

z 

u 

IT 

U 

d 

U 

U 

cf 

N 

b 

d 

N 

b 

d 

s 

0 

z 

L 

Q, 

r 

m 

L 

ic 

0 

c1 

S 

P 

N 

.am 

LA 

.- 

m 

a 

Q, 

L 

3 

m 

LL 

.- 

M 

d 

Z 

L 

a 

A 

m 

L 

0 

u- 

- 

u 

3 

P 

. 

N 

=r 

m 

LA 

In 

.- 

a 

s 

aa 

L 

3 

m 

LL 

I4-15 
Fig. 4.6 displays the time variation of the aerosol size 

distribution in the layer No. 5. The increase in large size 

particles (r > 0.04 pm) are clearly shown. By inspection of the 

aerosol size distributions in the layer No. 4, it is clear that 

the appearance of the larger size particles is primarily due to 

diffusion processes which bring in these particles from the model 

dust layer. From Fig. 4.6, a slight reduction in the number of 

background aerosol particles is also noticeable, which can be 

linked to the increase of the number concentration of particles 

of the corresponding size in the layer No. 4. Since, like the 

layer No. 5, the aerosol particles in the layers above No. 5 are 

specified as background aerosols with the same size distribution, 

the behavior of their aerosol size distributions (not shown) are 

found to have similar features to those of layer No. 5, but of 

much less intensity. It should be mentioned that, as clearly 

shown in Figs. 4.5 and 4.6, there is mixing of aerosol particles 

with two quite different size distributions taking place in the 

layers No. 4 and 5 as a result of sedimentation and diffusion 

processes. For this reason, a bimodel fitting process is 

introduced in the model computation. This is done by fitting the 

aerosol size spectrum with a single log-normal mode first. Then 

the differences in the differential aerosol concentrations 

between the original size spectrum and the fitted curve at the 

assigned particle radii (Table 4.1) was determined. A scan 

procedure is then applied to search the maximum difference. A 

second curve fitting process is performed if this maximum 

i 4-16 
Lo 

L1L 

w 

t 

1 

a 

d 

z 

4 

N 

=r 

m 

U 

u1 

.- 

a 

4-17 
Ann 

000 

YY 

ma 

VIP 

corn .. 

PP 

nn 

00 

Q,h 

moo 

ma 

YU 

.. 

PP 

nn 

II 

coco 

Eo* 

mQ, 

Q,Q, 

PP 

vu 

.. 

nn 

00 

cob 

mw 

YY 

wm 

.. 

Y * 

0 

Q, 

P 

n 

0 

VI 

N 

0 

Y 

P 

n 

I 

co 

VI 

Q, 

r 

Y 

n 

0 

N 

In 

co 

U 

F 

n 

I 

Q, * 

.- 

Y 

P 

P 

n 

0 

U 

P 

P 

m 

VI 

A 

Y 

0 

Q, 

m 

Q, 

c 

n 

0 

Y 

2 

0 

. P 

n 

N 

I 

VI 

=r 

VI 

Y 

. 

A 

Y 

0 

Q, 

0 

VI 

P 

n 

I 

W 

0 In 

.- 

u 

P 

n 

0 

0 

v 

P 

m 

co 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

n 

0 

0 

0 

VI 

Y 

* 

P 

n 

I 

0 

VI 

F 

U 

P 

. P 

n 

0 

0 

u 

P 

m 

II 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

n 

0 

09 

0 

VI 

U 

P 

n 

I 

0 

VI 

P 

Y 

c 

P 

n 

0 

0 

U 

P 

m 

W 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

A 

0 

0 

0 

VI 

Y 

P 

n 

I 

0 

VI 

P 

Y 

- 

P 

n 

0 

0 

Y 

P 

m 

Q, 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

A 

u 

0 

0 

0 

VI 

P 

n 

I 

0 

VI 

P 

u 

cP 

n 

0 

0 

u 

P 

m 

0 

P 

4-18 
- 

difference is greater than 5 X (cm 3, . Table 4.3 presents the 

results of this fitting processes after ten steps of 

computation. Figs. 4.7 to 4.11 are the plots of the fitted size 

distributions for model layers fram No, 1 to No. 5, 

respectively, By comparing them with the corresponding Figs. 4.2 

to 4.6, one can see that the fitted size distributions correspond 

closely to the original size distributions. 

As mentioned earlier, (Sec. 4,1), one of the objectives of 

this study is to examine the possible effects of the coagulation, 

sedimentation, and diffusion processes on the aerosol 

backscattering at CO wavelengths (10.6 pm). The time evolution 

of the vertical profile of the aerosol backscattering 

coefficients is given in Fig. 4.12. In Fig. 4.12, the symbols 0, 

a, 0, , b , and b correspond to the computed results at time 

steps of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively. It shows high 

values of the coefficients in the layers No. 2 to No. 4, 

corresponding to the model dust layer. In this dust layer, Fig. 

4.12 shows no noticeable changes in the backscattering 

coefficients. On the other hand, changes can be found in the 

layers immediately below and above this dust layer. It is 

interesting to note that the layer No. 6 does not show any change 

until after the 4th time step of the computation. In addition, 

the changes taking place in layers No, 5 and No, 6 are mainly due 

to the vertical diffusion processes which bring up the large 

particles form the model dust layer. 

2 

d 4-19 
M 

E 

W 

t. 

-I 

a 

1 rn 

b E! 4 E! E! 4 

T d 

N ” 0 

0 0 -4 

0 

4 

0 

E! 

I 

E! 

0 

w 

Cn 

t 

-0 

t 

.- 

H 

a, 

L 

L 

8 

w 

3 

n 

5 

h 

a. .* 

2 

a, 

L 

3 

OI 

LL 

.- 

a, 

L 

3 

Cn 

LL 

.- 

4-20 
Lo 

w 

w 

t 

J 

a 

=r 

w 

W 

t 

-I 

a 

e N rn e 0 

2- 

53 53 

b 

w b 0, 53 w 

N 

0 

e0 0 

41 2 

e r. I b 53 A 

N N 

b r. N os4 

b e 0 d 

2 b 

.-( 

b 53 53 53 4 

N 

..a N 

53 -c 

53 41 

b 53 53 d 

N r. 0 

0 

*w-4 

0 0 

53 53 

I 

e e 

I 

0, 2 

t 

1111 I I N Y N nl2 2Li1 N I I e '111111 I I 0 '111111 I I '1111111 I (I1 

b 53 w-4 

e 

b 53 53 53 .-( 

n 

z 

0 

DL 

u 

E 

U 

m 

3 

0 

E 

H 

H 

a 

L 

i3 

.P & Uc 

a2 

VI 

a, 

L 

3 

a 

U 

.- 

. 

12' 

.m 

*; 

.F & UZ 

a2 

v) 

i 

c-2- 4-21 
10 10 

2 3~ 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

Y 

3 

2 

1 1 

0 0 

BRCKSCRTTERING COEFF- [KM-11 io-it 10-11 10-10 10-3 10-0 10-7 104 io+ 10-5 

Figure 4.12. Time evolution of the 10.6 pm backscattering 

function in the model analysis. 

0 initial profile, 

0 at 2 At 

0 at 4 At 

A at 6 At 

h at 8 At 

b at 10 At 

(At = 0.05 day) 

n = 1.75 - 0.3i for both components of the aerosol 

J 4-22 
4.4 DISCUSSION AND REMARKS 

The aerosol plume model described in this chapter is able to 

simulate the essential effect of the coagulation, sedimentation, 

and vertical transport, on the aerosol size distributions and the 

aerosol backscattering at CO wavelength (10.6 pm). Although the 

model does not include the aerosol growth effect of condensation 

and evaporation processes (Deepak et al., 1982), an attempt has 

been made to apply the developed model to an observational case 

study. the spring of 

1979 has been reported by Shaw (1980), based on observations over 

the Hawaiian Islands and trajectory analysis. A dust layer of 1 

km thick was observed with the layer centered at 3.5 - 4 km 

altitude. SAGE sampling (sunrise measurements) swept gradually 

2 

A transport of Asian desert aerosol during 

0 0 

over the Pacific Ocean from latitude about 12 to 44 N during the 

period from April 21 to 28, 1979 which coincides with the 

observed Asian dust event. SAGE profiles during this period have 

then been examined at altitudes 4 and 6 km. Unfortunately, it 

was found that many of the SAGE profiles stop at higher 

altitudes. As a result, there is not enough aerosol information 

to give an appropriate picture of this particular dust event. 

a 4-23 
5. CONVERSION OF SAGE I/SAM I1 EXTINCTION TO 10.6 PM BACKSCATTER 

5.1 INTRODUCTION 

Conversion of a 1 pm SAGE I/SAM I1 extinction cross section 

to the equivalent backscatter function at 10.6 pm requires 

knowledge or assumptions concerning the aerosol size distribution 

and composition, or alternatively of their general optical 

behavior. In an earlier report, Deepak et a1 (1982) modeled the 

as a function of aerosol composition for ratio '10.6 "1.00 

log-normal model of varying mode radii. A summary diagram, 

showing the results of this modeling is reproduced in Fig. 5.1. 

The range for the conversion factor /ol.oo shown here is 

three orders of magnitude, sufficiently wide to make it of little 

practical value. This range may be reduced somewhat if we 

restrict ourselves to the free troposphere and take account of 

the fact that the bulk of the smaller aerosols are water soluble 

in composition and that the larger aerosols consist mainly of 

to lie between and 10.6 "1.00 dust. We may then suppose f3 

-1 1f2 sr . To improve on this range of values, which is still 

too great, we have chosen to develop a bimodal model to describe 

the aerosol. This has been combined with the size distributions 

measured during the GAMETAG experiments and described in Chapter 

3 of this report. 

5-1 
IO' 

1 oo 

e 

\ 

40 

0 

cp 

0 

ICE 

E 

U 

lo-' 

1 ow2 

1 o-s 

1 o4 

1 o-5 

1 0-* lo-' 1 f)D 10' 

MODE RRDIUSe ~m 

Figure 5.1. Backscatter to extinction ratios f310.6/~, . oo 

shown as a function of log-normal mode radius. 

5-2 
5.2 BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FITTING TO THE GAMETAG DATA 

Aerosol size distributions measured during the GAMETAG 

flight series have been fitted to a bimodal model of the form 

2 dN (r) /d log (r) = A exp (-klAn (r/r ) 91 

+ A2 exp (-k.p (r/r 1 

92 

2 

where 2 kl= 1/(2Rn 0 ) 5Jl and 

In this equation, r is the particle radius and N(r) the 

comulative particle number. I A 8r rr rcs and 0 are 

constants describing the log normal distributions. Computer 

2 91 92 91 92 

software has been written which will fit Eq. (5.1) exactly to six 

data points which may be in the form dN(r)/d log(r) as a function 

of r or N(r) as a function of r. The program output contains the 

six constants that describe the bimodal distribution. An example 

of its application to simulated data is shown in Fig. 5.2 where 

the experimental points are shown by round dots, the individual 

fitted curves by dashed lines and the total fitted bimodal 

distribution by the solid line. 

The experimental size distributions used are those listed in 

Appendix B and described in Chapter 3. They represent particle 

counts obtained for twenty-minute flight segments, the nine size 

intervals being as listed in Table B.l, covering the size range 

0.128 - 2.34 pm. Forty-two flight segments were chosen, 

d 5-3 
I- 

- I \ 

\ 

\ 

I \ 

I \ 

t 

I 

I 

-I 

I I I I I1111 I I I I11111 \ I I I tlllll 

Fig.5;2.. Example of the application of the bi-modal log-normal 

fitting program to a simulated experimental size 

distribution. 

3 5-4 
measurements being made at altitudes between approximately 5 and 

7 kilometers and representative of the whole range of latitudes 

covered by the two flight series. Data segments where the 

particle counts were obviously enhanced due to the presence of 

haze or cloud were avoided. Three additional size distributions 

were added from earlier published data (Patterson et al., 1980). 

Size distribution data are available for these flight segments at 

a maximum of nine radii, although inspection of the data in 

Appendix B shows that the channels representing the largest 

particle sizes were frequently empty, particularly over the 

southern hemisphere. The remaining seven or eight data points 

are nevertheless still in excess of the number required to solve 

Eq. (5.1). In order to obtain the best estimate of the log-normal 

constants, the size distributions were plotted and the six data 

points (from the possible maximum of nine) most representative of 

the distribution were used as input to the fitting program. In 

almost all cases, an exact fit was either obtained directly or 

after making a small adjustment to the counts in one channel 

only. Two cases were rejected where reasonable fits could not be 

obtained. Figure 5.3 shows histograms of the resultant values of 

0 ,(J , r , and r . It can be seen that, for the accumulation 

mode, values of 0 lies 

between 0.06 and 0.20 pm. For the coarse particle mode, the 

distribution is somewhat narrower, most values of 0 lying 

between 1.0 and 1.5 with r values peaking at around 0.6 pm. 

The somewhat greater imprecision for the accumulation mode is at 

91 92 91 42 

91 lie between 1.1 and 2.0 while r 

91 

92 

92 

5-5 
U 

91 

14 r 

.06 .lo .14 .l8 

Q 

g2 

b 

Figure 5.3. Histograms of the log-normal parameters obtained from the 

bimodal fitting program. 

(a) og,; accumulation mode 

(b) rgl. accumulation mode 

(c) CT . coarse particle mode 

(d) rg2. coarse particle mode 

92 

i 5 -6 
least partially due to the fact that the experimental size ranges 

did not cover particle sizes less than 0.126 pm. 

5.3 BIMODAL OPTICAL MODEL AND COMPARISON OF SAGEI/SAMII AND 

GAMETAG DATA 

The bimodal model described in the previous section has been 

used in conjunction with the AGAUS Mie scattering program to 

calculate the optical properties of the GAMETAG size 

distributions. We have assumed the log normal mode of smallest 

radius (accumulation mode) to consist entirely of water soluble 

aerosol and the mode of greatest radius (coarse particle mode) to 

consist entirely of a dust-type aerosol. The refractive indices 

at 1.00 pm and 10.6 pm are those used previously by Deepak et 

al. (1982) and are listed in Table 5.1. This model is very 

similar to, but not identical to, that used by Georgia Institute 

of Technology to calculate the optical data presented in Chapter 

3 and Appendix A. In the latter case, a two-composition model is 

used, the division between the two components being made at a 

particle radius of 0.5 pm rather than in terms of 

independently-fitted log-normal functions. Comparison of optical 

properties calculated by the two alternative models shows good 

agreement, any differences being much less than observed changes 

due to natural aerosol variation. 

In order to compare the GAMETAG and SAGE I/SAM I1 data sets, 

the forty-three size distributions described in Section 5.2 have 

i 5-7 
Table 5.1. Refractive Indices Used for Mie Scattering Calculations 

Aerosol 

Materia I 

Dust-like 

Water 

Soluble 

Wavelength 

1.00 pm 10,s jm 

1.520 - 0.008i 1.620 - 0.120i 

1.520 - 0.017i 1.760 - 0.070i 

5-8 
been used in conjunction with the above model to calculate 

corresponding equivalent extinction values at 1 pm. The results 

of these calculations are shown in Fig. 5.4(a) and (b) for the 

1977 and 1978 flights, respectively. As the 1977 flights were 

made in May and June and the 1978 flights in August and September 

(September 1st and 2nd only), the data in these figures may be 

compared with that shown in Fig. 2,6(a) (March-May, 1979) and 

Fig. 2.6(b) (June-August, 1979). The I pm extinction values 

calculated for the 1977 flight data (Fig. 5.4(a) agree well with 

the direct SAGE I/SAM I1 measurements for June-August, 1979 (Fig. 

2,6(b). The absolute magnitudes of the extinction values are very 

close and a similar latitude variation occurs in both data sets. 

The 1978 GAMETAG flight data extends over a wider latitude range 

than the 1977 data and shows greater latitudinal variation. 

Among the calculated values for , the northern hemisphere 

values [Fig. 5.4(b)] agree well with the direct SAGE I/SAM I1 

measurements [Fig. 2.6(a-)]; the southern hemisphere values are 

somewhat lower than the direct measurements by about a factor of 

two. This difference between the two GAMETAG data sets for 

latitudes south of the equator has been noted in Chapter 3. It 

is believed to be due to a genuine variation in the aerosol 

characteristics observed in the two years and does not reflect 

any instrumental uncertainty. 

Bearing in mind the fact that the GAMETAG data was obtained 

during two cross-sectional flights limited in time and longitude, 

J 5-9 
X 

n 

Q 

Y 

h 

h 

Q, 

F 

n 

m u 

n 

m 

Y 

L 

3 

U 

3 

L 

rn 

U 

n 

U 

.- 

3 5-10 
the agreement between the calculated 1 pm extinction values and 

the SAGE I/SAM I1 direct measurements must be considered to be 

within the range of expected variations, Based on this 

agreement, we have used conversion factors for BlOm6 /al.OO 

calculated from the GAMETAG data to correct the 1 pm SAGE I/SAM 

I1 data to the equivalent backscatter at 10.6 pm, 

5.4 DERIVATION OF A CONVERSION FACTOR AND ITS APPLICATION 

The forty-three bimodal size distributions taken from the 

GAMETAG data set, as described in the previous section, have been 

used to calculate values for the conversion factor f310~6/ol~oo 

The calculated values are shown in the form of a scatter plot as 

a function of ol.oo in Fig. 5.5. The majority of the lie 

between and sr -' and there is a small but definite 

values 

trend in the data, larger values of f310.6/(Jl.oo being associated 

with larger values of al,OO This is to be expected as 

distributions containing relatively more large particles will 

A regression 

line for f3 /5 (as the dependent variable) on 5 (as the 

independent variable), using logrithmic coordinates, has been 

calculated, and is shown in the figure. Seventy-five percent of 

show increased values of both ~10.6/01.00 and 51.00 

1.00 10.6 1.00 

the calculated values lie within a factor of two of this line. 

The data shown in Fig. 5.5 has been obtained at altitudes of 

5-7 km and is strictly applicable only to this altitude range. 

In spite of this, we have chosen to apply it to all SAGE I/SAM I1 

J 5-1 1 
Figure 5.5. Scatter plot of values of k310.6/a,.oo as a 

function of ol.oo. Data is for an altitude 

of 5-7 km and taken from the 1977-78 CAMETAC 

flights. The figure also shows the best fit 

regression line for f3 o. 6/~, . oo upon al. oo. 

5-12 
tropospheric data above about 4 km. Some error may be expected 

at 4 km (and below) because of relatively increased numbers of 

large particles; these will increase B /o faster than they 

10.6 1-00 

will increase o At the higher altitudes near the tropopause, 1.00 

the aerosol composition will most likely contain a high 

percentage of sulfuric acid and its optical properties will merge 

into those of the stratospheric aerosol. The size distribution 

will also be strongly dependent upon volcanic input and the 

conversion factor likewise highly variable (Kent et al., 1984). 

Despite these limitations, it is felt that the regression line 

shown in Fig. 5.5 is a good approximation for use, during a 

volcanically quiet period, in the middle and upper free 

troposphere. 

Table 5.2 contains a list of conversion factors 

corresponding to the regression line in Fig. 5.5. This has been 

applied to the contour plots of 1 pm extinction shown in Fig. 

2.8, The results of this are shown in Fig. 5.6(a) and (b) for the 

March-May and September-November, 1979 seasons, respectively. We 

see that, in the middle and upper free troposphere, southern 

-11 

range between 3 x 10 and 2 x 

'10.6 hemisphere values for 

10-l' In the northern hemisphere, values are greater at all 

altitudes becoming as large as 7 x 10-l' in March-May, 1979 at 5 

km and 70N. The latitudinal and seasonal variation is very 

pronounced, as is the variation with altitude, It must be 

emphasized that these are seasonal median values and daily values 

5-13 
Table 5.2. Conversion Factors Used with the SAGE I/ 

SAM I1 Free Tropospheric Data Sets 

ul.oo 

(lo7 

7.0 

1.5 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

8.0 

10.0 

15.0 

20.0 

1.34 

1.53 

1.67 

1.89 

2.07 

2.22 

2.35 

2.57 

2.75 

3.12 

3.42 

5-14 
I 

1= 

W 

0 2';; cy' 

J 

=l 

n 

m v 

\ 

5-15 

It 

0-i 

h 

Q, 

.- 

. 

0 

z 

I 

L 

a, 

II 

E 

a, 

n 

Q) 

VI 

+., 

E 

z 

1D 

0 

.- 

+., 

Ip 

c 

.- 0 

L 

a, 

+., 

U 

n 

II 

Y 

0-i 

h 

QI 

w 

. 

x m 

E 

I 

9 

n 

m 

Y 

In- 
would be expected to depart considerably from them, In addition, 

they correspond to a volcanically quiet period; during the 

present, more volcanically active period, upper tropospheric 

values would be considerably increased. 

5-16 
6, CO2 LIDAR MEASUREMENTS OF 

6.1 PUBLISHED MEASUREMENTS 

Published measurements of aerosol backscatter cross sections 

in the free troposphere using CO lidar systems are scarce. The 

2 

most extensive data series is that made at NOAA in Boulder, 

Colorado (Post et al., 1982; Post,1984a). Measurements have also 

been made at NASA-MSFC, Huntsville, Alabama (Weaver, 1983; Jones, 

1983) and JPL, Pasadena, California (Menzies et al., 1984). 

Updates to these data sets have recently been presented at the 

Third NASA/NOAA Infrared Lidar Backscatter Workshop, Lake Tahoe, 

Nevada, January 14, 1985, These data sets have all been obtained 

over, or close to, the continental U.S.A. There is, in addition, 

an extensive unpublished data set obtained by the Royal Signals 

and Ratlar Establishment, United Kingdom over the United Kingdom 

and Europe (Vaughan, 1985). 4 

The earliest published data that extends to altitudes above 

4-5 km (Post et al., 1982) was taken in the Spring and Summer of 

1981 when the atmosphere was affected by aerosol produced in 

recent volcanic eruptions. The only earlier data, which shows 

conditions prior to these eruptions is that of .Schweisow et al. 

(1981). This data, taken in 1978, does not extend above 5 km (4 

km for most of the data) and thus does not describe conditions in 

the middle and upper free troposphere, Data, since 1981, has 

6- 1 
been very strongly affected by the eruption of El Chichon in 

April, 1982 and we therefore have no direct measurements of 

background non-volcanic aerosol scattering cross sections in the 

upper free troposphere. 

6,2 VARIATION OF WITH ALTITUDE AND SEASON 

Figure 6.1 summarizes the measured variation of 'lo., with 

altitude. Figure 6.l(a) shows eight seasonal averages for 

measured by NOAA (Post, 1983; Post, 19843),Figure 6.l(b) shows a 

single seasonal average obtained by JPL (Menzies, 1984) and 

Figure 6,1(c) and (d) show individual profiles measured by the 

NASA-MFC airborne system over California in 1981 and 1982, 

respectively (Jones, 1983). Table 6.1 summarizes the main 

characteristic of the RSRE measurements (Vaughan,l983). Although 

these data have been obtained by several different instruments 

and at different times and locations, several general features 

may be identified. 

1. Maximum values for occur in the boundary layer 

where Bl0*, is greater than 

falls rapidly to a rather 

broad minimum between about 5 and 10 km altitude. Values in this 

'10.6 2. Above the boundary layer, 

minimum lie mainly in the range 3 x 10 -11 - 3 x 10-10 m-1 sr-1. 

3. Above the minimum, values rise into the stratosphere 

where peak values of the order of lo-' m-' sr" may be found 

i 6-2 
n 

P v 

I I I I I 

UI VI N 0 n .- VI 'Z 

(uti) aanitiiv 

n 

m u 

I I I I I 

v) VI N x In 7 z 

(MY) aaniiiiv 

.I 6-3 

s 

m 

I M 

m 

Q, 

P 

. 

L 

i! 

2 

% 

E 

I 

m 

C 

L 

.- 

c 

a 

< 

0 

Z 

h 

m u 

S .- 

W 

0 

QP 

L 

0 

cc 

P 

W 
h 

n 

U 

Y 

h 

Y 

U 

I I I I I 0 In c In N YI N 0 r 

(WY) 3aniiiiv 

6-4 i 

C n .- 

U rD u 

0 

13 

M 

L 

0 rc 

VI 

a 

3 

m > 

- 

In 

00 

0-i 

C-. 

n 

U 

u 

c 

W 

Q) 

L 

3 

UI 

U 

.- 
A 

.c m 

I E 

.r -- 

I '0 tu 

E "5 

.- *- 

Y 

'0 tu 

"5 

XuO\a 

A0 

W 

mo 

x 

6-5 
(post-volcanic). 

Apart from these general characteristics of the vertical 

profile, more specific characteristics of shown by one or 

more data sets are as follows. 

1. There exists a day to day variation (up to 5 km at least) 

of an order of magnitude or more, combined with pronounced 

vertical stratification. 

2. Geophysical differences exist between California and 

Colorado. Over the former, the decrease in @lo.6 occurs at a 

lower altitude than over the latter. This is most likely 

associated with the higher altitude of the Colorado plateau and 

greater vertical convection, 

3. A seasonal variation is observed by NOAA and by RSRE. At 

an altitude of 6 km minimum values of are seen by NOAA in 

Fall and Winter ( -1O-l' m sr , maximum values occur in 

Spring and Summer ( m-l sr ). RSRE observed minimum 

in Winter. 

-1 -1 

-1 

4. A decrease occurred in the peak altitude of the 

stratospheric volcanic layer over NOAA (from 23 km in Fall, 1982 

to 17 km in Fall, 1983). 

5. Lowest mean values for filO.Gin the upper stratosphere (2 

x 10" m ) were observed by NOAA in Spring and Summer of 1982. 

This was after the decay of material injected by the eruptions of 

-1 

6-6 i 
St. Helens and Alaid and before the arrival of material injected 

by El Chichon. 

6.3 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR BlOm6 

Cumulative probability distributions for 810.6 have been 

published by NOAA (Post et al., 1982; Post, 1984a). These show a 

good fit to log-normality and the best-fit straight lines to the 

data sets at five altitudes and on two occasions are reproduced 

in Fig. 6,2(a) and (b) (Post et al., 1982; Post, 1984a,b). The 

lower spread in B,, . values at stratospheric altitudes, as 

opposed to tropospheric altitudes is shown in Fig. 6.2(b) and is 

to be noted. 

6-7 
n 

P 

Y 

-m m 

ln -cn 

-::'2R 

-0t 

"2 rn 

> 

41 

-0 

(L 

a 

-zw 1 

I3 

I 

02 -- u 

-% 5 

-ln 

M 

co 

Q, 

.c, 

m 

n 

P 

Y 

n 

m 

v 

W 

0 

.- 

M 

N 

W 

6-8 
7. DATA INTERCOMPARISON 

7.1 VARIATION WITH LATITUDE AND SEASON 

Figures 7.l(a) and (b) are composite figures on which 

theoretical and experimental values forP10.6 at an altitude of 

about 6 km have been plotted as a function of latitude. The 

altitude of 6 km has been chosen for several reasons. It is 

close to the mean flight altitude for much of the GAMETAG 

measurement series and it is an altitude at which good (> 40%) 

SAGE I/SAM I1 penetration is foundf and for which the median 

values may be considered to be without serious systematic bias. 

It is also close to the level at which minimum values forPI0.6 

are found experimentally and it thus represents a compromise 

altitude that is not too affected by ground topography below and 

volcanic fallout from above. 

Data for Spring and Summer have been plotted in Fig. 7.l(a), 

the much more limited data for Fall and Winter is plotted in Fig. 

7.l(b). In Fig. 7.l(a), the GAMETAG data points represent median 

values for Pl0.6 observed over flight segments for which the 

flight altitude was between 5 and 7 km. Data for 1977 and 1978 

have been distinguished by different symbols. The lines 

representing the SAGE I data are the March-May and 

September-November median values in Fig. 7.l(a) and 7,l(b), 

respectively. 

7-1 
E' z Y 

1 

- 

m 

C 

0 

tn 

tn 

8 

I 

b 

73 

C 

m 

In L 

- 

m 

L 

0 rc 

W 

0 

.- 

CQ 

rc 

0 

Y 

U 

U 

m 

$1- 0 

Z 

In 

a, 

3 

m 

> 

- n 

f! n 

VI 

1 U 

a, 

L 

3 

z 

1 E 55 Y 

w% wy 

E 

X 

4 

cn 

r. 

cn 

l-- 

W 

. U 

S 

m E 

Y U 

Q) 

h 

I 

v) 

- 

a, 

U 

0 . E 

m u 

d rc 

0 

u 

Q 

I 

u 

Li 

a 

co 

b 

cn 

l-- 

L 

n 

VI 

F 

h 

a, n 

m 

Y 

v) 

J n 

m v 

7-2 
Seasonal averages for JPL and NASA-MSC are shown by single 

symbols (no data is available for Fall-Winter). The larger amount 

of data from NOAA is shown by vertical lines in Figs. 7.l(a) and 

7.l(b) which represent the range of seasonal mean values found 

[five Spring-Summer seasons in Fig. 7.l(a) and three Fall-Winter 

seasons in Fig. 7.1(b)]. 

Examination of these figures shows that, apart from the 1978 

GAMETAG data in the southern hemisphere, agreement is quite good 

between the different data sets. Comment has already been made 

concerning the difference between the 1977 and 1978 GAMETAG data 

sets and without further evidence we must regard this as a 

sampling fluctuation. In the northern hemisphere, most of the 

-10 measured and modeled values for B lie between 10 and 2 x 

10.6 

-9 -1 -1 10 m sr When judging the goodness of fit between these 

data sets, it must be remembered that they refer to different 

years and geographical regions and to different degrees of 

stratospheric volcanic contamination. There is apparently still 

a very considerable need for direct measurements of Bl0,6 in the 

southern hemisphere. 

7.2 VARIATION WITH ALTITUDE 

for three 

early NOAA seasonal averages, the 1983-1984 JPL Spring-Summer 

average and the SAGE I modeled values for 40 N. One of the NOAA 

averages (Summer 1981) and the JPL average show a clear 

10.6 Figure 7.2 shows the altitude variation of 6 

6 7-3 
20 

Figure 7.2. Composite diagram showing modeled and 

directly measured vertical profiles for f3,0. 6. 

JPL SPRING - SUMMER 

1983- 1989 

\ 

u. 

- 

'\, 

7-4 
stratospheric volcanic enhancement which is not present in the 

other profiles. Between altitudes of 5 and 9 km, the agreement 

between SAGE I and JPL is good. The agreement between both of 

these and the NOAA data is quantitatively poor. It is quite 

possible that much of this difference may be due to the location 

of Boulder high on the continental plateau. There will be 

increased convective activity and the boundary layer will extend 

to a considerably greater altitude above sea-level. The low 

values observed by NOAA at a height of 9 km in Spring and Summer 

of 1982 do not fit well with the modeled data. 

7.3 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 

1.00 and 10.6 

have been shown in Figs. 2.3 (a)-(e) and 6.2(a) and (b). Certain 

Examples of the probability distribution for 1~ 

similarities exist in these figures. All the NOAA data shows 

clear log-normal characteristics. This is also shown by the SAGE 

I/SAM I1 data in the stratosphere. In the upper troposphere, the 

distribution is clearly two-component and we believe the higher 

estimation component to be sub-visible cirrus (cirrus returns 

have been omitted from the NOAA data). In the middle free 

troposphere, the SAGE I/SAM I1 data is once again approximately 

log-normal for some of the latitude bands. In order to make a 

more quantitative comparison of the distribution, Table 7.1 shows 

the extinction and backscatter changes corresponding to the 5% - 

50% probability range, i.e., the departure of the 5% probability 

level from the median level. Values are shown for similar 

i 7-5 
latitudes (20 N - 60 N for SAGE I and 40 N for NOAA) and for 

altitudes above 5 km, The range of the optical parameter has 

been expressed as the ratio of its value at the 50% probability 

level to its value at the 5% level. 

Table 7.1 shows that for both al.OO and f310.6 , the ratio 

decreases with altitude by roughly comparable amounts. The 

absolute magnitude of the ratio in the two 

very different. 

cases is nevertheless 

Part of this difference can be accounted for by 

the fact that the conversion factor f3,0~6/~~~oo itself depends 

upon the value of G~.~~. This is, however, not sufficient to 

account for most of the observed difference. It is more likely 

that the explanation for this lies in the different geometry of 

the two measurements. The 10.6 pm backscatter function is 

measured over horizontal dimensions of a few meters only and the 

probability distribution will reflect all changes with horizontal 

scales greater than this. The 1 prn extinction function, on the 

other hand, is derived from a measurement made over a 200-300 km 

long horizontal path. Fluctuations with horizontal scales less 

than this will be smoothed. part of the difference in 

ratio observed in Table 7.1 almost certainly arise from these 

The major 

different measurement geometries. 

7.4 VOLCANIC EFFECTS 

Volcanic effects have already been discussed in Sections 2.5 

and 6.2 and the details will not be presented again here. The 

d 7-6 
g .F 

LL 

- 

h 

w 

-I 

4 

Im 

0 

M 

Oh 

MN 

. . 

FF 

N 

M 

M 

F 

N 

M 

N 

P 

7-7 

c 
most obvious point of comparison to note is the stratospheric 

enhancement observed in both cases (Figs. 2-11 and 6.1). A more 

subtle point of comparison is the enhancement in the upper 

troposphere. Figure 2.11 shows that the upper troposphere, 

following volcanic injection into the stratosphere, has a raised 

1 pm extinction which extends from the tropopause down to 5-6 

km. Figure 6.l(a) shows similar effects, post-volcanic 10.6 pm 

back-scattering, following volcanic injection, is enhanced from 

the tropopause down to an altitude of 7-8 km. The fact that this 

altitude is somewhat higher than that given above for SAGE I/SAM 

I1 is, as discussed earlier, most likely due to a geographic 

effort associated with the location of Boulder, Colorado. 

7-8 
8. CONCLUSIONS 

In the work described in this report, the objective has been 

to improve our understanding of the global behavior of the 

aerosol backscatter function in the free troposphere at a 

wavelength of 10.6 pm. ,Three experimental data sets have been 

used, each with certain limitations in either wavelength or 

temporal and geographical coverage. In addition to the use of 

these data sets, modeling has been carried out on the 

microphysical and optical changes to be expectedwithin an aerosol 

plume. 

The SAGE I/SAM I1 data set ha-s yielded a detailed picture of 

the variation of 1 pm aerosol extinction with latitude, season 

and altitude above 5 km. This shows pronounced hemispheric 

asymmetry, with minixiurn extinction occurring in high southern 

latitudes. In both hemispheres, the aerosol extinction in spring 

and summer is greater than that in fall and winter. Volcanic 

enhancement of the aerosol extinction above 5 km is also apparent 

at high latitudes in the 1980-81 data. The GAMETAG data sets for 

1977 and 1978 have shown a latitude variation in aerosol 

concentration and optical properties, that is in overall 

qualitative agreement with the SAGE I/SAM I1 data, and in good 

quantitative agreement in the northern hemisphere. Direct 

measurements of Bp0,6using C02 lidar are confinedto a limited 

latitude band in the northern hemisphere and have only been made 

d 8- 1 
since 1980,during a period of volcanic activity. 

Comparison has made of the direct measurements with values 

calculated from the other data sets, This comparison for $10.6 

has particularly been carried out for an altitude of 6 km, which 

is close to the level at which minimum values for 6 are 

currently observed. Median summer values for p at this 

10.6 

10.6 

level, in the northern hemisphere, vary from 1 x 10 -10 m-lsr-1 

at the equator to 1 x 10 -' m -' sr-l at 60 N. Median winter values 

at the same altitude are about 2 x 10"O at all northern 

latitudes. In the southern hemisphere, the situation is less 

clear. There are no direct measurements and the 1977 and 1978 

GAMETAG measurements yield significantly different values for 

. SAGE I/SAM I1 median values at 6 km altitude lie between 3 '10.6 

x 10-11m-1sr-1 and 2 x 10-lom-l ~r-'; the range for median GAMETAG 

values is between 1 x 10-"and 2 x Both data sets show a 

decreasing aerosol concentration toward high southern latitudes. 

Intercomparison of vertical profiles for is difficult, 

GAMETAG data has been obtained mainly between 5 and 7 km altitude 

and it is not possible to derive a vertical profile with any 

precision. Almost all the direct measurements of BlOa6 are 

affected by volcanic input, which enhances the upper free 

troposphere. Reasonable agreement is obtained between the direct 

measurements of and values modeled from SAGE I/SAM I1 at 

altitudes between 5 and 10 km but any exact comparison is not at 

present possible. 

J 8-2 
It is clear, from the analysis carried out and the data 

comparisons made, that we now have a reasonable quantitative 

understanding of the principal features of free tropospheric 

aerosol concentrations and optical characteristics and their 

variation with latitude season and volcanic activity. We are, 

nevertheless, still a considerable distance from being able to 

supply a complete statistical description, particularly of the 

optical characteristics at the longer wavelengths. This is 

especially true in the southern hemisphere where there is a total 

lack of direct measurements at 10.6 pn. 

3 8-3 
9. REFERENCES 

Deepak, A., (Ed.), 1982: Atmospheric effects and potential 

climatic impact of the 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, 

NASA Conference Publication 2240. 

Deepak, A., G. S. Kent, G. K. Yue, 1982: Atmospheric 

Backscatter Model Development for C02 Wavelengths, IFAORS 

Final Report for NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 

Contract NAS8-34427. 

Deirmendjian, D., 1973: On volcanic and other particulate 

turbidity anomalies, Advan. Geophys. - 16, 267-296. 

Fuchs, N. A., 1964: The Mechanics of Aerosols, Pergamon, 

New York. 

Jones, W. D., 1983. Beta System Test Results (1981 and 1982), 

Second Multi-Agency Workshop onAtmospheric Backscatter at 

IR Wavelengths, April 12-13, Workshop Notes, pp. 53-70. 

Kent, G. S. & M. P. McCormick, 1984: SAGE and SAM I1 

measurements of global stratospheric aerosol optical depth 

and mass loading, J. Geophys. Res. - 89, 5303-5314. 

Liu, S. C., J. R. McAfee, and R. J. Cicerone, 1984: Radon 

222 and tropospheric vertical transport, J. Geophys. Res. 

- 89, 7291-7297. 

Lorenz, E. N., 1967: The nature and theory of the general 

circulation of the atmosphere, WMO. 

McCormick, M. P., P. Hamill, T. J. Pepin, W. P. Chu, T. J. 

Swissler, and L. R. McMaster, 1979: Satellite studies of 

the stratospheric aerosol, Bull. of the Am. Meteor. SOC. 

- 60, 1038-1046. 

McCormick, M. P., C. R. Trepte, and G. S. Kent, 1983: Spatial 

changes in the Stratospheric aerosol associated with the 

north polar vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett. - 10, 941-944. 

McCormick, M. P., T. J. Swissler, W. H. Fuller, W. H.Hunt, 

and M. T. Osborn, 1984: Airborne and ground-based lidar 

measurements of the El Chichon stratospheric aerosol from 

90°N to 56"S, Geof. Int. 23-2, 187-221. 

9- 1 
Menzies, R. T., M. J. Kavaya, P. H. Flamant, and D. A. Haner, 

1984: Atmospheric aerosol backscatter measurements using 

a tunable coherent C02 lidar, Appl. Opt. - 23, 2510-2516. 

Menzies, R. T., 1984. Private communication. 

NOAA, 1981: Global Wind Measuring Satellite SystemWINDSAT Final Report for NOAA Contract #NA 79RA C00127. 

Patterson, E. M., C. S. Kiang, A. C. Delany, A. F. Wartburg, 

A. C. D. Leslie and B. J. Huebert, 1980: Global measurements 

of aerosols in remote continental and marine regions: 

Concentrations, size distributions, and optical properties, 

J. Geophys. Res. - 85, 7361-7376. 

teristics of Knollenberg light scattering aerosol counters, 

J. Aerosol. Sci. - 10, 55-74. 

Pinnick, R. G., and H. J. Auvermann, 1979: Response characPost, M. J., F. F. Hall, R. A. Richter, and T. R. Lawrence, 

1982: Aerosol backscattering profiles at A = 10.6 pm, 

Appl. Opt. - 21, 2442-2446. 

Post, M. J., 1983: Atmospehric aerosol profiles at C02 wavelengths, 2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar; 

Technology and Applications, August 1-4, 1983, Aspen, 

Colorado, Technical Digest, pp. Th B4-1 to Th B4-5. 

Post, M. J., 1984a: Lidar observations of the El Chichon 

Cloud at X = 10.6 pm. Geophys. Res. Lett. - 1, 846-849. 

Post, M. J., 198433: Private communication. 

Rao, P. K., 1975: Invisible cirrus clouds in NOAA-2 VHRR 

imagery, Mon. Weather Rev. - 103, 72-77. 

Schnell, R. C., 1984: Arctic haze and the arctic gas and 

aerosol sampling program (GASP), Geophys, Res. Lett. __. 11, 

361-364. 

Sahweisow, R. L., R. E. Cupp, V. E. Derr, E. W. Barrett, 

R. F. Pueschel, and P. C. Sinclair, 1981: Aerosol backscatter 

profiles measured at 10.6 pm, J. Appl. Meteor. - 20, 184-194. 

Shaw, G. E., 1980. Transport of Asian desert aerosol to the 

Hawaiian Islands, J. Appl. Meteor. _. 19, 1254-1259. 

U. S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976: NOAA. 

9-2 
3 

Uthe, E. E. and P. B. Russell, 1977: Lidar Observations of 

Tropical High Altitude Cirrus Clouds. Proceedings of the 

Symposium on Radiation in the Atmospehre, GarmischPartenkirchen, FRG, 19-28 August 1976, H, J. Bolle (ed.) 

Science Press, 242-244. 

Vaughan, M., 1983. C02 @Measurement,, Second Multi-Agency 

Workshop on Atmospheric Backscatter at IR Wavelengths, 

April 12-13, 1983. Workshop Notes, pp. 79-80. 

Vaughan, M., 1985: Private communication. 

Weaver, E., 1983. MSFC Beta System and Pulsed Doppler Lidar 

System. 2nd Multi-Agency Workshop on Atmospheric Backscatter 

at IR Wavelengths,April 12-13, 1983, Workshop Notes, 

pp. 83-96. 

9-3 
APPENDIX A 

Ai 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Al. Significant times for August 7, 1977. 

Denver, Colorado to Portland, Oregon. .... A1 

Table A2. Significant times for August 8, 1977. 

Portland, Oregon to Anchorage, Alaska .... All 

Table A3. Significant times for August 22, 1977. 

Denver, Colorado to Moffett Field, 

California. ................. A21 

Table A4. Significant times for August 23, 1977. 

Moffett Field, California to Hilo, 

Hawaii. ................... A31 

Table A5. Significant times for August 25, 1977. 

Hilo, Hawaii to Johnston Atoll ....... ~41 

Table A6. Significant times for August 26, 1977. 

Johnston Atoll to American Samoa ...... A51 

Table A7. Significant times for August 28, 1977. 

Pago Pago, American Samoa and Return 

(North) ................... A61 

Table A8. Significant times for August 31, 1977. 

Pago Pago, American Samoa and Return 

(South) ................... ~71 

Table A9. Significant times for September 1, 1977. 

Pago Pago, Ameircan Samoa to Johnston 

Atoll.. .................. A81 

Table A10. Significant times for September 2, 1977. 

Johnston Atoll to Hilo, Hawaii ....... A91 

Table All. Significant times for April 27, 1978. 

Denver, Colorado to Moffett Field, 

California ................ .A101 

Table A12. Significant times for May 2, 1978. 

Hilo, Hawaii to Johnston Atoll ...... .All1 

Table A13. Significant times for May 4, 1978. 

Canton Island to Nandi, Fiji Islands ... .A121 

Table A14. Significant times for May 10, 1978. 

Christchurch, New Zealand to 

Christchurch, New Zealand ......... .A131 

fFIw PA 

Aiii 1 
LIST OF TABLES (cont'd) 

Table A15. Significant times for May 11, 1978. 

Christchurch, New Zealand to Nandi, 

Fiji Islands. ................ .A141 

Table A16. Significant times for May 12, 1978. 

Nandi, Fiji Islands to Canto Island .... .A151 

Table A17. Significant times for May 14, 1978. 

Johnson Atoll to Hilo, Hawaii. ....... .~161 

Table A18. Significant tiems for May 18, 1978. 

Moffett Field, California to Denver, 

Colorado .................. .A171 

Table A19. Significant times for May 27, 1978. 

Denver, Colorado to Great Falls, 

Montana .................. .~181 

Table A20. Significant times for May 28, 1978. 

Great Falls, Montana to White Horse, 

Canada .................... ~191 

Table A21. Significant times for May 31, 1978. 

White Horse, Canada to Great Falls, 

Montana. .................. .A201 

Table A22. Significant times for June 1, 1978. 

Great Falls, Montana to Denver, 

Colorado .................. .A211 

a 

(9 

Aiv 
LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure A1 (a-i) GAMETAG flight data for August 7, 1977....A2-A10 

Altitude and location flight track 

plotted as a function of time after 

takeoff 

Calculated particulate extinction 

along the flight track for oneminute data sets for A = 0.63 pm 

Calculated particulate extinction 

along the flight track for fiveminute data sets for X = 0.63 pm 

Calculated backscatter coefficient 

along the flight track for fiveminute data sets for A = 0.63 pm 

Calculated ratios for backscatter 

to extinction for five-minute data 

sets for A = 0.63 pm 

Calculated particulate extinction 

along the flight track for oneminute data sets for A = 10.6 pm 

Calculated particulate extinction 

along the flight track for fiveminute data sets for A = 10.6 pm 

Calculated backscatter coefficient 

along the flight track for fiveminute data sets for A = 10.6 pm 

Calculated ratios for backscatter 

to extinction for five-minute data 

sets for A = 10.6 pm 

Figure A2(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for August 8, 1977 ...... ~12~~20 

Figure A3(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for August 22, 1977..... A22-A30 

Figure A4(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for August 23, 1977 ..... A32-A40 

Figure A5(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for August 25, 1977.. ... A42-~50 

Figure A6(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for August 26, 1977..... ~52-A60 

Figure A7(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for August 28, 1977... .. ~62-A70 

Figure A8(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for August 31, 1977..... ~72-A80 

Figure A9(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for September 1, 1977... ~82-2490 

Figure A10(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for September 2, 1977... ~92-~100 

Figure All(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for April 27, 1978.... .. A102-Al10 

Figure A12(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 2, 1978......... A112-Al20 

Figure A13(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 4, 1978.... ..... A122-Al30 

i Av 
LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd) 

Figure A14(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 10. 1978 ........ A132-A140 

Figure A15(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 11. 1978.. ...... A14 2-A150 

Figure AlG(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 12. 1978 ...... ..A15 2-A160 

Figure Al7(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 14. 1978. ....... A162-Al70 

Figure A18(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 18. 1978. ....... A172-A180 

Figure A19(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 27. 1978 ........ A18 2-A190 

Figure A2O(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 28. 1978 ........ A192-A200 

Figure A2l(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for May 31. 1978 ........ A202-A21O 

Figure A22(a-i) GAMETAG flight data for June 1. 1978 ........ A212-A220 

Avi 
Table Al. Significant times for August 7, 1977. 

Denver, Colorado to Portland, Oregon. 

Si gni f i can t Points 

- # TIME 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

16:30 Denver 

16:52 

18:04 

18: 18 

18: 57 

19:Ol 

19: 13 

19:20 

19:25 

20:12 

20: 39 

21:oo 

21: 10 Portland 
U?ffiINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALITY 

n 

m 

Y 

P 

a 

. 

rn 

U 

.. 

3 A2 
A 

2c 

\ 

4 

W 

rI 

Ill 

. 

4 

x 

. 

Ix 

w 

***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= a/ 7/i977 

WAVE-LENGTH = 0.63 

1000 

IO - i 100 

.I 

r~ 

.. 

.. . 

.. 

.. 

.... 

. .. ... .. 

.. .. 

r. 

. .- ..... : :* * . . -*. ... 

- :. 

e. e. '., ... .. ,: . ' 

.- 

'C 

.. 

*. .*.- - 

.1%"..', .* . .. * .++ .- .. 

... 1. 

I. 

... 

2* .. .... . - .. .- ... ' ... .. 

*. .* 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 

L1 

6 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 1 (b). GAMETAG flight data for August 7, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

A3 
***KNOLLENBERG ORTR**a 

DFITE= 8/ 7/1977 

WFIVE-LENGTH = 0.63 

1. 

-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME NUURS FtFTER TRKE OFF) 

rI 

W 

4 

Y 

!- 

x 

W 

10000 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.I 

- 01 

Fig. Al(c). CAMETAC flight data for August 7, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 ym. 

A4 
10000 

1000 n 

[r 

Im 

1 

X 

* 

0 

m 

1L .l 

M 

.01 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 1 (d). GAMETAG flight data for August 7, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 p. 

A5 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/ 7/19??’ 

1000 

100 

n 

a 

x 10 

a 

m 

\ 

0 

U3 

41 

H 

l 

m 

l- .l 

a 

v 

0 

I4 

U 

-01 

IO01 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 1 (e). CAMETAC flight data for August 7, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

A6 
rI 

w 

4 

X 

Ix 

w 

1000 

100 

10 

***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/ 7/1977 

.Ol .~1 

t 

.. 

.. .* 

c 

.. 

.. 

.. .. .. 

. . ..a 

.. 

8. 

. 'c. 

.. 

- .- 

Fig. A 1 (f). GAMETAG flight data for August 7, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

J A7 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTFl*** 

DRTE= 8/ 7/1977 

WQVE-LENGTH =10.50 

-0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 

PI 

I 

w 

4 

x 

. 

tX 

LIJ 

1000 

100 

10 

I 

.I 

.Ol 

.DO1 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 1 (9). GAMETAG flight data for August 7, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 vm. 

3 A0 
*+*KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/ 7/1977 

i 00 

10 

I 

.1 

.01 

-001 

- 0001 

WRVE-LENGTH =lo. 60 

-0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 1 (h). CAMETAG flight data for August 7, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 yn. 

J A9 
***KNOLLENBERG DFlTFl*** 

DOTE= 8/ 7/1977 

.o 1 2 3 4 6 7 

10 

1 

n 

a 

E .I 

(3 

# 

\ 

H 

Y 

m 

(3 

H 

I- -001 

a 

a 

. ocoi 

* 00001 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TQKE OFF) 

Fig. A 1 (i). GAMETAG flight data for August 7, 1977. 

Calculated ra tias for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 ~n\. 

A10 
Table A2. Significant times for August 8, 1977. 

Portland, Oregon to Anchorage, Alaska. 

Significant Points 

- # 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

TI ME 

18: 54 

19: 22 

21:40 

21:56 

22 : 10 

22:15 

22 : 24 

22:38 

23:08 

23: 33 

23: 39 

23: 52 

00:02 

00 : 35 

00:55 

Port 1 and 

Anchorage 

J A1 1 
n 

m 

N 

U 

a 

OI 

U 

.- 
10000 

1000 

100 

10 

.I 

.Ol 

***KNOLLENBERG DRTFI*** 

DFITE= 8/ 8/1977 

r .o 1 L 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TFlKE OFF) 

Fig. A2 (b). GAMETAG flight data for August 8, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

A1 3 
n 

E 

\ 

d 

W 

x 

. 

tX 

iL1 

***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

DRTE= 8/ 811977 

io000 

io00 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

TIME (HOURS FlFTEFi TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A2 (c). GAMETAG flight data for August 8, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/ 8/1977 

ioooo li'1111ll 111111111 I l--TCRSR~J-CSSR>!FSSP 

L1000 

100 

WRVE-LENGTH = 0.63 

d 

6 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

I 

Fig. A2 (d). GAMETAG flight data for August 8, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 m. 

7 
1 ooc 

100 

A 

CII 

(3 

m ‘. 

0 

:r) 

x 

10 

H 

1 

m 

!- .l 

4 

(r? 

i-a 

CII 

CT 

.Ol 

-031 

c 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A2 (e). GAMETAG flight data for August 8, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

A16 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

DRTE= 8/ 8/1977 loo^ 10 

-01 I 

..... ... .. 

.. 

-.. 

. 

.. 

I. 

..... *. .* ... .... ....... ... .* .. ..* .......... . .** .. 2. 

... 

.- .... 

.. 

-. ..- .. .. ...... .. ...... -. 

.... -. ., 3 . - .... 

..... * - O. 5.'. * 

.. * ... : .. ... . 

*. - .. 

Fig. A 2 (f). GAMETAG flight data for August 8, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A1 7 
***KNOLLENBERG DFlTR*** 

DFITE= 8/ 8/1977 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

.Ol 

Fig. A 2 (9). GAMETAG flight data for August 8, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 p. 

A1 8 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALITY 

***KNOLLENBERG DFITR*** 

DF\TE= 8/ 811977 

i 00 

10 

i 

I 

.Ol 

.OOOi 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A2 (h). GAMETAG flight data for August 8, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 w. 

AI 9 
TIME (HOURS RFTER TFiKE OFF) 

Fig. A 2 (i). CAMETAG flight data for August 8, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 p. 

A2 0 
Table A3. Significant times for August 22, 1977. 

Denver, Colorado to Moffett Field, 

California. 

i h 

Significant Points 

- # 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

TIME 

18:22 Denver 

19: 12 

19:22 

20:21 

21:Ol 

21:15 

21:17 

21:38 

21:41 

21:51 

22:17 

22:26 

23: 15 

23: 34 Moffett Field 

A2 1 
m 

n 

m 

Y 

M 

a 

A2 2 
10 

1 

x 

tx 

w 

000 

000 

100 

1 

.I 

TIME (HOURS QFTEH T9KE OFF) 

Fig. A3 (b). GAMETAG flight data for August 22, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A2 3 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/22/1977 

TIME (HOURS FIFTER TFIKE OFF> 

Fig. A3 (c). GAMETAG flight data for August 22, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A2 4 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

DFITE= 8/22/1977 

Fig. A3 (d). GAMETAG flight data for August 22, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 p. 

J A2 5 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR+** 

OFITE= 8/22/1977 

Fig. A3 (e). GAMETAG flight data for August 22, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A2 6 
['.- 

I 

W 

d 

,* 

. 

t- 

>. 

LI-I 

***KNOLLENBERG DQTR*** 

DFITE= 8/22/1977 

.* - .. 

.. 1 C. .. 

I 

~ 

*C -.. .- .: .. . . .. * :. a. . . .. *. . '.. .. 

Fig. A3 (f). GAMETAG flight data for August 22, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A2 7 
***KNOLLENBERG ORTR*** 

DRTE= 8/22/1977 

1000 

100 

10 

Fig. A3 (9). CAMETAG flight data for August 22, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 p~. 

J A28 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

DFITE= 8/22/1977 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A3 (h). GAMETAG flight data for August 22, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 w. 

J A2 9 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITR*** 

DRTE= 8/22/1977 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A3 (i). CAMETAC flight data for August 22, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

J A3 0 
Table A4. Significant times for August 23, 1977. 

Moffett Field, California to Hilo, Hawaii. 

Si gn i f i cant Points 

- # 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

TIME 

17:45 Moffett Field 

18 : 20 

20: 31 

20 : 40 

22: 13 

22:19 

23: 18 

23:28 

00:09 

00 : 26 

00 : 46 

00:59 Hilo 

A3 1 
9 

"nl .. 

I I 

A32 
f. . i .* 

.. *. 

.. 

- .. . .. .. 

TIME (HOUR5 RiTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A4 (b). GAMETAG flight data for August 23, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

A33 
+*+KNOLLENBERG DBTFIr** 

DRTE= 8/23/1977 

1 ooso 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

.!I1 

TIME MJJRS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A4 (c). CAMETAC flight data for August 23, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

a A3 4 
m 

h 

i 

:I A> 

4 

X 

**+KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DOTE= 8/23/1977 

1oooi) 

1000 

I00 

10 

1 

.l 

.01 

TIML (IHCfURS RFTER TQKE OFF> 

Fig. A4 (d). GAMETAC flight data for Augpst 23, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 w. # 

l'i 

J A3 5 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITR*** 

DRTE= 8/23/1977 

1000 

100 

A 

U 

c3 

cn 

\ 

c) 

x 

ffi 

L3 

n 

U 

E 

10 

H 

tn 1 

.d 

I- .1 

IO1 

.cot 

.c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TQKE OFF> 

Fig. A4 (e). CAMETAC flight data for August 23, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

J A3 6 
***KNOLLENBERG OFITR*** 

DFITE= 8/23/1977 

FIVE-LENGTH =lo. 60 

J! I I I I I I I I I s I I I I, 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I: I ! I I I I I I I I 

-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

n 

z 

\ 

d 

W 

X 

. 

Ix 

W 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.i 

.Ol 

.OOl 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TfiKE OFF> 

Fig. A4 (f]. GAMETAC flight data for August 23, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

J A3 7 
n 

x 

\ 

d 

W 

I?- 

I 

w 

. 

IX 

LL! 

i 000 

100 

10 

1 

IO1 

.OOt 

***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/23/1977 

i 

TTME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A4 (9). GAMETAG flight data for August 23, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 m. 

J A3 8 
n 

CT 

Im 

. 

r: 

\ 

d 

W 

X 

. 

0 

m 

LL 

m 

***KNOLLENBERG DFITR*** 

DQTE=. 8/23/1977 

CUZlGlNAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALm 

.go2 

m 

ILII.Lu 

2 

i 

WRVE-LENGTH =10 

I 

4 

TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A4 (h). CAMETAG flight data for August 23, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 w. 

A39 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTFI*** 

DRTE= 8/23/1977 

WRVE-LENGTH ~10.60 

.o i 2 3 4 5 6 7 

10 

1 

.l 

-01 

. ooi 

.oooi 

. DO001 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A4 (i). GAMETAG flight data for August 23, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 m. 

A4 0 
Table A5. Significant times for August 25, 1977. 

Hilo, Hawaii to Johnston Atoll, 

Significant Points 

- # TIME 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

20:51 Hilo 

21:07 

22:03 

22:19 

22:41 

22:54 

23: 99 

23:47 

23:59 

00 : 32 

31:14 

01 : 33 

02 : 36 

02 : 48 Johnston Atoll 

A4 1 
I n 

a 

m 

Y 

a 

. 

A4 2 
I- 

% 

IJJ 

10000 

1000 

IO0 

IO 

1 

.l 

***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

DFITE= 8/25/1977 

, I ri-rl-rrnixT-rn*r 

WRVE-LENGTH = 0.63 

I 

F: 

1. ..- 

A- 

* 

.. I 

.+-be- .. 

a 

- .. . .* . . *.. .- 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF1 

Fig. A 5 (5). CAMETAC flight data for August 25, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A4 3 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

DRTE= 6/25/1977 

fi 

1 

w 

x 

a 

IX 

w 

1GOOO 

1000 

100 

10 

I 

.I 

.Ol 

TIMk (HOURS RFT'ER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 5 (c). CAMETAC flight data for August 25, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 m. 

J A4 4 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALITY 

1ooco 

1000 A 

cf 

ICD 

. 100 

E 

\ 

10 

I?- 

I 

Ld 

1 

x 

. 

c) 

m 

IOI 

***KNOLLENBERG DRTFI+*+ 

DFITE= 8/25/1977 

.i3 I L ?. 3 4 5 6 

rIME !HOURS FIFTER TQKE OFF> 

Fig. A 5 (d). GAMETAG flight data for August 25, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 ym. 

A4 5 
TIME (HOURS FIFiER THKE OFF> 

Fig. A 5 (e). GAMETAC flight data for August 25, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

J A4 6 
TIME (HOURS RFTER TFIKE OFF) 

Fig. A 5 (f). GAMETAG flight data for August 25, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

J 

A4 7 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI**r 

DFITE= 8/25/1977 

I 

'A 

. 

-4 

'X 

. 

rx 

LLi 

r 

P 

1 

TIME iHOUPS FlFlER TCiKE OFF> 

Fig. A 5 (9). CAMETAC flight data for August 25, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 p~. 

J A4 8 
n 

U 

Iv, 

Pi 

CrJ 

4 

>: 

L' 

cn 

x 

m 

100 

10 

1 

I 

. G i 

***KNOLLENBERG OFITFI*** 

DRTE= 8/25/1977 

6 - .u I-: 1 2 3 4 3 

TIME iHOU17S RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 5 (h). CAMETAG flight data for August 25, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 p. 

A4 9 
SIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 5 (i). CAMETAC flight data for August 25, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

AS0 
Table A6. Significant times for August 26, 1977. 

Johnston Atoll to American Samoa. 

Si gni f icant Points 

- # TIME 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

20 : 00 Johnston Atoll 

20 : 35 

22:37 

23:Ol 

23:47 

00:06 

00:41 

00 : 50 

00 : 52 

02:20 

02:39 

02:48 

02:55 Pago Pago, American Samoa 

A5 1 
h 

Y 

I 

W 

a 

cn 

LL 

. 

.- 

A52 
rI 

W 

. 

e 

>< 

. 

Ix 

W 

***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

DFITE= 8/26/1977 

10000 

I000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

.O1 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 6 (b). CAMETAG flight data for August 26, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 um. 

A5 3 
b 

I 

W 

d 

. I 

x 

w 

***KNOLLENBERG t!RTR*** 

ORTE= 8/26/1977 

I1000 . 

100 1- 

WRVE-LENGTH = 0.63 1 

# ... .. I 

-* 

a. .... ...... ... .: .* .I =..: ...... e 

-*. il 

- .: -j ... -. I.. - . . ... " .* *- * 

......... 

:. .'. *e * 

a+ .* . - . .. 8 '+ . .- .. - C' -. 

*i I -I 

.. 

..... .. ".. .. - -. 

.* - -- . - ..... ..- ... .. .... .. 

.. .. 

I.i 

I 

TIME WOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A 6 (c). GAMETAG flight data for August 26, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A54 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTFl*** 

DRTE= 8/26/1977 

TlME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A6 (d). GAMETAC flight data for August 26, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 p. 
TIME (HOURS FlFTER TFlKE OFF) 

Fig. A6 (e). CAMETAC flight data for August 26, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A56 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/26/1977 

n 

SI 

\ 

ri 

W 

r1 

LLI 

ri 

X 

Ix 

bll 

I000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

.Ol 

IO01 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A6 (f), GAMETAG flight data for August 26, 1977- 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for X= 10.6 pn. 

i 

d 

A5 7 
***KNOLLENBERG DQTR*** 

DFITE= 8/26/1977 

A 

r: 

\ 

d 

'4 

x 

r 

x 

w 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.i 

.Ol 

-001 

WRVE-LENGTH =10.60 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A6 (9). CAMETAG flight data for August 26, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

J A5 8 
A 

a 

Im 

. 

0 

m 

1L 

m 

+**KNOLLENBERG DRTFI*** 

DRTE= 8/26/1977 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

.@01 

TIME (kIOLIHS HFTER TFIKE OFF) 

Fig. A6 (h). GAMETAG flight data for August 26, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 w. 

A5 9 
10 

1 

n 

CT 

c3 

0 

\ 

r: .l 

H 

0 

m rj1 

IL 

i 

I 

7 1 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A6 (i). GAMETAG flight data for August 26, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A6 0 
Table A7. Significant times for August 28, 1977. 

Pago Pago, American Samoa and Return 

(North). 

Si gni f ican t Poi nts 

- # 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

TIME 

21:02 Pago Pago 

21:35 

22:30 

23:OO 

23:45 

00:18 

01:24 

01:57 

02 : 18 

02:20 

02 : 36 

02:43 

02:55 Pago Pago 

A6 1 
I 

(0 

n 

(0 

U 

ra 

. 

A6 2 
Ix: 

W 

***KNOLLENBER UFITFI**+ 

OFITE= 8/28/ 977 

.. 

c 

c 

c 

.. .* 

... .... 

*I. 

. :- 

:.:.* :...*.. .'*. *- *. . - .- . 

.* 

.. , :' -. .. .. -. . : . ..... I. .f..... .. .* # . - .. . & C'.... 

L 

... 1 .. - :. *. . - 

.. 1 . -. . .d 

3 .. 

TIME (HOURS RFKR TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A7 (b). GAMETAG flight data for August 28, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

J A6 3 
4 

***KNOLLENGERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/28/1977 

P- 

:I J 

I 

x 

. 

TIME (!-IOURS RFTER TFIKE OFF> 

Fig. A7 (c). CAMETAC flight data for August 28, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for As 0.63 p. 

A6 4 
A 

oc 

ICR 

. 

X 

D 

c) 

# 

'y: 

M 

DRTE= 8/28/1977 

10000 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A7 (d). CAMETAC flight data for August 28, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A6 5 
I olio 

100 

10 

1 

.. 1 

-9: 

OD1 

Fig. A 7 (e). CAMETAC flight data for August 28, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

a A6 6 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALiTY 

1000 

100 

10 

***KNOLLENBERG DRTFI*** 

DFITE= 8/28/1977 

Fig. A 7 (f). GAMETAG flight data for August 28, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 m. 

J A6 7 
b 

I 

LLJ 

C 

x 

Ix 

w 

***KNOLLENBERG DRTFI*** 

DOTE= 8/28/1977 

il WRVE-LENGTH =10.60 

i 

i 

10 

t 

F 

I 

i 't t 

k1 . C; i 

I 

a 

H 

9 

1 

P 

P 

I 

I 

*' m 

I 

TIME (HOURS FIFTER TFIKE OFF) 

Fig. A 7 (9). CAMETAC flight data for August 28, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A68 
100 

10 

1 

1 

Fig. A 7 (h). CAMETAC flight data for August 28, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 )~m. 

A6 9 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/28/1977 

WRVE-LENGTH =10.60 

t 

I 

I- 

.o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 

10 

1 

. OClCSl 

TIME (t-rOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 7 (i). GAMETAG flight data for August 28, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 p. 

a A70 
Table A8. Significant times for August 31, 1977. 

Pago Pago, American Samoa and Return 

(South). 

Si gni f i cant Poi n ts 

- # 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

TIME 

20 : 58 Pago Pago 

21:30 

22:32 

22:38 

23:44 

23:53 

01:14 

01:35 

C1:53 

02 : 07 

02:25 

02: 33 

02:39 

02:45 

03: 19 

03:24 

03:39 

03:49 Pago Pago 

A7 1 
a 

a 

A72 
I.-- 

I 

++*KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

DFITE= 8/31/1977 

1000 

1 #O 

~: 

8 

E-. 

r 

>; 

i 

x* 

Ld 

W FI V E - L E WG T H 

t 

.s1 I- 

.. -. 

.. 

.. 

1 = 0.63 

I -4 

i 

1 i 

Fig. A8 (b). CAMETAG flight data for August 31, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

J A7 3 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/31/1977 

1000 

100 1 

-F 

WRYE-LENGTH = 0.63 

T 

TIME (HOURS RFTEH TQKE OFF) 

Fig. A8 (c). GAMETAG flight data for August 31, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 p. 

A74 
Fig. A8 (d). GAMETAG flight data for August 31, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

J A75 
t1000 

100 

10 

5 

***KNOLLENBERG DflTFI*** 

DHTE= 8/31/1977 

-G1 1 

t 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF, 

Fig. A8 [e). GAMETAG flight data forAugust 31, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 vm. 

A76 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/31/1977 

Pi 

lil 

% 

tx 

Id 

WRVE-LENGTH =10.60 

i 

7 

.* .* 

TIME WOURS RFTER TQKE OFF> 

Fig. A8 (f). GAMETAG flight data for August 31, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 prn. 

1U 

A7 7 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 8/31/1977 

rI 

L.J 

-4-4 

'5' .- -. 

. 

tX 

w 

TIME (hOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A8 (9). GAMETAG flight data for August 31, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pe 

A78 
Fig. A 8 (h). GAMETAC flight data for August 31, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A7 9 
0 

cn 

4L 

m 

'u/ 

0 

ICTS 

w 

10 

1 

t 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 8 (i). CAMETAC flight data for August 31, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A8 0 
Table A9. Significant times for September 1, 1977. 

Pago Pago, American Samoa to Johnston Atoll. 

t %- 

Si gn i f i cant Poi nts 

- # 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

- TIME 

19:57 Pago Pago 

20 : 27 

21:57 

22:15 

22:42 

23:05 

00:43 

01:01 

01:19 

01 : 31 

01:32 

01:41 

02:01 

02 : 25 

02 : 40 

02 : 46 Johnston Atoll 

J A8 1 
A8 2 
+**KNDLLENBERG DRTR**+ 

DFTE= 9/ 1/19?? 

: .

NRVE-LENGTH = 0.63 

L. 

.- *a. 

c. 

*. 

Q. 

.. .- 

.. 

'. . 

.. 

.. 

... 

.. 

.. 

.. 

Fig. A9 (b). GAMETAG flight data for September 1, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

7 

A8 3 
x 

1- 

X 

W 

10000 

1003 

100 

io 

1 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TFlKE GFF) 

Fig. A9 (c). CAMETAG flight data for September 1, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 yn. 

A8 4 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 9/ 1/1977 

WRVE-LENGTH = 0.63 

ifi 

T, 

T' i' I i 

Fig. A9 (d). GAMETAG flight data for September 1, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 m. 

A8 5 
TIME (HOURS QFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 9 (e). GAMETAG flight data for September 1, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A8 6 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITR*** 

DRTE= 9/ 111977 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.1 

.Ol 

m 001 

I?- 

I 

w 

. c 

I. 

.. 

.*. .. 

.... .. X . . :. . - .. a. - . *. 

~ -. *., . .... < 

.5 

.... .:. .. .. - ”-- : 

* (. , .: r 

. 

1- 

X 

w 

... .... ..*. - .* 

.. e. 

.. . .* 

-. 

* .- 

- .- .. .. .-. - .. 

.’ . .. -. - 

.. . _- .. 

L .... .. ((11(111(111111 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

TIME (HOURS AFTER TFIKE OFF> 

Fig. A9 If). GAMETAG flight data for September 1, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 gm. 

A8 7 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

DRTE= 91 1/1977 

b 

I 

W 

m 

X 

Ix 

ld 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.01 -l~ 

t 

m 

TIME (HOURS FIFTER TRKEOFF) 

Fig. A 9 (9). GAMETAG flight data for September 1, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 p. 

A8 8 
100 

10 

1 

.1 

01 

-001 

IO001 

***KNOLLENBERG DRTFI*** 

DRTE= 9/ 1/1977 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TFlKE OFF> 

Fig. A9 (h). GAMETAC flight data for September 1, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 ym. 

A8 9 
***KNOLLENBERG DF\TR*** 

DRTE= 9/ 1/1977 

10 

WRVE-LENGTH ~10.60 

1 

n 

a 

z .l 

c3 

m 

\ 

0 

Y 

H 

CJ-J .Ol 

m 

I- -001 

J 

0 

H 

CE 

LT 

-0001 

.00001 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A9 (i). CAMETAC flight data for September 1, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A9 0 
Table A10. Significant times for September 2, 1977. 

Johnston Atoll to Hilo, Hawaii. 

Significant Points 

- # 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

TIME 

16.43 Johnston At01 1 

17:13 

18:02 

18: 30 

19: 37 

19:48 

20 :06 

20:16 

20 : 36 

21:lO 

21: 32 

21:47 

22:lO 

22:27 

22 : 40 Hilo 

A91 
A92 
A 

2c 

\ 

4 

W 

rI 

w 

4 

x 

. 

IX 

w 

1000 [. 

.. 

Fig. A 10 (b). GAMETAG flight data for September 2, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

d A93 
TIME (HOURS FlFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A10 (c). GAMETAG flight data for September 2, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 yn. 

J A94 
***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DFITE= 9/ 2/1977 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

@ I 

m 

e3@* P 4 

TIME (HOURS AFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A10 (d). GAMETAG flight data for September 2, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pn. 

J A9 5 
TIME (HOURS FlFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 10 (e). CAMETAC flight data for September 2, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 yn. 

a A96 
b 

I 

W 

x 

Ix 

LbJ 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

-01 

***KNOLLENBERG DRTR*** 

DRTE= 9/ 2/197? 

,lll,IllI 111ll1111 111111111 111111111 111111111 Ill111 111-jk- (RSRh-CSSR)!FSSP 

WRVE-LENGTH =lo. 60 

TIME (HOURS RFTEF: TRKE OFF) 

Fig. AlO(f), CAMETAC flight data for September 2, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 urn. 

3 

A9 7 
***KNOLLENBERG DFITR*** 

DFITE= 9/ 2/1977 

rI 

LLJ 

X 

+ 

X 

Lu 

iL I P 

Fig. A 10 (9). GAMETAG flight data for September 2, 1977. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A9 a 
100 

10 

1 

***KNOLLENBERG DFITFI*** 

OF\TE= 9/ 2/1977 

x 

(2 

J-J 

m 

TIME (HOURS FlFiER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A10 (h). GAMETAG flight data for September 2, 1977. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 m. 
TIME (HOURS QFTER TFlKE OFF) 

Fig. A 10 (i). GAMETAG flight data for September 2, 1977. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A100 
Table All. Significant times for April 27, 1978. 

Denver, Colorado to Moffett Field, 

California. 

Si gni f i cant Poi nts 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

17 : 00 Denver 

17:21 

19: 23 

19:24 

19:54 

20: 19 

20:25 

20:28 

20:52 

21:14 

22:36 

22:53 Moffett Field 

J A101 
ORIGMAL PAGE IS 

ff rOOR QUALrrV 

m 

VI 

m 

A102 
. 

d 

. 

IX 

W 

10000 

***Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=RPRIL 27.1978 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

TIME (HOURS FlFTER TOKE OFF> 

Fig. All (b). GAMETAG flight data for April 27, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 ym. 

A103 
**+Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DFITE=FIPRIL 27.1978 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

r- 

+ 

U 

. 

4 

X 

. 

!- 

x 

w 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.I 

-01 

-001 

Fig. A 11 (c), GAMETAC flight data for April 27, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for X = 0.63 pm. 

A104 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF eOoR QUALlW 

r- 

+ 

IJ 

x 

3 

UJ 

Fig. A 11 (d). GAMETAG flight data for April 27, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 p. 

i 

A105 
d 

**+Knoilenberg Goto*** 

DRTE=RPRIL 27.1978 

i 030 

100 

10 

1 

Fig. AI1 (e). GAMETAG flight data for April 27, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A106 
. '. 

1 

.l 

.Ol 

5 

? 

3' :. .. 

'. 

-. .. 

Fig. A 11 (f). GAMETAG flight data for April 27, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A107 
**+Knollenberg Data*** 

DFITE=RPRIL 27.1978 

r-- 

+ 

w 

4 

x 

. 

IX 

W 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

- 01 

.001 

WQVE LENGTH = 10.6 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

a1 

m 

P 

TIME (HOURS FlFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. All (g). GAMETAG flight data for April 27, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A108 
***Knollenberg noto*** 

ORTE=FIPRIL 27.1978 

10 

1 /z 

cr: 

U-J 

I-- 

%+- 

I 

Fig. All (h). GAMETAC flight data for April 27, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

J A109 
t 

Fig. All (i). GAMETAG flight data for April 27, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

All0 
Table A12. Significant times for May 2, 1978. 

Hilo, Hawaii to Johnston Atoll. 

Significant Points 

# TIME 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

20:03 Hilo 

20 : 19 

20 : 36 (Lona.) = 20:42 (Alt). 

20 : 57 

22:05 

22 : 28 

23: 17 

(Lat.) = 22:36 (Alt.) 

23:48 

00:47 

01:18 

0221 Johnston Atoll 

All1 

***Knollenberg Doto*** 

DFITE=MFIY 2.1978 

r- + 

w . 

d 

X 

. 

IX 

w 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF 1 

Fig. A12 (b). CAMETAC flight data for May 2, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for X= 0.63 urn. 

6 A113 
***Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MRY 2.1978 

1000 

WRVE LENGTH = 0.63 

100 

10 

1 

.1 

-01 

-001 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

P- 

+ 

W 

X 

x 

w 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TFlKE OFF> 

Fig. -A12 (c). GAMETAG flight data for May 2, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for X = 0.63 pm. 

A114 
TIME (HOURS RFTER TGKE WF: 

Fig. A12 (d). GAMETAG flight data for May 2, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

+rack .. --.. for .-. five-minute --- r data sets for A= 0.63 

A115 
Fig. A12 (e). GAMETAG flight data for May 2, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A116 
A 

z 

\ 

d 

W 

P- + 

W 

.r( 

X 

. 

IX 

w 

10000 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.I 

.Ol 

***Knol lenberg Data*** 

DRTE=MRY 2.1978 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 12 [f). GAMETAG flight data for 2, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 urn. 

A117 
. 

1000 

100 

10 

b + 

w 1 

4 

X 

. .1 

fx 

W 

-01 

-001 

TIME (HOURS FlFTER TFlKE OFF> 

Fig. A 12 (9). GAMETAG flight data for May 2, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 urn. 
10 

1 

.oil1 

X 

u 

# 

x 

M 

-0321 

. CIOOOl 

*.**Knol ienberg Doto*** 

DFITE=MRY 2.1978 

TIME (HOURS HFTER TQXE OFF> 

Fig. A12(h). GAMETAG flight data for May 2, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 
10130 

100 

10 

I 

.1 

-01 

IO01 

TIME (tlOLiRS QFTER TQKE OFF> 

Fig. A 12(i). GAMETAG flight data for May 2, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A120 
Table A13. Significant times for May 4, 1978. 

Canton Island to Nandi, Fiji Islands. 

Significant Points 

v 

?# TIME 

1 20:55 Canton Is1 and 

2 21:26 

3 22: 37 

4 23:05 

5 23: 18 

6 0:ll (Alt.) - 0:22 (tong.) 

7 0:41 

8 2:23 

9 2:45 

10 2:53 

11 3: 10 

12 3;26 Nandi 

d 

P 

A121 
m 

v) 

m 

A122 
b + 

W 

L 

d 

X 

. 

I-- 

X 

W 

113000 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

.Ol 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF3 

Fig. A13 (b). GAMETAG flight data for May 4, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 um. 

A123 
r- 

+ 

w 

X 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A13 (c). GAMETAG flight data for May 4, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pn. 

A124 
I 

E 

c1 

L'? 

4 

M 

10 

t 

.1 

. iil 

. Gcll 

TIME (HOURS QFfER TQKE OFF) 

Fig. A13 (d). GAMETAG flight data for May 4, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for X= 0.63 pm. 

A125 
i 000 

100 

10 

Fig. A13 (e). GAMETAG flight data for May 4, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

A126 
***Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MRY 4.1978 

n 

E 

\ 

d 

W 

b + 

W 

. 

4 

x 

. 

Ix 

W 

.I 

.Ol 

I-: * 

-. 

. -.- 

s. 

WFlVE LENGTH = 10.6 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A13 (f). GAMETAG flight data for May 4, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for X = 10.6 pm. 

A127 
*+*Knollenberg Data*** 

DRTE=MFIY 4.1978 

WRVE LENGTH = 10.6 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

\ 

d 

W 

b + 

.u 

. 

X 

IX 

W 

1 GOO 

100 

10 

1 

.I 

-01 

.OOl 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A13 (9). CAMETAC flight data for May 4, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A128 
ORfGlNAl PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUAltTY 

Fig. A13 (h). GAMETAG flight data for May 4, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pin. 

A129 
Fig. A13 (i). GAMETAG flight data for May 4, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 w. 

A130 
Table A14. Significant times for May 10, 1978. 

Christchurch, New Zealand to 

Christchurch, & New Zealand. 

Significant Points 

- # 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

TIME 

22:08 Chri stchurch 

22 : 35 

23:46 

0:Ol 

0:30 

1:04 

2:40 

3: 18 

4: 21 

4: 28 

4:54 Chri stchurch 

A131 J 

c 
ORlOINAL PAG 

Of POOR QUALm 

. 

u, 

U 

.- 

A132 
***Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DFITE=MFIY 10.1978 

4 X 

tx 

.. . . .. .. - I. 

*. . . .. .. .. . 

..... *... 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A14(b). GAMETAG flight data for May 10, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A133 
***Knollenberg Data*** 

DRTE=MFIY 10.1978 

1000 

WRVE LENGTH = 0.63 

100 

10 

I 

.l 

.Ol 

-001 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

P- 

+ 

W 

d 

x 

. 

IX 

W 

TIME (HOURS FlFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A14(c). GAMETAG flight data for May 10, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pn. 

A134 
n 

ac 

I- 

# 

Pi- 

!J 

d 

Q 

IIi 

Fig. A 14(d). GAMETAG flight data for May 10, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

J A135 
1000 

100 

!O 

I 

.l 

.. L?l 

s bD1 

Fig. A 14(e). GAMETAG flight data for May 10, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 um. 

A136 
***Knol lenberg Doto*+* 

DRTE=MRY 10.1978 

A 

EI 

\ 

d 

v 

b 

+ 

W 

. 

d 

X 

iX 

W 

10000 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

.Ol 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TFlKE OFF) 

Fig. A 14(f). GAMETAG flight data for May 10, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for Xc 10.6 gm. 

A137 
A 

r 

\ 

d 

W 

d 

X 

. 

I-- 

X 

W 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

.Ol 

-001 

0 

m 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS QFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A 14 (9). GAMETAG flight data for May 10, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

3 A138 
ORTGJNAL PAG 

OF POOR QUA 

A 

cT 

lU) 

f' .- 

i 

'2 

d 

x 

Fig. Al4(h). GAMETAG flight data for May 10, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A139 
1000 

100 

10 

1 

i 

***Knol ienberg Doto*** 

DFiTE=tlilY 10.1378 

.a 1 3 L 3 5 7 

TIC !HQtiAS FlFTEH TFlKE OFF) 

Fig. A 14(i). GAMETAG flight data for May 10, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

J A140 
Table A15. Significant times for May 11, 1978. 

Christchurch, New Zealand to 

Nandi, Fiji Islands 

Significant Points 

- # TIME 

* 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

* 

10 

Computer on out of Christchurch 

22: 34 

22 : 52 

23:50 

00:27 (Alt.) = 00:30 (Long.) 

01:12 

01:33 

03: 39 

03:46 

04:03 

Data gap 04:04 - 04:11 

04 : 20 Nandi 

J A141 
m 

ul 

(0 

9 

A142 
CMKtNAL. PAGE IS 

Of POOR QUALITY 

n 

\ 

d 

W 

b + 

w 

x 

ix 

w 

***Knollenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MRY 11.1978 

WRVE LENGTH = 0.63 ioooo 

.- 

lo 

-. 

...... 

.- ... .- * .. .. .. * ... .. . :. ... *. : .L. *. 

... ..... .. ..- ... 

.I ... ..) i:: - 

- -s . . .. .' . . 8 c. - .. C. 

.. - .a. * * .. - .. .* e.. .... ...... ' .. 

... * .. - ... .* - 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TAKE OFF> 

Fig. A15 (b). GAMETAG flight data for May 11, 1938, 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 yn. 

A143 
A 

z 

\ 

d 

W 

I?- 

+ 

W 

d 

X 

IX 

W 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.1 

.Ol 

-001 

Fig. A15 (c). GAMETAG flight data for May 11, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for X= 0.63 pm. 

A144 
x 

QRIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALITY 

T.If.^IE (HOURS RFTER 'fHKt OFF) 

Fig. A15 (d). GAMETAG flight data for May 11, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 ym. 

A145 
100 

io 

t 

.Si 

. OCl 

ritilE U3UFiS RF-TER iHtiir OFF> 

Fig. A15 (e). GAMETAG flight data for May 11, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A146 
***Knol lenberg Data*** 

DRTE=MRY 11,1978 

I3 

+ 

W 

d 

X 

L 

Ix 

W 

10000 

HRVE LENGTH = 10.6 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A15 (f). GAMETAG flight data for May 11, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A147 
A 

x 

\ 

d 

W 

D.. 

+ 

W 

. 

d 

x 

Ix 

w 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

-1 

.Ol 

IOOi 

***Knollenberg Data*+* 

ORTE=MFIY 11.1978 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A15 (g). GAMETAG flight data for May 11, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A148 
rT 

c 

U' 

. 

-. .. 

+ 

_- 

IC- 

#* 

ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

,Q #)OR QlJALll'Y 

Fig. A15 (h). GAMETAG flight data for May 11, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 w. 
.- I i It . . I ' # . ! liLL1-I 

.o 1 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TGKE OFF) 

Fig. A15(i), GAMETAG flight data for May 11, 1978, 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 m. 

A150 
Table A16. Significant times for May 12, 1978. 

Narrdi, Fiji islands to Canton Island. d 9.7 4 :* $8 

si qni f i cant Poi n ts 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

TIME 

21:50 Nandi 

21 : 56 

22: 10 

22:13 

23:11 (Alt.) - 23:36 (Long.) 

23:47 

0:25 

1:56 

2:30 

3:40 

3:45 Canton Is1 and 

A151 
QRIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALm 

3 

1 

_- b - --- 

I 

VI 

I 

n 

m 

W 

Y 

.- 

a 

A152 
n 

z 

\ 

.5-1 

W 

c'- 

+ 

w 

X 

. 

IX 

W 

Fig. A16 (b). GAMETAG flight data for May 12, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A153 
n 

x 

\ 

d 

W 

r- + 

W 

. 

d 

X 

. 

IX 

w 

***Knollenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MRY 12.1978 

I 

WRVE LENGTH = 0.63 

.Ol i 

Fig. A16 (c). GAMETAG flight data for May 12, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 w. 

A154 
1000 

1 GO 

10 

1 

.i 

-001 

T I ME (HOURS FIFTER THKE 

Fig. A16 (d). GAMETAG flight data for May 12, 1978- 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

A155 
Fig. A16 (e). GAMETAG flight data for May 12, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A- 0.63 pin. 

J A156 
***Knollenberg Data*** 

DRTE=MRY 12.1978 

n 

\ 

d 

W 

+ 

w 

rn 

d 

X 

. 

IX 

W 

10000 

1000 

100 

IO 

I 

.l 

-01 

TIME (HOURS QFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A16 (f). GAMETAG flight data for May 12, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 urn. 

J A157 
***Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DFlTE=MRY 12.1978 

rp 

1 GOO 

WFlVE LENGTH = 10.6 

100 

A 

r 

a 10 4 

W 

I?- 

+ 

w 1 . 

d 

X 

. .l 

IX 

Id 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

.Ol 

-001 

Fig. A16 (9). GAMETAG flight data for May 12, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn, 

A158 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

Qf POOR QuAllrrv 

R 

CL 

IU) 

f'. 

t 

- ! 

Q 

Fig. A16 (h). GAMETAG flight data for May 12, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

a 
I 

***Knollenberg Dat-a*** 

DFlTE=MRY 12.1978 

TIME (HOURS WTER TFIKE OFF) 

Fig. A16(i). GAMETAG flight data for May 12, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

J A160 
Table A17. Significant times for May 14, 1978. 

Johnston Atoll to Hilo, Hawaii. 

Significant Points 

- # TIME 

1 2:oo Johnston At01 1 

2 2:32 

3 3:27 

4 3:37 

5 3:44 

6 4:05 (Alt.) - 4:03 (Long.) 

7 4:45 

a 4: 54 

9 5:36 

10 6:32 

11 6:38 

12 7:Ol 

13 7:35 

14 7:45 

15 7:59 Hilo 

A161 

c 
cp 

In 

m 

A162 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QWLm 

h 

z 

\ 

d 

W 

I3 

+ 

w 

. 

x 

. 

tX 

W 

io00 

100 

10 

1 

.i 

.Ol 

TIME (HOURS QFTER TOKE OFF) 

Fig. A17(b). GAMETAG flight data for May 14, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A163 
A 

ZE 

\ 

4 

W 

r- + 

w 

. 

m-l 

X 

IX 

w 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.I 

-01 

.OOl 

I- XY 

t 

t 

3 

.o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A17 (c). GAMETAG flight data for May 14, 1978- 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 m. 

A164 
i OCO 

100 

IO 

J 

ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALITY 

:~**Knoilenberg Do~o*** 

DRTE=MRY 14.1978 

Fig. A17 (d). GAMETAG flight data for May 14, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 p. 

J A165 
100 

-001 

Fig. A17 [e). GAMETAG flight data for May 14, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 um. 

J A166 
i 0000 

dRIGlNAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALITY 

1000 

A 

r- 

+ 

W io 

* 

d 

x 

1 

+ 

x 

w 

.l 

.01 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A17 (f]. GAMETAC flight data for May 14, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 prn. 

A167 
1000 

100 

10 

1 

-1 

IO1 

IO01 

***Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DFIT’E=MRY 14.1978 

z 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME WOURS RFTER TQKE OFF) 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME WOURS RFTER TQKE OFF) 

Fig. A17(g). GAMETAG flight data for May 14, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 urn. 

J A168 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF PWR QUALITY 

I -.. 

t 

L.2 

Fig. A 17 (h). GAMETAG flight data for May 14, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 ym. 

A169 
***Kno!lenberg Data*+* 

OFITE=MFIY 14.1978 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.1 

-01 

001 

TIME w(3URS QFTER TQKE OFF) 

Fig. A 17 (i). GAMETAG flight data for 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 w. 

May 14, 1978. 

A170 
Table A18. Significant tiems for May 18, 1978. 

Moffett Field, California to 

Denver, Colorado. 

Significant Points 

- # TIME 

1 17 : 56 Moffett Field 

2 18:21 

3 20:23 

4 20 : 40 

5 20 : 57 Denver 

A1 71 
m 

VI 

m 

A172 
b 

+ 

w 

. 

4 

X 

I 

Ix 

ILI 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A18 (b). GAMETAG flight data for May 18, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 vm. 

A173 
I?- 

+ 

Ltl . 

4 

X 

+ 

X 

W 

***Knollenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MFIY 18.1978 

.l L 

-01 I 

- -0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TOKE OFF> 

Fig. A18 (c). GAMETAG flight data for May 18, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A174 
+**Knollenberg Data*** 

DFITE=MFIY 18.1978 

TIME tHOclRS FlFTEH 1RKE OFF) 

Fig. A 18 (d). GAMETAG flight data for May 18, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 
TIME WOURS RFTEP TGKE 3FF) 

Fig. A 18(e). CAMETAG flight data for May 18, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 ym. 

A176 
x 

IX 

LLJ 

TIME (HOURS FlFTER TQKE OFF 1 

Fig. A 18(f). GAMETAG flight data for May 18, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for X = 10.6 pm. 

3 A177 
x 

rn 

IX 

w 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 18(g). GAMETAG flight data for May 18, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for X = 10.6 pm. 

A178 
I'- 

+ 

..--I 

:0 

1 

-1. 

01 

Fig. A 18(h). GAMETAG flight data for May 18, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 p. 

a 
. -1 

,+ 

I-- 

2c 

a 

1000 

.1 

. c1 

Fig. A 18(i). GAMETAG flight data for May 18, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A180 
Table A19. Significant tiems for May 27, 1978. 

Denver, Colorado to Great Falls, 

e % M?btafl&’* ‘fa 

Significant Points 

- # TIME 

1 22:04 Denver 

2 22:44 

3 23:44 

4 0:oo 

5 0: 13 

6 0:21 Great Falls 

A181 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUAUn 

"I "1 

9 

d 

0 

4 

0 

m 

v) 

tu 

3 A182 
n 

\ 

d 

W 

r- 

+ 

LL] 

x 

10000 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.l 

IO1 

Fig. A 19 (b). GAMETAG flight data for May 27, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A183 
A 

\ 

d 

W 

r- 

+ 

W 

4 

X 

II 

IX 

w 

**+Knollenberg Data*** 

DFITE=MFIY 27.1978 

Fig. A19(c). GAMETAG flight data for May 27, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 IJ~. 

A184 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

-1 

.oi 

TIME ;YOURS amm TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 19(e). GAMETAG flight data for May 27, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 ym. 

J A186 
IS 

QUALITY 

IGlN 

r- 

+ 

w 

d 

X 

II 

1- 

X 

w 

***Knol lenberg Data*** 

OFlTE=MFlY 27.1978 

WFlVE LENGTH = 10.6 

TIME (HOURS AFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A 19(f). GAMETAG flight data for May 27, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

I 

A187 
***Kno! Ienberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MQY 27.1978 

d 

X 

a 

+ 

X 

W 

I 

WRVE LENGTH = 10.6 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TQKE OFF) 

Fig. A 19(g). GAMETAG flight data for May 27, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

A188 
10 

1 

P- 

+ 

W 

d 

X 

.l 

- 01 

. GGl 

. GOO1 

.OGOO1 

***Knal lenberg Data*** 

OFITE=MQY 27.1978 

!- 

TIM (HUURS FiFTEF? TFiYE OFF) 

Fig. A19 (h). GAMETAG flight data for May 27, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

6 

A189 
1 OGS 

100 

10 

1 

i 

.VI n4 

GO1 

Fig. A 19(i). GAMETAG flight data for May 27, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 p. 

A190 
Table AZO. Significant times for May 28, 1978. 

Great Falls, Montana to White Horse, 

Canada. 

Significant Points 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

TIME 

16:09 Great Falls 

16:31 

17:05 

17:09 

17:22 

17:46 

18: 45 

19: 11 

19: 52 

21:03 

21 : 22 White Horse 

A191 
33-1 I 

!- -,- 

n 

m 

Y 

A192 
F 

+ 

W 

x 

+ 

X 

w 

i0 

1 

-1 

.) 01 

i LJRVE LENGTH = 0.63 

TIME (HOURS FIFT~R TIXE OFF) 

Fig. A20 (b). GAMETAG flight data for May 28, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for X= 0.63 pm. 
X 

TIME (HOURS QFTER TFIKE OFF> 

Fig. A20 (c). GAMETAG flight data for May 28, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 yn. 

A194 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALITY 

***Knoiienberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MFIY 28.1978 

Fig. A20 (d). GAMETAG flight data for May 28, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 
***Knal lenberg Doto*** 

DFITE=MFIY 28.1978 

i -! 

I 

TIME (I-!L?URS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A20 (e). GAMETAG flight data for May 28, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A196 
***KnoI lenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MFIY 28.1978 

P- 

+ 

w 

x 

c 

x 

W 

TIME (HOURS FtFTER TfiKE OFF) 

Fig. A20 (f). GAMETAG flight data for May 28, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 gm. 

d 

c 

A197 
d 

v 

PiLil 

a 

4 

x 

**+knoilenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=MRY 28.1978 

I 

WFIVE LENkTH 10.6 

100 

10 

I 

. Gl 

EE 

ki 

I 

F 

IP 

-002 !II,,II z ~,i,.,lllllllllllllllIlIllIlI!'llIl'Il L1 

.c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOtiRS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A20 (9). GAMETAG flight data for May 28, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

AI 98 
10 

1 

.l 

.n1 

. OO? 

.00001 

***Knollenberg Doto*** 

DHTE=MHY 28.1978 

I 

Fig. A20 (h). GAMETAG flight data for May 28, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 l-un. 

a A199 
: Cj00 

100 

10 

i 

0 

!? 

. GO1 

i W94E LENGTH = i0.6 

ET1Ht \HOURS 4FTER TRiSE OFF> 

Fig. A20 (i). GAMETAG flight data for May 28, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A200 
Table A21. Significant tiems for May 31, 1978. 

White Morse, Canada to Great Falls, 7r j. Manta na . 

Si gni fi cant Poi nts 

# 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

- TIME 

18: 14 White Horse, Canada 

18:41 

18:53 

19:21 

19: 36 

20:09 

20:51 

21:04 

22:21 

22:43 Great Falls 

A201 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUAl..f!Y 

I 

I 

-. 

m 

In 

m 

3 A202 
R 

t 

\ 

r- 

+ 

w 

4 

x 

IX 

w 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A21 (b). GAMETAG flight data for May 31, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for X= 0.63 pm. 

A203 
***Knol lenberg gofa*** 

DPTE=MRY 31.1978 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TFIKE OFF) 

Fig. A21 (c). GAMETAG flight data for May 31, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track forfive-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A204 
\ 

d 

'.d 

I 

X 

L 

t 

I 

f * 

I 

i 

I 

Fig. A21 (d). GAMETAG flight data for May 31, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

Y 

A205 
*. , 

t-- 

(I 

CT: 

i 

. r;l 

-001 

Fig. A21 (e). GAMETAG flight data for May 31, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A206 
ORIGINAL PAGGE I 

.w POOR QUALtTY 

*+*Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DFITE=MRY 31,1978 

X 

. 

rX 

lil 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A21 (f). GAMETAG flight data for May 31, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 ~JII. 

c 

d 

br 

A207 
***i.l(nol lenberg Doto*** 

OFITE=MFIY 31.1978 

I?- + 

‘a 

d 

x 

Ix 

w 

i 000 

100 

io 

1 

.1 

.. 01 

.001 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A21 (9). GAMETAG flight data for May 31, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 ym. 

A208 
***Knol lenberg Unto*** 

ORTE=HFIY 31.1 P78 

Fig. A 21 (h). GAMETAG flight data for May 31, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 w. 

~209 
'k**Knollenberg Data*** 

DHTE=MRY 31.1978 

a 

E 

Fig. A21(i). GAMETAG flight data for May 31, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A210 
Table A22. Significant times for June 1, 1978. 

Great Falls, Montana to Denver, 

Colorado. 

Significant Points 

1 15:50 Great Falls 

2 16:05 

3 16 : 37 

4 16 : 44 

5 17 : 36 

6 17:45 Denver 

A211 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

.@ POOR QUALITY 

i XI 

m 

In 

m 

A212 
***Knollenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=JUNE 1,1978 

n 

zz 

\ 

4 

W 

&!?-- 

-ILL_I 

d 

X 

Ix 

w 

rw 

r’ 

L 

WRVE LENGTH = 0.63 

TIME (HOURS FlFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A22 (b). GAMETAG flight data for June 1, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 0.63 p. 

J A213 
n 

x 

\ 

d 

W 

r- 

+ 

w 

X 

ix 

w 

1000 

100 

IO 

1 

.Ol 

- 001 

***KnollenberQ Data*** 

OFITE=JUNE 1.1978 

.o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF> 

Fig. A22 (c). CAMETAC flight data for June 1, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 pm. 

A214 
d 

.-d 

i'- 

+ 

tJ 

d 

x 

WRVE LENGTCi = 0.63 

I 

I 

1 I 

1 

TIME i,Gl3uRS MTEH TFIKE OFF) 

Fig. A22 (d). GAMETAG flight data for June 1, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 0.63 m. 

A215 
I900 

100 

10 

I 

I 

TIHE ti-iCiURS RFTER THKL OFF) 

Fig. A22 (e). GAMETAG flight data for June 1, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

fiveminute data sets for A= 0.63 urn. 

A216 
***Knol lenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=JUNE 1,1978 

&-- 

E, 

r. 

TIME (HOURS RFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A22 (f). GAMETAG flight data for 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for one-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pm. 

June 1, 1978. 
***Knollenberg Doto*** 

DRTE=JUNE 1,1978 

n 

z 

\ 

d 

v 

r- 

+ 

W 

x 

tx 

LL_I 

1000 

i 00 

10 

1 

.l 

-01 

.001 

I 

Ba 

e@ 

WRVE LENGTH = 10.6 

-0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 

TIME (HOURS FlFTER TRKE OFF) 

Fig. A22 (9). GAMETAG flight data for June 1, 1978. 

Calculated particulate extinction along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pl. 

A218 
***Knollenberg Data*** 

TJFITE=JUN 0.1978 

Fig. A22 (h). GAMETAG flight data for June 1, 1978. 

Calculated backscatter coefficient along the flight 

track for five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 ym. 

A219 
ORIG1NAL PAGE 1s 

OF POOR QUALVY 

1300 

100 

10 

1 

I 

Fig. A22 (i). GAMETAG flight data for June 1, 1978. 

Calculated ratios for backscatter to extinction for 

five-minute data sets for A= 10.6 pn. 

A220 
APPENDIX B 

Bi 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table B1. 

Table B2. Size Data (dn - cts/cm ) for 1977 

Combined Size Ranges for G-TAG Optical 

Particle Counter Data. . . . . . . . . . . B1 

Flights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B3 

3 

3 Table B3. Size Data (an - cts/cm ) for 1978 

Flgihts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B13 

Biii 
Table 61. Combined Size Ranges for GAMETAG 

Optical Particle Counter Data 

1 n strurnen t 

ASAS 

ASAS 

ASAS 

ASAS 

ASAS 

ASAS 

FSSP 

FSSP 

FSSP 

Range # 

ASAS - Same as 1977 

FSSP 7 

FSSP 8 

FSSP 9 

1977 

Radius lnterval (pm) 

0.126 - 0.170 

0.170 - 0.274 

0.274 - 0.385 

0.385 - 0.500 

0.500 - 0.625 

0.625 - 0.750 

0.750 - 1.104 

1.10 - 1.73 

1.73 - 2.34 

1978 

0.25 - 0.75 

0.75 - 1.73 

1.73 - 2.34 

Mean 

Radius (pm) 

0.146 

0.216 

0.325 

0.439 

0.521 

0.685 

0.91 

1.38 

2.01 

0.43 

1.14 

2.01 

B1 
cc 

rQI 

c 

L 

0 rc 

. 

N 

m 

Id 

m 

*I 

PI 

.I I 

1 

I 

I 

GI 

CI 

I 

Ll 

NI 

PI 

r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

L' I Cl 

I 

Id1 

-1 

*I 

P'I 

.I 

f 

I CI 

CI 1 UI -- I .?I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

UI 

--I 

-1 

-I 

.I I 

I 

I 

I -.I 

01 

I 

LJ I el 

CI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

CI I Id I -1 

Jl t I r-1 I I .I I1 

I1 I 11 I 

I1 I I I *I 

I I 01 II 1 I 9 WI 

1 I el I I --I 

I I 

I I I I I I II I 1 I I1 

c 

0 

IA - 

=I 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

8 

CI 

CI 

I UI 

*I 

Cl 

El 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I 

L.1 

IC8 

*I 

UI 

*I I 

I 

I 

el 

Cl 

I1 

LI 

\PI 

-1 

Ipl 

.I I 

I 

I 

I r.1 

CI 

11 

L. I -1 

.cl 

el 

*I I 

I 

I 

# r.1 

01 

I1 

-I 

et 

ut 

SI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I Cl 

01 

I In1 

-1 

Nl 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

L2 I 

=! ~i 

VI 

I JI 

a-4 

ad 

C 

I 

UI 

c 

*I 

Ul 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

6 LI 

IC1 

C' I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I Cl 

GI 

I LJI 

CI 

?I 

h,l 

.I I 

I 

I 

I *I 

C? I 

II 

Ll 

2t 

hl 

21 

-1 

I 

4 

I 

I CI 

Cl 

I 

LI 

-1 

VI 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

Cl 

I Jl 

=I 

-1 

*I I 

I 

1 

I 

dl 

CI 

I Wl 

c I *I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I rril 

01 1 UI 

GI 

e- I 

I I 

c: 

c 

.r 

-1 

rl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

El 

01 I Wl 

e1 

Fl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

CI 

I 

bl 

CI 

01 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

Cl 

II 

LI 

-7) 

c I -1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

PI 

I1 

rl 

9-1 

01 

Ul 

*I I 

I 

I 

I rrl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

b- I hl 

U-I 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

Ct 

01 I UI 

hl 

hl 

h.t 

*I I 

I 

I 

.-I 

01 I UI 

c I .- I 

Y 

I I I I I I I i 

I I I 

d B2 
c 

U 

Y 

a# 

N 

VI 

.- 

N 

m 

B3 
0 

0 

U 

P 

C 

4 

c 

c 

L1 

IL 

e: 

r 

d 

0 

L 

c 

rF 

U 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I -1 

PI 

PI 

=I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

CI I 

ut 

CI 

-1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 CI 

CI I UI 

Lpl 

I-l 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

01 I L-l * 01 

e1 I I -1 

I II f 

11 I 11 

I I dl 

11 

f f *I 

I I 0: 

hl 

C 

I 

L 

c 

-1 

*I 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I Ll 

CI 

Wl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

GI 

CI 

I Ll 

-1 

PI 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I CI 

01 

I 

Ul 

e1 

CI 

("I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

k-I 

CI 

c1 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

e1 

CI 

I UI 

CI 

=I 

CII 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

31 

GI 

-1 

ffl 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

ni 

e. I 

N 

C 

I 

L* 

Ip 

N 

c 

hl 

c 

I 

L 

i * 

P 

e 

c 

c 

I 

L 

yc 

u- 

- 

. 

c 

0 

I 

4- 

E 

c 

c 

0 

I 

C 

yc 

. 

- 

-. 

m 

c 

I 

L. 

ry 

CJ 

e 

c 

Q 

Y 

T 

c* 

d 

. 

0 

0 

L 

d 

i i ut I I rrrl Ci 

I I nt at 

IC+ icc . 

IO I I It I I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

h 

0 

I 

u * 

GI 

Nl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

01 

I1 

rUl 

PI 

-1 

-1 

91 I 

I 

I 

I 

41 

01 

I1 

Ll 

CCII 

%I 

*I 

*I 

8 

I 

I -rl 

CI 

I1 

ut 

.k?l 

-1 

n# 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

("I 

01 

It 

-1 

hll 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I el 

01 

It 

ut 

PI 

01 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ct 

OI I 

UI 

01 

91 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

01 

b- 8 

I 

V 

0 

b 

E 

Ci 

5; I 

I 

n 

c 

I 

L 

c 

(e 

c 

L 

0 

1 

L, 

y. 

c 

4 

. 

c 

C 

I 

L 

r 

Il 

h 

c 

c 

I 

c 

hr 

Lr 

d 

. 

c 

c 

I 

L 

Ie 

r 

n 

c 

0 

L 

c 

& 

. 

c 

0 

U 

.c 

9 

V 

e 

.L* 

C 

GI 

CI 

*I I 

I 

I 

I 

e.* I GI 

II 

Id1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

HI 

C' I 

I1 

Ll 

el 

Ul 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

t -1 

01 

I1 

dl 

lrl 

=I 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

GI 

I1 

L-l 

VI 

-1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

el 

I1 

d1 

CI 

-1 

CI 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

WI 

UI 

Cl 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I WI 

CI 

r,: 

at 

N 

0 

I 

CI 

c 

-1 

*I 

at I 

I 

l 

et 

CI 

t 

Ll 

-I 

VI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

Cl I k-I 

e1 

dl 

<I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

11 

LI .- 1 CI 

Ul 

-1 I 

I 

t 

I 

dl 

CI 

*I 

'd I 

Y* I 

el 

p'1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ll 

CI I 

.dl 

01 

.-I I -1 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

PI 

31 I 

-81 

VI 

-.I 

*I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

d8 

01 I 

WI 

-9 I 

r) 

0 

I 

W 

CI * 

0 * 

C 

c 

L: 

c 

c 

n 

c. 

0 

L 

c 

cc 

r 

C 

0 

U 

r 

ry 

e 

c 

0 

Lr 

.? 

h 

c 

0 

0 

u 

0 

h 

N 

. 

rl 

c) 

G 

c 

h 

4 

0 

- LI 

.... I .... .... I .... -m 1-e. Ib.4 1.-n en 1a.r 14-9 1-3 

................... 

I I I I I I 

B4 

h 

C 

I 

b 

.r 

el 

YI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

C'I 

II 

kl 

*I 

dl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

tl 

I 

&I 

C' I 

-1 

I 

8 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I1 

LI 

CI .- I PI 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I -1 

Cl 

I1 

Ll 

-1 

*I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

-I 

PI 

11 

Ll 

e. I =I 

VI 

.I 

I 

I 

t 

I 

C' I 

01 I 

L. I 

". t 

r: 

r-l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

31 I 

WI 

. b- *I 

I OU I .I 

-0 I .-I 

.4 I 

. 'I . ne I 

I 

I 

.- LIII 

J 
it# 

Pe 

t 

h 

e4 

Ft 

I 

I -1 

0 I 

II 

k* I 

01 

HI 

&I 

.I I 

I 

1 

I el 

CI 

I 

bUl 

tl 

CI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

01 

11 

dl 

ut 

b.. I 

r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 -1 

CI 

11 

dl 

01 

-1 

f-I 

'I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I1 

Wl 

ryl 

PI 

4-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

Ul 

UI 

Jl 

-1 

-1 I 

t 

I 

I CI 

01 

I 

Wl 

". I 

'I 

.c 

c 

t 

L 

c 

-1 

-1 

*I 

t 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

Cl 

I1 

LI 

CI 

@I 

hl 

.I I 

I 

I 

I LI 

C'I 

I1 

WI 

Yl 

-=I 

ut 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

CI 

II 

Ll 

=- I SI 

.E I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

1 HI 

01 

II 

L1 I -1 

"I 

"I 

.I I 

I 

I 

1 C' I 

CI I UI 

01 

l-I 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I 

(01 

GI 

PI 

b- I 

*I 

I 

I 

I .-I 

CI 

1 WI 

* 

C 

I 

L 

c 

CI 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 hl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

Cl 

CI 

*I 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

@I 

I1 

LI 

f-I 

01 

il 

-1 I 

I 

1 

I 

-1 

01 

I1 

UI 

CI 

r'l 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 Cl 

cl 

II 

L.,l 

-1 

rrl 

<I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

08 

II 

L-I 

.- I 

Cl 

8-1 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

Ul 

UI 

VI 

f-I 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

UI 

m 

C 

I 

kJ * 

*I 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

I1 

UI 

-1 

el 

-1 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I Cl 

@I 

I UI 

PI *. I 

-1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I r.1 

CI 

II 

Lrl 

PI 

hl 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I -41 

C8 

I1 

UI 

Fl 

CI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

01 

If 

UI 

<i .- I el 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

UI I 

LJI 

ut 

J1 

rll 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

(31 I 

m 

c 

I 

u 

n, 

CI 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

UI 

*I 

*I 

Nl 

.I I 

I 

L' I 

01 I 

Lul 

-4 

*I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

UI 

SI 

-1 

All 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

el 

I1 

b. I Wl 

IC1 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

I "I 

@I 

I1 

YI 

-21 

CI 

JI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I Ul 

01 

VI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

WI 

I 

V 

e 

U 

0 

01 

CI 

et I 

I 

t h I 

CrI 

I4 

U' I 

.@I 

NI 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

bbl 

*I 

CI 

MI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

01 

II 

Ul 

.El 

NI 

FI 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+I 

CI 

I1 

Wl .- I \FI 

r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I hl 

01 

II 

WI 

.GI 

NI 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I Cl 

01 

I dl 

*I 

01 

@I 

.I 

I 

t 

I 

I 

dl 

* 

c 

Id 

n 

.)I 

Nl 

.8 I 

I 

I 

I NI 

01 

Cl 

-ll 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

CI I 

UI 

@I 

CI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

01 

II 

Lyl 

I-I 

ra I 

r.1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

*I 

01 

I1 

L.. I 01 

01 

CII 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

Wl 

01 

I1 

Wl 

I 

NI 

FI 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

4 -1 

01 

I1 

UI 

*I 

CI 

Jl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

&!I: 

O! 

V 

e 

L 

0 

Crl 

GI 

.I $ 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

ll 

UI 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

Cl I 

Wl 

Cl 

c. I r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

C?l 

II 

L;l .- I 

*I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

.-I 

CI 

I4 

GI 

PI 

NI 

r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

1 -1 

CII 

I1 

ut 

01 

-?I 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 01 

CI I '-I I 

U' I 

El 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

SI 

O! 

* 

0 

I 

y' 

c 

c * 

0 

nl 

C 

I 

Lc 

h 

m 

c * 

0 

c 

& 

e 

L 

a 

h 

C 

I 

2 

C 

n 

C 

1 

L 

. * 

E 

C 

I 

L 

Y 

C 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

<I 

I .I 

-1 

*I 

11 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

HI 

O! 

c 

C 

I 

L 

n 

CI 

-# 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

II 

L;l 

-1 

hI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

Ll 

kl 

Fl 

-I 

04 

I 

I 

I 

I 

=-I 

PI 

I1 

LI 

c 

e 

P 

m 

0 

I 

W 

m 

-1 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

H 

0 

I 

UJ 

N 

c 

hi * 

c 

0 

L. 

nl 

Q 

d * 

c 

0 

I 

U 

U 

u-. 

L 

. 

d 

CI 

I 

L; 

N 

CI 

e 

. 

c 

0 

I 

L 

P 

d 

U 

. 

C 

C 

L 

v 

4 

e 

C 

C 

L 

C 

oi 

1 UI 

SI 

Wl 

ct Wl 

CI 

Nl 

.. 

I I ui I I f-I ui 

rrl 51 

Il 'I I I'* I I I I I .1 I I 1 I I 

i i 

I I .. 

I1 i I I 

d B5 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS ' l3! #)OR QUALITY * " 

(n 

c 

I 

Lu 

*I 

Nl 

.I 

I 

8 

I 

I 

-I 

Cl 

rpl 

CI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

Ll 

-1 

dl 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

L' I 

II 

L' I 

<I 

L. I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 'I 

Cl 

I1 

Lrl 

41 

dl 

Crrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

VI 

I1 

i)l 

NI 

Crl 

*I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

LJ I L' I L' I 

dl 

.I I 

I 

I 

01 I 

UI 

PI 

c 

21 

91 

ai 

V 

C 

y1 

W 

Cl 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I NI 

CI 

II 

UI 

NI 

UI 

P' I *I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

11 

L-l 

el 

U-I 

<I 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

h' 1 Cl 

II 

Ll .- 1 

hl 

-1 

ei 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dI 

c)I 

11 

Ldl 

c I .- I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 

I 

LI 

-1 

=I 

-1 

*l I 

I 

I 

I 

'I 

e1 I LI I 

CI 

UI 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CUI 

01 I 

c* I 

* 

c 

I 

L 

c 

U' I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

01 

II 

LJ I 

01 

41 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -I 

01 

II 

Wl 

FI 

e1 ..- I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

1 -1 

CI 

II 

bJl 

r- I 

-'I 

Nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ll 

rl 

I4 

L1 

0 I 

UI 

e8 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

UI 

-1 

dl 

*I 

*I I 

I 

1 

I 

ct 

CII I 

UI 

-1 

-21 

HI 

.I I 

1 

1 

I 

C1 

01 I 

ai 

* 

0 

I 

(.r 

(Y 

CI 

*I 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

NI 

CI 

II 

Wt 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I ...I 

01 

I1 

UI 

CI 

-I 

#I .I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

11 

LJ 1 

eo 

rUl 

dl 

et 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

31 

II 

UI 

0 I 

Ul 

CII 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

I1 

YI 

4-1 

31 

*I 

-1 

I 

1 

I 

I 01 

I WI 

-1 

dl 

L.)l 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I JI 

$1 

ai 

CI 

C 

I 

LL 

r 

-1 

PI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

In 

WI 

a- I PI 

CII 

*I I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

CI 

I 

Ldl 

dl 

*I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

II 

hl 

Cl 

Cl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

CI 

II 

I.. I 

L- I ffl 

Cl 

.I I 

1 

I 

I 

L.1 

Cl 

II 

UI 

-1 

01 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I el 

01 

Wl 

PI 

-1 

HI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

01 I 

u1 I 

ct 

0 

0 

u 

.c 

F 

r, 

m 

0 

LL 

r 

F 

c) 

. 

.I 

c 

Lu 

d 

P 

c 

0 

C 

c 

W 

c 

Ip 

hr * 

c 

c 

u 

(L 

4 

N 

C 

0 

U 

n- 

.4, 

N 

. 

0 

0 

U 

-4 

E 

t- 

. 

H 

0 

W 

.r 

c 

I 

U * 

@E 

VI 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

kJI 

cl 

CFI 

CI 

'I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

PI I 

WI 

'I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

l 

Cl 1 :I 

c-1 

-1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

GI 

c1 

I 

PJ I -1 

L- I 

LI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

GI 

01 

I 

ill 

ut 

JII 

h.1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

I 

UI 

<I 

VI 

+I 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 I WI 

s I 

ci 

m 

c 

I 

L 

.SI 

*I 

-8 I 

I 

I 

'I 

CI I 

Ul 

*I 

UI 

@I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

CI 

I 

I-I 

el 

(I' I 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

C' I 

I LI 

-1 

-1 

FJ I 

*I I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

c1 

I 

Ll 

CI 

PI 

PI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl I 

LI 

CI 

JII 

ct 

*I I 

I 

I 

I -I 

01 

I 

L.1 .- 1 

e> I 

dl 

.I 1 

I 

I 

I dl 

CI 

I .a I 

r. 

c 

c 

L 

c 

%I 

*I I .I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI I 

Ll 

*I 

-1 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I il 

el 

-1 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CI 

I 

Ll 

-1 

=I 

-1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

C' I 

I 

L- I 

Yl 

PI 

(rl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

LI 

el I 

Ll 

(1 

-1 

il 

=I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

CI I 

-.I 

hl 

*J I -1 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

I L-I 

e. I 

1 

W 

c 

L' 

c 

CI 

CI 

-1 

I 

t 

I 

I 

*I 

CI 

II 

&I 

01 

-1 

(CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

06 

I1 

Ul 

UI 

IF1 

*I .I I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

11 

LI 

-1 

VI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -I 

Cl 

I1 

L' I 

rnl 

-1 

Crrl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

UI 

c-I 

CI 

*I 

.I 

0 

I 

I 

I 

OI 

01 

I 

WI 

el 

CJI 

'I 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I CI 

Cl 

I 

WI 

C 

I 

C 

-1 

HI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I *I 

CI 

II 

Ll 

&I 

rl 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

I dl 

Fl 

II 

LI 

Cl 

Cl 

-I 

.I 

I 

4 

I 

I 

-I 

C-I 

It 

&I 

CI 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

PI 

11 

Ll 

c-I 

Cl 

.I I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

I1 

LI 

CI I 

-1 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

GI I 

Ll 

01 

-1 

-1 

*I I 

I 

I 

1 

01 

01 I 

I. 

-9 

rt 

ci 

I 

t 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

! 

(11 

c. I 

I L. I 

CI 

=I 

I I Yl 

I I .I 11 I II I 

I1 I 11 I I I dl 

I I 01 I1 I 

Oi 

01 I WI UI LI 

B6 
u 

C 

0 

c 

0 

L., 

. 

c 

c 

I 

u. 

4 

.II * 

- 

C 

I 

cc 

C 

c 

5 

4 

L 

C 

I 

u 

4 

J 

< 

r I 

I 

u 

c 

(r. 

C' 

CI 

GI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

GI 

I1 

UI 

SI 

NI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

UJl 

*k 

UI 

il 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

--I 

Cl 

II 

bl 

PI 

.-I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

II 

LI 

*I 

U-l 

-'k 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

II 

L1 I 

r' I 

-8 

hl 

01 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

L* I 

II 

Wl 

NI 

-I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

CI 

I 

e.. I 

t 

O! 

r, 

c 

I 

W 

u- 

-1 

n8 

.I 

8 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I 

&I 

Crrl 

Cl 

VI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

I 

bl 

*I 

2'1 

=I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I e: 

et 

I 

UI 

dl 

UI 

Nl 

.I 

k 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

01 I 

Ll 

CI 

51 

hl 

-1 

I 

I 

1 

CI 

CI 

I 

-1 

UI 

hrl 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl 

I 

i. I r.1 

*J I 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

WI 

dl 

ni 

0 

0 

w 

rHI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

C'I 

I 

&I 

CI 

*I 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

nl 

I 

Wl 

CI 

=I 

21 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CI 

I 

wl 

PI 

1-1 

=I 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

CI 1 

bl 

c I 

CI 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

Cl 

I LI 

PI 

FI 

0'1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

.-I 

Cl 

I 

Lrl 

UI 

UI 

hrl 

e1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

ek 

UI 

V 

0 

L 

c 

0-1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 I 

L. I 

PI 

01 

41 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

04 k LI 

-1 

-41 

Wk 

01 

I 

1 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

ut 

Cf 

PI 

el 

*I 

I 

I 

k 

I 

Cl 

01 I 

LI 

LI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI el 

I 

I, I 

41 

-1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

c31 

I 

UI 

-1 

CVI 

Nul 

.I 

I 

I 

ci 

C' 

C 

L 

.t 

NI 

@I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

LI I 

Ll 

21 

PI 

-1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

k -1 

CI 

I bl 

Cl 

-1 

5: 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CY1 

I 

LI 

-1 

i I Fl 

.1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

I 

L.. I 

L' I 

-1 

-1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI I 

bll 

%I 

CI 

dI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

.? I 

I 

L. I 

rcl 

*I 

NI I .I I 

ci 

- 

c 

L 

r 

Cl 

r.1 

-1 

I 

I 

8 

-k 

GI I L' I 

CI 

dl 

.I 

r. I 

I 

r* 

c 

I 

Lu 

a 

5 

CT 

. 

.I 

L 

I 

L 

c 

c 

c 

. 

C' 

c 

c 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c. I 

II 

L'l 

PI 

n; I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I HI 

CI 

I1 

&I 

CI 

CI 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

PI 

II 

Ul 

-1 

*I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

CI 

II 

LJI 

Nl 

-1 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -0 

CI 

81 

WI 

-1 

31 

-71 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

c?I 1 

u1 

-1 

tl 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

Lr. I 

e. I 

! 

u 

C 

L 

L' 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CI 

II 

UI 

41 

-1 

r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

Cl 

II 

LI 

CI 

e1 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

l 

I 

hrl 

CI 

II 

L- 1 *I 

-1 .el 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

-I 

* 

e 

l 

Y 

US 

-1 

r-I 

.I 

I 

I 

# 

I e1 

01 

It 

LI 

G- I 

PI 

rl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

GI 

II 

Ll 

CI 

-I 

rl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I WI 

c1 el 

c I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

.I. 

C 

I 

u. 

u 

CI 

I*I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl el 

I 

Ll 

..I el 

I 

k 

I 

I 

-1 

01 I 

&I 

41 

dl 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

4 

I 

CI 

CI I bl 

(cl 

-1 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

bul 

01 

=+I 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I UI 

e1 

-1 

Fl 

-1 

I 

I 

1 

I 

OI 

01 

I ut 

dI 

dl 

*I 

1 

I 

I 

I dl 

:! 

a* I 

O! 

c 

e 

l 

U 

P 

0 

h: 

. 

c 

0 

Lu 

c 

.c 

e 

. 

d 

c 

Lr 

(c 

c 

h 

C 

C 

- 

U 

c 

n 

C 

C 

L 

P 

c 

C 

C 

L 

f 

r 

t 

I 

I 

4 

1 

l 

e 

0 

I 

L 

n 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Crrl 

Cl 

I: 

WI 

zi 

i 

ai 

.I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

II 

Ul 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

k 

I rl 

01 

It 

WI .- I IF.1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

--I 

ct 

11 

dI 

C' I 

.rl 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

I1 

b.1 

CI 

-1 

GI 

.I 

I 

1 

1 

I 

C1 

01 k Wl 

Nl 

YI 

Nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

VI 

NI 

01 ce.e I -3 0 I 

5: 

C' 

C 

b 

c 

01 cl 

.# I 

1 

I 

I 

el 

II 

(ut 

Ck 

01 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

t 

I -1 

CI 

II 

LO 

CI 

Ck 

ai 

.I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

11 

LI 

.- I 

IF4 

Cl 

.I 

q 

I 

I 

I 

9-1 

Of 

II 

UI 

PI 

NI 

-1 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I -1 

Cl 

I1 

Ll 

&I 

=-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

UI 

PI 

CI 

n.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

a1 

I WI 

ni 

! 

r- I 

- 

I 

w 

r4 

nJ 

. 

L 

c 

L 

c 

4 

L 

. 

c 

IL 

s 

c 

C 

C 

L 

4 

C 

P 

C 

C 

L 

C 

c 

t 

I 

t 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

bl hrl 

-1 CI *I .I I I I I I 

I I -1 41 CI El I1 It 'dl UI el .rl f-8 "I CI rul .I 91 

I I I I 

I I 

I c1 dI 01 CI I I1 UI Wl 

CI 01 ryl dl 

@k +I 

.I *I I I 

I I 

I 

01 dl c)I 01 I I Lll UJI 

II 

-1 

CI 

I1 

Lrl 

Cl 

-1 

h.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

Cl 

k WI 

Fl 

PI 

dl 

.I 

I 

i 

CI 

01 I 

UI 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

GI 

VI 

GI 

b' I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

dl 

CI 

UI 

II 

I1 

I1 

I I I CI I 31 I 

oi 

01 I 

UI i z! ui 

21 wi 

01 

B7 
ci 

C 

U 

0 

01 

tl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

II 

Ul 

Cl 

IF1 

hrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

II 

(18 

v.1 

31 

WI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

nll 

01 

II 

LI 

e1 

%I 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

hrl 

CI 

I1 

aut 

-1 

-1 

r'l 

.I 

4 

I 

I 

I 

-.I 

C1 

II 

WI 

IF1 

WI 

-1 

*I I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

I1 

WI 

dl 

*I 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

Ll I 

L- I hl 

0 

C 

(Y 

c 

C 

c 

. 

c, 

C 

I 

W 

C 

.c 

0: 

c 

C 

I 

L. 

a - In 

8 

N 

c 

I 

)rl 

r 

0 

TI 

e 

.d 

c 

I 

ud 

9 

L 

N 

. 

-J 

c 

I 

W 

L" 

ry 

c 

e 

L 

c 

I 

U 

0, 

L 

. 

0 

0 

I.r 

m 

0 

c 

W 

V 

01 

00 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

PI el 

II 

y.1 

CI 

-1 

91 

.I 

I 

I 

Ll 

01 

I1 

II 

-1 

(rl 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

-1 

CI 

I1 LI 

PI 

NI 

HI 

-1 I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

I1 

L.1 

UI 

NI 

PI 

.I I 

I 

I 

I -1 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

&I 

dl 

NI 

-1 I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

Wl 

UI 

-1 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

I 

O! 

wi 

a1 

0 

0 

u. 

c 

0) 

CI 

*I 

I 

8 

l 

8 

hi1 

01 

II 

Lul 

&I 

01 

rUl 

.I 

I 

l 

I 

I 

LIO 

01 

I1 

&I 

hrl 

I1 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

CE 

01 

Ll 

Cl 

CI 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I hrl 

Cl 

11 

LI 

*I 

hi1 

*I I 

I 

I 

I -I 

01 

I1 

ut 

Cl 

01 

-1 

-1 

I 

1 

I 

I 

111 

01 

I1 

ut 

PI 

PI 

el 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

01 

WI 

8-1 

FI 

ci 

N 

C 

Y 

F 

r-1 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

GI 

I 

UJI 

PI I 

NI 

d-31 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

08 8 Ul 

&I 

31 

lrl 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I +I 

CI 

I1 

udl 

n~ 

CI 

QI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I Cl el 

I ut 

C1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CI 

I ut 

-8 

-l 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I GI 

01 I 

ut 

01 

ut 

mf 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CII 

01 

ut 

e1 t 01 

c. I 

c 

0 

I 

w 

c 

c 

hr 

. 

c 

c 

L* 

U 

c 

L 

. 

r, 

0 

L 

U 

c 

n 

. 

e 

0 

L * 

c 

P 

. 

e 

c 

k. 

U 

U 

e 

C 

0 

L 

u 

h 

P * 

CI 

0 

2 

3 

c 

. 

d 

0 

W 

e 

.... I .... I .... I .... IPh tolo IO? lrl0 m.4 1.-r* I** I N ................... 

I 

I wu 

122 

1 -- I bo 

I az 41 

I -zw 

I c : 

I 

I 

I 

icn n 

H 

c 

I 

W * 

t 

Y' 

. 

H 

0 

w 

C 

I" 

I" 

. 

- 

c 

& 

c 

c 

r- I 

c 

c 

L 

P 

x 

b- 

. 

c 

c 

L 

IC 

h, 

. 

e 

L 

c 

U 

i' 

L 

(i; * 

- 

0 

L. 

c 

C 

f- 

. 

r. 

c 

I 

Id 

% 

P 

U 

. 

L 

e 

l 

W 

ry 

P 

U 

. 

I 

I 

I -1 

01 

11 

LUI 

PI 

.- I 

0.1 

.I I 

I 

I 

f 

CI 

01 I 

-11 -* 

ut I I UI I I .I 11 I I1 I I1 I I1 I 

I I -1 I I 01 11 I 

0 

c 

b 

0 

c. I Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

All 

Cl 

I1 

1.1 I 

CI 

Cl 

@I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

It 

L.1 

Fl 

41 

PI 

.I I 

I -I 

CI 

I1 

Lf .- I LTl 

dl 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

I1 

cJ I 

CI 

-1 

-. I .I 1 

I 

# 

1 

-1 

31 

I1 

UI 

CI 

41 

I1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

C? I 

08 I 

ut 

C-I 

r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

Dl 

-1 

! 

nt 

V 

0 

U 

L' 

01 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

II 

WI 

YI 

41 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

431 

It 

L1 

FI 

b- I 

61 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

@I 

C' I 

I1 

LUI 

-1 

YI 

dl 

.f 

1 

f 

I 

I -1 

CI 

I1 

ut 

UI 

M-1 

r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

I1 

UI 

Cl 

c1 

r-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

VI 

II 

ut 

51 ml 

v.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

U 

L 

n cc- 5rr a .... 

Wt- 

.T 

0-e 

WNO 

1* U 

uuu 

LiV 

--tu 

cc * 

.... 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

V 

c 

L 

0 

ct 

el 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

8 NE 

01 

II 

L'l 

*I 

@I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

31 

I 

UI 

v.1 

CI 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

dl 

GI 

I1 

LdI 

LTI 

=I 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

CI 

I1 

Wl 

ut ml 

r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

I1 

Wl 

dl 

-1 

hl 

*I 

I 

I 

E 

I 

--I 

01 

II 

WI 

Cl 

dl 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I oi 

bl 

PI cc- I mn .I 

.... I 

40 I r-d I .... I -No t NhlO I ** I 

UJ I LU'O I %LO1 

-e4 I 

cc .I * 

I I I I i 

I I I I 11 I i 11 I I 

B8 
ORIQINAL PAGE IS 

Os: POOR QUAury 

L' 

0 

U 

u 

C 

c 

. 

* 

c 

I 

0 

eac 

YI 

L 

c 

I 

W 

n 

u 

CI 

C 

C 

(r 

c 

C 

c 

n 

C 

I 

L 

C 

c 

r 

c 

C 

I 

L: 

IJ 

a - 

C 

L 

r 

r 

C 

L 

0 

0 

0 

U 

W 

el 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

PI 

C 

I 

u 

F 

& 

L 

. 

N 

c 

I 

U 

P 

c 

d 

4 

c 

C 

I 

e 

C 

(r 

c; 

CI 

C 

I 

L 

c 

C 

c 

n 

C 

I 

b 

.I 

c 

F 

C 

L 

(I 

, 

I 

I 

I1 

I1 

I 

11 

11 

1s 

I1 

I 

I 

I 

U 

3 

l.1 

0 

01 

01 

ei 

I 

I 

I 

I 

nt 

11 

18 

4JI 

=I 

PI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-'I 

31 

II 

41 

01 

-1 

IPI 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

dl 

31 

II 

WI 

*I 

*I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

I1 

LUI 

-1 

*I 

NI 

.I 

I 

8 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

II 

Ut 

UI 

01 

Ut 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

SI 

I 

Wl 

M-I 

01 

@l 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 

G 

c 

b 

L' 

L' 

c 

c 

c 

I 

u 

.c 

2 

d 

C 

I 

LL 

c 

r' 

u- . 

c 

C 

I 

c 

. 

c 

n 

n 

c 

I 

a. 

m 

.li 

c 

c 

C 

I 

C 

L 

r 

C 

& 

r 

t 

I 

4 

L) 

0 

I 

G. 

c 

*I 

*I 

.I 

9 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I LL.1 

VI 

-1 

hl 

.I I 

I 

I 

-1 

u4 I 

Ll 

t-1 

dl 

hI 

*I I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

LI 

PI 

-1 

U# 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

-1 I 

ut 

-1 

PI 

LPI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

01 

I LJI 

-1 

b- 1 Cl 

-1 

I 

I 

I .*I 

3 I 

I 

Wl 

el 

-1 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

UI 

(La 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

t 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

t 

4 

I 

8 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

L.1 

41 

ma 

I 

IN 

IO 

I 

IW 

I *'. 

I I wi WI 

*I 

ui I I YI CI I I rf uri 

Cl 

I I. .. I .. .. lZ)h #?=a 

1U-d a .. .. 1 .. .. 

I i I I I I I 111 I I I I I I I I Ill 4 

B9 

I 
I 

I 

8 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

@ 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

1 

I 

. 

c 

c 

I 

L 

E 

el 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I ut 

PI 

Cl 

PI 

-1 I 

1 

I 

-1 

01 

I LI.1 

-1 

SI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I CI 

Cl 

I Ll -- I 

4-1 

c-I *I 1 

I 

I el 

CI I 

Ul 

QJ I 

-1 

"I 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl I tu c CI 

01 

"I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

VI I 

WI 

-1 

-1 

.I I 

I 

I 

I dl 

01 I 

JI 

-1 

b 

c 

c 

LI 

d 

c 

U 

P 

h 

d 

d 

0 

Lr 

LT 

.r 

h 

q 

d 

C 

i 

P 

h 

0 

c' 

L.. 

P 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

CI 

II 

LI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

It 

UI 

NI 

Ul 

*I 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

"I 

L-1 

II 

LI 

SI 

-1 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

I1 

LI 

c I *. I 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

01 

11 

il 

-I 

r'l 

-1 

*I I 

I 

I 

I 

'I 

01 

II 

L'I 

-1 

YII 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

-1 

Et 

ni 

ci 

UI 

CI c)I 

c 

c 

w 

V 

Cl 

Cl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

PI 

Cl 

II 

LI 

hl 

CI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

II 

LI 

*I 

CI 

hrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -I 

Cl 

II 

WI 

l-I 

rr I 

'I 

.I I 

I 

I 

-1 

c11 

I1 

CI 

u. I 

01 

-1 

-4 I 

I 

I 

"I 

VI 

I1 

UI 

8-1 

+I 

*I I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

U.1 

CI 

-1 

e'l 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

01 1 14 I 

ru I 

0 

C' 

LL 

c 

c 

c' 

0 

c 

C 

I 

L ' 

c 

N 

c 

C 

1 

L 

0 

r. 

c 

. 

d 

c 

I 

L 

r 

h 

N 

c 

C 

I 

1. 

h 

-7 

h 

c 

C 

I 

L 

Y 

n 

u 

C 

L 

Y 

c 

h 

C 

F 

L 

1 

r 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

B10 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALITY 

C 

0 

Y 

C 

CI 

+I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

GI I &I 

fl 

01 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

&I 

(el el 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

&I 

CI 

11 

U’ I 

el 

IC1 

Cl 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

“I 

CI 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

cl 

c1 

II 

Wl 

PI 

PI 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

Wl 

-1 

+I 

cl 

*I 

t 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

et 

LUI 

*‘I 

hl CCC” I 

el .... I -4d I lr4 I .... I 

.arc- I 4cc I 

In I 

wl LWhI 

2.SL.lI 

..-ad I cc .I 

I 

m 

C 

I 

U 

c 

FI 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Nl 

CI 

I1 

“I 

41 

-1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+I 

Cl 

11 

Ll 

51 

HI 

VI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

11 

UI 

PI 

=-I 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

“4 

CI 

II 

LI 

el 

-1 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rll 

CI 

II 

LI 

CI 

TI 

HI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 4 WI 

(el 

dl 

41 

.I 

t 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

WI 

C1 

c 

0 

LL 

c 

CI 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

(01 

GI 

I1 

W1 

-1 

U-l 

rUl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I hrI 

CI 

II 

LI 

SI 

01 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -I 

CI I &I 

.=I 

el 

.I 

I 

6 

I 

I 

dl 

CI I 

LLI 

+I 

Pt 

-41 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

CI 

I 

ul 

u4 

CI 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

31 

CI I 

L-ll 

CI 

*I 

Crl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

@I 

01 I 

YI 

t-I 

nl 

C 

c) 

LU 

c 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

Cl 

11 

Wl 

TI 

91 

El 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

11 

“I 

CI 

91 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

9-1 

01 

11 

+AI 

el 

dl 

cl 

.I I 

I 

1 

I rul 

01 

I1 

I-I 

61 

rlrl 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

cl 

CI 

II 

LI 1 

r~ 

01 

-I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

CI 

11 

Ll 

rrl 

ai 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

C1 

I 

I 

21 

C 

c 

W 

c 

C 

C 

. 

c 

c 

I 

L 

U 

- 

ch 

C 

I 

W 

+ 

F 

c 

. 

e 

c 

I 

L: 

7 

rr 

(e 

. 

n 

C 

I 

L 

C 

(P 

C 

rl 

r 

I 

L 

w 

ni 

r-. 

3 

t 

I 

b 

c 

r\ 

6.l 

C 

c3 

Id 

= 

c 

U 

C 

I 

U 

U 

UI 

dl 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

PI 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

YI 

(el 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Nl 

CI 

41 

LI 

el 

&I 

el 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rl 

CI 

I1 

L.1 

(el 

hl 

h. I 

-I 

I 

I 

I 

I cl 

el 

II 

LI 

PI 

?=I 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

el 

CI 

11 

-1 

el 

hl 

.I 

I * 

I 

I cl 

PI 

II 

Ll 

UI 

Ul 

c1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c.1 

01 

‘I I 

.r 

c 

I 

Lr 

c 

u1 

+I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

(It 

(el 

cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

rl 

+I 

%.I 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I hl 

CI 

I1 

-1 

-1 

u-I 

bl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

cl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

*I 

-1 

el 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

r1 

I1 

Ll 

-1 

.SI 

r-I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

LI 

el 

CI 

9-1 

*I 8 

I 

1 

I 

CI 

CI I 

Ll .- I 

:: 

E/ 

I I I I 

B11 

c 

c 

I 

LE 

a 

CI 

WI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I r. I 

Cl 

It 

UI 

ei 

8-1 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

CI 

I1 

LI 

LTI 

-1 

rcII 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

9-1 

et 

I1 

Ll 

c 1 Cl 

51 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

It 

LI 

dl 

hl 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

CI 

41 

LI 

hl 

OII 

51 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

WI 

d-1 

-1 

rl 

*I 

I 

1 

I 

I 9-1 

Cl 

I UI 

01 

hr 

E 

I 

L 

f 

CI 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

cl 

CI 

II 

LI 1 UI 

CI 

a8 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I LI 

QI 

*I 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl 

I i.1 

ti 

51 

rr I .I 4 

I 

l 

I 

CI 

CI I 

ul 

-1 *- I PI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c4 

Cl 

I L’ I 

rrl 

el 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

8-1 

CI 

I 

ul 

.SI 

&I 

41 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I r.1 

Cl 

I 

GI 

I 

hl 

0 

I 

U 

f 

01 

UI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

CI 

I1 

*I 

CI 

l-¶ 

Fl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I el 

CI I 

L4 

CI 

Ut 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

It 

rcl 

Ul 

el 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

c1 

I 

Ll 

CI 

FI 

rl 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

Ll 

51 

MI 

n.1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

%.-I 

OI I .Lrl 

I-I 

et 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

41 

Cl I 

Wl 

CI 

N 

0 

I 

w 

(E 

.J? 

c 

. 

c 

C 

I 

w 

C 

0 

P * 

CI 

ca 

L 

lr 

h 

h 

. 

c 

C 

U. 

c 

h 

c 

I 

C 

C 

I. 

c 

rr 

c 

C 

C 

I. 

C 

IJ 

n 

c 

C 

Li 

r\ 

n 

e 

h 

C 

U 

m 

0 

I 

LL‘ 

U 

m 

F. 

ru 

c 

I 

& 

Lp 

lr 

01 

8 

rr 

c 

I 

LL 

e 

rc 

U 

e 

c 

I 

LL 

U 

F. 

c 

c 

C 

I 

L 

U 

U 

C 

C 

E 

L 

r 

r 

c 

C 

C 

&A 

5 

c 

U 

I 

C 

U 

I* 

r c cr 

.... 

nld 

lrw 

c HNhrC 

*I 

4, 

I- wcf .e cc 

‘3 0 

2 ;c 

tC 

0 / I 

lvl e I 

I 

.... 

rac 

-- 

1 f”; 

C 

C 

LL 

c 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

TI 

Cl 

II 

Y‘ I 

021 

PI 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

hl 

01 

II 

UI 

el 

CI 

Cl 

.I 

I 

4 

I 

I 

el 

01 

I¶ 

WI 

n. I 

@I 

dl 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

44 

CI 

II 

LI 

(el 

NI 

*J 

.I 

4 

I 

4 

I 

’-1 

01 

II 

&I 

C. 1 GI 

Irl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 01 

01 I 

wl 

@I 

dl 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

t 

I 

CI 

CI 

(CI 

0 

I 

LL: 

an. 

lr 

. 

N 

0 

I 

W 

IU 

5 

r’ 

c 

I 

L 

e 

(e 

c * 

e 

0 

I 

U’ 

h 

P 

c 

a 

C 

C 

L. 

h 

c 

c 

a 

C 

C 

L 

U 

C 

n 

c 

c: 

u. 

C 

r 

&I- 

. 

c 

c: 

k. 

i 

r C CNtC# 

r r’r 

NhrC 

*I 

IU 

L L’C , T3.m 

L -a ICC ’ 

4 

.... 

.... 

I 

I ! 
I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I hi 

I* 

IC: 

I7 

1. 

I= 

I* 

IZ 

1 

I II 

I 

IL. 

IJ 

II.& 

I 

Id 

IC 

14 

IC 

I 

I 

I 

! 

N 

0 

I 

W 

Pu.1 

*I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+I 

Cl 

II 

LI 

61 

SI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

el 

I 

WI 

el 

-1 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I HI 

CI 

I1 

wl 

Cl 

rul 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I ul 

a-l 

%I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

GI 

c, I 

I 

wl 

*I 

CI 

rr,l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

ul 

El 

Ul I -1 I .I I I I i I I 

I 1 

I .-I I 01 1 I UI I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

F 

0 

I 

W 

P 

5: 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

CI 

I1 

&I 

FI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

II 

Lrl 

Ul 

Uf 

-1 

*I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

-I 

CI 

II 

UI 

PI 

el 

f-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

PI 

CI I 

Ll 

UI 

r.1 

rrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I 

LI 

*I 

u\ I 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

t 

I 

CI 

01 I 

ul 

+I 

dI 

*I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

E', 

Q 

C 

I 

W 

C 

CI 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Fl 

GI 

II 

UI 

CI 

Fl 

El 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

Wl 

CI 

%I 

rl 

.I I 

I 

I 

1 -I 

CI 

fl 

LI 

*I 

GI 

nf 

.I 

I 

I 

0.1 

CI 

II 

Lit 

P-l 

dl 

*I 

el 

I 

I 

I 

I rl 

CI 

I1 

UI 

Lf 

WI 

CI 

*I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

ui 

CI 

=I 

el 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

PI 

I 

~1. i CI 

* 

0 

I 

\y 

r 

91 

clcl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

I1 

Wl 

.GI 

CUI 

..1l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-rl 

CI 

II 

LI 

Irl 

*I 

AI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

II 

-1 

CI 

FI 

VI 

SI 

I 

1 

I 

I 

-I 

CI 

Ii 

JI 

CI 

CI 

GI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c1 

CI 

I 

Ll 

01 

dl 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

GI 

ni 

2; 

...I1 

hl 

.I 

8 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

(31 I 

wl 

hl 

n.1 

m 

G 

I 

(LI 

d 

c 

r, 

. 

h 

C 

I 

U* 

VI 

r, 

h 

. 

d 

0 

I 

y' 

h. 

U 

e 

* 

rl 

c 

I 

L 

d 

&I- 

% 

a 

f 

0 

w 

Fd 

d 

C 

c 

L 

d 

-4 

c 

t 

0 

U 

U 

0 

ru 

I 

3 

c 

L. 

c 

h 

z 

0 

I 

h.1 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

01 

11 

Url 

hl 

Fl 

cl 

.f 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

01 

. II 

Lrl 

51 

UI 

n.1 

el 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

Lil 

(rl 

cnl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

I1 

ul 

PI 

@I 

r-l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

#I 

LL'I 

@I 

F-f 

=I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

CI 

I 

Lf 

01 

rn~ 

hll 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dI 

01 I 

(ul 

.TI 

U 

rr 

I 

m 

C 

I 

cu 

.c 

21 

F. I 

.I 

I 

I 

-1 

GI 

II 

Ul 

*I 

dl 

Ul 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

01 

I1 

UI 

*I 

&I 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

CI 

II 

Ul 

Cl 

*I 

FI 

*I I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

ci 

I 

LI 

(rl 

PI 

cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

UI 

CFI 

&I-I 

cl 

.I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

ut 

CI 

CI 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

01 I 

Ll 

UI 

I 

1 

N 

0 

I 

Lu 

c 

r 

Q 

. 

0 

0 

Lu 

0 

r7 

rr 

. 

c 

0 

i* 

C 

rl 

b 

. 

c 

c 

U 

IT 

U 

F 

. 

c 

C 

I& 

nl 

N 

F 

. 

c 

0 

ui 

yl 

IC 

nl 

. 

e 

a 

0 

W 

0 

0 

. 

d 

0 

w 

n 

.... I .... I .... J I h lhrU .... I.... I.... 

-n.+ I r hrr I hl-3 hlWC I F.NC I &NC 

wn Inn Inr 

P7N IVN 

cy 

I 

Lu 

h. 

NI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rUl 

dl 

MI 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rll 

GI I 

Ul 

P-I 

Cl 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c. I 

El 

I 

LI 

PI 

Crl 

el 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

&I 

NI 

%I 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

bl 

I 

Lul 

Cl 

rll 

f-l 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

#I 

01 I 

WI 

UI 

nll 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I HI 

01 I 

UI 

dl 

a 

3 

01 

I 

i: 

.J 

U 

U 

I- 

-: 

E 

- 

ii 

r) 

0 

I 

UJ 

F 

C 

N 

a 

0 

c 

LL 

2 

c 

. 

c 

0 

tu 

VI 

VI 

f- 

. 

d 

0 

I 

L 

N 

N 

. 

4 

c 

t 

LL 

c 

Q 

c 

. 

d 

c: 

I 

K 

c 

r 

br I 

C 

C 

U 

0 

c 

U 

c 

C 

U 

c 

n CC4C 

brrr 

e-- 

WFJ c UU 

LLLh 

7- f 3 --n 

bbL' -. 0 = 

.... 

.... 

A 

II 

*e 

(Fc 

A'.- I1 

eL 

tC 

0 

W 

C 

C 

c 

. 

C 

0 

y1 

C 

e 

c 

U 

C 

I 

W 

c 

N 

a 

rr 

C 

I 

L 

r8% 

h. 

c 

c 

I 

LT 

3 

hr 

L 

. 

- 

c 

I 

IF 

C 

m 

. 

c 

0 

U 

w 

h 

e 

. 

c 

e 

U. 

5 

CC n 

.... 

--C 

.-I 

dd rb 

C.N C N II 

b. 

LLcr c. LC-CI 

tC 1 

00 

.... 

-- 

-.- .- 

cc 

-3'- H 

c 

0 

W 

C 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

01 

I UI 

el 

c 

t. 

.t 

0 

I 

U 

P 

CT, 

U 

. 

e 

0 

I 

L 

Fn 

r. 

c 

C 

I 

U 

& * 

n 

+ 

c 

I 

LL 

d 

U 

F 

. 

C 

0 

u 

U 

h 

+ 

. 

d 

0 

W 

2 - re I40 

rbr 

dzc 

%Ne 

Ill 

LL .r srt 

** h. 

CC . 

* .... 

.... 

rJ 

02 

ElAJ? 

.a 

-c) 

cc 

Y 2. 11 

wc 

0 

0 

W 

c 

c1 el 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

C1 I 

LUl 

CI 

Cl 

CI 

I 

I 

I 

I 

PI 

CI 

II 

Ul 

PI 

dl 

el 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

NI 

01 

I1 

LI 

CI 

%I 

FI 

*I I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

dl 

I1 

>I 

UI 

dl 

VI 

91 

I 

1 

I 

I 

-I 

CI 

II 

Ll 

dl 

Ul 

Fl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

01 

II 

Ul 

.CI 

CI 

51 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

bJI 

Dl 

c 

c 

W 

c 

e 

c 

. 

C 

C 

U 

G 

E 

c 

e 

Fl 

NI c CCh I c c- .I . 

P 

C 

I 

LL 

br 

.-.I 

c 

. 

h 

c 

I 

IL 

IC 

c 

c 

. 

- 

0 

I 

J 

U 

d 

e 

- 

L 

I 

L; 

c 

0- 

d 

. 

c 

c 

I 

r. 

c 

U 

u 

. 

c 

c 

Ll 

c 

B12 
I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c 

C 

ui 

c el 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI I 

LUl 

Cl 

Cl 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I1 

Lul 

(cl 

Cl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

L-I 

-1 

hl 

Cl 

.I I 

I 

I 

1 -1 

@I 

II 

LI 

hl 

CEl 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

e-I 

I1 

L' I 

@I 

UI 

VI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

11 

LI 

*I 

PI 

+I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

el 

I 

UI 

*I 

c 

C 

U 

c 

e 

c. 

h 

c 

I 

LL. 

rt 

F 

h 

. 

c 

C 

I 

Li 

U 

U 

h 

c 

C 

I 

L 

U 

c) 

.L 

C 

I 

L 

C 

< 

Ll 

CI 

bl 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

-1 

hl 

-1 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

CI 

CI I 

LI 

(c i i 

I CC& I C'tu 

I 01 I .. .. 1 .. .. 140 1-c IF*' 1u-d 1 .... I .... 

i +c-*i cc 

c 

0 

b. 

U 

*I 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

rrl 

ni 

91 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

UI 

UI 

*I 

UI 

'I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI I 

L.1 I 

hl 

(Fl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI I 

LI 

U-1 

-I 

r-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

el 

I 

LI 

(cl 

ri 

ni 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI I 

-1 

hl 

SI 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

Cl 

I 

LI 

FI 

f0 

I 

LL 

Cr 

*I 

51 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

bI 

CI 

f-l 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

LI 

u-I 

?I 

-1 I .I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

I1 

-1 

4.1 

0) 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

cl 

PI 

II 

;I 

CI 

n, I %I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

11 

-I 

u-I 

?I 

(cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

Ll 

el 

XI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

61 I 

(I1 

r-I 

c 

c 

I 

Lr 

a 

(El 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

ll 

WI 

GI 

41 

hl 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

1 

CI 

1 Ul I 

CI 

21 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

II 

ul 

dl 

VI 

Fl 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

ul 

(rl 

UI 

Ul 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

-1 

<I 

II 

LI 

r-I 

-I 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

LI 

PI 

CI 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

0 I 

et 

s: 

ui 

u.1 

fC 

I 

ir; 

r, 

01 

VI 

.I 

I 

I 

rl 

01 

II 

LUI 

f-l 

01 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

u- I 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

=?I 

II 

ul 

PI 

WI 

Cl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

el 

ti 

+I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

II 

wl 

+I 

hl 

AI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

ul 

&I 

rr?.l 

CI 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

I 

2: 

"I 

0 

0 

LL 

e 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

U.1 

01 

Cl 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

PI 

01 

II 

W1 

SI 

Ul 

hl 

el 

I 

I 

I 

I 

&I 

CI 

II 

U' I 

CI 

(ct 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

@I 

?I 

LI 

PI 

*I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

dl 

01 

It 

&I 

(cl 

hrl 

hrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I1 

41 

&I 

CI 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

Cl 

ai ~i CI VI 

nl 

0 

I 

y1 

., 

hl 

-4 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

II 

Yl 

&I 

el 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

Wl 

VI 

ai 

qtl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

CI I 

UI I 

CI 

el 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

PI 

II 

-1 

Ul 

cl 

cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

WI 

01 

8. I 

f-l 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r,l 

CI 

I1 

wl 

dl 

-1 

rCl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

LUl 

NI 

6. I 

~IG~NAL 

OF POOR 

CI 

C 

I 

UI 

(L 

ni 

CUI 

.I 

I 

8 

I 

I 

&I 

CI 

II 

WI 

E?l 

Crl 

.El 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

el 

GI 

II 

Lu8 

CI 

cil 

rl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

CI 

II 

UI 

UI 

"I 

@I 

.I 

I 

I 

: 

I 

n.1 

II 

(Ll 

Crl 

u-I 

(cl 

*I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

ul 

ffl 

(rl 

f-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

GI 

II 

Wl 

el 

h'l 

(cl 

.I 

I 

I 

l 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

Ul 

ct 

0 

0 

W 

c 

Cl 

51 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl I 

r;l 

01 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

PI 

01 

11 

WI 

dl 

*I 

'I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

#I 

Ll I 

tl 

f-I 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+I 

CI 

II 

bl 

-41 

(Fl 

cl 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

&I 

CI 

II 

LI 

Ul 

*I 

?-I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

LI 

II 

Ll 

wl 

Ul 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

C1 I 

ci 

Ll 

ai ci 

QUALITY 

C 

0 

w 

0 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

t 

I 

-1 

Cl 

I1 

YI I 

91 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

hl 

61 

II 

&I 

CI 

SI 

u\l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

L.i 1 

el 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

ct 

I 

L I 

CI 

Cl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hrl 

Cl 

11 

bbl 

CI 

u\l 

-1 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

+I 

01 

It 

Wl 

Ul 

c I 

.?I I 

SI 

ci 

.I I II 

II 

I1 .. 

II 

CI I 

"I I 

I I I 

i B13 
N 

0 

I 

Ly 

.n 

*I 

Nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rl 

01 

II 

YI 

VI 

-1 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

=-I 

CI 

II 

LLI 

JI 

dl 

bl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dI 

CI 

II 

L.1 I 

SI 

01 

.CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

CI 

II 

&I 

Li I 

U2l 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

&I 

CI 

II 

UI 

CI 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 

I 

Ll 

hrl 

f-I I rrl I .I I I 

I I I I 

I I 

I -1 

I 01 1 I 

I 4Jl 

! si 

5 

0 

I 

&& 

\r 

UI 

FI 

*I 

I 

I 

I UI 

c 

I 

W 

f, 

C 

. 

h 

0 

I 

U 

c 

d 

L. 

. 

- 

C 

I 

L 

N 

s 

d 

. 

r) 

c 

I 

\L 

c 

c 

c 

h 

c 

I 

W 

u- 

(c 

c .. 

c 

Q 

I 

L 

r 

r 

c 

C 

C 

I. 

L r

c ic-cLicch rl : .I 

0 

0 

Y 

c 

Cl 

01 

*I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

Lyl el 

CI 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

PI 

01 

II 

WI 

hl 

el 

-1 

-1 

I 

I 

t 

I 

nJl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

PI 

-1 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I 

Ll 

CI 

01 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

Ul 

.?I 

r.1 

el 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

c1 

c'l 

Ut 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

CI 

I LE I 

XI 

hl 

f 

,I I

C 

c 

W 

c 

C?l 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

UI 

CI 

CI 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

11 

Ll 

CI 

ut 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

nJl 

CI 

II 

L-l 

PI 

r-l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

CI 

II 

UI 

CI 

a21 

ck 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

HI 

CI 

II 

Ul 

CI 

I-l 

Fl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

dl 

CI 

II 

wl 

-1 

*I 

UI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

01 

I 

ri 

e% 

c 

C 

I& 

c el 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

01 

CI I 

LYI 

CI 

CI 

El 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Fl 

CI 

II 

bl 

HI 

CI 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

ffl 

IEl 

bl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

Cl 

hl 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I1 

Ul 

*I 

-1 

+I 

.I 

8 

8 

I 

I 

C. I 5:l 

II 

LLI 

rrl 

@I 

Ul 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dI 

't 

01 

II 

Wl 

* 

c 

C 

0 

u; 

c 

ci 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI I 

&I 

CI 

01 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

CI 

II 

-1 

t-1 

UI 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

GI 

LI 

CI 

ri 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I hl 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

CI 

-1 

Fl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

PI 

II 

-1 

0'1 

s'l 

bl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I hl 

CI 

II 

L.0 I 

@I 

?-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

01 

II 

-1 

L.. I 

ai 

c 

0 

u 

c 

CI 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

01 

CI I 

L.r I 

CI 

El 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

1 -I 

t 

5: 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

I1 

.I 

-1 

hl 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

11 

-. 1 hrl 

VI 

WI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

rl 

nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-'I 

CI 

II 

,I 

CI 

CI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I r.1 

CI 

II 

-. I 

21 

ZI 

C 

C 

u 

C 

TI1 

Cl 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl 

Ll 

CI 

CI 

C1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

UI 

CI 

II 

LII 

UI 

*I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

-1 

c1 

+I 

5' 

I 

h 

c 

I 

e 

IC 

- 

. 

r 

c 

I 

L 

a 

-7 

I- 

. 

*. 

0 

I 

d 5 

c. 

rl 

0 

I 

L: 

t? 

L: 

. I .... I.... I.... . I c-rud I c r.C I heC 

p I rYNC I -.I-. C I N WC - inn I nu Iuu 

- 

c 

c 

u. 

e 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI I 

LI 

CI 

CI 

Cl 

.# 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

CI 

ll 

Ll 

*I 

I-I 

WI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

ci 

&I 

L. I 

et 

.a- I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

,I 

hl 

VI 

r)I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+I 

CI 

II 

-1 

hl 

lrl 

.-I 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

04 

II 

It 

CI 

GI 

L- I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CI I 

c 

0 

LL 

c 

c 

c * 

C 

e 

Lu 

e 

C 

c 

C 

C 

d 

C 

c 

c 

C 

C 

C 

c 

C 

IC 

c 

L 

C 

C 

C 

h 

c 

I 

L. 

J 

c 

" - 

- 

C 

I 

c 

U 

c 

I 

a 

c 

C 

L 

c 

GI 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

# 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I 

L1 

CI 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

UI 

c?I 

I1 

Ll 

hl 

4.1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

PI I 

Ll 

Cl 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

r~ 

ci 

)I 

-1 

31 

-1 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r..l 

01 

II 

&I 

CI 

-1 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

SI 

It 

ul 

Ul 

-'I 

.-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 dl 

CI 

II 

Ut 

c 

C 

b. 

c 

Cl el 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

L.1 

Cl 

CI 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

?I el 

I 

Ll 

Pf 

01 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CI 

I 

LI 

CI 

CI 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c~ 

CI 

I 

-I 

CI 

C?l 

CI 

.# 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-.I 

01 

II 

LI 

n~ 

3 I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

.-I 

el 

II 

ul 

dl 

Ul 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl 

I 

C 

c 

U. 

c! 

e 

c 

. 

c 

c 

LL 

c: 

C 

c. 

c 

c 

u 

c 

e 

c. 

n 

0 

I 

LL 

c- 

(c 

F 

d 

c3 

I 

d .- 

-.( 

.II 

ca 

I 

LI 

It 

d 

d 

. 

c 

0 

I 

u 

m 

u 

c 

. 

C 

C 

L 

.... I .... 1 .... h< I* I N .... I .... I .... sr I~U i.cn 

I I I I 

c 

0 

U 

C 

c:l 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

t 

I 

C 

l Ll 

Cl 

01 

CI 

.t 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ul 

CI 

II 

Ll 

If 

*I 

HI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

LI 

CI 

Cl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

F. I 

91 

11 

LI 

CI 

Yrl 

r-8 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

&I 

31 

II 

'-1 I 

=I 

Yrl 

-1 

.t 

I 

I 

I 

I 

@I 

01 

II 

LUl 

CI 

91 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

C?I 

31 I 

01 

C 

C 

u. 

t ci 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

PI 

Cl 

I1 

b.41 

4-1 

I-I 

r.1 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

PI 

CI 

II 

bl 

4-1 

SI 

f-I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

All 

C1 

CI 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

Si 

It 

LI 

hl 

'e I 

c.ll 

04 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

SI 

II 

Wl 

hl 

HI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

4 

cI 

UI 

I 

rrl 

PI 

41 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

SI 

I 

WI 

FI 

ni 

hl 

h, 

0 

I 

LL' 

c 

UI 

a8 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl 

I 

Lbl 

*I 

CI 

hl 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

LI. 

01 

-1 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

1 CI 

CI 

I GJI 

CI 

n,l 

A* 1 .I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

c1 

I 

WI 

Ul 

TI 

hl 

.1 

I 

I 

c1 .- I 

I 

lL8 

FI 

hl 

CVI 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

-1 

31 I 

JI 

.TI 

31 

dl 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

dl 

31 I 

I 

I I 

I I 

i B14 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALW 

0 

c 

W 

0 

GI 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

PI 

CI I 

Wl 

CI 

01 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

l 

I 01 

@I 

I 

Wl 

rl 

CI 

01 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

ha I 

Cl 

II 

&I 

-1 

hl 

rl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

&I 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

CI 

+I 

("I 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

NI 

Cl 

II 

wl 

el 

hl 

-1 

.I 

4 

I 

I 

I d1 

CI 

II 

&dl 

r-I 

WI 

*Jl 

.I 

I 

4 

I 

I 

01 

01 

I 

ul 

I 

c 

G 

w 

0 

C 

9 

C 

0 

w 

c 

C 

0 

. 

(CI 

C 

I 

Lr 

ff 

r 

n 

r, 

C 

I 

U 

C 

rp 

c 

I 

L 

C 

I 

U 

c- - 

c 

4 

" 

C 

I 

U 

-4 

L 

a 

C 

C 

* 

(c 

.c - 

C 

c 

J 

hr 

c 

e 

b. 

c 

e 

c 

. 

C 

c 

I& 

C 

C 

C 

e 

C 

c: 

L 

h 

c 

C 

h 

C 

I 

L 

rc 

t 

. 

P. 

C 

I 

a 

L 

rp 

c 

h 

c 

I 

L 

C 

h 

F 

c 

0 

1 

L 

c 

@ 

e 

d 

C 

I 

lU 

. 

e, 

c 

0 c 

0 

Id 

C 

01 

el 

.I 

I 

I 

41 

tl 

I1 

WI 

*I 

91 

-1 

el I 

I 

I 

I 

Ul 

mi 

il 

lil 

QI 

.TI 

<I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I P. I 

01 

II 

LJI 

rrl 

rcIl 

bl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

PI 

II 

L. I 

9-1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

Crl 

31 

41 

YI 

hl 

lnl 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

dl 

01 

II 

'-1 I 

NI 

31 

I *I I .I I I 

I I 

I 

SI 

c 

0 

Ly 

e 

dl 

GI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

Gl 

/I 

Wl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

51 

C1 

II 

Lul 

*I 

(cl 

VI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

Lyl 

CI 

c1I 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I Nl 

01 

II 

ut 

=I 

In1 

?-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

FI 

r-I 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

01 

18 

WI 

nl 

@I 

PI 

et 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 

I 

Ul 

SI 

e 

0 

w 

0 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 I 

Ut 

CI 

01 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

CI 

II 

wl 

Crl 

r.1 

+I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

GI 

II 

Ll 

-1 

hl 

Fl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

I1 

wl 

al 

lnl 

r-I 

.I 

I 

I 

NI 

01 

II 

Lrf 

IC1 

*I 

r-l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

II 

Url 

01 

CI 

("I 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

11 

WI 

PI 

ai 

ei 

D 

(u 

0 

I 

w 

Us 

CI 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+I 

CI 

II 

WI 

ffI 

Ccl 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

c. I 

CI 

I 

Ll 

nl 

SI 

*I 

*I 

1 

I 

I 

I dl 

01 

I1 

L.1 

+I 

.TI 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

t 

I CI 

CI 

I -. I rl 

t-J 1 dl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dI 

CI 

11 

LI 

PI 

-1 

SI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

LI 

P. I CI 

e'l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

ul 

f 

hl 

0 

I 

Lu 

z 

*I 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

L.1 

CI 

%I 

ht 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

@I 

1 LI 

Ul 

CI 

dl 

*t 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

c1 I L.1 

?I 

Fl 

&I 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

PI 

ct 

I L-I 

r-I 

C1 

r.1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I Ll 

1- I 

CI 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

i-l I 

all 

+I 

*I 

fft 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 I 

z 

0 

8 

U 

e 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

01 I 

LI 

-I 

dl 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

LYI 

0' I 

*I 

Fl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

Cf I ba 1 

FI 

hl 

hrl 

SI 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

el 

I LI 

CI 

-1 

(31 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I L, I 

el 

PI 

hl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

CI I I., I +I 

CI 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 I 

nr I 

C 

C 

b4 

c 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

Lrl 

CI 

Cl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

UI 

CI 

it 

bl 

Fl 

Jl 

HI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

C1 

&I 

CI 

Cl 

CI 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

NI 

CI 

II 

&I 

Cl 

-1 

08 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I hl 

CI 

II 

L. I 

PI 

P-I 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

MI 

Cl 

II 

Ul 

(I.1 

hl 

FI 

el 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

Wl 

-1 

c 

0 

Y 

c 

GI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl I 

lbl 

CI 

GI 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

UI 

Cl 

11 

bl 

UI 

ut 

-8 

.I 

8 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

11 

-1 

Ul 

l-I 

nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

n.1 

tl 

I8 

Irl 

CI 

bl 

ri 

*I 

I 

1 

I 

&I 

CI 

II 

Ul 

el 

P-I 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

CI 

I1 

Id8 

c- I 

CI 

I-I 

.I 

I 

I 

4 

I 

Cl 

Cl I 

Ll 

ei 

c 

0 

LLI 

C 

c: 

c. 

L 

c 

w 

c 

0 

c 

* 

c: 

t 

L 

5 

.r 

I 

. 

h 

C 

I 

I. 

Ic 

L 

C 

I 

n 

lr 

c 

P 

L 

I 

c 

I= 

; 

. 

e 

0 

I 

C 

h 

c 

- 

rl 

I 

4 

S 

c 

c 

W 

e 

el 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I UI 

CI 

CI 

0: 

.I 

I 

I 

UI 

Cl 

It 

Ll 

el 

-I 

+I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

tl 

01 I 

Lul 

CI 

nl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I c. I 

CI 

II 

-. I el 

CI 

VI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

rul 

c3 I 

I1 I CI 

hl 

F. I 

SI 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

31 

II 

Ll 

L- I 

SI 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

t 

F? 

0 

I 

w 

(cl 

hrl 

.I I 

I 

I 

c 

nl 

c 

I 

U. 

.I 

CI 

(c 

. 

c 

C 

I 

Lr 

(n 

F * 

h 

c 

I 

- 

)c 

c 

-.I 

c 

I 

n. 

c" 

d 

. 

- 

d 

cI 

t 

c 

m4 

-4 

i 

y. 

hl 

F 

U 

. 

c 

3 

.I 

J 

Ud 

c 

el 

*I 

et 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl I u-i 

Cl 

r. I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

UI 

Cl 

II 

L-l 

41 

-I 

IPl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I1 

*I .- I -I 

@I 

.I 

t 

I 

I 

I 

P. I 

CI 

II 

LI 

CI 

hl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 -1 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

PI 

=I 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -I 

GI 

II 

LI 

CI 

-1 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

Cl 

I 

ul 

-2- I 

dl 

cc- I c h. 0th .... I .. .-0 IC 

FC- 15 .... p .. f-r-Ll* 

hi-4 c I r. 111 IH 

LbdIL 

2-z -I z L ht-3 I - cc *I+ 

00 IC --* ,: -.- I- br- IC 

ea- II I3 

<L I* c =I& I.- c I C' 

ei 

Ld I 

I 

.- 

I 

I 

I 

n 

m 

E 

W 

u) 

u 

U 

\ 

t 1 1 I I 01 I 01 I 

1 I I I I I 

I 

I 

B15 
01 

II 

-I 

LFI 

-1 *I 

ri 

N 

0 

I 

u; 

IC 

CI 

Crl 

*I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

UI 

PI 

91 

1151 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

WI 

UI 

el 

F-I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

UI 

CI 

ml 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 

I 

*I 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl 

Lul 

PI 

CI 

FI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

Lyl 

01 

@I 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

1 rr1 

CI 

I 

LLI 

: 

&I 

(r. 

C 

I 

LLI 

0 

-1 

&I 

*l 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

Lul 

+I 

*I 

9-6 

. 

c 

d 

u. 

LT 

& 

U 

. 

t 

C 

L 

c 

c 

8- 

a 

c 

c 

L, 

(L 

U 

U 

C 

C 

Lu * 

h. 

F 

4 

c 

C 

c 

a 

0 

U 

c 

C 

LI 

c 

cu 

0 

I 

L.. 

@I 

Cl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 1 WI 

Cl 

dl 

NI 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 1 LUl 

<I 

-I 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

Ll 

FI 

rl 

r-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 CI 

CI 

I Ll 

Fl 

el 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

LEI 

dl 

hI 

r-I 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

CI I 

LLI 

CPI 

CI 

-.I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI I 

LUI 

-1 

* 

dl 

pu 

C 

I 

W 

.E 

CI 

QI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

Ct 4 UI 

tl 

P-I 

%I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

dl 

01 I LuI 

PI 

n.1 

d1 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

Ll 

CI 

a-I 

(CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

r I 

L 

& 

U 

U 

. 

C 

C 

L 

F 

(u 

h 

. 

c 

0 

U 

rr 

C 

4 

. 

c 

C 

LL 

cC 

N 

0 

I 

LLI 

e 

?-I 

FI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

LUl 

CI 

01 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

L,I 

hll 

%I 

IT1 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

CI 

CI I 

L.1 

PI 

NI 

rrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

C8 

Cl I 

&I 

el 

*I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

UI 

dl 

hll 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

PI I 

UI 

CI 

dl 

91 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

21 

01 I 

bl 

-I 

21 

c 

0 

u 

c 

c 

9 

c 

c 

U 

C 

c 

C 

.I 

C 

I 

L 

U 

C 

c 

r. 

C 

I 

U 

C 

u 

P 

c 

I 

E 

c 

L 

r 

< 

L 

< 

I 

I 

I 

, 

I 

1 

k - 

3 

C 

0 

il; 

c 

el 

Cl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

01 I 

Wl 

CI 

01 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

01 I 

rl 

el 

01 

Cl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

-I 

CI 

PI 

(cI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

n~ 

CI 

II 

LI 

al 

*I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI I 

UJ 1 

CI 

PI 

CI 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

&I 

UI 

dl 

rl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+I 

CI 

II 

UJl 

c 

G 

e 

dl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

GI 

CI I UJI 

Cl 

Cl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c.1 

01 

I 

Lrl 

CI 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

LI 

CI 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I *I 

CI 

I1 

LI 

CI 

hl 

4-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

cl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

Ul 

dl 

dl 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

II 

..Jl 

NI 

SI 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

1 dl 

01 

II 

Wl 

W 

e 

0 

0 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

Ll 

Cl 

CI 

CI 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

UI 

CI 

CI 

C' I 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

01 

II 

LI 

hl 

rnl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I *I I 01 

II 

Ll 

-1 

I-l 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I &I 

01 

II 

L. 1 CI 

CI 

(cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 hl 

01 

II 

hl 

Fl 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

U 

ci 

it 

:f 

C 

0 

iu 

C 

PI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

*I 

CI 

II 

LLI 1 hl 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

FI 

QI 

II 

UI 

-1 

a1 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI I 

LLI 

c-I 

01 

CI 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

&I 

ei 

11 .& I el 

t-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

II 

LI 

SI 

JI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

CI 

?I 

JI 

r-l 

el 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

II 

I 

"Jl 

:I 

ri 

N 

c 

I 

L;I 

I? 

9-61 

Cl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

Wl 

Cl 

*I 

ffI 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

1 bl 

01 

CI 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

01 

It 

Lrl 

r1 

CI 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

I 

WI 

(cl 

dl 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I 

Wl 

b- I 641 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

01 I 

WI 

hl 

*I 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I CI 

01 I 

ri 

N 

c 

I 

Lu 

C 

9 

c 

. 

C 

C 

IT 

c 

c' 

W 

. 

c 

0 

L 

as 

c 

4 

C 

c 

L. 

c " 

If 

C 

c 

I. 

.I 

4 

C 

E 

L 

c 

c 

U 

< 

L 

q 

N 

0 

I 

U 

-1 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl I 

ut 

Wl 

L.1 

Fl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-.I 

CI 1 LUI 

Ul 

CI 

cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 1 L1 I 

CI 

c I 

*I 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I CI 

I 

LUI 

-1 

Nl 

31 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

c?.l 

1 wl 

CI 

Ul 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

nl 

01 I 

LI 

-1 

Jrl 

Ll I 

L 

ci 

PI 

0 

0 

Lc! 

c 

CI 

Cl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl 

WI 

CI 

@I 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

CI 

I1 

ul 

u-I 

Nul 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I hl 

CI 

II 

LI 

el 

-1 

PI 

.I I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CI 

t url 

c1 

c1 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I rUl 

01 

II 

U' 1 SI 

.PI 

(cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I cl 

31 

11 

&I 

b- I 

.El 

hll 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

L.1 

C 

C 

U 

c 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

WI 

Cl 

et 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

Ll 

CI 

CI 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

II 

Ll 

SI 

Wl 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

11 

Ll 

n~ 

rpl 

rrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

L-I 

hl 

U' I *I 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I +I 

01 

II 

-1 

h.1 

*I 

-1 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

01 

GI I 

ul 

I 

m 

m 

Q) 

P 

c 

-i I 

"I t 

P-l (rl UI 

rnl : ccn. I c c.l 

.I 

e0 

0- 

rN 

4: 2 

*J Y 

It H 

.... 

.... 

c CIT i CC; .I . .... I .... 0.2 ICF 

.... 1 .... dhc I hhr 

-NO I e.rd nu (an &I L 

L uc I LL. 

1 S.CIXT' rch I rc< 

bt .It+ 

<: c 

Y 1-n 

-- *. -- 

I I I 

I I I I I I I I I I 

I 

B16 
ORlGfNAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALm 

N 

0 

I 

W 

\F 

*I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

It 

WI 

CPI 

<I 

.&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I &I 

PI 

dI 

UI 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

ul 

CI 

r-I 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CII I 

I 

WI 

@I 

NI 

Nl 

.I 

I 

I 

! 

ei 

-1 

oi 

01 

5 

I 91 I *I I I 1 I 

I 1 

I 

I HI i "I i wi 

! 

* 

c? 

t 

I& 

P 

Nl 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

ml 

08 

II 

LLl 

Fl 

Nl 

41 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

bl 

CI 

I1 

UI 

I-I 

PI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

01 

II 

Wl 

ci 

*I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

UI 

Wl 

.@I 

NI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dI 

01 

II 

UI 

I-I 

dl 

UI 

SI 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

LUI 

rnl 

91 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

Wl 

PI 

1 .... I .... 1 

103 15" I 

1 .... I .... I 

I 01 01 Inn Inn I 

I ull wl 

I d lNcl I 

I P:Nd I NNd I 

I-- I-- I ibn ICR I I Fr;' II I .</I( 1 

I <u I CU--I IC 71- ..I lvr blvr C'I I I 1 

! ! ! 

I 

c 

I 

Lu 

& 

NI 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

*I 

CI 

I1 

Ul 

hl 

01 

41 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

I1 

UI 

CI 

01 

'I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ll 

CI 

I1 

WI 

*I 

dl 

I 

I 

I 

I Cl 

CI 

II 

LLI 

CI 

El 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

II 

Wl 

-41 

UI 

crl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

GI 

01 I 

tu1 

QI 

*I 

-1 

SI 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

:I 

Cl 

ni 

"I 

.c 

C 

I 

U 

nl 

.f 

c 

* 

0 

I 

W 

& 

Ip, 

m 

. 

rr 

0 

I 

w 

fd * 

I 

n 

C 

I 

U 

C * 

yr 

c 

C 

I 

b 

0 

e 

r 

c 

C 

I 

L 

c 

c 

C 

L 

E 

ai 

01 

1 Wl 

0 

0 

Lu 

c 

01 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

FI 

GI 

It 

rUl 

01 

UI 

NI 

.I 

I 

t 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

I1 

UJI 

I-I 

*I 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+-I 

01 

II 

WI 

.? I 

dl 

dt 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I1 

Wl 

-1 

NI 

%I 

el 

I 

1 

8 

I 

-I 

51 

It 

Ul 

C'I 

41 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

@I 

It 

bl 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

Wl 

ril 

F 

C 

t 

U 

e 

*I 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

&I 

CI 

II 

u.1 

91 

fbl 

MI 

.I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

Ll 

nl 

-1 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ll 

CI 

II 

ut 

fl 

CI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

It 

GI 

Wl 

ml 

?-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

...I1 

PI 

II 

Ul 

".I 

I-I 

PI 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 

I UI 

P1I 

-I 

*I 

*I 

I 

1 

I 

I 01 

I 

1 

O! 

N 

0 

I 

lu 

P 

-1 

f-8 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI el 

I WI 

01 

%I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

I 

LLII 

CI 

Ip,l 

9.1 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

Wl 

I-I 

I-I 

UI 

el 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI t WI 

-1 

mt 

Url 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI 

I 

wl 

UI 

*I 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI I 

*I 

f-I 

el 

dl 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

t 

dl 

O! 

m 

0 

I 

&I 

0 

Cl 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI I 

UI 

CI 

41 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI I 

LLI 

f-I 

el 

-I 

.I 

f 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 I 

UJI 

*I 

I-I 

I-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I c1 

CI I &I 

I-I 

Cl 

FI 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

CI 

31 

I 

LI 

CI 

CII 

PI 

e1 I 

I 

I 

I 01 

01 

I UJI 

PI 

*I 

91 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

'I 

01 1 

d 

0 

I 

LU 

ry 

-1 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

GI I 

wl 

01 

*I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

el I 

LYI 

Ul 

*I 

I-l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c I 

01 I 

'A' I 

hll 

-1 

ml 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

-1 

-1 

*I 

91 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

CI 

I 

Wl 

;dl 

Ul 

GI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

41 

01 

I 

wl 

01 

XI 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

Ol 

I 

.I 

0 

I 

yl 

r. 

QI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

c I I1 

Lcr 

PI 

0 

c. * 

h, 

0 

I 

W 

u. 

N 

a 

c 

c 

U 

E 

c 

& 

c 

I 

Lr 

a- 

@ 

I- 

. 

C 

n 

I 

U 

N 

lP 

L( 

0 

C 

0 

U 

2 c. 

& 

. 

c 

0 

U 

c 

e 

0 

I 

W 

U-l 

mI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

41 

01 

II 

US1 

CI 

-I 

QI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I NI 

04 

II 

&I 

CI 

PI 

FI 

.I 

4 

I 

I 

I 

NI 

Cl 

II 

Ll 

.rt 

PI 

I-l 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

41 

CI 

I1 

YI 

I-I 

%8 

r. I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

c)I 

I1 

Lrl 

PI 

<I 

r. I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I LLI 

PI 

cnl 

-1 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I CI 

01 I 

JI 

GI 

dl 

& 

0 

I 

LL. 

c 

N 

4 

c 

C 

I 

U 

6 

c 

d 

a 

c 

c 

I 

L 

4 

F 

r. 

r 

C 

I 

U 

r 

c. 

I. 

L 

C 

I 

r 

c 

I.. 

0 

c 

c 

L 

C 

C 

C 

6 

U 

c Ch 1-0. .I 

ff 

0 

I 

Lr 

ff 

(DI 

&I 

.I 

I 

I PI 

It 

Ll 

4-1 

It-8 

Cl 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

NI 

CI 

II 

Ll 

CI 

f-l 

b- I 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

GI 

I1 

>I 

r-l 

-.I 

&I 

*I k 

I 

I 

I L11 

CI 

I1 

il 

(?.I 

21 

-I 

.I 

I 

I 

k 

I 

Cl 

01 

Ii 

Ll 

CI 

01 

VI 

=I 

I I I 

I 

I 31 I I 

I -.I I 9.1 I *I 

I I I I I I 1 I GI 

I -1 

I 

et 

I t. I 

I *I 

c 

C 

U 

t 

el 

c. I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

Nl 

01 

$1 

WI 

.I 

*I 

ri 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

C. 1 CI 

It 

Ll 

.- I 

-1 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I rl 

PI 

II 

Ll 

or1 

P I I-l 

VI 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

bI 

?I 

CI 

CI I *I I II 

II 

11 

I1 CI I CI I If I wl I.. I I 

I 21 Ul I I Yl . I-I I 

~rc+-lrc&l~C- IC I I .I .I .I I 

! !! 

I .... 

I cz 

I UZS 

I .... I ZZC? 

IC 

 an 

I& 

IL _- I I-'- 

IO0 

I 7 z- 4 II cc 

I w 11 

I CL 

IC 7 tul c I 

1z-i 

1" * 

! 

I .. I 

IC I II 

I .. I I- 1 It 

IH I 

II 

II 

li. I 1-1 

IC I 

II 

IU I I -- I 

1- I 

1- I I :+ I I< I IC I I* I I1 

I! 

I B17 
.t 

0 

I 

LL 

Ul 

*I 

*I 

I 

I CI 

CI 

II 

1;. I 

UI 

CI 

ai 

*I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

ml 

CI 

I1 

01 

PI 

?Dl 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

31 

II 

LLI 

-1 

rcIl 

-1 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

hl 

I1 

*I 

UI 

61 

C.1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

41 

Cl 

JII 

0-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

c)I 

I 

I 

n 

0 

I 

U. * 

@I 

Nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

Cl 

II 

UI 

rrl el 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

CI 

I1 

rrl 

CI 

CI 

f-I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 .-I 

01 

11 

UI 

PI 

(PI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

*I 

I-l 

-1 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CI 

1 Wl 

el 

*I 

el 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I Ll 

-1 

dl 

41 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

CI 

1 UI 

-1 

‘‘I 

* 

0 

I 

u: * 

*I 

QI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

II 

LLI 

01 

%I 

dl 

.I I 

I 

1 

I el 

El 

II 

UI 

el 

e 

Fl 

I 

ni 

* 

rl 

C 

I 

L 

e. 

c 

.r 

c 

C 

- 

h 

O 

r. 

. 

C 

c: 

L-: 

m 

rl * 

s 

C 

0 

L, 

.c 

n 

n 

. 

r) 

0 

..I 

c 

m 

0 

I 

w 

e 

dl 

L’I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

I1 

LI 

Nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

9-01 

01 

II 

L.1 

*I 

FI 

UI 

+I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

II 

LLI 

c I 

01 

91 

‘I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

LI 

&I 

01 

dI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

Wl 

CI 

*I 

”I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

CI 

I lul 

il 

“I1 

nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

21 I 

dl 

-1 

21 

c., 

0 

I 

YI 

h 

Fl 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

N1 

CI 

II 

Lul 

PI el 

nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

&I 

el 

-I 

(rl 

mI 

I 

I 

I 

I 

cl 

CI 

II 

&I 

UI 

Jl 

51 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

It 

LI 

&rl 

321 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

w I 

r-l 

rnI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 01 

CI 

I 

rl 

Nl 

SI 

UI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-I 

CI 

ai 

h.1 

* 

m 

0 

I 

w 

IF 

*I 

r.1 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

LI 

U-l 

CI 

Q1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+I 

01 

II 

Wl 

c1 

61 

51 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dI 

CI 

II 

IAI 

r-l 

Cl 

Crl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

L.1 

CI 

UI 

r.1 VI 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I Ll 

-1 

01 

%I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

ot 

I 

wl 

dI 

XI 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

HI 

01 

-i 

1 

* 

0 

I 

w 

n 

X 

h‘ 

. 

(r 

C 

I 

b 

4 

C 

F 

. 

h 

0 

I 

U 

C * 

u 

d 

c? 

I 

b. 

rl 

u 

F 

. 

d 

e 

l 

c 

u? 

d 

. 

+ 

d 

3 

I 

L 

P 

a 

n- ’ 

a 

c 

I 

o‘ 

X 

h 

4 

c 

c - 

. ‘3: 

uF 

0 

i 

Lu 

oc 

8?l 

(c. I 

.I 

I 

I 

Nl 

01 

I1 

L;l 

dl 

01 

*I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

r.1 

@I 

II 

Wl 

f-I 

rlrl 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

Lul 

rpI 

In1 

Ul 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

crl 

01 

II 

Lt 

dl 

-1 

01 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

N 

0 

I 

w 

h 

*tl 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I rrl 

IC I 

I1 

LUI 

dl 

*I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

I1 

4.441 

ffl 

rl 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

el 

01 

I1 

LI 

*I 

&I 

nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

ll 

Wl 

=I 

*I 

&I .I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

r*I 

crl 

*I 

(rl 

.I 

I 

C 

0 

w 

c 

C 

I. 

I 

I 

I 

I r. 

w 

c 

& * 

a 

0 

0 

w 

c 

cr 

E 

4 

C 

C 

U 

c 

U 

C 

, 

C 

C 

U 

)r 

4 

c 

C 

C 

L 

n 

(. 

n 

C 

E 

L: 

4 

e 

4 

c 

L 

U 

d 

< 

L 

c 

0 

0 

w * 

(c 

F 

. 

C 

t 

W 

h 

C 

(E 

e 

c 

c 

CC 

PU 

a 

e 

z 

C 

I 

I. 

c 

b 

r 

I 

c 

C 

I 

L.. 

U 

c 

C 

C 

C 

L 

C 

n 

c 

C 

c 

1. 

4 

rc 

c 

C 

U 

U 

C 

CC P 

Oh 

r- Ishe,. 

NN c HI( 

b 

LL c LO i 

-c 

cc 

00 

PZ 

.xi I 

*LA. 

c: 

mc 

.... 

.. ,. 

u-. 

fir 

r) 

0 

I 

Ly 

h 

GI 

*I 

*I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

II 

u1 I 

CI 

*I 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

01 

01 

I 

ro? 

61 

CI 

el 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

HI 

CI 

II 

Ll 

IPt 

SI 

e. I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

Y. I Cl 

nll 

&I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c.1 

el 

I 

Ll 

-I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

031 

I 

UI 

61 

*I 

PI 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

I 

Wl 

UI 

*I 

I 

5; 

0 

c 

L 

C 

c: 

c. 

F. 

c‘ 

I 

U 

Q 

N 

m 

. 

N 

0 

I 

W 

Pc? 

< 

. 

4 

0 

I 

L 

* 

d 

n 

d 

C, 

I 

U 

P 

c 

F 

r. 

c 

I 

L’ 

Q. 

rcI 

fC 

0 

LL 

U 

J? 

(\I 

. 

4 

r3 

GI 

fd 

CCnJ i c c .r *I a 

! 

i B18 
OF POOR QUALITY 

. 

n 

3 

C 

C 

3 

8 

.- 

Y 

Y 

L 

0 rc 

n 

m 

E 

u 

In 

V 

\ 

Y 

I 

C 

"CJ 

Y 

m 

m 

* 

0 

I 

Lu 

c I (nl I I 5; 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I 11 I &I I crl 

I Cl 

I Wl I .I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I el 

I CI 

I II 

I &I 

I rl 

I r*l I rrI 

I .I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I I co 

I CI I I: I ul 

I *I I dl 

I 41 

I .I I I 

I I I I I I I r.1 I CI I II 9 LI 

I hl I .I 

I I 

I I 

1 I I I I dl 

I r~ I I1 I Ll I dl I UI I FI 

I I 

1 I 

I I 

I C# I 01 

I I I 

I CI 

I hl I .I 

I 

I I I I I I 

I dl I CI I I 

I ul 

I crl I UI 

ICCr..l 

I .I I .... I lCh I 

1v.P I I .. ** I #ccr.~ 

I I'KC. I IIIW I I &I I LLU- I IFr--l 

I r-i.-F I 

I*+ .I I I 

IUO I 177 I I-- I 

IO- II I Ia3.L I IC "I 

I* CI I 

t SI 

I :I 

I *I 

I !s; 

It-7 I 

!! 

hl --I 

nl -1 .I .I I I 

I 

I I -1 el 

CI GI II It u1 LI 

hl CI rI -I hl -1 .I .I I I t I 

I I I I HI -1 

CI CI 11 II 

,I Ll -1 LI 

Ul rl FI PI .I *I I I 

I I 

II I 

! I 

ci -i PI t-I I 11 

I I Cl CI CI C( I 

I 

I rl 

Cf 

II 

Ll 

Crl 

SI 

SI 

ni 

.I I 

I 

I 

cl 

=I 

ht el rul rI CI 01 GI CI II II 

c.1 Ll a-I hl UI *I r-I Cl .( .I .I .I 

I I I I 1 I I 1 

. 

c. 

C 

IL; 

c 

ur. 

. 

e 

0 

I 

w 

h * 

r. 

. 

c 

c 

I 

LI 

U 

d 

c 

. 

r. 

0 

I 

LLI 

.c 

0 

c 

. 

CI * 
I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

b 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c 

c 

LL: 

UI 

IUI 

.I 

I 

I 

Cl 

CI I Lul 

Cl 

-1 

*I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

Ll 

dl 

Cl 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 -1 

CI 

11 

GI 

hl 

3.1 

Ul 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

1 -1 

Cl 

II 

LI 

8-1 

41 

Ul 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I1 

Ul 

u-I 

*I 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

UI 

41 

e1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

PI 

I ut 

-1 

f 

e 

c 

I 

tu 

e 

hI 

hl 

-1 

I 

i 

4-1 

CI 

II 

UI 

CI 

hl 

CLI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

01 

I1 

Wl 

ml 

PI 

(cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

If 

WI 

-1 

01 

cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

It 

Ll 

e. I 

Cnl 

41 

.I 

I 

k 

I 

I rrl 

01 

#I 

LI 

lrl 

*I 

Ut 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

1 UI 

hl 

CrJI 

VI1 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

41 

‘3 I 

I 

Wl 

Cl 

I .. .. I .* .. I 

lem I?= I IhU 1.r I I .. .. I .. .. I 

I cc- I c -- I I WYC I h*:P I Inu luu I I ,I LI 

I LLrJ I L L.C I I a F -I a z 41 

1 -..I*. I --L- I 

Ice .lCC .I k I I IOU IOU I IT7 172 I I-- I-- I ICC ICC I I a;’ I1 I ;L“ w I leu IdL I IC ?ID- ‘I 

c 

0 

u * 

*I 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Wl 

nl 

*I 

el 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I ut 

.-I 

Z1 

CLl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

II 

WI 

%I 

CI 

.?I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rl 

CI 

II 

LI 

dl 

Ul 

(hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I GI 

01 I 

Wl 

.?I 

dl 

rrl 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

1 c1 

c1 I 

Lrl *. I rFI 

PI I .I I 81 

I1 

It 

II 

rrl I 21 I 

I1 

rl 

Wl I 

I I I1 I I I1 

I ‘I I I1 

rr 

0 

I 

W 

d 

*I 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

&I1 

-1 

*I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

ut 

NI 

NI 

Ul 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

GI 

CI I UJI 

tcl 

hl 

rrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I 

UI 

Nl 

*I 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

CI 

01 I LLI 

Fl 

hl 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

..1l 

c)l I 

L-l 

6 

rr 

Id 

I. 

I 

I 

I 

I 

4.4 

IC 

I 

Iw 

Irlln 

I ccc 

I* 

I .. .. I (Eh 

Ih 

I .. .. ICsI 9-4dc) 

I*L 

tu 

1Z-S.C 

I -.-I.. 

IOU 

17’ 

I -- I C-C 

I J -- II 

I cb. 

IC 7 

I 

I 

I u\-r. 

I” 

IW n 

I 

a 

nl 

e 

I 

w 

e 

Ck 

rrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Nl 

CI 

11 

u4 

UI 

UI 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 el 

I1 

&I 

Fl 

-I 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -1 

CI 

II 

Ll 

Rl 

.rI 

-1 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I dl 

CI 

II 

,I 

*I 

el 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

11 

L. I =I 

.LI 

SI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

Cl I 

Ll I Ul 

UI 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

CI 

031 

I 

- 

c 

0 

I 

u 

e 

01 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

Cl 

I1 

u. 1 41 

n~ 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

k c1k 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

0-1 

-1 

-1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

%I 

Cl 

I1 

,I 

a1 

lrl 

?-I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

01 

II 

.I I 

PI 

dI 

08 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

#I 

bl 

-1 

&I 

h. I 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

dl 

01 

I1 

AI 

PI 

31 

-1 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

CI 

61 

6. I 

C 

0 

W 

e 

91 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

@I 

CI I 

w1 

01 

(CII 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI 

I b.1 

+I 

SI 

ut 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rl 

CI 

II 

LI 

PI 

c I 

h. I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CII 

ct 

II 

Ll 

Cl 

PI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

51 

II 

d1 

&I 

-I 

.?I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI .- I 

I 

ul 

el 

PI 

.rl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 

I 

wl 

ci 

icr I 

I-W- I IY-9 I 

IL I 

I* CI 1 

I 

k I f 

c 

c 

I 

U. 

n 

*I 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

ld I 

ul 

.El 

*I 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

@I 

CI 

11 

Ll 

-1 

4-1 

(cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-.I 

CI 

I1 

LI 

el 

-.I 

+I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

It 

L1 

-1 

h. I 

Nl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

<- I 

II 

Li 1 c?I 

?I 

*I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

C. I 

01 I 

Ul 

f-I 

.El 

dl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dI 

01 1 WI 

Fl 

.-.J I re4 I *I .... I -3-1 

cnt I .... I 

r.,?rr 1 A3 I 

dl 

x> U I -l- 1 

cc .I 

I 

nm I 

wn I 

SI I 

cl 

c 

I 

L.. 

v 

*I 

%I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

11 

=I 

C. I 

ut 

ut 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl el 

I1 

Ll 

FI 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

hl 

a I 

-I 

*I 

I 

I 

1 

I -1 

CI 

II 

Ll 

dl 

*I 

FI 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I rl 

PI 

II 

LI 

-1 

UI 

PI 

.I I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

Cl I 

ut 

h’ I hl 

“J I 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

0 I 

I 

ut 

“I 

N 

0 

I 

Lu 

SI 

.-I 

.I 

I 

1 

I 

I I: 

GI 

I1 

U? I 

-1 

Cl 

-1 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

HI 

el 

II 

Lrl 

-1 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

01 

I1 

LI 

CI 

+I 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

II 

LI 

LTI 

e1 

u-l 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I rrl 

0 I 

11 

L‘I 

*I 

r-I 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

nl 

I UI 

u. I 

Ut 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I -41 

01 I 

CUI 

PI 

>I 

hl 

1 cclI. 

I .... I e% 

IN 

I .... 

I c i)CJ 

I tN%? 

I n II 

1.- 

I L.% N I >-: 9-4 

I c...9-4 

I+” 

I vu 

1-7 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

1 

& 

c 

I 

UJ 

c * 

CL 

. 

c 

c 

I 

U 

F 

C 

L 

. 

e 

0 

I 

L 

c 

u 

c 

. 

- 

c 

I 

L 

L. 

hi 

h 

d 

c 

I 

L 

PU 

c 

4 

c 

C 

I 

c 

c’ 

4- 

L 

C 

C 

* 

c 

C 

4 

C. 

C 

(. 

Q 

ce.L 

c 

.. .. C3h 

*.? 

.. .. cc;r. 

%CJ c II n L. 

I. wc 

ZL1 

cc 

1JO 

77 

c 

d2 I 

<LAO 

V,c 

_w- 

-LI 

b 

m 

C 

I 

Ly 

.c 

*I 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

NI 

GI 

I1 

(ul 

Ut 

01 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

I1 

Wl 

FI 

01 

&I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

C?I 

11 

LI 

CI 

II 

HI 

-1 I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

CI 

c I 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

hl 

SI 

51 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

dl 

nl 

-1 

UI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 9-41 

01 

I 

Wl 

c,t 

* 

c) 

I 

W 

6. 

-1 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

FI 

Cl 

I1 

l&l 

<I 

PI 

a- I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

cl 

c4 

I1 

U.1 

dl 

ut 

el 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rl 

CI 

I1 

Ll 

-1 

CI 

Fl 

01 I 

1 

I 

1 

rrl 

CI 

II 

L-l 

p. I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

.4l 

CI 

II 

dl 

rl 

IC1 

CI 

91 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

PI 

I 

-1 

51 

Nl 

cll 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I dI 

CI I 

WI 

-I 

5: 

CI 

c 

(r‘ 

c 

@I 

01 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

CI 

11 

U‘ I 

CI 

PI 

NI 

.I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

-1 

CI 

II 

L;I 

UI 

*I 

*I 

-1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rrl 

CI 

II 

LI 

-5 I rrl 

rrl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+I 

CI 

11 

LLI 

-1 

h’ I 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I dl 

CI 

It 

LrI 

hll 

21 

Ul 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

PI I 

Ll 

f-I 

RI 

-1 

.I 

k 

I 

I 

I -1 

SI I 

wl 

-1 

hl 

e 

0 

I 

Li 

p. 

*I 

cl 

.I 

I 

I 

m1 

Cl 

I1 

G.1 

CI 

CI 

PI 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

&I 

CI 

II 

kl 

lrl 

*I 

UI 

-1 I 

I 

I 

k hl 

CI 

I1 

LI 

-1 

c-1 

PI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

I1 

LLI 

(hl 

.I 1 

I 

I 

I 

-1 

01 

II 

Ll 

hl 

rul 

h.1 

.I 

I 

f 

I 

I 

-I 

01 

II 

1s I 

rrl 

hl 

SI 

.I 1 

I 

I 

I 

e1 

UI 

I 

ul 

hl 

-1 

I 

E; 

I I1 I I I I I 

J B20 
* 

Y 

s 

m .- 

n 

m 

5 

\ 

UI 

Y 

u 

I 

c 

0 

Y 

m 

m 

i i 

I I 

I I rl CI CI at II I LL.1 &I F.1 CI 

*I dl -1 +I *I -1 I I 

I I 

I I 

I I -I CI 

CL CI 81 I LII ILl 

CI hl 

61 h.1 

cl mi 

.I .I I I I I I I I I dl CI CI €-I I1 I ul UI 

-.dl PI CI &I <I lei 

.I .I I I 

I I I 1 

I I 

CI -I PI .TI 1 

J 

I 

IO0 

177 

I -.- 

I A .- '4 

t cI- i 

IU c I 

I 

I 

I L. C: 

ar 

c 

I 

li; 

c 

PI 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

GI 

I1 

Lil I 

CI 

PI 

WI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

(FI 

01 

II 

&I 

CI 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

CI 

II 

LI 

+I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

cl 

el 

It 

Ll 

dl 

UI 

PI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

nl 

II 

LLI 

&I 

41 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

01 I 

JII 

hll 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ll 

CI I 

*I 

r-l 

2: 

2; 

c cr. . .... 

*d 

h 

r- .-' 

-4 -0 

.... 

nu 

L: LC 

: tJI --e 

c,- 0 

- 

h' 

0 

I 

w 

r 

*I 

&J 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

#I 

CI 

II 

&I 

lrl 

Cl 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

CII el 

I1 

;L I 

rl 

I1 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

.rl 

CJ I 

LI 

ir I 

CI 

PI 

.I 

8 

I 

I 

I 

rul 

CI I 

LI 

lrl 

Art 

*I 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

dl 

I 

UI 

-1 

"I 

.El 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

Jl 

CI 

I L. I 

(cl 

U' I 

hl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

CI I 

&J 

dl 

e 

c 

c 

Cl 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

hl 

CI 

II 

UI 

*I 

cl 

*I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

rl 

et 

I1 

LI 

hl 

*I 

CI 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

UI 

CI I 

ul 

*I 

e1 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

el I 

&I 

CI 

rl 

C. I 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

UI 

CI 

I 

GI 

CI 

UI 

-1 

.I 

1 

I 

1 

8 -2- I 

el 

I LI 

.tl 

dl 

-1 

+I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Jl 

rt I 

Lrl 

PI 

U 

et 

I 

I 

I 

I 

UI 

GI 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

h 

t 

I 

W 

m 

01 

Cl 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

el 

CI 

II 

u4 

*I 

rUl 

dl 

*I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Cl 

GI 

I LI 

c, I 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

c. I 

Cl 

,I 

C) 

e- I 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

1 CI 

c1 

I 

'* I CI 

el 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

CI 

c. I 

I Id I 

CI 

CI 

CI 

.I 

I 

I 

I 

I CI 

SI I 

I. I 

CI 

GI 

CI 

.I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

CI 

CI I 

bl 

I 

IV 

I 

I 

I 

c? I* 

I 

I 

I 

B21 

:' I LT 

I 

I 

c1 lrr 

I 

I 

I 

C' I LT 

I 

1 

I 
TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 

1 REPORT NO. 12. GOVERNMNT ACCESSION NO. 13, RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO. 

Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing 

P.O. Box P 

Hampton, Vi rgi ni a 23666 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Washington, D.C. 20546 

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

G. S. Kent, P. H. Hang, U. Farrukh, and A. Deepak: Institute for Atmospheric 

E. 11. Patterson: 

Technical Monitors: Daniel E. Fi tzjarrald and Margaret 6. Alexander 

Prepared for the Atmospheric Sciences Di vi sion , Systems Dynamics Laboratory , 

Optics and Remote Sensing, Hampton, Virginia. 

Georgia Technology Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia. 

Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812 

16. ABSTRACT 

The objective of this work was to improve our understanding of the variation of 

the aerosol backscattering at 10.6 pm within the free troposphere and to develop a 

model to describe this variation. 

results contained within three independent data sets. 

obtained by the SAGE I/SAM I1 satellite experiments, the GAMETAG flight series, and 

by direct backscatt6r measurements. 

two component aerosol model, and the study of the microphysical and associated 

optical changes occurring within an aerosol plume. 

that describes the variation of the aerosol backscattering function in the free 

troposphere with aqtitude, latitude, and season. 

The analysis combines theoretical modeling with the 

The theoretical work includes use of a bimodal , 

A consistent picture is obtained 

The data sets used were 

17 KEY WORDS 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 

G1 obal Scal e Processes 

Remote Sensing Aero s o 1 Backscatter STAR Category: 47 

Troposphere 

Model i ng 

Uncl assi fi ed - Unl imi ted 

19. SECURITY CLASSIF. (d tIhlm rePat) 20, SECURITY CLASSIF. (of thh page) 21 NO. OF PAGES 22. PRICE 

Uncl assi fied Uncl assi fi ed 396 A17