COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Frank, Kelsey and Beales 

Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia 

JASON KEITH RICHARDS 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0029-06-1 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES 

 JANUARY 23, 2007 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON 

William C. Andrews, III, Judge 

 Kimberly Enderson Hensley, Assistant Public Defender (Office of 

the Public Defender, on brief), for appellant. 

 Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Jason Keith Richards (appellant) was convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon under 

Code § 18.2-308.2 and possession of marijuana (less than five pounds) with intent to distribute 

under Code § 18.2-248.1. Appellant was awarded an appeal on two issues regarding these 

convictions. The first issue questions whether probable cause existed for the issuance of a search 

warrant. The second issue questions the sufficiency of the evidence to support the marijuana 

conviction. Based on the following discussion, we affirm both convictions. 

I. Facts 

On April 15, 2004, Officer Keith Tucker stopped the car in which appellant was a 

passenger. During the stop, the officer smelled unburnt, “raw” marijuana in the vehicle. He and 

another officer inspected the inside of the vehicle, discovered that the door panels had no screws 

or handles, and took off the panels. Inside the back, passenger-side door, the officers discovered 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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two ounces of marijuana in two separate packages. One package contained a large amount of 

marijuana; the other package contained eight individually wrapped bags of marijuana.1 

During the stop, appellant told the officers that his mother owned the car, but she gave it 

to him as a present. He also admitted that the keys in the ignition were his. One of the keys on 

the ring appeared to be a safe key, although appellant denied that it was a key to a safe. 

Appellant had $160 in cash and a cell phone with him. 

Based on this information, Officer Tucker went to the magistrate to obtain a search 

warrant for appellant’s home, 431 Marion Road, Hampton, Virginia. The affidavit listed only 

the following facts: two ounces of marijuana were recovered from appellant, appellant lives at 

431 Marion Road in Hampton, and the officer has learned through his training that drug dealers 

keep currency, documents, and/or drugs in their residences. While not mentioned in the 

affidavit, Officer Tucker provided additional information to the magistrate, as he explained in his 

testimony at the suppression hearing: 

I [also] explained to [the magistrate] the statements that were given 

by the female driver of the vehicle,2

 the amount of money, the 

amount of marijuana, the way it was transported in the vehicle, and 

[appellant] in constant denial of any drugs or having a safe key on 

his key chain. 

 The warrant was executed less than an hour after the encounter with appellant. When 

executing the warrant, the police searched only one bedroom in the house. In that bedroom, the 

police found paperwork belonging to appellant. One key on the key ring taken from the ignition 

of the car opened the lock on a closet door. In that closet the police found bags of marijuana 

totaling almost three ounces, a revolver, a nameplate that said “Jason” sitting beside the 

marijuana, and a floor safe. The officers opened the floor safe with the safe key that Officer 

 1

 Appellant does not argue that this evidence should be suppressed. 

2

 Officer Tucker never stated on the record what these statements were. 
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Tucker noticed on the key ring. Inside the safe were titles to various vehicles, $500 in cash, and 

a handgun. The officers also found digital scales, some “packaging material” (sandwich bags), 

and some ammunition. No smoking devices were found. The officer testified that, based on the 

evidence and his training, possession of the marijuana found in the bedroom was inconsistent 

with personal use. 

 On May 12, 2004, Officer Stacy Bishop was serving warrants on appellant, who was 

incarcerated in Norfolk. Appellant told Officer Bishop 

that he had took the gun from a white guy named John, but he 

didn’t know his last name, but he drives a tan Acura. And he took 

the gun because John seemed to be upset and he thought that he 

was going to do something bad so he took the gun, put it in his safe 

for safekeeping. 

Appellant also said he did not know the gun was stolen and “that the safe was his and that he was 

the only one who had the combination to it.” 

 The trial court heard evidence on appellant’s motion to suppress the items collected 

pursuant to the search warrant. The court accepted Officer Tucker as an expert on the sale, use, 

and manufacture of illegal drugs. After considering all the evidence presented, the court found 

that the facts were sufficient to provide probable cause for the warrant. 

 During the guilt phase of the trial, Officer Tucker again testified as an expert witness. 

The Commonwealth introduced a certificate of analysis that stated the plant material collected in 

the vehicle and the house was marijuana. 

II. Analysis 

A. The Search Warrant 

Appellant argues that Officer Tucker’s affidavit failed to establish probable cause for the 

issuance of a search warrant for his home. He also claims that the affidavit was so deficient that 

the officer could not in good faith rely on the issuance of the warrant to authorize the search of 
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appellant’s home. The Commonwealth asks this Court to find that the officer acted in good faith 

when he executed the search warrant.3

When reviewing the granting of a search warrant, we give deference to the magistrate’s 

decision. 

[T]he Supreme Court cautioned that an after-the-fact review of a 

magistrate’s decision should not be made de novo and that great 

deference should be given to the magistrate’s finding of probable 

cause. [Illinois v.] Gates, 462 U.S. [213,] 236 [(1983)]. The 

Supreme Court observed, “‘[a] grudging or negative attitude by 

reviewing courts toward warrants,’ . . . is inconsistent with the 

Fourth Amendment’s strong preference for searches conducted 

pursuant to a warrant; ‘courts should not invalidate warrant[s] by 

interpreting affidavit[s] in a hypertechnical, rather than a 

commonsense, manner.’” Id. at 236, (quoting United States v. 

Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108-09 (1965)). 

Derr v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 413, 421, 410 S.E.2d 662, 666 (1991); see also Anzualda v. 

Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 764, 775, 607 S.E.2d 749, 754 (2005) (en banc). 

Even with this standard of review, however, the written affidavit is insufficient on its 

face. Although the written affidavit says the officer’s training taught him to believe that people 

“transporting and/or distributing narcotics” maintain safe places in their homes, nothing in this 

affidavit contends that appellant was transporting or distributing narcotics, other than the fact 

that the officer intended to charge him with “possession of marijuana with the intent to 

distribute.” The facts supporting the officer’s belief that appellant was a drug dealer were not 

included in the written affidavit. The packaging and the placement of the drugs, where appellant 

was in relation to the drugs, and the circumstances of the stop -- none of this information is 

included in the affidavit. However, the magistrate had additional information. The officer told 

the magistrate, as opposed to including this information in the written affidavit, about the manner 

 3

 The Commonwealth did not concede that the magistrate did not have probable cause for 

the issuance of the warrant, but did argue that this Court should avoid the probable cause 

analysis and discuss the good faith exception instead. 
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in which appellant was transporting the drugs, appellant’s protestations that no drugs were in the 

car, and appellant’s statements about the safe key on his key ring. 

These additional facts, although presented orally to the magistrate,4 can be used when 

considering whether execution of a search warrant violated the Fourth Amendment’s restrictions 

on searches. In the past, this Court has made clear that, if an officer has additional facts that he 

does not disclose to the magistrate, then those additional facts will not rehabilitate a deficient 

affidavit. Janis v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 646, 655, 472 S.E.2d 649, 655, aff’d by reh’g 

en banc, 24 Va. App. 207, 479 S.E.2d 534 (1996). However, statements that an officer does 

make to the magistrate can be considered when reviewing the decision to issue and execute a 

search warrant. The Supreme Court of Virginia explained: 

The Fourth Amendment requires that the magistrate receive 

sufficient information, under oath or affirmation, to support a 

finding of probable cause. Gates, 462 U.S. at 236. There is no 

requirement under the Fourth Amendment that the sworn statement 

be reduced to writing. United States ex rel. Gaugler v. Brierley, 

477 F.2d 516, 522 (3d Cir. 1973). Thus, an insufficient affidavit 

may be supplemented or rehabilitated by information disclosed to 

the issuing magistrate upon application for the search warrant. Id.; 

Leeper v. United States, 446 F.2d 281, 286 (10th Cir. 1971), cert. 

denied, 404 U.S. 1021 (1972); see Whiteley v. Warden, 401 U.S. 

560, 565 n.8 (1971); Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 109 n.1 

(1964). 

McCary v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 219, 231, 321 S.E.2d 637, 643 (1984). This Court recently 

addressed a similar issue in Adams v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 737, 747, 635 S.E.2d 20, 25 

(2006) (“An affidavit deficient on its face may, under appropriate circumstances, be rehabilitated 

with facts not included in the affidavit . . . .”). See also United States v. Clyburn, 24 F.3d 613, 

617 (4th Cir. 1994) (“[M]agistrates may consider sworn, unrecorded oral testimony in making 

 4

 Appellant did not challenge or question at trial whether Officer Tucker’s statements to 

the magistrate were made under oath. As he never presented this argument to the trial court, he 

cannot raise that concern on appeal. Rule 5A:18. 
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probable cause determinations during warrant proceedings . . . .”). Based on the facts and 

argument presented here, the magistrate did not err in considering the oral statements of the 

officer when reviewing the application for the search warrant. 

As appellant correctly argues, to support probable cause, the facts presented to the 

magistrate must prove a sufficient nexus between his home and the marijuana discovered in his 

car. See United States v. Tran, 433 F.3d 472, 482 (6th Cir.) (“[T]he failure to establish an 

adequate nexus between the [place to be searched] and any criminal activity within the four 

corners of the affidavit is not necessarily fatal, provided that the information is actually presented 

to the magistrate through sworn oral testimony.”), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 227 (2006); Anzualda, 

44 Va. App. at 778-79, 607 S.E.2d at 756 (noting that nothing linked the evidence of a crime to 

the home of Anzualda, as no statement in the affidavit alleged that drug dealers usually keep 

evidence of their crimes in their homes). Appellant argues the facts presented to the magistrate, 

whether in writing or orally, or both, did not sufficiently establish such a nexus. Therefore, he 

concludes, the magistrate erred in issuing the warrant, and the trial court should have excluded 

the evidence collected during the execution of the warrant. 

Under the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984), we 

need not reach the question of whether the magistrate erred in finding a nexus between 

appellant’s criminal behavior and his home. Based on the reasoning in Leon, if the facts here 

did not sufficiently establish probable cause for the search warrant, yet Officer Tucker acted in 

good faith reliance on the warrant, then the exclusionary rule should not be applied to suppress 

the evidence. Id. at 919-24; Anzualda, 44 Va. App. at 779-87, 607 S.E.2d at 756-60. The 

Supreme Court explained our standard of review for such cases: 

“[Searches] pursuant to a warrant will rarely require any deep 

inquiry into reasonableness,” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S., at 267 

(WHITE, J., concurring in judgment), for “a warrant issued by a 

magistrate normally suffices to establish” that a law enforcement 
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officer has “acted in good faith in conducting the search.” United 

States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 823, n. 32 (1982). Nevertheless, the 

officer’s reliance on the magistrate’s probable-cause determination 

and on the technical sufficiency of the warrant he issues must be 

objectively reasonable, cf. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 

815-819 (1982), and it is clear that in some circumstances the 

officer will have no reasonable grounds for believing that the 

warrant was properly issued. 

Leon, 468 U.S. at 922-23 (footnotes omitted). A reviewing court should consider all the 

circumstances surrounding the issuance of a warrant. See id. at 922 n.23; United States v. Payne, 

341 F.3d 393, 400 (5th Cir. 2003). 

Appellant essentially argues that the Commonwealth cannot rely on the Leon good faith 

exception because the information presented to the magistrate was “‘so lacking in indicia of 

probable cause’ as to render official belief in its existence unreasonable.” Atkins v. 

Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 462, 464, 389 S.E.2d 179, 180 (1990) (citing Leon, 468 U.S. at 

923). Specifically, he contends that the information presented to the magistrate did not establish 

a nexus between his alleged possession of marijuana and his home. Therefore, appellant 

concludes, the officer could not reasonably rely on the magistrate’s finding of probable cause.5

 

However, the circumstances did “contain some indicia of probable cause,” sufficient to justify 

 5

 Four exceptions to the Leon good faith exception exist: 

(1) where the magistrate was misled by information in the affidavit 

which the affiant knew was false or should have known was false, 

(2) the issuing magistrate totally abandoned his judicial role, 

(3) the warrant was based on an affidavit “so lacking in indicia of 

probable cause” as to render official belief in its existence 

unreasonable or (4) where the warrant was so facially deficient that 

an executing officer could not reasonably have assumed it was 

valid. Leon, 468 U.S. at 923. 

Atkins, 9 Va. App. at 464, 389 S.E.2d at 180; see also Miles v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 64, 

71, 408 S.E.2d 602, 606 (1991), aff’d by reh’g en banc, 14 Va. App. 82, 414 S.E.2d 619 (1992). 

Appellant argues only the third exclusion, unreasonable reliance by the officer on the affidavit. 
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the officer’s reliance on the determination of probable cause by the magistrate. Anzualda, 44 

Va. App. at 781, 607 S.E.2d at 758. 

The written affidavit contained a statement, based on the officer’s experience, that people 

“transporting and/or distributing narcotics . . . normally maintain[] a safe area – the person[’]s 

residence.” This statement alone might be insufficient to support the officer’s reliance on the 

warrant, but the officer knew that the magistrate considered additional information that he 

presented orally. See Payne, 341 F.3d at 400 (“Generalizations in an affidavit regarding the 

likely location of evidence will not undermine the reasonableness of reliance on the warrant.”). 

While not mentioned in the written affidavit, the officer also told the magistrate about the 

manner in which appellant was transporting the marijuana, hiding it in the doors of his car. This 

additional information allowed the magistrate to conclude that appellant was “transporting and/or 

distributing narcotics.” In addition, Officer Tucker told the magistrate that appellant lied about 

the marijuana in the car. The officer also told the magistrate about the safe key, which links 

appellant’s home to criminal activity. The probable place to find the safe was appellant’s home. 

Although a safe can contain legitimate property, appellant’s denial that the key was for a safe, 

when the officer could tell that the key clearly opened a safe, created suspicion that more illegal 

substances would be found there. These additional facts regarding the transportation of the 

marijuana and the safe key, together with the statement from the written affidavit that people 

transporting drugs normally maintain a safe area in their homes, created a sufficient appearance 

of a nexus between the home and appellant’s drug activity for the officer to reasonably rely on 

the magistrate’s issuance of the warrant as a sufficient determination of probable cause to justify 

the search. The totality of the information presented to the magistrate was not so vague and 

lacking in indicia of a nexus that Officer Tucker should not have relied on the issuance of the 

warrant. 
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B. Sufficiency 

When reviewing the record for sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we 

consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as the party prevailing 

below, and will not overturn the conviction unless the decision was “plainly wrong or without 

evidence to support it.” Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 

537 (1975). As part of this review, we allow all reasonable inferences that flow from the 

evidence in favor of the Commonwealth. Id. 

The facts here were sufficient to prove appellant possessed marijuana. He claimed to 

own the car in which the officers found a significant quantity of the drug, hidden behind the door 

panels. He had been driving the car, and the interior of the car smelled of marijuana. The 

evidence also proved he possessed the marijuana found in his home. A key on appellant’s key 

chain opened the closet where the drugs were found. The safe key that Officer Tucker noticed 

earlier opened the safe in the closet. Other items belonging to appellant were in the closet and in 

the room. He lived at this address. Given these places were locked, and appellant had the keys, 

the court certainly could infer that appellant had control of these areas and their contents. The 

trial court reasonably concluded that appellant had possession of the marijuana in the closet. 

The evidence also proved appellant possessed the marijuana with the intent to distribute 

the drug. Packaging material, a digital scale, guns, and ammunition were found in appellant’s 

room. The amount of marijuana found in the closet was inconsistent with personal use. No 

smoking device was ever found on appellant, in his car, in his closet, or in the room that was 

searched. Appellant had $500 in cash in the safe. The officer testified, based on his experience, 

that these circumstances were not consistent with personal use of marijuana. 
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III. Conclusion 

 The trial court did not err by denying appellant’s motion to suppress the evidence 

collected during the execution of the search warrant, and we find the evidence was sufficient to 

support appellant’s conviction for possession of marijuana with the intent to distribute.6

Affirmed. 

 6

 Appellant does not argue on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to support the 

firearm charge.