JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND TRAINING 

FACILITY 

BUILDING 5 

HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION 

Prepared for: 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 

Houston, Texas 

Prepared by: 

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 

Sarasota, Florida 

March 2010 
PREFACE 

In response to President George W. Bush's announcement in January 2004 that the Space Shuttle 

Program (SSP) would end in 2010, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 

completed a nation-wide historical survey and evaluation of NASA-owned facilities and 

properties (real property assets) at all its Centers and component facilities. The buildings and 

structures which supported the SSP were inventoried and assessed as per the criteria of eligibility 

for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in the context of this program. 

This study was perfonned in compliance with Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation 

Act (NHPA) of 1966 (Public Law 89-665), as amended; the National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA) of 1969 (Public Law 91-190); Executive Order (EO) 11593: Protection and 

Enhancement of the Cultural Environment; EO 13287, Preserve America, and other relevant 

legislation. 

As part of this nation-wide study, in September 2006, historical survey and evaluation of NASAowned and managed facilities at was conducted by NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 

(JSC) in Houston, Texas. The results of this study are presented in a report entitled, "Survey and 

Evaluation of NASA-owned Historic Facilities and Properties in the Context of the U.S. Space 

Shuttle Program, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas," prepared in November 

2007 by NASA JSC's contractor, Archaeological Consultants, Inc. As a result of this survey, the 

Jake Gam Mission Simulator and Training Facility (Building 5) was detennined eligible for 

listing in the NRHP, with concurrence by the Texas State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). 

The survey concluded that Building 5 is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C in the 

context of the U.S. Space Shuttle program (1969-2010). Because it has achieved significance 

within the past 50 years, Criteria Consideration G applies. 

At the time of this documentation, Building 5 was still used to support the SSP as an astronaut 

training facility. This documentation package precedes any undertaking as defined by Section 

106 of the NHPA, as amended, and implemented in 36 CFR Part 800, as NASA JSC has decided 

to proactively pursue efforts to mitigate the potential adverse affects of any future modifications 

to the facility. It includes a historical summary of the Space Shuttle program; the history of JSC 

in relation to the SSP; a narrative of the history of Building 5 and how it supported the SSP; and 

a physical description of the structure. In addition, photographs documenting the construction 

and historical use of Building 5 in support of the SSP, as well as photographs of the facility 

documenting the existing conditions, special technological features, and engineering details, are 

included. A contact sheet printed on archival paper, and an electronic copy of the work product 

on CD, are also provided. 

i 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) of Sarasota, Florida extends their gratitude to Perri E. 

Fox, NASA JSC's Shuttle Transition Manager, and Sandra J. Tetley, NASA JSC's Real Property 

Officer and Historic Preservation Officer (HPO), for making all arrangements for access and 

information gathering in support of this documentation. We also thank the staff of the JSC 

Imagery Repository for their cooperation in providing historical photographs; and the staff of the 

Engineering Drawing Control Center for their cooperation in providing architectural drawings of 

the facility. We deeply appreciate the efforts of Jerry Swain, Building 5 Facility Manager, and 

Carl Brainerd, Lockheed Martin's Shuttle Transition and Retirement Project Lead of the Mission 

Management and Integration Office, for serving as ACI's point of contact at the facility and 

providing valuable information on its use in support of the Space Shuttle program. Finally, we 

would like to thank Rebecca Wright and Jennifer Ross-Nazzal of Tessada & Associates, for 

conducting oral histories, which greatly enhanced our discussion of the buildings. 

11 
Preface 

Acknowledgements 

Basic Information 

The u.s. Space Shuttle Program 

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Building 5: The Jake Gam Mission Simulator and Training Facility 

Construction 

MSTF Simulators 

Space Shuttle Program Training 

T-38 Simulator 

Physical Description 

Motion Base Simulator 

Fixed Base Simulator 

T-38 Simulator 

Bibliography 

Figure 

List of Photographs 

11 

1 

3 

7 

13 

13 

14 

15 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

28 

29 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND TRAINING FACILITY 

BUILDING 5 

Basic Information 

Location: 

JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 

HOUSTON, TEXAS 

West of Fifth Street between A venue B and A venue D 

Johnson Space Center 

Houston 

Harris County 

Texas 

U.S.G.S. 7.5. minute League City, Texas, quadrangle, 

Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates: 

15.297975.3271392 

Date of Construction: 1964-1965 

ArchitectiEngineer: Brown & Root, Inc., Houston, Texas; Brooks & Barr, Austin, Texas; 

Harvin C. Moore, Houston, Texas; MacKie & Kamrath, Houston, Texas; 

and Wirtz Calhoun Tungate & Jackson, Houston, Texas 

Builder: 

Present Owner: 

Present Use: 

Significance: 

Bernard Johnson Engineers, Inc. (mechanical engineers), Houston, Texas 

W.S. Bellows Construction and Peter Kiewit Sons' Company, 

Houston, Texas 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 

U sed to train astronauts in vehicle operations 

The Jake Gam Mission Simulator and Training Facility is considered 

eligible for listing in the NRHP in the context of the U.S. Space Shuttle 

Program (1969-2010) under Criterion A in the area of Space Exploration 

and under Criterion C in the area of Engineering. Because it has achieved 

significance within the past 50 years, Criteria Consideration G applies. 

Building 5 is a premier NASA facility for preparing astronauts for Space 

Shuttle missions, including launch and landing situations, as well as 
Report Prepared 

by: 

Date: 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

Page 2 

critical on-orbit operations. The simulators, which provide realistic 

sensory feedback to the astronauts, were uniquely designed to replicate the 

Shuttle vehicle and its launch, orbit, and landing environment. Building 5 

retains exceptional integrity, as it is in its original location and setting, and 

continues to convey its historic functions through the physical aspects of 

design, materials, workmanship, feeling, as well as association. 

Trish Slovinac, Architectural Historian and Joan Deming, Project Manager 

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 

8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A 

Sarasota, Florida 34240 

March 2010 
The U.S. Space Shuttle Program 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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On January 5, 1972, President Nixon delivered a speech in which he outlined the end of the 

Apollo era and the future of a reusable space flight vehicle, the Space Shuttle, which would 

provide "routine access to space." By commencing work at this time, Nixon added, "we can have 

the Shuttle in manned flight by 1978, and operational a short time after that."! The Space Task 

Group (STG), previously established by President Nixon in February 1969 to recommend a 

future course for the U.S. Space Program, presented three choices of long-range plans. All 

included an Earth-orbiting space station, a space shuttle, and a manned Mars expedition? 

Although none of the original programs presented was eventually selected, the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) implemented a program, shaped by the politics 

and economic realities of the time, which served as a first step toward any future plans for 

implementing a space station.3 

On January 5, 1972, President Richard Nixon instructed NASA to proceed with the design and 

building of a partially reusable space shuttle consisting of a reusable orbiter, three reusable main 

engines, two reusable solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and one non-reusable external liquid fuel 

tank (ET). NASA's administrators vowed that the shuttle would fly at least fifty times a year, 

making space travel economical and safe. NASA gave responsibility for developing the shuttle 

orbiter vehicle and overall management of the Space Shuttle program (SSP) to the Manned 

Space Center (MSC, now the Johnson Space Center [JSC]) in Houston, based on the Center's 

experience. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, was responsible 

for development of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), SRBs, the ET, and for all 

propulsion-related tasks. Engineering design support continued at MSC, MSFC and NASA's 

Langley Research Center (LaRC), in Virginia, and engine tests were to be performed at NASA's 

Mississippi National Space Technology Laboratories (NSTL, later named Stennis Space Center 

[SSC]) and at the Air Force's Rocket Propulsion Laboratory in California, which later became 

the Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL).4 NASA selected the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in 

Florida, as the primary launch and landing site for the SSP. KSC, responsible for designing the 

launch and recovery facilities, was to develop methods for shuttle assembly, checkout, and 

launch operations.5 

On September 17, 1976, the full-scale orbiter prototype, Enterprise (OV- 101), was completed. 

Designed for test purposes only and never intended for space flight, structural assembly of this 

1 Marcus Lindroos. "President Nixon's 1972 Announcement on the Space Shuttle." (NASA Office of Policy and 

Plans, NASA History Office, updated April 14, 2000). 

2 NASA, History Office, NASA Headquarters. "Report of the Space Task Group, 1969." 

3 Dennis R. Jenkins. Space Shuttle, The History of the National Space Transportation System. The First 100 

Missions. (Cape Canaveral, Florida: Specialty Press, 2001), 99. 

4 Jenkins, 122. 

5 Linda Neuman Ezell. NASA Historical Databook Volume III Programs and Projects 1969-1978. The NASA 

History Series, NASA SP-4012, (Washington, D.C.: NASA History Office, 1988), Table 2-57; Ray A. Williamson. 

"Developing the Space Shuttle." Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil 

Space Program, Volume IV: Accessing Space. (Edited by John M. Logsdon. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Printing 

Office, 1999), 172-174. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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orbiter had started more than two years earlier in June 1974 at Air Force Plant (AFP) 42 in 

Palmdale, California. Although the Enterprise was an aluminum shell prototype incapable of 

space flight, it reflected the overall design of the orbiter. As such, it served successfully in 1977 

as the test article during the Approach and Landing Tests (ALT) aimed at checking out both the 

mating with the shuttle carrier aircraft (SCA) for ferry operations, as well as the orbiter's 

unpowered landing capabilities. 

The first orbiter intended for space flight, Columbia (OV -102), arrived at KSC from the shuttle 

assembly facility in Palmdale in March 1979. Originally scheduled to lift off in late 1979, the 

launch date was delayed by problems with both the SSME components, as well as the thermal 

protection system (TPS). Columbia spent 610 days in the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) , 

another thirty-five days in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), and 105 days on Pad 39A 

before finally lifting off on April 12, 1981. STS-l, the first orbital test flight and first Space 

Shuttle program mission, ended with a landing on April 14 at Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) in 

California. This launch demonstrated Columbia's ability to fly into orbit, conduct on-orbit 

operations, and return safely.6 Columbia flew three additional test flights in 1981 and 1982, all 

with a crew of two. The Orbital Test Flight Program ended in July 1982 with 95% of its 

objectives completed. After the end of the fourth mission, President Ronald Reagan declared that 

with the next flight the Shuttle would be "fully operational." 

A total of 129 Space Shuttle missions have been launched from the KSC between April 1981 and 

December 2009. From April 1981 until the Challenger accident in January 1986, between two 

and nine missions were flown yearly, with an average of four to five per year. The milestone 

year was 1985, when nine flights were successfully completed. The years between 1992 and 

1997 were the most productive, with seven or eight yearly missions. Since 1995, in addition to 

its unique responsibility as the shuttle launch site, KSC also became the preferred landing site. 

Over the past two decades, the SSP has launched a number of planetary and astronomy missions 

including the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Galileo probe to Jupiter, Magellan to Venus, 

and the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite. In addition to astronomy and military satellites, a 

series of Spacelab research missions were flown, which carried dozens of international 

experiments in disciplines ranging from materials science to plant biology. Spacelab was a 

manned, reusable, microgravity laboratory flown into space in the rear of the Space Shuttle cargo 

bay. It was developed on a modular basis allowing assembly in a dozen arrangements depending 

on the specific mission requirements.7 The first Spacelab mission, carried aboard Columbia 

(STS-9), began on November 28, 1983. Four Spacelab missions were flown between 1983 and 

1985. Following a hiatus in the aftermath of the Challenger disaster, the next Spacelab mission 

was not launched until 1990. In total, twenty-four Space Shuttle missions carried Spacelab 

hardware before the program was decommissioned in 1998.8 In addition to astronomical, 

6 Jenkins, 268. 

7 NASA. NASA Shuttle Reference Manual. (1988). 

8 STS-90, which landed on May 3, 1998, was the final Spacelab mission. NASA. "Shuttle Payloads and Related 

Information." KSC Factoids. Revised November 18,2002. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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Page 5 

atmospheric, microgravity, and life sciences missions, Spacelab was also used as a supply carrier 

to the HST and the Soviet space station Mir. 

In 1995, a joint U.S.lRussian Shuttle-Mir Program was initiated as a precursor to construction of 

the International Space Station (ISS). Mir had been launched in February 1986 and remained in 

orbit until March 2001.9 The first approach and flyaround of Mir took place on February 3, 1995 

(STS-63); the first Mir docking was in June 1995 (STS-71). During the three-year Shuttle-Mir 

Program (June 27, 1995 to June 2, 1998) the Space Shuttle docked with Mir nine times. All but 

the last two of these docking missions used the Orbiter Atlantis. Many of the activities carried 

out were types they would perform on the ISS.)O 

On December 4, 1999, Endeavour (STS-88) launched the first component of the ISS into orbit. 

As noted by Williamson, this event marked, "at long last the start of the Shuttle's use for which it 

was primarily designed - transport to and from a permanently inhabited orbital space station.")) 

STS-96, launched on May 27, 1999, marked the first mission to dock with the ISS. Since that 

time, most Space Shuttle missions have supported the continued assembly of the space station. 

As currently planned, ISS assembly missions will continue through the life of the Space Shuttle 

Program. 

The SSP suffered two major setbacks with the tragic losses of the Challenger and Columbia on 

January 28, 1986, and February 1, 2003, respectively. Following the Challenger accident, the 

SSP was suspended, and President Ronald Reagan formed a thirteen-member commission to 

identify the cause of the disaster. The Rogers Commission report, issued on June 6, 1986, which 

also included a review of the SSP, concluded "that the drive to declare the Shuttle operational 

had put enormous pressures on the system and stretched its resources to the limit.,,)2 In addition 

to mechanical failure, the Commission noted a number of NASA management failures that 

contributed to the catastrophe. As a result, among the tangible actions taken were extensive 

redesign of the SRBs; an upgrade of the Space Shuttle tires, brakes, and nose wheel steering 

mechanisms; the addition of a drag chute to help reduce speed upon landing; the addition of a 

crew escape system; and the requirement for astronauts to wear pressurized flight safety suits 

during launch and landing operations. Other changes involved reorganization and 

decentralization of the SSP. NASA moved the management of the profJam from JSC to NASA 

Headquarters, with the aim of preventing communication deficiencies. 3 Experienced astronauts 

were placed in key NASA management positions, all documented waivers to existing fl~ht 

safety criteria were revoked and forbidden, and a policy of open reviews was implemented.) In 

addition, NASA adopted a Space Shuttle flight schedule with a reduced average number of 

launches, and discontinued the long-term practice of launching commercial and military 

9 Tony Reichhardt (editor). Space Shuttle, The First 20 Years. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 2002), 

85. 

10 Judy A. Rumerman, with Stephen J. Garber. Chronology of Space Shuttle Flights 1981-2000. HHR-70. 

(Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans, October 2000),3. 

II Williamson, 191. 

12 Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB). Report Volume I. (August 2003), 25. 

13 CAIB, 101. 

14 Cliff Lethbridge. "History of the Space Shuttle Program." (200 1), 4. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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payloads. IS The launch of Discovery (STS-26) from KSC Pad 39B on September 29, 1988, 

marked a Return to Flight after a 32-month hiatus in manned spaceflight following the 

Challenger accident. 

In the aftermath of the 2003 Columbia accident, a seven month investigation ensued, concluding 

with the findings of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAm), which determined that 

both technical and management conditions accounted for the loss of the orbiter and crew. 

According to the CAm Report, the physical cause of the accident was a breach in the TPS on the 

leading edge of the left wing, caused bl a piece of insulating foam, which separated from the ET 

after launch and struck the wing. I NASA spent more than two years researching and 

implementing safety improvements for the orbiters, SRBs and ET. Following a two-year hiatus, 

the launch of STS-114 on July 26, 2005, marked the first Return to Flight since the loss of 

Columbia. 

On January 14, 2004, President George W. Bush outlined a new space exploration initiative in a 

speech given at NASA Headquarters. 

Today I announce a new plan to explore space and extend a human presence 

across our solar system . .. Our first goal is to complete the International Space 

Station by 2010 . .. The Shuttle's chiefpurpose over the next several years will be 

to help finish assembly of the International Space Station. In 2010, the Space 

Shuttle - after nearly 30 years of duty - will be retired from service. . . Our 

second goal is to develop and test a new spacecraft, the Crew Exploration 

Vehicle, by 2008, and to conduct the first manned mission no later than 2014 . .. 

Our third goal is to return to the Moon by 2020, as the launching point for 

mlsszons .. b d 17 eyon ... 

Following the President's speech, NASA released The Vision for Space EXfloration, which 

outlined the Agency's approach to this new direction in space exploration. 1 In 2006, NASA 

announced the start of the Constellation Program, which included development of the Crew 

Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and a launch vehicle to place the CEV into space. As part of this 

initiative, NASA will continue to use the Space Shuttle to complete assembly of the ISS. The 

Shuttle will not be upgraded to serve beyond 2010 and, after completing the ISS, the Space 

Shuttle program will be retired. The next generation of human-rated spacecraft, the CEV, named 

Orion, will transport humans to low-Earth orbit for missions to support the ISS, and will also be 

the vehicle used to carry a crew to lunar orbit. The Constellation Program will develop the new 

class of exploration vehicles to launch both crew and cargo and associated infrastructure in 

exploring the Moon, Mars, and beyond. ***Sandra-what is your opinion on this italicized 

section? 

IS Lethbridge, 5. 

16CAIB,9. 

17 The White House. "A Renewed Spirit of Discovery - The President's Vision for Space Exploration." (January 

2004). 

18 NASA Headquarters. "The Vision for Space Exploration." (February 2004). 
Johnson Space Center 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) officially opened on-site in June 1964 as the 

Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC).l9 This approximately 1,620-acre facility is located near Clear 

Lake, Texas, about 25 miles from downtown Houston, in Harris County. Many of the 

approximate 140 buildings are specialized facilities devoted to spacecraft systems, materials 

research and development, and/or astronaut training. JSC also includes the Sonny Carter 

Training Facility, located roughly 4.5 miles to the northwest of JSC, close to Ellington Field. 

Opened in 1997, this facility is situated on land acquired through a lease/purchase agreement 

with the McDonnell Douglas Corporation. In addition, NASA JSC owns some of the facilities at 

Ellington Field, which are generally where the aircraft used for astronaut training are stored and 

maintained. 

The origins of JSC can be traced to the summer of 1958 when three executives of the National 

Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, and 

Dr. Abe Silverstein, began to formulate a space program?O Almost immediately, Gilruth began 

to focus on manned spaceflight, and subsequently convened a group of his LaRC associates, who 

compiled the basics of what would become Project Mercury, the first U.S. manned space 

program. Eight days following the activation of NASA, with the approval of NASA's first 

administrator, Dr. T. Keith Glennan, the Space Task Group (STG) was created to implement this 

program. The group was formally established on November 3, 1958, with Gilruth named as 

Project Manager. The initial staff of the STG came from LaRC, but was soon supplemented with 

engineers from the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory (now Glenn Research Center) and 

A VRO Aircraft, Ltd. of Canada?l 

At first, the STG offices were located at LaRC. With the establishment of the Goddard Space 

Flight Center in Greensbelt, Maryland, in May 1959, plans were made to incorporate the STG 

into it, creating a new "space projects center.,,22 It was later decided to leave the STG at LaRC 

until the completion of Project Mercury; however, by January 1961, it was obvious that the STG 

would need to develop into an autonomous center, and on January 3, it was designated as such.23 

The May 25, 1961, announcement by President John F. Kennedy to send a man to the Moon by 

19 Following the death of former President Lyndon B. Johnson, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution to rename the 

Manned Spacecraft Center in his memory. "MSC Is Renamed 'JSC'." Roundup (12,8), March 2,1973,1; "Capacity 

Crowd View Dedication Ceremonies." Roundup (12, 20), August 31, 1973, 1 and 3. For ease of reference, JSC will 

be used throughout the text, with the exception of direct quotations from sources. 

20 Dryden was the Director of NACA; Gilruth was the head of the flight research section of NACA's Langley 

Aeronautical Laboratory (now Langley Research Center) in Hampton, Virginia; and Silverstein was the Director of 

NACA's Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory (now Glenn Research Center) in Cleveland, Ohio. As part of NASA's 

establishment, NACA, was deactivated and all of its personnel and facilities were transferred to NASA James M. 

Grimwood. Project Mercury: A Chronology. (Washington, D.C.: NASA, Office of Scientific and Technical 

Information, 1963); Roger D. Launius. NASA: A History of the U.S. Civil Space Program. (Malabar, Fla.: Krieger 

Publishing Company, 2001), 29. 

21 Grimwood; Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood and Charles C. Alexander. This New Ocean: A History of 

Project Mercury. (Washington, D.C.: NASA, Office of Technology Utilization, 1966), 153. 

22 Swenson, et aI., 115. 

23 Swenson, et aI., 251. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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the end of the decade reinforced the idea that the STG needed its independence, and soon. Thus, 

in August 1961, John Parsons, Associate Director of the Ames Research Center (ARC), was 

charged with establishing a survey team to locate a site for the new center. 24 

On September 19, 1961, James Webb, NASA Administrator, announced that Houston, Texas, 

would be the site for NASA's new Center for manned spaceflight.25 Numerous factors influenced 

the choice of Houston as the home of the new Center. First of all, Rice University was willing to 

donate 1000 acres of land for the Center. Additionally, Houston met all of the requirements set 

forth in the selection criteria. For example, Ellington Air Force Base was located nearby, as were 

Clear Lake and Galveston Bay; these facilities could support air and barge traffic, respectively. 

Houston also has a year-round moderate climate, and both Rice University and the University of 

Houston were in close proximity to the new site.26 

On November 1, 1961, the STG officially became the "Manned Spacecraft Center," with Gilruth 

as its flrst Director?7 The first JSC employees officially transferred to Houston from LaRC were 

Ed Campagna of the Facilities Division, John Powers, from Public Affairs, and Martin Byrnes, 

Site Manager; their flrst offices were two vacant dress shops in the Gulfgate Shopping Center, 

which were donated by its site manager, Marvin Kaplan. 28 The trio was assigned the 

responsibilities of procuring temporary office space, hiring new personnel, and meeting with 

local organizations to help facilitate the needs of those co-workers who would soon be joining 

them.29 From November 1961 until April 1962, nearly 400 additional employees were 

transferred from LaRC to Houston; the new Center officially became operational in Houston on 

March 1, 1962, when Gilruth moved the JSC's headquarters there. 30 

To supplement the 1000 acres of land promised by Rice University, NASA purchased an 

additional 620 acres, mainly to provide highway access for the estimated 4000 employees.31 In 

24 Swenson, et aI., 363-364. 

25 Glennan resigned effective January 22, 1961 when President Eisenhower left office. Webb was sworn into office 

on February 15, 1961. Grimwood. 

26 From a political viewpoint, Houston was located within the district of U.S. House Representative, Albert Thomas, 

chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, and Texas was the home state of Vice President Lyndon B. 

Johnson. Dr. Robert Gilruth Oral History Interview, February 27, 1987, 273-275, The Glennan-Webb-Seamans 

Project, National Air and Space Museum. 

21 "STG Renamed; Will Move." Space News Roundup (1,1), November 1,1961,1. 

28 Martin A. Byrnes, Jr., interview by Robert Merrifield, December 12, 1967, (Houston, TX, Archives Department, 

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center), 6. 

29 Temporary offices were located in buildings throughout the Houston area, including the Phil Rich Building, the 

Farnsworth-Chambers Building, the Lane-Wells Building, the Canada Dry Bottling Building, and a Veterans 

Administration Building; and at Ellington Field. "Houston Site Offices Move to Rich Building." Space News 

Roundup (1, 3), November 29, 1961, 1; "Move To Houston Area Is On Schedule." Space News Roundup (1, 6), 

January 10, 1962, 1; "Photo Captions." Space News Roundup (1, 18), June 27, 1962,2. 

30 Henry C. Dethloff. Suddenly, Tomorrow Came ... A History of the Johnson Space Center. (Houston: Lyndon B. 

Johnson Space Center, 1993),48. 

31 "Interview with I. Edward Campagna, Assistant Chief, Technical Services Division, Maintenance and 

Operations." August 24, 1967, Box MERRl, Oral History Series. Johnson Space Center History Collection, 

University of Houston-Clear Lake; Dethloff, 48. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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September 1961, the Fort Worth Division of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE), under 

District Engineer, Colonel R. Paul West, was designated the construction agency for the new 

Center. Their first task was to hire an architecture/engineering (AlE) team to complete the initial 

design work for the new Center. Twenty teams were considered for the initial contract, and after 

three rounds of reviews and cuts, an AlE team headed by Brown & Root, Inc., of Houston, 

Texas, was selected. Partnered with them were master planners Charles Luckman Associates, 

Los Angeles, California; and the architectural firms of Brooks & Barr, Austin, Texas; Harvin C. 

Moore, Houston, Texas; MacKie & Kamrath, Houston, Texas; and Wirtz, Calhoun, Tungate, & 

Jackson, Houston, Texas.32 The nearly $1.5 million contract was officially awarded in December 

1961, and included general site development; master planning; design of the flight project 

facility, the engineering evaluation laboratory and the flight operations facility; and various site 

utilities.33 

Charles Luckman Associates developed the master plan of the JSC, and "did an outstanding job 

of meeting the functional re~uirements that had been set forth in developing a campus-like 

atmosphere for the facility.,,3 The central "quad" area, bounded by 2nd Street on the west, 

Avenue D on the south, 5th Street on the east, and Avenue C on the north, included three 

"lagoons" surrounded by small, man-made hills, as well as various walkways, trees, and 

shrubs.35 Luckman Associates also advocated the use of a modular design system for the 

buildings with materials that could be manufactured off-site, which aided in the tight schedule 

for completion. Most of the buildings incorporated a poured concrete foundation, and skeletal 

steel walls faced with precast exposed aggregate facing (PEAF) panels. This allowed for the 

fabrication of the steel components while the foundation was being poured, and subsequently the 

manufacture of the PEAF panels while the steel skeleton was being erected.36 

Initial construction of the JSC was completed in three main phases. The contract for the first 

phase, preliminary site development, was awarded on March 29, 1962, to a joint venture of 

Morrison-Knudsen Construction Company of Boise, Idaho, and Paul Hardeman of Stanton, 

California; it amounted to $3,673,000. They began the work in early April; it was completed on 

July 18, 1963.37 The task included "overall site grading and drainage, utility installations 

including an electrical power system, a complete water supply and distribution system, sanitary 

and storm drainage systems, basic roads, security fence and street lighting.,,38 

The invitations to bid for the Phase II contract of the construction, which was the first to include 

actual buildings, were distributed in early July 1962. At first, the task included an office 

32 "Photo Captions." Space News Roundup (1, 12), April 4, 1962,2. 

33 "Design Work Contract Is Let For Clear Lake." Space News Roundup (1,5), December 27,1961,8. 

34 "Interview with James L. Ballard, Jr." August 1, 1968, Box MERRl, Oral History Series. Johnson Space Center 

History Collection, University of Houston-Clear Lake. 

35 Campagna, August 24, 1967. 

36 Ballard, August I, 1968; Campagna, August 24, 1967. 

37 "First Construction Contract Work Underway at Clear Lake." Space News Roundup (1, 13), April 18, 1962, 1; 

"Clear Lake Site Commitment Now Stands At $38,911,458." Space News Roundup (3, 4), December II, 1963,3. 

38 "Interview with Jack P. Shields." August I, 1968, Box MERR4, Oral History Series. Johnson Space Center 

History Collection, University of Houston-Clear Lake; "First Construction Contract Work." 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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Page 10 

building, a shop building and warehouse, a garage, a central heating and cooling plant, a fire 

station, and a sewage disposal plant, as well as all necessary paving and utilities for these 

structures.39 By the time bids were received and opened, the statement of work had been revised 

to exclude the office building, the shop building, and the warehouse, all of which were replaced 

by the Data Processing Center (Building 12). By the time the contract was let in October 1962, 

the task had changed a second time. In the end, the ACOE signed a contract with the joint 

venture of W.S. Bellows Construction Corporation and Peter Kiewit & Sons Corporation, both of 

Houston, in the amount of $4,145,044, for the construction of Building 12, the sewage disposal 

plant, the central heating and cooling plant, the fire station, and a water treatment plant and 

associated building.4o Of these facilities, the fire station was the first to be completed in 

September 1963; the central heating and cooling plant was last, finished in December 1963.41 

Phase III of JSC's construction incorporated the largest grouping of buildings under one contract. 

The invitations to bid on this phase were issued on September 25, 1962, and listed ten buildings 

with an approximate total area of 760,000 square feet. 42 Similar to Phase II, the statement of 

work was revised prior to the submittal of the bids to include eleven office and lab buildings, and 

the temperature and humidity control machinery for the entire site. Interested firms were also 

asked to submit alternate proposals that incorporated additional facilities, which NASA was 

hoping to add to the contract if funding became available.43 On December 3, 1962, Colonel 

Francis P. Koish, the new ACOE District Engineer, signed the official contract, which amounted 

to roughly $19 million, with the joint venture of C.H. Leavell and Company of EI Paso, Texas, 

Morrison-Knudsen Construction Company, and Paul Hardeman. Eleven major facilities were 

part of this contract, including the project management building, the cafeteria, the flight 

operations and astronaut training facility, the crew systems laboratory, the technical services 

office and shop buildings, the systems evaluation laboratory, a spacecraft research lab and office 

building, and a data acquisition bUilding. Funding for the additional facilities had become 

available by this time, so additional support buildings, such as the shop building and warehouse, 

were also included. Per the contract, the buildings were to be ready for occupancy in 450 

calendar days.44 

In October 1963, the Logistics Division became the first to move into its complete facility, the 

Support Office (Building 419) and its shops and warehouse (Building 420). By the end of 1963, 

39 "Second Major Clear Lake Building Contract Awarded." Space News Roundup (1,17), June 13,1962,8. 

40 "Bids Open On Phase Two Of Clear Lake Work." Space News Roundup (I, 23), September 5, 1962, 1; "Phase n 

Contract Goes to Bellows, Peter Kiewet, Sons." Space News Roundup (I, 25), October 3, 1962,8; Shields, August 1, 

1968. 

41 "Photo Captions." Space News Roundup (2, 23), September 4, 1963, 3; "Central Heating and Cooling Plant 

Completed." Space News Roundup (3, 5), December 25,1963,8. 

42 "First Building Contract To Be Let In November." Space News Roundup (1, 20), July 25, 1962, 8. 

43 "Bids Open On Phase 3 Of Center Construction." Space News Roundup (2, 2), November II, 1962, 1-2. 

44 "19 Million Dollar Construction Contract Signed." Space News Roundup (2,4), December 12, 1962, 1; "MSC 

'Site' Three-Fourths Complete, First Move Scheduled Next Month." Space News Roundup (2, 24), September 18, 

1963, 1; Shields, August 1, 1968. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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twelve additional buildings were certified as operational.45 The major relocation to the new 

Center occurred between February and April 1964, and included the occupation of facilities such 

as the Auditorium and Public Affairs Building (Building 1), the Flight Crew Operations Office 

(Building 4), the Flight Crew Operations Lab (Building 7), the Systems Evaluation Lab 

(Building 13), and the Spacecraft Technical Lab (Building 16). The Director's office officially 

moved on March 6, 1964. During May, the Instrument and Electronics Lab (Building 15) was 

occupied, followed by the Manned Spaceflight Control Center, Houston (Building 30) at the end 

of June, when all leases on the temporary facilities expired.46 

Since its beginnings as the STG, JSC has had four main tasks with regard to manned spaceflight: 

spacecraft development; mission control; research and development; and astronaut selection and 

training.47 The basic design guidelines for each space vehicle used during the Mercury, Gemini, 

Apollo, and Space Shuttle programs were developed by JSC engineers. JSC subsequently 

managed the contracts with private firms for spacecraft manufacture. It was also the 

responsibility of JSC engineers to develop the proper interfacing between the spacecraft and its 

respective launch vehicle, which was developed separately by NASA's MSFC (MercuryRedstone, Apollo-Saturn, Shuttle SRBs, ET, and SSMEs) or the U.S. Air Force (Mercury-Atlas, 

Gemini-Titan).48 

In addition to spacecraft development and astronaut training, JSC is also responsible for mission 

control. Mission control begins once the space vehicle has cleared the launch pad, and ends when 

the vehicle lands.49 The key figure of mission control is the Flight Director, who makes all final 

decisions with regards to the proceedings. All communication between the ground and the 

spacecraft is coordinated through the Spacecraft Communicator. The mission control team also 

includes personnel who monitor all aspects of the space vehicle, such as flight dynamics, 

communications links, data processing, and instrumentation. Between missions, the controllers 

plan for the next flight, conduct various in-house training exercises, and aid with astronaut 

training. 50 

In conjunction with vehicle design, JSC has historically conducted related research and 

development, which generally falls into four categories: materials, electrical systems, life 

45 "MSC 'Site' Three-Fourths Complete;" "Major Move To Clear Lake Begins February 20." Space News Roundup 

(3, 6), January 8, 1964, 1. 

46 "Majority of MSC Personnel Relocated At New Site." Space News Roundup (3, 11), March 18, 1964,2; "Final 

Relocation Of Center Employees Begins Today." Space News Roundup (3, 18), June 24, 1964, 1. 

47 "Gilruth Cites MSC Progress Despite Difficult Relocation." Space News Roundup (1,19), July 11, 1962, 1. 

48 Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI). Survey and Evaluation of NASA-owned Historic Facilities and 

Properties in the Context of the U.S. Space Shuttle Program. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. 

November 2007, Section 4.3.1. 

49 Likewise, those who designed the launch vehicle generally handled the actual launch process. It should be noted 

that the Kennedy Space Center, which has conducted all launches for Apollo and Space Shuttle, grew from MSFC's 

Launch Operations Directorate, which controlled the initial Mercury-Redstone launches. 

50 All Mercury missions and the first four Gemini missions were controlled from the old Mercury Control Center at 

Cape Canaveral, Florida. The Mission Control Center at Houston took over starting with Gemini IV. ACI, Section 

4.3.3. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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systems, and life sciences. The materials category includes development and testing of active 

thermal control systems as well as spacecraft structure testing. Electrical systems includes testing 

of the various interfaces with spacecraft hardware and software, ensuring there are no anomalies 

within the wiring and electronics systems, and confirming the ability of the spacecraft's 

communications systems to connect to relay satellites and ground stations. Life systems and life 

sciences are inherently connected to one another and include the astronauts' spacesuits and 

back~acks, as well as ensuring that their meals meet nutritional guidelines, taste good and store 

well. 1 

The last major task of JSC, and probably the most well-known besides mission control, is 

astronaut selection and training. From the original "Mercury 7," JSC has determined the criteria 

for astronaut selection and handled all interviews and examinations during the selection 

procedure. Additionally, the Center has established all training curricula, which provide 

astronauts with the basic knowledge needed to fly a mission and survive in emergency 

circumstances, as well as more specific training for tasks associated with a particular mission. 

Since Project Gemini, program-specific spacecraft simulators and trainers have been located 

within various buildings at JSC for astronaut training. 52 

51 ACI, Section 4.3.4. 

52 ACI, Section 4.3.2. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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Jake Garn Mission Simulator and Training Facility (Building 5) 

Construction 

The Jake Gam Mission Simulator and Training Facility (MSTF) was designed in the early 1960s 

by a combination of AlE flrms headed by Brown & Root, Inc. of Houston.53 It was built by the 

W.S. Bellows Construction Corporation, in conjunction with Peter Kiewit & Sons Corporation, 

both of Houston, Texas, under the direction of the ACOE, at a cost of roughly $1.6 million. 

Construction of the facility occurred between January 1964 and April 1965, as part of the second 

major phase of construction at JSc.54 As originally designed, the building's north wing contained 

astronaut training simulators for both Project Gemini and the Apollo Program; the south wing 

held the Gemini Translation & Docking Trainer.55 

Over the next few years, many modifications were made to the facility. After Project Gemini 

ended (ca. 1966), all of its simulators were replaced by ones needed for the Apollo Program. 

Around 1967, a Water Immersion Facility (WIF) , essentially a large pool used for training 

astronauts to maneuver in a zero-gravity environment, was installed in the east end of the north 

wing.56 Additionally, some of the original open work areas were subdivided into smaller offices 

and laboratories. When Skylab (1973-74), an application of the Apollo Program, was 

implemented, simulators specific to its needs were placed in the south wing. 

Between 1976 and 1978, the MSTF underwent renovations to support the Space Shuttle 

program. At this time, any remaining simulators from the previous programs were removed, and 

again, some open work areas were subdivided into smaller rooms. The north wing's high bay 

was prepared for the new shuttle simulators, which were installed in the northeast comer and 

center of the High Bay. In addition, following the completion of the new Weightless 

Environment Training Facility (WETF) in Building 29 in 1980, the WIF was removed from the 

MSTF and its old space was subdivided. 57 

Beginning ca. 1988, plans were underway to construct a three-story, 23,356 square foot addition, 

on the south wing of the MSTF for the Space Station Program; the addition was accepted for 

occupancy in June 1992.58 In December 1992, the MSTF was designated the Jake Gam Mission 

53 Brown & Root Inc., et aI., Houston. "Building No.5, Mission Simulation & Training Facility." October 5, 1963. 

On file, JSC EDCC. 

54 NASA JSC. "Real Property Record-Building 5." On file, JSC Real Property Office, Center Operations 

Directorate. Brown & Root Inc., et al. See pages 9-10 for more information regarding the phases of construction at 

JSC. 

55 Brown & Root Inc., et ai., A-5-2, A-5-3; Lewis Jerry Swain, interview by Jennifer Ross-Nazzal, October 2, 2009, 

Houston, TX, Manuscript on file, Tessada & Associates, Houston, TX, 2. 

56 NASA JSC, "Real Property Record;" "Photo Captions." Roundup (11, 4), January 7, 1972, 1; Swain, interview, 

19. 

57 Swain, interview, 19; ACI, 6.3. 

58 "NASA FY88 Budget is $9.5 billion." Space News Roundup. (26, 1), January 9, 1987, 1 and 2; "JSC planning 

biggest year of construction." Space News Roundup. (28, 37), September 15, 1989, I and 4; NASA JSC, "Real 

Property Record. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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Simulator and Training Facility as a result of an amendment introduced by Senator Barbara 

Mikulski of Maryland, to honor Senator Gam, who flew in mission STS-51D as a payload 

specialist in April 1985.59 The last major physical changes to Building 5 were two mezzanine 

additions in 1993.60 

MSTF Simulators 

At the time of documentation, the MSTF contained three simulators used for SSP trainin~: the 

Motion Base Simulator (MBS), the Fixed Base Simulator (FBS), and the T-38 Simulator.6 The 

MBS and the FBS, along with the Guidance and Navigation Simulator (GNS) in Building 35, are 

part of the Shuttle Mission Training Facility (SMTF). The SMTF is operated by the Flight 

Training Branch of the Training Division, which falls under the Mission Operations Directorate 

(MOD).62 The SMTF is a high-fidelity simulator facility that, for over three decades, has 

provided realistic training, for astronauts and ground controllers, for all phases of a mission, 

including "prelaunch checkout, ascent, aborts, on-orbit operations (including payload 

deployment, rendezvous, and Space Station dockinglundocking), entry, landing, powerdown and 

contingency operations. ,,63 

The MBS was built for NASA in 1976 by the Link Division of the Singer Company. In its 

original configuration as the Orbiter Aeroflight Simulator, the MBS was used to train crews for 

the Approach and Landing Test (ALT) program from 1976-77.64 While this was underway, the 

FBS was being installed in the High Bay, to the west of the MBS. Following the end of the AL T 

program, both simulators underwent the final preparations to train astronaut crews for the Orbital 

Flight Test (OFT) missions.65 For the FBS, this included final qualification tests. The MBS, on 

the other hand, required a change-out of the flight deck controls and displays from the AL T 

configuration to the OFT configuration.66 In addition, the extended pitch motion system, used to 

59 "New crew training facility to bear Gam's name." Space News Roundup. (31,46), December 4,1992,4. 

60 NASA JSC, "Real Property Record." 

61 The T-38 will be discussed separately later in the report. 

62 Prior to 2008, the SMTF also included the Space Habitability Simulator (SHAB) within Building 5. It was 

removed to make room for the T-38 simulator. NASA MOD. "Integrated Training Facility, Information Sheet;" 

Swain, interview, 20. The GNS in Building 35 is a near-exact replica of the PBS in Building 5. The only difference 

is the GNS does not have a Waste Collection System simulator. Jerry Swain, personal communication with Joan 

Deming and Trish Siovinac of ACI, October 31, 2006, Houston, TX. 

63 NASA MOD, "Information Sheet." 

64 The ALT program was conducted at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center in California between February and 

October 1977, using the Orbiter Enterprise. It was "intended to certify the low-speed airworthiness of the Shuttle 

orbiter, as well as its pilot-guided and automatic approach and landing capabilities." Richard P. HaIIion and Michael 

H. Gorn. On the Frontier: Experimental Flight at NASA Dryden. 2nd Edition. (Washington and London: Smithsonian 

Books, 2003),430. 

65 The OFT program consisted of the first four Space Shuttle missions, which occurred between April 1981 and July 

1982. Each flight had a crew of two (a commander and a pilot), and was used to "evaluate the Shuttle's engineering 

design, thermal characteristics, and performance in space." Judy A. Rumerman, et al. U.S. Human Spaceflight: A 

Record of Achievement, 1961-2006. (Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, Office of External Relations, 

December 2(07), 35. 

66 "There's no "lull" from the inside looking out." Roundup. (17,4), March 3,1978,4. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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place the simulator into launch position, which was not necessary for the ALT program, had to 

be activated and certified. 

These original two simulators have been used throughout the operational phase of the SSP to 

train astronaut crews and ground controllers; however, they have been retrofitted many times due 

to updated technology or specific mission requirements.67 Typically, updated technology has 

resulted in permanent modifications to the MBS and FBS. Sometimes, these upgrades were to 

specifically enhance the simulators' operations. An example would be the 1996-97 replacement 

of the computer consoles, which are used to run the simulators.68 More often, technical upgrades 

to the MBS and PBS are due to changes made to the orbiters. One such example is the 

replacement of the flight deck's original Multifunction CRT Display System by the new 

Multifunction Electronic Display System, or "glass cockpit.,,69 In addition, when the orbiters 

received new general purpose computers, identical ones were supplied for the simulators.7o The 

vast majority of changes to the simulators were temporary modifications due to the specific 

requirements of a mission, or the astronauts' personal preference. Examples include the storage 

of certain tools in a specific locker or the location of the various flight data file books.71 

Space Shuttle Program Training 

The PBS and MBS were first used by Space Shuttle crews on January 9, 1979.72 These two 

simulators help the astronauts prepare for launch, landing, and on-orbit activities. Each simulator 

has a specific function and is configured accordingly. The PBS is used by all members of the 

Shuttle crew, including pilots and commanders, and mission and payload specialists, and is 

strictly for on-orbit training. This simulator contains an exact replica of the orbiter's full flight 

deck, a partial-scale replica of the mid-deck, and an exact replica of the Waste Collection System 

(WCS). The flight deck, which is equipped with fully-functioning circuit breakers, switches, 

knobs, dials, etc., as well as an audio/visual system, includes both the forward deck and the aft 

crew station. With this simulator, the forward deck is used to train astronauts in on-orbit 

maneuvering and environmental control, while the aft crew station is used to practice payload 

and docking operations. The mid-deck features fully-functioning replicas of control panels on a 

real mid-deck, although they are not necessaril~ located in their exact position. Their function is 

to train the crew members in their operation. 3 The WCS portion of the simulator is also not 

positioned in its actual location on the mid-deck. Due to the personal nature of the training, the 

WCS replica is located in a separate room to the west of the mid-deck area. Here, there are two 

stations. One is comprised only of the seat, with a video camera mounted below the opening that 

is connected to a TV screen. This allows astronauts to practice proper alignment on the seat, 

67 Swain, interview, 3. 

68 "Cooperation key to success of new shuttle training facility." Space News Roundup. (36, 14), April 25, 1997,3. 

69 Swain, interview, 3. 

70 Pam Alloway. "Simulators get new computers." Space News Roundup. (29,26), June 29, 1990, 1 and 4. 

71 Swain, interview, 5-6. 

72 "Crew Training countdown, Pre-launch sims underway in FOD." Roundup. (18,2), January 26, 1979, 1. 

73 Unlike the flight deck, their location does not matter since the astronauts are moving freely when using them, as 

opposed to being strapped in to a seat. Mock-ups in Building 9 are used for location and access training. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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using the camera and screen as positioning aids. The other is a complete replica of the WCS, 

which trains the crew members in the overall operations of the system. It should be noted that the 

FBS is the simulator generally used for real-time support, since it contains all on-orbit 

equipment. 74 

The MBS is used "for the aerodynamic phases of flight when the students, the astronauts 

~rimarily of course, want to experience motion sensations," i.e., launch and landing procedures. 

5 It has both a visual display and audio sound system, and, to aid in motion cues, the simulator is 

fitted with a hydraulic system. This system tilts the crew compartment backwards placing it in 

the actual launch position, as well as provides more subtle movements in response to crew 

commands, such as pitch, roll, and yaw.76 This simulator is typically only used by the four 

astronauts who sit on the flight deck during launch and landing, and unlike the FBS, is equipped 

with only the forward flight deck. Like the FBS, all of the circuit breakers, switches, knobs, 

dials, etc. are fully-functioning. Aside from normal launch and landing procedures, the MBS can 

simulate a Return-to-Launch-Site landing, a normal landing at EAFB, a contingency landing at 

the White Sands Space Harbor (WSSH), or an emergency landing at any of the world-wide 

Transatlantic Abort Location (TAL) sites. All landing simulations (aside from emergency 

situations) can be started at Earth reentry, or any other altitude depending on what the crew or 

instructor feels is necessary. Additionally, the visuals can reflect any type of atmospheric 

condition, such as day or night, or various weather phenomena. 77 

Once a crew has been designated for a particular mission, they are assigned a team of simulator 

instructors who stays with the astronauts for the entire training period. The instructor team is 

composed of five lead figures: the Team Leader, the Control and Propulsion Instructor, the Data 

Processing Systems and Navigation Instructor, the Communications Instructor, and the Systems 

Instructor. The Team Leader is responsible for designing a training program that meets the 

mission objectives, for serving as a liaison to the astronaut training manager (who budgets the 

astronauts' time between the various training facilities), and oversees the operations of a 

particular training session. The Control and Propulsion Instructor is responsible for teaching the 

crew how to operate the main propulsion system, the OMS, the RCS, the fuel cells, and flight 

control. The Data Processing Systems and Navigation Instructor trains the crew in the use of the 

orbiter's five general purpose computers and the use of the navigation system; while the 

Communications Instructor is responsible for training the crew in the use of all communications 

systems between the shuttle and Mission Control; the shuttle and crew members conducting an 

EVA, as well as the use of the S-band, Ku-band, and UHF links and internal systems of the 

orbiter. Finally, the Systems Instructor teaches the crew about the orbiter's electric power 

production and distribution, environmental control and life support, auxiliary power units and 

hydraulics, mechanical systems, and caution and warning systems. There could be additional 

74 Swain, interview, 3; Swain, personal communication, 2006; Jerry Swain, Personal communication with Patricia 

Slovinac and Christine Newman, September 17,2009; "No lull." 

75 Swain, 15. 

76 "No lull." 

77 Swain, interview, 13-15; NASA MOD, "Information Sheet;" "No lull." 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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instructors as well, depending on the mission, such as a Rendezvous Instructor, a Robotics 

Instructor, or a number of payload experts. 78 

Training in the two simulators typically begins with general training, and then moves to more 

mission-specific training. Simulations can be run with the astronauts in "street-clothes" or suitedup. A typical training session lasts four hours, but longer ones are sometimes scheduled. These 

can last six or eight hours, or even mUltiple days, with the crew taking meal breaks and returning 

home to sleep. They can be stand-alone simulations, i.e., just the simulator and instructor team, 

or they can link to the Mission Control Center, the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at JSC, the 

Payload Control Center at MSFC, or even Moscow or Japan. Each simulation has a script that 

tells instructors where to begin a malfunction sequence, etc. The team can insert additional 

malfunctions into the session, or remove some, depending upon the crew experience. 79 

Generally, there are approximately 100 people throughout the MSTF working during a 

simulation, including the instructors and technicians. The technicians have their own "command 

area" during simulation runs, where they monitor the simulators to make sure everything is 

operating smoothly and make any hardware/software repairs should something fail. Additionally, 

although they are not cosmetic changes, there are different software packages for each mission 

that are programmed into the simulators for training purposes, and real-time support.80 

In the event of a real-time support need, if there is a crew undergoing some routine training, their 

session is terminated, and the technicians have two to four hours to get the simulator in to the 

proper configuration (i.e., software installed) to match the current mission. Additionally, since all 

of the computers within the simulators are the exact same as those on-board the actual vehicle, 

they can "run test cases in our simulation [sic] just to see how the vehicle is going to react" or to 

check "if the systems will support a particular configuration.,,81 

T-38 Simulator 

The T-38 Simulator was installed in the MSTF around 2003, and consists of the forward and aft 

cockpit of a T-38 jet. Rumor has it, that it was an actual T-38 jet, which had its front and rear 

ends, as well as the wings, cut off.82 The simulator is managed by the flight instruction group 

stationed at Ellington Field, and is used to train astronauts in the operation of the T-38 astronaut 

training aircraft. The T-38 jets are used by all astronauts to help them "become adjusted to 

unusual attitudes that they will experience in space." They can also be used to simulate orbiter 

landings.83 

78 Swain, interview, 12; "TRUST is a MUST." Space News Roundup. (26, 6), March 20, 1987,3. 

79 Swain, interview, 13-14. 

80 Swain, interview, 5-6. 

81 Swain, 9. 

82 Swain, interview, 20-21. 

83 NASA JSc. "Fact Sheet: Ellington Field Aircraft." Last updated September 25,2006. 
Physical Description 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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The MSTF has approximate overall dimensions of 265' in length (north-south), 264' in width 

(east-west), and 56' in height. The entirety sits on a reinforced concrete slab foundation and 

features a flat roof composed of a steel and concrete deck faced with rigid insulation, a five-ply 

built-up roof, and grave1. 84 Additionally, all of the walls are composed of a steel skeleton faced 

with PEAF panels. The facility is divisible into three areas: a south wing (Wing S), a central 

connector, and a north wing (Wing N). 

Wing S roughly measures 199' in length (east-west), 106' in width (north-south), and stands 56' 

in height. Openings to this wing include two metal rolling doors and two metal swing doors on 

the south elevation, and one metal swing door on both the east and west elevations. Internally, 

there are three floor levels and one smaller mezzanine level, all of which contain open work 

areas, a few smaller offices, and other support rooms. The one-story central connector measures 

approximately 152' in length (east-west), 73' in width (north-south), and stands 14' in height. 

There is one pair of metal swing doors on both the east and west elevations, and the west facade 

also has one metal swing door. Internally, this area is comprised of a central corridor with 

administrative offices to either side. 

Wing N measures approximately 266' in length (east-west), 88' in width (north-south), and has a 

height of 37'. Around the top of the walls is a band of horizontally-oriented PEAF panels; the 

remainder of the walls are faced with vertically aligned PEAF panels. Access to this wing is 

provided by five pairs of sound retardant metal swing doors (with metal rolling doors behind), 

and one additional metal rolling door on the north elevation; one set of metal swing doors on the 

west elevation leads to the enclosed transformer area. Internally, the north wing is divided into a 

High Bay within the northwest comer, with three levels of support rooms to its south and east. 

As originally defined by the "Survey and Evaluation of NASA-owned Historic Facilities and 

Properties in the Context of the U.S. Space Shuttle Program, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 

Houston, Texas," the significance of the MSTF is derived from Room No. 117D/117E, which 

contains the Fixed Base Simulator (FBS), the Motion Base Simulator (MBS), and the T -38 

Simulator.85 However, it should be noted that at the time of this documentation package, the T38 simulator had been relocated to the High Bay. 

The Wing N High Bay measures approximately 150' in length (east-west) and 62' in width 

(north-south); the floor to ceiling height is roughly 31'. It has four metal rolling doors on the 

north wall. On the south wall, there is one single metal swing door and three pairs of metal swing 

doors to the large computer room, one metal swing door to the corridor, and one pair of metal 

swing doors into the simulator control area. The inner wall surfaces of the High Bay are faced 

84 Five-ply refers to the number of alternating layers of roofing felt and asphalt. 

8S ACI. 6.2.3. It should be noted that at the time of the original survey, the T-38 simulator was within Room 1150 of 

the South Wing. The T-38 Simulator was removed from Room 1150 ca. 2008, sent out for refurbishment, and 

relocated to Room 117 in the North Wing upon its return. Swain, personal communication, 2009. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

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with gypsum wall board; the ceiling surface is corrugated metal. The High Bay also has a raised 

floor comprised of removeable tiles, which allow all necessary cabling to be run underneath. 

Motion Base Simulator 

The MBS, which has approximate overall dimensions of 18' in length, 18' in width, and 22' in 

height,86 is located in the northeast corner of the High Bay. This simulator is composed of two 

main elements: the motion system and the crew compartment. The crew compartment is a fullscale replica of the orbiter's forward flight deck, oriented so that the crew is facing north; thus 

the north wall of the compartment contains all of the forward control panels, and the east and 

west walls contain the forward starboard and forward port panels, respectively. These three walls 

also contain replicas of the orbiter's six forward windows. These are not real windows, but rather 

display monitors for the visual images produced to support the simulations. These monitors are 

connected to projectors attached to the box encasing the front end of the crew compartment. The 

crew compartment's ceiling includes all of the overhead panels found in the orbiter, and a replica 

center console sits between the front commander (port) and pilot (starboard) seats. One 

discrepancy between the MBS and the orbiter is that the simulator contains three seats in the 

second row, the extra of which is used by the training instructor. Access to the crew 

compartment is provided by a door in the south wall, which is reached via a separate, moveable 

platform. Large cable trays for equipment wiring, as well as air conditioning ducts, are attached 

to the underside of the crew compartment. 

The MBS' motion system is comprised of two subsystems: a six-degree-of-freedom synergistic 

system and an extended pitch system. The extended pitch system is attached directly to the crew 

compartment, and is composed of a tilt platform, two actuators, two tilt pivot support frames, a 

drive mechanism, and various stabilizers and shock absorbers. The tilt platform is fitted to the 

bottom of the crew compartment, and is subsequently connected to the synergistic system 

through two hydraulic actuators with drive mechanisms to raise and lower the platform. On the 

east and west sides of the crew compartment is a truss-like pivot support, around which the 

compartment rotates. The pitch system also has numerous stabilizers and shock absorbers to hold 

the compartment in place and protect the crew and simulator components should the drive 

system, or a sub-component, fail. 

The six-degree-of-freedom synergistic system serves as the base of the simulator, and 

incorporates numerous components, including a platform frame, six actuator legs, three swivel 

mounts, various accumulators, and a hydraulic system. The platform frame is the piece to which 

the extended pitch system is connected. Three upper joint assemblies are spaced around the 

underside of the frame, each of which has two of the six actuator legs attached to it. From each 

assembly, the two actuator legs extend diagonally to the floor, in opposite directions. At the 

floor, each of the six actuator legs is attached to the lower joint assembly that is connected to one 

of three, 6' -square swivel mounts. An array of small pipes connects the actuators, through the 

86 L.1. Swain, e-mail message to Shashi Gowda, June 3, 2009. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

Page 20 

swivel mounts, to the main manifold with the hydraulic pumps and accumulators, located to the 

northwest of the simulator. 

Fixed Base Simulator 

The FBS, which sits to the west of the MBS near the center of the High Bay, has approximate 

overall dimensions of 33' in length and 26' in width, and a height of 26' that includes the video 

projectors. 87 Internally, the FBS is comprised of two levels that correspond to the orbiter's flight 

deck and mid-deck, and is oriented so that the forward side of each deck faces north. 

Surrounding the exterior of the PBS is a three-level set of access platforms. The lowest level, 

which corresponds to the floor of the High Bay, provides access to the interior of the FBS 

(through doors on the east and west of the mid-deck), as well as the WCS simulator. The upper 

two levels are for maintenance access to the various projectors and other external compartments 

of the FBS. 

The mid-deck is a partial-scale replica of the one found on the orbiter; it contains all of the middeck control panels, although not necessarily in their proper location. Since nearly all of these 

panels are used only while the vehicle is in-orbit, it is not necessary for the crew to practice 

reaching them, just using them. Such panels are mounted on all four walls of the mid-deck, as 

well as the ceiling. In addition, the simulator contains a few crew and equipment lockers along 

the north and south walls. Major discrepancies between the PBS mid-deck and an actual middeck are the absence of the WCS, the galley, and the airlock hatch. Additionally, there is a moresubstantial-than-the-real-thing metal ladder in the southwest corner to provide access to the flight 

deck above. 

The flight deck is an exact replica of that found on the orbiter, and unlike the MBS, includes the 

aft section of the flight deck. As mentioned above, the flight deck is oriented so that the crew is 

facing north; thus the north wall of the compartment contains all of the forward control panels, 

the east and west walls contain the starboard and port panels, respectively, and the south wall 

contains all of the aft control panels. These west, north, and south walls also contain replicas of 

the orbiter's six forward windows; the south wall has replicas of the rear windows (only usable 

while in orbit); the ceiling contains replicas of the overhead windows. These are not real 

windows, but rather display monitors for the visual images produced to support the simulations. 

These monitors are connected to projectors attached to the box encasing the flight deck. 

Additionally, the flight deck's ceiling includes all of the overhead panels found in the orbiter, 

and a replica center console sits between the front commander (port) and pilot (starboard) seats. 

Unlike the MBS, the FBS contains the "proper" two seats in the second row. 

Also included in the FBS is the WCS simulator, which sits to the west of the mid-deck. This 14' 

x 10' room contains two stalls along the west wall. The north stall, which sits in the northwest 

corner directly across from the door, replicates the seat of the WCS only. A camera, which is 

hooked into a TV monitor oriented to be viewed from the simulator, sits just below the seat. Just 

87 Swain, email. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

Page 21 

to its south is the south stall that replicates the entire orbiter WCS. A sink and mirror are located 

within the southeast comer of the room. 

T-38 Simulator 

The T -38 Simulator sits in a small enclosure within the northwest comer of the High Bay. This 

space has approximate dimensions of 33' in length and 15' in width that has a raised floor for 

cables. The simulator contains the entire T-38 cockpit area, which includes two tandem seats but 

not the glass windshield. Each crew position is equipped with the controls and visuals found in 

an actual T-38; those for the student in the front seat and those for the instructor in the back seat. 

Two small metal stepladders on the port side of the cockpit provide access into the crew seats. 
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TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

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~ 

• 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

Page 28 

Figure 1. Location of Jake Gam Mission Simulator and Training Facility. 

Source: JSC, 2006. 
JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY I BUILDING 5 

Page 29 

INDEX TO PHOTOGRAPHS 

Photographs MSTF-l through MSTF-74 were taken by Patricia Slovinac, ACI; September 2009. 

Historic photographs (MSTF-75 through MSTF-88) are courtesy of the NASA JSC Imaging 

Center (Building 424), Houston, Texas; the negative number is given in parentheses. 

MSTF-l View of east elevation-central connector, facing northwest. 

MSTF-2 View of east elevation-Wing S, facing northwest. 

MSTF-3 View of south and east elevations-Wing S, facing north. 

MSTF-4 View of south elevation-Wing S, facing northeast. 

MSTF-5 View of south and west elevations-Wing S, facing east. 

MSTF-6 View of west elevation-Wing S, facing southeast. 

MSTF-7 View of west elevation-central connector, facing southeast. 

MSTF-8 View of south and west elevations-Wing N, facing east. 

MSTF-9 View of west elevation-Wing N, facing southeast. 

MSTF-lO View of north elevation-Wing N, facing south. 

MSTF-ll View of north and east elevations-Wing N, facing west. 

MSTF-12 View of east elevation-Wing N, facing northwest. 

MSTF-13 View of east and south elevations-Wing N, facing north. 

MSTF-14 View of High Bay (Room No. 117D/117E), facing southeast. 

MSTF-15 Overall view of the MBS from the second level of the FBS, facing northeast. 

MSTF-16 View of the west side of the MBS crew compartment, facing east. 

MSTF-17 View of the west and north sides of the MBS crew compartment, facing southeast. 

MSTF-18 View of the north and east sides of the MBS crew compartment, facing southwest. 

MSTF-19 View of the east and south sides of the MBS crew compartment, facing northwest. 
MSTF-20 

MSTF-21 

MSTF-22 

MSTF-23 

MSTF-24 

MSTF-25 

MSTF-26 

MSTF-27 

MSTF-28 

MSTF-29 

MSTF-30 

MSTF-31 

MSTF-32 

MSTF-33 

MSTF-34 

MSTF-35 

MSTF-36 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

Page 30 

View of the south and west sides of the MBS crew compartment, facing northeast. 

Detail view of one of the display monitors fitted to the MBS crew compartment. 

View of the forward control panels of the MBS crew compartment, facing north. 

View of the commander's position of the MBS crew compartment, facing 

northwest. 

View of the pilot's position of the MBS crew compartment, facing northeast. 

View of the center console of the MBS crew compartment, facing north. 

View of the overhead panels of the MBS crew compartment, facing north. 

View of the commander's side of the overhead panels of the MBS crew 

compartment, facing northwest. 

View of the pilot's side of the overhead panels of the MBS crew compartment, 

facing northeast. 

View of the mission specialist panels behind the commander's seat of the MBS 

crew compartment, facing west. 

View of the mission specialist panels behind the pilot's seat of the MBS crew 

compartment, facing east. 

View of the forward control panels of the MBS crew compartment with no 

camera flash to highlight the visual displays, facing north. 

View of the pilot's forward window with no camera flash to highlight the visual 

displays, facing north. 

View of the commander's forward side window with no camera flash to highlight 

the visual displays, facing northwest. 

Detail view of the pilot's forward window with no camera flash to highlight the 

visual displays, facing north. 

View of the MBS motion system, facing northeast. 

View of the MBS motion system, facing southeast. 
MSTF-37 

MSTF-38 

MSTF-39 

MSTF-40 

MSTF-41 

MSTF-42 

MSTF-43 

MSTF-44 

MSTF-45 

MSTF-46 

MSTF-47 

MSTF-48 

MSTF-49 

MSTF-50 

MSTF-51 

MSTF-52 

MSTF-53 

MSTF-54 

MSTF-55 

MSTF-56 

MSTF-57 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

Page 31 

View of the MBS motion system, facing southwest. 

View of the MBS motion system, facing northwest. 

Detail view of the MBS motion system actuator leg, facing east. 

Detail view of the MBS motion system actuator leg hydraulics, facing southeast. 

Detail view of the MBS motion system hydraulic piping, facing southeast. 

Detail view of the MBS crew compartment cable tray, facing east. 

View of the MBS moveable platform that provides access to the crew 

compartment, facing southeast. 

View of the MBS visual systems equipment, facing southwest. 

View of the east and south sides of the FBS from the MBS access platform, facing 

northwest. 

View of the east and south sides of the FBS, facing northwest. 

View of the south side of the FBS, facing north. 

View of the west and south sides of the FBS, facing northeast. 

Detail view of the exterior of the FBS crew compartment, facing northeast. 

Detail view of the exterior of the FBS crew compartment, facing southwest. 

View of the FBS middeck, facing southwest. 

View of the FBS middeck, facing southeast. 

Detail view of a FBS middeck panel, facing southwest. 

Detail view of the FBS middeck galley and lockers, facing northwest. 

Detail view of a FBS middeck overhead panel, facing north. 

View of the forward control panels of the FBS crew compartment, facing north. 

View of the commander's position of the FBS crew compartment, facing 

northwest. 
MSTF-58 

MSTF-59 

MSTF-60 

MSTF-61 

MSTF-62 

MSTF-63 

MSTF-64 

MSTF-65 

MSTF-66 

MSTF-67 

MSTF-68 

MSTF-69 

MSTF-70 

MSTF-71 

MSTF-72 

MSTF-73 

MSTF-74 

MSTF-75 

MSTF-76 

MSTF-77 

MSTF-78 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY I BUILDING 5 

Page 32 

View of the pilot's position of the FBS crew compartment, facing northeast. 

View of the center console of the FBS crew compartment, facing north. 

View of the aft control panel of the PBS crew compartment, facing southwest. 

View of the aft control panel and aft windows of the FBS crew compartment, 

facing southwest. 

View of the port side of the aft control panel, facing southwest. 

View of the port side of the FBS crew compartment, facing west. 

View of the starboard side of the aft control panel, facing southeast. 

View of the starboard side of the FBS crew compartment, facing east. 

View of the overhead windows of the FBS crew compartment, facing south. 

View of the WCS portion of the FBS, facing southwest. 

View of the south stall of the WCS, facing west. 

View of the north stall of the WCS, facing west. 

Detail view of the north stall seat showing camera lens, facing west. 

View of the south side of the T-38 Simulator, facing northwest. 

View of the south side of the T -38 Simulator, facing northeast. 

View of the front seat of the T-38 Simulator, facing northwest. 

V iew of the rear seat of the T -38 Simulator, facing northwest. 

Construction of the MSTF, facing north (S64-26040). 

Construction of the MSTF, facing northeast (S64-26042). 

Construction of the MSTF north wing, facing northwest (S64-26045). 

Construction of the MSTF north wing, facing southwest (S64-26192). 
MSTF-79 

MSTF-80 

MSTF-81 

MSTF-82 

MSTF-83 

MSTF-84 

MSTF-85 

MSTF-86 

MSTF-87 

MSTF-88 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

Page 33 

Construction of the MSTF, facing northeast (S64-26194). 

Historic view of the control area for the MBS, facing north (S81-27528). 

Members of the STS-7 crew (Robert Crippen, Frederick Hauck, Sally Ride, and 

John Fabian, left to right) in the MBS, facing northeast (S83-32723). 

STS-26R Commander Frederick Hauck (left) and Pilot Richard Covey (right) in 

MBS, facing north (S88-45371). 

STS-26R Commander Frederick Hauck in PBS, facing northwest (S88-25762). 

View of the aft control station in the FBS, facing southeast (S81-30639). 

View of the aft control station in the PBS, facing south (S81-30741). 

View of MSTF south wing in 1990, prior to addition, facing northeast (S90-

42236). 

Construction MSTF south wing addition, facing northeast (S90-53551). 

View of nearly-completed MSTF south wing addition, facing southeast (S90-

55560). 

Photograph Nos. MSTF-89 through MSTF-IOO are photocopies of engineering drawings. 

MSTF-89 

MSTF-90 

Original drawings are located at the Engineering Drawing Control Center, 

JSC, Texas. 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5, MISSION SIMULATION & TRAINING FACILITY 

NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-2, Brown & Root, et aI., 1963 

FIRST FLOOR PLAN-NORTH WING 

Sheet 2 of 27 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5, MISSION SIMULATION & TRAINING FACILITY 

NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-3, Brown & Root, et aI., 1963 

FIRST FLOOR PLAN-SOUTH WING 

Sheet 3 of 27 
MSTF-91 

MSTF-92 

MSTF-93 

MSTF-94 

MSTF-95 

MSTF-96 

MSTF-97 

Photocopy of drawing 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

Page 34 

BUILDING NO 5, MISSION SIMULATION & TRAINING FACILITY 

NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-4, Brown & Root, et al., 1963 

SECOND FLOOR PLAN-NORTH WING 

Sheet 4 of 27 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5, MISSION SIMULATION & TRAINING FACILITY 

NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-7, Brown & Root, et aI., 1963 

ELEVATIONS & SECTIONS 

Sheet 7 of 27 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5, MISSION SIMULATION & TRAINING FACILITY 

NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-8, Brown & Root, et aI., 1963 

SECTIONS 

Sheet 8 of 27 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5 

NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-2, NASA JSC, 2008 

FIRST FLOOR PLAN-NORTH WING 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5 

NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-2A, NASA JSC, 2008 

FIRST FLOOR PLAN-SOUTH WING 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5 

NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-3, NASA JSC, 2008 

SECOND FLOOR PLAN-NORTH WING 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5 

NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-3A, NASA JSC, 2008 

SECOND FLOOR PLAN-SOUTH WING 
MSTF-98 

MSTF-99 

MSTF-lOO 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5 

JAKE GARN MISSION SIMULATOR AND 

TRAINING FACILITY / BUILDING 5 

Page 35 

NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-4, NASA JSC, 2008 

THIRD FLOOR PLAN-NORTH WING 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5 

NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-4A, NASA JSC, 2008 

THIRD FLOOR PLAN-SOUTH WING 

Photocopy of drawing 

BUILDING NO 5 

NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Texas 

Drawing A-5-7 A, NASA JSC, 2008 

ELEVATIONS 
MSTF-l 

MSTF-2 
MSTF-3 

MSTF-4 
MSTF-S 

MSTF-6 
MSTF-7 

MSTF-8 
MSTF-9 

MSTF-IO 
MSTF·ll 

MSTF·12 
MSTF-13 
MSTF-lS 

MSTF-16 
MSTF-17 

MSTF-18 
MSTF-19 

MSTF-20 
MSTF-21 

MSTF-22 
MSTF-23 

MSTF-24 
MSTF-26 

MSTF-29 

MSTF-30 
MSTF-31 

MSTF-32 
MSTF-33 
MSTF-35 

MSTF-36 
MSTF-37 

MSTF-38 
MSTF-39 
MSTF-41 
MSTF-44 
MSTF-4S 

MSTF-46 
MSTF-47 

MSTF-48 
MSTF-49 

MSTF-SO 
MSTF-Sl 

MSTF-55 

MSTF-56 

MSTF-60 
MSTF-61 

MSTF·66 
MSTF-67 
MSTF-70 
MSTF-71 

MSTF-7S 

MSTF-76 
MSTF-77 

MSTF-78 
t 

MSTF-79 

MSTF-80 
MSTF-82 

MSTF-85 

MSTF-86 
MSTF-87 

MSTF-88 
.... , 

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