4 

's 

/67P 7 

FINAL REPORT 

NASW-3 165 

APRIL 17,1978 -JUNE 30,1988 

THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 

OFFICE OF SPONSORED RESEARCH 

2121 EYE STREET, N.W. 

WASHINGTON, DC 20052 

.- . . .. 

(NASA-CR-183249) [ DATA BASE DEWELOPMENT AND B89-28440 

RESEARCH AUD EDI'POBIIL SUPPORT 1 Final Report, Washington 17 APE. ;1978 - 30 Jun. 1988 (George UJpiv.)p 100 p CSCL OSB Unclas 

63/82 0167507 
FINAL REPORT 

NASW-3165 

APRIL 17,1978 -JUNE 30,1988 

From 1978 to 1988, the Science Communication Studies unit of The George 

Washington University provided data base, bibliographic, literature research, 

editorial, and related services in the space life sciences to the Life Sciences 

Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under contract 

NASw-3165. A total of fifty-seven publications were produced directly as a 

result of the contractual effort. A list of these publications and a copy of the 

title page of each publication is attached. Editorial, production or other types 

of support were supplied as well for numerous other publications not 

produced directly by GWU; a representative sample list and the title page of 

these publications is attached also. 

The activities performed under this contract can be categorized into two broad 

areas, data base development and research and editorial support. 

Data Base 

A significant part of the contractual effort was the creation in 1981 and 

subsequent expansion of the Life Sciences Bibliographic Data Base. The 

purpose of this project was to develop a systematic, professional system to 

collect, organize, and disseminate information about the scientific publications 

resulting from research supported by NASA Life Sciences. The data base 

consists of bibliographic information and hard copies of all research papers 

published by Life Sciences-supported investigators. Bibliographic and 

Principal Investigator (PI) information is entered and stored in a computer data 

base; the data can then be manipulated and extracted for assorted scientific and 

programmatic uses. Approximately 8000 citations were entered during the 

contract period. The scope of coverage was expanded in 1987 to include Life 

Sciences Flight Program investigators. 

Technical improvements were instituted in the data base. It was initiated in 

1981 on a VAX computer at Johnson Space Center and accessed over long 

distance telephone lines. To minimize costs, take advantage of advances in 

personal computer technology, and achieve maximum flexibility and control, 

the data base was transferred from the JSC computer to personal computers at 
GWU in 1987. Another development was the institution of automated 

computer searching for PI citations in 1987. Personal computers were used 

extensively during the last 2 years of the contract period for GWU's research 

and editorial activities. 

Research and Editorial Support 

In conjunction with the data base activities, GWU carried out an extensive 

range of bibliographic, literature research, and other support activities, whose 

common theme is possession and utilization of a knowledge of the literature of 

the space life sciences subject areas. This resulted in the publications 

enumerated in the attached list. Highlights of these efforts include: 

23 bibliographies, which encompass all Life Sciences-supported research 

publications published since 1981 ; 

an annual series of bibliographies spanning 10 years on the subject of 

chemical evolution and the origin of life; 

two major review articles of spaceflight plant research; 

a compendium volume of all biological and medical experiments 

conducted on the Space Shuttle; 

an in-depth study of closed ecological systems' nutritional and food 

production requirements, utilizing a mathematical modeling technique; 

a series of scientific papers on spaceflight biomedical research; 

newsletters that fostered the dissemination of scientific information and 

information about NASA's activities to the public; and 

a number of special bibliographies, conference proceedings, and assorted 

other publications. 

GWU also performed a range of related activities such as conducting in-depth 

searches on a variety of subjects, retrieving scientific literature, preparing 

presentations, summarizing investigators' research progress, answering 

correspondence requiring reference support, and providing writing and 

editorial support. 

A related activity consisted of conference support for the XII USWSSR Joint 

Working Group on Space Biology and Medicine held in Washington, D.C. 

from November 8-22, 1981. Soviet and U.S. scientists met and presented 

their research results at this conference. 
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 

GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 

SCIENCE COMMUNICATION STUDIES 

NASW-3 1 6 5 

1978-1988 

A Compendium of Hypokinetic and Hypodynamic Animal 

Studies. Pleasant, L.G. and Axelrod, P.T. NASA, 

Washington, D.C., 729 p., 1981. (NASA CR-3485) 

ASGSB Bulletin, Volume 1, 1988. 

ASGSB Newsletter, Newsletter of the American Society for 

Gravitational and Space Biology (3 issues per year). 

Halstead, T.W. (Ed.) ; Dutcher, F.R., Leonard, J. I., 

Powers, J.V., and Russell, P. (Assoc. Eds.). 1985 - 1988. 

(Forerunner was Space Biology Newsletter, Issue No. 1,2, 

1984). 

Biological and Medical Experiments on the Space 

Shuttle 1981-1985. Halstead, T.W. and Dufour, P.A. 

NASA, Washington, D.C., 184 p., 1986. 

Experiments on Plants Grown in Space: Status and 

Prospects. Halstead, T.W. and Dutcher, F.R. Annals of 

Botany 54 (Suppl . 3) : 3-1 8, 1984. 

NASA Space Biology Program: Annual Symposium. 

Abstracts of a Program Review held at Harpers Ferry, West 

Virginia, November 6-9, 1984. NASA, Washington, D.C., 138 

p., 1985. (NASA CP-2336) 

NASA Space Biology Program: Annual Symposium, 

Program and Abstracts. Program and Abstracts of the 

Annual Symposium held in Arlington, VA, October 12-14, 

1983. Halstead, T.W. (Ed.). NASA, Washington, D.C., 121 

p., 1984. (NASA CP-2299) 

Plants in Space. Halstead, T.W. and Dutcher, F.R. Annual 

Review of Plant Physiology 38: 317-345, 1987. 

Publications of the NASA Space Biology Program for 

1980-1984. Pleasant, L.G. and Solberg, J.L. NASA, 

Washington, D.C., 103 p., 1984. (NASA TM-86857) 

10) 1986-87 NASA Space/Gravitational Biology 

Accomplishments. Halstead, T.W. (Ed.). NASA, 

Washington, D.C., 219 p., 1987. (NASA TM-89951) 
11) 1985-86 NASA Space/Gravitational Biology 

Accomplishments. National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration and George Washington University. NASA, 

Washington, D.C., 184 p., 1987. (NASA TM-89809) 

Accomplishments. Halstead, T.W., Dutcher, F.R. and 

Pleasant, L.G. NASA, Washington, D.C., 144 p., 1985. 

(NASA TM-88379) 

12) 1984-85 NASA Space/Gravitational Biology 

13) 1983-84 NASA Space Biology Accomplishments. 

Halstead, T.W.; Dutcher, F.R. and Pleasant, L.G. NASA, 

Washington, D.C., 121 p., 1984. (NASA TM-86654) 

14) 1982 NASA Space Biology Accomplishments. Halstead, 

T.W. and Pleasant, L.G. NASA, Washington, D.C., 119 p., 

1983. (NASA TM-86244) 

EXOBIOLOGY 

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: 

Bibliography Supplement 1985. Wade, R.C. and 

Ponnamperuma, C. In press 

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: 

Bibliography Supplement 1984. Wade, R.C., Powers, 

J.V., and Ponnamperuma, C. Origins of Life 17: 185-206, 

1987. 

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: 

Bibliography Supplement 1983. Pleasant, L.G., Wade, 

R.C., and Ponnamperuma, C. Origins of Life 17: 171-184, 

1987. 

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: 

Bibliography Supplement 1982. Pleasant, L.G. and 

Ponnamperuma, C. Origins of Life 15: 55-69, 1984. 

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: 

Bibliography Supplement 1981. Pleasant, L.G. and 

Ponnamperuma, C. Origins of Life 13: 61-80, 1983. 

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: 

Bibliography Supplement 1980. Pleasant, L.G. and 

Ponnamperuma, C. Origins of Life 12: 93-118, 1982. 

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: 

Bibliography Supplement 1979. Pleasant, L.G. and 

Ponnamperuma, C. Origins of Life 11: 273-288, 1981. 
25) 

27) 

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: 

Bibliography Supplement 1978. Pleasant, L.G. and 

Ponnamperuma, C. Origins of Life: 10: 379-404, 2980. 

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: 

Bibliography Supplement 1977. Pleasant, L.G. and 

Ponnamperuma, C. Origins of Life 10: 69-87, 1980. 

Comets and the Origin of Life: Bibliography. 

Pleasant, L.G. In: Comets and the Origin of Life 

(Ponnamperuma, C. , Ed.) . D. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, p. 

255-268, 1981. 

First Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the 

Origin and Evolution of Life, NASA Ames Research 

Center, August 2-4, 1982. DeVincenzi, D.L. and 

Pleasant, L.G. (Eds.). NASA, Washington, D.C., 120 p., 

1983. (NASA CP-2276) 

ISSOL Newsletter, Newsletter of the International 

Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (3 issues per 

year). DeVincenzi, D.L. (Ed.); Pleasant, L.G. (1981-85) and 

Dutcher, F.R. (1985-86) (Assoc. Eds.) 

Publications of the Exobiology Program for 1986: A 

Special Bibliography. George Washington University and 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA, 

Washington, D.C., 68 p., 1988. (NASA TM-4029) 

Publications of the Exobiology Program for 1985: A 

Special Bibliography. George Washington University and 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA, 

Washington, D.C., 83 p., 1987. (NASA TM-89605) 

Publications of the Exobiology Program for 1984: A 

Special Bibliography. Wallace, J.S. and DeVincenzi, 

D.L. NASA, Washington, D.C., 41 p., 1986. (NASA TM-88382) 

Publications of the Exobiology Program for 1983: A 

Special Bibliography. Pleasant, L.G. and DeVincenzi, 

D.L. NASA, Washington, D.C., 35 p., 1984. (NASA TM-86653) 

Publications of the Exobiology Program for 1982: A 

Special Bibliography. Pleasant, L.G. and DeVincenzi, 

D.L. NASA, Washington, D.C., 35 p., 1983. (NASA TM-85837) 

Publications of the Exobiology Program for 1981: A 

Special Bibliography. Pleasant, L.G. and DeVincenzi, 

D.L. NASA, Washington, D.C., 29 p., 1982. (NASA TM-84895) 

Publications of the Exobiology Program for 1980: A 

Special Bibliography. Pleasant, L.G. and DeVincenzi, 

D.L. NASA, Washington, D.C., 32 p., 1981. (NASA TM-83308) 
Publications of the Exobiology Program for 1979: A 

Special Bibliography. Pleasant, L.G. and DeVincenzi, 

D.L. NASA, Washington, D.C., 30 p., 1980. (NASA TM-82182) 

Publications of the Planetary Biology Program for 

1978: A Special Bibliography. Pleasant, L.G. and 

Young, R.S. NASA, Washington, D.C., 34 p., 1979. (NASA 

TM- 8 07 4 5) 

Publications of the Planetary Biology Program for 

1977: A Special Bibliography. Pleasant, L.G. and 

Young, R.S. NASA, Washington, D.C., 33 p., 1979. (NASA TM80338) 

Second Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the 

Origin and Evolution of Life, NASA Ames Research 

Center, July 23-26, 1985. DeVincenzi, D.L. and Dufour, 

P.A. (Eds.). NASA, Washington, D.C., 134 p., 1986. (NASA 

CP-2 425) 

The Voyager Mission and the Origin of Life: 

Selected References. Pleasant, L.G. Origins of Life 12: 

321 -329, 1982. 

FE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 

Bibliography of Carbohydrate Synthesis. Selected 

Works 1861-1981. Dufour, P.A. NASA, Washington, D.C. , 1981. (NASA CR-168553) 

Bioregenerative Life Support Systems Publications 

of the USSR. Wade, R.C.(Ed.) 1988. 

Insects: A Nutritional Alternative. Dufour, P.A. 

NASA, Washington, D.C., 64 p., 1981. (NASA CR-169056) 

Nutritional Models for a Controlled Ecological Life 

Support System (CELSS) : Linear Mathematical 

Modeling. Wade, R.C. In press (NASA publication). 

Nutritional Models for Space Travel from Chemically 

Defined Diets. Dufour, P.A. NASA, Washington, D.C., 139 

p., 1984. (NASA CR-3850) 

Publications of the NASA CELSS (Controlled 

Ecological Life Support Systems) Program. Dufour, 

P.A., Solberg, J.L., and Wallace, J.S. NASA, Washington, 

D.C., 32 p., 1985. (NASA CR-3911) 

Publications of the Controlled Ecological Life 

Support Systems (CELSS) Program 1984-1986. George 

Washington University. NASA, Washington, D.C., 26 p., 

1987. (NASA CR-4070) 
46) First Symposium on Biospheric Research, Abstracts 

of a Program Review held at the NASA Ames Research 

Center, Moffett Field, CA, March 13-14, 1985. 

Pleasant, L.G. (Ed.) George Washington University, 

Washington, D.C., 1985. 

47) Publications of the NASA Biospheric Research 

Program 1981-1987. Bibliography in preparation. 

Biomedical Research Publications: 1980-1982. 

Pleasant, L. and Limbach, L. NASA, Washington, D.C., 44 

P., 1982. (NASA CR-3587) 

Biomedical Research Publications: 1982-1983. Bolcik, 

C. and Pleasant, L.G. NASA, Washington, D.C., 52 p., 1983. 

(NASA CR-3739) 

Consideration for Solar System Exploration: A 

System to Mars. Nicogossian, A.E. and Garshnek, V. 

Presented to Nihon University, Japan, November 1987. 

(Proceedings in press) 

Historical Perspectives. Nicogossian, A.E. and 

Garshnek, V. In: Space Physiology and Medicine, 2nd 

Edition (ed. by A.E. Nicogossian, C.L. Huntoon, and S.L. 

Pool). Lea and Febiger, in press. 

Human Capabilities in Space Exploration and 

Utilization. Garshnek, V. and Brown, J. In: Space 

Physiology and Medicine, 2nd Edition (ed. by A.E. 

Nicogossian, C.L. Huntoon, and S.L. Pool). Lea and 

Febiger, in press. 

Preparing Cosmonauts for Space Flight: Simulation 

Facilities of the Soviet Space Program. Garshnek, 

V. and Overmeyer, R. Proceedings of the Society of 

Automotive Engineers, Aerotech Conference, Long Beach, 

California, October 1987. (Accepted for publication) . 

Soviet Space Flight: The Human Element. Garshnek, V. 

ASGSB Bulletin 1: 67-80, 1988. 

Space Medicine Research Publications: 1984-1986. 

Wallace, J.S. NASA, Washington, D.C. In press (NASA 

Contractor Report). 

Space Medicine Research Publications: 1983-1984. 

Solberg, J.L. and Pleasant, L.G. NASA, Washington, D.C., 

69 p., 1984. (NASA CR-3860) 
57) Space Vehicles for Manned Programs. Nicogossian, 

A.E., Parker, J.F., and Garshnek, V. In: Space 

Physiology and Medicine, 2nd Edition (ed. by A.E. 

Nicogossian, C.L. Huntoon, and S.L. Pool). Lea and 

Febiger, in press. 

The Global Sulfur Cycle. Sagan, D. (Ed.). NASA, 

Washington, D.C., 306 p., 1985. (NASA TM-87570) 

The Internship Experience. Planetary Biology 

Internship Program 1980-1986. Sagan, D., McKhann, H., 

Dolan, M., and Margulis, L. NASA, Washington, D.C., 182 

p., 1986. 

Life Sciences Accomplishments. NASA, Washington, D. C., 

85 p., 1985. (NASA TM-88177) 

Life Sciences Accomplishments. NASA, Washington, D.C., 

60 p., 1986. 

Life Sciences Report 1987. NASA, Washington, D.C, 84 

p., 1987. 

Plant Gravitational and Space Research. Report of 

a Workshop held April 30-May 2, 1984 in Rosslyn, 

Virginia. Halstead, T.W. and Scott, T.K. (Eds.). Workshop 

Summary 111. American Society of Plant Physiologists, 

Baltimore, MD, 48 p., 1984. 

The Regulatory Functions of Calcium and the 

Potential Role of Calcium in Mediating 

Gravitational Responses in Cells and Tissues. 

Proceedings of a Workshop held at Federation of American 

Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD, 

September 16-18, 1982. ROUX, S.J. (Ed.). NASA, Washington, 

D.C., 298 p., 1983. (NASA CP-2286) 

Space Life Sciences Symposium: Three Decades of 

Life Science Research in Space, Abstracts of a 

Symposium held in Washington, D.C., June 21-26, 

1987. Universities Space Research Association and Lunar 

and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, 402 p. 1987. 

Space Physiology and Medicine, 2nd Edition. 

Nicogossian, A.E., Huntoon, C.L., and Pool, S.L. (Eds.) 

Lea and Febiger, in press. 
J) USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. Hooke, L.R., Teeter, 

R., Garshnek, V., and Rowe, J. (Eds.). Issues 1- . NASA, 

Washington, D.C. 1985-present. (NASA CR-3922 [01- I) 
NASA Contractor Report 3485 

A Compendium of Hypokinetic and 

Hypodynamic Animal Studies 

Linda G. Pleasant and Phyllis 'E Axelrod 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D. C. 

Prepared for 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

under Contract NASw-3165 

National Aeronaulics 

and Space Administralion 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1981 
ASGSB 

BULLETIN 

Volume 1 

May 1988 

ISSN 0898-4697 

Publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology 

ASGSB GOVERNING BOARD 

Abraham D. Krikorian. 

SUNY Stony Brook 

Stony Brook, NY 

President 

Donald R. Beem, 

Secretary-Treasurer 

American Institufe of 

Biological Sciences 

Washington, D.C. 

Jeffrey R. AIberts 

Star Enterprises, Inc. 

Bloomington, IN 

Robert S. Bandurski 

Michigan Stale University 

East Lnnsing, MI 

Lewis J. Feldmnn 

University of California 

Berkeley. CA 

Charles A. Fuller 

University of California 

Davis, CA 

XJ. Musacchia 

University of Louisville 

Louisville, KY 

EDITOR 

Thora W. Halstead 

NASA Headqwtcrs Washington, D.C. 

REVIEWING EDITORS 

Christopher Dodge 

Library of Congress 

Washington, D.C. 

A. Carl Leopold, 

Vice-president Boyce Thompson 

Institute 

Ithaca, NY 

Thora W. Halstead, 

Newsletter editor and 

immediate past Presided 

NASA Headquarters 

Washington, D.C. 

Muriel Ross 

NASA Ames Research Ceder 

Moffett Field, CA 

Stanley J. Rou 

University of Texas 

Austin, TX 

Tom K. Scott 

University of North Carolina 

Chapel Hill, NC 

Marc E. Tischler 

University of Arizona 

Tucson, AZ 

Debra J. Wolgemuth 

Columbia University 

New York. NY 

CONTENTS 

... Note from the Editor .............................. u1 

Abstracts ...................................... 13 

Author index ................................... 54 

Subject index .................................. 56 

List of participants ............................ 60 

Soviet Space Flight: The Human Element 

Victoria Garshnek ............................ 67 

ASGSB members bibliography ................ 8 1 

Author index .................................. 130 

Abraham D. Krikorian 

SUNY Stony Brook 

Stony Brook, NY 

John M. Talbot 

Federation of American Societies 

Bahesda. MD 

of Experimental Biology 

EDITORIALSTAFF PRODUCTION AND SUPPORT 

Janet V. Powers, Patricia Russell 

F. Ronald Dutcher 

George Washington U. Washington, D.C. 

Washington, D.C. 

American Institute of Biological Sciences 

April Roy, Janice Wallace, Rose Wade 

George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

. 
SPACE 

BlOlOGY 

No. 1 

March 1984 

Newsletter of the Space Biology Program, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C. 

THE EDITOR SPEAKS 

This is the first issue of the SPACE 

BIOLOGY NEWSLETTER which we will publish 

three to four times yearly. The purpose of 

the Newsletter is to disseminate information relevant to the Space Biology Program. 

It is hoped this Newsletter will encourage 

scientific interest and activity in space 

and gravitational biology research by 

sharing information among scientists on 

such matters as: reports on recent and 

upcoming meetings, reviews of publications, 

significant research findings, education 

news, news release articles, etc. 

Your help will be essential in making 

this Newsletter successful as a device for 

communicating current information about 

activities relevant to the Space Biology 

Program. You are invited to submit items 

at any time. Please send all entries to 

the Editor. 

Thora W. Halstead 

Ed 1 tor 

TRAVEL GRANTS 

The Sixth Meeting of the Commission on 

Gravitational Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences 

(IUPS) will be held :.n Lausanne, Switzerland in September 1984. The annual 

Proceedings of these meetings are published 

as supplements to The Physiologist, The 

American Physiologxal Society ( APS) 

membership journal. This year's meeting 

will emphasize accomplishments in plant 

gravitational research. 

In order to assure representation of U.S. 

scientists at the 1984 meeting, the APS 

has arranged to provide travel grants 

to 20 U.S. participants. All applicants 

will be required to submit abstracts of the 

paper they plan to deliver at the meeting. 

Applications will be reviewed by a 

selection committee chaired by the 

Executive Secretary-Treasurer of APS (Dr . Orr E. Reynolds). All those interested are 

encouraged to contact Dr. Orr E. Reynolds, 

The hetican Physiological Society, 9650 

Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. 

FLIGHT NEWS 

COSMOS 1514 

The U.S.S.R. Cosmos 1514 biosatellite 

flight flown December 14-20, 1983 carried 2 

rhesus monkeys, 18 rats, fish and plants. 

U.S. investigators including Richard Keefe, 

Jeffrey Alberts, Christopher Cann, and 

Frank Sulman uere involved in experiments 

or measurements on the 2 monkeys and the 

pups born to 10 flight rats impregnated 

prior to flight. U.S. experiments are 

expected to provide data on cardiovascular 

system changes due to weightlessness, 

synchronization of the circadian timekeeping system in space, bone calcium 

metabolism alterations during weightlessness, and fetal and post-natal development 

of rats exposed to spaceflight. A number 

of other experiments were conducted by the 

Soviets either independently or in 

cooperation with scientists from Bulgaria, 

Hungary, @the CDR, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and France. We have received 

flight data and biological materials from 

the experiments in which we were involved. 

Our scientists were able to personally make 

Some postflight measurements on the animals 

in the Soviet Union. In addition, the 

Soviets have provided some general medical 

information about the monkeys. 

STS-8 Flight 

Six rats were flown on each of two 

shuttle flights, STS-8 and STS-41B, as a 

student experiment to assess the effects of 

weightlessness on arthritis. The experiment demonstrated that the Animal 

Enclosure Module (AEM) could adequately 

support rats in flight. Activities are now 

underway to increase the air flow and 

flight qualify the water bottle developed 

for this system. The original AEM used 

potatoes as a water source, and during 

STS-8 the rats consumed about 250 g/day of 

potatoes making an experimental period 

longer than 8.5 days almost impossible. 

Additional information about the AEH and 

the student experiment can be obtained from 

Dr. Emily Horey-Holton (FTS 448-5471 or 

415-965-5471) 
-. 

No. 2 

November 1984 

BIOLOGY 

News letter of the space Biology A.ogram, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C. 

RESEARCH NEWS 

Muriel Ross of the University of Michigan 

presented a paper at the American Medical 

Association Meeting in San Diego in May 

1984 on significant new findings concerning 

the complexity of innervative patterns in 

rat gravity receptors. Ultrastructural 

results indicate that the two kinds of 

receptor cells in the maculas are integrated functionally through shared afferents 

and that there exists a system of efferent 

type nerve fibers and terminals of 

intramacular (mostly calyces) origin. 

Additionally, there is a plexus-like 

arrangement of afferent and efferent-type 

terminals at many sites in both maculas. 

On the basis of her finding, Dr. Ross 

suggested that sensory processing of 

information concerning linear acceleration 

begins peripherally. The finding of an intramacularly originating system of 

efferent9 may provide anatomical evidence 

for lateral inhibition in the macula, to 

improve signal to noise, and for peripheral 

adaptation to constant acceleration. 

Because of the complexity of the neural 

patterns both on the afferent and the 

efferent neural side, Dr. Ross hypothesized 

that naturally occurring asymmetty in 

macular neural organization may be common; 

and that variability in degree Of asymmetry 

may provide a peripheral contribution to 

the expression of space adaptation syndrome 

in the novel environment of microgravity. 

The results provide an anatomical basis for 

complex sensory processing in the maculas, 

and suggest that macular asymmetry may be common. 

ED I TOR ' s NOTE 

HELP! WE NEED YOUR NEWS 

What can you contribute to the following 

categories: research notes, meeting 

announcements, book announcements/reviewS, 

conference summaries, editorials, awards/ 

honors, etc. ~ll submissions should be 

sent to: F. Ronald Dutcher (the Associate 

Editor), Science Communication Studies, 

George Washington University, 2000 L 

Street, 1301, Washington, D.C. 20036. 

AWARD 

Dr. Emily Morey-Holton of the Ames 

Research Center and an investigator in the 

Space Biology Program has been designated 

a 1984 Ames Associate Fellow, The designation of Ames Associate Fellows and 

Ames Fellows was instituted last year in 

recognition of distinguished scientific 

research or outstanding engineering by 

exceptionally talented staff. Associate 

Fellow designation is for a 2-year term and 

carries a personal honorarium, a research 

grant, and a travel grant, over and above 

the funding provided to the researcher from 

programmatic sources. Dr. Morey-Holton came to Ames in 1974 to 

resume research on her major interestsbone and calcium homeostasis. In 1975, 

1977, and 1979, she participated in the 

Cosmos biological satellite missions, 

studying the influence of gravity on bone 

formation in growing rats. Data from these 

missions form the main basis of our current 

understanding of the effect of spaceflight on bone and calcium homeostasis. Dr. MoreyHolton is the principal investigator of an 

experiment scheduled to fly on the first 

dedicated life sciences Shuttle mission; 

this experiment will investigate the mechanisms of cessation of bone formation and 

the initial response of bone to spaceflight. 

From 1982-84, she was project manager/ 

scientist for a Student Shuttle Involvement 

Project, which involved development and 

flight test of a middeck locker module 

for housing 2-6 rats (see page 3). The 

successful flight of this hardware on STS-8 

and STS 41-B proved that an animal carry-on 

experiment was possible. 

Dr. Morey-Holton intends to use her re- search funds from the Associate Fellowship 

to try to establish a unique system of 

culturing bone cells. The funds will allow 

her new lab to purchase the necessary 

equipment to do this project and to determine whether such a technique is feasible. 

--from the October 25, 1984 issue of 

- The Astroqram, the official publication of 

AmeS Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. 
ASGSB VoZ. I, No. 1 

April 1985 

_. 

Newsletter of the American Soc.%ety for Gravitational and Space Biology 

LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT 

This is the first newsletter to appear 

under the egis of the recently established 

American Society for Gravitational and 

Space Biology, a not-for-profit, scientific 

and educational organization with broad 

aims: to promote research, training, and 

development of space biology and its applications both on Earth and in space. An 

important role of the ASGSB should be to 

provide a forum for communication among 

scientists and professionals in business 

and government. It may assist its mem- bership by disseminating information, 

conducting studies, sponsoring scientific 

meetings, and serving as an appropriate 

focus for scientific contributions to 

considerations of public policy. 

The need for a society to unify re- searchers, students, and practitioners of 

space biology has been long apparent. A 

number of older scientiPic organizations 

from time to time sought to assist space 

biologists in areas where national or international coordination of meetings was 

needed. Those efforts were helpful and 

were appreciated but it was clear that, in 

the long run, organizational needs of the 

US space biology community could not be 

fully served without the establishment of an independent organization. 

The ASGSB is in no sense in competition 

with any other society; it has the flexibility either to hold its own meetings or to meet with other national or international societies for joint sponsorship of 

symposia, workshops, and other functions. 

Thus we begin as an independent society 

which may expect to cooperate with other 

scientific organizations to further mutual 

objectives. 

The concept of what has become the ASGSB 

materialized in October of 1983 at a NASAsponsored Space Biology Symposium. An 

Organizing Group was appointed, and at a subsequent Symposium in November of 1984 

that Group reported favorably and proposed an organizational format and a Constitution 

which provides for an elected Board of 

Directors with representation from academia, business, and government. The Board 

elects the Society Officers: President, 

Vice-president, and Secretary-Treasurer, 

which constitute an Executive Committee 

to act on behalf of the Board. The 

Constitution also provides for Sustaining 

and Affiliate Memberships--business and 

non-business organizations that foster the 

purposes of the Society. 

The Symposium participants approved the 

Organizing Group's recommendation without 

dissent and 89 persons signed up as Charter 

Members of ASGSB. The Executive Committee 

members appointed for 1985 are: 

President: A.H. Brown 

Vice-president and PresidentElect: O.E. Reynolds 

Secretary-Treasurer: D.R. Beem. 

Dr. Thora Halstead has agreed to serve as Editor of the newsletter. 

We gratefully acknowledge our debt to 

several organizations whose contributions 

of personnel time and of certain facilities 

have been especially helpful; these are the 

American Institute of Biological Sciences, 

the American Physiological Society, and the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 

A mail-in form for applying for membership in ASCSB is located on page 7 of this 

newsletter. Information on qualification 

requirements and specific advantages of 

membership are outlined on page 6. 

Allan Brown 

President, ASGSB 
ASGSB VoZ. 1, No. 2 

September 1985 

Newsletter of the American Society for Gravitational and Space BioZogy 

SPACEFLIGHT NEWS 

The first NASA Life Sciences dedicated 

mission (SLS-1) has now been manifested to 

fly in February 1987. NASA hopes to fly at 

least one Research Animal Holding Facility 

(RAHF) housing 24 rats and the General 

Purpose Work Station (GPWS). The engineering costs involved in correcting the 

problems encountered with the RAHF when 

it was flown on Spacelab-3 (SL-3) will 

determine the number of RAHFs that can be 

flown on SLS-1; this in turn will have an impact on the SLS-1 animal experiments to 

be flown. 

The second dedicated Life Sciences mission is now planned for the summer of 1988. 

In the meantime, some experiments have 

been manifested on other flights. The 

7-day Earth Observation Mission (EOM) , scheduled to be launched September 3, 1986, 

will carry three Space Biology and one Medical middeck experiments. The experiments are: (1) Robert S. Bandurski - Michigan State 0. 

Effects of microgravity on growth 

hormone concentration and distribution 

in plants. 

(Co-investigators: R. Grendeland - Ames 

Research Center; P.W. Todd - Pennsylvania State U.; D. Morrison - Johnson 

Space Center) 

Microgravity-induced effects on pituitary g r o w t h h o r m o n e c e l l function: a mechanism for muscle atrophy in manned 

spacef 1 ight? 

(3) Frank M. Sulzman - SUNY at Binghamton 

Characterization of Neurospora circadian rhythms in space. 

(4) Steven R. Bussolari - Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology 

Study of the effects of display orientation and graphic input devices on workload and performance in zero gravity. 

On May 5, 1987, the International 

Microgravity Lab (IML) is scheduled for 

launch. It will carry the following 

experiments: 

(1) Allan Brown - U. of Pennsylvania 

Determine properties of the gravitropic 

response of plants in the absence of 

the complicating G force. 

(2) David G. Heathcote - University College 

of South Wales 

(2) W.C. Hymer - Pennsylvania State U. 

Post-illumination onset of nutation 

at zero gravity. 

(3) Patricia S. Cowings - Ames Research 

Center 

A preventative method for the zero gravity-sickness syndrome; autogenic 

feedback training for vestibular 

symptomatology . (4) Philip C. Johnson - Baylor Col. of Med. 

Countermeasures for reducing postflight 

orthostatic intolerance. 

(5) Millard F. Reschke - Space Biomedical 

Research Inst., Johnson Space Center 

Middeck rotator vestibular function 

tests. 

(6) Carlo V. Bruschi - East Carolina Univ. 

School of Medicine 

Microgravitational effects on chromo- some behavior. 

Carlo V. Bruschi's experiment is from 

the Space Biology middeck program, while 

the other five experiments were submitted 

in response to the 1978 Life Sciences 

Announcement of Opportunity. 

Spacelab-J is scheduled for launch 

January 31, 1988. The following experiments, both 1978 A0 submissions, are slated 

for that mission: 

(1) Kenneth Souza - Ames Research Center 

The effect of weightlessness on the 

development of amphibious eggs fertilized in space. 

(2) Jerrald S. Petrofsky - St. Louis Univ. 

Medical School 

Isometric exercise performance under 

0 G conditions. 

EDITOR'S NOTE 

I strongly urge all ASGSB members attending the Niagara Falls October meeting to come to the ASGSB Business Meeting and 

Social, scheduled for 5:OO-8:00 p:m., 

Monday, October 14. This is the first 

official meeting of our new Society and 

many important decisions will be made that 

will determine the future course of ASGSB. 

It is crucial to our success that we begin 

with an active, well-attended meeting. Enrollment in the Society has been excellent; we now have 150 membezs. A productive 

first meeting will help us continue our momentum. 
ASGSB VoZ. 2, No. 1 

February 1986 

Newsletter of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology 

NEXT ASGSB MEETING 

The Second Annual Meeting of ASCSB will be 

held October 2, 3, and 4 at the University 

Hilton in Charlottesville, Virginia. Additional information and a call for papers will 

be given in the next ieaue of the ASCSB 

Newsletter in April. 

FIRST ANNUAL ASGSB MEETING 

MINUTES 

The first annual business meeting of the 

ASCSB was convened by President Brown on October 14th, 1985 in Niagara Falls, New York. 

Or. Brown reported on the deliberations of 

the ASGSB Board meeting the previous evening. 

The Board had approved the minutea of the 1984 

Board meeting held in Harpers Ferry, West 

Virginia, and the Secretary-fieasurer's report 

of the Society's financial -p,osition through 

October 11, 1985: In accordance with the 

Society By-Laws, Vice-President Orr Reynolds 

would be$ome President on January 1, 1986 and 

Thora Hslstead, who was newly elected VicePresident, would fill that position on the same day. 

A report on the financial position of the 

Society was presented,'to the membership by the 

Secretary-Treasurer. ASCSB funds-are depaaited in an intereat-bearing checking account 

at the Bank of Virginia, Arlington, Virginia. 

Funds in the account a're: 

Balance aa of 9-30-85 $2,459.90 

Debits 0.00 

Subtotal. - $2.459.90 

Depoait 10-11-85 78 .OO 

Adjuated balance 10-11-85. ' $2,537.90 .. Interest of 5.25% is paid on the average 

daily balance. Interest to 9-30-85 of $40.27 

ia included in the above adjusted account 

balance. 

Thora Halstead explained the need for 

assistance in gathering information for the 

ASGSB Newsletter and reported that the Board 

had authorized her to establish a system of 

easociete editor poaitions. Halstead and the 

Board favor the concept of regional editora 

who will organize local and regional members 

to report newsworthy eventa. The Board 

authorized Halstead to eatabliah such s system 

with associate editors appointed by her with 

the concurrence of the Board. 

The need to appoint several standing committees of the Board was discussed by Brown. 

These include atanding conmitteea for finance, 

membership, end meetings. 

Brown led a diacusaion on the organization 

and site of the 1986 ASCSB meeting. Both the 

Board and memberahip overwhelmingly concurred 

that the Society meet nlone in 1986. It, was 

suggested that the meeting be held in October 

for about 3 days. The annual NASA Space 

Biology Symposium will be integrated into the 

--continued on next column 

I IN MEMORIAM 

The ASCSB with the nation and world mourns 

the losa of Christn McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Judith 

Resnick, Francis Scobee, and Michael Smith. 

They were our surrogates in the greatest 

exploration by mankind, and part of each of us went with them on Shuttle mission 51-L. In 

this tragic accident, however, they still 

accomplished a great deal. They unified the 

country in its dedicnt'ion to their goal - a strong manned space program. 

The NASA news of future events in this 

newsletter doea not reflect the effects the 

accident will have on mission and activity 

achedules. 

--continued from previous column 

meeting and the sessions will be broadened to 

accommodate all members with papers or posters 

to present. If the Society should in the 

future meet in conjunction with another society, the ASCSB meeting will precede or follow 

the other meeting and will not be integrated 

into the meeting as occurred this year. (The 

dates end meeting site have been selected; see above. 

A meeting registration fee will be charged 

to cover the costa of the meeting program and 

abstract8 and, if financially feasible, a 

reception and coffee breaka. The amount of 

t h e f e e will-be set by t h e E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e 

ncting for the Board in advance of the meeting. More information on costs will be 

developed by Meetings end Finance Committees. 

Orr Reynolds reported o n h i s recent visit to 

the USSR and about discussions held there 

concerning the formation of an international 

society on gravitational biology. 

The final item of business was the annual 

election of Board members. Article I11 (2) of 

the ASCSB By-Lawe states "The terms of the 

Board members shall be staggered so that 

approximately one third (1/3) of the positions 

require re-election each year. A total of 

twelve (12) positions are involved; therefore 

four (4) terms will expire each year." Nine 

candidates were advanced by the Nominating 

Committee. The following individuals were elected to aerve terma of three (3) years: 

Charles Fuller, Muriel Rosa, Stanley Roux and 

Tom Scott. They will replace outgoing Board 

members Allan Brown, Richard Keefe, Carl 

Leopold, and Calvin Ward. Allan Brown will 

continue to serve on the Board as immediate 

past President and chairman of t h e N o m i n a t i o n s 

Committee. The Board and member8 of the 

Society offer their congratulations to all new Board members and alao their thanka for a job 

well done to the retiring Board members. 

With no, further business, President Brown 

adjourned the meeting. 

Donald Beem 

Secretary-Treasurer 
ASGSB VoZ. 2, No. 2 

Mag 1986 

NeLl8,?etteP of the American SocSety for GravitationaZ amj Space BioZogy 

LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT 

Dear ASGSB members and potential members: 

The 1986 meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space 

Biology will be held in Charlottesville, Virginia on October 1-3, 1986. 

The site was selected on the basis of excellent facilities, relatively 

easy accessibility (Charlottesville is located 150 miles southwest of 

Washington, D.C.) , and congenial surroundings. 

Charlottesville, the county seat of Albemarle in Central Virginia, is 

often referred to as "Mr. Jefferson's Country" in recognition of the 

area's most illustrious citizen. From the earliest days of settlement, 

Albemarle attracted and nourished men and women who would leave their 

mark on the pages of history. James Madison, James Monroe and Thomas 

Jefferson represent a trio of talent and wisdom concentrated in one 

small geographic area. 

This will be the first meeting solely devoted to the Society since its 

formative meeting and should afford an opportunity for discussion of 

questions of mutual interest of attendees without distraction. The 

Society has grown from 89 members in its formative meeting to over 200 

members at present. The increased membership gives promise of new perspectives being introduced in discussions as individuals with varying 

backgrounds look at the same scientific problems. The program is expected to be very full, with inclusion of most topics of current concern 

in gravitational and space biology. 

All pertinent information regarding meeting registration, housing 

reservations, and submission of abstracts along with a tentative agenda 

for the meeting are enclosed in this newsletter. I urge you to attend 

and look forward to seeing you in Charlottesville. 

Sincerely, 

Orr Reynolds, President 

ASGSB 

SIGN UP! 

There is still time to register for the FASEB Summer Conference, 

"Responses to Gravity and Space Weightlessness." The conference will be 

held from July 27 to August 1, 1986 at Copper Mountain Resort in Copper 

Mountain, Colorado. 

Conference information and the agenda were outlined in the previous 

issue of this newsletter. The conference fee of $300.00 covers registration, room, and meals for the entire conference. It promises to be a 

stimulating and enjoyable time. 

For additional information, a complete program, and an application form, 

write or call Marilyn Marsh, FASEB Summer Conferences, 9650 Rockville 

Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814, (301) 530-7093. 
ASGSB Vol. 3, No. 1 

March 1987 

Newsletter of the American Society for &avitationaZ m? Space Biology 

Dear ASGSB Members: 

The U.S. Space Program has had a turbulent year, buffeted by the 

wake of the Challenger accident. Future flight missions and 

programs and, ultimately, research opportunities are unclear. 

I believe this challenging environment is also one of opportunity, 

for the hiatus in flights has given us time to reexamine what has 

been found and learned -- and to see more clearly where we are and 

what needs to be done. New life can be breathed into space 

biological and medical research if parochial interests are put aside 

and we work together to achieve a common goal -- recognition of 

space biological and gravitational research for excellence and 

achievements. This means not only doing a good job, but also 

gaining awareness of our accomplishments by the scientific, 

political and lay communities. 

It is obvious that space research requires space flight. It is 

outrageous that after a quarter century of space flight, we have 

flown so few experiments and know so little of the effects on living 

organisms. 

The United States can point with pride to its accomplishments in 

solar and planetary exploration and advancement of knowledge in 

astrophysics. But these achievements came from missions in programs 

that have continuous access to space. NASA's Astrophysics Division 

routinely launches Explorers to collect data while planning to 

launch the huge Hubble space telescope, In the meantime, Planetary 

Sciences has a bevy of planetary probes waiting in the wings. There 

is Galileo to probe Jupiter, Ulysses for solar polar, Venus radar 

mapping by Magellan, and a Mars observer. Is there any wonder that 

they excel? 

The physical scientists obviously recognize the importance of the 

use of more than one launch vehicle as well as dedicated spacecraft. 

Can we afford to do less? Biosatellites, the Shuttle, and a Space 

Station are all necessary to get the flights we need to be viable, 

let alone excel. They are not and should not be competitive. 

We know what we need, and it is space flight and research support. 

The real question is how do we get it. The answer is awareness. As 

Society members you can play a major role in enlightening your scientific colleagues, political representatives, and the public at 

large. ASGSB has established committees to help coordinate an 

effort to spread the word. Our work is cut out for us -- we are on 

the threshold of a new future. Let's take that step together and 

make it happen. 

Sincerely, 

Thora Halstead 

President 

UTAH STATE IS SITE FOR 1987ASGSB 

ANNUAL MEETING * 

The Third Annual Meeting of the ASGSB will 

be held on October 19-21, 1987 in the 

Conference Center of Utah State University in 

I 

Logan, Utah. Local arrangements are being 

completed by Prank Salisbury, Chairman of the 

ASGSB Meetings Committee. Highlight the dates 

on your calendar and plan to attend! 

Additional information and a call for papers 

will be provided in the next Newsletter. 
ASGSB 'YOZ. 3, No. 2 

June 1087 

Newsletter of the Amer-ican Society for G'ravitationai! mrl Space B<ology 

Dear ASGSB members and potential members: 

It is my pleasure to serve as your chairman and host of the 1987 

Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space 

Biology to be held at Utah State University (USU) in Logan, Utah on 

October 19-21, 1987. Logan is located 83 miles north of Salt Lake 

City near 'the Utah-Idaho border in the scenic Cache Valley and is 

surrounded' by the majestic Wasatch Range of the Rocky Mountains. The 

Eccles Conference Center and the University Inn on campus will provide 

convenient and comfortable facilities to enhance scientific exchange 

for our members and other meeting participants. The enthusiasm 

generated by our previous annual meeting in Charlottesville, Virginia 

will be reflected in our program with your support and involvement. 

As Utah State University begins the Centennial celebration of its 

founding in 1888, it is surely appropriate to look towards the future; 

our Society represents an important element of that future. We can 

expand and strengthen our foundation by convening in Logan in October. 

Sincerely, 

Frank Salisbury 

ASGSB Meeting Chairman 

Dear Colleagues: 

You are cordially invited to participate in the Third Annual 

Meeting of the ASGSB to be held in Logan, Utah, October 18-21, 1987. 

The program will cover the topics listed in the "Call For Papers" 

instructions dealing with the effects of gravity, spaceflight and 

simulated weightlessness on the physiological systems of plants and 

animals, including humans. It has been arranged to provide paper and 

poster sessions, panel discussions, and time to get together with old 

and new friends to discuss your favorite gravitational and space 

biology topic. An afternoon has also been set aside to enjoy the 

country and talk. 

This year is filled with increased international interest and 

activities in life science space research, and the time is right for 

all of us to get together and bring attention, recognition, and 

support to space biological research. Therefore, our meeting this 

year will focus on international communication, coordination, and 

cooperation. Information about research and flight programs supported 

by other countries and activities of other societies will be presented 

in special sessions. 

Your participation in the ASGSB meeting is welcomed and 

encouraged, and I look forward to seeing you in Logan. 

Sincerely, 

Thora W. Halstead, President 

ASGSB 
ASGSB 

Volume 4, Number 1 

Newsletter of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology June 1988 

1988 

ANNUAL MEETING ISSUE 

CALL FOR PAPERS 

ABSTRACT FORMS 

REGISTRATION 

HOTEL RESERVATIONS 

OCTOBER 20-23 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 

DETAILS INSIDE 

A WORD FROM THE PRESIDENT: A CALL st 

FOR INPUT 

It would border on the latitudinous if I were to state that now 

need to come up with considered res onses to the challenges and 

forward a unified front have encountered enormous stumbling 

blocks. An incredible diversity of interests and perhaps too 

narrowly focused objectives have prevented amalgamation of basic 

and applied life scientists into a group with an overall coherent and 

recognizable "game plan." 

more than ever gravitation ap and space biologists are faced with the 

opportunities facing us. Those few w R o have made attempts to put 

v 

(Continued on page 2) 
I 

BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL 

EXPERIMENTS ON THE 

SPACE SHUTTLE 

1981 - 1985 

Edited by 

I THORA W. HALSTEAD 

N AT1 0 N A L A E RON AUTlCS AN D SPACE ADM IN I STRATI ON 

HEADQUARTERS 

WASHINGTON, D.C 

PATRICIA A. DUFOUR 

GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 

1986 

LIFE SCIENCES DIVISION 

OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS 

NASA HEADQUARTERS 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20547 

, 

I 
Annals OJBOIMY 54, 1984. Supplement 3,518 3 

Status and Prospects 

THORA W. HALSTEAD* 

Space Biology Program, Lye Sciences Division EBT-3. National AeroMulics and Space Adninbtration 

Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 

and F. R. DUTCHER 

-.J Science Communication Studies, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20036 USA 

Accepted: 25 April 1984 

ABSTRACT 

Space flight provides a unique capability to gravitational research by providingan environment in which gravity can be manipulated below the Earth norm of I to 8 state comparable to weightlessness. Although space 

experiments with seeds and plants have bcen conducted for almost 25 years, we arc only now entering an era 

that promises the capability of routinely conducting controlled plant experiments in space. Results from 

experiments with higher plants and sceds flown thus far in both manned and unmanned spacecraft from both 

the USA and USSR are briefly summarized. An oveMew of the current status of space biology experimentation 

IS it relates to plants is presented and present and future opportunities to conduct plant experiments under 

space flight conditions arc discussed. 

Key words: Gravity, microgravity, gravitational plant physiology, space biology, space fiight. Space Shuttle, 

biosatellite, Cosmos, Salyut. 

INTRODUCTION 

Biologists have been interested for many years in the responses of plants and animals 

to the gravitational component of the Earth’s environment. Serious research has been 

limited, however, by the relatively few means available to manipulate gravity experimentally. The advent of space flight in the late 1950s produced a new research capability 

to modify the intensity of gravity below the Earth norm of 1 and approach a state 

comparable to weightlessness. Experiments utilizing seeds and plants have been flown 

in space for almost 25 years, but investigations have been limited both by infrequency 

of flights and undesirable experimental conditions in spacecraft. We are now on the 

threshold of a new era that promises the capability of routinely conducting controlled 

plant experiments in space. It is especially appropriate, therefore, that the results of 

current as well as earlier space experiments be readily accessible. This is all the more 

important as one increasingly prepares for future space experimentation. 

Observations on plants and seeds flown thus far in both manned and unmanned 

spacecraft from both the USA and USSR have been modestly informative, and they 

provide a frame of reference and can serve as a point of departure for more sophisticated 

experimentation. A wide range of lower and higher plant species, ranging from algae, 

fungi, mosses to ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, have been tested from one 

perspective or another. In this first paper, results from experiments focusing on 

gravitational problems using higher plants are briefly summarized. The subsequent four 

papers that are published here in sequence may seem at first glance to have little in 

common; they are linked, however, by a methodology which has just begun to be 

exploited for purposes of botanical research - the use of a microgravity environment 

To whom all correspondence should be addressed. 

0305-7364/84/54S003 + 16 S03.00/0 Q 1984 Annals of Botany Company 
NASA Conference Publication 2336 

NASA 

Space Biology 

Program 

Annual Symposium 

Thora W. Halstead, Chairman 

NASA Ofice of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, D.C. 

Abstracts of a program review held at 

Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 

November 6-9, 1984 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1985 
NASA Conference Publication 2299 

NASA 

Space Biology 

Program 

Annual Symposium 

Program and Abstracts 

Thora W. Haletead, Editor 

NASA Of’fie of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, DC 

Program and abetracul of the 

Annual Symposium held in 

Arlirrgtori, Virgiriiu 

October 12-14, 1983 

NASA 

Nalional Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific md Technical 

Information Branch 

1984 
PLANTS IN SPACE 

Thora W. Halstead 

Life Sciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, 

DC 20546 

F. Ronald Dutcher 

Science Communication Studies, The George Washington University, Washington, 

DC 20037 

CONTENTS 

CTlON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

MENT, GROWTH, AND 

................................................. 

UnION . ........, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ................................................. 

...................... 

BCELLULAR CHANG 

.................... 

.................... 

d Ribosomes ...................................................... ................................................. 

................................................. 

................................................. 

................................................. 

318 

319 

319 

320 

322 

326 

326 

328 

329 

329 

33 1 

33 1 

332 

332 

333 

333 

334 

334 

335 

335 

336 

331 I 

331 

317 

0066-4294/87/0601-03 17$02.00 
NASA Technical Memorandum 86857 

Publications of the NASA Space 

Biology Program for 1980-1984 

Compiled by 

Linda G. Pleasant and Judy L. Solberg 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

With an lntroduction by 

Thota W. Halstead 

NASA Ofice of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, D.C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1984 
NASA Technical Memorandum 8995 1 

1986-87 NASA Space/Gravitational 

Biology Accomplishments 

Edited by 

Thora W. Halstead 

NASA Ofice of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, D.C. 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Sclentlflc and Technlcal 

lnformatlon Office 

1987 
NASA Technical Memorandum 89809 

1985-86 NASA Space/Gravitational 

Biology Accomplishments 

NASA Office of Space Scieizce and Appl’ i ca tioizs 

Washirigtort, D. C’. 

and 

The George Wfishiingtmr /Jirizw-sity 

Washington, D.C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1987 
NASA Technical Memorandum 88379 

1984-85 NASA Space/Gravitational 

Biology Accomplishments 

Compiled by 

Thora W. Halstead 

NASA Oflce of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, D.C. 

F. Ronald Dutcher and Linda G. Pleasant 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D. C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1985 
NASA Technical Memorandum 86654 

1983-84 NASA Space Biology 

Accomplishments 

Compiled by 

Thora W. Halstead 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, D.C. 

F. Ronald Dutcher and Linda G. Pleasant 

The George Wash iiigton University 

Washiqgton, D. C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1984 
NASA Technical Memorandum 86244 

1982 NASA Space Biology 

Accomplishments 

Thora W. Halstead 

NASA OfJice of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, D.C. 

Linda G. Pleasant 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1983 
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

Bibliography Supplement 1985 

Compiled by Rose C. Wade 

Science Communication Studies 

The George Washington University 

Washington, DC 20006, U.S.A. 

and 

Cyril Ponnamperuma 

Laboratory of Chemical Evolution 

Chemistry Department 

University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A. 
CHEhllC'Al, EI'OLL'TIOS ASD THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

Bibliography Supplemeti1 1983 

I YN. .-1~ro~p". firdrc.rtii, ond Biolor. I .A Cotr/inrrrtr~ Brhlioproplr,l wili Indeses (S~ippleineni 

?!9/ Yaiional 4eronauiicL and Sp3ic 4drniniciraiion. \\ achinpinn. D.C.. 2917 pp. 

Atana\e\. \. P.. Sohole\. h. \'.. and KharLil. .4. D : 198.1. 't\oluiion of ihc Chemical 

C ompowion of lhc Awiiaiion of Pyrope\ in 4nzicni Dirpcr\iori Halor, of Kimbrrliie Bodies'. 

Geol Ceoji: 2. 127-141. (Russian) 

Allei. L H. 1984. Ph.wrs o,/ Thermol Goseou~ .Yehulua. D. Reidel Puhlirhing Co.. Dordrcchi. 

360 pp 

4licLai. \\ .. krisrjansson. H.. Ponnamperuma. C., and Hochsicin. L.: 1984. 'On 

Archaehacierial ATPa>e from Holoburierrutri so(.rhoroi.(rrittir'. Orr,erii> o./ L!/r 14. 733-738 

41taro. \\ . 4l\arc/. I. W'.. Asoro. I- . and 3llihcl. H \'.: 1984. 'The End of ihc Creiaceous: 

Sharp Boundar! or Gradual Trantiiion?'. Srren1.e 223. 1163- 1186. 

.AI\arez. \\ .. .4l\arez. L W'.. Asaro. F.. hlichel. H. \'., Kauffman. E. 6.. and 5urIyA. h.: IYXJ. 

'Impaa Theor! ol $lass Exrinctions and rhe Inwriebraic Fossil Record'. Srienre223. 1135- 1141. 

4riLi. 51 and Lanyi. J K.: 1984. 'E\.idencc for a Sulfhydr!l G r o u p b e a r ihe Reiinal-Binding Silc 

of Halorhodop\in'. J. Btol. Chem. 259(6). 3504-3510. 

Arnould. hl., Takahashi. k.. and \'oLoi. K.: 1981. 'On the \'alidil! of ihr Local Approximation 

for the S-Process in [he Os Region. and lmplicaiions lor ihe (R-IR7)-(0s-187) Cosmochronology', 

Asrrotr. .4srropIi~.~. 137(1). 51-57. 

.AssotsLaia. A. S.: 1984, Helrurn on Eorrh ondrn rhr L;nt~-erse. 17daiel'si\o Nedra. Leningrad, 136 

pp (Rusian) 

.Audouzc, 1.: 1984. 'The Primordial Nuclcosyniherir'. in Procmw'inp~ ojrhe S~v?rpoaum on rhe 

Big Bung ond GeorReJ Lemurire. Lou\ain.la-Ncu\e, Ocioher 10.11. 1982. D. Reidel Publishing 

Co.. Dordrechi. pp. 43-61. 

AuramiL, S. hl.: 1984, 'Ancien! Stromaloliio and hlicrobial hlai+'. in Mirrobiol Mors: 

9romuiolireJ (ed by 1'. Cohen. R H'. Casicnholz. and H. 0. Hal\orson). Alan R. Liss. Ncu 

Azorin. F.. Hahn, R.. and Rich. A.: 1984. 'Rcsiriclion Endonucleaser Can Be Used io Siudy B-2 

Junciions in Supercoiled DNA', Proc. hurl Arod Su L'M 81. 5714-5718. 

YorL. pp. 1-22. 
CHEMICAL E\'OLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

Bibliograph). Supplement I983 

Compiled b! 

LINDA C PLE.4SANTt and ROSE C. WADE 

Scretiw Corirtnurrrcarron Srudres. The George H oshrngron Unrversrr) , H'ashrngron. DC 20037, U.S.A. 

and 

Cl RIL POShAMPERUUA 

Lobororori of Chetirrcd €1 olurron. Chemrsrr) Deparrr?ienr, Unrversrr> 01 Maryland. College Park. 

AID 20742. L' S A 

Thi< bibliograph! is the fourteenth annual supplement IO ihe comprehensiw bibliography on the same 

subjeii uhich was published in Space L!/e Scr. 2(1970). 23-29!: 3(1972). 293-301; 4(1973), 309-329. 

and in Orrprris o./ Lr./c. S(1971). 505-527: 6(1975). 285-300; 7(1976). 75-65; 8(19:7), 59-66; 9(1978), 

67-'4. IOI19FO). 69-R7: IO(19PO). 379-404: lI(1961). 273-288; 12(1982). 93-118: 13(1983). 61-80; 

lS(I9F4I. 55-69, 

-_ <<f)- 

'bh 

5569 

51.70 

5171 

5572 

5573 

5574 

5575 

5576 

s577 

Anderson. P. ti'.: 1963. 'Suggested Slodel for Prebiotic E\olution. The Useof Chaos'. Proc. ,Va/I. 

Aqhual. L. D.. Colucci. hl. T., Lambert, P.. Henr). D. J.. and Gibson. E. E.: 1983. 'Fluid 

Inclusions in Sleieoritcs: Direct Samples of E\traierrcstrial \'olatiles', in Conference on Planeron. 

I'oIarileJ. Alehandria. Minnesota. October 9- 12. 1982 (ed. b) R. 0. Pepin and R. O'Connell). 

Lunar and Planetar) Instilute. Houston, pp. 18-19. 

Audouze. J.: 1983. 'Nucleosynthesis and Chemical Evolution of Galaxies'. in Dr.(Juse Marrer in 

Galaxres. Proceedings ojrhe Advanced 5rud.1 Insrirure. Cargese. Corse. France. September I - 16. 

Audouze. J.. LeQueu\. J.. Levy, hL, and Vidal-hladjar, A,: 1983. Drjjuse Marrer in Galaxies, 

Procredrngs q/rhr Adwnced Srud) Insrrrurr. Cargese. Corse. France. Seplernbcr I - 16. 1982. D. 

Reidcl Publishing Co.. Dordrecht. 275 pp. 

.AurarniL. S. $1.. Schopf. J. W.. and W'alter. M. R.: 1983. 'Filamentous Fossil Bacteria from the 

.Archean of \Vestern Australia'. Precambrian Res. 20. 357-374. 

Bada. 1. 1.. Cronin. J. R.. Ho. hl. S.. Kvcnvolden. K. A,, Law-less. J. G., Miller. S. L.. Oro. 

J.. and Steinberg, S.: 1983. 'On the Reported Oplical Activity of Amino Acids in the Murchison 

Meteorite', Nature 301. 491-497. 

Balasubramanian. R.: 1983, 'Possible Mechanism for the Origin of Chiral Specificity during 

Origins of Life', Origins ojLije 13. 109-1 12. 

Banin, A. and hlargulis. L.: 1983. 'Simulation of Viking Biology Experiments Suggests Smectites 

not Palagonites as Marlian Soil Analogues'. Nature 305. 523-525. 

Bar-Nun. A. and Chang. 5.: 1983, 'Photochemical Reactions of Water and Carbon Monoxide in 

Earth's Primitive Atmosphere', J. Geophvs. Res. 88, 6662-6672. 

Berry. H'. B. and Wilde, P.: 1983, 'Evolutionary and Geologic Consequences of Organic Carbon 

Fixing in Primitive Anoxic Ocean', Geology 11(3), 141-145. 

Boon. J. J. and de Leeuu, J. W.: 1983. 'Early Stromatolite Lithification: Organic Chemical 

Aspects'. in Biomineralriorion and Biological Meral Accumularion (ed. by P. Westbroek and E. 

I$'. de Jong). D. Reidel Publishing Co.. Dordrecht, pp. 327-334. 

.-l~~d. SC I L'S.4 80( I I ), 3386- 3390. 

1982. D. Reidel Publishing Co.. Dordrccht, pp. 95- 140. 

Orrgrns o/ Lrje 17 (1967) 171- 184. 

! 19R7 bj D. Reidel Puhlrshrng Cotnpan,r. 
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

Bibliogruphy Suppletwtir I982 

Compiled by 

LINDA G. PLEASANT 

Science Communication Studies, The George Washington Unioersity, 2000 L St., N. W.. Washington, 

DC 20036, U.S.A. 

and 

CYRIL PONNAMPERUMA 

Lahornlory o/ Chemical Eoolution. Chentisrry Depnrrment, Uniuersity o/ Maryland. Cdlege Park, 

MD20742. U.S.A. 

This bibliography is the thirteenth annual supplement to the comprehensive bibliography on the same 

subject which was published in Space Lge Sci. 2(1970). 225-295: 3( 1972). 293-304; 4(1973). 309-329 and in 

Origins ofLi/e 5 (1974). 505-527: 6 (1975). 285-300; 7 (1976). 75-85: R (1977). 59-66; 9 (1978). 67-74: 10 

(1980),69-87: 10(1980),37944; II (1981),273 288: 12(1982),93 118; 13(1983).61-80. 

5287 

5288 

5289 

5290 

529 I 

5292 

5293 

5294 

5295 

5296 

5297 

5298 

Abell, P. 1.: 1982, 'Palaeoclimates at Lake Turkana, Kenya, from Oxygen Isotope Ratios of 

Gastropod Shells', Nature 297, 321-323. 

Akaboshi, M.: 1982, 'Experimental Investigationson the Origin and Evolution of Life. An Approach 

from Nuclear Biology', Kyoto Daigaku Genshiro Jikkensho Gakujutsu Koenkai Koen Yoshishu 16.9- 

16. (Japanese) 

Akaboshi, M., Kawai, K., Maki, H., Kawamoto, K., and Honda, Y .: 1982, 'Formation of Amino 

Acids from Reactor-Irradiated Ammonium Acetate'. Origins oJLije 12, 339-345. 

Akaboshi. M., Noda, M.. Kawai, K.. Maki, H.. and Kawamoto, K.: 1982, 'Asymmetrical Radical 

Formation in D- and L-Alanines Irradiated with Tritium-beta-Rays', Origins oJLife 12, 395-399. 

Akiyama, M., Shimoyama, A., and Ponnamperuma, C.: 1982, 'Amino Acids from the Late 

Precambrian Thule Group, Greenland', Origins ojLije 12. 215-227. 

Alvarez. W.,Alvarez. L. W..Asara. F..and Michel. H.V.: 1982,'Current Statusofthelmpact Theory 

for the Terminal Cretaceous Extinction'. Geol. Soc. Ani., Spec. Pap. 190. 305-315. 

Alvarez. W.. Asaro. F., Michel, H. V., and Alvarez, L. W.: 1982, 'Iridium Anomaly Approximately 

Synchronous with Terminal Eocene Extinctions', Science 216,886-888. 

Aronowitz, S., Coyne, L., Lawless, J., and Rishpon, J.: 1982, 'Quantum-Chemical Modeling of 

Smectite Clays', Inorg. Chem. 21,3589-3593. 

Asaro, F.. Alvarez, L. W.. Alvarez, W., and Michel. H. V.: 1982, 'Geochemical Anomalies Near the 

Eocene/Oligocene and Permian/Triassic Boundaries., Cud. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 190. 51 7-528. 

Asaro. F., Michel, H. V.. Alvarez, L. W.. and Alvarez. W.: 1982, 'Results of a Dating Attempt: 

Chemical and Physical Measurements Relevant to the Cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary 

Extinctions', in Nuclear and Chemical Dating Techniques (ed. by L. A. Currie), Washington, D.C.: 

American Chemical Society, pp. 401-408. (ACS Symposium Series 176) 

Asaro, F., Michel. H. V.. Alvarez. W.. Alvarez, L. W., Maddocks, R. F., and Bunch, T.: 1982, 

'Iridium and Other Geochemical Profiles Near the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in a Brazos River 

Section in Texas'. in Texas Ostracoda 8th Internurional Symposium on Osrracoda, Houston, 1982 (ed. 

by R. F. Maddocks). Houston: University or Houston, Department of Geosciences, pp. 238-241. 

Audouze. J.: 1982. 'Primordial Nucleosynthesis and Its Consequences'. Ponrij. Acad. Sci. Scr. Varia 

4w.395 42s. 

Origiiis oj Lijc 15 (1984) 55-69.0302-1688/84/0151-00S5S02.25. 

1984 by D. Reid14 Publishing Company 
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

.. I 

. 

L 

u 

I 

Bibliography Supplenierit 1981 

Compiled by 

LINDA G. PLEASANT 

Scic~ttce Contfttirtticariou Divi.hti, Thc GcorgP Wtrshiftyrou Uniwrsiry Mcvlicctl Cettrrr, 2300 Eye Sf. 

Wushirtyfotr. DC 20037, U.S.A. 

and 

( 'Y I< I,. 1'0 N N A M 1'1' I< I I MA 

Ldwrciror.v of CIiwiicttl Elofitt ioti, Chii~tr.~ Dvptrrrrttcvir, Uttivrrsiry oj Mtrr~lcritd, Colkgc, Pork. MD 20742. 

L1.S.A. 

This bibliography is the twelfth annual supplement to the comprehensive bibliography on the same subject 

which was published in Spare Luk Sci. 2 (1970). 225-295: 3 (1972). 293-304: 4 (1973). 309-329 and in Origins 

oj'Liji.S(I974). 505-527:6(1975). 285-300:7 (1976). 75-85:8(1977), 59 66:9(1978),67-74: 10(1980),69- 

87: IO (1980). 379-404: II (1981). 273-288; 12 (1982). 93-1 18. 

4949 

4950 

495 I 

4952 

4953 

4954 

4955 

4956 

4957 

4958 

Abell. P. I., Fallick, A. E., McNaughton, N. J.. and Pillinger, C. T.: 1981, 'Comets and the Origin of 

Life - The Stable Isotope Approach', in Conturs and rlie Origin oj Lijc (ed. by C. Ponnamperuma), D. 

Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 129- 139. 

Addadi, L., van Mil. J.. Gati, E., and Lahav, M.: 1981. 'Amplification of Optical Activity by 

Crystallization in the Presence of Tailor-made Additives. The "Inversion Rule"', Origitts o/'Lilp 11, 

107-1 18. 

Addadi. L.. van Mil. J.. Gati, E., and Lahav, M.: 1981, 'Amplification of Optic31 Activity by 

Crystallization in the Presence of Tailor-made Additives. The "Inversion Rule"'. in Origin oJLije, 

Proceedings ofthe Third ISSOL Meeting and the Sixth ICOL Meeting, Jerusalem, June 22--27, 1980 

(ed. by Y. Wolman), D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland. pp. 355-364. 

A "earn, M. F.: I981,'ChemicalAbundancesinComets'. in ContersandrhPOrigi)io~Liji((ed. byC. 

Ponnarnperuma). D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 53-61. 

Akaboshi, M., Noda, M.. Kawai, K., Maki, H., 110, Y., and Kawamoto, K.: 1981, 'An Approach to 

the Mechanism of the Asymmetrical Radical Formation in Yttrium-90-B-irradiated D- and Lalanines', Origins OJL@ 11, 23-29. 

Akaboshi, M., Noda. M., Kawai, K., Maki. H.. and Kawamoto, K.: 1981, 'Asymmetrical Radical 

Formation in 8-Irradiated D- and L-Alanines'. in Origin ojLi/c.. Proceedings of the Third ISSOL 

Meeting and the Sixth ICOL Meeting, Jerusalem, June 22-27, 1980 (ed. by Y. Wolman), D. Reidel 

Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 373-378. 

Anderson. D. M.. 1981. 'Role of Interracial Water and Water in Thin Films in the Origin of Life', in 

Lijc in rlte Universe (ed. by J. Billingham), MIT Press, London. pp. 61 74. (Also published by the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration: NASA CP-2 156). 

Arad-Yellin. R.. Green, D. S., and Knossow, M.: 1981, 'Generation and Amplification of Optically 

Active Compounds via lnclusion in Chiral Tri-o-thymotide Clathrates'. in Origin q/ Ljje, 

ProceedingsoftheThird ISSOL MeetingandtheSixth ICOL Meeting. Jerusalem.June22- 27. 1980 

(ed. by Y. Wolman). D. Reidel Publishing Co.. Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 365 372. 

Aronowitz, S., Chang, S.. and Scattergood, T.: 1981, 'Scmicmperic;ll Hot Atom Theory. I. 

Initialization and Application', J. Phys. Chntt. 85. 360-367. 

Arrhenius. G.: 1981. 'Constraints on Early Life by Earth's Accretional and Preaccrelional 

Oriyitts ojLij? 13 (1983) 61- 80.0302 1688/83/0131 0061503.00 

!!:J 1983 by D. Reidol Publishing Contpctrty 
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

8if)lio~ rupli,v Stippliwtivi/ IC)KO 

Compiled by 

LINDA G. PLEASANT 

Department of Medical arid Public AJJairs, The George Washingtori Vtriversirj~ Medical Center, Washington. 

D.C.. V.S.A. 

and 

CYRIL PONNAMPERUMA - 

Laboratory OJ Cheriiical Evolurion, Clternisrry Deportmetit, Utiiver~ilj. OJ Alorylotid, College Park, MD, I V.S.A. 

This bibliography is the eleventh annual supplement to the comprehensive bibliography on the same subject which was published in Spuce Li/e Sci. 2 (1970) 225-295; 3 (1972). 293-304; 4 (1973) 309-329 and in 

Origins o/Lve 5 (1974) 507-527; 6 (1975). 285-300; 7 (1976). 75-85; 8 (1977), 59-66; 9 (1978), 67-74; 10 

(1980), 69-87; IO (1980), 379401; 11 (1981), 273-288. 

4458 Anonymous, 1980: ‘Original Life Forms: The Long Reach Back’, Biol. Unserer Zeir. 10, 29-31. 

(German) 

4459 Alaerts, L., Lewis, R. S., Matsude, J.4, and Anders, E.: 1980, ‘Isotopic Anomalies of Noblc Gascs 

in Meteorites and Their Origins. VI. Presolar Components in the Murchison C2 Chondrite’. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 44. 189-209. 

4460 AI-Droubi, A., Fritz, B., Gac, J. Y., and Tardy, Y.: 1980, ‘Generalized Residual Alkalinity Concept: Application to Prediction of the Chemical Evolution of Natural Waters by Evaporation’, 

Am. J. Sci. 280(6). 560-572. 

4461 Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., and Michel, H. V.: 1980, ‘Extraterrestrial Cause for the 

Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction’, Science 208, 1095-1 108. 

4462 Argyle, E.: 1980, ‘A Similarity Ring for Amino Acids Based on Their Evolutionary Substitution 

Rates’, Origins of Li/e 10, 357-360. 

4463 Arnold, F.: 1980, ‘Cluster lon Formation in Dense Interstellar Clouds’, in The Spectra of Simple .. Molecules in the Laboratory arid in Astrophysics, Universite de Liige, Cointe-Ougree, Belgium, pp. 

494-508. 

4464 [ 4465 

4466 

4467 

4468 

4469 

4470 

447 1 

Aronowitz, S. and Chang, S.: 1980, ‘Behavior of Molecules on Interstellar Grains: Application of 

the Langevin Equation and Iterative Extended Huckel’, Astropltys. J. 242. 149-164. 

Ashendorf. D.: 1980, ‘Are Sulfur Isotope Ratios Suficient to De!ermine the Antiquity of Sulfate 

Reduction’, Origiris OJ LiJc IO, 325-333. 

Ashworth, J. R.: 1980. ‘Chondrite Thermal Histories: Clues from Electron Microscopy of Orthopyroxene’, Earlh Plairet. Sci. Lett. 46(2), 167-1 77. 

Atabekov, J. G. and Taliansky, M. E.: 1980, ‘The Specificity of Protein-RNA Interactions upon the 

Assembly of TMV Ni2519’. BioSystems 12(3/4), 249-256. 

Atreya, S. K., Kuhn, W. R., and Donahue. T. M.: 1980. ’Saturn: Tropospheric Ammonia and 

Nitrogen‘, Geophys. Res. Lett. 7, 474-476. 

Atwood, K. C.: 1980, ‘The Limits of Genetic Diversity’, in The Origins of Lge and Ei*olutioit, 

Proceedings of a Symposium, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, July 

1979 (ed. by H. 0. Halvorson and K. E. Van Holde), Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 77-86. (MBL 

Lectures in Biology, Vol. I) 

Audouze, J.: 1980, An Introduction IO Nuclear Astrophysics: The Formation and /he Evolution of 

Matter in the Universe, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland. (Geophysics and Astrophysics Monographs, Vol. 18) 

Bahadur, K.: 1980, ‘A Functional Approach to the Origin of Life’. in Golden Jubilee Commemoration Volume, Nalionol Academy Oj’Sciences, India (ed. by U. S. Srivastava). Nayd Prokash, Calcutta, pp. 181-198. 

Origins of Life 12 (1982) 93-1 18. 0302-1688/82/0121-0093%03.90. 

Copyright Q 1982 by D. Reirlel Publishing Co.. Dordrechr, Holland. atid Boston. V.S.A 
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

Bibliography Supplement 1979 

Compiled by 

LINDA G. PLEASANT 

Dqiarrinenr oJ Medical and Public Ajjairs. The George Washingron Universiry Medical Cenrer. Washinglon. 

D.C., U.S.A. 

and 

This bibliography is the tenth annual supplement to the comprehensive bibliography on the same subject 

which was published in Sliacc. Lik. Sci. 2 (1970). 23 295; 3 (1972). 293-304; 4 (1973) 309-329 and in 

O~/,Y/IL\ (J/ L//c, 5 (1974). 507- 527; 6 (1975). ZXS-3(Ml; 7 (1976). 75-85; 8 (1977). 59 66; 9 (1978). 67-74; 10 

(1980). 69- 87; IO (19x0). 370 ~404. 

4127 

4128 

4129 

4130 

4131 

4132 

4133 

4134 

4135 

4136 

4137 

4138 

4139 

4140 

4141 

Addadi. L. and Lahav, M: 1979 'An "Absolute" Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Dimers and 

Polymers with Quantitative Enantiomeric Yield', in Origins of Oprical Activity in Nature (ed. by D. 

C. Walker), Elsevier. Amsterdam, pp. 179-192. (Studies in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry 7) 

Akaboshi. M., Noda, M., Kawai, K., Maki. H., and Kawamoto, K.: 1979, 'Asymmetrical Radical 

Formation in D- and L-Alanines Irradiated with Yttrium-90 ,!I-Rays', Origins of Lijk 9, 181-186. 

Aksyonov, S. 1.: 1979, 'Interpretation of Data from the Biological Investigation According to the 

Viking Program', Izv. Akad. Nnuk. SSSR Scv. Bioi. No. 3, 389-394. (Russian) 

Aksyonov. S. I.: 1979, 'Some Comments on Interpretations of Viking Biological Experiments'. 

Origiiis oj'Lfe 9, 251-256. 

Alloin, D., Collin-SoufTrin, S.. Joly. M.. and Vigroux, L.: 1979. 'Nitrogen and Oxygen Abundances in Galaxies'. Asrron. Asrrophys. 78 (2). 200-216. 

Alvar;ido. S., Figucroa. R., Sepulvcda. A.. Solo. M. A,. and Toh:~. J.: 1979. 'Reliability in the 

Genetic Code', J. Tliror. Biol. 77, 505-512. 

Andrew. S. P. S.: 1979, 'Designing the First 0rp:inism'. C'litw. Bv. 15. 580-586. 

Andrillat. H.: 1979. 'The llnivcrsc: From Ihc Priniordi:il Explosion IO thc Rhck Iiolc'. A.sr,o/roiriic* 

93.405-434. (French) 

Audouze, J.: 1979. 'The Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy and Isotopic Ratios in the Solar 

System'. in Origin and Disrriburiori o/ /lie, Elmcvirs. I'olioirc, 34. Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium, 

Paris, France, May 10-13. 1977 (ed. by L. H. Ahrens), Pcrgamon. New York. pp. 83-90. (Physics 

;ind Clicniistry of thc Earlh, Volumc I I) 

Bahadur, K. and Kumar, S.: 1979, 'Effect of Formaldehyde on the Abiogenesis of Nucleic Acid 

Bases in the Irradiated Mixtures ofleewanu, the Protocells', J. Proc. R. Soc. N. S. IV. 112, I 11-1 13. 

Balasubramanian, R. and Seetharamulu, P.: 1979, 'Anticodons in tRNA and Genetic Code', Indim 

J. Biochcni. Biophys. 16. 121-123. 

Balasubramanian, R.: 1979, 'The Primitive Decoding System for the Origin of Life: A Hypothesis', 

Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 16,442-444. 

Balch, W. E., Fox, G. E., Magrum, L. J., Woese, C. R., and Wolfe, R. S.: 1979, 'Methanogens: 

Reevaluation of a Unique Biological Group', Microbiol. Rev. 43, 260-296. 

Benin, A. and Navrol, J.: 1979, 'Chemical Fingerprints of Life in Terrestrial Soils and Their 

Possible Use for the Detection of Life on Mars and Other Planets', Iwrrrs 37. 347-350. 

Unnin, A. and Rishpon, J.: 1979. 'Expcrinicntal Siniu1;ition of tlic Viking Labclcd Rclcasc (LR) 

Results with Iron-adsorbed Smectite Clay Minerals', in Liji science.^ and Space Research, Vol. 

Origins oj'Lije 11 (1981) 273-288.0302-1688/81/0113-273$02.40 

Copyright 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrechr, Holland, and Bosron, U.S.A. 
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

Bibliography Supplement 1978 

Compiled by 

LlNDA G. PLEASANT 

Deparrtnent of Medical and Public Affiirs, The GeorKe Washingtori Utiiversity Medical Center, 

Washingrot,, D.C. U.S.A. 

and 

-- CYRIL PONNAMPERUMA 

laboratory of Chemical E~oluiion. Chonisrrj* Departmetit, University of Maryland. 

Collefic Park. MD.. U.S.A. 

This bibliography is the ninth annual supplement to the comprehensive bibliography on 

the same subject which-was published in Space Life Sci. 2 (1970), 225-295; 3 (1972), 

293-304; 4 (1973) 309-329 and in Origins of Life 5 (1974), 507-527; 6 (1975), 

285-300; 7 (1976), 75-85;8 (1977). 59-66;9 (197S), 67-74; 10(1980), 69-87. 

3704 Abelson, P. H.: 1978, ‘Organic Matter in Earth’s Crust’, Ann.Rev.EarihPlanet. Sci. 6, 325-351. 

3705 Acher, R.: 1978, ‘Phylogenetic Lines in Polypeptide Hormones’, in Euofution of Protein 

Molecules, Proceedings of the Symposium, Osaka-Kobe, April 11-13,1977 (ed. by H. Matsubara 

and T. Yamanaka), Japan Scientific Societies Press/Center for Academic Publications Japan, 

3706 Aitken, A.: 1978, ‘Plastocyanin and the Evolutionary Relationship between Chloropkdsts and 

Cyanobacteria’, in Evolution of Protein Molecules, Proceedings of the Symposium, Osaka-Kobe, 

April 11-13, 1977 (cd. by H. Matsubara and T. Yamanaka), Japan Scientific Societies 

PresslCenter for Academic Publications Japan, Tokyo, pp. 25 1-263. 

3707 Akaboshi, M., Kawai, K., Maki, H., and Kawamoto, K.: 1978, ‘Conversionof Alanine to Cysteine 

Using Recoiled ’ S Atoms Obtained from the PDecay of ’’ P’, in Origin of Life, Proceedings 

of the Second ISSOL Meeting and the Fifth ICOL Meeting, Kyoto, April 5-10, 1977 (ed. by 

H. Noda), Center for Academic Publications Japan/J apan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 

3708 Akiyama, M.: 1978, ‘Epimerization of L-Isoleucine on Na-Montmorillonite and Its Implication 

to Precambrian Chemical Fossils’, in Origin of Life. Proceedings of the Second ISSOL Meeting 

Publications Japan/Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, pp. 541-545. 

3709 Ambler, R. P.: 1978, ‘Amino Acid Sequences and Bacterial Phylogeny’, in Evolution ofprotein 

Molecules, Proceedings of the Symposium, Osaka-Kobe, April 11-13,1977 (ed. by H. Matsubara 

and T. Yamanaka), Japan Scientific Societies PresdCenter for Academic Publications Japan, 

3710 Anders, E.: 1978, ‘Most Stony Meteorites Come from the Asteroid Belt’, in Asteroids: An 

Exploration Assessment, Proceedings of the Conference, Chicago, January 19-21, 1978 (ed. by 

D. hlorrison and W. C. Wells), NASA, Washington, D.C., pp. 57-75. Avail. NTIS: NASA-CP-2052. 

371 1 Anderson, D. M.: 1978, ‘Water in the Martian Regolith’. in ~omparafi~ePlanetolo~, Proceedings 

of the Third College Park Colloquium on Chemical Evolution, University of Maryland, September 

29 - October 1, 1976 (ed. by C. Ponndmperuma), Academic Press, New York, pp. 219-224. 

Tokyo, pp. 265-285. 

pp. 343-347. 

and the Fifth lCOL Meeting, Kyoto, April 5-10, 1977 (ed. by H. Noda), Center for Academic l 

Tokyo, pp. 311-322. 

Origins oftife 10 (1980) 379-404. 0302- 1688/80/0104-0379 503.90. 

Copyrighi 6 1980 by D. ReidelPublishing Co., Dordrechr, Holland, ond Boston, U.S.A. 
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

Acid Enantiomers’, BioSystems 9(2,3), I51 -1 54. 

3354 Argyle, E.: 1977. ‘Chance and the Origin of Life’, Origins of Life 8(4), 287-298. 

3355 Armitage, J.: 1977, ‘The Prospect of Astro-pakeontology’, J. Br. Interplanet. Soc. 30, 

BibIiography Supplement 1977 

r 

Compiled by 

LINDA G. PLEASANT 

Science Communication Division, me George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, 

D.C. USA. 

and 

CYRIL PONNAMPERUMA 

Idahoratory of Chemical Evolution, Chemistry Department. University of’ Maryland, ColleKe Park, MD, 

U.S.A. 

This bibliography is the eighth annual supplement to the comprehensive bibliography on 

the same subject which was published in Space Life Sci. 2 (1970), 225-295; 3 (1972), 

293-304; 4 (1973) 309-329 and in Origiris of Life 5 (1974), 507-527; 6 (1975), 

285-300; 7 (1976), 75-85; 8 (1977), 59-66; 9 (1978), 67-74. 

3346 Abadi. H. and Wickramasinghe, N. C.: 1977, ‘Prebiotic Molecules in Martian Dust Clouds’, 

Nature 267 (5613), 687-688. 

3347 Abelson, P. H.: 1977, ‘Voyager Missions’,Science 197 (4308), 1039. 

3348 Abt. H. A.: 1977,’The Companions of Sunlike Stars’,Sci. Am 236 (4). 96-104. 

3349 Adelson, H. E., Brown, F.S., and Gilje, R. I.: 1977, ‘Looking for Life on Mars’, Quest 1, 

29-50. 

Origins of Life 10 (1980) 69-87. 0302-1688/80/0101-0069~~02.85. 

Copyright 8 1980 by D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht;Holland, and Boston. U.S.A. 
COMETS AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE: BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

! 

Linda G. Pleasant 

Department of Medical and Public Affairs 

The George Washington University Medical Center 

Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 

A'Hearn, M.F., Millis, R.L., and Birch, P.V.: 1979, 'Gas and Dust 

in Some Recent Periodic Comets', Astron. J. 84, pp.570-579. 

Alfven, H. and Arrhenius, G.: 1976, Evolution of the Solar System, 

NASA, Washington, D.C., 611pp. (NASA-SP-345) 

Alfveii, 11. and Mcndis, A. : 1973, 'Nature a11d Origin of COIIICL:~', 

Nature 246, pp.410-411. 

Anders, E.: 1975, 'Do Stony Meteorites Come from Comets', ICaFUS 

24, pp.363-371. 

Anders, E. and Owen, T.: 1977, 'Mars and Earth: Origin and Abundance of Volatiles', Science 198, pp.453-465. 

Barshay, S.S. and Lewis, J.S.: 1976, 'Chemistry of Primitive 

Solar Material', Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 14, pp.81-94. 

Benlow, A. and Meadows, A.J.: 1977, 'The Formation of the Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets by Impact', Astrophys. Space 

Sei. 46, pp.293-300. 

Biermann, L.: 1974, 'New Developments Concerning Our Knowledge of 

the Comets', Sterne WeltPam 13, pp.9-15. (German) 

Biermann, L.: 1974, 'Recent Advances in Cometary Physics and 

Chemistry', in Space Research XIV, Proceedings of the 16th Plenary 

Meeting, Konstanz, West Germany, May 23 - June 5, 1973, AkademieVerlag GmbH, Berlin, East Germany, pp.593-599. 

Biermann, L. and Michel, K.W.: 1978, 'On the Origin of Cometary 

Nuclei in the Presolar Nebula', Moon and the Planets 18, pp.447- 

464. 

255 

C. Ponnompetuma (ed.), Comets and the Origin of Life, 255-268. 

Copyright 0 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. 
NASA Conference Publication 2276 

First Symposium on 

Chemical Evolution 

and the Origin and 

Evolution of Life 

Edited by 

Donald L. DeViiicenzi 

NASA Headquarters 

Washington, D. C. 

Linda G. Pleasant 

The George Washington University 

Medical Center 

Washington, D. C. 

Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

and the International Society for the 

Study of the Origin of Life and held at 

NASA Ames Research Center 

Moffett Field, California 

August 2-4, 1982 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1983 
Spring 1981 @ 

Vol. 9, No. 1 

President's Address: Third ISSOL 

Meeting 

Distinguished guests, ladies and 

gentlemen, 

As President of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life, it is 

my great privilege to welcome you to the 

Sixth International Conference on the 

Origin of Life and the Third International 

Meeting of the Society for the Study of 

the Origin of Life. 

Many of you have come from far and 

wide to gather here today in the city of 

Jerusalem, which is a hallowed location 

to peoples of many generations and 

diverse persuasions. It is perhaps most 

appropriate that our Society meets in a 

place that is steeped in tradition. Indeed 

there is almost an unwritten custom in 

our society that we meet in places that 

have long been associated with history, 

culture, and a tradition. Our previous 

meeting places have been Moscow, 

Paris, Barcelona, and Kyoto, and today 

we are here in a location that is a cradle 

of Judaic, Christian, and Islamic 

civilization. 

Our Society. from its very simple 

beginnings, indeed no more than a gleam 

in the eye of a few of our enthusiastic 

members, has now grown into an interdisciplinary organization that embraces 

practically every continent of the world. It 

was in Cortina d'Ampeuo, during the 

1967 meeting of the Radiation Research 

Society, that an International Symposium on the Origin of Life was held. At 

that time, in a hotel room overlooking the 

Dolomites, Alexander lvanovich Oparin 

and his wife sat with a few of our 

members - Sidney Fox, Cyril Ponnamperuma, and others - and discussed the possibility of gathering together 

those who were scattered around in different disciplines under one banner - 

the International Society for the Study of 

!he Origin of Life. 

'Opening Address of Fuji0 Egarni. President 

of ISSOL. at the Sixth International Conference on the Origin of Life and Third International Meeting of ISSOL, Jerusalem, Israel. 

June 23-27, 1980. 

At the subsequent international 

meeting, which was held at Pont-aMousson and was organized by Buvet 

and Ponnamperuma, the idea of inaugurating a society was enthusiastically 

acclaimed by those present. Thus the 

Society was born. Today we are at a 

point in our development where we are 

able, under this one banner, to bring 

together astronomers, geologists, 

chemists, and biologists - a vast interdisciplinary array of investigators - 

whose sole aim is to understand how life 

began on this Earth. 

No other problem in the history of 

human endeavor has attracted such wide 

attention. No other problem has beckoned to its solution such vast and varied intellectual resources from different individuals, from different countries, from 

different disciplines, and from different 

approaches. 

This is perhaps, the great strength of 

our Society. At our meetings we are not 

constrained by the limitations of a particular subject, but rather we have a problem to be solved, and we try to bring a 

number of methods to the process of 

finding a solution. 

Our endeavors, using any tool that is 

available, from the studies in the 

laboratories to the fieldwork at the poles 

of the Earth, have moved into deep 

space where the exploration of the 

planets and the search for extraterrestrial 

intelligence are all involved in this grand 

effort. 

I am pleased to say that our Society is 

progressing. We are still a small group 

when we compare ourselves with other 

societies and organizations around the 

world, but our intensity makes up for 

what is lacking in our size. 

This gathering here today is testament 

to the development of our Society. 

However, from this note of joy, satisfaction, hope, and pleasure in being able to convene this meeting, I must now turn to 

a matter of great sadness. Alexander 

lvanovich Oparin, the previous president, 

of this Society, whom I might truly 

dexribe as the founder of the study of 

chemical evolution, passed away on 

April 21st of this year. It is ironic that his 

death happened so close to this meeting 

because we had expected to have him 

here with us to celebrate the awarding of 

the first Oparin Medal, which will take 

place at the banquet on Thursday 

evening. 

It was Alexander lvanovich Oparin 

who in 1924. in a preliminary study 

published in Russian, put forward the 

whole concept of chemical evolution in 

scientifically defensible terms. Perhaps 

the entire modern development of this 

subject may be traced to that single 

publication. It was from his writings that 

the early students of the subject matter 

gained inspiration and knowledge and 

the basis for their experiments. 

It was Oparin's great genius that in the 

early stages of his thinking he considered 

how carbon in the atmosphere had to be 

reduced to some form in order to be of use in the amino acids and the carbohydrates necessary for living 

organisms. An idea struck him that 

organic matter had to be produced under 

nonoxygenic conditions. By his own admission, a discussion of a Mendelevian 

idea on the carbides in the crust of the 

Earth led him to believe that carbon may 

have been in the reduced form. It is to 

Oparin's credit that long before 

astronomers established the reducing 

nature of the universe, when they 

discovered that the entire universe was 

90% hydrogen, he had already 

postulated the important role for reduced 

gases. 

He continued in this field of study from 

1924 and was Director of the Bakh Institute of Biochemistry until the very day 

of his death. Many of us were privileged 

to know him personally as a friend and 

colleague. Some of us were present in 

1974 when we celebrated his 80th birthday and the 50th anniversary of the 

publication of his book. 

Oparin was a warm individual. He appreciated science in all of its forms, and 

(continued on pg. 2) 

1 
Summer 1981 

Vol. 9, No. 2 

In Memoriam 

HAROLD CLAYTON UREY 

1893-1981 

On January 5th, 1981, died Harold Urey, 

a legend in his lifetime. Few men of science 

have had the impact Urey has had on 

science, ranging from the study of the 

origin of life to the exploration of the 

universe. 

Harold Urey was born in Walkerton, 

Indiana, on April 23rd, 1893. His father, 

Samuel Clayton, a teacher and minister, 

died when Harold was only six years old. 

When his mother, Cora Urey, remarried, 

Harold took her maiden name and was 

known as Harold Clayton Urey. In 1926, he 

married Frieda Dawn; they had four children, Gertrude, Frieda, Mary Alice. and 

John. 

Harold Urey’s early education was in the 

rural schools of Indiana; he became a 

school teacher, but his restless craving for 

knowledge propelled him on to a college 

education at Montana State University 

where he studied biology. Although later in 

life his greatest efforts and contributions 

were in the physical sciences, he recalled 

with some degree of nostalgia his first independent research project in which he 

studied the protozoa in the Missoula River. 

After graduating from Montana State University and a brief stint at a war materials 

plant in Philadelphia, he returned to Montana, this time as a university teacher. 

In 1921, Urey headed for Berkeley where 

G.N. Lewis was laying the foundations of 

Berkeley’s great preeminence in chemistry. 

He earned his doctorate from Berkeley in 

1923 in physical chemistry. It was here, that 

in a sense, Urey discovered himself. From 

Berkeley, his scientific odyssey took him to 

Copenhagen where he spent a year steep. 

ing himself in atomic science under the 

patronage of the famed Niels Bohr. Denmark was followed by a brief period on the 

faculty at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. 

From Baltimore he moved to Columbia, 

where in 1931 hedid hisepochmaking work 

on the isolation of deuterium. Barely ten 

years after his Ph.D., he received the Nobel 

prize in chemistry. 

During World War 11, he headed the 

Manhattan Project at Columbia; after Co. 

lumbia and the war followed the days in 

Chicago. This was the exciting period when 

the rudiments of the new discipline of 

cosmochemistry was being forged by Libby, Harrison Brown, Hans Seuss, and the 

galaxy of chemists bold enough to venture 

from their Earth-bound laboratories to 

nature’s own in the very heart of the stars. 

The years in Chicago swiftly gave place to 

those in La Jolla, where in 1958. Harold 

Urey was named Professor-at-large. To 

his last day, Urey lived in La Jolla, making it 

the Mecca and Medina of all cosmochemists. 

Urey’s influence extended to every 

branch of science. One of the first signifirant experiments on thc origin of lifc was 

performed by his graduate student, Stanley 

Miller; other associates, like Harmon Craig, 

have blazed the isotope trail, and a whole 

generation of researchers have emulated 

his studies of the Moon. 

His love affair with the Moon began over 

thirty years ago. In his own oft-quoted 

words, “Joyously! One day. . .on a train I 

read a book, The Foce of !he Moon by 

Ralph Baldwin. 1 was fascinated.” He went 

back to his office at the University of 

Chicago and pasted together a map of the 

Moon from photographs and hung II on his 

office wall. “And I just went on from there.” 

He went on to participate ineveryaspect of 

lunar exploration. At the height of the 

Apollo program he once exclaimed, “I’d 

love to go to the Moon. I think I’d goeven if 1 

knew 1 could never get back.” 

Perhaps the greatest legacy that Harold 

Urey has left us was his dedication to basic 

science. He represented in the scientific 

world, long before its time, the phenomenon of the native American scientist inspired by the problems of pure science; 

working not towards practical applications 

but attempting to formulate the natural 

laws of the universe. Urey hunted for 

deuterium not because of the potential 

value of heavy water, but because he had a 

chart of nuclear species on the wall with a 

blank space where he was convinced that 

deuterium had to be. 

Harold Urey thrived in the intellectual 

climate of academe. To him, “the main 

business of a university is to examine the 

discrepancies between actual phenomena 

and the currently accepted explanations of 

them.” Throughout his scintillating career, 

~~ ~~ ~~ ~ 

Origins of Life 

Official Publication 

of ISSOL 

We are pleased to announce that ISSOL 

has signed a two.year agreement with D. 

Reidel Publishing Company lor the publication of Origins of Life. This agreement 

makes the journal Origins ojLife the official 

publication of the society. 

ISSOL will assume editorial responsibility for the journal commencing with Volume 

12, 1982. Current editorial staff has agreed 

to a request by the society tocontinue until 

the next meeting of ISSOL in July 1983 at 

which time the society will appoint a new 

Edilor. Assoriatc Editors, and Editorial 

Board. At least five Associate Editors and 

fifteen Editorial Board members will be 

appointed by ISSOL for a period of three 

years. 

Origins oj Life will continue to contain 

only original, previously unpublished, refereed articles within the subject domain of 

the field of origins of life, book reviews, 

ISSOL announcements, and Reidel publication notices. One volume per year will be 

published consisting of four issues of 

approximately one hundred pages each. 

Beginning with the first issue of Volume 

12,1982, there will be aspecial subscription 

price for ISSOL members (for personal use 

only) of US $20; this is a savings of $15 to 

ISSOL members. The society will receive a 

2% royalty on institutional subscription 

sales above the 800 subscription level. 

to a degree seldom equalled, he personified 

excitement in science. 

Of him, more than of anyone else, one 

could say with Ogden Nash: 

There wasn’t a problem he feared to 

From smashing atoms to conquering 

And, should one of his theories expire 

He had other ions in the fire. 

Harold Urey was a warm and affection. 

ate human being. Those of us who had the 

’ privilege of knowing him have lost a friend 

and a teacher. A generation of American 

scientists accustomed to him will miss the 

special Urey brand of inspiration and 

leadership. 

C. Ponnomperumo 

face 

space 
Fall/Winter 1981 

Vol. 9, No. 3 

Guest Editorial 

SETI-THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE 

In the past twenty years, much of the 

attention given to the search for extraterrestrial lite has focused on the possibility of 

discovering evidence for such life in our 

solar system, particularly on Mars. During 

the same time, some investigators have 

been pursuing a very different approach. 

namely the search for life outside the solar 

system. Studies throughout this period 

have indicated clearly that attempts to send 

spacecraft to nearby stars would require 

prodigious expenditures of energy and 

other resources, and the results would not 

be forthcoming for hundreds or thousands 

of years. But there is another approach, 

first enunciated by Cocconi and Morrison 

in their classic paper in Nature in 1959. The 

idea is to search for extraterrestrial intelli. 

gence (SETI). One must ask what manifestations of the existence of other civilizations may be most easily detected. After 

many years of discussion there does now 

appear to be a consensus that the initial 

search should concentrate in the microwave 

region of the electromagnetic spectrum. 

Thegoal is simply to detect signals that are 

unequivocally of intelligent origin. The task 

is difficult since one is confronted with a 

multidimensional search space consisting 

of direction, signal strength and pattern, 

polarization, repetition rate, and frequency. Many reasonable inferences can 

be made to reduce the odds against 

detection. For example, it may not be 

profitable to examine 0 stars, since their 

lifetime is too short to allow the evolution of 

intelligence on any of their planets. 

The SET1 concept then is to use existing 

large radiotelescopes to search specific 

targets, and tosweep thesky toensure that 

ue are not missing any strong signals. But 

he heart of the SET1 system is a sophistiiated multichannel spectrum analyzer and 

;ignal processor. which splits up the incom 

qg data stream into millions of separate 

hannels, and which automatically identi. 

es patterns which are significantly differnt from the noise background. 

Some two dozen searches have been 

arried out by American, Canadian and 

oviet investigators since 1960. No signals 

f intelligent origin have yet been found, but 

lis is not surprising in view of the 

imparatively primitive data processing 

systems which have been available to date. 

SET1 is appearing more frequently on the 

programs of the meetings of various 

national and international bodies, such as 

ICSU (the International Council of Scientific Unions), COSPAR (fhc ICSU Commit. 

tee on Space Research), IAU (the lnternational Astronomical Union), URSl (the 

International Radio Union), AAAS (the 

American Association for the Advancement of Science), and AIM (the American 

Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics). There are regular technical sessions 

on SET1 at the annual Congress of the 

International Astronaulical Federalion. 

SET1 is also appearing in more and more 

college courses dealing with exobiology 

and life in the universe. 

The worst problem faced by SET1 

investigators is radio frequency interference. The microwave window is rapidly 

becoming filled with terrestrial transrnissions of all types, and of strengths which 

will drown out faint signals of intelligent 

extraterrestrial origin. In spite of representations made by twenty nations to reserve a 

part of the spectrum for SETI, the World 

Administrative Radio Conference in 1979 

did not take such action, though they did 

note that SETI searches would be taking 

place in the microwave region of the 

spectrum. The only escape may be to go 

into space with large antennas (which will 

probably happen anyway in the near 

future) and shield the listening system from 

terrestrial interference. But we must first 

find out the extent of the problem with 

terrestrial telescopes. 

For ISSOL colleagues who may be 

interested, the best general description of 

the philosophy, science and technology of 

SETI is the report of the SET1 Science 

Workshops, chaired by Philip Morrison, 

and published in 1977 as NASA Special 

Publication 419, entitled SETI. In the 

summer of 1979, a scientific meeting on 

“Life in the Universe” was held at the Ames 

Research Center. The proceedings will be 

published late in 1981 by MlT Press. The 

papers presented at the meeting trace the 

story of life in the context of cosmic 

evolution, including chemical evolution, the 

origin of life, complex life and intelligence. 

Again, for those interested, the last paper in 

the volume, by J.H. Wolfe, et al., describes 

the essence of the SETI microwave observing program. 

There are many interesting parallels 

between Viking and SETI. It is most 

iniportnnt. of cowsc, that wc continue thc 

exploration of Mars in the future, and that 

we eventually carry out a Mars Sample 

Return Mission. In the meantime, we can 

continue the search for extraterrestrial life 

by conducting a modest SET1 program. It is 

highly probable that valuable radioastre 

nomical data will be collected as the SET1 

activities proceed, so that there will be a 

scientific return whether or not a signal of 

intelligent origin is detected. And a positive 

result, namely the detection of another 

civilization, would be of considerable scientific interest. 

I would appreciate hearing from ISSOL 

members who have comments or ques. 

tions about SETI, or who would like to be 

kept apprised of developments as they 

occur. 

John Billingham 

Chief, Extraterrestrial 

Research Division 

NASA Ames Research Center 

Moffett Field, CA 94035 

Editor’s Note 

HELP EXPAND MEMBERSHIP 

NEWS. All ISSOL members are 

encouraged to submit material, 

at any time, for inclusion in 

future newsletter issues. Entries 

in all categories are welcome: 

articles, editorials, research 

notes, education notes, conference summaries, meeting announcements, membership 

news, book announcements or 

brief reviews, etc. All submis6iOnS should follow the format 

already established for the 

newsletter and be sent directly 

to the Editor. 
Spring 1982 

Vol. 10, No. 1 

:TY FOR THE 

Research News 

A Non-Enzymatic RNA 

Polymerase Model 

Leslie E. Orgel 

The Salk Znstitute for Biological Studies 

San Diego, California 

There is a great deal of argument about the 

nature of the first information-transferring process that occurred on the primitive Earth and 

formed the starting point for the evolution of 

life. One attractive possibility is that a process 

related to nucleic-acid replication was responsible for the conservation of genetic information from the very beginning. It is important, 

therefore, to explore systematically the nature 

of replication processes that could have occur. 

red in the absence of anything as complicated 

as an enzyme. We have been doing this for a number of years. 

We have concentrated on reactions in 

which a preformed polynucleotide chain facili. 

tates the synthesis of complementary oligomers-such reactions are similar to those 

carried out by RNA.dependent RNA polyme. 

rases. The principle IS illustrated in Fig. 1. li CG 

1.) I b) 

Fig. I (a) A poly ((2)-poly (G) double helix. (b) 

The corresponding double helix formed by 

poly(c) with pG. The pG molecules are ori. 

ented in such a way as to facilitate oligomeri. 

zation. 

When poly(C), a homopolymer related to 

RNA, is mixed with a derivative of guanine (G) 

in aqueous solution at pH dand cooled toOT 

anorganized double-helical structure is formed 

which is completely analogous to a WatsonCrick double helix, except that the G residues 

are lined up head-to-tail without being joined 

together. Poly(U) and A also form an organized structure under these conditions, but it is 

more complicated. Clearly if the G derivative 

in the poIy(C):G helix were GTP or some 

other activated derivative of guanylic acid 

(pG) the template poly(C) might induce the G 

derivative to polymerize. 

Our early work established that the template principle does indeed work. Poly(U) 

facilitates the formation of oligo(A)'s from 

adenylic acid(pA) in the presence o! a condensing agent, but has no effect on the poly. 

merization of U, C. or G derivatives. Similarly, 

poly(C) is a template for the formation of 

oligo(G)'s, but has no influence on U, C or A 

derivatives. Furthermore, we found that derivatives of other sugars than D.ribose do not 

undergo template-direc ted reac tions-poly(U) 

has little effect on the polymerization of deriv. 

atives of 2'-deoxy A, 3'-deoxy A, ara A or L.adenosine. for example. Howevrr. these 

reactions were somewhat disappointing in 

other ways. First they were not very efficient 

and yielded only short oligomers, and second 

they tended to produce the wrong isomers, 

the products were 2'-5'4inked while nucleic 

acids are always 3'-5'-Iinked. 

Two or three years ago we made the sur- prisingobservation that metal ions profoundly 

influence the poly(C)-directed oligomerization 

of one particularly activated G derivatiye, the 

phosphorimidazolide, lmpG (I). The Pb + and 

0 

H6 bH 

I: B=G, R=H 

XI: B=G, R=CH3 

Y OF THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

Zn2' ions were the most effective catalysts, 

but they lead to fundamentally different pro. 

ducts. The Pb2' ion yields the "wrong" 2l.5'- 

linked oligomers, while the Zn2' ion gives the 

natural 3'-5'-Iinked product. In both cases oligomers up to 30-50 units long are obtained 

in excellent yield. 

The Zn2'.catalyzed reaction proved to have 

high fidelity. In the presence of poly(C). only G was incorporated into long oligomers from an 

equimolar mixture of G and U, A or C. The 

discrimination factor was about 200 for each 

"wrong" base. This compares reasonably well 

with the fidelity of RNA polymerases which 

discriminate by a factor of about 3000. We 

found this reaction particularly exciting, be. 

cause all RNA and DNA polymerases are Zn2+-containing enzymes, so we thought there 

mi ht be an evolutionary relationship between 

Unfortunately. it has not proved possible to 

generalize the Zn" catalyzed reaction. In fact, 

2"' inhibits the oligomerization of lmpA on (Continued on p. 2) 

Zn ?+ -ion . catalysis and Zn2*-enzyme catalysis. 

James P. Ferris 

Proposed as Journal 

Editor 

A resolution adopted at the 1980 ISSOL 

meeting in Jerusalem accepted the journal 

Origins of Life as the official publication of the 

Society. Cyril Ponnamperuma (USA) agreed 

to continue to serve as editor until a new editor is named by the Society. 

A committee composed of C. Ponnam. 

peruma, R.S. Young, J.W.Schopf,andD. DeVincenzi nominated James P. Ferris, Renssalaer 

Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York (USA) 

to become the new editor of the Society's 

journal. The Executive Council accepted the 

committee's recommendation. Dr. Ferris' appointment will be submitted for ratification by 

the Society membership. 
Summer 1982 

Vol. 10, No. 2 

In Memoriam 

FUJI0 EGAMI 

1910-1982 

On July 17th. 1982, died Fujio Egami, a 

legend in his lifetime. He made a strong impact on science ranging from biochemistry 

lo the study of the origin of life. 

Fujio Egami was born in Tokyo, Japan, 

on November 21st, 1910. In 1939, he married Yuki Yoneta; they had two daughters, 

Fuyuko and Shinko. 

Fujio Egami graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1933 and then started his 

research work on sulfate esters and sulfatase under Prof. T. Soda (1932-1942). During this period, he went to France to study 

the methanol oxidation in mice at the Institut de Chimie Biologique de la Facult; de 

Mddicine de I’Universitl, de Strasbourg 

under Prof. M. Nicloux (1934-1935), followed by research on the microbial deamination of alanine at the lnstitut de Biologie 

Physico-chemique under Prof. E. Aubel 

In 1942, Egami moved to Nagoya University and began his research and lecturing in 

biochemistry. He earned hisdoctorate from 

the University of Tokyo in 1942 in chemistry. He became a Professor of Organic 

Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry 

in 1943. At Nagoya, Egami studied inor. 

ganic nitrogen metabolism centering upon 

nitrate reductase and he discovered that 

(1935-1936). 

nitrate is utilized in organisms instead of 

oxygen; at the same time, he proceeded 

with the biochemical study of a series of 

toxins such as Shigello exotoxin, streptolysin S and endotoxins of Gram-negative 

bacteria. Egami did his epoch-making work 

on the isolation of RNase TI in 1957, his last 

year at Nagoya. 

In 1958, from Nagoya University he 

moved to the University of Tokyo, where in 

1960 he published in Nature his prediction 

that the sequencing of RNA would be possible by the use of several species of ribonuclease with different specificities. He further 

(continued on p. 2) 
.@ Winter 1983 

VoZ.11, No.1 

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

7th International Conference on the Origin6 of Life 

and 

4th Interaiptional Meeting of the Society for the Study of the Origin of Life 

The "7th International Conference 

on the Oriqins of Life (ICOL) and the 

4th Yeetinq of the International 

Society for the Study of the Origins 

of Life" is to be held at the KurfUrstl iche SchloB (Electors ' Palace) in 

Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany, 

from Sunday, July 10 to Friday, July 

15, 1983 at the invitation of the 

International Society for the Study 

of the Origin of Life (ISSOL), 

The 7th Conference on the Oriqins 

of Life will mark a twenty-five-year 

period which started with the "Symposium on the Origin of Life on the 

Earth" In August 1957 in Moscow and 

included those in Wakulla Springs 

(1963). Pont-l-Mousson (1970). 

Barcelona (1973). Kyoto (1977) and 

Jerusalem (1980). Each of them has been 

very successful in stimulatinq sclentific co-operation and comnunication in 

the field of the origins of life. 

The schedule aims at interdisciplinary information exchange amonq parti - 

cipants. To achieve this, each topic 

is made up of soecific elements, namely 

Date 

Sunday 

10 July 

Monday 

11 July 

- 

Tuesday 

12 July 

Wednesday 

13 July 

Thursday 

14 July 

Friday 

15 July 

Saturday 

16 July 

Morning 

Reg i strati on 

(8-9.30) 

Open i ng Ce remny 

(10-12) 

Lectures 81 -83, 

Poster Presentat., 

Comnercial Exhib. 

Lectures C3tC4, 

Poster Presentat., 

Comnercial Exhib. 

Symposium SA. 

Poster Presentat., 

Comercial Exhib. 

Lecture D 

SymDos i um SC, 

Poster Presentat.. 

(8.15-12) 

(8.15-11.40) 

(8.15- 12.30) 

(8.15-8.55) 

Comercia1 Exhib. 

(9-12) 

PROGRAM OUTLINE 

Afternoon Eveni nq 

Registration Welcoming Recept.. 

(14-21 ) at Landesmuseum - 

Lectures A1 -A3 Lectures A4+A5 

Poster Presentat. Reception by the 

Commercial Exhib. City of Mainz 

Lectures Cl+CZ, Concert 

Comnercial Exhib. 

(20-22) 

( 14-1 6.30) (19.30-20.50) 

(1 6.30-1 8) (21-22) 

Poster Presentat., (20-22) 

(14-1 7.25) 

Rhine River Tour 

(1 3.15-21 .OO) 

Symnosium SB, 

Poster Presentat., 

Wine Tas t ing/Sparklina Wine Cellar + 

Other Events 

Guided Walking Tour 

at Mainz 

(afternoon) 

Guided Walking Tour 

at Mainz (cont.) 

(morning) 

Visit to ZDF (Second 

German Tel e v i s i on ) 

Commercial Exhib. Tasting/"Genany on (morning) 

(14-18.15) Slides" (18.45-21.30) 

ISSOL Business Closina Dinner with Guided Bus Tour to the 

Meeting (14-) Dinner Lecture and Rheingau, including a 

Presentation of Visit to Procellan MaOparin Medal nufacture Hoechst 

( 19.30-23) (all day) 

Post Congress Tours 

Beqin + Guided Bus 

Tour to Roman Churches, 

Worms, Speyer, Heidelberq Castle (3/4 day) 
Summer 1983 

VoZ. 11, No. 2 

@ 

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

A FEW WORDS 

FROM THE EDITOR 

With the upcoming Society meeting 

and election of new ISSOL officers and 

executive councilors, it is 

appropriate to evaluate the goals for 

the Society's newsletter and our plans 

to achieve them. 

The purpose of the newsletter is to 

disseminate information about the 

Society and the research field to the 

ISSOL membership in a timely fashion. 

A newsletter such as this cannot, of 

course, directly promote research or 

report original scientific data on a 

regular basis. Those are the roles 

for scientific journals and 

professional meetings. But a 

newsletter can encourage scientific 

activity indirectly by sharing 

information among members on matters 

such as: 

upcoming meetings; field trips: swnmer 

schools: reviews of current 

publications (including books, 

articles, films etc.); new 

appointments: scientific honors and 

awards (yourself and your colleagues) : new research discoveries (e.g., news release type articles); teaching 

materials/educational notes; 

editorials: and lettersto-the-editor. We can only reach this 

goal with your help. With members 

scattered over a dozen disciplines and 

countries, the ISSOL Newsletter needs 

reporters and correspondents. If you 

are a member of ISSOL, then consider 

yourself a staff writer for this 

Newsletter. 

make the newsletter successful as a 

device for disseminating current 

information about the Society, its 

members, and its research. You are 

Invited to submit items for the 

newsletter at any time. Please do 

your share to make the newsletter 

truly reflective of our Society's 

activities and interests. Articles 

may be brief and on any of the above 

subjects (or others you may think are 

appropriate). The format should 

follow previous issues. Please send 

all entries directly to the Editor. 

reports on recent and 

Your help is essential in order to 

D. L. DeVincenzi 

Editor 

4TH ISSOL MEETING 

The "7th International Conference on 

the Origins of Life (ICOL) and the 4th 

Meeting of the International Society 

for the Study of the Origin of Life" 

is to be held at the Kurfuerstliche 

Schloss (Electors Palace) in Mainz, 

Federal Republic of Germany, from 

Sunday July 10 to Friday, July 15. 

1983 at the invitation of the 

International Society for the Study of 

the Origin of Life (ISSOL). 

The 7th Conference on the Origins of 

Life will mark a twenty-five year 

period, which started with the 

symposium on the Origin of Life on the 

Earth in August 1957 in Moscow and 

included those in Uakulla Springs 

(19631, Pont-A-Mousson (1970), 

Barcelona (1973). Kyoto (1977) and 

Jerusalem (1980). Each of them has 

been very successful in stimulating 

scientific cooperation and 

communication in the field of origins 

of life. 

membership roles indicate over 285 

members. 

and many other interested scientists 

will attend the conference and join us 

in Hainz. 

countries have announced their 

participation. Included in the 

program are 55 oral contributions 

(plenary and short lectures) and 130 

poster presentations. During the 

opening ceremony on July 11. Professor 

Schuster (University Men) will 

present the intro- ductory lecture on 

the evolution between chemistry and 

biology . 

In the meantime, the society 

We hope that most of then 

To date, 225 scientists frolo 26 

TRAVEL GRANTS 

Competition for travel grants to the 

4th ISSOL Meeting was substantial. 

The Committee received travel grant 

applications from more that 40 ISSOL 

members from 16 countries, with total 

requests for funds (for travel only) 

amounting to some $33,000 (US). A 

total of 16 students and 2 

professionals received travel funds. 

Because of limited monies, ISSOL was only able to provide 12 individuals 

with travel grants. Six individuals 

were recipients of a Dr. Herbert M. 

Phillips-ISSOL Travel Award. This 

award was made possible through the 

generosity of Dr. Herbert M. Phillips 

of La Jolla, California. The Herbert 

M. Phillips-ISSOL Travel Award was 

established to encourage participation 

of younger scientists, especially 

graduate students, at the 4th Meeting 

of ISSOL. 

DONAT I ON/OPAR I N MEDAL 

D. Reidel has donated funds to cover 

the cost of the production of the A.I. 

Oparin Medal. This medal is awarded 

at ISSOL'S tri-annual meetings to the 

scientist who has had the best 

sustained scientific research program 

in the origin of life field for the 

three years since the last meeting. 

D. Reidel's generosity is appreciated 

by ISSOL. Professor Cyril 

Ponnamperuma, the recipient of last 

years A.I. Oparin Medal, will present 

this year's award at the Closing 

Dinner of the "7th ICOL and 4th ISSOL 

Meeting" on July 15, 1983. 

im the mewmletter of the 

Intcmationd Societu for tbc Stodu 

of tbe Origin of Life. 

Dr. Donald DeVincenri, Editor 

Linda G. Pleasant, Associate Editor 
Fall 1983 

VoZ. 11, No. 3 

A FEW WORDS FROM THE ISSOL PRESIDENT 

In a celebrated essay on the physical 

basis of life, J.D. Bernal, the British 

physicist, wrote In 1949 about the problem 

of the origin of life, 

Even the formulation of this problem is perhaps beyond the reach of 

any one scientist, for such a 

scientist would have to be at the 

same time a competent mathematician, a physicist, and an experienced organic chemist. He should 

have a very extensive knowledge of 

geology, geophysics, and geochemistry, and, besides all this. be 

absolutely at home in all biological disciplines . Sooner or 

later, this task would have to be 

given to groups representing all 

these faculties and working 

closely together theoretically as 

well as experimentally. 

What Bernal foresaw in 1949 has become a 

reality with the inauguration of the International Society for the Study of the Origin 

of Life. ISSOL is unique in its composition. We are an interdisciplinary society 

of astronomers, geologists, chemists, biologists and philosophers who are interested 

in one objective: trying tf answer the 

question, "How dfd life begin? 

Our fledpling society, since its inauguration at the meeting in Pont-a-Mousson in 

the spring of 1970. has grown to maturlty, 

and provides an unusual platform to bring 

together the disciplines that can answer a 

question which Is fundamental to all 

science. 

As the new president of your society, it 

is a privilege to be able to write these few 

words for the ISSOL Newsletter. Let me 

first thank you for the confidence that you 

have placed in me by electing me to this 

high office. It is with a feellng of trepidation that I assume this position when I 

consider that those who went before me were 

Academician Alexander Ivanovich OparIn and 

Professor Fujlo Egami. It is a responsibility which 1, will try to shoulder to the 

best of my ability and serve the members of 

the society and the cause for which we are 

gathered together under this umbrella. 

It it customary for a candidate for a 

presidency to outline his program before an 

election. However, since you have already 

given me your vote of confidence, I do not 

need to campaign by placing before you the 

agenda or the blueprfnt for action. However, I shall nevertheless try to share with 

you some of my thoughts regardlng the 

organization and functiontng of our .society. 

Our society Is a very young society. It 

has scanty resources. But it has great 

strength because of the individuals who make 

up the society. My first objective as president of the society will be, with the help 

of the members of the executive council, to 

try to brfng Into the society all those who 

are interested in the subject of the origin 

of life and are contributing to it in their 

own disciplines. whether it be in interstellar chemistry, or in molecular biology, 

so that they could share with us their 

knowledge and experience and thus contribute 

to the furtherance of this subject. 

In trying to bring other members into our 

society, we shall still maintain our high 

standards of discrimination. We have a set 

of gufdelfnes, which, according to our 

by-laws, require a careful scrutiny of those 

who apply. We shall keep these rules. However, we shall try to be active in attracting members to our society. We would also 

(continued on p. 71 

ELECTZON RESULTS 

Offlcers (1983-1986) 

Presldent 

1st Vice-president 

2nd Vice-President 

Secretary 

Treasurer 

C. Ponnamperuma (USA) 

A. Krasnovsky (USSR) 

A.G. Cairns-Smith (UK) 

D.L. DeVincenzi (USA) 

J.P. Ferris (USA) 

Councillors 11983-1986) 

a tsc e s y (Sweden); S. Chang 

ybS:ll G.hEi:i:ton IUK): S. Miller 

(USA); J. 0;o (USA); Ti -0shima 

(Japan); M. Paecht-Horowltr 

(Israel); F. Raulfn (France); C. 

Sagan (USA); M. Schidlowski (W. 

Germany); J.W. Schopf (USA); A.W. 

Schwartz (Netherlands); R.S. Young 

(USA) 
Winter, 1984 

VoZ. 12, No. 1 

NEXT ISSOL MEETING 

Plans are progressing for the "8th International Conference on the Origins of Life and the 5th 

Weeting of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life." The meeting will be 

hela in the San Francisco Bay Area at Berkeley, California, clurino the period June 22-27. 1986. 

These choices were made at a meeting convened on November 5. 19R3, by ISSOL President, Cyril 

Ponnamperumn (USA), and attended by Herrick Baltscheffsky (Sweden), Sherwood Chang (USA), Donald 

L. PeVincenzi (USA), James Ferris (USA), J. William Schopf (USA) and Richard S. Young (USA). 

The Propram far SSSOL-P6 will he developed by a local oraanizinq committee composed of ISSOL 

members an8 co-chaired by Sherwood Chanp and Donald L. DeVincenzi. General guidelines and 

oversipht. for the program will be provided by a national steering aroup, chaired by Donald L. 

DeVincenzi , whose memhership includes Sberwood Chang, James Ferris, Lynn Pargul is, Stanley 

Miller, Tobias Owen and J. William Schopf. A proposal outlining the propram plan for the 

meeting will be submitted to the Executive Council of ISSOL for revlew in May. 1984, after which 

the first. circular will be issued. Finally, the resources of the Extraterrestrial Research 

Division of NAZA-Ames Research Center will be available to assist the ISSOL and the local 

orpanizino committee in bringing the program plans to fruition. 

NASA has heen uniaue in the United Stat.es in Its stewardship of a basic research program 

drdicated to the study of thr origin of life. The arrival of 19R6 will mark a 25-year milestone 

in the space Paency's support. While nurturing the prooram in earth-bound laboratories during 

this period, NASA also carried the search for understanding of life's origin to the Moon, Mars 

and the Giant. Planets. In light of the historical role played by NASA, it is both timely and 

appropriate that scientists participating in the Agency's programs be involved in plannina and 

conducting ISSnL-86 and that the meeting be held in the vicinity of NASA-Ames Research Center, 

where studies on the origin of life have been on-goinq since 1961. 

The San Francisco Bay Area is widely recognized as an attractive location for conferences and 

meet.inas. Its climate provtdes cool nights and warm, sunny days. Its history and culture 

reflect. a sinoular blend of Old World Influences with Native American, Pacific-Asian and Western 

American frontier heritages, interfused with the material and intellectual embellish- ments of 

high technology. And it is richly endowed with colleges and universities, centers of research 

and technology, natural scenic beauty, and social and cultural amenities, all of which provide 

an attractive and stimulating setting in which to hold our meetlng. 

The Society's Journal 

J. P. Ferris, Editor 

Since Oripins of Life was not the Journal 

of ISSOL when the Society was founded, it 

was necessary to approve ,several additions 

to the by-laws at the Mainz Meeting in order 

tn delineate the relationship between the 

Society and the Journal. Of particular 

importance to the Society membershtp was the 

reoraanization of the Edttorial Poard. The 

Roarfl now comprises twenty-five members, 

each wtth a term of five years. Ftve new 

members of the Board will be added each year 

as five retire. This change will make it 

possible for a wider spectrum of the 

Society's membership to be Involved in Its 

Journal. In addition, a five-year term will 

provide sufficient ttme for each Board 

member to become acquaintrd with the 

operation of the Journal so that he or she 

will be better able to provide me with 

advice and direction. 

Recent Developments 

Manuscripts are being published as soon as 

the review process is completed. Most of 

the articles of the first issue of Volume 13 

were received in final form in March lPP3 

and were in print in July 1983. I was 

pleased to hear that over 200 reprint reauests have already been received for one of 

the articles published in this issue. The 

second Issue of Oriplns is in press and 

should be in your hands by the time you 

receive this Newsletter. I will be able to 

guarantee timely publication if I have a 

continuous flux of good manuscripts and 

prompt review by referees. The continued 

support of the ISSOL membership is needed in 

both these areas if we are to continue to 

build the quality and reputation of our 

Journal. 

(cont. on p. 71 
Spring 1984 

VoZ. 12, No. 2 

ELSO STERRENBERG BARGHOORN, JR. 

19 15- 1984 

ISSOL lost an illustrious member with the 

death of Elso S. Barghoorn who died peacefully 

in his sleep on Friday, January 27, at the age 

of 68. 

Elso Barghoorn was born in New York City in 

1915. After a youth that involved a growing 

enthusiasm for natural history, a stint as a deckhand on a Great Lakes freighter, and an undergraduate education at Miami University of 

Ohio (AB 1937 1, he entered Harvard University 

for graduate study under the tutelage of I.W. 

Bailey and W.H. "Cap" Weston. Even as a graduate student, Elso's research interests were wide, ranging from studies of marine fungi 

to the evolution and development of ray cells. 

The latter proved to be his thesis topic 

(1941 1 but it was his mycological training 

that led to his being sent to Panama during 

World War I1 to study fungal destruction of 

military equipment. This first visit to the 

rain forest whetted his appetite for travel, 

and began a lifelong love affair with the 

tropics . From 1941 to 1946, Elso was first an instructor and then an Assistant Professor at 

Amherst College (Massachusetts). Here his 

backgrgund in plant anatomy (the classical 

entry to paleobotanical studies) led him to 

investigate the College's "Natural History 

Cabinet," which contained the collections of 

the preeminent 19th-century geologist , Edward 

Hitchcock. The Amherst collections included 

specimens from the Brandon Lignite, a small 

brown coal in northern New England. Elso 

recognized that this flora contained one of the 

few North American assemblages similar to the 

diverse and important Tertiary fruit and seed 

floras of Europe. This discovery was well-timed, for in 1946, Elso returned to 

Harvard to fill a recently vacated position in 

paleobotany. The switch permitted him to resume a vigorous research program, and he 

quickly moved to relocate the Brandon Lignite 

and investigate its contents in conjunction 

with the first two of his many graduate 

students: William Spackman, who investigated 

the woods, and Alfred Traverse, who studied the 

pollen. The latter thesis in particular 

reflected Elso's biological perspective on 

extinct plants; Al's work was a unique and 

seminal contribution to palynology in that 

pollen grains were assigned to living genera 

and families (where possible) , rather than to 

form taxa. 

However, Elso was never content to limit his 

interest to one corner of the stratigraphic 

record. In the early 1950s he became increasingly interested in the opposite end of 

the geologic column--the vast and virtually 

unknown world of the Precambrian. In 1954 he was simultaneously i-volved in the discovery of 

the world's oldest known coal, the 2 billion 

year old Michigamme coal of Michigan, and the 

description, with Stanley A. Tyler (University 

of Wisconsin), of fossilized microorganisms 

from the equally ancient Gunflint Iron Formation of Michigan. These experiences pointed 

the way to the future, and Elso will undoubtedly be most clearly remembered as the man who 

pushed the history of life back sixfold, 

founding the new discipline of Precambrian 

paleontology. 

The lure of exploring the earliest stages of 

the earth's history drew Elso to all corners of 

the earth, from Australia to South Africa and 

Brazil; true to his inquisitive nature, Elso 

made a point of stopping everywhere in between! 

His approach to problems in paleobotany, and 

particularly those of the Precambrian , broadened in concert with his investigations 

and travels. He became increasingly interested 

and informed in the fields of microbiology and 

biogeochemistry, and applied these to his 

research. The lure of this intellectual 

adventure also drew students to him to join in 

the fun. First J. William Schopf, and then 

Stanley Awramik, Andrew Knoll, and most 

recently Paul Strother. The record of the 

Precambrian was stretched by this group, both 

in time, to 3.5 billion years before present, 

and in diversity, as explorations revealed 

increasing morphological and ecological 

complexity. Even while this extensive program was under way, Elso's mind roamed to other 

problems. As an advisor to the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration, Elso 

helped develop a strategy for the biological 

exploration of the solar system. He examined moon rocks and meteorites and dreamed of the 

(continued on p. 2) 
Fa22 1984 

VoZ. 12, No. 3 

Anniversary of 

A.I. Oparin's Birthday 

A meeting commemorating the 90th 

anniversary of 4.1. Oparin's birthday was 

held at the Bach Instltute of aiochemistry, 

on March 27, 1984. It was arranged by the 

Department of aiochemistry, Biophysics and 

Chemfstry of Physiologically Actlve Compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the 

aach Institute of aiochemistry, the Scientific Council for Evolutionary Biochemlstry 

and the Problem of the Origln of Life and 

the aiochemical Society of the USSR. 

The Head of the Department of Blochemistry, Btophysics and Chemistry of Phystologically 4ctive Compounds of the USSR 

4cade.r)~ of Sciences, Academician 4.4. Eayev 

in his opening wlords e.nphaslzed, that any 

present and future progress ici thr studies 

of the origin of life Is and will be 

connected rlith the name of A.I. Oparin. 

Academician A.L. Kursanov. who was famflfar with A.I. Oparin from his student years 

reminisced about the bright and versatile 

personality of A.I. Oparin. 

The Vlce-President of ISSOL, Academician 

A.A. Krasnovsky pointed out that the theory 

af the origin of life formulated by A.I. 

3parin about sIxty years ago has now acquired w.orld-wide recognf tion. A.A. Krasnovsky discussed the importance of international and interdisciplinary contacts for 

progress in the studies of the origln of 

life. 

The Director of the Bach Instltute of 

aiochemistry, a Corresponding Member of the 

ilSSR Academy of Sciences, Professor I.V. 

Sereztn, pointed out that the studies of 

the origin of life were only one of the 

broad scientific interests of A.I. Oparin. 

His nane Is also related with the developaent in the USSR of various aspects of 

biochemlstry, including applied and Industri a1 biochemi stry . W.S. &Stsky 

A,!]. 6Qch Inst. i I 1 

IAU SYMPOSIUM 

The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: 

Recent Developments 

It was an important recognitloo for this 

new field when in 1982 the International 

Astronomical Union established a new commission (section) under the title: "IAil 

Commission 51 - Search for Extraterrestrial 

Life." whtch rapidly grew to a membership of 

about 250 (210 astronomers and 40 distinguished scientists from related fields). 

The first 'IAU Symposium of Commission 51" 

was held in Boston, U.S.. June 18-21. 1984 

and was co-sponsored by four other major 

international organfrattons: IAF/IAA (International Astronautical ;ederation/International Academy of Astronauttcs), COS?AR 

(Coemitteo on Space ?esearch), ISS~L (International Society for the Study of the Origin 

of Life), and IUBS (International Union of 

aialogical Sciences). The ;nst?tings rlere 

held in the nerl Science Center of Boston 3.. 

the home instttutton of the President of 

Commission 51.. Michael D. Papagiannis. It 

was attended by 135 people from 16 different 

countries spanning five continents, and was 

financially supported by the IAU, N4SA. an3 

Boston U. The Science Organizing Committ2o 

was headed by M.D. Papagiannis and lrlcluded 

representatives of NASA (J. Billingham), 

COSPAR (D. DeVincenri), IAF/IAA (R. Pesek), 

ISSOL (C. Ponnamperuma). and IUBS IO. Solbrig). The Local Organizing Committee was 

headed by Philip Morrison of HIT and Edward 

Purcell of Harvard. 

The Symposium opened with a,, welcoaing 

reception in the elegant "Castle of aostorl 

U. and closed with a visit to the HarvardSmithsonian Oak Ridge radio observatory 

whlch has norl become a SET1 dodicated 

facility. There was also a banquet In the 

Hall of Flags of Boston il., with Carl Sagan 

as the speaker. and a spaclal event at 30ston's Museum of Science with a reception and 

a talk by Philip Morrison. During the event, 

"IAU Commlssion 51" honored Morrison dlth a 

plaque cominemoratlng the 25 year anniversary 

?f the publication of the historic paper 

Searching for Interstellar Communications" 

by G. Cocconi and P. Morrison (Nature, 1959) 

which ushered in the experimentam in the 

search for other stellar cfvflltations. "The 

initial opposition to our papers", Cocconi 

;rote at the time to Worrlson froln Geneva, 

was similai to that met by the pioneer; of 

Icon$. c'! ?. 4) 
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY -.- __ . . OF - _. THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

SOCIETY ANNOUNCES 

FIFTH ISSOL MEETING 

The "Fifth ISSOL Meeting and the Eighth 

International Conference on the Origin of 

Life" will be held July 21-25, 1986, at 

the 0. California, Berkeley. The National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration will 

host this meeting in honor of the 25th 

Anniversary of NASA's Exobiology Program 

and the 10th AnniVeKSaKy of the VikingMars Missions. 

The primary objective of the meeting is 

to provide a multifaceted forum that will 

foster communication of recent results, 

discussion of new directions across discipline boundaries, and focus attention on several key issues in the fields of 

origin of life research. 

Several types of activities are proposed for the scientific sessions. The 

principal emphasis of the meeting will be 

placed on four symposia, each of which 

will deal with a broadly based fundamental question through invited and contributed papers. Related to questions covered 

in the symposia are two additional topics 

that will be addressed in the format of 

scientific debates. Completing the program will be topical general sessions 

wit? contributed papers and poster ses- sions that address the topics of the 

symposia, general sessions, and debates. 

The diverse styles of communication and 

interaction available in these forums are 

designed to provide conferees with ample 

opportunity €OK active participation. 

The first circular for the "Fifth ISSOL 

Meecing and the Eighth International Conference on the Origin of Life" will be 

released during the spring of 1985 and 

mailed to all ISSOL members (full and 

associate) and other interested persons. 

The first circular contains details of 

t3e tentative scientific program, participation requirements, lodging and accom- modation information, and options for 

special events. In subsequent issues of 

this Newsletter, more details about each 

facet of the meeting will be provided. 

All Correspondence concerning the meeting 

should be sent to DK. Sherwood Chang, 

Co-chairman ISSOL 86 Local Organizing 

Committee, P.o. Box 152, Moffett Field. 

CA 94035, USA. 

SPECIAL RE?ORY: 

COSPAR Meeting 

Over 1300 scientists from 36 countries met 

at the "25th Plenary fleeting of COSPAR" (Committee on Space Research), in Graz, June 25 

to July 7, 1984. This conference, which had 

the largest participation in COSPAR's history, was subdivided into a large number of 

symposia, workshops, topical meetings, and 

special sessions. Three topical meetings and a special session were concerned with different aspects of cosmic chemistry, chemical 

evolution, and the origin and early evolution 

of life on Earth. More than 30 invited and 

contributed papers on these subjects were presented and discussed by a largely interdisciplinary audience. 

1. Cosmic Chemistry, Chemical and Biochemical Evolution (COSPAR F.3) 

Topical meeting organized by J. Oro and A. 

Schwartz. First session chaired by J. Or0 

and refereed by K. Dose (July 3, a.m.). 

The meeting began with a presentation by 

J.M. Greenberg (Huygens Laboratory, Leiden) on cosmic chemistry with emphasis on models 

foc interstellac grains and on the labocatocy 

simulation of chemical processes which are believed to occur in the interstellar medium. 

It was shown that the action of altraviolet 

light on cold ices (H 0, NH3,. CH ) produces 2 radicals which upon recombinatlon fead to the 

formation of complex organic compounds. The 

general spectral features of these laboratory 

irradiated ices match the spectral features 

of interstellar grains fairly well so that one does not have to invoke the hypothesis of 

the presence of bacteria in the interstellar 

medium, as has been done by other authors. It 

is calculated that the total bulk of interstellar grains is such that about 251 of all 

the organics are bound up in the grains as complex molecules. This amount is several 

orders of magnitude higher than that present 

in all probable planets of the Milky Way. 

This talk was followed by J. OKO, who in a paper with 9. Basile (U. Houston), reviewed 

and presented new evidence on the formation 

and chemical evolution of organic molecules 

in space. Four major chemical evolutionary 

phases were distinguished: (1) formation of 

biogenic elements in stars and supernova ex- plosions, (2).mass transfer of simple organic 

!cmtiiwel cw p. 3i 
A ST PLANS FOR 

fr9E ISSOL MEETING 

At its July 23, 1985 meeting, the ISSOL 

Local Organizing Committee (LOC) reviewed 

responses received thus far to the First 

Circular. Numerous papers have been proposed for each scientific session, so the 

technical program will remain as originally 

established. 

Several LOC members are currently re- cruiting speakers for the four symposia and 

session chairs for the symposia and six 

general sessions. Individuals from the 

inter na t i ona 1 I SSOL member sh i p w i 1 1 be 

invited to fill these positions. 

Proposed guidelines have been developed 

for the two debates, and recruitment oE 

participants is also underway. 

h solicitation for contributions to the 

ISSOL travel fund will be included with 

the annual dues statement to members. Donations of $50 or more per person are urgently needed in both 1985 and 1986 to 

meet the goal of assisting with the travel 

expenses of 25 young scientists attending 

the Berkeley meeting. 

--continued on page 2 

1 ISSOL TREASURER'S REPORT 1983-84 

Balance Transferred from 

W. Schopf 10/27/03 $2,636.17 

Incane 

Dues S3,7S0.00 

Travel Fund 

Donations ,I Interest 

1,285.00 

305.87 

35,340.87 5,340.87 

I Expenses 

Newsletter. (printing, ma i 1 ing ) 1,202.58 

S ta ti onery , dues envelope 351.10 

Incorporation Fees 126.00 

Oparin Medal 500.00 

P1 ann i ng Meat i ng 

1986 ISSOL meeting 683.00 

Bank Charaes 10.16 ~. 

Un col1 ec t;d ~ Checks 33.60 

$2,906.44 -2 , 906.44 

Balance 1/1/05 $5,070.60 

James P. Ferris 

Treasurer 

6/28/85 

SUMMER 1985 

VoZ. 13, No. 2 

FOR THE STUDY THE ORlGlN OF LIFE 

NEWS OF OR1 GINS OF LIFE AND 

FVOIUTION OF THE BIOSPHERE 

An Expanded Title 

The expanded title for Origins of Life 

reflects a concern of mine that many scientists do not submit papers to the journal 

because they view it as being limited to 

the research of those scientists simulating 

chemical events on the early Earth. Few, 

if any, papers have been received from 

those working on origins of life from the 

perspective of geology, atmospheric chemistry, planetology, or biology (the one exception to the latter was the special 

issue devoted to the Proceedings of the 

Pcotistology Meeting). I felt that by 

expanding the title of the journal I could 

emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of 

the field and the journal. Several subtitles were considered and, in the course of discussing these with the members of the 

Editorial Board, Dick Holland recommended 

the use of Evolution of the Biosphere. I 

and other members of the Board felt that it 

represented the interdisciplinary nature of 

the field and it was enthusiastically 

adopted. 

Manuscripts 

The absence of a good supply of quality 

manuscripts is still the primary problem 

facing the journal. There was a 50% ac- ceptance rate of regular journal articles 

for volume 13, a figure which does not 

include the Protistology Meeting issue, 

book reviews, commentary, etc. Your as- sistance in sending manuscripts to Origin? 

will be greatly appreciated as will your 

prompt review of articles that I send you 

to review. Your suggestion of timely 

review articles will be given careful 

consideration. An outline of the material 

to be covered and a brief explanation as to 

why the review should be published should 

be sent to me before preparing the full 

article. 

Rotating Membership on the Editorial Board 

One of the proposals passed at the 1983 

ISSOL Meeting was the appointment of mem- bers to the Editorial Board for 5-year 

terms. I recommended the adoption of this 

proposal to foster greater input of the 

membership 6f ISSOL in the policy decisions 

of their journal. In this way Board mem- bers will have 5 years to advise me as well 

as work for the objectives they feel are appropriate for the journal. This will be 

--continued on page 3 
Fa22 1985 

VoZ. 13, No. 3 

LATEST INFORMATION 

FOR ISSOL '86 MEETING 

The ISSOL Local Organizing Committee 

(LOC) reports that plans are progressing well for the ISSOL Conference to 

bc held ot UC-Uerkeley, July 21-25, 

1986. Affirmative responses have been 

received from several individuals who 

have agreed to serve as chairmen of the 

symposia and general sessions, and from 

a number of speakers who will present 

papers, posters, or both. 

The LOC was especially pleased that 

Stephen Jay Could has accepted the 

invitation (schedule permitting) to be 

the keynote speaker at the formal 

Opening Reception Monday evening at the 

Lawrence Hall of Science. 

Final editing is underway for the 

Second Circular which will be mailed 

before the end of the year. In 

addition to the official Conference 

Registration Form, the Second Circular 

will contain specific instructions on 

abstracts, posters, graphic material, 

etc. The due date for abstracts is 

March 1. 1986. The Second Circular 

will also contain revised fees for the 

Conference. Substantial reductions 

in fees for ISSOL members were made as a result of careful reanalysis of 

Conference expenses. 

Ada describing ISSOL-86 were placed 

in Nature and Science. Both First and 

Second Circulars will be sent in 

response to the many inquiries we are 

receiving from those ads. 

Contributions from ISSOL members to 

the travel fund were solicited with the 

annual dues statement. A procedure for 

applying for ISSOL Travel Grants was 

mailed to all ISSOL members in 

November, requesting E response to Or. 

Jim Ferris by December 31, 1985. That 

is an inportant deadline. Applicationa 

need to be reviewed and selections made 

in time to meet the Conference Registration deadline of March 1, 1986. 

The final Meeting Program will be 

published as a special issue of the 

ISSOL Newsletter and will be mailed to 

all ISSOL members and conference 

registrants by May 1986. The abstract 

booklet, including the final program, 

will be distributed at the meeting in 

July 1986. 

Vera Buescher 

ISSOL '86 LOC 

LINDA PLEASANT LEAVES 

POST OF ASSOCIATE EDITOR 

The Editor would like to express his 

appreciation on behalf of the Society 

to Linda Pleasant, Associate Editor 

of the Newsletter rrom the Spring of 

1981 to the Spring of 1985. Linda 

has resigned from George Washington 

University and her ISSOL activities 

due to illness. She has put in countless hours working on the Newsletter 

and on other ISSOL functions. Linda 

was responsible for the change from 

comnercial to internal publication 

of the Newsletter in the winter of 

1982-83, a change that has saved the 

Society several thousand dollars and 

that will allow many more ywng scientists to attend ISSOL meetings. We 

would like to express our sincere 

thanks to Linda and we wish her the 

best of luck. 

SOCIETY ELECTIONS 

It is once again time for the Society 

to elect its officers and councillors. 

The By-lsws of ISSOL call for elections 

of officers and councillors every three 

years. The Society, therefore, will 

elect a president, first and second 

vice presidents, secretary, treasurer, 

and twelve councillors before the 

Berkeley meeting next sumner. A Nominating Committee is in the proceas of 

being formed for approval by the Executive Council. The Nominating Comnittee 

will be chaired by the Secretary of 

ISSOL, Donald L. DeVincenzi, in accordance with the By-laws. Nominationa 

will be made by the Nominating Committee in early 1986 and ballots for the 

election will be mailed to all voting 

members of the Society and then counted 

in March and April of 1986. Results 

will be announced at the Berkeley 

meeting. 

ISSOL '86 

TRAVEL GRANT PROGRAM 

Funds, in limited amounts, are available from the ISSOL treasury to offset 

travel costs required for at trtntlnivir of 

selected scientists participating iii 

the 5th ISSOL and 8th ICOL Meeting to 

be held in Berkeley, CA, USA, July 21- 

25, 1986. 

Following previously established 

ISSOL practice--and in an effort to 

spread limited funds as widely and 

effectively as possible--travel grants 

will be used especially to encouraqo 

psrticipotion of younger Scientists, 

including graduate students; funds 

granted are intended to be used to 

offset travel costs (e.g., bus, train, 

and/or air fare), rather than for 

subsistence; and funding will be restricted to those dues-paying members 

of ISSOL who are authors or co-authors 

of abstracts of scientific papers 

submitted for presentation at the 

meeting . To apply for these funds, each 

applicant must submit the following 

items to the ISSOL Travel Grants Committee (address given below): 

1) One copy of the abstract of a paper submitted for presentation 

at Berkeley that is authored or coauthored by the applicant. 

2) An itemized budget specifying 

funds required for travel, e.g., 

bus, train, and/or air fare. Funding willnotbe provided for food, 

lodqing, etc. 

3) A brief written statement (max. 

length 1 page) by the applicant 

justifying the itemized budget 

and indicating why his or her attendance at the Berkeley meeting 

should be particularly eppropriate, 

useful, etc. 

4) For student wolicants, a brief 

written statement (max. length 1 

page) from the atudent's faculty 

advisor supporting the student's 

application for E travel grant. 

To be considered for funding, applications nust be received no later than 

December XI, 1985. Applicants will be 

informed in mid-April of action taken 

by the Travel Grants Comnittee. Early 

application will be a factor considered 

--continued on page 7 
Spring 1986 

Vol. 14, No. 1 

ISSOL-86 MEETING UPDATE 

The ISSOL-86 Local Organizing Cmittee (LOCI met in 

rnid-Harch to review abstracts and select those to be presented at the ISSOL conference July 21-25, 1986. Over 

200 abstracts were selected for either poster or oral 

presentation in the various symposia or general sessions. 

The preliminary program is printed in this issue of the 

ISSOL Newsletter. The final program and abstract booklet 

will be distributed at the conference in July. 

A nev conference site on the OC-Berkeley carpus recently 

became available for our consideration. This site has 

all the facilities required for the conference, including 

meeting roans, lodging, dining areas, recreational facilities, etc. The Loc held its planning meeting at the nev location and enthusiastically adopted a proposal to relocate 

the conference to this site, which is the W-Berkeley Clark 

Rerr Conference Center at 2601 Warring Street, Berkeley, 

blifornia, U.S.A. The new site is located a few blocks 

fran the previously planned site and is described fully in a 

recent mailing sent to all participants. 

The following mailimp have been distributed recently by 

the LDZ: (1) A notice of the change in meeting location; 

(2) A confirming letter to participants acknowledging inclusion of their abstracts in the prcqran and their registration for the conference, food, lodging, etc.; and (3) 

Special letters of encouragenent to attendees at the hinz 

meeting who have not yet registered for ISSOL-86 ad to 

colleagues who had suhnitted preliminary form but have not 

yet registered folmally. 

Vera Buescher 

ISSOL '86 LOC 

Sunday, July 20 

6:30 p.m. 

7:30 - 

1O:OO p.m. 

Monday, July 21 

8:OO a.m. 

8:30 a.m. 

9:15 a.m. (001) 

Synposiun 1 

Invited Papers 

1O:OO a.m. (002) 

10:45 a.m. (003) 

11:15 a.m. (004) 

12:OO noon - 

2:oo p.m. 

ISSOL-86 PRELIMINARY PROGRAM 

FTcqramCo-Chairs: S. Chay, D. DeVkenzi 

Syupoaiuu 1 (continued) 

Introductory Lecture 

COSNOLCGY OF LIFE AND MIND 

George Wald 

Welcane Mixer 

qxning RBMrks and Announcents 

ISSOL Presidential Address 

Cyril Ponnamprm 

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE PROBLM OF 

THE ORIGIN OF LIFE IN THE CONTEXT OF 

DEVELORlENTS IN BIOLCGY 

Harmke Kamninga 

WAT WERE CONDITIONS LIKE ON THE PRIMITIVE 

EARTH? 

Session Chairman: S. Chang 

PHYSICAL CONDITIONS ON EARLY EARTH: 

IWICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 

N. Sleep 

SURPICIAL CON)ITIONS ON "ME EARLY !aR"M: 

IWPLICATIONS FOR LIFE 

J. Veizer 

EARtY AIIMEAN ORGRNISMS AND PALEOWVIRONMENTS 

D. La+e 

Lunch and Poster Session 

Contributed 

papers 

2:OO p.m. (005) 

2:20 p.m. (006) 

2:40 p.m. (007) 

3:OO p.m. (008) 

3:20 p.m. (009) 

Session Co-chairs: P. Brimbleccmbe, 

J. Levine 

DID EXTRATERRESTRIAL I-- SUPPLY THE 

ORGANICS NECESSARY FOR THE ORIGIN OF 

TERRESTRIAL LIFE?: AMINO ACID EVIDENCE IN 

(IRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOONDARY SEDIMENTS J. Bada, M.-X. Zhao ad N. Lee 

CLIM4TIC CDNSEWENCES OF VERY HI(H 

C02 LEVELS IN EARTH'S EARLY AMOGRIERE 

J. Kasting 

p"M1STRY OF cH4 AND H=N IN THE 

PRIMITIVE A'MOSPHERE 

K. Zahnle 

PHOlVPRFI2IPITATION AND THE BIFS: SCNE 

COAKPITATIVE ASPECTS 

P. Braterman and A.G. Cairns-Smith 

ON THE ROLE OF SuBElARINE HOT SPRINGS ON 

THE ARCHEAN EARTH: THE CHMISTRY OF SEA 

WATER, DEGASSING, Aw THE OXIDATION/ 

REWCPION BALANCE 

3. Corliss 

Contributed Posters (Displayed July 21-23) 

(010) FONTION OF HYDROCPl ON IRRADIATION OF 

AQUEOUS FERROUS ION WITH W LIGHT AT 

NEUTRAL PH 

2. Borwska and D. Mauzerall 

(011) THE P"M1STRY OF OXIDATION AND RDUC- . TION OF TRACE PIFPALS IN ?HE AllCHEAN CCEANS 

(continued on next page) 

P. Brimblecanbe 
FaZZ/Winter 1986 

VoZ. 14, No. 2,,3 

FINAL REPORT - ISSOL-86 MEETING 

NOTE FROM THE EDITOR 

This issue of the newsletter is the official final report of the Fifth ISSOL 

meeting, held in Berkeley, California July 21-25, 1986. It contains two 

summaries of the meeting, one based on comments solicited from participants 

(page 3) and one a personal viewpoint by the principal meeting coordinator 

(page 1). Also included are the text of the outgoing President's address 

(page 2), summary reports of the Executive Council and Open Business Meetings 

(page E), a report on meeting expenses (page 12), and results of the election 

and Oparin medal selection (pages 1, 3). It was the intent of the Editor to 

combine all of these reports into a single issue; hence they are published here as issues 12 and 13 of volume 14. This issue, besides serving as the official 

report of the meeting, hopefully will give those members who were not able to 

attend an idea of what occurred; it also is intended to provide whatever 

assistance it can to the organizers of the next meeting, the 1989 meeting in 

Prague (see page 3). 

ISSOL - 86 

A SUCCESSFUL EVENT ! 

As I looked into the ISSOL Assembly hall 

for a few moments during the opening 

session Monday morning, July Zlst, I 

suddenly was overcome by a strange, 

exciting, overwhelming numbness. It had 

all come together! What a break that 

ISSOL-86 was able to congregate at the 

Clark Kerr Conference Center at the 

Berkeley campus of the University of 

California. 

Dr. Cyril Ponnamoeruma, in his Presidential address, was talking about our discussions of chemical evolution leading US to the limits of the universe and 

bringing us back to the vents of the ocean bottom. As I looked about the beautiful 

redwood-paneled meeting room, I couldn't 

help thinking about all the crossroads 

that had led to the gathering of over 250 

people in that room to take part in those 

discussions for a full week - scientists 

from over 20 countries, Nobel laureates, 

students just beginning their scientific 

courses, many highly acclaimed scientists 

in their field, representing the backbone 

of the world's research in the multifaceted 

quest for knowledge about the origin of 

lite. 

"An outstanding program!" "The best 

collection of papers and posters at any 

meeting I've ever attended." "The kind of 

environment that makes one take notice of 

what others are doing, and lets you sit out 

here on a bench and talk with them about 

it." ... those are the kinds of comments I 

heard as I walked around the beautiful 

grounds, chatting with people at coffee 

--continued on page 4 

ELECTION RESULTS 

Officers (1986-1989) 

President 1st Vice-president 

S. Miller (USA) S. Chang (USA) 

2nd Vice-president Secretary 

A.G. Cairns-Smith D.L. DeVincenzi 

(UK) (USA) 

Treasurer 

J.P. Ferris (USA) 

H. Baltcheffsky J. Or6 (USA) 

A. Banin (Israel) P. Schuster 

A. Brack (France) ( Aus tr ia ) 

G. Eglinton (UK) W. Thiemann (FRG 

H. Noda (Japan) D. Usher (USA) 

L. Orgel (USA) R. Young (USA) 

Councillors (1986-1989) 

(Sweden) J.W. Schopf (USA 

D, REIDEL CONTRIBUTION 

FOR OPARIN MEDAL 

ISSOL would like to extend its sincere 

ippreciation once again to the D. Reidel 

'ublishing Company for their generous 

donation of funds to cover the cost of 

the 1986 A.I. Oparin Medal. D. Reidel also 

contributed funds €or the 1983 medal. This 

medal has been awarded at the last three 

meetings o€ ISSOL to the scientist deemed 

to have maintained the most outstanding 

research program in the origin of life 

field. Stanley Miller, recipient of the 

1983 meda1,'presented this year's award to 

John Or6 at the ISSOL banquet and closing 

ceremony on July 25, 1986 (see page 3). 
NASA Technical Memorandum 4029 

Publications of the Exobiology 

Program for 1986 

A Special BibZiography 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

and 

NASA Ofice of Space Science and AppZications 

Washington, D. C. 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Division 

1988 
NASA Technical Memorandum 89605 

Publications of the Exobiology 

Program for 1985 

A Special BibZiogruphy 

The George Washington Un i versify 

Washington, D.C. 

and 

NASA Office of S'mce Scieiice uiid A))licutioiis 

Washington, D. C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

information Branch 

1907 
@ 

NASA Technical Memorandum 88382 

Publications of the Exobiology 

Program for 1984 

A Speciu I BibZiography 

Compiled by 

Janice S. Wallace 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

Donald L. DeVincenzi 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

Wasbington, D.C. 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1986 
A 

@ 

NASA Technical Memorandum 86653 

Publications of the Exobiology 

Program for 1983 

A Specia I Bibliography 

Compiled by 

Linda G. Pleasant 

Tbe George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

Donald L. DeVincenzi 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, D.C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1984 
NASA Technical Memorandum 84895 

Publicatiow of the Esobiohr\: \r 

Program for 1981 

A Special Bibliography 

Linda G. Pleasant 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

Donald L. DeVincenzi 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, D.C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Sclentific and Technical 

Information Office 

1982 
Publications of the Exobiology 

Program for 1980 

A Special Bibliography 

Compiled by 

Linda G. Pleasant and Donald L. DeVincenzi 

NASA Office of Space Science 

Washington, D. C. 

Nalional Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1981 
NASA Technical Memorandum 82182 

Publications of the Exobiology Program 

for 1979: A Special Bibliography 

Conzp iled by 

Linda G. Pleasant and Donald L. DeVincenzi 

NASA Ofice of Space Science 

Wasbiugtort, D. C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1980 
NASA Technical Memorandum 80745 

Publications of the Planetary 

Biology Program for 1978 

A Special Bibliography 

Compiled by Linda G. Pleasant and Richard S. Young 

NASA O@ce of Space Scierice 

Washiizgtorz, D. C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1979 
NASA Technical Memorandum 80338 

Publications of the Planetary 

Biology Program for 1977 

A Special Bibliography 

Compiled by Linda G. Pleasant and Richard S. Young 

Ofice of Space Scietzce 

IVasQz'tzgtoti, D. C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

information Otlice 

1979 
NASA Conference Publication 2425 

- - 

7 

8 

NASA Conference Publication 2425 

Second Symposium on 

Chemical Evolution 

and the Origin and 

Evolution of Life 

Second Symposium on 

Chemical Evolution 

and the Origin and 

Evolution of Life 

8 

Edited by 

Donald L. DeVincenzi 

NASA Headquarters 

Washington, D.C. 

Patricia A. Dufour 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D. C. 

Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

and held at NASA Ames Research Center 

Moffett Field, California 

July 23-26, 1985 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1986 
THE VOYAGER MISSION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE: 

SELECTED REFERENCES 

Compiled by 

LINDA G. PLEASANT 

Department ofhfedical and Publfc Affah, The George Washington Udverdty Medial Center, 

Washtrgton, D.C.. USA. 

(Received 29 March, 1982) 

This bibliography contains references arranged in alphabetical order by author under the relevant 

Voyager scientifk investigation. The last section includes laboratory simuIatiorJmodelling studies of 

I. General I 

1 

!1 2 

4 

I 6 

I 5 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

: 13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

: 18 

19 1 

Batty, J: K.: 1979, The Faraut Worlds of Voyager l’, Sky and Telescope 57,423-427. 

Batty, J. K.: 1979, ‘The Fsuaut Worlds of Voyager 1. II’, Sky and Telescope 57,516-520. 

Batty, J. K.: 1981. ‘No Small Rapture’,Scfence 81 2(1), 26-31. 

Batty, J. K.: 1981, ‘Rendezvous witha Ringed Giant’,Skyund Telescope 61,7-18. 

Batty, J. K.: 1979, ‘Voyager’s Encore Performance’, Sky und Telescope 58,206-216. 

Gurnett, D. A., Shaw, R. R., Anderson, R. R., Kurth, W. S. and Sad, F. L.: 1979, Whistlers 

Obaerved by Voyager 1: Detection of Lightning on Jupiter’, Geophys Res. Lett. 6.5 11-5 14. 

Kohlhase, C. E. and Penzo, P. A.: 1977, ‘Voyager Mission Description’, Spuce Scl. Rev. 21, 

Morrison, D.and Samz, J.: 1980, Voynge to Jupiter, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. (NASA SP-439) 

Smith, B. A.: 1981, The Voyager Encounters’, in 77te New Solur System. (ed. by J. K. Beatty, 

B. O’Leary, and A. Chaikin), Camb dge University Press, New York, pp. 105-116. 

Stone, E. C.: 1981. ‘How Voyagu 2 HarBeen Reprogrammed’. Nature 292.675-616. 

Stone, E.C.: 1981, The Voyager Mission Through the Jupiter Encounters’, J. Ceophys. 

Res. 86,8123-8124. 

Stone, E. C. and Lane, A. L.: 1979, ‘Voyager 1 Encounter with the Jovian System’, Scfence 

Stone, E. C. and Lane, A. L.:.1979, ‘Voyager 2 Encounter with the Jovian System’, Scfence 

Stone, E. C. and Miner, E. D.: 1981, ‘Voyager 1 Encounter with the Saturnian System’, Scfence 

Sutton, C.: 1979, fJupiter9c Enigmatic Variations’, New Scf. 82,21-23. 

Sutton, C.: 1980, ’Saturn’s Secrets Rded: A Special Report’,New Sci. 88,491-495. 

Sunon, C.: 1979, ‘Voyage to the Giant Planet’,New Scf. 83,217-220. 

Waldrop,M. M.: 1980, ‘Voyager 1 at Saturn’,Scfence 210,1107-1111. 

77-101. 

Soderblom, L. A.: 1980, The Galil ?a n Moons of Jupiter’,Scf. Am. 242(1), 88-100. 

204,945-948. 

206,925-927. 

212,159-163. 

Imaging Science I 

20 h, M.H., Masursky, H., Strom, R.G. and Tarile, R. J.: 1979, ‘Volcanic Features of Io’, I 
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS 

SELECTED WORKS 

1861 - 1981 

Patricia A. Dufour 

Department of Medical and Public Affairs 

Science Communication Division 

The George Washington University Medical Center 

Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 

I. Chemistry, Experimental and Industrial 

1. Achmatowicz, O., Jr., P. Bukowski, B. Szechner, Z. 

Zwierzchowska, and A. Zamojski. Synthesis of methyl 

2,3-dideoxy-DL-alk-2-enopyranosides from furan compounds. General approach to the total synthesis of 

monosaccharides. Tetrahedron 27(10): 1973-1996, 1971. 

2. Adams, J.L., J. Billingham, and J. Shapira. Comparison 

of proposed methods for the in vitro synthesis of 

edible carbohydrates. Pages 225-251 In: Olson, A.C. 

and C.L. Cooney (eds.). Immobilized Enzymes in Food 

and Microbial Processes, Proceedings of a Symposium 

1973 Plenum, New York, NY, 1974. 

3. Anand, K.S. and R.P. Puri. Kinetics of catalytic hydrolysis 

of dextrin by hydrogen ion exchangers. Journal of the 

Proceedings of the Institute of Chemists (India) 

29: 79-84, 1957. 

4. Ando, T. and S. Shioi. Total syntheses of carbohydrates. 

I. 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone and DL-glycero-tetrulose. 

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 45(8): 2611- 

2615, 1972. 

5. ASO, K., K. Shibasaki, T. Watanabe, and F. Yamauchi. 

Sugars in acid and enzyme hydrolysates of polysaccharides. 

111. Sugar composition of commercial sirups produced 

by acid or enzyme hydrolysis of sweet-potato starch. 

Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research 11: 245-254, 

1960. 

6. Baer, H.H. and H.O.L. Fischer. Cyclization of dialdehydes 

with nitromethane. 111. Preparation of 3-amino-3-deoxyD-mannose. Journal of the American Chemical Society 

82: 3709-3713, 1960. 

7. Balezin, S.A. and E.K. Surykina. Chromatographic method for 

identifying the condensation products of formaldehyde 

into sugars. 

Pedagogicheskii Institut im. V.I. Lenina 99, Kafedra 

Obshchei i Anal. Khimii 1957(6).: 159-165, 1957. 

Uchenye Zapiski- Moskovskii GosudarstGennyi 
BIOREGENERATIVE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE USSR 

Rose C. Wade 

Science Communication Studies 

George Washington University 

1988 
INSECTS: 

A NUTRITIONAL ALTERNATIVE 

Patricia A. Dufour 

Department of Medical and Public Affairs 

The George Washington University Medical Center 

Washington,, D.C. 

1981 

Prepared under Contract No. NASw-3165 

for 

Life Sciences Division 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Washington, D.C. 
NUTRITIONAL MODELS FOR A 

CONTROLLED ECOLOGICAL LIFE SUPPORT 

SYSTEM (CELSS): 

LINERR MRTHEMFITICFIL MODELING 

Rose C. Wade 

The George Washington Uniuersity 

Science Communication Studies 

Washington, D.C. 
~ 

~~~ ~~~~ 

@ 

NASA Contractor Report 3850 

Nutritional Models for Space Travel - 

From Chemically Defined Diets 

Patricia A. Dufour 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

Prepared for 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

under Contract NASW-3165 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Sclrnllflc and Technical 

lnformallon Branch 

1984 
NASA Contractor Report 391 1 

Publications of the NASA CELSS 

(Controlled Ecological Life 

Support Systems) Program 

Patricia A. Dufour, Judy L. Solberg, 

and Janice S. Wallace 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D, C. 

Prepared for 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

under Contract NASW-3165 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1985 
NASA Contractor Report 4070 

Publications of the NASA 

Controlled Ecological Life 

Support Systems (CELSS) 

Program 1984-86 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

Prepared for 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

under Contract NASW-3 165 

Na tiona I Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Office 

1987 
~~ ~ 

@ 

FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON BIOSPHERIC RESEARCH 

NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER 

MARCH 13-14, 1985 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

ABSTRACTS 

Mitchell 8. Rambler 

Chair man 

Linda 0. Pleasant 

C.0 or d i n a t o r 
NASA Contractor Report 

Publications of the NASA Biospheric 

Research Program 1981 -1 987 

Janice S. Wallace 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 
NASA Contractor Report 3587 

Biomedical Research Publications: 

1980- 1982 

Linda Pleasant and Letty Limbach 

The George Washington University Medical Center 

Washington, D. C. 

Prepared for 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

under Contract NASw-3165 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Office 

1982 
NASA Contractor Report 3739 

Biomedical Research Publications: 

1982- 1983 

Christopher Bolcik and Linda G. Pleasant 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

Prepared for 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

under Contract NASW-3 165 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1983 
CONSIDERATION FOR SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION: A SYSTEM TO MARS 

A.E. Nicogossian, M.D. and V. Garshnck, Ph.D.. Lifc Scicnccs Division, NASA 

Hcadquartcrs. Washington. D.C., 20546 and Thc Gcorge Washington Univcrsity. Division 

of Scicncc Communications, Washington, D.C. 20037 

ABSTRACT: A pilotcd mission to Mars will challcngc thc liuman capacity to livc and 

work in cxmmc environmcnts for an cxtcnded period of timc. Medical specialists will be 

callcd upon to ccrtify dint individuals sclcctcd for such a voyagc arc hwlthy cnough to 

undergo 2 to 3 years of space flight. Spacecraft life support systcms must prcvcnt 

accumulation of toxic chcmicals; psychological issucs (isolation, confincmcnt) will acquirc 

greatcr importance; and radiation cxposurcs could cxcccd Apollo mission doses by ordcrs of 

magnitude. Olhcr critical issues lhat must be addrcsscd includc cardiovascular and 

musculoskclclal dcconditioning, immunological and hcmatological changcs, and nutritional 

considerations. Partial prevcntion of physiological adaplation to wciglrllcssncss through 

various countcrmcasurcs geared to thc musculoskclctal and cardiovascular systems wms a 

natural approach to successful rcadaptation to Earth’s gravity. However, doubts arise as to 

the efficacy of these countcnneasurcs givcn the extended time rquircd for a round trip to 

Mars. Readjustmcnt to Earth’s gravity may be quite difficult aftcr such a voyage. Should 

physiological countcrmeasures prove insufficient, some level of artificial gravity may nccd 

(0 be provided. All of these issues must be better understood and resolved to guarantee 

produclivc human cxploration of the Martian surface, and safc readaptation upon rctum to 

Earth. 

INTRODUCTION 

Expcriciicc his sliowii tlirrt Iiuiiians CiI1i livc and work in spacc for pcricwls npprtwching 

onc ycar. Howcvcr, cvcn short cxcursions into nwr-Earth orbit or to thc moon havc 

indicatcd that thcrc is 8 pcnalty to bc paid upon rcturn (0 Eardi’s gravity ficltl oncc 

adaphtion to wciglillcssncss has takcn place. Evcn though a rcduccd gravity ficltl cxists on 

Mars, long-duration spacc travcl in cxccss of onc ycllr to this lcss hmpitablc planct will 

challcngc tlic rcsoutccs of thc mcrlical knowlcdgc basc. 

Bcforc humans can safcly undcmkc a flight to Mars-and safcly rcturn-ccmin slrcssors 

inhcrcnt to spacc night and thcir physiological and psychological conscqucnccs must bc 

considcrcd. Thcsc strcssors includc altcrcd gnvitational loads (launch, wcighdcssncss, 

rcenuy), sustained workloads, cabin environment (possible toxicological cvcnu, 

confincment). and radiation. 

The biomedical issucs which nccd to bc adquatcly undcrskmd arc changcs which occur 

in diffcrcnt body systcms such as cardiovawular, immunological, hcmatological, and 

musculoskclclal systcms. Othcr important issues includc nutritional considcrations and 

countcrmwsurc dcvclopmcnt In atidition, appropriatc mctlical sclcction, scrccning, anti 

certification of crews must be donc for the long mission. A facility for mcdical carc and 

heahh maintcnance, quippcd with thc ncccssary inslrumcntatation and mcdications. should 

be providcd on board the Mars transit and landing vchiclcs. 
Chapter 1 

Historical Perspectives 

Arnnuld E. Nicoqossian and Victoria Garshnek 

The late nineteenth century marked the invention of the first relatively 

crude vehicle for powered flight; in 1989, the unmanned Voyaqer spacecraft 

will rendezvoris with the planet Neptune, to eventually leave the solar system, 

Clearly, the evolution of space flight has been rapid and progressive: 

planets -- and a number of their satellites -- have been remotely studied, 

Apollo astronauts have worked on the lunar surface, and the scientific 

community and lay public have expressed enthusiasm for the prospects of a 

lunar base and a manned mission to Mars. 

six 

The need to sustain life and productive human function in space flight has 

presented an array of unique challenqes in the fields of medicine and 

physiology. 

sophistication have spurred niimerous technological breakthroughs in the 

biomedical sciences. The symbiotic relationship between the space sciences and 

medical sciences will continue to further space exploration and benefit 

terrestri a1 medicine. 

Concurrent advances in space flight capabilities and mission 

The Support of Man in Space 

The foundations for space medicine can be traced back many years to early 

programs in the fields of occupational and aviation medicine. 

not until World War 11, and the development of the V-2 rocket, that serious 

consideration was given to the possibility of manned space flight and, in 

turn, the need for specialized space medicine. Major General H.G. Armstrong 

foresaw this need and, in 1948, at the USAF School of Aviation Medicine, 

organized a panel meeting on the topic of "Aeromedical Problems of Space 

Travel" (von Beckh, 1979). 

Armstronq, Professor Hiibertus Strughold (later to be regarded the "father of 

space medicine"), and the astrophysicist, Dr. Heinz Haber. 

However, it was 

Presentations were made by (then Colonel) 

From an historical 

1-1 
Chapter 22 

Human Capabilities in Space Exploration and Utilization 

Victoria Garshnek and Jeri Brown 

Manned space flight can be viewed as an interaction of three general 

elements: 

systems (function, design, performance); and the environment (external, 

internal, and combined) (Figure 22-1). To ensure the greatest possible 

mission productivity and SUCCCSS, these elements must be properly integrated, 

compatible, and mutually supportive. Mi thin such a systems perspective, the 

three elements become highly interdependent: typically, variations in one 

component have repercussions in one or more of the others (Nicogossian et al., 

1984). 

the human crewmember (selection, protection, traininq); spacecraft 

Fiqure 22-1. Elements of Mission Design (Nicogossian, 1984) 

The human operator is a crucial element in this system. His capacity for 

fine sensory and perceptual discriminations of the environment both inside and 

outside the vehicle, and the swiftness and accuracy of his responses to 

specific stimuli, have often proved critical to mission success. These 

abilities, however, may be compromised by certain physiological, 

psycholoqical , environmental, and spacecraft systems factors which can 

negatively influence behavior and performance (Christensen and Talbot, 1985). 

Table 22-1 lists some of these space flight factors, along with certain 

appropriate measures that can be implemented to achieve maximum mission 

p rod uc t i vi ty . 

22-1 
PI< EPA I< I NG COSMONAUTS FO I2 SPACE 1TL I(; 1 IT: 

SIMULATION FACILITIES OF THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM 

Victoria Garshnek, Ph.D.* and Robert Overineyer, M.S.2 

ABSTRACT 

Training on specialized simulators is one of the most important methods of preparing 

cosmonauts to operate space craft systems and perform various mission activities. The Yuri 

Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, located within Star City, northeast of Moscow, is the 

primary site for cosmonaut training. Trainers that simulate the space environment, develop 

professional skills, and combine physical sensations of space with rehearsal of operational skills 

are utilized. Through a comprehensive and thorough approach, the Soviets prepare their crews 

for future extended flights, while refining their simulation and training propms as the 

complexities of work in space become more clearly understood. 

INTRODUCTION 

Simulation facilities have played an integral role in the manned space flight effort of tlie 

Soviet Union. From the beginning, simulators provided much of the information for 

man-machine design factors and training requirements. They continue to be particulary important 

in space mission design, since there is esscntially no opportunity for a graduated series of 

practice efforts under true operational conditions prior to mission launch. 

Simulators have been employed primarily for training purposes. Since space mission crews 

must be trained to be highly proficient in their tasks before flight, high fidelity simulator systems 

are imperative for training crcwmcinbcrs for specific, individual iispccts of thc mission (partial 

simulation) and for the completely integrated "dress rehearsal" (full-scale simulation) (Connors ct 

al., 1985). Integrated and specialized simulators are important tools for preparing cosmonauts to 

operate station and spacecraft systems and for practicing tlie entire scope of activities planned for 

a particular mission. 

Through such training the crew learns to: 

Control spacecraft systems and equipment 

Orient the spacecraft by the Earth and Sun 

Carry out various spacecraft maneuvers 

Assemble and dismantle replaceable equipment 

Detect and eliminate malfunctioning systems 

Work as rl crew during emergency situations 

Practice interaction with each other and with ground control 

Use flight gear 

Practice extraveliicular activity (EVA) 

Work with onboard documentation 

Perform activities under conditions of time deficit, insufficient infomiation, isolation, and 

sensory deprivation (BIuth and Melppie, 1986). 

*The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20024 

2Martin Marietta Astronautics, Denver, Colorado, 80201 
Soviet Space Flight.: The Human Element 

VICTORIA GARSHNEK, PH.D. 

The George Washington University, Science Communication Studies, Washington, 0 .C. 20037 

ABSTRACT 

Building on past experience md knowledge, the Soviet manned 

space flight effort has become broad, wm@msive, md forwardlooking. Their long-running space station program has FOVided the 

capabilities to iniestigate long-term effects of microgravity on 

human physiology and behavior and test various wuntermeasuns 

against microgravity-induced physiological deconditioning. Since the 

beginning of Soviet manned space flight, the biomedical training md 

preparation of dsmonauts has evolved fmm (L process that increased 

human tolerance to space flight factors, to (L system of intmelated 

measures to prepare cosmonauts physically and psychologically to 

live and work in space. Cumntly. the Soviet Union is conreucting 

(L mulrimodular space stasion, the MU. With the emergence of 

dedicated laboratory modules, the Soviets have begun the transition 

from small-scale experimental research to large-scale production 

activities and specialized scientific work in space. In the fume, 

additional laboratory modules will be added, including one dedicated 

to biomedical research, called the "Medilpb." The longest manned 

space Right to date (326 days) has been completed by the Soviets. 

The biomedical effects of previous longduration flights, md perhaps 

those of still greater length. may contribute important insight into 

the possibility of extended missions beyond Earth such as a voyage 

to Mars. 

INTO EARfi ORBIT: INITIAL STEPS 

"The Earth is the cradle of the mind, bur om cannot live in 

tk cradle forever." 

TsblbvSb, 1857-1935 

These words were written long ago by Konstantin 

Tsiolkovsky, a small-town Russian school teacher who, at 

the turn of the century, formulated the theoretical foundations 

for what has now become the Soviet Space Program. 

Tsioutovsky foresaw space exploration as part of a continuing 

social process which would eventually transform human life 

and spread human civilization throughout the solar system 

(Riabchikov, 1971). His visionary writings of orbiting 

manned space stations, interplanetary greenhouses and solar 

system colonization still inspire Soviet manned space effortsexemplifying the concept that dreams nurtured are dreams 

fulfilled. 

Twenty-two years after Tsiolkovsky's death, on October 

4,1957, Sputnik 1 was launched, opening the path toward the 

realization of Tsiolkovsky's dreams. One month later, the 

Soviets launched Sputnik 2, a signifcant event since the 

spacecraft contained a passenger--a dog named Laika. 

Throughout the one-week fight, Laika's environmental and 

physiological parameters were telemetered back to Earth 

offering the first evidence that a higher vertebrate, physiologically similar to man, could not only withstand rocket 

launch, but also tolerate (for at least one week) a variety of 

space flight factors (Nicogossian and Parke?, 1982). 

Similar but expanded studies followed in a series of five 

"Korabl Sputnik" flights. These flights prepared the way for 

the world's first manned space flight. Table I displays a 

timeline of all Soviet manned missions to dare. 

On April 12,1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first man to 

orbit the Earih in his Vostok 1 spacecraft (the Soviets also 

flew the first woman, Valentina Tereshkova, in the final 

flight of the Vostok Series). 

The six Vostok flights were similar in purpose to the six 

U.S. Mercury flights, sharing several basic objectives, which 

included: protecting the crewmember against the space 

environment, ensuring reliable operation of spacecraft 

systems, assuring safe and accurate reentry and landing, and 

establishing the basic parameters of human response to space 

flight (Nicogossian and Paricer, 1982). 

After the Vostok flights, the Soviets initiated the 

Voskhod series (essentially the same type of spacecraft). The 

internal configuration was changed by removing the ejection 

seat to accommodate up to three cosmonauts. In October, 

1964, Voskhod 1 flew the fmt crew of three, including the 

fmt physician in space (Yegorov). His presence enabled the 

Soviets to obtain more comprehensive medical data in flight, 

concentrating on various problem areas such as space motion 

sickness, which was fmt exhibited by Gherman Titov dm'ng 

the Vostok 2 flight. 

In March, 1965. Voskhod 2 was launched with two 

cosmonauts on board. The fmt extravehicular activity (EVA) 

was perfomed by Alexsey Leonov with the aid of an 

innovative inflatable airlock and self-contained life support 

system. This "space walk" consisted of 12 minutes outside 

>the spacecraft and 10 minutes in the depressurized airlock. 

The Soviets did not attempt another EVA until four years 

later. 

A two-year pause in flight activity followed the Voskhod 

flights, while a new ferry spacecraft, the Soyuz. was being 

developed. During this time, the Gemini Program provided 

the U.S. with experience in rendezvous, docking, and EVA in 

preparation for the Apollo Program. The Soviets would later 

develop these skills with their new sjuxcd~ 

In 1967, the Soviets embarked on the longrunning 

VOLUME 1, MAY 1988 67 
~~~~ ~~ 

NASA Contractor Report 

Space Medicine Research 

Publications: 1984-1 986 

Janice S. Wallace 

The George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 
Space Medicine Research 

Publications: 1983- 1984 

Judy L. Solberg and Linda G. Pleasant 

The George Washington University 

Washiqton, D.C, 

Prepared for 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

undcr Contract NASW-3 165 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1984 
Chapter 4 

Space Vehicles for Manned Programs 

Arnauld E. Nicogossian, James F. Parker, Jr., and Victoria Garshnek 

The United States 

Durinq the first two decades of manned space fliqht, the vehicles designed 

to house and protect astronauts during their ventures into space basically 

followed a linear course of development. From the conical "tin can" of 

Project Mercury, through the Gemini program, and over the course of the Apollo 

and Skylab missions, the external configuration of the manned vehicle changed 

little. 

often considerably, to accommodate increasing mission complexity, duration, 

crew size, and changing objectives. These changes were essentially . 

elaborations upon the basic requirements for 1 ife support and instrumentation 

necessary for spacecraft control and task performance. Apart from the Skylab 

Orbital Workshop, which was desiqned for habitation rather than 

transportation, it was not until the advent of the Space Shuttle that American 

space vehicles tinderwent a fiindamental chanqe in desiqn and appearance. 

following discussion reviews the design of these spacecraft and the philosophy 

underlying thei r development. 

However, internal configuration and systems design were altered, 

The 

Project Mercury 

In the late 1950's, U.S. leaders attached great importance to the 

inception of a manned space flight program. 

in Mercury was to use existinq technoloqy and off-the-shelf equipment in 

conjunction with the simplest design that would be reliable. 

would be automated, with the astronaut functioning primarily as an observer 

and backup operator should manual control become necessary. The design 

requirements for the Mercury craft (Smith, 1981) were: 

Accordingly, the approach taken 

All systems 

o An escape system which would separate the spacecraft from the launch 

vehicle in the event of a prelaunch emergency 

4-1 
NASA Technical Memorandum 87570 

The Global Sulfur Cycle 

Edited 6y 

Dorion Sagan 

Prepared for 

Life Sciences Division 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

Washington, D.C. 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1985 n 
r 

THE INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE 

NASA 

planetary biology internship program 

1980-1 986 

by 

DORION SAGAN, HEATHER MCKHANN, 

MICHAEL DOLAN AND LYNN MARGULIS 

MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 

WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS 

'NASA Life Sciences 

Wash inglon, DC 20546 

Dr. Donald La DeVincknzi 

1986 
Lite sciences 

Accomplishments 

NASA Technical Memorandum 88177 

SEPTEMBER 1985 

NASA 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

In for mat ion Branch 

1985 

Prepared for the NASA Office of 

Space Science and Applications 

Life Sciences Division 

For further information: National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Life Sciences Division 

Code EB 

Washington. DC 20546 
Prepared for the NASA Office of 

Space Science and Applications 

Life Sciences Division 

Life Sciences 

Accomplishments 

DECEMBER 1986 

NASA 

National Aeronautlcs and 

&ace Administration 

For lurlher Intormalion National Aeronautics and Space Admlnlstratlon 

Life Sciences Division 

Code EB 

Washington. DC 20546 
Prepared for the NASA Office 01 

Space Science and Applicalions 

Life Sciences Division 

Life Sciences Report 

DECEMBER 1987 

NASA 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

1 (J! Iiir:liei iiiluriiialioti Nalioiidl Aeronaulics and Space Adtiiiiiistralloii 

Life Sciences Division 

Code EB 
PLANT GRAVITATIONAL 

AND SPACE RESEARCH 

Report of a Workshop held April 30-May 2, 1984 

in Rosslyn, Virginia. 

i .L 

.. .. .. . 

.... . .. 

,., 

.... 

... , 

' I.' 

, , .-. .. 

,. 

.i' . 

. ,. .. 

Edited by 

Thora W. Halstead 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 

Washington, DC 

and 

Tom K. Scott 

University of North Carolina, 

Chapel Hill, NC 
c -L 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Branch 

1983 

NASA Conference Pu blicatwn 2286 

The Regulatory Functions 

of Calcium and the 

Potential Role of Calcium 

in Mediating Gravitational 

Responses in Cells 

and Tissues 

Edited by 

Stanley J. Roux 

University of Texas, Austin 

Arutin, Texas 

Proceedings of a worbhop held at 

Federation of American Societies 

for Experimental Biology 

Betherda, Maryland 

September 16-18, 1982 
Space Life Sciences Symposium: 

Three Decades of 

Life Science Research 

in Space 

Washington, D.C. 

June 21-26,1987 

A bstmcts 

Sponsored by: 

Ofice of Space Science and Applications 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Aerospace Medical Association 

American Astronautical Society 

Baylor College of Medicine 

National Institutes of Health 

Universities Space Research Association 

Cosponsors: 
2nd Edition 

Space Physiology and Medicine 

Editor 

Arnauld E. Nicogossian, M.D. 

Associate Editors 

Carolyn Leach Huntoon, Ph.D. 

Sam L. Pool, M.D. 

Lea and Fehiqer 

Phi 1 adel phia , 1988 
~ 

T ~ 

NASA Contractor Report 3922( 18) 

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest 

Issue 15 

Edited by 

Lydia Razran Hooke and Ronald Teeter 

Lockheed Engineering and Management Services Company 

Washington, D.C. 

Victoria Garshnek 

George Washington University 

Washington, D.C. 

Joseph Rowe 

Library of Congress 

Washington, D. C. 

Prepared for 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

under Contract NASW-4292 

National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration 

Scientific and Technical 

information Division 

1988