[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 21-11058

Non-Argument Calendar

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STEPHEN BREWSTER, 

 Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, 

ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA, 

Respondents-Appellees.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 8:15-cv-00448-WFJ-TGW

____________________

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2 Opinion of the Court 21-11058

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, JILL PRYOR and 

BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Stephen Brewster, a Florida prisoner, appeals pro se the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We 

granted Brewster a certificate of appealability to address whether 

appellate counsel was ineffective for not arguing that the trial court 

erred when it failed to renew an offer to appoint counsel for Brewster after he twice waived that right in his probation revocation 

hearing. Because it was not an unreasonable application of clearly 

established federal law for the state postconviction court to reject 

Brewster’s claim, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

In 2009, Brewster pleaded guilty in 12 cases to 17 crimes, 

including credit card fraud, uttering a forged instrument, forgery, 

and burglary of a vehicle. A Florida court sentenced Brewster to

11 consecutive terms of 33 months of imprisonment followed by

27 months of probation in his 11 felony cases and to six months of 

probation for criminal mischief. Brewster did not appeal.

After Brewster completed his prison sentence, he committed a new offense, and the state petitioned to revoke his probation. The petition mentioned all 12 of Brewster’s cases, but the 

supporting affidavit mentioned only 9 cases.

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The trial court appointed counsel for Brewster. Brewster

moved to dismiss his attorneys as ineffective, but the trial court

denied the motion.

Brewster’s revocation hearing lasted two days. At its commencement, Brewster moved to proceed pro se, and he was apprised of the advantages of having counsel and the risks of selfrepresentation. See Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975).

The trial court twice warned Brewster not to waive his 

right to counsel because his attorney had superior expertise and 

Brewster faced a maximum sentence of 85 years of imprisonment. 

Brewster stated that he was not “being stubborn” and was “doing 

this because [he had] reasons . . . to defend [his] own case.” The 

trial court informed Brewster that he could change his mind and,

if he “want[ed] an attorney to be re-appointed, [it] would allow 

[him] to do that,” but “if [it were to] find that [he] violated [his]

probation and [imposed] sentence . . ., [he] would not be able in 

the future to say, well I change my mind, I should have had an attorney after all.” When asked whether, “despite knowing what 

the dire and severe consequences are, [he] still wish[ed] to waive 

[his] right to an attorney,” Brewster responded, “Yes.” The trial 

court recessed for lunch and, after the break, Brewster reaffirmed 

his desire to proceed pro se and “decline[d]” an “offer [for] the assistance of the public defender’s office.”

The prosecutor presented evidence that Brewster committed a new offense while on probation. Brewster rested his case immediately and argued that revocation was unwarranted because 

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the evidence was “hearsay and circumstantial.” The trial court 

ruled that Brewster had violated his probation. But because of the 

“late hour” and the need to allow members of Brewster’s family 

to testify, the trial court set sentencing for the next day.

When the hearing resumed the next afternoon, the prosecutor remarked that Brewster was representing himself and had 

declined an offer to “resolve . . . the substantive case . . . [of] auto 

burglary.” The trial court clarified that it “had the Faretta hearing 

with Mr. Brewster yesterday on the violation of probation cases 

only” and “he still has counsel on the new charge.” Brewster interjected, “I dismissed counsel completely,” but the trial court 

clarified that it did not consider his “motion [to proceed pro se] 

[]as directed to the new case, . . . just . . . with the violations of 

probation . . . .” After Brewster said “No,” the trial court responded that it would address counsel for his new charge later.

Brewster discussed his score sheet with the prosecutor and then 

said, “just for . . . understanding, I’m probably going to have representation later on” “[f]or the new case.”

The trial court confirmed that it was revoking probation in 

nine instead of 12 cases. The prosecutor inquired whether Brewster, who was “obviously representing himself at this point” “underst[ood] what the judge [was] saying.” The trial court offered to 

“resolve [the three additional cases] today as well” because Brewster had “very recently . . . in one of the [three] cases . . . filed a 

motion for Nelson hearing/Faretta hearing,” but the trial court 

did not resolve the three additional cases.

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Brewster asserted that a discrepancy existed in the evidence

identifying him as the burglar, and the trial court allowed Brewster to reopen his case and introduce his evidence. Brewster contested revocation of the probation on the ground that he was “under an illegal sentence” due to “records . . . be[ing] falsified.” The 

trial court considered Brewster’s evidence and ruled that its “decision regarding the state having proven the allegations ha[d] not 

changed” and Brewster was “in violation of . . . probation as indicated yesterday.”

Brewster stated he had no objection to the calculation of 

his sentence, and the prosecutor requested a maximum sentence 

of 60 months of imprisonment with 27 months left to serve after 

crediting the 33 months Brewster had already served. The prosecutor recounted that Brewer had “over 50 felony convictions” and 

“20 or 30 misdemeanors” for which he had “been to prison already five times,” that “less than one year” after being “released 

from prison on March 19, 2011, . . . he picked up this new burglary of a car case,” and he had several “county jail sentences.”

The prosecutor also recounted Brewster’s “numerous opportunities at treatment,” including “negative discharge[s]” after several 

months of treatment in 2000, in 2004, and in 2006 when he “tested 

positive for cocaine,” “missed his groups,” and refused to “take 

the drug test.” The trial court revoked Brewster’s probation and 

sentenced him to eight consecutive terms of 60 months of imprisonment for his felony offenses and to time served for his misdemeanor offense. 

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On appeal, Brewster’s appointed counsel argued that there 

were no issues of merit and moved to withdraw. See Anders v. 

California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). Brewster filed a pro se brief and 

challenged the sufficiency of the evidence. The state appellate 

court affirmed summarily. Brewster v. State, 155 So. 3d 345 (Fla. 

Dist. Ct. App. 2014).

Brewster petitioned for state postconviction relief based on 

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Fla. R. App. P. 9.100, 

9.141(d). He argued that counsel overlooked the failure of the 

trial court to renew an offer to appoint counsel on the second day 

of his revocation hearing. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 3.111(d)(5). The 

state responded that Brewster asked to represent himself and 

stated, after being reminded of his right to counsel on the second 

day of the hearing, that he desired counsel only for his new 

charge. The state court summarily denied Brewster’s petition.

Brewster v. State, 208 So.3d 706 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015).

Brewster petitioned for a federal writ of habeas corpus and 

repeated his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. 28 

U.S.C. § 2254. The district court denied the petition. The district 

court ruled that no reasonable probability existed that appellate 

counsel would have prevailed on an argument that a renewed offer to appoint counsel was required in Brewster’s case.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A petition for a writ of habeas corpus challenging the effectiveness of appellate counsel presents a mixed question of law and 

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fact that we review de novo. Tuomi v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 

980 F.3d 787, 794 (11th Cir. 2020), cert. denied sub nom. Tuomi v. 

Inch, 141 S. Ct. 1721 (2021). “A state court’s determination that a 

claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the state 

court’s decision.” Woods v. Etherton, 136 S. Ct. 1149, 1151 (2016) 

(quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011)). Even a 

summary, unexplained rejection of a constitutional issue on the 

merits constitutes an adjudication that is entitled to deference. 

Richter, 562 U.S. at 98–99. For a petitioner to obtain habeas relief 

when a state court applies clearly established law, its decision 

must “be more than incorrect or erroneous”—it must be “objectively unreasonable.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75 (2003).

III. DISCUSSION

A claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel is governed by the standard established in Strickland v. Washington, 

466 U.S. 668 (1984). Tuomi, 980 F.3d at 795. Under Strickland, 

“the standard for judging counsel’s performance is a most deferential one” that focuses on “whether [counsel’s] representation 

amounted to incompetence under prevailing professional norms, 

not whether it deviated from best practices or most common custom.” Premo v. Moore, 562 U.S. 115, 122 (2011) (quoting Richter, 

562 U.S. at 105). “The standards created by Strickland and 

§ 2254(d) are both highly deferential, and when the two apply in 

tandem, review is doubly so.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. “[T]he 

question is not whether counsel’s actions were reasonable”; 

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instead, “[t]he question is whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.” Id.

For Brewster to prevail, he must prove that his appellate 

counsel’s performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced 

by the deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Counsel’s performance is deficient only if it falls “below an objective 

standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688. “In considering the reasonableness of an attorney’s decision not to raise a particular claim 

[on appeal], we must consider ‘all the circumstances, applying a 

heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.’” Eagle v. Linahan, 279 F.3d 926, 940 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting Strickland, 466 

U.S. at 691). A defendant is prejudiced if counsel fails to make an 

argument that has “a reasonable probability of success on appeal.” 

Tuomi, 980 F.3d at 795.

An indigent defendant is entitled to the appointment of 

counsel “at every stage of a criminal proceeding where substantial 

rights of a criminal accused may be affected.” Mempa v. Rhay, 

389 U.S. 128, 134 (1967). In addition, Florida requires that, “[i]f a 

waiver [of counsel] is accepted at any stage of the proceedings, 

the offer of assistance of counsel shall be renewed by the court at 

each subsequent stage of the proceedings at which the defendant 

appears without counsel.” Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.111(d)(5). That “rule 

does not require a renewed offer of counsel each time the defendant appears in court; rather, a court must renew the offer of counsel at ‘critical’ stages of the proceedings,” Woodbury v. State, 320 

So. 3d 631, 650 (Fla. 2021), cert. denied sub nom. Woodbury v. 

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Fla., No. 21-6393 (U.S. Feb. 22, 2022), like sentencing, Daughtrey 

v. State, 823 So. 2d 857, 858 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2002). Despite 

these protections, a defendant can forego legal representation by 

asserting his right to self-representation and then knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waiving his right to counsel. Faretta, 

422 U.S. at 835.

The state postconviction court could have reasonably determined that appellate counsel reasoned that the trial court was 

not required to renew its offer of appointed counsel to Brewster. 

Rule 3.111(d)(5) does not require the trial court “to offer counsel 

to the defendant each time he appears in court . . . .” Knight v. 

State, 770 So. 2d 663, 669–70 n.6 (Fla. 2000). Appellate counsel 

could have reasoned that the second day of Brewster’s revocation 

hearing, in which he was allowed to reopen his case and introduce additional evidence, was a continuation of the evidentiary

stage of the proceeding. And as Brewster had waived his right to 

counsel twice already, there was no need to renew an offer of legal assistance because “[w]here the right to counsel has been 

properly waived, the State may proceed with the stage in issue.” 

Traylor v. State, 596 So. 2d 957, 968 (Fla. 1992). Appellate counsel 

also could reasonably deduce from Brewster’s statements that he 

intended to continue to represent himself. After the parties discussed Brewster’s right to counsel, he insisted that he had “dismissed counsel completely” and wanted legal assistance only 

“later on” “for [his] new case.” 

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Brewster argues that appellate counsel was ineffective in 

overlooking that the revocation of probation in nine instead of 12 

cases was a “substantial change in circumstances” that required 

the trial court to “reassess its Faretta hearing decision.” But we 

will not address Brewster’s argument because it is outside the 

scope of the certificate of appealability. See Spencer v. Sec’y, 

Dep’t of Corr., 609 F.3d 1170, 1180 (11th Cir. 2010). Florida treats 

a defendant’s request for self-representation and a renewal of the 

offer for appointed counsel differently and requires a Faretta inquiry for the former, but not the latter. Noetzel v. State, 328 So. 

3d 933 (Fla. 2021). The certificate we issued is limited to the failure to renew an offer to appoint counsel.

The district court did not err by denying Brewster’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The state postconviction court 

reasonably could have determined that appellate counsel’s choice 

not to raise a “nonmeritorious claim . . . [did] not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” See Diaz v. Sec’y for the Dep’t of 

Corr., 402 F.3d 1136, 1145 (11th Cir. 2005). That determination of 

the state court, even if “incorrect or erroneous,” is not “objectively unreasonable.” See Lockyer, 538 U.S. at 75.

IV. CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the denial of Brewster’s petition for a writ of 

habeas corpus. 

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