OLIVER S. FLINT, Studies of Neotropical

Caddisflies, XIII:

The Genus Ochrotrichia

from Mexico and Central

America (Trichoptera: i

Hydroptilidae)

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 118
SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed

by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry articulated 4. program that included the following statement :•

"It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries

in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge."

This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance

of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing

with the following active series:

Smithsonian Annals of Flight

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing

with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired

facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These

publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other interested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be

obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available.

S. DILLON RIPLEY

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 118

Oliver s. Flint, jr. Studies of Neotropical

Caddisflies, XIII:

The Genus Ochrotrichia

from Mexico and Central

America (Trichoptera:

Hydroptilidae)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON

1972
ABSTRACT

Flint, Oliver S., Jr. Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, XIII: The Genus Ochrotrichia from Mexico and Central America (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 118, 28 pages, 78 figures, 1972.—The

taxonomic history of the genus Ochrotrichia is reviewed, the genus characterized

in the adult and larval stages, and its affinities discussed. The genus is composed of

two subgenera, the nominate and Metrichia Ross, which are keyed and characterized,

and their habitats discussed. The species of each subgenus occurring in Mexico and

Central America are placed to species-group, keyed, described and figured, and

their distributions plotted. The subgenus Ochrotrichia contains 20 species, including

13 described as new, and the subgenus Metrichia contains 9 species, of which 8 are

described as new including one from southern Arizona.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1972

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 40 cents (paper cover)
Oliver S. Flint, Jr. Studies of Neotropical

Caddisflies, XIII:

The Genus Ochrotrichia

from Mexico and Central

America (Trichoptera:

Hydroptilidae)

Introduction

The genus Ochrotrichia is exclusively New World in

distribution. Species are known from the United

States, throughout North and Central America, the

West Indies, and in South America from Peru to

central Chile. Undoubtedly species will be found in

other parts of South America, although Mosely did

not discover any species in southeastern Brazil (1939),

nor have I found any undescribed species in small

collections received from other parts of South

America.

The first species, tarsalis, was described in the genus

Hydroptila over one hundred years ago by Hagen

(1861), but was not restudied nor correctly illustrated until Ross (1938a). Morton described and

illustrated the second species in 1905 as Ithytrichia

confusa. This species became the type by monotypy

of Sibley's genus Polytrichia in 1926, which name is

preoccupied by a genus of snails. Ochrotrichia with its

type insularis was proposed by Mosely in 1934 for a

Jamaican species. Mosely described three additional

species from Mexico in 1937: aldama, arranca, and

tenanga. The author described a single Mexican

species, cruces (1967), and a series of West Indian

Oliver S. Flint, Jr., Department of Entomology, National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

species (1964, 1968a, 1968b, 1968c). Starting in

1938 with the careful study of the North American

fauna, many species have been described from the

United States.

Recent collections made in Mexico and Central

America have revealed that the diversity of the fauna

of these regions is, not surprisingly, at least as great

as that of the United States. Many of the collections

were made by the author during 1965, 1966, and

1967 on trips supported by grant GB—2616 from the

National Science Foundation. Additional material

collected by coworkers at the National Museum of

Natural History and others have supplied many valuable specimens not duplicated by my collections. Yet,

most of the species herein described are known from

only one or two collections and very few individuals,

which suggests that many more species are still to be

discovered. However, it seems that at this time a review of the known regional species, with descriptions,

and drawings of the new species, keys, and distributions will provide a useful foundation for future

work on the genus. The present paper is designed to

cover only those species found in Central America

and Mexico.

I express my appreciation to Mr. Peter H. Ward, of

the British Museum (Natural History) for arranging

the loan of the types of Ochrotrichia arranca (Mosely), and O. aldama (Mosely).

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Genus Ochrotrichia Mosely

Polytrichia Sibley, 1926:102.—Betten 1934:153.—Mosely

1937:184.—Ross 1944:125 [Preoccupied].

Ochrotrichia Mosely 1934:162.—Ross 1944:125.—Denning

1956:255.—Flint 1964:58; 1968a:48; 1968c:59.

Metrichia Ross, 1938a:9; 1944:121.—Flint 1968a:48.

TYPE SPECIES.—Ochrotrichia insularis Mosely,

1934, by original designation.

ADULT.—Ocelli 3, antenna simple; basal segment

enlarged and elongate, second segment shorter, third

segment equidimensional, segments beyond usually

slightly elongate. Maxillary palpus with two basal

segments very short, third, fourth, and fifth each

several times longer than broad. Labial palpus with

basal segment very short, second and third segments

each several times longer than broad. Head without

modifications dorsally; posterior warts may be open

beneath, but without special scent structures. Mesoscutellum with a transverse fracture; metascutellum

roughly triangular in outline. Spurs 0,3,4 or 1,3,4.

Forewing rather broad, not markedly acuminate,

venation not markedly reduced.

LARVA.—Head simple. Labrum symmetrical, without processes. Mandibles stout, broadly trianguloid;

left mandible with mesal brush. Metanotum with

anterolateral angle enlarged. All pairs of legs comparatively short and stout, prothoracic leg shortest;

tibiae enlarged apically, that of foreleg especially so

and bearing specialized setae and plates. Abdomen

rarely bearing small sclerites on some terga; middle

segments enlarged and slightly compressed. Case

usually of the compressed, purse type, rarely in the

form of a turtle's shell.

On the basis of adult and larval morphology the

genus seems to be quite clearly a member of the

Hydroptilinae (sensu Nielsen, 1948). The closest relationship based on the adults would seem to be with

the genus Rhyacopsyche in the New World and Microptila in the Old. The three are to be recognized

by the structure of the male genitalia. The typical

subgenus of Ochrotrichia may be recognized by the

large, often extremely complex, exserted tenth tergum,

and the aedeagus which is usually a simple tube, rarely with two apical rods or a convoluted process. In

the subgenus Metrichia, whose genitalia are quite

different, the tenth tergum is a simple, generally very

small, membranous lobe, there is a heavily sclerotized

dorsolateral process, and the aedeagus is very large,

complex, and generally bears two (rarely one or

none) heavily sclerotized hooks. In Rhyacopsyche

the tenth tergum is reduced and mostly covered by

large, dorsolateral lobes of the ninth segment, the

aedeagus bears a process usually convoluted and a

central tube usually with a slender spine. The genus

Microptila known from Europe, Africa, and Asia, is

most similar to Metrichia, but in general does not

have the dorsolateral hooks, and the aedeagus bears

a convoluted process but no hooks. In the species

Microptila indra Schmid there are structures apparently similar to the dorsolateral hooks, and the convoluted process is short and broad, almost hooklike.

On the basis of genital pattern then, one is tempted

to recognize four genera, with Metrichia and Microptila almost merging.

If one looks at the larvae for generic characters a

different situation is apparent. As indicated earlier

(Flint 1968a, 1971) the larvae and cases of Metrichia

and Ochrotrichia appear to be inseparable, but the

larvae and cases of Rhyacopsyche are distinctive. Unfortunately the immature stages of Microptila are

still undescribed.

Considering, then, the adult and larval morphology,

I recognize the genus Rhyacopsyche as distinct,

Ochrotrichia and Metrichia as subgenera, indistinguishable in the larval stage, but quite distinct in the

adult. Microptila I hold separate, but recognize the

possibility that it may ultimately be considered a

third subgenus.

As indicated above, the genus Ochrotrichia is to be

divided into subgenera. The typical subgenus lacks an

apical spur on the foreleg, and in the male is lacking

modifications of the abdomen, and possesses genitalia with a large, often extremely modified tenth

tergum, no dorsolateral hooks, and a rather simple

aedeagus. The subgenus Metrichia possesses an apical

spur on the foreleg, often possesses internal sacs,

setal brushes, or other modifications of the male abdomen, and the male genitalia have the tenth tergum

reduced to a simple membranous lobe, a button-like

cercus and dorsolateral hooks, and a very large, complex aedeagus usually with two large hooks.

Key to Subgenera of Ochrotrichia

1. Foreleg without an apical spur Ochrotrichia

Foreleg with an apical spur Metrichia
NUMBER 1 1 8

Subgenus Ochrotrichia Mosely

The subgenus Ochrotrichia is found over all of temperate North America, Central America, and the

West Indies. It contains the majority of the described

species, and is especially well represented in the

United States.

The subgenus may be divided into two major

groups, one, the xena group, seems to be the simplest.

It is characterized by a simple ninth segment in which

the dorsal and lateral margins are generally continuous and the anterior margin is not produced, and the

tenth tergum is a comparatively simple flap often

bearing a few small spines. The aedeagus varies from

a comparatively simple tube to one bearing various

processes. To this group belongs O. xena (Ross), O.

unio (Ross), O. flagellata, new species, O. pectinata,

new species, and the West Indian species O. brayi

Flint, O. caligula Flint, O. gurneyi Flint, O. lobifera

Flint, O. marica Flint, O. spinosissima Flint, and O.

verda Flint.

The other major group is composed of the remaining species. It is characterized by the ninth tergum

which is depressed below the dorsal margin of the

pleura and whose anterior margin is produced beyond

the anterior margin of the pleura. The tenth tergum

is more or less intimately fused with the ninth tergum

and has become greatly modified, bearing many

spines, processes, plates, etc. The aedeagus is a very

simple, threadlike structure.

Considering only those species treated in this paper,

this second major group may be divided into 6

groups. The species O. aldama (Mosely) is placed

in its own group. It is characterized by having elongate, parallel-sided claspers with the black peglike

setae mostly at the apex, and a rather simple, divided

tenth tergum.

The second group, which I call the tarsalis group,

is characterized by having a broad plate covering

much of the dorsal part of the tenth tergum, and in

having elongate, roughly parallel-sided claspers with

many black peglike setae apically and ventrally. In

this group I place O. tarsalis (Hagen), O. stylata

(Ross), O. caimita, new species, and O. pacifica,

new species.

The third group, the arranca group, has a middorsal process of the tenth tergum bearing a special

enlarged black seta and a midapical process which is

bifurcate. The claspers are more or less sigmoid in

outline and bear from the ventral margin several

very large black spines and the apex may bear a

row of specialized hairs. This group contains O.

arranca (Mosely), O. moselyi, new species, O. pectinifera, new species, and O. tagala, new species.

The tenanga group may be recognized by the

numerous long processes of the tenth tergum, the

elongate, parallel-sided claspers bearing a band of

black peglike setae around the apex, along the ventral

margin and onto the midbasal ridge. I place O. tenanga (Mosely), O. felipe Ross, O. palitla, new species,

O. escoba, new species, and O. filiforma, new species,

in this group.

The cruces group is closely related to the tenanga

group, but may be recognized easily by the short and

broadly triangular claspers. The tenth tergum bears a

black-tipped middorsal process and an apical process

overlaying a thin platelike lobe, in addition to various

other spines. In addition to O. cruces Flint, the group

contains several undescribed species in Arizona.

The last group may be called the lometa group,

and contains many species especially in the more arid

regions. The tenth tergum bears many processes, but

the apical one is associated, often intimately, with a

flat platelike lobe. The claspers are elongate, parallelsided basally, but narrowing to a pointed apex which

bears one (rarely none or a few) black peglike setae,

and the ventral margin is usually produced at the end

of the midbasal ridge which bears a small number of

black peglike setae. This group contains O. lometa

(Ross), O. panamensis, new species, O. attenuata,

new species, provisionally O. intermedia, new species

(which falls somewhat between this group and the

tenanga group), and a large number of species from

the southwestern United States.

The larvae of this subgenus inhabit the typical,

compressed, purselike case of silk and sand, or rarely

one flattened and shaped like a turtle's shell (Ross

1944:126). They are found in running water, usually

small to moderate sized streams, often ones that dry

up during the dry months. I have taken larvae of this

subgenus in riffles of streams whose water is milky

from silt and dissolved matter. The adults seem to

be readily attracted to lights.

In the following discussions of the genitalia of both

subgenera, when referring to the right or left sides,

I am referring to the insect's right or left side. Thus

the left side of the dorsal view is referred to as the

right side in the text, and vice versa. The dorsal

aspects of the genitalia only shows the left clasper
4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

when the claspers are symmetrical, or nearly so. Both lateral aspects of the genitalia show the inner side

claspers are shown when there is a more marked of the left clasper and the right side of the ninth and

asymmetry between the right and left claspers. The tenth segments.

Key to Species of Subgenus Ochrotrichia

1. Ninth tergum not depressed, anterior margin continuous with lateral margins 2

Ninth tergum depressed, anterior margin produced anteriad 4

2. Tenth tergum consisting of two long processes O. (O.) aldatna (Mosely)

Tenth tergum consisting of a single broad flap, often bearing asymmetrical modifications 3

3. Clasper with erect basal and elongate posteroventral arms O. (O.) pectinata, new species

Clasper short, slightly produced apicodorsally O. (O.) flagellata, new species

4. Clasper elongate or broadly triangular, apex broadly rounded, mesal face with a band of

black peglike setae apically, often along ventral margin, and onto midbasal ridge 5

Clasper of various shapes, often sigmoid or with apex pointed, never more than a single

apical black peglike seta, with a discrete small group of such setae near apex of midbasal

ridge, or rarely lacking all such setae 15

5. Clasper rather short and broadly triangular (with a high dorsobasal shoulder)

O. (O.) cruces Flint

Clasper elongate, dorsal and ventral margins roughly parallel 6

6. Tenth tergum with a broad, dorsal lobe which bears several spines and processes at

various points 7

Tenth tergum without a broad dorsal lobe, but consisting of various numbers of spines

and long processes often borne from a broader central region 10

7. Tenth tergum with a long process on left side O. (O.) pacifica, new species

Tenth tergum with long processes either mesally or on right side 8

8. Tenth tergum with longest process dorsomesally O. (O.) caimita, new species

Tenth tergum with longest processes beneath right side 9

9. Tenth tergum with a single straight basodorsal spine O. (O.) stylata (Ross)

Tenth tergum with a short, straight basodorsal spine, and beyond a spine hooked sharply

to right O. (O.) tarsalis (Hagen)

10. Tenth tergum with a pair of spines recurved around apex; clasper with only a few black

peglike setae on midbasal ridge which are well separated from a small, apical group

of such setae O. (O.) intermedia, new species

Tenth tergum without an apical pair of recurved spines; clasper with a row of short black

peglike setae more or less continuously around apex, along ventral margin and onto

midbasal ridge 11

11. Tenth tergum with 3 long processes on right side 12

Tenth tergum with only 2 such processes 14

12. Tenth tergum lacking a short, basodorsal spur on left of midline O. (O.) tenanga (Mosely)

Tenth tergum with a short, basodorsal spur on left 13

13. Tenth tergum with a single, short, basodorsal spur on right of midline O. (O.) felipe Ross

Tenth tergum with 2 such spurs O. (O.) palitla, new species

14. Tenth tergum with one long spine on left side O. (O.) escoba, new species

Tenth tergum without a long spine on left side O. (O.) filiforma, new species

15. Clasper elongate, gradually narrowing to an apical point bearing a single black peglike

seta or a blackened point 16

Clasper sigmoid in outline, apex broader, without a single black peglike setae 17

16. Clasper ending in a blackened attenuate point O. (O.) attenuata, new species

Clasper ending in a rather pointed apex bearing a single black peglike seta

O. (O.) panamensis, new species

17. Apex of clasper without any processes 18

Apex of clasper bearing a ventromesal fingerlike process O. (O.) tagala, new species

18. Tenth tergum without any long processes on right side 19

Tenth tergum with two long processes on right side O. (O.) pectinifera, new species

19. Clasper with a long, pointed ventral process O. (O.) arranca (Mosely)

Clasper with a short black ventral spine Q. (O.) moselyi, new species
NUMBER 1 1 8

Ochrotrichia (O.) flagellata, new species

FIGURES 7-9, 69

This species is probably most closely related to the

Jamaican O. caligula Flint. From O. caligula, O.

flagellata differs in lacking the apical excision of the

tenth tergum, and in having the spiral process of the

aedeagus borne at its apex.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color fuscous;

antennae and legs paler. Male genitalia: Ninth segment tubular, tergum neither depressed nor produced anteriad. Tenth tergum a simple elongate lobe,

in lateral aspect with tip angled dorsad. Clasper

small, slightly angulate in lateral aspect, apex with

a row of peglike setae along margin. Aedeagus with

a slender apical tube arising from an enlarged basal

tube, apex with a slender spiral process.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. PANAMA: CANAL

ZONE: Barro Colorado Island, July 1967, malaise

trap, W. W. Wirth. USNM Type 72033. Paratype:

Same, but pipeline road, near Gamboa, July 1967,

malaise trap, W. W. Wirth, 1 o*.

Ochrotrichia (O.) pectinata, new species

FIGURES 10-11,69

This very small species seems to be related to O.

lobifera Flint (Jamaica) and O. marica Flint (Puerto

Rico). From these it differs in possessing lateral

spines on the tenth tergum and long, narrow, dorsal

and apical lobes on the claspers.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color fuscous; forewing with white spots at apex and base, a

transverse band at midlength, and spots on anterior

and posterior margins midway between band and

apex. Male genitalia: Ninth segment tubular, tergum

neither depressed nor produced anteriad. Tenth tergum with a basal sclerite-spine on right side; apical

section a rather simple hood with a cuplike invagination in right basal region produced into a ventrolateral point. Clasper with a high, narrow basodorsal

lobe; with a row of black peglike setae continuously

along dorsal margin. Aedeagus well-developed, simple,

with a short apical tubule.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. MEXICO: VERACRUZ: Rio Jamapa, north of Coscomatepec, 23 July

1966, Flint & Ortiz. USNM Type 72034. Paratypes:

Same data, 3 cf.

Ochrotrichia (O.) aldama (Mosely), new combination

FIGURES 12-13, 69

Polytrichia aldama Mosely, 1937:185.—Fischer 1961:174.

The species is not clearly related to any other known

species. There may be a distant relationship to O.

insularis (Mosely) from Jamaica, as both have a

two-parted tenth tergum and elongate claspers. However in O. insularis the right process of the tenth

tergum is very narrow and the left process broad, and

there are several small basal spines.

The following description and figures of O. aldama

were prepared from slide mounts of the type (dorsal

view) and a paratype (lateral view), and may, therefore, suffer from a slight amount of distortion.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color unknown. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum depressed and

greatly produced anteriad. Tenth tergum divided

longitudinally into right and left processes of approximately equal size, right process with a basomesal flap

which partially overlies left process, tip directed dorsomesally, left process with tip directed ventrad.

Clasper elongate, broad, with a small apicoventral

lobe; with an apical band of black peglike setae.

Aedeagus long and threadlike.

MATERIAL.—MEXICO: CHIAPAS: Esmeralda, 19

November 1931, A. Dampf, holotype cT, Id1 paratype.

Ochrotrichia (O.) stylata (Ross)

FIGURES 14, 70

Polytrichia stylata Ross, 1938b: 120.—Fischer 1961: 176.

Ochrotrichia stylata (Ross).—Ross 1944:131.—Denning

1947a: 171; 1947b: 146.—Fischer 1971:298.

O. stylata is widely distributed in the western United

States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Montana,

Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming. It also has a fairly wide distribution in Central

America.

This species is closely related to O. tarsalis (Hagen)

from which it is easily distinguished by the structure

of the tenth tergum, especially by the presence of

only a single basodorsal spine in O. stylata.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2.5 mm. Color in

alcohol, pale brown. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

deeply depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth tergum with a single elongate, basodorsal spine to left

of midline, and another short basoventral spine on

left; a large, flat plate covering dorsum, beneath

which lies a single spine barely protruding beyond

plate, a longer spine beneath right side projecting

considerably beyond plate and laying alongside a more

membranous, slightly twisted process. Clasper long,

narrow, apex rounded, with a row of black peglike

setae around apex, along ventral margin and midbasal

ridge. Aedeagus long and threadlike.

MATERIAL.—GUATEMALA: ESCUINTLA: Escuintla, Grutas de San Pedro Martir, 10 August 1965.

P. J. Spangler, Id- MEXICO: SAN LUIS POTOSI:

El Salto, 3 June 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 o* ; VERACRUZ: Fortin de las Flores, 17 May 1964, Blanton

et al., 17cf; same, but 22 May 1965, Rabago, IdOchrotrichia (O.) tar salts (Hagen)

FIGURES 15, 71

Hydroptila tarsalis Hagen, 1861:275.

Polytrichia tarsalis (Hagen).—Ross 1938a: 10.—Fischer

1961:176.

Ochrotrichia tarsalis (Hagen).—Ross 1944:130—Edwards

and Arnold 1961:412.—Blickle 1962:154.—Fischer 1971:

298.

This species is very widely distributed in North America, being known from Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Ontario, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin. This is the first record from

Latin America.

The species is probably most closely related to O.

stylata (Ross), from which it is easily distinguished

by the hooked basal and the spiral apical processes

of tenth tergum.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color in alcohol, pale brown. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum deeply depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth tergum

with a short, heavy spine basally on left and a hooked

spine just beyond; ventrally on left a short, laterally

directed spine; beyond basal section a broad, flat,

dorsal plate, which bears on right ventral surface a

slender process with a twisted apical section ending

in a dark point, apical twisted section covered by a

flat lobate sclerite. Clasper long, slender, apex

rounded; with a row of black peglike setae around

apex and along ventral margin; midbasal ridge nearly

vertical, that of right clasper bearing a blackened

point ventrally; dorsal margin bearing a small mesal

point, that of right clasper near midbasal ridge, that

of left clasper apicad of ridge. Aedeagus slender,

threadlike.

MATERIAL.—MEXICO: SAN LUIS POTOSI: El

Salto, 3 June 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 o*.

Ochrotrichia (O.) caimita, new species

FIGURES 16-17, 69

This species seems to be related to O. stylata and O.

tarsalis, and to a lesser degree to the following species.

From all, it may be easily recognized by the long and

somewhat convoluted middorsal process and the pair

of lateral spurs on the right of the tenth tergum.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Completely

cleared and in alcohol. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum

depressed and moderately produced anteriad. Tenth

tergum with a long middorsal process with a sinuate,

darkened tip, partially enclosed in a lightly sclerotized, apical sac; basal region on right side with a

pair of widely separated spurs, dorsalmost longest;

apical sac with a more heavily sclerotized, saddleshaped, ventral support. Claspers elongate, apex

rounded, slightly asymmetrical in region of midbasal

ridge, with a row of black peglike setae around apex,

along ventral margin and midbasal ridge. Aedeagus

slender, threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. PANAMA: CHIRIQUI: Rio Caimito, 10 miles (16 km) northwest of

David, 4 July 1967, Paul J. Spangler. USNM Type

72035. Paratype: Same, but David, Doleguita, 3 June

1964, A. Broce, lrf.

Ochrotrichia (O.) pacifica, new species

FIGURES 18-19, 72

This species does not seem to be closely related to

any other known species, although there may be a

distant relationship to the preceding species. It may be

immediately recognized by the long process on the

left side and heavy apical hook of the right side of

the tenth tergum.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2.5 mm. Color

brown; antenna and head hairs cream-colored; forewing fuscous anteriorly, progressively paler posteroapically, posteroapical fringe cream-colored with indistinctly paler spots. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum
NUMBER 1 1 8

strongly depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth

tergum with a long pointed process on left side with

several small dorsal points and with tip curved ventrad; right side with a broader lobe ending in an

apicolateral spine; right apical sclerite a heavy hook

angled mesad. Clasper elongate, apex rounded; black

peglike setae clustered around apex and a few along

midbasal ridge. Aedeagus long and threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. PANAMA: CHIRIQUI: Rio Caimito, 10 miles (16 km) northwest of

David, 4 July 1967, Paul J. Spangler. USNM Type

72036. Paratypes: MEXICO: CHIAPAS: Puento

Arroyo Viejo, route 200 km 141 (near Mapastepec),

9 June 1967, Flint & Ortiz, Id". COSTA RICA:

GUANACASTE: Rio Corobici, Las Canas, 26 July 1967,

O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 d.

Ochrotrichia (O.) arranca (Mosely), new combination

FIGURES 20-23, 72

Polytrichia arranca, Mosely, 1937:185.—Fischer 1961:175.

This species and the following, O. moselyi, new

species, are very closely related. O. arranca may be

recognized by the very long ventral process of the

clasper and the presence of two black dorsal setae

on the tenth tergum.

The holotype is mounted on a slide in balsam and

thus can not be viewed laterally, and for this reason

Mosely's original lateral aspect figures are repeated

here. However new dorsal and ventral views were

prepared from the type and illustrate the peculiarities of the species.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 3 mm. Color, unknown. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum depressed,

barely expanded anteriad. Tenth tergum with a long,

curved, dorsal process bearing dorsally two large

black setae; left side with an apically forked process;

ventrally with a scooplike lobe, appearing to end in

a spine on right (rather than a rounded lobe, but

unclear). Clasper with an elongate fingerlike dorsal

lobe, with an elongate, pointed and apically-darkened,

ventral lobe, between lobes with 3 short black spines

differently placed on right and left claspers. Aedeagus

threadlike.

MATERIAL.—MEXICO: CHIAPAS: Barranca Honda, 24 February 1931, A Dampf, holotype <?.

Ochrotrichia (O.) moselyi, new species

FIGURES 24-27, 72

As mentioned above, this and the preceding species

are very closely related. O. moselyi may be recognized

by the lack of the elongate, pointed lobe ventrally on

the claspers, and in possessing only a single dark dorsal seta on the tenth tergum. However, the remaining

structures of the tenth tergum and claspers appear to

be identical in the two species.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color fuscous, antennae and head with white hairs; forewing

with a transverse white band at midlength, white

spots on anterior and posterior margins at ^4 length,

and at tip. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum depressed,

slightly expanded anteriad. Tenth tergum with a long,

curved, dorsal process bearing basally a large black

seta; left side with an apically forked process; ventrally with a scooplike lobe. Clasper with an elongate,

fingerlike, dorsal lobe, midventrally with 3 heavily

sclerotized spines differently placed on right and left

claspers, basal portion considerably widened. Aedeagus long, threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. MEXICO: VERACRUZ: Rio Tacolapan, route 180, km 551, 25-28 July

1966, Flint & Ortiz. USNM Type 72037. Paratypes:

Same data, lcf. GUATEMALA: SUCHITEPEQUEZ:

Finca Moca, 12 June 1966, Flint & Ortiz, ltf.

Ochrotrichia (O.) pectinifera, new species

FIGURES 28-30, 72

This species is clearly related to the preceding species,

from which it is easily distinguished by the structure

of the tenth tergum. The two long, free processes on

the right side and the dorsoventrally divided middorsal process of the tenth tergum are diagnostic.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2.5 mm. Color in

alcohol, pale brown. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum

depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth tergum with

basal middorsal process widened apicad, and bearing

subapically an enlarged, black seta; beneath this

arises a slender, slightly sinuate, pointed process, attaining apex; apex with a decurved hook, and on

right side with an even more decurved and slender

hook; right side with a long, slender process almost

attaining apex and another process curving under
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

tergum; with a broad ventral scooplike structure.

Claspers asymmetrical, both with 4 heavy black

spines from apex of enlarged basal section; left clasper with most distal of these spines considerably removed from others, with apex enlarged ventrally and

bearing a row of elongate black spines, right clasper

with 4 spines more closely grouped, with apex not

enlarged, but with very small black setae. Aedeagus

long and threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. MEXICO: VERACRUZ: Fortin de las Flores, 22 May 1965, Rabago.

USNM Type 72038. Paratypes: Same data, 3 c?•

Ochrotrichia (O.) tagala, new species

FIGURES 31-32, 74

Although the structure of the tenth tergum and claspers indicate a relationship with the preceding species,

O. tagala is quite distinctive. The ventromesal process from the apex of the clasper and the apical lobes

of the tenth tergum are unique.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2.8 mm. Color fuscous; head and antennae with some pale hairs; forewing with a transverse white band at midlength, with

white spots on anterior and posterior borders at %

length and with a white spot at apex. Male genitalia:

Ninth tergum depressed and greatly expanded anteriad. Tenth tergum with a slender middorsal process curved to right and bearing near base a dark

dorsal spine; left side near midlength with a short,

broad, curved process; ventrally with a broad scoopshaped lobe curved to left and bearing an appressed

spine on its dorsal margin and a shorter spine basoventrally; apex centrally with a forked process whose

apex is directed laterad, and a membranous lobe on

right. Clasper narrow, tip slightly enlarged with a

darkened ventral spur directed mesad, with a row of

slender spines along apex; ventral margin sinuate beyond midlength, with a small process bearing several

black peglike setae mesally. Aedeagus slender, threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. GUATEMALA:

HUEHUETENANGO: 20 miles (32 km) northwest of

Huehuetenango, 9-10 August 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr.

USNM Type 72039. Paratype: NICARAGUA: MATAGALPA: 5.3 miles (8.5 km) east of Matagalpa, 30

July 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., ltf.

Ochrotrichia (O.) tenanga (Mosely)

FIGURES 33-35, 73

Polytrichia tenanga Mosely, 1937:185.—Fischer 1961:176.

Ochrotrichia tenanga (Mosely).—Ross 1944:275.—Fischer

1971:298.

This species, O. jelipe Ross and O. palitla, new

species, form a closely related complex within which

differences are mostly confined to the basal processes

of the tenth tergum. O. tenanga may be recognized

by the lack of any basal process on the left side of

the tenth tergum, and by having a single long process

on the right side.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color brown;

forewing darker anteriorly, paler posteriorly, with

some indistinct pale marks, posteroapical fringe pale.

Male genitalia: Ninth tergum strongly depressed and

produced anteriad. Tenth tergum with a middorsal

spur overlaying a black-tipped spine which barely

surpasses spur (in a male from Fortin de las Flores,

this spine is greatly elongated, Figure 35) ; right

side with a long slender ventrolateral spine, barely

surpassing all other processes, dorsolaterally with a

slender, black-tipped spine nearly as long and with a

rather membranous process between them; left side

terminating in a heavy hook, angled to right and a

more slender rounded plate. Clasper long, slender,

apex rounded; with a row of black peglike setae

around apex, along ventral margin and on midbasal

ridge. Aedeagus short, tubular.

MATERIAL.—MEXICO: VERACRUZ: Rio Tacolapan, route 180 km 551, 25-26 July 1966, Flint &

Ortiz, 8 c? ; Fortin de las Flores, 22 May 1965, Rabago, 2 o*. TABASCO : Rio Puyacatengo, east of Teapa,

28-29 July 1966, Flint & Ortiz, lid". GUATEMALA: ESCUINTLA: Escuintla, Grutas de San Pedro

Martir, 10 August 1965, P. J. Spangler, 2 c?. HONDURAS: COMAYAGUA: Rio Humuya, northwest of

Comayagua, 3 August 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., 2 c?-

COSTA RICA: GUANACASTE: Rio Ahogados, 10

miles (16 km) northwest of Liberia, 25 July 1965,

P. J. Spangler, 1 c? ; Las Canas, 13 July 1965, P. J.

Spangler, 4c?, PANAMA: CHIRIQUI: Rio El Pueblo,

Dolega, 2000 feet (600 m), 27 June 1964, A. Broce,

23c?; Rovira, David, 2200 feet (660 m), 13 July

1964, A. Broce, 3 c? ; Doleguita, David, 3 June 1964,

A. Broce, lie?. CANAL ZONE : Rio Agua Salud, near

Gamboa, July 1967, W. W. Wirth, lc? ; Pipeline
NUMBER 1 18

Road, near Gamboa, July 1967, W. W. Wirth, 1 tf.

(Described from Mexico, Chiapas, Saltenango de la

Paz.)

Ochrotrichia (O.) felipe Ross

FIGURES 36, 74

Ochrotrichia felipe Ross, 1944:275.—Fischer 1971:297.

This species is very close to O. palitla, new species. It

may be distinguished by the lack of the lateralmost

spur on the right side at the base of the tenth tergum. In addition there are many other small differences in the proportions of the processes of the tenth

tergum; for instance, the basal spur of the middorsal

process is stouter and more dorsad in position and

the hook to the left of the midline is longer and more

gently decurved in O. felipe.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color in alcohol, pale brown. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum deeply

depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth tergum with

a long, dark-tipped middorsal process giving rise to

a slender basodorsal spur on left side, and a single

basal spur on right side; hook to left of midline extending beyond middorsal process and gradually decurved in lateral aspect; right side with three long

processes, one arising basally and extending ventrally,

second arising at midlength ending in a darkened

point, third process semimembranous, arising subapically and shortest. Clasper elongate, narrow, apex

rounded; apex, ventral margin, and midbasal ridge

with many short black peglike setae. Aedeagus long

and threadlike.

MATERIAL.—MEXICO: SAN LUIS POTOSI: El

Salto, 3 June 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., ltf. (Described

from U.S.A., Texas, San Felipe Spring, Del Rio.)

Ochrotrichia (O.) palitla, new species

FIGURES 37-38, 74

This species is closest to the preceding species, O.

felipe Ross, with which it agrees in possessing a short

basal spur, on the left side of the tenth tergum. However, it differs in possessing two short spurs on the

right side, rather than the one as in O. felipe.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2.5 mm. Color in

alcohol, pale brown. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum

deeply depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth tergum with a long, dark-tipped, middorsal process

giving rise to a very slender basolateral spur on the

left side, and with two short basal spurs on the right

side; hook on left of midline extending only slightly

beyond middorsal process, sharply decurved in lateral

aspect; right side with three long processes, one arising basally and extending ventrally, second arising

from an enlarged base at midlength and ending in a

small darkened hook, third semimembranous, arising

subapically and shortest. Clasper elongate, narrow,

with rounded apex; apex, ventral margin, and midbasal ridge with many black peglike setae. Aedeagus

long and threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. MEXICO: SAN LUIS

POTOSI: Palitla, 5 June 1966, O. S. Flint, Jr. USNM

Type 72040. Paratypes: Same data, 6cf •

Ochrotrichia (O.) filiforma, new species

FIGURES 39-40, 75

O. filiforma, new species, is probably most closely related to the following species, but may be easily

recognized by the extremely elongate genital parts,

especially the processes of the tenth tergum.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2.5 mm. Color in

alcohol, pale brown. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum

strongly depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth

tergum with a slender middorsal spur; a black-tipped

middorsal spine, slightly longer than spur; apically

with left lobe scoop-shaped, produced ventrad, right

lobe elongate, overlaying right process; with a very

long, slightly sinuate process on right (probably displaced from normal position in type), second long

process on right twisted underneath right lobe and

arising from an ovate structure. Clasper very long,

slender, apex rounded; apex and ventral margin

with black peglike setae; midbasal ridge obsolete.

Aedeagus long and threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. COSTA RICA:

CARTAGO: Chitaria, 19 June 1967, Flint & Ortiz.

USNM Type 72041.

Ochrotrichia (O.) escoba, new species

FIGURES 41-42, 74

The relationship of this species is clearly with the

tenanga group, but it is not a member of the complex
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

composed of the first three species of the group. It

may be recognized by possessing two long processes

on the right side of the tenth tergum, and a short

process basodorsally on the mesal face of the clasper.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color pale

brown; forewing darker along frontal margin. Male

genitalia: Ninth tergum deeply depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth tergum with a long middorsal

process widened at midlength; dark-tipped middorsal

spur short, tip angled to left; a long, dark-tipped,

dorsal spine on right side, slightly surpassing long

lateral spine which bears a small basolateral spur;

left side terminating in a slender hook of same length

as right lateral spine; a complex central lobe. Clasper

long, slender, apex rounded; with a short basodorsal

process on mesal face, ending in a cluster of dark

spines; black peglike setae on both dorsal, ventral,

and apical margins. Aedeagus short, tubular.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. GUATEMALA: IZABAL: Las Escobas, near Matias de Galvez, 14—16

August 1965, Flint & Ortiz. USNM Type 72042.

Paratypes: Same, but 14—15 August 1965, P. J.

Spangler, 1 d ; Same, but 26-27 June 1966, Flint &

Ortiz, 2dOchrotrichia (O.) cruces, Flint

FIGURES 43-44, 75

Ochrotrichia cruces Flint, 1967:12.

The collecting of additional species of Ochrotrichia

in Arizona has resulted in the discovery of species

quite closely related to O. cruces. From these undescribed species, O. cruces differs mainly in the proportionate lengths of the various processes of the

tenth tergum.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 3.5 mm. Color fuscous; forewings mostly denuded, but appearing to

have some white markings. Male genitalia: Ninth

tergum depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth

tergum with a short apical process whose tip is hooked

ventrad, and with a lightly sclerotized plate ventrad;

a short black-tipped, upcurved spine middorsally, and

a very short spur on right side at same level; with a

broad thin plate basolaterally on right side; basal

section with a long, pointed, process curving to right

side apically, and surpassing black-tipped spine.

Clasper broadly triangular, apex rounded; with a

band of black peglike setae apically, and on midbasal

ridge. Aedeagus slender, threadlike.

MATERIAL.—MEXICO: MEXICO: Las Cruces National Park, La Marquesa, 3000 m elevation, 5-9

July 1965, Flint & Ortiz, holotype cf •

Ochrotrichia (O.) intermedia, new species

FIGURES 45-46, 75

In certain respects this species is intermediate between the tenanga group of species and those that

follow, although probably closest to the following

ones. With the tenanga group, O. intermedia shares

the rounded apex of the clasper which bears a number of black peglike setae. However, the tenth tergum

is much more similar in structure to the lometa

group, as is the shape of the ventral margin of the

claspers and its midbasal ridge.

ADULT.—Length of forewing 3 mm. Color in alcohol, pale brown. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum

deeply depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth tergum with two middorsal spines, one basal, other

arising near midlength and extending nearly to apex;

right side with a basal spur; apex with two decurved

hooks, one on right side very long and recurved

under venter. Clasper elongate, tapering to a rounded

apex; apex with a cluster of black peglike setae, two

more such setae near apex of midbasal ridge, third

seta near base of ridge, that of left clasper much more

basad than that of right clasper. Aedeagus long and

threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. GUATEMALA:

CHIMALTENANGO : Tecpan Guatemala, 8 August

1967, O. S. Flint, Jr. USNM Type 72043.

Ochrotrichia (O.) panamensis, new species

FIGURES 47-48, 75

This is a rather distinctive new species of the lometa

group. The short middorsal process with its upright

black apical seta and the very broad and angled spur

on the right side of the tenth tergum are unique.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 3.5 mm. Color in alcohol, dark brown; forewing with a transverse pale

band at midlength. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum

deeply depressed and produced anteriad. Tenth

tergum with a short basal, middorsal process which

bears apically an enlarged, upright black seta; an
NUMBER 1 1 8 11

elongate basal spur on right dorsally; apical process

with tip pointed and angled to right, with a lightly

sclerotized circular flap on right; right side with a

lateral spur arising from a broad base and angled

beneath tergum. Clasper elongate, tapering to a

pointed apex with a black peglike seta; midventral

lobe small; midbasal ridge apically with a small

cluster of black peglike setae. Aedeagus long and

threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. PANAMA: CHIRIQUI: Rovira, David, 2200 feet (660 m), 13 July 1964,

A. Broce. USNM Type 72044. Paratypes: Same data,

23 <5 ; Rio Chiriqui Viejo, El Volcan, 5280 feet

(1584 m), 22 July 1964, A. Broce, 38c?.

Ochrotrichia (O.) attenuata, new species

FIGURES 49-50, 73

Although a member of the lometa group, O. attenuata, new species, is easily recognized by the slender,

pointed apex of the claspers. The structure of the

tenth tergum, although quite similar to that of O.

dactylophora Flint, is distinctive also in the shapes,

lengths, and numbers of spines.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2.8 mm. Color fuscous; head with some whitish hairs, forewing with a

transverse white band at midlength, several small

white spots apicad, and with apex white. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum depressed and greatly expanded

anteriad. Tenth tergum with two black-tipped spines

basally, longest one with tip sharply upturned; right

side with two short spurs and one long one ventrally

whose tip almost reaches the apex; apical process

inflated basally, tip decurved, subapically with a

lightly sclerotized circular plate on right. Clasper

elongate, tip produced into an attenuate, darkened

point; with an elongate cluster of black peglike setae

mesally at midlength. Aedeagus very long, threadlike.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. GUATEMALA:

HUEHUETENANGO: 20 miles (32 km) northwest of

Huehuetenango, 9-10 August 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr.

USNM Type 72045. Paratypes: Same data, 2cf.

Subgenus Metrichia Ross

Species of the subgenus Metrichia have been found

from the southwestern part of the United States,

throughout Central America and the West Indies,

and again from Peru, northwest Argentina, and central Chile. The greatest diversity so far found has

been in Central America and the West Indies.

I recognize five groups for the species treated in

this paper. The nigritta group is characterized by

the presence of internal sacs arising between the fifth

and sixth segments. The aedeagus bears two large

hooks at nearly the midlength of the apical section.

In addition to O. (M.) nigritta (Banks), the group

contains O. (M.) arizonensis, new species, and O.

(M.) biungulata, new species.

The second group is much like the former in the

structure of the aedeagus, but the smaller internal

pouches apparently arise between the fourth and

fifth segments, there are dorsolateral hair brushes on

the fifth and sixth segments, and the seventh tergum

is modified. This group, the penicillata group, contains O. {M.) penicillata, new species, and O. (M.)

trigonella, new species.

The campana group contains in addition to O.

(M.) continentalis, new species, and O. (M.) quadrat a, new species, the species O. (M.) campana

Flint and O. (M.) similis Flint from Dominica. The

pouches are borne between the sixth and seventh

terga in these species, the two aedeagal hooks are

subapical, and usually the tenth tergum is elongate.

The exclamationis group bears pouches between

the fourth and fifth terga, and also dorsolateral

hair brushes on some segments. The aedeagus bears

but a single elongate spine. In addition to the Dominican O. (M.) exclamationis Flint, the group contains O. (M.) lemniscata, new species.

The species O. (M.) aberrans, new species, is

placed in its own group. There are no modifications

of the abdomen, and the aedeagus ends in a bulbous

lobe bearing two spines and a freely extending tubule.

The larvae inhabit compressed, purselike cases of

silk and organic matter. The species of the subgenus

seem to be closely associated with springs, seeps,

waterfalls, and similar habitats, rather than larger,

slowly flowing streams as is typical of the nominate

subgenus. The adults are rarely taken at light, and

when they are I expect it is the result of their having

been disturbed. They are more frequently taken by

sweeping vegetation at or near the water's edge.
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Key to Species of Subgenus Metrichia

1. Aedeagus with spines borne at apex of central tube, central tubule extending freely from

apex of tube O. (Af.) aberrans, new species

Aedeagus with spines borne before apex of central tube, central tubule not extending

beyond apex of tube 2

2. Aedeagus with a single, long, ribbonlike spine O. (Af.) lemniscata, new species

Aedeagus with a pair of spines 3

3. Abdomen with a pair of pouches arising between sixth and seventh segments 4

Pouches arising either between fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth segments 5

4. Clasper small and quadrate, posterior margin with a row of short black setae

O. (M.) quadrata, new species

Clasper elongate, posterior margin tricuspate in lateral aspect

O. (Af.) continentalis, new species

5. Abdomen bearing tufts of hairs and with seventh tergum modified 6

Abdomen without hair tufts and with seventh tergum unmodified 7

6. Spines of the aedeagus arising at the same level O. (M.) trigonella, new species

Spines of the aedeagus arising from different levels of the central tube

O. (Af.) penicillata, new species

7. Aedeagus with an external spur arising from neck and with hooks overlaying each other

O. (Af.) biungulata, new species

Aedeagus without a spur, and with spines opposing each other 8

8. Spines of aedeagus arising at the same level, without an intervening knob

O. (Af.) arizonensis, new species

Spines of aedeagus arising at different levels, with an intervening knob

O. (.M.) nigritta (Banks)

Ochrotrichia (M.) nigritta (Banks)

FIGURES 6, 51-52, 76

Orthotrichia nigritta Banks, 1907a: 163; 1907b: 50.—Betten

1934:153.—Milne 1936:76.

Metrichia nigritta (Banks).—Ross 1938a:9; 1944:121.—

Fischer 1961:83; 1971:227.—Edwards and Arnold 1961:

411.

This, the type species of Metrichia, has a wide distribution from the southwestern United States to El

Salvador. It is rather constant in the structure of the

male genitalia, although the more southern examples

have proportionately shorter claspers.

It is closely related to O. (M.) arizonensis, new

species, from which it may be distinguished by the

presence of a dark knob between the shorter, more

hooked spines of aedeagus, the longer narrower

claspers, and the elongate pouches in the abdomen.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2.5-3 mm. Color

black. Male abdomen with a pair of reticulate

pouches, about twice as long as broad between fifth

and sixth segments. Male genitalia: Ninth segment

barely twice as long as high in lateral aspect, with

posterior margin strongly angulate. Cercus ovate.

Dorsolateral hook broad, angled ventrad apically, with

an elongate basolateral scale. Clasper in lateral aspect

elongate, with an apical point. Aedeagus with two

large hooked spines and between them a broad black

knob, all arising near midlength of apical trough and

tubule.

MATERIAL.—U.S.A.: TEXAS: spring, Landa Park,

New Braunfels, 21 April 1960, O. S. Flint, Jr., many

d cf • MEXICO: SAN LUIS POTOSI: El Salto, 8 May

1964, Blanton, et al., 7cT- VERACRUZ: Fortin de las

Flores, 22 May 1965, Rabago, 2o*2? ; same, but

June 1964, Blanton, Id1. MICHOACAN: San Lorenzo,

route 15, km 206, 14-15 July 1966, Flint & Ortiz.

3cTl $ . EL SALVADOR: LA LIBERTAD: LOS Chorros, near Santa Tecla, 5 July 1966, Flint & Ortiz,

2o*.

Ochrotrichia (M.) arizonensis, new species

FIGURES 53-54, 76

This species is clearly related to O. (M.) nigritta, but

may be distinguished by many details of the male

genitalia. Most notable are the shorter, broader claspers, the longer hooks of the aedeagus which arise close

together without an intervening knob, and the presence of a pair of small rounded sacs in the sixth

segment.
NUMBER 1 1 8 13

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2.5 mm. Almost

completely denuded, color now grey. Male abdomen

with a pair of rounded sacs lying within sixth segment, but apparently arising between fifth and sixth

segments. Male genitalia: Ninth segment about one

and one-half times as long as high in lateral aspect,

ventral half of posterior margin very oblique. Cercus

elongate. Dorsolateral hook only slightly decurved,

basolateral scale small. Clasper in lateral aspect

slightly longer than high, apex produced into a sharp

point. Aedeagus with two, large, slightly curved

spines arising at the same level at about half the

length of the internal tubule.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. U.S.A.: ARIZONA:

Santa Cruz Co., Sycamore Canyon, Atascosa Mts.,

14 June 1968, Flint & Menke. USNM Type 72046.

Ochrotrichia (M.) biungulata, new species

FIGURES 55—56, 76

This species appears to be related to the two preceding, but differs rather strongly in the structure

of the aedeagus. The paired hooks lying one over

the other and the stout spur arising from the base of

the internal tubule of the aedeagus are distinctive.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 1.5 mm. Color, uniformly fuscous. Male abdomen with a pair of large,

elongate, bootshaped sacs lying within fifth segment,

opening between fifth and sixth. Male genitalia:

Ninth segment less than one and one-half times as

long as high in lateral aspect, posterior margin angulate. Cercus elongate. Dorsolateral hook distinctly

decurved, basolateral scale very small. Clasper slightly longer than high in lateral aspect, apex evenly

rounded, with several small black points on ventromesal margin. Aedeagus with two stout black hooks

arising contiguously, and lying one over the other, at

about a third of distance from base to apex of internal tubule; with a lateral spur extending from base

of internal tubule to origin of hooks.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. PANAMA: PANAMA :

Cerro Campana, July 1967, W. W. Wirth. USNM

Type 72047. Paratype: Same data, 1 c?.

Ochrotrichia (M.) penicillata, new species

FIGURES 57-58, 77

This and the following species, O. (M.) trigonella,

new species, appear to be related, not only by the

structure of the genitalia, but also by the complexity

of the abdominal modifications. O. penicillata may be

recognized by the hooks of the aedeagus whose bases

are well separated, the shorter, broader claspers, and

the different ornamentation of the abdominal terga.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 1.5 mm. Color in

alcohol, dark brown. Male abdomen with a pair of

large, round internal sacs filled with dark scales in

the fifth segment, fifth and sixth segments bearing

large, dorsolateral hair brushes, fifth tergum with a

small dorsolateral flap bearing a small pencil of long,

curved, decumbent hairs; seventh tergum small and

rectangular (possibly bearing specialized setae). Male

genitalia: Ninth segment about twice as long as

high in lateral aspect, posterior margin slightly

oblique. Cercus elongate. Dorsolateral hook sharply

decurved, basolateral scale well-developed. Clasper

barely longer than high, apex produced into a small,

blunt tooth. Aedeagus with two well-developed,

curved spines, origins well separated, apical trough

broad and well-sclerotized.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. GUATEMALA:

ESCUINTLA: Grutas de San Pedro Martir, 10 August

1965. P. J. Spangler. USNM Type 72048.

Ochrotrichia (M.) trigonella, new species

FIGURES 59-60, 77

Most closely related to the preceding species, O. (M.)

trigonella, new species, is easily recognized by the

large spines of the aedeagus whose bases are approximate, the elongate claspers, and the modifications

of the abdominal terga.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color in alcohol, dark brown. Male abdomen with a pair of

small, round pouches between fourth and fifth terga;

with large brushes of hairs dorsolaterally on fifth and

sixth segments, seventh tergum developed as a trianguloid mesal sclerite surrounded by specialized

setae, eighth tergum heavily sclerotized and bearing

a tuft of long setae. Male genitalia: Ninth segment

almost twice as long as high in lateral aspect, with

posterior margin nearly vertical. Cercus elongate.

Dorsolateral hook rather short and decurved apically,

basolateral scale short but broad. Clasper slightly

elongate, apex developed into a point. Aedeagus

with a pair of large, curved spines arising at the

same level well beyond the origin of the internal

tubule.
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. MEXICO: VERACRUZ: Fortin de las Flores, 22 May 1965, Rabago.

USNM Type 72049. Paratypes: HONDURAS: CoMAYAGUA: Rancho Chiquito, southeast of Flores, 2-3

August 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 d 1 ? •

Ochrotrichia (M.) continentalis, new species

FIGURES 61-62, 77

This species appears to be quite closely related to the

species O. (M.) campana Flint and O. (M.) similis

Flint, both known from Dominica. All possess sacs

between the sixth and seventh terga, reduced aedeagal

spines born subapically, claspers with excavate posterior margins, and elongate dorsolateral hooks and

tenth tergum. From both, continentalis may be distinguished by the very dissimilar aedeagal spines, and

the tricuspate posterior margin of the claspers.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color uniformly fuscous. Male abdomen with a pair of

pouches opening between sixth and seventh terga;

eight tergum well-sclerotized. Male genitalia: Ninth

segment more than three times as long as high in

lateral aspect, with posterior margin slightly oblique.

Cercus small and upright. Tenth tergum forming an

elongate, well-sclerotized lobe. Dorsolateral hook

elongate, apex slightly curved ventromesad. Clasper

longer than high, posterior margin slightly oblique,

with 3 small teeth. Aedeagus with two well-developed

spines, one much longer and more slender than other,

origins approximate, and arising well beyond origin

of internal tubule which is extremely long.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. PANAMA: CANAL

ZONE: Barro Colorado Island, July 1967, malaise

trap, W. W. Wirth. USNM Type 72050.

Ochrotrichia (M.) quadrata, new species

FIGURES 63-64, 78

Although abundantly distinct, this species is related

to the preceding, as is shown by the sacs between

the sixth and seventh terga and the small hooks on

the aedeagus. However, the small, quadrate claspers

with an apical band of peglike setae, and the lateral

rodlike process of the aedeagus are distinctive.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 2 mm. Color grey;

forewing with diffuse bands of silvery hairs. Male

abdomen with a pair of large, complex pouches

arising between sixth and seventh terga. Male genitalia: Ninth segment almost twice as long as high in

lateral aspect, posterior margin nearly vertical. Cercus rounded. Dorsolateral hook long, slender, and

almost straight, basolateral scale very small. Clasper

equilateral in lateral aspect, posterior margin truncate and bearing a band of short black setae.

Aedeagus with two small hooks arising at the same

level about 94 distance from base to apex of internal

tubule, with a separated rod basad of hooks.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. MEXICO: VERACRUZ: Rio Jamapa, north of Coscomatepec, 23 July

1966, Flint & Ortiz. USNM Type 72051.

Ochrotrichia (M.) lemniscata, new species

FIGURES 65-66, 78

On the basis of the single ribbonlike spine of the

aedeagus and pouches in the fourth abdominal segment, this species would appear to be related to the

Dominican O. (M.) exdamationis Flint. It is very

different in the shape of the claspers, dorsolateral

hook, and pouches of the abdominal segments.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 1.5 mm. Color in

alcohol, dark brown. Male abdomen with a pair of

small round pouches between fourth and fifth terga;

large brushes of hair borne laterally on fifth and

sixth segments (at least). Male genitalia: Ninth

segment over three times as long as high in lateral

aspect, posterior margin slightly oblique. Cercus

ovate. Dorsolateral hook evenly bowed ventrad, with

a distinct basolateral scale. Clasper rounded, slightly

elongate, with a small apicoventral notch. Aedeagus

with apical trough and internal tubule very long and

slender, with a lateral spine as long as apical trough

and subparallel to it.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. PANAMA: CHIRIQUI: David, Rovira, 2200 feet (660 m), 13 July

1964, A. Broce. USNM Type 72052. Paratypes: Same

data, 7d, 1? .

Ochrotrichia (M.) aberrans, new species

FIGURES 67-68, 78

Although this species is a typical member of Metrichia on the basis of the structure of the ninth

segment, dorsolateral hooks, and claspers, the aedeagus and unmodified abdomen are very different,
NUMBER 1 1 8 15

making the species easily recognizable.

ADULT.—Length of forewing, 1.5 mm. Color in

alcohol, brown. Male abdomen without obvious

modifications. Male genitalia: Ninth segment almost

twice as long as high in lateral aspect, posterior

margin moderately angled. Cercus small and membranous. Dorsolateral hook narrow and decurved,

basolateral scale well developed. Clasper broad, dorsal margin arched, posteroventral margin straight.

Aedeagus with a bulbous apex bearing two unequal

spines, internal tubule extending freely from apex.

MATERIAL.—Holotype, male. MEXICO: VERACRUZ: Fortin de las Flores, June 1964, F. S. Blanton.

USNM Type 72053.

Check List of the Neotropical Species of Ochrotrichia

The following check list contains the names and distributions of the species of the genus Ochrotrichia

described or recorded from the Americas south of

the United States, including the Antilles, together

with references to their original descriptions. The

locality listed in italics is the type locality for the

species.

Ochrotrichia, subgenus Ochrotrichia

aldama (Mosely), 1937:185. Mexico

arranca (Mosely), 1937:185. Mexico

attenuata, new species. Guatemala

brayi Flint, 1968c: 61. Dominica

caimita, new species. Panama

caligula Flint, 1968a: 49. Jamaica

cruces Flint, 1967:12. Mexico

escoba, new species. Guatemala

felipe Ross, 1944:275. Texas, Mexico

filiforma, new species. Costa Rica

flagellata, new species. Panama

gurneyi Flint, 1964:60. Puerto Rico

insularis Mosely, 1934:163. Jamaica

intermedia, new species. Guatemala

lobifera Flint, 1968a: 50. Jamaica

marica Flint, 1964:60. Puerto Rico

moselyi, new species. Mexico, Guatemala

pacifica, new species. Panama, Mexico, Costa Rica

palitla, new species. Mexico

panamensis, new species. Panama

pectinata, new species. Mexico

pectinifera, new species. Mexico

ponta Flint, 1968c: 61. Dominica

spinosissima Flint, 1964:58. Puerto Rico, Dominica

stylata (Ross), 1938b: 120. Wyoming, western United

States, Mexico, Guatemala

tagala, new species. Guatemala, Nicaragua

tarsalis (Hagen), 1861:275. Canada, eastern United

States, Mexico

tenanga (Mosely), 1937:185. Mexico, Guatemala,

Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama

verda Flint, 1968b: 153. Puerto Rico

Ochrotrichia, subgenus Metrichia

aberrans, new species. Mexico

argentinica Schmid, 1958:195. Argentina, Chile,

Peru

arizonensis, new species. Arizona

biungulata, new species. Panama

campana Flint, 1968c: 62. Dominica

continentalis, new species. Panama

exclamationis Flint, 1968c: 64. Dominica

juana Flint, 1964:60. Puerto Rico

lemniscata, new species. Panama

neotropicalis Schmid, 1958:195. Argentina, Peru

nigritta (Banks), 1907a: 163. Texas, Mexico, El Salvador

penicillata, new species. Guatemala

quadrata, new species. Mexico

similis Flint, 1968c: 62. Dominica, Guadeloupe

trigonella, new species. Mexico, Honduras

yalla Flint, 1968a: 50. Jamaica

Literature Cited

Banks, Nathan

1907a. New Trichoptera and Psocidae. Journal of the

New York Entomological Society, 15:162-166.

1907b. Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except

Odonata) of the United States. Pages 1-53. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Betten, Cornelius B.

1934. The Caddis Flies or Trichoptera of New York

State. New York State Museum Bulletin, 292:1-

576.

Blickle, R. L.

1962. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of Florida. The Florida Entomologist, 45:153-155.

Denning, D. G.

1947a. New Species and Records of North American Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Psyche, 54:170-177.
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

1947b. New Species and Records of Nearctic Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 42:145-158.

1956. Trichoptera. In R. L. Usinger, Aquatic Insects of

California. Pages 237-270. Berkeley, California.

Edwards, Sidney W., and Connie R. Arnold

1961. The Caddis Flies of the San Marcos River. The

Texas Journal of Science, 13:398-415.

Fischer, F. C. J.

1961. Philopotamidae, Hydroptilidae, Stenopsychidae.

Trichopterorum Catalogus, 2:1-189.

1971. Supplement to Volumes I and II. Trichopterorum

Catalogus, 12:1-311.

Flint, Oliver S., Jr.

1964. The Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Puerto Rico.

Technical Paper of the Agricultural Experiment

Station, University of Puerto Rico, 40:1-80.

1967. Studies of Neotropical Caddis Flies, IV. New Species from Mexico and Central America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 123

(3608):1-24.

1968a. The Caddisflies of Jamaica (Trichoptera). Bulletin

of the Institute of Jamaica, Science Series, 19:

1-68.

1968b. New Species of Trichoptera from the Antilles.

The Florida Entomologist, 51:151-153.

1968c. Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of

Dominica, 9. The Trichoptera (Caddisflies) of the

Lesser Antilles. Proceedings of the United States

National Museum, 125(3665): 1-86.

1971. Studies of Neotropical Caddis Flies, XI: The Genus Rhyacopsyche in Central America (Hydroptilidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of

Washington, 83(46) :515-526.

Hagen, H. A.

1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America.

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 4(l):x x +

347.

Milne, Lorus J.

1936. Studies in North American Trichoptera. Part 3:

56-128. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Morton, K. J.

1905. North American Hydroptilidae. New York State

Museum Bulletin, 86:63-75.

Mosely, M. E.

1934. New Exotic Hydroptilidae. Transactions of the

Royal Entomological Society of London, 82:137-

163.

1937. Mexican Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 86:151-190.

1939. The Brazilian Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Novitates Zoologicae, 41:217-239.

Nielsen, Anker

1948. Postembryonic Development and Biology of the

Hydroptilidae. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter, 5(1): 1-200.

Ross, Herbert H.

1938a. Lectotypes of North American Caddis Flies in the

Museum of Comparative Zoology. Psyche, 45:1 -

61.

1938b. Descriptions of Nearctic Caddis Flies (Trichoptera), with Special Reference to the Illinois Species. Bulletin Illinois Natural History Survey, 21

(4):101-183.

1944. The Caddis Flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin Illinios Natural History Survey, 23 (1): 1-

326.

Schmid, F.

1958. Contribution a l'e'tude des Trichopteres Neotropicaux III. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen

Museum in Berlin, 34:183-217.

Sibley, C. K.

1926. Studies on Trichoptera. In A Preliminary Biological Survey of the Lloyd-Cornell Reservation.

Bulletin of the Lloyd Library, 27:102-108, 185-

221.
NUMBER 1 1 8 17

5

FIGURES 1-6.—Ochrotrichia (O.) insularis Mosely: 1, head, dorsal; 2, wings, after Mosely

1934; 3, labial palpus; 4, maxillary palpus; 5, thorax, dorsal.—O. (M.) nigritta (Banks):

6, wings, after Ross 1938a.
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

13

FIGURE 7-15.—Ochrotrichia (O.) flagellata, new species: 7, genitalia, dorsal; 8, genitalia, lateral; 9, aedeagus.—O. (O.) pectinata, new species: 10, genitalia, lateral; 11, genitalia, dorsal.—

O. (O.) aldama (Mosely) : 12, genitalia, lateral; 13, genitalia, dorsal.—O. (O.) stylata (Ross) :

14, genitalia, dorsal.—O. (O.) tarsalis (Hagen) : 15, genitalia, dorsal.
NUMBER 1 1 8 19

22

23

FIGURES 16-27.—Ochrotrichia (O.) caimita, new species: 16, genitalia, dorsal; 17, genitalia,

lateral.—O. (O.) pacifica, new species: 18, genitalia, dorsal; 19, genitalia, lateral.—O. (O.)

arranca (Mosely) : 20, genitalia, dorsal; 21, claspers, ventral; 22, right clasper, outer side,

after Mosely 1937; 23, left clasper, outer side, after Mosely 1937.—O. (O.) moselyi, new species:

24, genitalia, dorsal: 25, genitalia, lateral, without claspers; 26, right clasper, outer side; 27, left

clasper, outer side.
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 28-38.—Ochrotrichia (O.) pectinifera, new species: 28, genitalia, dorsal; 29, genitalia,

lateral; 30, right clasper, outer side.—O. (O.) tagala, new species: 31, genitalia, dorsal; 32, genitalia, lateral.—O. (O.) tenanga (Mosely) : 33, genitalia, dorsal; 34, genitalia, lateral; 35, tenth

tergum of male from Fortin de las Flores.—O. (O.) felipe Ross: 36, ninth and tenth terga, dorsal.—O. (O.) palitla, new species: 37, genitalia, dorsal; 38, genitalia, lateral.
NUMBER 1 1 8 21

FIGURES 39-46.—Ochrotrichia (O.) filiforma, new species: 39, genitalia, lateral; 40, genitalia,

dorsal.—O. (O.) escoba, new species: 41, genitalia, lateral; 42, genitalia, dorsal.—O. (O.)

cruces Flint: 43, genitalia, lateral; 44, genitalia, dorsal.—O. (O.) intermedia, new species: 45,

genitalia, dorsal; 46, genitalia, lateral.
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

52

fiouREs 47-56.—Ochrotrichia (O.) panamensis, new species: 47, genitalia, dorsal; 48, genitalia, lateral.—O. (O.) attenuata, new species: 49, genitalia, lateral; 50, genitalia, dorsal.—O.

(M.) nigritta (Banks): 51, genitalia, lateral: 52, genitalia, dorsal.—O. (M.) arizonensis, new

species: 53, genitalia, lateral; 54, genitalia, dorsal.—O (M.) biungulata, new species: 55, genitalia, lateral; 56, genitalia, dorsal.
NUMBER 1 1 8 23

68

FIGURES 57-68.—Ochrotrichia (M.) penicillata, new species: 57, genitalia, lateral; 58, genitalia,

dorsal.—O. (M.) trigonella, new species: 59, genitalia, lateral; 60, genitalia, dorsal.—O. (M.)

continentalis, new species: 61, genitalia, lateral; 62, genitalia, dorsal.—O. (M.) quadrata, new

species: 63, genitalia, lateral; 64, genitalia, dorsal.—O. (M.) Umniscata, new species: 65, genitalia, lateral; 66, genitalia, dorsal.—O. (M.) aberrans, new species: 67, genitalia, lateral; 68,

genitalia, dorsal.
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 69.—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (O.) flagellata, new species, # ; O. (O.) pectinata,

new species, -^-; O. (O.) caimita, new species, A ; O. (O.) aldama (Mosely), •

FIGURE 70.—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (O.) stylata (Ross), # .
NUMBER 1 18 25

FIGURE 71.—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (O.) tarsalis (Hagen),

FIGURE 72.—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (O.) pacifica, new species, # ; O. (O.) arranca

(Mosely), -^-; O. (O.) moselyi, new species, A: 0. (O.) pectinifera, new species, •
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 73.—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (O.) tenanga (Mosely), # : O. ('OJ attenuate, new

species, ^-.

FIGURE 74.—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (O.) tagala, new species, # ; O. (O.) felipe Ross, -Jr)

O. (O.) palitla, new species, A ; O. (O.) escoba, new species, • .
NUMBER 1 1 8 27

»s to

FIGURE 75.—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (O.) filiforma, new species, # ; 0. (0.) cruces

Flint, -^; O. (O.) intermedia, new species,A; O. (O.) panamensis, new species, •

FIGURE 76.—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (M.) nigritta (Banks), 0 : O. (M.) arizonensis, new

species, -^-; O. (M.) biungulata, new species, A-
28

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

19

10

19

JO

^ T

>

1

no

i—

s

IO9

n

1

I0O »

u

1

I

\

L

»o

i rr

• 9 to

\

i

/7J

I

\

^*

^~

' . i

19

JO

0

FIGURE 77—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (M.) penicillata, new species, # ; O. (A/.,) continentalis, new species, ^-; O. ('A/.^) trigonella, new species, AFIGURE 78.—Distribution of Ochrotrichia (M.) Umniscata, new species, %; O. (M.) quadrata,

new species, •^; O. (M.) aberrans, new species, A-

* U-S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O 484—31S/17


Publication in Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Manuscripts for serial publications are accepted by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to substantive review, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums. NonSmithsonian authors should address inquiries to the appropriate department. If submission is

invited, the following format requirements of the Press will govern the preparation of copy.

Copy must be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper, with

1%" top and left margins, submitted in ribbon copy with a carbon or duplicate, and accompanied by the original artwork. Duplicate copies of all material, including illustrations, should be

retained by the author. There may be several paragraphs to a page, but each page should begin

with a new paragraph. Number consecutively all pages, including title page, abstract, text, literature cited, legends, and tables. The minimum length is 30 pages, including typescript and illustrations.

The title should be complete and clear for easy indexing by abstracting services. Taxonomic

titles will carry a final line indicating the higher categories to which the taxon is referable:

"(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)." Include an abstract as an introductory part of the text. Identify

the author on the first page of text with an unnumbered footnote that includes his professional

mailing address. A table of contents is optional. An index, if required, may be supplied by the

author when he returns page proof.

Two headings are used: (1) text heads (boldface in print) for major sections and chapters and (2) paragraph sideheads (caps and small caps in print) for subdivisions. Further

headings may be worked out with the editor.

In taxonomic keys, number only, the first item of each couplet; if there is only one couplet,

omit the number. For easy reference, number also the taxa and their corresponding headings

throughout the text; do not incorporate page references in the key.

In synonymy, use the short form (taxon, author, date:page) with a full reference at the

end of the paper under "Literature Cited." Begin each taxon at the left margin with subsequent lines indented about three spaces. Within an entry, use a period-dash (.—) to separate

each reference. Enclose with square brackets any annotation in, or at the end of, the entry.

For references within the text, use the author-date system: "(Jones 1910)" and "Jones

(1910)." If the reference is expanded, abbreviate the data: "Jones (1910:122, pi. 20: fig. 1)."

Simple tabulations in the text (e.g., columns of data) may carry headings or not, but they

should not contain rules. Formal tables must be submitted as pages separate from the text, and

each table, no matter how large, should be pasted up as a single sheet of copy.

Use the metric system instead of, or in addition to, the English system.

Illustrations (line drawings, maps, photographs, shaded drawings) can be intermixed

throughout the printed text. They will be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively; however, if a group of figures is treated as a single figure, the components should be

indicated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references:

"Figure 9b." If illustrations (usually tone photographs) are printed separately from the text as

full pages on a different stock of paper, they will be termed Plates, and individual components

should be lettered (Plate 9b) but may be numbered (Plate 9: figure 2). Never combine the

numbering system of text illustrations with that of plate illustrations. Submit all legends on

pages separate from the text and not attached to the artwork. An instruction booklet for the

preparation of illustrations is available from the Press on request.

In the bibliography (usually called "Literature Cited"), spell out book, journal, and

article titles, using initial caps with all words except minor terms such as "and, of, the." For

capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language.

Underscore (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume,

number, and page citations: "10(2) :5-9." Spell out such words as "figures," "plates," "pages."

For free copies of his own paper, a Smithsonian author should indicate his requirements

on "Form 36" (submitted to the Press with the manuscript). A non-Smithsonian author will

receive 50 free copies; order forms for quantities above this amount with instructions for payment will be supplied when page proof is forwarded.