IMPORTANT FOREST TREES

OF THE

UNITED STATES

FOREST SERVICE

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture Handbook No. 519

IMPORTANT FOREST TREES

OF THE

UNITED STATES

by

Elbert L. Little, Jr.

Chief Dendrologist (Retired)

Timber Management Research

Forest Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Agriculture Handbook No. 519

FOREST SERVICE

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Washington, D.C. June 1978
CONTENTS

Page

Introduction 1

Alaska 4

Eastern 4

Western 38

Hawaii 55

Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 59

State Trees 63

Selected References 64

Index of Common Names 66

Index of Scientific Names 69

ABSTRACT

Little, Elbert L., Jr.

1978. Important forest trees of the United States.

U.S. Dep. Agrie, Agrie. Handb. 519, 70 p., illus. (maps.)

The aim of this handbook is to provide a popular, illustrated, compact

reference for identifying important and common trees in the forests. Drawings, descriptions, and keys serve for identification. Maps show where each

species is native or grows wild. Principal uses and other notes are compiled,

and State trees are mentioned.

About one-fourth of the native tree species of continental United States

are included. The 204 species are arranged geographically. Of these, 120 species are found in eastern continental United States and 60 in western continental United States. Of the 60, 17 are important forest trees of Alaska.

Twelve trees from Hawaii and 12 from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands

have been added as representatives of the rich tropical floras. This handbook

is based on an article with the same title published in "Trees, the 1949 Yearbook of Agriculture." That article has been reprinted several times as

Yearbook Separate 2156.

OXFORD: 174 (73); 181.1 (73).

KEYWORDS: trees (United States); United States (trees); trees, identification; maps, plant distribution.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-600030

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402

Stock Number 001-000-03722-6
IMPORTANT FOREST TREES

OF THE UNITED STATES

By Elbert L. Little, Jr.^

INTRODUCTION

An introduction to the forest trees

of the United States is the object of

this handbook. It aims to provide a

popular, illustrated, compact reference for identifying important and

common trees in the forests. Drawings, descriptions, and keys serve for

identification, to find the name of a

tree or specimen. Maps show where

each species is native or grows wild.

Principal uses and other notes are

compiled, and State trees are listed.

This publication is based on an

article with the same title published

in "Trees, the 1949 Yearbook of

Agriculture".^ As Yearbook Separate

2156, that article has been reprinted

several times and has been widely

circulated through the years.

Colleagues in the Forest Service

throughout the United States kindly

have reviewed the original yearbook

article. They have suggested improvements, and offered corrections,

revisions, and additional data. Their

assistance is greatly appreciated.

For a selected list of 204 species

the following information is compiled here: (1) Approved common

and scientific names, as well as other

^ Chief dendrologist (retired), Timber

Management Research, Forest Service,

United States Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D.C. 20250.

2 Little, Elbert L., Jr. To know the trees:

Important forest trees of the United States.

In Trees, U.S. Dep. Agrie, Yearb. Agrie.

1949, p. 763-814, 909, illus. (maps). 1949.

^ Names and dates in parentheses refer to

Selected References, page 64.

names in use; (2) drawings, keys, and

brief, nontechnical descriptive notes

for identification; (3) distribution

maps and notes showing ranges; and

(4) lists of principal uses, chiefly of

the wood.

Several new features are included

in this handbook, based upon additional material assembled during the

interval of more than a quarter century. First, the total number of tree

species has been enlarged from 165

to 204. The earlier publication was

limited to continental United States

including Alaska (the 49th State).

Twelve trees from Hawaii (the 50th

State) and 12 from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the Territory of the Virgin Islands have been

added as representatives of the rich

tropical floras. Minor changes in

common and scientific names have

been adopted to conform to the

latest Forest Service checklist (Little

1978).^

New maps have been drafted,

based upon the detailed large ones

in "Atlas of United States Trees"

(Little 1971). Principal uses have

been brought up to date, mainly

from the new series on American

Woods (Plank 1971). Information

on State trees has been revised and

expanded (USDA, Forest Service

1972). Also, measurements are given

in the metric system as well as in

feet and inches. A ruler with equivalents has been added on the last

page.
Numbers of Tree Species

This handbook describes and illustrates about one-fourth of the native

tree species of continental United

States or, nearly one-third, if the

tropical and subtropical species of

southern Florida (almost 100) and

the hawthorns (Crataegus, about 35

under a conservative treatment) are

omitted. The total includes small

trees not of commercial timber size

as well as large shrubs that sometimes exceed minimum commercial

timber sizes. Varieties and hybrids

are not counted.

A definition may be appropriate,

because the figures vary according to

size limits. Trees may be defined as

woody plants having one erect perennial stem or trunk at least 3 inches

(7.5 cm) in diameter at breast height

(41/2 feet or 1.3 m), a more or less

definitely formed crown of foliage,

and a height of at least 13 feet (4 m).

Though the division between trees

and shrubs is not sharp, shrubs typically are the smaller woody plants,

usually with several perennial stems

branching from the base.

The native trees of continental

United States, with numbers in parentheses for those trees described

and illustrated in this handbook,

total about 685 (180) species, according to the revised Forest Service

checklist (Little 1978). These are

grouped further into 218 (63) genera

and 73 (32) plant families.

The largest genera, or groups, of

native trees in continental United

States with approximate numbers of

species are: oaks {Qiiercus), 58 (30)

species, hawthorn (Crataegus), about

35 (0); pines (Pinus), 36 (24); and

willow (Salix; also shrubs), 27 (2).

The 204 species of forest trees of

this handbook have been selected

primarily for the commercial importance of their woods and other

products. Several have other values

in forestry. Some are common or

dominant species in forest types over

large areas.

Many other species from foreign

lands have been introduced as ornamental, shade, and fruit trees. About

75 species of these widely planted

foreign trees have escaped from cultivation and have become naturalized. They may be considered properly at home here, and a few have

become weeds. More than 25 of these

exotics are tropical trees confined to

Florida. Introduced trees are outside

the scope of this handbook but are

included in Forest Service checklists.

They are treated in publications

about cultivated trees; for example,

''Sixty Trees from Foreign Lands"

(Little 1962).

Arrangement of Species and Descriptions

The 180 important forest tree species of continental United States

have been arranged in two lists,

eastern and western, because the

trees of the two regions are almost

entirely different. Eastern, the first

list, contains 120 species. Nos. 1-120,

found in the eastern half of continental United States, west to the

prairie-plains. Western, the second

Hst, has 60 species, Nos. 121-180,

native in the western half of continental United States, west of the

prairie-plains and including Alaska.

The eastern list is twice the size of

the western. Eastern forests are

mostly of deciduous or broadleaf

trees and contain many species of

commercial hardwoods. In contrast,

the western forests are mainly of

conifers and have fewer species. Several species of wide distribution in

both East and West have been placed

in the list with greater range, with

cross-references.

The Hawaiian Islands, represented by Nos. 181-192, have about

300 to 370 species of native tropical
trees, nearly all found nowhere else.

Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands

have more than 550 species of native

tropical trees, from which Nos. 193-

204 have been selected.

The 17 species of important forest

trees of Alaska included here represent about half of the 49th State's 32

tree species and 6 shrub species sometimes attaining tree size. These

Alaska species are listed by number

on page 4 and are mentioned in

the distribution notes.

Likewise, the important forest

trees of Canada may be found in

this handbook. The 90 Canadian

species treated here are more than

half the native trees of that country.

(Several extend northward only to

extreme southern Ontario, however.)

These species are indicated in the

maps and by mention of Canada or a

Province in the notes.

Each species is numbered and has

a short description. Size is indicated

as large (more than 70 ft or 21 m

tall), medium-sized (30-70 ft or 9-21

m tall), or small (less than 30 ft or

9 m tall). This grouping refers to

average heights of mature trees on

good sites. Of course, there are many

exceptions.

The descriptive notes are a summary of the leading characteristics,

such as bark, leaves, fruits, and also

flowers if they are showy or distinctive. To aid identification, small

drawings of leaves and fruit were

made for the article in the 1949

Yearbook of Agriculture by Leta

Hughey. Additions are by Barbara

H. Honkala. Scale of reduction from

natural size is indicated by fractions.

The distribution maps show concisely the geographic areas in contiguous United States and adjacent

Canada and Mexico where each

species grows wild, or is native.

These maps have been reduced from

the large ones in "Atlas of United

States Trees," nearly all in Volume 1

(Little 1971). That reference may be

examined for greater detail and for

ranges beyond in Alaska and Canada. Volume 2 (Viereck and Little

1975) has large maps for Alaska.

Identification

Many trees can be identified directly from the drawings and maps.

If names are known, further information can be located by the species

numbers listed in the indexes (pages

66, 69). Then a check can be made by

comparison with illustrations and

descriptions.

Maps aid identification by showing which of several related tree

species are native in a particular

region and which are not to be

expected. However, many species

have been introduced beyond their

mapped native ranges and are

planted, escaped from cultivation,

or naturalized as though wild.

To assist in the identification of

trees in this handbook, a simple key,

based chiefly upon leaves and twigs,

has been inserted in the text. This

key is an outline in which trees with

certain characteristics in common

are grouped together. Some notes in

the key have not been repeated in

the species descriptions.

With the key, the name of a tree

is found by elimination; that is,

through successive selection of one

from a pair of lines whose descriptive characters agree with the specimen. The paired lines are designated by the same letter, single and

double, beginning with "A" and

"AA," at the left of the page. Under

the line fitting the specimen, the

elimination continues with the next

pair indented below to the right,

such as from "AA" to '*N" or **NN"

and from "NN" to "O" or "OO,"

etc., until the name is reached.

The arrangement of species in the

lists of eastern and western trees is

artificial, to fit the key, rather than

botanical. In each list the conifers

are placed first, sorted into those
with needlelike leaves and those

with scalelike leaves, followed by

broadleaf trees. The latter are

grouped into trees with paired (opposite) simple leaves, trees with

paired (opposite) compound leaves,

trees with single (alternate) compound leaves, and trees with single

(alternate) simple leaves, with the

oaks placed last. (A simple leaf has

1 blade. A compound leaf has 3 or

more, usually smaller, blades or leaflets. Leaflets spread flattened in a

plane on a leafstalk that sheds with

them. Also, a leaf usually has a developing bud at its base, while leaflets do not.)

Additional information, especially

about less common trees not found

here, is available in various handbooks, tree guides, and similar publications (see Selected References,

page 64). Other references for identification of trees and shrubs, including titles for each State and for

cultivated species, are listed in a separate bibliography (Little and

Honkala 1976). Information about

publications on the trees of each

State and how to obtain them may

be available from the State Forester.

Trees are described also in the

various botanical floras and manuals,

usually technical and not illustrated,

which have been prepared for geographical regions, States, and smaller

areas. In further studies, some

knowledge of botanical terms and

systematic botany (plant taxonomy)

or dendrology (tree identification)

may be helpful.

If needed, assistance may be

sought from specialists in plant identification. Plant taxonomists, or

taxonomic botanists, are located in

departments of botany and forestry

of universities and colleges and in

State agricultural experiment stations, botanical gardens, arboreta,

herbaria, and museums.

Leafy twigs with flowers and fruits

can be prepared for identification

and further study. Similar botanical

or herbarium specimens are

mounted with labels and filed in

large herbaria and museums. The

samples are dried under pressure in a

plant press, as are small flowers and

leaves among the pages of a book.

A plant press consists of 2 frames,

size about 12 by 18 in (30 by 45 cm),

2 straps, and blotters or driers. Specimens are placed within sheets of

folded newspapers alternating with

blotters, which are changed daily,

dried in air or sun, and reused. In

the absence of this equipment, specimens can be prepared under weights

(such as books or bricks) by using

other newspapers as blotters. Accompanying notes for label should include locality, date, size, whether

wild or planted, uses and related information, any known common

name, and collector's name with

serial number.

ALASKA

The important forest trees of Alaska are included among these 17 species,

xohich range northward from the lower 48 States through western Canada

to the 49th: Nos. 2, 16, 17, 83, 88, 131, 134, 135, 136, 139, 142, 143, 150,

152,164,165,168.

EASTERN

Tree species Nos. 1 to 120 are native wholly or mainly within the eastern

half of continental or contiguous United States, xvest to the prairie-plains.

Also, No. 164 from the western trees is partly eastern. No. 200 is native in the

Southeast, and No. 197 in southern Florida. These tropical species are introduced in southern Florida, a feiv westward to California: Nos. 181, 183, 185,

188, 190,194,195,196,199, 201, 202.
1. Baldcypress. 2. Tamarack. 3. Eastern white pine. 4. Longleaf pine.

mJlpl 1 ~/K

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GYMNOSPERMS (CONIFERS OR SOFTWOODS)

A (AA on p. 11). Trees resinous, with leaves needlelike or scalelike, evergreen (except Nos.

1, 2); seeds borne on scales of a cone (berrylike in juniper, Nos. 23, 24)—Gymnosperms

(conifers or softwoods, such as pines, spruces, firs).

B. Leaves shedding in fall, on slender twigs mostly shedding in fall or leaves on short

spur branches.

C. Leaves needlelike or scalelike, on slender twigs mostly shedding in fall—Baldcypress

(Taxodium).

1. Baldcypress, Taxodhun distichum (L.) Rich, (southern-cypress, cypress, swamp-cypress,

red-cypress, yellow-cypress, white-cypress, tidewater red-cypress, gulf-cypress). Variety: pondcypress, var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet. Large tree with swollen base and "knees," swamps, ponds

and river banks. South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and Mississippi Valley. Bark reddish brown or gray, with long fibrous or scaly ridges. Leaves crowded featherlike in 2 rows

on slender horizontal twigs, flat, %-y^ in (1-2 cm) long (scalelike in pondcypress), light

yellow green, or whitish beneath, shedding in fall. Cones 34-I in (2-2.5 cm) in diameter

of hard scales.

Principal uses: Chiefly building construction and heavy construction, including docks,

warehouses, factories, and bridges. General millwork, boxes and crates, caskets and burial

boxes, interior trim, and paneling. Tanks, vats, tubs, ships and boats, refrigerators car

construction, patterns, and flasks. The heartwood is well suited for siding because of its

moderate decay resistance. Ornamental. (State tree of Louisiana.)

CC. Leaves needlelike, many in cluster on short spur branches—Larch (or tamarack,

Larix).

2. Tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch (eastern larch, American larch, Alaska

larch, hackmatack). Medium-sized tree of wet soils in Northeastern United States, and across

Canada to Alaska. Bark reddish brown, scaly. Needles many in cluster on short spur

branches (or single on leading twigs), 3-angled, 34-1 in (2-2i/> cm) long, blue green, sheddmg in fall. Cones upright, 34 in (2 cm) long.

Principal uses: Lumber (largely framing for houses). Railroad crossties and poles.

Pulpwood.

BB. Leaves evergreen, on normal twigs.

D. Leaves needlelike, more than 1/2 in (12 mm) long (usually shorter in No. 17).

E. Needles in clusters of 2-5 with sheath at base—Pine (Pimis).

F. Needles 5 in cluster—White (soft) pines.
5. Slash pine. 6. Loblolly pine. 7. Pond pine. 8. Pitch pine.

3. Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. (white pine, northern white pine, northern pine,

soft pine, Weymouth pine). Large tree (largest northeastern conifer) of Northeastern United

States, adjacent Canada, and Appalachian Mountain region; variety in mountains of Mexico

and Guatemala. Bark gray or purplish, deeply fissured into broad ridges. Needles 5 in

cluster, slender, 2i/2-5 in (6-13 cm) long, blue green. Cones long-stalked, long and narrow,

4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, yellow brown, with thin, rounded scales.

Principal uses: Construction, millwork, interior paneling, and trim. Pulpwood. Shade tree

and ornamental. (State tree of Maine and Michigan. "Pine cone and tassel" is State flower

of Maine.)

FF. Needles 2 or 3 in a cluster—Yellow (hard, or pitch) pines.

G. Needles 3 in cluster.

H. Needles mostly more than 8 in (20 cm) long.

4. Longleaf pine, Pinus palustris Mill, (longleaf yellow pine, southern yellow pine, longstraw pine, hill pine, pitch pine, hard pine, heart pine; P. australis Michx. f.). Large tree

of South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Bark orange brown, coarsely scaly. Needles 3

in cluster, slender, very long, 10-15 in (25-38 cm) long, dark green. Cones large, 5-10 m

(13-25 cm) long, dull brown, prickly.

Principal uses: A leading world producer of naval stores. Lumber for miscellaneous

factory and construction purposes, flooring, railroad-car construction, shipbuilding, poles

and piling. Pulpwood.

5. Slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. (yellow slash pine, swamp pine, pitch pine). Variety:

South Florida slash pine, var. densa Little & Dormán. Large tree of South Atlantic and

Gulf Coastal Plains. Bark purplish brown, with large thin scales. Needles 3 (or 2 and 3)

in cluster, stout, 6-12 in (15-30 cm) long, dark green. Cones 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, shiny

brown, with minute prickles.

Principal uses: Same as No. 4.

HH. Needles mostly less than 8 in (20 cm) long.

6. Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L. (oldfield pine. North Carolina pine, shortleaf pine).

Large tree of Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Bark reddish brown, deeply fissured into

broad scaly plates. Needles 3 in cluster, slender, 6-9 in (15-23 cm) long, pale green. Cones

3-5 in (7.5-13 cm) long, reddish brown, with stiff, sharp prickles.

Principal uses: Important timber species. Same as No. 9. (Southern pine, Pinus spp., is

the State tree of Alabama. Pine, Pinus spp., is the State tree of North Carolina.)
9. Shortleaf pine. 10. Red pine. 11. Jack pine. 12. Virginia pine.

7. Pond pme, Ptnus serótina Michx. (marsh pine, pocosin pine). Medium-sized to large

tree of Coastal Plain of Southeastern United States. Bark dark reddish brown furrowed

mto scaly plates. Needles 3 in cluster, slender, 6-8 in (15-20 cm) long, dark yellow green

Cones egg-shaped or rounded, 2-2i/2 in (5-6 cm) long, yellow brown, nearly stalkless, prickly

remainmg closed and persistent. r /.

Principal uses: Lumber. Pulpwood.

8. Pitch pine, Pinus rigida Mill. Medium-sized tree of Appalachian Mountain region and

m adjacent Canada. Needles 3 in cluster, stout, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, dark yellow green

Cones short and broad, I1/2-3 in (4-7.5 cm) long, light brown, shiny, with small prickles

remaining on branches several years after opening.

Principal uses: Lumber. Pulpwood.

GG. Needles 2 in cluster (or partly 3 in No. 9).

L Needles mostly more than 3 in (7.5 cm) long.

9. Shortleaf pine, Pimis echinata Mill, (shortleaf yellow pine, southern yellow pine

yellow pine, shortstraw pine, Arkansas pine). Large tree of southeastern quarter of United

States north to New York. Bark reddish brown, with large, irregular, flat scaly plates

Needles 2 or 3 in cluster, slender 2i/2-5 in (6-13 cm) long, dark blue green.' Cones small

I1/2-21/2 in (4-6 cm) long, dull brown, with small prickles.

Principal uses: Important timber species. Lumber chiefly for building material including

millwork, also plywood, boxes and crates, agricultural implements, motor vehicles, lowgrade furniture. Veneer for containers. This and other southern pines are the leading

native pulpwoods and leading woods in production of slack cooperage. Ornamental. (Pine

Pinus spp., is the State tree of Arkansas.)

10. Red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait. (Norway pine). Medium-sized to large tree of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Bark reddish brown, with broad flat scaly

plates. Needles 2 in cluster, slender, 5-6 in (13-15 cm) long, dark green. Cones 2 in. (5 cm)

long, light brown, without prickles.

Principal uses: General building construction, planing-mill products, and general millwork. Pulpwood. Ornamental and shade tree. (State tree of Minnesota.)

IL Needles mostly less than 3 in (7.5 cm) long.

11. Jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb, (scrub pine, gray pine, black pine, Banksian pine).

Usually small (or medium-sized) tree of Northeastern United States and eastern to northwestern Canada. Bark dark brown, with narrow scaly ridges. Needles 2 in cluster, stout.
13. Sand pine. H. Spruce pine. 15. Red spruce. 16. White spruce.

twisted, 3/4-11/, in (2-4 cm) long, dark green. Cones 1-sided, much curved, small, 1-2 m

(2.5-5 cm) long, light yellow, without prickles, remaining closed at maturity.

Principal uses: Pulpwood. Rough construction, boxes, crates, shipping containers, and

prefabricated buildings. Ornamental.

12. Virginia pine, Piniis virginiana Mill, (scrub pine, Jersey pine). Usually small tree

(sometimes large) of Atlantic Coastal Plain, Appalachian Mountain, and Ohio Valley regions Bark dark brown, thin, with scaly plates. Needles 2 in cluster, stout, twisted, 2-3 in

(5-7.5 cm) long, gray green. Cones 2 in (5 cm) long, reddish brown, shiny, very prickly.

Principal uses: Pulpwood. Lumber.

13. Sand pine, Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg, (scrub pine, spruce pine).

Small to medium-sized tree confined to Florida and extreme South Alabama. Bark deeply

furrowed into oblong reddish brown plates, on branches smooth gray. Needles 2 in cluster,

slender, 2-81/2 in (5-9 cm) long, dark green. Cones clustered, 2-3i/2 in (5-9 cm) long, brown,

conical, turned back and nearly stalkless, prickly, mostly remaining closed and persistent.

Principal uses: Pulpwood. Lumber.

14. Spruce pine, Pinus glabra Walt, (cedar pine, bottom white pine). Medium-sized to

large tree of Gulf and South Atlantic Coastal Plains. Bark on small trunks and limbs gray

and smooth; bark on large trunks with flat scaly ridges. Needles 2 in cluster, slender,

11/2-3 in (4-7.5 cm) long, dark green. Cones 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long, reddish brown, shiny,

with minute prickles.

Principal uses: Lumber. Pulpwood.

EE. Needles borne singly and not in clusters, without sheath at base.

}. Twigs roughened by projecting bases of old needles; cones hanging down.

K. Needles 4-angled, stiff, sharp-pointed, without leaf-stalk, extending out on

all sides of twig—Spruce {Picea).

15. Red spruce. Picea rubens Sarg, (yellow spruce, West Virginia spruce, he-balsam;

P. rubra (Du Roi) Link, not A. Dietr.). Medium-sized to large tree of Northeastern United

States, adjacent Canada, and Appalachian Mountain region. Bark reddish brown, thin,

scaly. Twigs hairy. Needles 4-angled, 14 in (12 mm) long, dark green, shiny. Cones U/^-

I1/2 in (3-4 cm) long, light reddish brown, shiny, with scales rigid, rounded, and often

slightly toothed on edges.

Principal uses: Same as No. 16.

16. White spruce. Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (Canadian spruce, skunk spruice, cat
17. Black spruce. 18. Eastern hemlock. 19. Balsam fir. 20. Fraser fir.

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wm

spruce, Black Hills spruce, western white spruce; P. canadensis (Mill.) B.S.P., not (Michx.)

Link). Medium-sized tree of Northeastern United States, Black Hills, and across Canada to

Alaska. Bark gray or brown, thin, scaly. Twigs hairless. Needles 4-angled, 1/2-34 in (12-

15 mm) long, blue green, of disagreeable odor when crushed. Cones slender, I14-2 in

(3-5 cm) long, pale brown and shiny, with scales thin, flexible, rounded, and not toothed.

Principal uses: Pulpwood. Lumber for boxes and crates, construction, prefabricated

dwellings, mobile homes, furniture, and pallets. Piano sounding boards, violins, and other

musical instruments. Christmas trees. Ornamental and shade tree. Important timber species

of Canada. (Black Hills spruce, var. densata Bailey, is the State tree of South Dakota.)

17. Black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (bog spruce, swamp spruce). Small to

medium-sized tree of bottom lands and bogs, Northeastern United States and across Canada

to Alaska. Bark grayish brown, thin, scaly. Twigs hairy. Needles 4-angled, 14-5/^ in

(6-15 mm) long, pale blue green. Cones y^-li^ in (1.5-3 cm) long, dull gray brown, with

scales rigid, rounded, and slightly toothed.

Principal uses: Same as No. 16.

KK. Needles flat, soft, blunt-pointed, with short leafstalk, appearing in 2 rows—

Hemlock (Tsuga).

18. Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (Canada hemlock, hemlock spruce).

Medium-sized to large tree of Northeastern United States, adjacent Canada, and Appalachian Mountain region. Bark brown or purplish, deeply furrowed into broad scaly ridges.

Needles short-stalked, flat, soft, blunt-pointed, 3/g-5/g in (10-15 mm) long, shiny dark green,

lighter beneath, appearing in 2 rows. Cones >^-3/4 in (1.5-2 cm) long, brownish.

Principal uses: Lumber for light framing, sheathing, roofing, and subflooring. Boxes,

crates, and pallets: general millwork, signs, toys, and sporting goods. Pulpwood. Bark

formerly was a source of tannin. Ornamental and shade tree. (State tree of Pennsylvania.)

JJ. Twigs smooth; cones upright, in top of tree—Fir {Abies).

19. Balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, (balsam, Canada balsam, eastern fir). Mediumsized tree of Northeastern United States, Appalachian Mountain region, and across Canada

to Alberta. Bark gray or brown, thin, smoothish, with many resin blisters, becoming scaly.

Needles flat, 1/2-I14 in (12-30 mm) long, dark green, usually rounded at tip. Cones upright,

2-3 in (5-7.5 cm) long, purple, with cone scales usually covering bracts.

Principal uses: A major pulpwood species. Lumber for light frame construction, interior

knotty paneling, fish-box construction, crates, cooperage, millwork. Canada balsam (an

oleoresin). Christmas trees and wreaths.
21. Northern white- 22. Atlantic whitecedar, cedar.

23. Eastern redcedar.

24. Southern redcedar.

20. Fraser fir, Abies jraseri (Pursh) Poir. (balsam fir, eastern ñr, Fraser balsam fir,

southern balsam fir, balsam, she-balsam). Medium-sized tree of Appalachian Mountains in

Virginia North Carolina, and Tennessee. Bark gray or brown, thin, smoothish, with many

resin blisters; bark on larger trunks with thin papery scales. Needles A at, 1/271 \^ .V^^"

25 mm) long, dark green, usually rounded at tip. Cones upright, I1/2-21/2 in (4-b cm) long,

purple, with yellow-green bracts partly covering cone scales.

Principal uses: Same as No. 19.

DD. Leaves scalelike, less than 14 in (6 mm) long (or needlelike and up to s/g in

(1 cm) long on leading shoots).

L. Leafy twigs more or less flattened; seeds in a hard cone. ^ M. Twigs much flattened, about i/g in (3 mm) broad including leaves—Thuja

(Thuja).

21. Northern white-cedar, Thuja occidentalis L. (white-cedar, eastern white-cedar, arborvitae eastern arborvitae, swamp-cedar). Medium-sized tree of Northeastern United States,

adjacent Canada, and Appalachian Mountain region. Bark reddish brown, thin, fibrous,

with narrow connecting ridges. Twigs flattened and branching in one plane. Leaves appearing flattened in 2 rows, scalelike, l/ig-i/g in (1.5-3 mm) long, light yellow green, aromatic.

Cones 3/8-1/2 in (10-12 mm) long, pale brown. , , . , v, r u .

Principal uses: Poles, railroad crossties, posts, and ornamental fencing. Lumber tor boats,

paneling, boxes, millwork, tanks, and building construction. Cedar-oil, used in medicine.

Ornamental.

MM. Twigs slightly flattened, less than i/i^ in (1.5 mm) broad including leaves—

White-cedar (Chamaecyparis).

22. Atlantic whhe-cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. (southern white-cedar,

white-cedar, swamp-cedar). Medium-sized tree of swamps, Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains.

Bark reddish brown, thin, fibrous, with narrow connecting ridges. Leafy twigs slightly

flattened (or partly 4-angled). Leaves scalelike, i/iß-i/g in (1.5-3 mm) long, dull blue green.

Cones 14 in (6 mm) in diameter, bluish purple, with a bloom.

Principal uses: Boxes and crates, furniture, and industrial millwork. Ornamental.

LL. Leafy twigs rounded or 4-angled; seeds in a soft "berry"—Juniper (Juniperus).

23. Eastern redcedar, Juniperus virginiana L. (redcedar, red juniper). Medium-sized tree

of eastern half of United States and adjacent Canada. Bark reddish brown, thin, fibrous

and shreddy. Leafy twigs rounded or 4-angled, slender. Leaves scalelike. Vie in (1.5 mm)

10
long, dark blue green, or on leading shoots needlelike, up to s/g in (10 mm) long. "Berry"

Yá-Vs in (6-10 mm) in diameter, dark blue.

Principal uses: Fence posts. Lumber for chests, wardrobes, and closet lining. Carvings.

Cedar-leaf oil for medicine and cedar-wood oil for medicine and perfumes. Christmas trees!

Shelterbelts and ornamental.

24. Southern redcedar, Juniperus silicicola (Small) Bailey (redcedar, sand-cedar, coast

juniper). Medium-sized tree of South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Bark reddish brown,

thin, fibrous and shreddy. Leafy twigs rounded or 4-angled, very slender, usually hanging

down. Leaves scalelike, i/i« in (1.5 mm) or less in length, dark blue green, or leaves on

leading shoots needlelike. "Berry" .%g in (5 mm) or less in diameter, dark blue.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 23. Ornamental.

ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS)

AA (A on p. 5). Trees nonresinous, with leaves broad, shedding in fall in most species

(evergreen in palmetto, holly, magnolia, live oak, etc.); seeds enclosed in fruit—

Angiosperms (flowering plants).

MONOCOTYLEDONS

N. Leaves parallel-veined, evergreen clustered at top of trunk or large branches; trunk

with woody portions irregularly distributed, without clear distinction of bark and

wood, and without annual rings—Monocotyledons (palms, yuccas, etc.)

25. Cabbage palmetto, Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex. Schult, (palmetto, Carolina

palmetto, cabbage-palm). Medium-sized palm tree of south Atlantic and Gulf coasts from

North Carolina to Florida. Trunk stout and unbranched, grayish brown, roughened or

ridged, with a cluster of large leaves at top. Leaves evergreen, coarse, fan-shaped, 4-7 ft

(1.2-2.1 m) long, thick and leathery, much folded and divided into narrow segments with

threadlike fibers hanging between. Leafstalks 5-8 ft (1.5-2.4 m) long. Fruits in much

branched cluster about 7 ft (2.1 m) long, numerous, s/g-i/g in (10-12 mm) in diameter

black, 1-seeded.

Principal uses: Trunks for wharf pilings, docks, and poles. Brushes and whiskbrooms

are made from young leafstalk fibers; baskets, mats, hats, brooms and thatch are made from

leaves. Ornamental. (State tree of Florida and South Carolina.)

DICOTYLEDONS (BROADLEAF TREES OR HARDWOODS)

NN. Leaves net-veined; trunk with bark and wood distinct and with annual rings in

wood—Dicotyledons (broadleaf trees or hardwoods, such as oaks, poplars, ashes,

maples).

O. (OO on p. 15). Leaves and usually branches in pairs (opposite; or in 3's in No 27;

see also No. 64).

P. Leaves not divided into leaflets (simple).

Q. Leaf edges straight or curved, not toothed or lobed.

R. Leaves slightly thick and leathery, with inconspicuous side veins, evergreen

(tropical tree of Florida)—Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle).

26. Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove; mangle, mangle colorado, Puerto

Rico). Small to large evergreen tree on silt shores of southern Florida including Florida

Keys; coasts of tropical America from Bermuda, West Indies, and Mexico south to Brazil

and Peru; introduced in Hawaii. Stilt roots curved, arched, and branching above water.

Bark gray or gray brown, smooth becoming furrowed. Leaves paired or opopsite, elliptic,

21/^-4 in (6-10 cm) long, blunt-pointed at apex and short-pointed at base, hairless, shiny

green above, yellow green beneath, slightly leathery and fleshy. Fruits distinctive, dark

brown, about I14 in (3 cm) long, containing a growing cigar-like brown seedling to 1 ft

(30 cm) long, hanging down and falling.

Principal uses: Lumber, shipbuilding, cabinetwork. Marine piling. Bark for tannin.

RR. Leaves thin, with prominent side veins, shedding in fall.

S. Leaves heart-shaped, large, more than 6 in (15 cm) long, in 3's or pairs—

Catalpa {Catalpa).

27. Northern catalpa, Catalpa speciosa Warder ex Engelm. (western catalpa, hardy

catalpa, cigartree, western catawba-tree). Medium-sized to large tree of lower Ohio Valley

and central Mississippi Valley, naturalized elsewhere in Eastern United States. Bark reddish

brown, with flat, scaly ridges. Leaves in 3's or paired, large, heart-shaped, 6-12 in (15-

30 cm) long, long-pointed, edges not toothed, thick, dark green above hairy beneath. Leafstalk 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long. Flowers large and showy, about 2 in (5 cm) long, whitish and

purple spotted. Fruiting capsule cigarlike, long and narrow, 8-18 in (20-45 cm) long and

11
25. Cabbage

palmetto.

26. Mangrove. 27. Northern

catalpa.

28. Flowering

dogwood

h/^ in (1.5 cm) thick, dark brown, with many winged seeds.

Principal uses: Fence posts. Shade tree and ornamental. Shelterbelts.

SS. Leaves elliptic, less than 6 in (15 cm) long—Dogwood (Cornus).

28. Flowering dogwood, Cornus florida L. (dogwood cornel, boxwood; Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf.). Small tree of eastern half of United States; also in southern Ontario and

a variety in Eastern Mexico. Bark dark reddish brown, broken into small square or rounded

blocks. Leaves paired, elliptic, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, short-pointed, edges appearing

straight but minutely toothed, side veins curved, bright green and nearly hairless above,

whitish and slightly hairy beneath, turning scarlet in fall. Flowers greenish yellow, in a

dense head with 4 showy, white, petallike bracts 2i4-4 in (6-10 cm) in diameter, in early

spring. Fruits egg-shaped, 3/g in (1 cm) long, scarlet, shiny, fleshy, 1- or 2-seeded.

Principal uses: Important ornamental. The outstanding wood for shuttles (used in textile

weaving). Also spools, small pulleys, mallet heads, and jeweler's blocks. (State tree of Missouri. State flower of North Carolina and Virginia.)

QQ. Leaf edges toothed, deeply 3- or 5-lobed (fruit of paired, long-winged "keys")

—Maple (Acer).

T. Teeth of leaves few and blunt—Hard maples.

29. Sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh, (rock maple, hard maple; A. saccharophorum

K. Koch). Large tree of eastern half of United States and adjacent Canada. Bark gray,

furrowed into irregular ridges or scales. Leaves paired, heart-shaped, 3-5i/^ in (7.5-14 cm)

in diameter, the 3 or 5 lobes long-pointed and coarsely toothed with few blunt teeth, dark

green above, light green or pale and usually hairless beneath, turning yellow, orange, or

scarlet in fall. Key fruits 1-11^ in (2.5-3 cm) long, maturing in fall.

Principal uses: As a group, maples rank third in production of hardwood lumber, next

to oak and sweetgum, and among the leading furniture woods. Sugar maple is used for

flooring, furniture, boxes and crates, shoe lasts, handles, woodenware and novelties, spools

and bobbins; and truck, trailer, and railroad car parts; and bowling pins and alleys. Also

veneer, railroad crossties, charcoal, and pulpwood. Sugar maple is the commercial source

of maple sugar and sirup. Much planted as a shade tree. (State tree of New York, Vermont,

West Virginia, and Wisconsin.)

30. Black maple, Acer nigrum Michx. f. (black sugar maple, sugar maple, hard maple;

A. saccharum var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britton). Large tree of northeastern quarter of United

States and adjacent Canada. Bark gray, becoming deeply furrowed. Leaves paired, heart12
29. Sugar maple. 30. Black maple. 31. Silver maple. 32. Red maple.

\ri \ z^ jw —\—^

shaped, 4-5i/2 in (10-14 cm) in diameter, 3-lobed or occasionally 5-lobed, lobes short-pointed

and coarsely toothed with few blunt teeth, the sides dropping, dull green above, yellowish

green and hairy beneath, turning yellow in fall, leafstalks hairy. Key fruits 1-114 in

(2.5-3 cm) long, maturing in fall. (Perhaps only a variety of No. 29.)

Principal uses: Same as No. 29.

TT. Teeth of leaves many and sharp—Soft maples.

31. Silver maple, Acer saccharinum L. (soft maple, white maple, river maple, water

maple, swamp maple.) Large tree of eastern half of United States and adjacent Canada.

Bark gray, thin, smooth, on large trunks broken into long, thin scales. Leaves paired,

slightly heart-shaped, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, deeply 5-lobed, lobes long-pointed, deeply,

sharply, and irregularly toothed bright green above, silvery white beneath, turning yellow

in fall. Key friuts 11/2-21/9 in (4-6 cm) long, maturing in spring.

Principal uses: Furniture, boxes and crates, handles, woodenware and novelties, and

spools and bobbins. Also distillation products and pulpwood. Shade tree. Shelterbelts.

32. Red maple, Acer riihrum L. (scarlet maple, soft maple, swamp maple, Carolina red

maple, water maple, white maple). Large tree of eastern half of United States and adjacent Canada. Bark gray, thin, smooth, on large trunks broken into long, thin scales.

Twigs reddish. Leaves paired, heart-shaped, 2i/2-4 in (6-10 cm) long, the 3 or 5 lobes

short-pointed, irregularly and sharply toothed, dark green and shiny above, whitish and

slightly hairy beneath, turning scarlet or yellow in fall. Key fruits 34 in (2 cm) long,

maturing in spring.

Principal uses: Same as No. 31. (State tree of Rhode Island.)

PP. Leaves divided into 3-11 leaflets (compound).

U. Leaflets attached along extended leafstalk (pinnate).

V. Leaflets 3-7, sharply toothed, with veins extending to teeth (fruits paired,

clustered, long-winged "keys")—Boxelder (Acer negundo).

33. Boxelder, Acer negando L. (California boxelder, ashleaf maple, Manitoba maple,

boxelder maple). Medium sized tree, including its varieties widely distributed across the

United States and adjacent Canada. Bark gray or brown, thin, with narrow ridges and

fissures. Twigs green. Leaves paired, compound, with usually 3 or 5, rarely 7 or 9, oval or

lance-oblong leaflets 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long, long-pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed,

bright green, nearly smooth or hairy. Key fruits 1-11/2 in (2.5-4 cm) long, paired and in

clusters, maturing in fall.

Principal uses: Shelterbelts. Shade tree.

13
35. Blue ash. 36. White ash.

^-, l^

KT^'^-i.

VV. Leaflets 5-11, bluntly toothed or without teeth, with veins curved within

edges (fruits clustered but not in pairs, long-winged "keys")—Ash (Fraxinus).

W. Leaflets without stalks.

34. Black ash, Fraxinus nigra Marsh, (swamp ash, water ash, brown ash, hoop ash, basket

ash). Medium-sized to large tree of wet soils in northeastern quarter of United States and

adjacent Canada. Bark gray, scaly or fissured. Leaves paired, compound, 12-16 in (30-

40 cm) long, with 7-11 stalkless, oblong or broadly lance-shaped leaflets 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm)

long, long-pointed, finely toothed, with tufted hairs beneath. Key fruits 1-11/2 in (2.5-4 cm)

long, Yg in (1 cm) wide, flat, with wing extending to base.

Principal uses: Same as No. 36.

WW. Leaflets with stalks.

35. Blue ash, Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Medium-sized to large tree of Central

States, chiefly Ohio and Mississippi Valley regions; also in southern Ontario. Bark gray,

fissured, with scaly and shaggy plates. Twigs 4-angled and more or less winged. Leaves

paired, compound, 8-12 in (20-30 cm) long, with 7-11 short-stalked, oval or lance-shaped

leaflets 2i/2-5 in (6-13 cm) long, long-pointed, toothed. Key fruits 11^-2 in (3-5 cm) long,

3/8-1/2 in (1-1.2 cm) wide, oblong, with wing extending to base.

Principal uses: Same as No. 36.

36. White ash, Fraxinus americana L. (American ash, Biltmore ash; F. biltmoreana

Beadle). Large tree of eastern half of United States and adjacent Canada. Bark gray, with

deep, diamond-shaped fissures and narrow, forking ridges. Leaves paired, compound,

8-12 in (20-30 cm) long, with 5-9, usually 7, stalked, oval or broadly lance-shaped leaflets

21/2-5 in (6-13 cm) long, long- or short-pointed, edges sometimes slightly toothed, hairless

or hairy beneath. Key fruits 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long and 14 in (6 mm) wide, with wing

at end.

Principal uses: Furniture, flooring, millwork, paneling, sporting and athletic goods, handtools, and boxes and crates. Shade tree.

37. Green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh, (red ash, Darlington ash, white ash, swamp

ash, water ash; F. viridis Michx. f.). Medium-sized to large tree of eastern half of United

States and adjacent Canada west to Montana and Texas. Bark gray, fissured. Leaves paired,

compound, 10-12 in (25-30 cm) long, with 7 or 9 stalked, oval or lance-shaped leaflets

2-6 in (5-15 cm) long, long-pointed, slightly toothed, hairless or hairy beneath. Key fruits

11/4-21/4 in (3-6 cm) long, 14 in (6 mm) or more in width, with wing extending nearly

to base.

Principal uses: Same as No. 36. Also shelterbelts and shade tree.

14
37. Green ash. 38. Yellow buckeye. 39. Ohio buckeye. 40. Black walnut.

UU. Leaflets 5 (to 7), all attached end of leafstalk and spreading fingerlike

(palmate)—Buckeye (Aesculus).

38. Yellow buckeye, Aesculus octandra Marsh, (sweet buckeye, big buckeye). Mediumsized to large tree of Central States, chiefly Ohio Valley and Appalachian regions. Bark

gray, separating into thin scales. Leaves paired, compound, with leafstalks 4-6 in (10-15 cm)

long. Leaflets 5, oblong or elliptic, 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long, long-pointed, narrowed at base,

finely toothed. Flowers in branched clusters 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long, showy, li/4 in (3 cm)

long, yellow with petals unequal. Fruiting capsule 2-2i/2 in (5-6 cm) in diameter, smooth,

with 2 poisonous seeds I1/2-I34 in (4-4.5 cm) wide.

Principal uses: Lumber for furniture, boxes, crating, trunks, signs, and flooring; scientific

instrument cases, novelties, woodenware, and musical instruments. Also limited use in food

containers, drawing boards, plaques, and carvings. Ornamental.

39. Ohio buckeye, Aesculus glabra Willd. (fetid buckeye, stinking buckeye, American

horsechestnut). Small tree (or shrubby to medium-sized) of Central States, chiefly Ohio and

Mississippi Valley regions. Bark gray, much furrowed and broken into scaly plates. Leaves

paired, compound, with leafstalks 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long. Leaflets 5 (5-7 in shrubby

varieties), elliptic, 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm) long, long-pointed, narrowed at base, finely toothed.

Flowers in branched clusters 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long, showy, 34-I14 in (2-3 cm) long, pale

greenish yellow, with petals nearly equal in length. Fruiting capsule 11/4-2 in (3-5 cm) in

diameter, prickly, with 1 or 2 poisonous seeds 1-11/2 in (2.5-4 cm) wide.

Principal uses: Same as No. 38. (State tree of Ohio.)

00 (O on p. 11). Leaves and usually branches borne singly (alternate).

X (XX on p. 20). Leaves divided into leaflets (compound), attached along extended

leafstalk (pinnate).

Y. Leaflets long-pointed; twigs not spiny; fruit rounded, egg-shaped, or oblong.

Z. Leaflets finely toothed, shedding in fall; fruit a nut with a husk.

a. Leaflets mostly 11-21; pith of twigs in plates; husk of nut not splitting off—

Walnut (Juglans).

40. Black walnut, Juglans nigra L. (eastern black walnut, American walnut). Large tree

of eastern half of United States and southern Ontario. Bark dark brown to black, thick,

with deep furrows and narrow, forking ridges. Compound leaves 12-24 in (30-60 cm) long.

Leaflets 9-21, without stalks, broadly lance-shaped, 2i/2-5 in (6-13 cm) long, long-pointed,

finely toothed, nearly hairless above, soft hairy beneath. Nuts single or paired, 11/^-21/2 i"

(4-6 cm) in diameter including thick husk, nearly round, irregularly ridged, thick-shelled,

15
43. Water hickory. 44. Nutmeg hickory.

sweet and edible, known as walnuts.

Principal uses: Valuable furniture wood, solid and as veneer. Radio, television, and

phonograph cabinets; sewing machines, gunstocks, and interior finish. Edible walnuts. Shade

tree. Shelterbelts.

41. Butternut, Juglans cinérea L. (white walnut, oilnut). Medium-sized to large tree of

northeastern quarter of United States and adjacent Canada. Bark light gray, furrowed into

broad, flat ridges. Compound leaves 15-24 in (38-60 cm) long. Leaflets 7-17, without stalks,

broadly lanced-shaped, 2-4i/2 in (5-11 cm) long, long- or short-pointed, finely toothed,

slightly hairy above, soft hairy beneath. Nuts 3-5 in drooping clusters, 11/9-21/2 in (4-6 cm)

long including thick husk, egg-shaped, pointed, irregularly ridged, thick-shelled, sweet and

oily, known as butternuts.

Principal uses: Furniture. Shade tree. Edible butternuts.

aa. Leaflets 5-11 (11-17 in No. 42); pith of twigs solid; husk of nut splitting

off—Hickory {Garya; formerly known also as Hicoria).

b. Leaflets lance-shaped and often slightly sickle-shaped; winter buds with

4-6 scales, fitting at edges and not overlapping; nuts thin-shelled

(except No. 44), husks usually 4-winged—Pecan hickories.

42. Pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (sweet pecan; C. pecan (Marsh.) Engl.

& Graebn., not (Walt.) Nutt.). Large tree of Mississippi Valley region; also in Mexico. Bark

light brown or gray, deeply and irregularly furrowed and cracked. Compound leaves

12-20 in (30-50 cm) long. Leaflets 11-17, short-stalked, lance-shaped and slightly sickleshaped, 2-7 in (5-18 cm) long, long-pointed, finely toothed, hairless or slightly hairy. Nuts

1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long including slightly 4-winged, thin husk, oblong, pointed, thin-shelled,

sweet and edible, known as pecans.

Principal uses: Furniture and flooring. Specialty items such as novelties and sporting

goods. Veneer for paneling and plywood containers. Fuelwood and charcoal for smoking

meats. Pecan nuts from wild and cultivated trees. Shade tree. (State tree of Texas.)

43. Water hickory, Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt. (bitter pecan, swamp hickory, bitter

water hickory, wild pecan, pecan). Medium-sized or large tree of wet soils in South Atlantic

coast. Gulf coast, and Mississippi Valley regions. Bark light brown, fissured, with long, thin

scales. Compound leaves 9-15 in (23-38 cm) long. Leaflets 7-13, stalkless or short-stalked,

lance-shaped, 2-5 in (5-13 cm) long, long-pointed, finely toothed, dark green above, brownish and often hairy beneath. Nuts 1-11/2 in long including pointed, 4-winged, thin husk,

rounded but flattened, angled, and wrinkled, thin-shelled, bitter.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 42.

16
45. Bitternut

hickory.

46. Mockemut

hickory.

47. Shellbark

hickory.

48. Shagbark

hickory.

44. Nutmeg hickory, Carya myristicijormis (Michx. f.) Nutt. (swamp hickory, pecan).

Large tree of South Atlantic coast and Gulf coast regions; also in Mexico. Bark dark brown,

fissured, with small, thin scales. Compound leaves 7-14 in (18-36 cm) long. Leaflets 5-9,

short-stalked, broadly lance-shaped or oblong, 2-5 in (5-13 cm) long, long-pointed, finely

toothed, dark green above, more or less hairy and whitish beneath. Nuts li4~lV4 ^^

(3-4 cm) long including pointed, 4-winged, thin husk, nearly round but longer than broad,

thick-shelled, sweet and edible.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 42. Edible hickory nuts.

45. Bitternut hickory, Carya cordijormis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (bitternut, pignut, swamp

hickory, pecan). Medium-sized to large tree of eastern half of United States and adjacent

Canada. Bark light brown, shallowly furrowed, with narrow, forking ridges or thin scales.

Compound leaves 6-10 in (15-20 cm) long. Leaflets 5-9, without stalks, lance-shaped,

2-6 in (5-15 cm) long, long-pointed, finely toothed, more or less hairy beneath. Winter

buds bright yellow. Nuts 3/4-11^ in (2-3 cm) long including 4-winged, yellowish, thin husk,

nearly round, slightly flattened, short-pointed, thin-shelled, bitter.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 42.

bb. Leaflets oblong to broadly lance-shaped; winter buds with more than

6 overlapping scales; nuts thick-shelled (except Nos. 48 and 49), husks

without wings—True hickories.

46. Mockemut hickory, Carya tomentosa Nutt. (mockernut, white hickory, whiteheart

hickory, bullnut, hognut). Medium-sized to large tree of eastern half of United States

except northern border; also in southern Ontario. Bark gray, irregularly furrowed into flat

ridges. Compound leaves 8-20 in (10-50 cm) long. Leaflets 7 or 9, without stalks, oblong

or broadly lance-shaped, 2-8 in (5-20 cm) long, long-pointed, finely toothed, dark yellow

green and shiny above, pale and densely hairy beneath. Nuts li/2~2 in (4-5 cm) long including thick husk, nearly round, slightly flattened and angled, thick-shelled, sweet and edible.

Principal uses: Furniture, flooring, tool handles, ladders, specialty items, and sporting

goods such as baseball bats, skis, and archery equipment. Veneer for paneling and plywood.

Fuelwood, charcoal, for smoking meats. Hickory nuts.

47. Shellbark hickory, Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud, (big shagbark hickory, kingnut,

big shellbark, western shellbark, thick shellbark, bottom shellbark). Large tree of Ohio and

Mississippi Valley regions. Bark gray, shaggy with long, thin, straight plates. Compound

leaves 15-22 in (38-56 cm) long. Leaflets usually 7, without stalks or short-stalked, broadly

lance-shaped, 2-8 in (5-20 cm) long, long-pointed, finely toothed, dark green and shiny

17
iiilHlmW

above, pale and soft-hairy beneath. Nuts l%-2i/2 i" (4.5-6 cm) long including thick husk,

nearly round, slightly flattened and angled, pointed at ends, thick-shelled, sweet and edible.

Principal uses: Same as No. 46.

48. Shagbark hickory, Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch (shellbark hickory, southern shagbark

hickory, upland hickory, Carolina hickory, shagbark). Large tree of eastern half of United

States and adjacent Canada. Bark gray, shaggy with long, thin, curved plates. Compound

leaves 8-14 in (20-36 cm) long. Leaflets usually 5, stalkless elliptic or broadly lanceshaped, 3-7 in (7.5-18 cm) long, long-pointed, ñnely toothed. Nuts 114-21/2 in (3-6 cm) long

including thick husk, nearly round, slightly flattened and angled, thin-shelled, sweet and

edible.

Principal uses: Same as No. 46. Wild trees and improved cultivated varieties produce

hickory nuts of commerce.

49. Pignut hickory, Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet (pignut, oval pignut hickory, sweet pignut).

Variety: red hickory, var. odorata (Marsh.) Little (C. ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg.). Large tree

of eastern third of United States and southern Ontario. Bark dark gray, with furrows and

forking ridges. Compound leaves 8-12 in (20-30 cm) long. Leaflets usually 5, or 5 and 7,

stalkless, oblong or lance-shaped, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, long-pointed, finely toothed, hairless. Nuts 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long including thin or thick husk, broader toward apex and

usually not angled, thin- or thick-shelled, usually bitter.

Principal uses: Same as No. 46.

ZZ. Leaflets without teeth on edges, evergreen; fruit egg-shaped with winged

seeds (tree of tropical Florida)—Mahogany (Swietenia).

50. West Indies mahogany, Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. (mahogany). Medium-sized to large

tree, rare in extreme southern Florida including ÏFlorida Keys; also in West Indies. Bark

dark reddish brown, fissured. Leaves compound, evergreen, 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long. Leaflets

4-8, paired, short-stalked, broadly lance-shaped, 11/2-3 in (4-7.5 cm) long. Leaflets 4-8,

paired short-stalked, broadly lance-shaped, 11/2-3 in (4-7.5 cm) long, long-pointed, the

2 sides unequal, leathery, without teeth on edges, yellow green, hairless. Flowers small, in

clusters, whitish green. Fruit a large egg-shaped capsule 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm) long, dark

brown, with winged seeds 1% in (4.5 cm) long.

Principal uses: Not of commercial importance in Florida because of its rarity. Mahogany,

including other species, is the world's foremost cabinetwood and one of the most valuable

timber trees in tropical America. Planted as an ornamental and shade tree in Florida,

Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and Hawaii.

18
53. Black locust. 54. Sassa tr as. 55. Redbay.

^^liiiáiiii??"

\ ^

if 0\ r

i/^^^^ vT0*^..^^

56. Red mulberry.

^4

J 1

m3ÄM^

YY. Leaflets blunt-pointed or rounded; twigs spiny (except in No. 51); fruit a flat

beanlike pod.

c. Leaflets blunt-pointed, more than 2 in (5 cm) long—Kentucky coffeetree

(Gymnocladus dioicus).

51. Kentucky coffeetree, Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch (coffeetree). Large tree of

northeastern and central United States. Bark gray, deeply furrowed into narrow ridges.

Leaves very large, twice divided (compound), 1-3 ft (30-90 cm) long, with 5-9 pairs of side

axes. Leaflets many in pairs, short-stalked, oval, 11/2-21/9 in (4-6 cm) long, short-pointed,

nearly hairless, turning yellow in fall. Flowers greenish white, % in (20 mm) long, many

in branching clusters, mostly male and female on different trees. Pods 5-6 in (13-15 cm)

long and I1/2-2 in (4-5 cm) wide, dark brown, thick, with large rounded seeds.

Principal uses: Cabinetwork. Ornamental. Seeds formerly used as coffee substitute,

cc. Leaflets rounded at apex, less than 2 in (5 cm) long.

d. Leaflets with inconspicuous rounded teeth—Honeylocust (Gleditsia).

52. Honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L. (sweet-locust, thorny-locust). Large tree of

Appalachian Mountain and Mississippi Valley regions, naturalized elsewhere in eastern half

of United States; also in extreme southern Ontario. Bark grayish brown or black, fissured

into long, narrow, scaly ridges. Trunk and branches with large, stout, usually branched

spines, rarely absent. Leaves once or twice divided (compound), 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long.

Leaflets numerous in pairs, elliptic, 3/g-li4 in (1-3 cm) long, blunt-pointed or rounded at

apex, with inconspicuous rounded teeth, shiny dark green and hairless above, yellow green

and nearly hairless beneath. Flowers small, greenish or whitish, in narrow clusters 2-2i/^ in

(5-6 cm) long, in late spring. Pods 12-18 in (30-45 cm) long and 1-114 in (2.5-3 cm) wide,

flat, dark brown, hairy, slightly curved and twisted.

Principal uses: Wood used locally for fence posts, construction, furniture, and railroad

crossties. Shade tree. Shelterbelts. The sweetish pods are eaten by livestock and wildlife,

dd. Leaflets not toothed—Locust {Robinia).

53. Black locust, Robinia pseiidoacacia L. (locust, yellow locust, shipmast locust).

Medium-sized tree, native in Appalachian Mountain and Ozark regions and widely naturalized in eastern half of United States and southern Canada. Bark brown, thick, deeply

furrowed, with rough, forked ridges. Twigs with paired spines about 1/, in (12 mm) long

developing at base of each leaf. Compound leaves 8-14 in (20-36 cm) long. Leaflets 7-19

elliptic, 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long, usually rounded at apex, not toothed, dark blue green and

hairless above, pale and hairless or nearly so beneath. Flowers white and very fragrant

19
beanlike, 5/3-34 in (15-20 mm) long, in clusters 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, in spring. Pods

2-4 in (5-10 cm) long and 1/2 in (1.2 cm) wide, flat, brown.

Principal uses: Fenceposts, mine timbers; flooring and furniture. The prmcipal wood for

insulator pins. Planted for ornament and shade, shelterbelts, and erosion control, such as

on land strip-mined for coal.

XX (X on p. 15). Leaves not divided into leaflets (simple).

e. Leaves aromatic when bruised; twigs greenish (see also No. 58).

f. Leaves partly 2- or 3-lobed, thin, shedding in fall—Sassafras (Sassafras

albidum).

54. Sassafras, Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (5. officinale Nées & Eberm., S. variifolium

(Salisb.) Kuntze). Medium-sized tree (sometimes large) with aromatic odor and taste, eastern half of United States and southern Ontario. Bark reddish brown, deeply furrowed.

Leaves oval or elliptic, 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm) long, blunt-pointed, often 2- or 3-lobed but not

toothed, bright green above, paler and often hairy beneath, turning orange or scarlet in

fall. Flowers about s/g in (1 cm) long, yellow, in small clusters in early spring. Fruits eggshaped, 3/8 in (1 cm) long, dark blue, with fleshy red stalk.

Principal uses: Boats, oars, general millwork, exterior and interior trim. Fence posts.

Lumber occasionally mixed with that of black ash (No. 34). Sassafras tea and oil of sassafras, used to perfume soap, are prepared from roots and root bark. Shade tree and

ornamental.

ff. Leaves not lobed, slightly thickened, evergreen—Persea (Persea).

55. Redbay, Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng, (variety: swampbay, P. pahistris (Raf.) Sarg.).

Medium-sized tree of Coastal Plain of Southeastern United States. Bark dark reddish brown,

irregularly furrowed into small thick scales. Leaves evergreen, oblong or elliptic, 3-5 in

(7.5-13 cm) long, blunt-pointed at apex, short-pointed at base, edges rolled under, thick

and leathery, shiny green above, beneath whitish or with rusty hairs. Flowers several in

long-stalked cluster, pale yellow, i/g-i^ in (3-6 mm) long. Fruits rounded, 1/2 in (12 mm) in

diameter, shiny dark blue black, 1-seeded.

Principal uses: cabinet-making, lumber.

ee. Leaves not aromatic; twigs mostly brown or gray,

g. Juice milky.

h. Leaves toothed, sometimes 2- or 3-lobed; twigs not spiny—Mulberry

(Morus).

56. Red mulberry, Morns rubra L. Medium-sized tree of eastern half of United States

and southern Ontario. Bark dark brown, fissured and scaly. Leaves broadly oval or heartshaped, 3-7 in (7.5-18 cm) long, abruptly long-pointed, coarsely toothed, sometimes 2- or

3-lobed, rough above, soft*hairy beneath. Fruits 1 in (2.5 cm) long, dark purple or black,

sweet, juicy, and edible, known as mulberries.

Principal uses: Wood used locally for fence posts, furniture, interior finish, agricultural

implements, and cooperage. Shade tree. Edible mulberries, eaten also by domestic animals

and wildlife.

hh. Leaves without teeth on edges; twigs spiny—Osage-orange (Madura).

57. Osage-orange, Madura pomífera (Raf.) Schneid, (bodark, bois-d'arc, mockorange,

bow-wood, hedge, hedge-apple, horse-apple; Toxylon promiferum Raf.). Medium-sized tree

with milky juice or sap, native of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas but naturalized

in eastern half of United States except northern border and introduced in West. Bark

orange brown, deeply furrowed. Twigs with stout straight spines y^-l in (1-2.5 cm) long.

Leaves oval or narrowly oval, 2-5 in (5-13 cm) long, long-pointed, without teeth on edges,

shiny dark green above and paler beneath, hairless. Fruit a yellow green ball 4-5 in (10-13

cm) in diameter.

Principal uses: Extensively planted for shelterbelts, hedges, ornament, and shade. Fenceposts and fuel, formerly archery bows and source of a yellow dye.

gg. Juice or sap watery.

i. (ii on p. 32). Winter buds 1 or none at tip of twig; pith of twigs round or

nearly so in cross section (star-shaped in Nos. 81-84 and 98); fruit not an

acorn,

j. Leaves with 3-6 lobes.

k. Leaves with pointed apex and 3 or 5 lobes.

1. Leaves star-shaped, deeply 5-lobed—Sweetguni (Liquidambar styraciflua).

58. Sweetgum, Liquidambar styradßua L. (redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, bilsted). Large

tree of eastern third of United States, except northern border; also a variety in Mexico and

Central America south to Nicaragua. Bark gray, deeply furrowed. Twigs reddish brown,

20
57. Osage-orange. 58. Sweetgum. 59. Sycamore. 60. Yellow-poplar.

V tb;

developing corky ridges. Leaves maplelike, star-shaped, 3-7 in (7.5-18 cm) long and wide,

with 5 long-pointed, finely toothed lobes, shiny dark green above, paler beneath, nearly

hairless, slightly aromatic, turning deep crimson in fall. Fruit a brownish, spiny ball

1-11/4 in (2.5-3 cm) in diameter.

Principal uses: Important timber tree in United States, second in production among

hardwoods and one of leading woods for furniture and veneer. Lumber, veneer, plywood,

pulpwood, and slack cooperage. Boxes and crates, containers, and prefabricated products.

Shade tree. The gum, "sweetgum" or storax, is used in perfumes and medicines.

11. Leaves heart-shaped, slightly 3-lobed—Sycamore (Platanus).

59. Sycamore, Platanus occidentaUs L. (planetree, buttonwood, American sycamore,

American planetree, buttonball-tree). Very large tree (largest eastern hardwood in trunk

diameter) of wet soils in eastern half of United States and southern Ontario. Bark of

branches whitish, thin, smooth; bark of trunk peeling off in large flakes, smoothish, with

patches of brown, green, and gray. Leaves heart-shaped, 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long and wide,

slightly 3- or 5-lobed, the shallow, pointed lobes coarsely toothed with long-pointed teethi

with 3 main veins from base, bright green and hairless above, paler and slightly hairy

beneath. Many minute hairy fruits in ball 1 in (2.5 cm) in diameter.

Principal uses: Furniture parts, boxes (especially food containers), millwork, flooring, and

hardwood dimension products. Specialty products, such as butcher blocks and handles for

brushes and brooms. Pulpwood, particleboard, and wood fiberboard. Shade tree.

kk. Leaves with broad, slightly notched apex and 4 or 6 lobes—Yellowpoplar (Liriodendron tulipifera).

60. Yellow-poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera L. (tuliptree, tulip-poplar, "poplar," whitepoplar, whitewood). Large tree (tallest eastern hardwood) of eastern third of United States

and southern Ontario. Bark brown, becoming thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves of unusual squarish shape with broad, slightly notched or nearly straight apex and 2 or 3 lobes

on each side, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, long and broad, shiny dark green above and pale green

beneath, hairless. Flowers large and showy, tulip-shaped, I1/2-2 in (4-5 cm) in diameter,

greenish and orange, in spring. Fruit conelike, 2i/2-3 in (6-7.5 cm) long, 14 in (1.2 cm) thick.

Principal uses: One of the chief commercial hardwood species, third in volume of lumber used in furniture industry. Furniture (solid and veneer), fixtures, boxes and crates,

millwork. Also musical instruments, caskets, toys, and sporting goods. Pulpwood. Ornamental and shade tree. (State tree of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee.)

21
61. Southern 62. Sweetbay.

magnolia.

63. Cucumbertree 64. Mountainlaurel.

jj. Leaves without lobes.

m. Leaf edges without teeth.

n. Twigs with faint ring at base of each leaf—Magnolia (Magnolia).

61. Southern magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora L. (evergreen magnolia). Medium-sized to

large tree of South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plains. Bark gray or light brown, broken into

small, thin scales. Leaves evergreen, oblong or elliptic, 5-8 in (13-20 cm) long, short-pointed,

edges without teeth, leathery, shiny bright green and hairless above, rusty-hairy beneath.

Flowers cup-shaped, very large, 6-8 in (15-20 cm) across, white, fragrant, spring and summer. Fruit conelike, 3-4 in (7.5-10 cm) long, 11/2-21/2 in (4-6 cm) thick, rusty-hairy.

Principal uses: Furniture, boxes and other containers, interior trim, cabinetwork, and

doors. Ornamental and shade tree. (State tree of Mississippi and State flower of Louisiana.)

62. Sweetbay, Magnolia virginiana L. (swampbay, swamp magnolia, laurel magnolia,

southern sweetbay, sweetbay magnolia, magnolia). Small to medium-sized tree of Atlantic

and Gulf Coastal Plains. Bark brownish gray, smoothish. Leaves shedding in winter or

almost evergreen in South, elliptic or narrowly oval, 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm) long, short-pointed,

wedge-shaped at base, edges without teeth, thick, shiny bright green and hairless above,

whitish and nearly hairless beneath. Flowers cup-shaped, 2-2i/2 in (5-6 cm) across, white,

fragrant. Fruit conelike, 114-2 (4-5 cm) long and 1/2 in (1.2 cm) thick, dark red, smooth.

Principal uses: Same as No. 61. Ornamental.

63. Cucumbertree, Magnolia aciiminata L. (cucumber magnolia, mountain magnolia).

Large tree of Appalachian Mountain and Ozark regions and intervening portions of Ohio

and Mississippi Valleys; also local in southern Ontario. Bark dark brown, furrowed, with

narrow, scaly, forking ridges. Leaves shedding in fall, elliptic or oval, 5-10 in (13-20 cm)

long, short-pointed, yellow green and hairless above, light green and soft-hairy or nearly

hairless beneath. Flowers bell-shaped, greenish yellow, 21/2-31/2 in (6-9 cm) long. Fruit

conelike, 2-3 in (5-7.5 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) thick, red.

Principal uses: Wood used same as yellow-poplar. No. 60. Ornamental and shade tree.

nn. Twigs without rings,

o. Leaves narrow, thick and leathery, evergreen—Mountain-laurel

(Kalmia latifolia).

64. Mountain-laurel, Kalmia latifolia L. Evergreen small tree or large shrub of eastern

third of United States. Bark thin, dark reddish brown, furrowed into long narrow ridges.

Leaves sometimes in pairs or 3's, oblong or elliptic, 3-4 in (7.5-10 cm) long, short-pointed

22
65. Eastern redbud. 66. Common

persimmon.

67. Water túpelo. 68. Black túpelo.

at apex gradually narrowed at base, not toothed on edges, thick and stiff, dull dark green

above, light green beneath, becoming hairless. Flowers numerous, crowded 1 in (25 mm)

across the pmkish saucer-shaped 5-lobed corolla. Fruit a capsule nearly U in (6 mm) in

diameter, dark brown, with threadlike style at apex.

Principal uses: Ornamental. Wood for tool handles and turnery. (State flower of Connecticut and Pennsylvania.)

oo. Leaves mostly broad, thin, shedding in fall.

p. Leaves rounded, with 5 or 7 main veins from base—Redbud

(Cercis).

65. Eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis L. (Judas-tree). Small tree of eastern half of United

States and northeastern Mexico. Bark dark brown, furrowed into narrow plates Leaves

rounded, 3-41/2 in (7.5-11 cm) long and broad on leafstalk of 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) shortpointed at apex, base notched or heart-shaped with 5 main veins, edges not toothed dull

green, nearly hairless. Flowers numerous, clustered along twigs in early spring before the

eaves, pink, beanlike, 3/-1/2 in (10-12 mm) long. Pods 214-31/2 in (6-9 cm)^lon|, and i/, in

(1.2 cm) wide, flat, thin, blackish. / &' /2

Principal use: Ornamental. (State tree of Oklahoma.)

pp. Leaves mostly oval or elliptic, with 1 main vein,

q. Leaves broadest below middle—Persimmon (Diospyros).

66. Common persimmon, Diospyros virgiiiiana L. (persimmon). Medium-sized tree of

eastern half of United States except northern border. Bark dark brown, thick deeply divided into small, square, scaly blocks. Leaves oval or elliptic, 21/2-6 in (6-15 cm) Ion/ longpointed, rounded at base, shiny dark green above, pale green and often hairy beneath.

Male and female flowers on different trees in spring, 3/3-5/, in (10-15 mm) long, whitish

î^^f „«f 1^^^^^- ^^"its %-li4 in (2-3 cm) in diameter, yellow or pale orange maturing

in tall, fleshy, sweet, and edible, known as persimmons. r- 0 6

Principal uses: Golf-club heads, shuttles for textile weaving, and veneer in furniture

Sometimes planted for the edible persimmon fruits and for ornament.

qq. Leaves broadest above middle—Tupelo (Nyssa).

67. Water túpelo, Nyssa aquatica L. (túpelo, tupelo-gum, swamp túpelo, cotton-gum,

sour-gum) Large tree with swollen base, swamps of South Atlantic Coastal Plain Gulf

Coastal Plain, and lower Mississippi Valley. Bark dark brown, thin, rough with scaly

ridges. Leaves oval or oblong, 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long, short- or long-pointed, edges often

23
69. Ogeechee túpelo. 70. American holly 71. American

basswood.

72. White basswood.

with few teeth, shiny dark green above, pale and soft-hairy beneath. Fruits oblong. 1 in

(2.5 cm) long, fleshy, purple, acid, 1-seeded.

Principal uses: Same as No. 68.

68. Black túpelo, blackgum, Nyssa sylvatica Marsh, (sour-gum, túpelo, pepperidge,

tupelo-Kum). Variety: swamp túpelo, N. sylvatica var. biflora (Walt.) Sarg, (blackgum,

swamp blackgum). Large tree of eastern third of United States; also in southern Ontario

and Mexico. Bark reddish brown, deeply fissured into irregular and block-shaped ridges.

Leaves elliptic or oblong, 2-5 in (5-13 cm) long, short- or blunt-pointed, wedge-shaped or

rounded at base, edges not toothed, shiny dark green above, pale and often hairy beneath,

turning bright scarlet in fall. Fruits egg-shaped, s/g-i/g in (10-12 mm) long, fleshy, blue

black bitter 1-seeded.

Principal uses: Furniture, boxes, crates, baskets, and miUwork. Pulpwood. Also railroad

crossties bridge ties, and crossing planks. Ornamental and shade tree.

69 Offeechee túpelo, Nyssa ogeche Bartr. (Ogeechee-lime, sour túpelo, sour tupelo-gum,

white túpelo, limetree). Small to medium-sized tree, local in swamps of Coastal Plain in

South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Bark dark brown, thin, irregularly fissured Leaves

elliptic 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long, short- or blunt-pointed, wedge-shaped at base, edges not

toothed, thick, shiny dark green and slightly hairy above, pale and hairy beneath. Fruits

1-1 i/c, in (2.5-4 cm) long, fleshy, red, sour, 1-seeded. , . . _, ^ c .-..i

Principal uses: A preserve, Ogeechee-lime, is made from the fruit. The wood is of little

importance commercially.

mm. Leaf edges toothed (see also No. 67.)

r. Leaves with few large spiny teeth, thick, evergreen—Holly {Ilex).

70. American holly. Ilex opaca Ait. (white holly, evergreen holly). Medium-sized to large

tree of Atlantic coast. Gulf coast, and Mississippi Valley regions. Bark light gray thin,

smoothish, with wartlike projections. Leaves evergreen, elliptic, 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long,

spine-pointed and coarsely spiny-toothed, stiff and leathery, shiny green above and yellowish green beneath. Male and female flowers on different trees, small, greenish white. Berrylike fruit round, U-s/g in (6-10 mm) in diameter, red.

Principal uses: Christmas decorations. Specialty items, such as inlays in cabinetmaking

and furniture interior finish fixtures, brush backs, handles, turnery, novelties, Avood engravings, woodcuts and carvings, measuring scales and rules for scientific instruments, and

parts of musical instruments. Ornamental and shade tree. (State tree of Delaware.)

24
73. American elm. 74. Slippery elm. 75. Rock elm. 76. Winged elm.

rr. Leaves with many small teeth, thin, shedding in fall.

s. Leaves with the 2 sides unequal and 1 side larger at base, in 2 rows

on twig.

t. Leaves broad, heart-shaped, with leafstalks more than I14 in (3

cm) long (the fragrant, pale yellow flowers and round, nutlike

fruits borne on strap-shaped greenish stalk)—Basswood (or

linden, Tilia).

71. American basswood, Tilia americana L. (American linden, linden, linn, beetree, limetree; T. glabra Vent.). Large tree of northeastern quarter of United States and adjacent

Canada. Bark gray, deeply furrowed into narrow, scaly ridges. Leaves in 2 rows, heartshaped, 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, long-pointed, coarsely toothed with long-pointed teeth, dark

green above, light green beneath with tufts of hair in angles of main veins. Fruits nutlike,

^-1/2 in (10-12 mm) in diameter.

Principal uses: Boxes (especially food containers), Venetian blinds, millwork, furniture,

apiary supplies, and woodenware. Also veneer, excelsior, and cooperage. Pulpwood. Shade

tree and important honey plant.

72. White basswood, Tilia heterophylla Vent, (beetree, linden). Large tree of Appalachian

Mountain region west to Mississippi Valley. Bark gray, deeply furrowed. Leaves in 2 rows,

heart-shaped 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, long-pointed, the 2 sides unequal at base, finely

toothed, shiny dark green and hairless above, beneath white or brownish with dense hairy

coat. Fruits nutlike, |4-% in (6-10 mm) in diameter.

Principal uses: Same as No. 71.

tt. Leaves narrower, with leafstalks less than 1/2 in (1.2 cm) long

(flowers not on strap-shaped stalk),

u. Leaves with 1 main vein (midrib) and many parallel side veins;

fruits flat, elliptic or rounded, bordered with a wing, maturing in spring (in fall in Nos. 77 and 78)—Elm (Ulmus).

V. Twigs round, not corky winged.

73. American elm, Ulmus americana L. (white elm, soft elm, water elm). Large spreading tree of eastern half of United States and adjacent Canada, now threatened by the Dutch

elm disease. Bark gray, deeply furrowed, with broad, forking, scaly ridges. Twigs soft-hairy,

becoming hairless, not corky winged. Leaves in 2 rows, elliptic, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long,

long-pointed, the 2 sides unequal, coarsely and doubly toothed with unequal teeth, thin,

dark green and smooth or slightly rough above, pale and usually soft-hairy beneath. Fruit

elliptic, flat, 3/8-V2 i" (10-12 mm) long.

25
79. Hackberry. 80. Sugarberry.

/-^ \\ --1 7 X f ^ -">

^i V ^"vl n <M JLA:

Principal uses: Containers (boxes, baskets, crates, and barrels), furniture, veneer, paneling, toys, novelties, bending stock, and caskets. Shade tree (no longer recommended). Shelterbelts. (State tree of Massachusetts, Nebraska, and North Dakota.)

74. Slippery elm, IJlmus rubra Muhl. (red elm, soft elm, gray elm; U. fulva Michx.).

Medium-sized tree of eastern half of United States and adjacent Canada. Bark dark brown,

deeply furrowed, inner bark mucilaginous. Twigs hairy and rough, not corky winged.

Leaves in 2 rows, elliptic, 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, long-pointed, the 2 sides unequal,

coarsely and doubly toothed with unequal teeth, thick, dark green and very rough above,

densely soft-hairy beneath. Fruit rounded flat, 1/2-3/4 in (12-20 mm) long.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 73.

vv. Twigs usually becoming corky winged.

75. Rock elm, Ulmus thomasii Sarg, (cork elm, hickory elm; U. racemosa Thomas, not

Borkh.). Medium-sized to large tree of northeastern quarter of United States and adjacent

Canada. Bark gray, deeply furrowed. Twigs often corky winged. Leaves in 2 rows, elliptic,

2-4 in (5-10 cm) long, short-pointed, the 2 sides unequal, coarsely and doubly toothed with

unequal teeth, thick, shiny dark green and smooth above, pale and soft-hairy beneath.

Fruit elliptic, flat, S/g-^ '^^ (15-20 mm) long.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 73. Shade tree.

76. Winged elm, Ulmus alata Michx. (wahoo, cork elm). Medium-sized to large tree of

southeastern quarter of United States. Bark light brown, thin, irregularly fissured. Twigs

usually becoming corky winged. Leaves in 2 rows, oblong I14-2V2 i" (3-6 cm) long, shortpointed, the 2 sides unequal, coarsely and doubly toothed with unequal teeth, thick, dark

green and smooth above, pale and soft-hairy beneath. Fruit elliptic, flat, s/g in (10 mm) long.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 73. Shade tree.

77. September elm, Ulmus serótina Sarg, (red elm). Medium-sized tree of Mississippi

Valley region from Kentucky to Georgia and Oklahoma. Bark light brown, thin, fissured.

Twigs often corky winged. Leaves in 2 rows, oblong, 2-3 in (5-7.5 cm) long, long-pointed,

the 2 sides unequal, coarsely and doubly toothed with unequal teeth, shiny yellow green

and smooth above, pale and slightly hairy beneath. Flowering in fall. Fruit elliptic, 1/2 in

(12 mm) long, flat.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 73.

78. Cedar elm, Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. (basket elm, red elm, southern rock elm). Large

tree of lower Mississippi Valley to Texas and adjacent Mexico. Bark light brown, fissured.

Twigs usually becoming corky winged. Leaves in 2 rows, elliptic, 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long.

26
81. Eastern cottonwood

82. Swamp cottonwood.

83. Balsam poplar. 84. Bigtooth aspen.

short-pointed or rounded, the 2 sides unequal, coarsely and doubly toothed with unequal

teeth, thick, shiny dark green and rough above, soft-hairy beneath. Flowering in late

summer or fall. Fruit oblong, s/g-i/g in (10-12 mm) long, flat.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 73.

uu. Leaves with 3 main veins from base; fruits round, wingless,

maturing in fall—Hackberry (Celtis).

79. Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis L. (sugarberry, nettletree, false-elm, beaverwood common hackberry). Medium-sized to large tree of eastern half of United States except southern

border; also in adjacent Canada. Bark light brown to gray, with corky warts or ridges

becoming scaly. Leaves in 2 rows, oval, 2-41^ in (5-11 cm) long, usually long-pointed, the

2 sides unequal, sharply toothed except in lower part, with 3 main veins from base, bright

green and smooth or sometimes rough above, paler and nearly hairless beneath' Fruits

i/^-3/g in (6-10 mm) in diameter, dark purple, 1-seeded.

Principal uses: Same as No. 80. Shelterbelts and shade tree.

80. Sugarberry, Celtis laevigata Willd. (sugar hackberry, hackberry, Texas sugarberry,

southern hackberry; C. mississippiensis Spach). Medium-sized to large tree of southeastern

quarter of United States, with a variety west to New Mexico and northeastern Mexico.

Bark gray, smoothish, with prominent corky warts. Leaves in 2 rows, broadly lance-shaped

11/2-4 in (4-10 cm) long, long-pointed, the 2 sides unequal edges smooth or sometimes with

a few teeth, with 3 main veins from base, dark green and usually smooth above, paler and

usually hairless beneath. Fruits 14 in (6 mm) in diameter, orange red or purple, 1-seeded.

Principal uses: Furniture, millwork, and sporting and athletic goods. Also boxes and

crates and plywood. Shelterbelts and shade tree.

ss. Leaves with both sides equal, spreading around twig Cin 2 rows

in No. 97). r 0 6 V

w. Leafstalks more than I1/2 in (4 cm) long, slender; seeds cottony,

capsules in long clusters—Cottonwood, poplar (Populus: see

also No. 164).

81. Eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides Bartr. ex. Marsh, (southern cottonwood, eastern poplar, Carolina poplar, necklace poplar, álamo; P. balsamifera auth.). Variety: plains

cottonwood, var. occidentalis Rydb. (plains poplar, Texas cottonwood; P. sargentii Dode).

Large tree of eastern half of United States and adjacent Canada. Bark at first yellowish

green and smooth, becoming gray and deeply furrowed. Leaves triangular, 3-6 in (7.5-15

cm) long and wide, long-pointed, coarsely toothed with curved teeth, hairless, light green

27
and shiny (broader with larger teeth in plains cottonwood). Leafstalks flat.

Principal uses: Boxes and crates, especially food containers; interior parts of furniture,

interior trim; plywood, agricultural implements; woodenware including cutting boards and

meat boards; matches. Pulpwood. Shade tree and shelterbelts. (Cottonwood, Popidus spp.,

is the State tree of Kansas. Cottonwood, P. sargentii, is the State tree of Wyoming.)

82. Swamp cottonwood, Populus heterophylla L. (swamp poplar, black cottonwood, river

cottonwood, downy poplar). Medium-sized to large tree of Atlantic coast, Gulf coast, and

Mississippi Valley regions. Bark grayish brown, furrowed into scaly ridges. Leaves heartshaped, 4-7 in (10-18 cm) long and nearly as wide, short-pointed or rounded at apex, finely

toothed with small, curved teeth, hairy when unfolding but becoming smooth or remaining woolly beneath, dark green above, paler beneath. Leafstalks round.

Principal uses: Wood used same as No. 81.

83. Balsam poplar, Populus halsamijera L. (balm, balm-of-Gilead, bam, tacamahac, hackmatack, cottonwood; P, tacamahacca Mill.). Large tree widely distributed in northestern

border of United States, northern Rocky Mountain region, and across Canada to Alaska.

Bark at first reddish brown and smooth, becoming gray, furrowed, with flat, scaly ridges.

Winter buds resinous and fragrant. Leaves oval or broadly lance-shaped, 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm)

long, short-pointed, finely toothed with rounded teeth, hairless or nearly so, shiny dark

green above, pale green beneath. Leafstalks round.

Principal uses: Boxes and crates. Pulpwood. Balm-of-Gilead, derived from the buds, is

used in cough medicine. Ornamental.

84. Bigtooth aspen, Populus grandidentata Michx. (largetooth aspen, poplar, popple).

Medium-sized tree of northeastern quarter of United States and adjacent Canada. Bark

greenish, smooth, thin, becoming dark brown, irregularly fissured, with flat ridges. Leaves

elliptic or nearly round, 2i/2-4 in (6-10 cm) long, coarsely toothed with curved teeth, hairless, dark green above, paler beneath. Leafstalks flattened.

Principal uses: Same as No. 164.

ww. Leafstalks less than 1 in (2.5 cm) long; seeds not hairy (except

Nos. 92 and 93).

X. Leaf edges with teeth of 2 sizes and slightly irregular.

y. Fruit a cone.

z. Fruit with many scales and nutlets; bark of papery layers,

peeling off—Birch {Betula).

A. Leaves mostly with 9-11 veins on each side; cones

upright.

85. Yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britton (gray birch, silver birch, swamp birch;

B. lutea Michx. f.). Large tree of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada and

Appalachian Mountain region. Bark aromatic on young branches, yellowish or silvery gray,

shiny, separating into papery, curly strips; on old trunks reddish brown. Leaves oval, 3-5 in

(7.5-13 cm) long, long- or short-pointed, sharply and doubly toothed, mostly with 9-11 main

veins on each side, nearly hairless, dull dark green above, yellow green below. Cones

3/4-114 in (2-3 cm) long.

Principal uses: Lumber and veneer for furniture (one of the principal woods), cabinets,

boxes, woodenware, handles, and millwork such as interior finish and flush doors; small

turned products and barrel staves. One of the principal woods for distillation products,

such as wood alcohol. Pulpwood, fuelwood, charcoal. Shade tree.

86. Sweet birch, Betula lenta L. (black birch, cherry birch). Medium-sized to large tree

of Appalachian Mountain region and adjacent Canada. Bark aromatic on young branches,

dark reddish brown, smooth, shiny; on large trunks fissured into scaly plates. Leaves oval,

21/9-5 in (6-10 cm) long, long-pointed, sharply and doubly toothed, mostly with 9-11 veins

on*" each side, silky-hairy beneath when young but becoming nearly hairless, dark dull

green above, light yellow green beneath. Cones 3^-11/2 in (2-4 cm) long.

Principal uses: Same as No. 85. Birch oil (from bark).

AA. Leaves mostly with 4-9 veins on each side; cones

hanging down (upright in No. 87).

87. River birch, Betula nigra L. (red birch, black birch, water birch). Medium-sized to

large tree of wet soil in eastern half of United States (the only birch at low altitudes in

Southeast). Bark reddish brown or silvery gray, shiny, becoming fissured and separating into

papery scales. Leaves oval, 11/9-3 in (4-7.5 cm) long, short-pointed, wedge-shaped at base,

doubly toothed, mostly with 7-9 veins on each side, shiny dark green above, whitish and

usually hairy beneath. Cones 1-11/2 in (2.5-4 cm) long.

Principal uses: Ornamental and erosion control.

28
85. Yellow birch. 86. Sweet birch. 87. River Birch. 88. Paper birch.

88. Paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh, (canoe birch, white birch, silver birch).

Medium-sized to large tree, including its varieties widely distributed in northeastern border

of United States, northern Rocky Mountain region, and across Canada to Alaska. Bark

white, smooth, thin, separating into papery strips. Leaves oval, 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long, longpointed, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, coarsely and doubly toothed, mostly with

5-9 veins on each side dull dark green and hairless above, light yellow green and smooth

or slightly hairy beneath. Cones narrow, 11/2-2 in (4-5 cm) long and 3/g in (1 cm) wide,

slender-stalked and hanging down.

Principal uses: Specialty veneer products including ice cream sticks, picnic spoons, tongue

depressors, and toothpicks. Small turned or rived products, including bobbins, clothespins,

spools, broom handles, dowels, and toys. Pulpwood. Fuelwood, especially fireplace wood.

Bark used by Indians for canoes and small articles. Ornamental and shade tree. (State tree

of New Hampshire.)

89. Gray birch, Betula popiilifolia Marsh, (white birch, wire birch). Small tree of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Bark grayish white, smooth, thin; on larger

trunks darker and fissured. Leaves triangular, 2-3 in (5-7.5 cm) long, long-pointed, sharply

and doubly toothed, mostly with 4-8 veins on each side, dark green and shiny above, paler

beneath. Cones 34-I in (2-2.5 cm) long, slender-stalked and hanging down.

Principal uses: Spools and other turned articles. Fuelwood.

zz. Fruit with many papery scales enclosing nutlets; bark

finely fissured—Hophornbeam (Ostrya).

90. Eastern hophornbeam, Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch (American hophornbeam,

hornbeam, "ironwood"). Small to medium-sized tree of eastern half of United States, also

in mountains of Mexico and Guatemala. Bark light brown, fissured into narrow flat scales.

Leaves ovate, 21/2-41/2 in (6-11 cm) long, long-pointed at apex and slightly notched at base,

sharply and doubly toothed, above dull yellow green and hairless, beneath paler with tufts

of hairs along midvein, turning yellow in autumn. Fruit clusters conelike, U/^ in (4 cm)

long, composed of nutlets y^ in (1 cm) long, each within a light brown papery flattened

scale.

Principal uses: Tool handles, small wooden articles, fenceposts.

yy. Fruit of few nutlets above leaflike 3-pointed scales; bark

dark gray, smooth, on angled (fluted) trunk—Hornbeam

(Carpinus).

29
89. Gray birch. 90. Eastern hophorn- 91. American hornbeam, beam.

92. Black willow.

—rV— C^^ lili^^JT ''%^ ¿L'f^ ' "^L...¡¡A

91. American hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana Walt, (blue-beech, water-beech). Small

tree of eastern half of United States, also south in mountains from Mexico to Honduras.

Bark dark gray, smooth, the trunk angled (fluted) with vertical ridges. Leaves ovate, 21/0-

41/2 in (6-11 cm) long, long-pointed at apex and rounded at base, sharply and doubly

toothed, above dull blue green and hairless, beneath paler with tufts of hairs along veins,

turning scarlet and orange in autumn. Fruit clusters 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long, with few

nutlets 3/g in (1 cm) long at base of leaflike 3-pointed toothed scales about 1 in (2.5 cm)

long.

Principal uses: Tool handles, small wooden articles. Ornamental.

XX. Leaf edges with uniform teeth.

B. Leaves finely toothed, with curved side veins.

c. Leaves narrow, more than 3 times as long as wide (seeds

hairy, capsules in long clusters)—Willow (Salix).

92. Black willow, Salix nigra Marsh, (swamp willow, western black willow; S. gooddingii

Ball). Medium-sized to large tree of wet soil, Eastern and Southwestern United States and

adjacent Canada and Mexico. Bark dark brown or blackish, deeply furrowed, with scaly,

forking ridges. Leaves lance-shaped, 21/9-5 in (6-13 cm) long, long-pointed, finely toothed,

green on both surfaces, shiny above and pale beneath, hairless or nearly so. Male and

female flowers on different trees in early spring, minute, yellowish or greenish, many in

narrow clusters I1/2-3 in (4-7.5 cm) long.

Principal uses: Millwork, household furniture, signs, boxes. Also doors, veneer panels,

cabinetwork, toys, cutting boards, picture frames, slack cooperage, excelsior, charcoal,

woodenware, and artifical limbs. Wood carvings. Pulpwood. Erosion control, including

poles in mats for stabilization of river banks. A honey plant. Shade tree.

93. Peachleaf willow, Salix amygdaloides Anderss. (almond willow, peach willow, Wright

willow). Small to medium-sized tree of wet soil, nearly across Northern United States and

adjacent Canada, south to Texas and Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Bark brown, irregularly

fissured into flat ridges. Leaves lance-shaped, 2i/2-5 in (6-13 cm) long, long-pointed, finely

toothed, shiny green above and pale beneath, hairless. Male and female flowers on different trees in early spring, minute, yellowish or greenish, many in narrow clusters 2-3 in

(5-71/2 cm) long.

Principal uses: Same as no. 92.

cc. Leaves less than 3 times as long as wide.

DD. Leafstalks without glands; fruit 4-winged—Silverbell

{Halesia).

30
93. Peachleaf willow. 94. Carolina silver- 95. Black cherry. 96. Common choke-

^^^^' cherry.

94. Carolina silverbell, Halesia Carolina L. (oppossum-wood, snowdroptree, mountain

silverbell). Medium-sized to large tree of Southeastern United States. Bark reddish brown

separatmg into scales or plates. Leaves elliptic, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, long-pointed at

apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, finely toothed, dull dark green and hairless above,

beneath paler and often hairy on veins, turning yellow in autumn. Flowers bell-shaped'

white, 1/2-2 m (1.2-5 cm) long, 4-lobed. Fruit oblong, I1/2-2 in (4-5 cm) long, 4-winffed!

1-seeded. x / o o

Principal uses: Lumber. Ornament, shade.

DD. Leafstalks usually with 2 dotlike glands near blade;

fruit a small cherry—Cherry, plum (Prunus).

95. Black cherry, Prunus serótina Ehrh. (wild black cherry, rum cherry, mountain black

cherry, wild cherry). Medium-sized to large tree of eastern half of United States and adjacent Canada, with varieties in Southwest and Mexico. Bark dark reddish brown, smooth

at first, becoming irregularly fissured and scaly. Leaves elliptic, 2-5 in long (5-13 cm), longpointed, finely toothed, shiny dark green above, light green and often slightly hairy beneath. Flowers white, 14 in (6 mm) long, in spring. Fruits edible cherries 3/g in (10 mm)

in diameter, black.

Principal uses: Furniture; printers' blocks for mounting electrotype plates; solid and

veneer paneling, patterns, professional and scientific instruments, piano actions, handles,

woodenware, toys. Wild cherry syrup (from bark) for cough medicine. Edible wild cherries,

used for jelly and wine. Shade tree.

96. Common chokecherry, Prunus virginiana L. (black chokecherry, eastern chokecherry

Western chokecherry, California chokecherry; P. demissa (Nutt.) D. Dietr., P. melanocarpd

(A Neis.) Rydb.). Thicket-forming shrub or small tree widespread across United States.

Bark smooth, brown or gray, becoming furrowed and scaly. Leaves elliptic to obovate,

2-4 m (5-10 cm) long, abruptly short-pointed at apex, edges sharply saw-toothed, thick'

above shiny dark green, beneath paler and sometimes slightly hairy. Flowers many along

a stalk, white, y^-y^ in (10-12 mm) wide. Fruits edible chokecherries U-s/. in (6-10 mm) in

diameter, dark red or blackish.

Principal uses: Fruits edible, astringent when raw, used in making some wines and iellv

also wildlife food. '' ^'

BB. Leaves coarsely toothed, with straight, parallel side veins;

fruit a spiny bur with edible nuts.

E. Leaves about twice as long as wide—Beech (Fagus).

31
97. American beech. 98. American chest- 99. Northern red oak. 100. Scarlet oak.

nut.

P^l . \ -^

P^m

\^ 2^.

97. American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (beech). Large tree of eastern third of

United States and adjacent Canada, also a variety local in mountains of eastern Mexico.

Bark blue gray, thin, smooth. Leaves in 2 rows, oval, 21/9-5 in (6-13 cm) long, long-ponited,

coarsely toothed, the side veins parallel, dark blue green above and light green beneath,

hairless or nearly so. Fruit a shiny bur % in (2 cm) long, containing 2 or 3 triangular,

edible nuts 1/9-34 in (12-20 mm) long, known as beechnuts.

Principal uses: Boxes (especially food containers), baskets, and pallets; furniture (particularly chairs), flooring, sash, doors, trim, paneling, and general millwork; woodenware

and novelties; and handles brooms, and brushes. Railroad crossties. Pulpwood. Distillation

products, charcoal, and fireplace wood. Beechnuts. Shade tree.

EE. Leaves more than 3 times as long as wide—Chestnut

(Castanea).

98. American chestnut, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (chestnut). Sprouts persisting

from roots, formerly large tree (killed by chestnut blight disease), of Appalachian Mountain

and Ohio Valley regions; also in extreme southern Ontario. Now almost exterminated by

chestnut blight, but root sprouts sometimes bear chestnuts before dying. Bark dark brown,

irregularly fissured into broad, flat ridges. Leaves narrowly oblong, 5-9 in (13-23 cm) long,

and li/,-3 in (4-7.5 cm) wide, long-pointed, coarsely toothed with slightly curved teeth,

many parallel side veins, yellow green, hairless. Fruit a spiny bur 2-2/2 in (5-6 cm) in

diameter, containing 2 or 3 broad, flattened, edible chestnuts 1/9-1 in (12-25 mm) wide.

Principal uses: Formerly, the wood was the main domestic source of tannin. Formerly,

general construction, furniture, caskets, boxes and crates; plywood, poles, railroad crossties,

pulpwood. Fuelwood. Edible chestnuts. The leaves are an official drug.

ii (i on p. 20). Winter buds 3 or more in cluster at tip of twig; pith of twigs

star-shaped in cross section; fruit an acorn—Oak {Qiierciis).

Most of the 22 species of eastern oaks included here have commercially important woods,

which are grouped into red oaks and white oaks.

Principal uses: Oaks are the most important hardwood timbers in the United States and

first in sawtimber volume. However, demands have been changing. The greatest single use

is for hardwood dimension and flooring (oak is the principal flooring wood). Oak is popular for household and public furniture. Uses as veneer and plywood in millwork and furniture are increasing. The leading wood for railroad crossties and an important source of

mine timbers. White oak is outstanding for tight barrels, kegs, and casks for storing and

32
101. Shumard oak. 102. Pin oak. 103. Northern pin

oak.

104. Nuttalloak.

curing whiskey and wine. Truck and trailer beds, containers, pallets, caskets, boxes, paneling, jigs, and shipbuilding and boatbuilding. Pulpwood, fenceposts, piling, fuelwood and

charcoal. Some species are important shade trees. The acorns are eaten by wildlife and

livestock. ("Native oak" Qiiercus spp., is the State tree of Illinois. Oak, Quercus spp., is

the State tree of Iowa.)

F. Leaves and their lobes, if present, bristle-tipped; acorns maturing in

second-year—Black oaks (or red oaks, the lumber of most species

included here usually sold as red oak).

G. Leaves broad, more than 2 in (5 cm) wide, margins distinctly lobed and

with bristle-pointed teeth.

H. Under surface of leaves green and nearly hairless,

99. Northern red oak, Qiiercus rubra L. (red oak, common red oak, gray oak, eastern

red oak, mountain red oak; Q. borealis Michx. f.). Large tree of eastern half of United

States (except southern border) and in adjacent Canada. Bark dark brown, fissured into

broad, flat ridges. Leaves elliptic, 5-9 in (13-23 cm) long, 7-11-lobed less than halfway to

middle, the lobes with a few irregular bristle-pointed teeth, dull dark green above, beneath

pale yellow green, hairless or nearly so, usually turning red in fall. Acorns ^-U/s in

(15-28 mm) long, with deep or shallow cup.

Principal uses: The most important lumber tree of red oak group. Shade tree. (State tree

of New Jersey.)

100. Scarlet oak, Quercus coccínea Muenchh. (Spanish oak, red oak, black oak). Large

tree of eastern third of United States except southern border. Bark dark brown or gray,

fissured into irregular, scaly ridges. Leaves elliptic, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, deeply 7-lobed

nearly to middle, lobes broader toward tip and with few bristle-pointed teeth, edges

rounded between lobes, bright green, shiny, and hairless above, paler and nearly hairless

beneath, turning scarlet in fall. Acorns 1/0-34 in (12-20 mm) long, a third to half enclosed

by the deep cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber. Shade tree. (Official tree of District of Columbia.)

101. Shumard oak, (¿uercus shumardii Buckl. (Shumard red oak, southern red oak,

swamp red oak, red oak, spotted oak). Large tree of Eastern United States, chiefly in

Atlantic coast. Gulf coast, and Mississippi Valley regions. Bark gray or reddish brown,

fissured into scaly plates. Leaves elliptic, 3-7 in (7.5-18 cm) long, 5-9 lobed more than

halfway to middle, lobes with few bristle-pointed teeth, edges rounded or pointed between

33
105. Black oak. 106. Southern red oak. 107. Blackjack oak. 108. Shingle oak.

I-^M ?¿

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the lobes, dark green and shiny above, beneath light green with tufts of hairs along midvein. Acorns ^-li/s ^^ (15-28 mm) long, with shallow or deep cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber. Shade tree.

102. Pin oak, Quercus palustris Muenchh. (swamp oak). Large tree of northeastern

quarter of United States except northern border; also in southern Ontario. Bark grayish

brown, smooth, becoming fissured with low, scaly ridges. Leaves elliptic, 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm)

long, deeply 5-7-lobed nearly to middle, lobes with few bristle-pointed teeth, dark green

and very shiny above, light green and nearly hairless beneath. Acorns rounded, about i/^ in

(12 mm) in diameter, with shallow cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber. Piling. Shade tree.

103. Northern pin oak, Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill (jack oak. Hills oak, black oak).

Medium-sized to large tree of north central United States. Bark gray brown, smoothish,

becoming fissured into thin plates. Leaves elliptic, 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm) long, deeply 5-7-lobed

with bristle-pointed teeth, shiny green above, paler beneath, hairless except for tufts of

hairs along midvein beneath. Acorns elliptic or rounded, 1/4-34 in (12-20 mm) long, a third

to half enclosed by deep cup.

Principal use: Red oak lumber.

104. Nuttall oak, Quercus nuttallii Palmer. Large tree of lower Mississippi Valley and

Gulf Coastal Plain regions from Alabama to Missouri and Texas. Bark dark brownish gray,

slightly fissured. Leaves oblong or elliptic, 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, deeply 5- or 7-lobed, the

narrow lobes with few bristle-pointed teeth, dark green above, paler and nearly hairless

beneath. Acorns oblong, 3^-11/4 in (20-30 mm) long, a third to half enclosed by deep cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber. Furniture, truck-trailer flooring, railroad car decks,

pallets, cabinetwork, interior trim, specialties.

HH. Under surface of leaves with brownish or gray hairy coat.

105. Black oak, Quercus velutina Lam. (yellow oak, quercitron oak). Large tree of eastern half of United States and southern Ontario. Bark blackish, thick, deeply furrowed,

with blocklike ridges; inner bark yellow. Leaves elliptic, 4-10 in (10-25 cm) long, 7-9-lobed

about halfway to middle, lobes broad and with few bristle-pointed teeth, shiny dark green

above, usually brown-hairy beneath, turning dull red or brown in fall. Acorns "ys-^ in

(15-20 mm) long, half enclosed by deep cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber. Bark formerly was a source of tannin and yellow dye.

Shade tree.

34
109. Water oak. 110. Laurel oak. 111. Willow oak. 112. Live oak.

106. Southern red oak, Qiiercus falcata Michx. (Spanish oak, water oak, red oak; Q. rubra

auth.) Variety: cherrybark oak, swamp red oak, var. pagodaefolia Ell. Large tree of Atlantic

coast. Gulf coast, and Mississippi \'alley regions. Bark dark brown, thick, fissured into

narrow ridges. Leaves elliptic or slightly triangular, 3-8 in long, (7.5-20 cm) deeply 3-7-

lobed nearly to middle or slightly 3-lobed near broad apex (less deeply 5-11-lobed in cherrybark oak), lobes with 1-3 bristle-pointed teeth, dark green hairless, and shiny above, densely

rusty or grayish hairy beneath, turning brown or orange in fall. Acorns rounded, about

14 in (12 mm) in diameter, with shallow cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber. Shade tree.

107. Blackjack oak, Qiiercus marilandica Muenchh. (blackjack, jack oak, black oak,

barren oak). Small tree of eastern half of United States except northern border. Bark

blackish, thick and rough, divided into small squarish blocks. Leaves slightly triangular,

3-7 in (7.5-18 cm) long, broadest at 3-lobed apex, gradually narrowed to rounded base, the

broad lobes with 1 or few bristle-pointed teeth, dark green, hairless, and shiny above,

brownish or rusty-hairy beneath, turning brown or yellow in fall. Acorns % in (20 mm)

long, about half enclosed by deep cup.

Principal uses: Railroad crossties, fuelwood, charcoal.

GG. Leaves narrow, less than 2 in (5 cm) broad, with edges straight or

slightly 3-lobed.

108. Shingle oak, Qiiercus imbricaría Michx. (laurel oak). Medium-sized or large tree of

eastern third of United States (except extreme north and south). Bark smooth, light brown,

becoming fissured into brown scaly ridges. Leaves oblong, or lance-shaped, 3-6 in (7.5-13

cm) long, short-pointed or rounded at both ends, edges slightly wavy, shiny dark green and

hairless above, pale green and hairy beneath. Acorns rounded, I/Q-'Hí in (12-15 mm) long,

a third to half enclosed by deep cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber, shingles.

109. Water oak, Qiiercus nigra L. (possum oak, spotted oak). Large tree of Atlantic coast,

Gulf coast, and Mississippi Valley regions. Bark gray, fissured into irregular, scaly ridges.

Leaves oblong, 11/2"^ i" (4-13 cm) long, broadest at rounded or 3-lobed apex or sometimes

with several lobes, dull blue green, paler beneath with tufts of hairs along vein angles, turning yellow in fall and shedding in winter. Acorns rounded, %-% in (10-15 mm) in diameter,

with shallow cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber. Shade tree.

35
113. Chinkapin oak. 114. Chestnut oak. 115. Swamp chestnut 116. Swamp white

oak. oak.

L ^M .

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110. Laurel oak, Qiierciis laiirifolia Michx. (Darlington oak, water oak, diamondleaf oak).

Large tree of South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Bark dark brown, smoothish, on large

trunks becoming deeply furrowed, with broad ridges. Leaves narrowly oblong, 2-5i/2 in

(5-14 cm) long, short-pointed, edges not toothed or lobed, shiny dark green above, light

green beneath, hairless, nearly evergreen but shedding in early spring. Acorns rounded,

about 14 in (12 mm) in diameter, with shallow cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber. Shade tree.

111. Willow oak, Qiierciis phellos L. (peach oak, pin oak, swamp willow oak). Large tree

of Atlantic coast. Gulf coast, and Mississippi Valley regions. Bark gray or brown, smoothish, on large trunks becoming fissured into scaly ridges. Leaves very narrowly oblong or

lance-shaped, 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long and %-34 in (1-2 cm) broad, short-pointed with straight

or slightly wavy edges, light green and shiny above, beneath dull and slightly hairy or

nearly hairless, turning pale yellow in fall. Acorns small, rounded, 3^ in (10 mm) in

diameter, with shallow cup.

Principal uses: Red oak lumber. Shade tree.

FF. Leaves and their lobes not bristle-tipped; acorns maturing in first year

—White oaks (lumber of most species sold as white oak).

I. Leaves with edges usually straight and rolled under, evergreen.

112. Live oak, Qiiercus virginiana Mill, (sand live oak). Medium-sized, widespreading tree

of South Atlantic coast and Gulf coast regions. Bark dark brown, furrowed and slightly

scaly. Leaves evergreen, elliptic or oblong, 2-5 in (5-13 cm) long, usually rounded at apex,

edges usually straight and rolled under, shiny dark green above, whitish hairy beneath.

Acorns 1-5 on stalks 1/2-3 in (1.2-7.5 cm) long, 34-I in (20-25 mm) long, narrow, with

deep cup.

Principal uses: Shade tree. Formerly used in shipbuilding. (State tree of Georgia.)

II. Leaves with edges lobed or toothed, shedding in fall.

j. Leaf edges wavy with uniform, rounded teeth (Chestnut oaks).

113. Chinkapin oak, Qiierciis miiehlenbergii Engelm. (chestnut oak, yellow chestnut oak,

rock chestnut oak, yellow oak). Large tree of eastern half of United States and local in New

Mexico; also in southern Ontario. Bark light gray, thin, fissured, and flaky. Leaves narrowly

elliptic or broadly lance-shaped, 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long, short- or long-pointed, usually

rounded at base, edges wavy with coarse, slightly curved teeth, dark or yellowish green

above, whitish hairy beneath, turning orange and scarlet in fall. Acorns 1/2"% ^^^ (12-20 mm)

36
117. Bur oak. 118. Overcup oak. 119. Post oak. 120. White oak.

long, rounded, half enclosed by deep cup.

Principal use: White oak lumber.

114. Chestnut oak, (¿lierais prinus L. (rock chestnut oak, rock oak, tanbark oak; Q. montana Willd.). Large tree of Appalachian Mountain and Ohio Valley regions; also in

southern Ontario. Bark brown or blackish, on large trunks becoming deeply furrowed into

broad ridges. Leaves elliptic or obovate, 5-8 in (13-20 cm) long, short- or long-pointed at

apex and base, edges wavy with rounded teeth, shiny yellow green above, paler and hairy

or nearly hairless beneath, turning dull orange in fall. Acorns large, 1-11/2 i^ (25-38 mm)

long, a third to half enclosed by thin, deep, warty cup.

Principal uses: White oak lumber. Furniture, flooring, and cooperage. The bark formerly

was a source of tannin.

115. Swamp chestnut oak, Qiiercus michauxii Nutt. (cow oak, basket oak; Q. priniis^ L.,

in part). Large tree of Atlantik coast, Gulf coast, and Mississippi Valley regions. Bark light

gray, fissured and scaly. Leaves obovate or elliptic, 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, gradually narrowed toward base, usually broadest above middle, edges wavy with rounded teeth, shiny

dark green above, densely grayish hairy beneath, turning crimson in fall. Acorns large,

1-11/2 in (25-38 mm) long, a third or more enclosed by thick, deep cup composed of many

distinct scales.

Principal use: White oak lumber.

116. Swamp white oak, Qiiercus bicolor Willd. (white oak). Large tree of northeastern

quarter of United States and adjacent Canada. Bark brown, scaly, on old trunks becoming

furrow^ed into long, scaly ridges. Leaves obovate, 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long, gradually narrowed toward base, broadest above middle, edges wavy with rounded teeth or lobes, dark

green and shiny above, densely whitish hairy beneath, turning yellow brown, orange, or

red in fall. Acorns usually in pairs on stalks 11/2-3 in (4-7.5 cm) long, 3/4-I14 in (20-31 mm)

long, a third enclosed by deep cup.

Principal uses: White oak lumber. Railroad crossties, pallets, flooring, and cooperage.

jj. Leaf edges deeply lobed.

117. Bur oak, Qiiercus macrocarpa Michx. (mossycup oak, blue oak). Large tree of eastern half of United States west to Montana and in adjacent Canada west to Saskatchewan.

Bark light brown, deeply furrowed into scaly ridges. Leaves obovate, 4-10 in (10-25 cm)

long, wedge-shaped at base, broadest above middle, lower part deeply lobed nearly to

middle and the upper half with shallow lobes, dark green and usually shiny above, grayish

or whitish hairy beneath, turning yellow or brown in fall. Acorns usually large, 34-2 in

37
(20-50 mm) long, broad, half enclosed by large cup with fringelike border.

Principal uses: White oak lumber. Shelterbelts. Shade tree and ornamental.

118. Overcup oak, Quercus lyrata Walt, (swamp post oak, swamp white oak, water white

oak). Medium-sized to large tree of Atlantic coast. Gulf coast, and Mississippi Valley

regions. Bark brownish gray, fissured into large irregular, scaly ridges. Leaves narrowly

oblong or obovate, 6-8 in (15-20 cm) long, wedge-shaped at base, deeply lobed nearly to

middle with 7-9 rounded or pointed lobes, the 2 lowest lobes on each side much smaller,

dark green and hairless above, white hairy beneath, turning yellowish, orange, or scarlet

in fall. Acorns I/2-I in (12-25 mm) long, nearly enclosed by spherical deep cup with ragged

edge.

Principal use: White oak lumber.

119. Post oak, Quercus stellata Wangenh. (iron oak). Variety: Delta post oak, Q. stellata

var. paludosa Sarg. (Mississippi Valley oak). Small to medium-sized (rarely large) tree of

eastern half of United States except northern border. Bark reddish brown, fissured into

broad, scaly ridges. Leaves oblong or obovate, 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, usually wedgeshaped at base, deeply 5-7-lobed (3-lobed in a variety), the lobes broad and 2 middle

lobes largest (with base and apex forming a cross), dark green and rough above, grayish

hairy beneath, turning brown in fall. Acorns i/^-l in (12-25 mm) long, nearly half enclosed

by deep cup.

Principal uses: Railroad crossties and construction timbers.

120. White oak, Quercus alba L. (stave oak). Large tree of eastern half of United States

and adjacent Canada. Bark light gray, fissured into scaly ridges. Leaves elliptic, 4-9 in

(10-23 cm) long, deeply or shallowly 5-9-lobed, hairless, bright green above, pale or whitish

beneath, turning deep red in fall. Acorns 34-I in (20-25 mm) long, with shallow cup.

Principal uses: The most important lumber tree of the white oak group and one of the

best oaks with high-grade all-purpose wood. The outstanding wood for tight barrels. Shade

tree. (State tree of Connecticut and Maryland.)

WESTERN

Tree species Nos, 121-180 are native ivithin the western half of continental United States, west of the prairie-plains and including Alaska. Also,

the following 12 species of eastern trees are partly western: Nos. 16, 33, 37,

80, 81, 83, 88, 92, 93, 96,113, 117. These 5 species of eastern trees range also

beyond to Alaska: Nos. 2,16,17, 83, 88.

GYMNOSPERMS (CONIFERS OR SOFTWOODS)

A (AA on p. 48). Trees resinous, with leaves needlelike or scalelike, evergreen (except larch,

No. 121); seeds borne on scales of a cone (berrylike in juniper, Nos. 154-157, or seeds

single in a fleshy scarlet cup in yew, No. 134)—Gymnosperms (conifers or softwoods,

such as pines, spruces, firs).

B. Leaves shedding in fall, needlelike, many in cluster on short, spur branches—Larch

(Larix; see also No. 2).

121. Western larch, Larix occidentalis Nutt. (hackmatack, Montana larch, mountain

larch, tamarack, western tamarack). Large tree of mountains of Northwestern United States

and Southeastern British Columbia. Bark reddish brown, scaly, becoming deeply furrowed

into flat ridges with many overlapping plates. Needles many in cluster on short, spur

branches (or single on leading twigs), 3-angled, I-I14 in (2.5-3 cm) long, light pale green,

shedding in fall. Cones upright 1-114 in (2.5-4 cm) long, with long, pointed bracts.

Principal uses: Lumber for construction, interior paneling, flooring, crates, pallets, and

railway-cars. Utility poles, piling, and mine-shaft guides. Plywood. Pulpwood. Chemical

products, such as medicines and baking powder, can be made from the natural sugar

(galactan) in gum and wood. Ornamental.

BB. Leaves evergreen, needlelike or scalelike, single or not more than 5 in a cluster.

C. Leaves in clusters of 2-5 (1 in No. 133), with sheath at base, needlelike—Pine

(Pinus).

D. Needles 5 in a cluster—White (soft) pines.

122. Bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata Engelm. (foxtail pine, Intermountain bristlecone

pine, Colorado bristlecone pine, hickory pine; P. longaeva D. K. Bailey). Small to mediumsized tree of high altitudes in Rocky Mountains and Great Basin. (The world's oldest known

38
121. Western larch. 122. Bristlecone pine. 123. Limber pine. 124. Western white

pine.

living dated trees, a few more than 4,600 years old.) Bark smoothish gray, becoming irregularly fissured, scaly, and reddish brown. Needles numerous and densely crowded, 5 in a

cluster, l-Ii/^ in (2.5-4 cm) long, stout, dark green, curved and pressed against twig, persistent many years in "foxtails." Cones 21/9-4 in (6-10 cm) long, dark purplish brown, scales

with slender prickles.

Principal use: Mine timbers.

123. Limber pine, Pinus flexilis James (Rocky Mountain white pine, white pine).

Medium-sized tree of Rocky Mountain region, including adjacent Canada. Bark dark brown,

furrowed into rectangular, scaly plates. Needles 5 in cluster, slender, 2-3i4 in (5-9 cm) long,

dark green. Cones short-stalked, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, yellow brown, with thick, rounded

scales and large seeds %-i/4 in (10-12 mm) long.

Principal uses: Lumber (mostly for rough construction and occasionally for boxes), railroad crossties, poles, and fuel.

124. Western white pine, Pinus montícola Dougl. (mountain white pine, Idaho white

pine, white pine). Large tree of northern Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions, including southern British Columbia. Bark gray, thin, smoothish, becoming fissured into

rectangular, scaly plates. Needles 5 in cluster, stout, 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long, blue green.

Cones long-stalked, 5-12 in (13-30 cm) long, yellow brown, dark red, or purple, with thin,

rounded scales.

Principal uses: Important timber tree. Lumber for building construction, interior paneling, windows, panel doors, trim, moldings, patterns, furniture. Plywood. Pulpwood. A

leading match wood. (State tree of Idaho.)

125. Sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana Dougl. (California sugar pine). Very large tree

(world's largest pine) of Pacific coast region from Oregon to Baja California. Bark brown,

furrowed into irregular, scaly ridges. Needles 5 in cluster, stout, 3-4 in (7.5-10 cm) long,

blue green. Cones long-stalked, very large, 12-18 in (30-45 cm) long, yellow brown, with

thin, rounded scales.

Principal uses: Lumber for building construction, boxes and crates, millwork, and

foundry patterns.

DD, Needles 3 or fewer in a cluster—Yellow (hard) pines (Nos. 126-131) and pinyons

(or nut pines, Nos. 132 and 133).

E. Needles more than 4 in (10 cm) long.

39
125. Sugar pine. 126. Ponderosa pine. 127. Jeffrey pine. 128. Digger pine.

126. Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. (Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine,

western yellow pine, yellow pine, ponderosa pine, Arizona pine, blackjack pine, bull pine,

rock pine, pino real). Large tree of Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions, includnig

adjacent Canada and Mexico (the most widely distributed pine in North America). Bark

brown or blackish, furrowed into ridges; on older trunks becoming yellow brown and irregularly fissured into large, flat, scaly plates. Needles 3 or 2 and 3 in cluster, stout, 4-7 in

(10-18 cm) long, dark green. Cones short-stalked, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, light reddish

brown, the scales with prickles.

Principal uses: Important timber tree, the most important western pine, and second to

Douglas-fir in total stand in the United States. Lumber for many uses, such as building

construction, boxes, furniture. The major species for windows and panel doors. Patterns,

toys, caskets, and luggage. Posts, poles, and pulpwood. Christmas trees and decorations.

Shelterbelts, ornamental, and shade tree. (State tree of Montana.)

127. Jeffrey pine, Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. (western yellow pine, bull pine, black pine,

ponderosa pine). Large tree of Pacific coast region from Oregon to Lower California. Bark

purplish brown, becoming fissured into large plates. Needles 3 in cluster, stout, 5-10 in

(13-25 cm) long, blue green. Cones short-stalked, 5-10 in (13-25 cm) long, light brown,

scales with prickles. .

Principal uses: Lumber sold as ponderosa pine (No. 126) and has similar uses.

128. Digger pine, Pinus sahiniana Dougl. (gray pine, bull pine). Medium-sized tree of

California foothills. Bark dark brown, furrowed into broad, irregular, scaly ridges. Needles

3 in cluster, slender and drooping, 8-12 in (20-30 cm) long, pale blue green. Cones longstalked, 6-10 in (15-25 cm) long, red brown, with stout scales ending in curved spines. Seeds

34-7/g in (20-22 mm) long, edible.

Principal uses: Fuel. Shelterbelts. Edible seeds.

129. Knobcone pine, Pinus attenuata Lemm. Small to medium-sized tree of southwestern

Oregon and California. Bark brown, thin, fissured into large, scaly ridges. Needles 3 in

cluster slender 3-7 in (7.5-18 cm) long, yellowish green. Cones usually clustered and

abundant, l-sided, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, light yellow brown, with prickly scales, remaining closed on tree indefinitely.

Principal uses: Fuel. Shelterbelts.

40
129. Knobcone pine. 130. Monterey pine. 131. Lodgepole

pine.

132. Pinyon.

130. Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don. Medium-sized to large tree rare and very

local on coast of central California including Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands and

Guadalupe Island of Mexico. Bark dark reddish brown, deeply furrowed into scaly plates.

Needles 3 in cluster, slender, 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long, green. Cones egg-shaped, pointed at

apex, very 1-sided at base, short-stalked, turned back, 3-5i4 in (7.5-14 cm) long, shiny

brown, prickly, the scales on outer side near base much thickened, remaining closed on

tree.

Principal uses: The most common pine in forest plantations in the southern hemisphere

for pulpwood and lumber. Shade and ornament.

EE. Needles less than 3 in (7.5 cm) long.

131. Lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. (black pine, scrub pine, tamarack pine).

Varieties: shore pine, var. contorta, of Pacific coast; lodgepole pine (Rocky Mountain), var.

latijolia Engelm; Sierra lodgepole pine, var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm. Mediumsized to large tree of Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions including southeast Alaska,

adjacent Canada, and Baja California. Bark gray or brown, thin, with many loose scales.

Needles 2 in cluster, stout, often twisted, 1-3 in (2.5-7.5 cm) long, yellow green. Cones

egg-shaped, 1-sided, 3^-2 in (2-5 cm) long, light yellow brown or dark green with prickly

scales usually remaining closed on tree many years.

Principal uses: Lumber, including knotty pine paneling, cabinetwork, and interior finish.

Mine timbers, fence posts, poles, utility poles. Pulpwood.

132. Pinyon, Pinus ediilis Engelm. (two-leaf pinyon, two-needle pinyon, Colorado pinyon,

nut pine, "pinyon pine," piñón; Pinus cembroides var. ednlis (Engelm.) Voss). Small tree of

southern Rocky Mountain region, mainly in foothills. Bark reddish brown, furrowed into

scaly ridges. Needles 2 (sometimes 3) in cluster, stout, %-lV^ ^^ (^^ cm) long, dark green.

Cones egg-shaped, 11/2-2 in (4-5 cm) long, light brown, with stout, blunt scales and large

wingless, edible seeds y^ in (12 mm) long.

Principal uses: The edible seeds are a wild, commercial nut crop, sold as pinyon nuts and

Indian nuts. Mine timbers and fuel. Ornamental. Christmas trees. (State tree of New

Mexico.)

133. Singleleaf pinyon, Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém. (pinyon, nut pine, "singleleaf

pinyon pine," piñón; Pinus cembroides var. monophylla (Torr. Se Frém.) Voss). Small tree

41
133. Singleleaf

pinyon.

134. Pacific yew. 135. Western hem- 136. Mountain hemlock, lock.

of Great Basin region to California and Baja California. Bark dark brown, furrowed into

scaly ridges. Needles 1 in a sheath, stout, 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long, gray green. Cones eggshaped, 2-21/2 in (5-6 cm) long, light brown, with stout, blunt scales, and large wingless,

thin-shelled edible seeds % in (20 mm) long.

Principal uses: The edible seeds are sold locally as pinyon nuts and pine nuts. Mine

timbers and fuel. (State tree of Nevada.)

CC. Leaves borne singly and not in clusters, without sheath at base, needlelike or

scalelike.

F. (FF on page 46), Leaves needlelike, mostly more than i/^ in (12 mm) long.

G. Twigs roughened by projecting bases of old needles.

H. Needles with leafstalk, flattened, appearing in 2 rows (half-round and

extending in No. 136).

/. Needles stiff, sharp-pointed, extending down twig—Yew (Taxus).

134. Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia Nutt. (western yew). Small to medium-sized tree of

Pacific Coast and northern Rocky Mountain regions north to Canada and southeast Alaska.

Bark purplish brown, very thin, smoothish, with papery scales. Needles in 2 rows, flat,

slightly curved, paler beneath, stiff, sharp-pointed, i/g-l in (12-25 cm) long, dark yellow

green, leafstalks extending down twigs. Seeds single, 3^ in (10 mm) long (poisonous), exposed at apex but partly surrounded by a thick, fleshy, scarlet cup.

Principal uses: Poles, canoe paddles, bows, and small cabinetwork. Ornamental.

//. Needles soft, blunt-pointed, not extending down twig—Hemlock (Tsuga).

135. Western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. (Pacific hemlock, west coast hemlock). Large tree of Pacific coast and northern Rocky Mountain regions north to Canada

and Alaska. Bark purplish brown, deeply furrowed into bread, flat ridges. Needles shortstalked, flat, 1/4-3/4 in (6-20 mm) long, shiny dark green, lighter beneath. Cones 34-I in

(2-2.5 cm) long, brownish.

Principal uses: Important timber tree. Pulpwood (one of the best). Construction, interior

finish, boxes and crates, flooring, and veneer for plywood. Railroad crossties, mine timbers,

and marine piling. The bark is a potential source of tannin. Ornamental. (State tree of

Washington.)

42
137. Engelmann

spruce.

138. Blue spruce. 139. Sitka spruce. 140. Douglas-fir.

136. Mountain hemlock, Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. (black hemlock, alpine hemlock). Large to small tree of mountains to timber line. Pacific coast and northern Rocky

Mountain regions north to Canada and Alaska. Bark reddish brown, deeply furrowed into

narrow ridges. Needles short-stalked, half-round or angled, 14-I in (6-25 mm) long, blue

green. Cones l-2i/^ in (2.5-6 cm) long, usually purplish or green, turning brown.

Principal uses: Same as No. 135.

HH. Needles without leafstalk, 4-angled (flat in No. 139), sharp-pointed, extending out on all sides of twig—Spruce {Picea; see also Nos. 16 and 17).

137. Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry (Columbian spruce, mountain spruce,

silver spruce, white spruce). Large tree of high mountains, Rocky Mountain and Pacific

coast regions, including adjacent Canada. Bark grayish or purplish brown, thin, with loosely

attached scales. Needles 4-angled, ^-li/g in (15-28 mm) long, dark or pale blue green, of

disagreeable odor when crushed. Cones 11/2-21/2 in (4-6 cm) long, light brown, with long,

thin, flexible scales irregularly toothed and more or less pointed.

Principal uses: Home construction, plywood. Piano sounding boards, violins, boxes, crates,

prefabricated wood products, specialty items, furniture. Pulpwood. Ornamental.

138. Blue spruce, Picea piingens Engelm. (Colorado blue spruce, Colorado spruce, silver

spruce). Large tree of Rocky Mountain region. Bark gray or brown, furrowed into scaly

ridges. Needles 4-angled, y^^-U/^ in (20-28 mm) long, dull blue green. Cones 2i/4-4 in

(6-10 cm) long, light brown, with long, thin, flexible scales irregularly toothed and more

or less pointed.

Principal uses: Ornamental and shelterbelts. Posts, poles, and fuel. (State tree of Colorado

and Utah.)

139. Sitka spruce. Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. (coast spruce, tideland spruce, yellow

spruce). Large to very large tree (the largest native spruce) of Pacific coast region north to

Canada and Alaska. Bark reddish brown, thin, with loosely attached scales. Needles flat,

^-1 in (15-25 mm) long, dark green. Cones 2-31/2 in (5-9 cm) long, light orange brown,

with long, stiff scales, rounded and irregularly toothed.

Principal uses: Manufactured products, including piano sounding boards, siding, food

containers, cooperage, Venetian blinds, boat construction items, door cuttings, cabinets,

scaffold planking, and aircraft items. Pulpwood. Formerly an important wood for aircraft

construction. Ornamental. (State tree of Alaska.)

43
141. White fir. 142. Subalpine fir. 143. Pacific silver fir. 144. Grand fir.

r

8

GG. Twigs smooth or nearly so.

/. Needles with short leafstalks;

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga).

cones hanging down, with 3-toothed bracts140. Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (red-fir, Oregon-pine, Douglasspruce, coast Douglas-fir, Oregon Douglas-fir, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, inland Douglasfir, Colorado Douglas-fir; Ps. doiiglasii (Sabine) Carr., Ps. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw., Ps. taxifolia (Poir.) Britton). Very large tree (next to giant sequoia and redwood in size) of Pacific

coast and Rocky Mountain regions, including Canada and Mexico. Bark reddish brown,

thick, deeply furrowed into broad ridges. Needles short-stalked, flat, 3^4-114 in (20-30 mm)

long, dark yellow green or blue green. Cones 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long, light brown, with thin,

rounded scales and long, 3-toothed bracts.

Principal uses: Important timber tree, first in United States in total stand volume, lumber production, and production of veneer for plywood. Used mainly for building construction as lumber, timbers, piling, and plywood. Also railroad crossties, cooperage, mine timbers and fencing. Lumber manufactured into millwork, railroad-car construction, boxes

and'crates, flooring, furniture, ships and boats, ladders. Pulpwood. Also shade tree, ornamental, and shelterbelts. (State tree of Oregon.)

//. Needles without leafstalks; cones upright, in top of tree—Fir {Abies; see also

No. 19).

K. Needles flat.

141. White fir, Abies concolor (Cord. & Glend.) Lindl. (concolor fir, silver fir, white

balsam, balsam fir). Variety: California white fir, var. lowiana (Gold.) Lemm. (Pacific white

fir). Mountain and Pacific coast regions, south to northwestern Mexico. Bark gray, smoothish, becoming thick, deeply furrowed into scaly ridges. Needles flat, 11/2-2^2 ^ (4-6 cm)

long pale blue green. Cones upright, 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm) long, greenish, purple, or yellow.

Principal uses: Lumber for construction, including framing, sheathing, flooring, interior

trim ancl millwork, paneling, and sash and doors. Industrial uses such as boxes and crates,

food containers, and plywood products. Pulpwood. Ornamental and shade tree.

142. Subalpme fir, Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (alpine fir, balsam, white balsam,

balsam fir, white fir). Medium-sized to large tree of high mountains. Rocky Mountain

44
145. Noble fir. 146. California red

fir.

147. Redwood. 148. Giant sequoia.

region north to Canada and southeast Alaska. Bark gray, smoothish, becoming fissured.

Needles ñat, 1-134 in (25-45 mm) long, blue green. Cones upright, 2i/4-4 in (6-10 cm) long,

purple.

Principal uses: Same as No. 141.

143. Pacific silver fir, Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, (lovely fir, silver fir, amabilis fir,

red fir, Cascades fir). Large tree of Pacific coast region from Oregon north to western British

Columbia and extreme southeast Alaska. Bark gray, smoothish, becoming rough and scaly.

Needles ñat or pointing forward, y^-U^ in (20-30 mm) long, dark green and shiny, silvery

white beneath. Cones upright, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, purple.

Principal uses: Same as No. 141.

144. Grand fir, Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. (lowland white fir, lowland fir, balsam fir,

white fir, silver fir, yellow fir). Large tree of northern Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast

regions, including southern British Columbia. Bark brown, becoming deeply furrowed into

narrow ridges. Needles flat, in 2 rows 1-2 in (25-50 mm) long, dark green and shiny, silvery

white beneath. Cones upright, 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long, green or brown.

Principal uses: Same as No. 141.

KK. Needles 4-angled, or both 4-angled and flat.

145. Noble fir, Abies procera Rehd. (red fir, white fir; A. nobilis (Dougl.) Lindl., not

A. Dietr.). Large tree (one of the largest true firs) of Northwest Pacific coast region. Bark

gray brown and smoothish, becoming brown to red brown, furrowed and broken into irregular scaly plates. Needles of lower branches flat and of top branches 4-angled, 1-1V2 in

(25-38 mm) long, blue green. Cones upright, 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long, purplish brown, with

long greenish or reddish bracts covering cone scales.

Principal uses: Same as No. 141.

146. California red fir, Abies magnifica A. Murr, (red fir, silvertip, golden fir, white fir,

Shasta fir, Shasta red fir). Large tree (largest native true fir) of mountains in southwestern

Oregon, California, and extreme western Nevada. Bark reddish brown, thick, deeply furrowed into narrow ridges. Needles 4-angled, 34-I1/2 in (20-38 mm) long, blue green. Cones

upright, 6-9 in (15-23 cm) long, purplish brown.

Principal uses: Same as No. 141.

45
149. Incense-cedar. 150. Western redcedar.

151. Port-Orford- 152. Alaska-cedar,

cedar.

FF (F on p. 42). Leaves scalelike, less than 14 in (6 mm) long, or both scalelike and

needlelike to 34 in (20 mm) long.

L. Leaves single.

Af. Leaves both scalelike and needlelike—Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens).

147. Redwood, Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. (coast redwood, California redwood).

Very large tree (world's tallest) of Pacific coast in California and extreme southwestern

Oregon. Bark reddish brown, very thick, deeply furrowed, fibrous. Leaves both scalelike and

needlelike, fiat, slightly curved, unequal in length, 1/4-34 in (6-20 mm) long, dark green,

spreading in 2 rows. Cones 34-I in (2-2.5 cm) long, reddish brown, maturing first year.

Principal uses: Important timber tree. Building construction, beams, bridges, and other

heavy construction. Manufactured building products, such as siding, sash, doors, and veneer

for plywood and box products; wooden furniture and fixtures; and refrigeration and cooling equipment. Specialty products and decorative wood products from burls. Insulating

material is made from the bark. Ornamental and shade tree. (California redwood, including No. 148, is the State tree of California.)

MM. Leaves scalelike—Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum).

148. Giant sequoia, Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz (sequoia, bigtree. Sierra

redwood; Sequoia wellingtonia Seem., Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Decne., not Endl.). Very

large tree (world's largest in volume, weight, and trunk diameter; among the oldest, after

bristlecone pine, and tallest, after redwood), with swollen base. Sierra Nevada, California.

Bark reddish brown, thick, deeply furrowed fibrous. Leaves scalelike, 1/^-1/4 in (3-6 mm)

long or on leading shoots i/^ in (12 mm) long, blue green, sharp-pointed, growing all around

twig and overlapping. Cones l%-2% in (4.5-7 cm) long, reddish brown, maturing second

year.

Principal uses: Almost all trees are preserved in National Parks, National Forests, a State

Park, and a State Forest. Formerly lumbered for the same uses as No. 147.

LL. Leaves in pairs, 3's, or 4's, scalelike.

N. Leafy twigs more or less ñattened.

O. Twigs much ñattened, more than Y^Q in (1.5 mm) broad including leaves.

P. Joints of leafy twigs distinctly longer than broad—Incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens).

46
153. Arizona cypress. 154. Rocky Mountain 155. Alligator Juni- 156. Utah iuniper

juniper. per.

149. Incense-cedar, Libocedrus decurrens Torr. (Calocedrtis deciirrens (Torr.) Florin)

Large tree of Pacific coast region from Oregon to Baja California. Bark reddish brown,

thick deeply and irregularly furrowed into shreddy ridges. Twigs flattened, joints wedgeshaped, i/s-i/2 in (3-12 mm) long, bright green, with scale leaves i/ie-i/g in (1.5-3 mm) long,

their bases extending down twigs. Cones s/^-l in. (2-2.5 cm) long, reddish brown.

Principal uses: Exterior siding, sheathing, subñooring, interior paneling, woodwork Toys

shade'tree^'^'' ^"^""^ ^'''^'' ''^'^'' ^""^ P""^^'* ^^^ ^^^"^'"^ '^''''^ ^"""^ P^""^^^' ornamental and

PP. Joints of leafy twigs about as long as broad—Thuja (Thuja).

150. Western redcedar, Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don (Pacific redcedar, giant-cedar

arborvitae, giant arborvitae, canoe-cedar, shinglewood). Large to very large tree (second in

maximum trunk diameter) of Pacific coast and northern Rocky Mountain regions north to

Canada and southeast Alaska. Bark reddish brown, thin, fibrous. Twigs flattened and

branching in one plane. Leaves scalelike, i/iß-i/g in (1.5-3 mm) long, shiny, dark green

Cones 1/2 in (12 mm) long, pale brown, with several paired leathery scales.

Principal uses: The chief wood for shingles. One of the most important lumber species

for sidmg. Interior wall paneling, roof decking, caskets, wooden pipe and tanks, outdoorpatio construction, boatbuilding. A leading species for utility poles, fenceposts, and rails

Ornamental. r- >

00. Twigs slightly flattened, less than i/jß in (1.5 mm) broad including leaves

—White-cedar (Chamaecyparis).

151. Port-Orford-cedar, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Pari. (Port-Orford whitecedar, Oregon-cedar, Lawson cypress). Large to very large tree of Pacific coast in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Bark reddish brown, very thick deeply furrowed into large, fibrous ridges. Twigs slender, flattened. Leaves i/ig in (1.5 mm) long or

1/8-14 in (3-6 mm) long on leading shoots, bright green or pale beneath, with gland dot

on back. Cones about s/^ in (10 mm) in diameter.

Principal uses: Arrow shafts. Logs are exported to Japan for woodenware, novelties and

toys and construction in shrines and temples. Shade tree, ornamental, and shelterbelts.

152. Alaska-cedar, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach (Alaska yellow-cedar

yellow-cedar, Nootka cypress, Sitka cypress, yellow cypress). Large tree of Northwest Pacific

47
coast region north to Canada and Alaska. Bark grayish brown, thin, irregularly fissured,

fibrous, and scaly. Twigs stout, 4-angled or slightly flattened. Leaves i/^ in (3 mm) long, or

14 in (6 mm) long on leading shoots, dark green, usually without gland dot on back. Cones

nearly 1/2 in (12 mm) in diameter.

Principal uses: Construction, including flooring, bridges, culverts. Furniture, cabinetwork, interior finish, outdoor furniture, greenhouses. Utility poles, marine piling. Boats

and canoes. Ornamental.

NN. Leafy twigs rounded or 4-angled.

Q. Leafy twigs regularly branched almost at right angles; many seeds in a

hard cone—Cypress (Cupressus).

153. Arizona cypress, Cupressus arizonica Greene (Arizona rough cypress, Arizona smooth

cypress; C. glabra Sudw.). Medium-sized tree of Southwestern United States and adjacent

Mexico. Bark gray, rough, furrowed and fibrous, or checkered, or smoothish and shedding

in thin scales. Leaves scalelike, ^g in (1.5 mm) long, pale blue green. Cones 34-11^ in

(2-3 cm) in diameter, on stout stalks 14-14 ^^ (6-12 mm) long, remaining attached several

years.

Principal uses: Fenceposts, ornamental, and shelterbelts. Christmas trees.

QQ. Leafy twigs irregularly branched at small angles; seeds few in a soft

"berry"—Juniper (Juniperus).

154. Rocky Mountain juniper, Juniperus scopuloruin Sarg. (Rocky Mountain redcedar,

redcedar, river juniper). Small to medium-sized tree of Rocky Mountain region, including

adjacent Canada. Bark reddish brown, thin, fibrous and shreddy. Leafy twigs slender, about

%2 in (1 mm) in diameter. Leaves scalelike, I^^G in (1.5 mm) long, usually gray green, or on

leading shoots needlelike, up to 14 in (6 mm) long. "Berry" 14 in (6 mm) in diameter, bright

blue, bloomy, usually 2-seeded, maturing second year.

Principal uses: Fenceposts, fuel, lumber. Shelterbelts and ornamental.

155. Alligator juniper, Juniperus deppeana Steud. (checker-bark juniper; /. pachyphloea

Torr.). Medium-sized tree of Southwestern United States and Mexico. Bark gray, thick,

deeply furrowed into checkered or square plates. Leafy twigs %2~M6 in (1-1.5 mm) in

diameter. Leaves scalelike, ^g in (1.5 mm) long, blue green, with gland dot and often

whitish resin drop on back, or on leading shoots needlelike, up to 14 in (6 mm) long, pale

or whitish. "Berry" 14 in (12 mm) in diameter, bluish or brownish, bloomy, 4-seeded,

maturing second year.

Principal uses: Fuel and fenceposts.

156. Utah juniper, Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little (bigberry juniper; /. utahensis

(Engelm.) Lemm.). Small tree of Great Basin and Rocky Mountain regions. Bark gray,

fibrous, and shreddy. Leafy twigs stout, about 146 in (15 mm) or less in diameter. Leaves

14(5 in (1.5 mm) or more in length, yellow green. "Berry" 14-1/2 in (6-12 mm) in diameter,

brownish, bloomy, with 1 or 2 seeds.

Principal uses: Fenceposts, fuel, and interior finish.

157. Western juniper, Juniperus occidentalis Hook. (Sierra juniper). Small to mediumsized tree of Pacific coast region. Bark reddish brown, furrowed, and shreddy. Leafy twigs

stout, 1^6 in (1.5 mm) or more in diameter. Leaves scalelike, i/ie in (1.5 mm) or more in

length, with gland dot on back. "Berry" 14 in (6 mm) in diameter, bluish black, with

2 or 3 seeds.

Principal uses: Fenceposts, fuel, pencils.

ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS)

AA {A on p. 38). Trees nonresinous, with leaves broad, shedding in fall in most species

(evergreen in some oaks, tanoak, giant chinkapin, California-laurel, palms, etc.); seeds

enclosed in a fruit—Angiosperms (flowering plants).

MONOCOTYLEDONS

R. Leaves parallel-veined, evergreen, clustered at top of trunk or large branches; trunk

with woody portions irregularly distributed, without clear distinction of bark and

wood, and wihout annual rings—Monocotyledons (palms, yuccas, etc.).

158. Joshua-tree, Yucca brevifolia Engelm. Picturesque or grotesque small tree of Mohave

desert (mostly in California and Nevada) with short stout trunk and broad open crown of

many stout widely spreading branches. Trunks covered with dead leaves, becoming corky,

rough, deeply furrowed into brown or gray plates. Leaves evergreen, many, long and

narrow, mostly 8-14 in (20-36 cm) long, 14-1/0 in (6-12 mm) wdde, stiff, flattened, smooth

or slightly rough, blue green, ending in short, sharp spine, the yellow edges bearing many

48
157. Western juniper. 158. Joshua-tree. 159. Saguaro. 160. Yellow paloverde.

minute sharp teeth. Flowers many in terminal branched clusters, li^-2i/^ in (4-6 cm) long,

greenish yellow. Fruit egg-shaped, 2i/2-4 in (6-10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) in diameter,

green to brown, fleshy.

Principal use: Ornamental.

DICOTYLEDONS (BROADLEAF TREES OR HARDWOODS)

RR. Leaves net-veined (rarely none); trunk with bark and wood distinct and with annual

rings in wood—Dicotyledons (broadleaf trees, or hardwoods, such as oaks, poplars,

ashes, maples).

.S'. Leaves none (or soon shedding in No. 160); branches green, spiny.

T. Trunk and the few branches cyHndric, swollen, fleshy, with ridges bearing many

spines in clusters—Cereus (Cereus).

159. Saguaro, Cereus giganteus Engelm. (giant cactus; Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.)

Britton & Rose). Giant columnar tree cactus or small spiny leafless tree of Arizona desert.

Trunk and the few nearly erect branches cylindric, yellow green, with vertical fleshy ridges

(or ribs) bearing clusters of spreading gray spines. Flowers many, funnel-shaped, 4-4i/^ in

(10-11 cm) long, with many white petals. Fruits egg-shaped, 2-3i/2 in (5-9 cm) long, red,

fleshy, sweet and edible, splitting open.

Principal use: Ornamental. (State flower of Arizona.)

TT. Trunk and branches hard, woody, smooth, with green twigs ending in spines—

Paloverde (Cercidium).

160. Yellow paloverde, Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & Johnst. (foothill paloverde, littleleaf paloverde, small-leaf paloverde). Spiny small tree of Arizona desert and

adjacent Mexico, with widely spreading, much-branched open crown, leafless most of year.

Bark, branches, and twigs (some ending in spines) smooth, thin, yellow green. Leaves few,

twice compound, 3^-1 in (2-2.5 cm) long, with short axis, 1 pair of branches, each with

4-7 pairs of very small yellow green elliptic leaflets less than i/« in (3 mm) long, soon

shedding. Flowers numerous covering tree, beanlike, pale yellow, about 1/2 in (12 mm) long.

Pods 2-3 in (5-7.5 cvm) long, i/4 in (6 mm) in diameter, cylindric, 1-3-seeded, narrowed

between seeds.

Principal use: Ornamental. (Paloverde, Cercidium spp., is the State tree of Arizona.)

49
161. Bigleaf maple. 162. Oregon ash. 163. California- 164. Quakingaspen.

laurel.

W^^^^^^LJ

J1^\'

tM

V)

^ V •"^^\.

SS. Leaves produced; branches usually gray or brown, not spiny.

U. Leaves and usually branches in pairs (opposite).

V. Leaves not divided into leaflets (simple), deeply 3-5-lobed—Maple (Acer).

161. Bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum Pursh (broadleaf maple, Oregon maple). Large

tree of Pacific coast region from southern California north to British Columbia. Bark gray

brown, thin, smoothish, becoming deeply furrowed. Leaves paired, very large, as broad as

long, 6-12 in (15-30 cm) in diameter, deeply 3- or 5-lobed with additional smaller lobes,

dark green and shiny above, pale green below, turning bright yellow to tan in fall. Leafstalks long and stout, 10-12 in (25-30 cm) long. Key fruits 11^-2 in (3-5 cm) long, longwinged, paired, and in clusters.

Principal uses: Veneer, furniture, handles and fixtures, and woodenware and novelties.

Shade tree.

VV. Leaves divided into 5-9 leaflets (compound)—Ash {Fraximis; see also Nos. 33

and 37).

162. Oregon ash, Fraximis latifolia Benth. (F. oregona Nutt.). Medium-sized to large tree

of Pacific coast region from Washington to California. Bark dark gray or brown, with

diamond-shaped fissures and forking ridges. Leaves paired, compound, 5-14 in (13-36 cm)

long. Leaflets usually 7 or 5, usually without stalks, elliptic, 2-5 in (5-13 cm) long, shortpointed, edges often slightly toothed, light green nearly hairless above, finely hairy beneath.

Key fruits in crowded custers, 1-2 in (2.5-5 cm) long, with wing at end.

Principal uses: Same as No. 36. Shade tree.

UU. Leaves and usually branches borne singly (alternate).

W. Leaves aromatic when bruised—California-laurel (Umbellularia californica).

163. California-laurel, Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. (Oregon-myrtle,

California-bay, Pacific-myrtle, pepperwood, spice-tree). Medium-sized to large tree of Oregon and California. Bark dark reddish brown, thin, with flat scales. Leaves aromatic, evergreen, elliptic or lance-shaped, 2-5 in (5-13 cm) long, short-stalked, wedge-shaped at base,

short-pointed, not toothed on edges, leathery, hairless, shiny dark green above, dull beneath.

Flowers yellowish green, %Q in (5 mm) long, in clusters. Fruits rounded, 1 in (2.5 cm) in

diameter, greenish or purplish.

Principal uses: Veneer for furniture and paneling. Novelties and woodenware, cabinetwork and interior trim. Ornamental.

50
165. Black cotton- 166. California syca- 167. Netleaf hackwood, more. berry.

168. Red alder.

WW. Leaves not aromatic.

X. Winter buds 1 or none at tip of twig; fruit not an acorn.

Y. Leaves thin, with edges toothed, shedding in fall.

Z. Leafstalks more than I1/2 in (4 cm) long, slender, leaves almost as broad

as long; seeds cottony or hairy.

a. Leaves with 1 main vein, toothed but not lobed—Cottonwood, poplar

(Popiilus; see also Nos. 81 and 83).

164. Quaking aspen, Populiis tremuloides Michx. (trembling aspen, aspen, golden aspen,

mountain aspen, trembling poplar, poplar, popple). Small to medium-sized tree, widely

distributed in Northeastern, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific coast regions and across Canada

to Alaska. (The most widespread hardwood in North America.) Bark yellowish green or

whitish, smooth, thin; on large trunks becoming black, thick, with furrows and flat ridges.

Leaves nearly round, li4-3 in (4-7.5 cm) long, short-pointed, finely toothed, hairless, shiny

green above, dull green beneath. Leafstalks flat. Seeds rarely produced in the West.

Principal uses: Pulpwood for paper and insulation board. Boxes, crating pallets, furniture parts, lumber core and interior trim, panel stock, match and cone stock, excelsior,

particle-board, paper roll plugs, and turned products.

165. Black cottonwood, Popiilus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray (California poplar, balsam

cottonwood, western balsam poplar). Large tree (the tallest western broadleaf tree) of

northern Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions north to Canada and Alaska. Bark gray,

smooth at first, becoming deeply furrowed with flat ridges. Leaves broadly oval, 3-7 in

(7.5-18 cm) long, short- or long-pointed, finely toothed, often slightly hairy, dark shiny

green above, whitish or rusty beneath. Leafstalks round.

Principal uses: Boxes and crates, pulpwood, and excelsior.

aa. Leaves with 5 or 3 main veins from base and 5 or 3 lobes—Sycamore

{Plataniis).

166. California sycamore, Platanus racemosa Nutt. (California planetree, western sycamore, aliso). Large tree with broad trunk, of wet soils in California and adjacent Mexico.

Bark of branches whitish, thin, smooth; bark of trunk smoothish and peeling off in brownish flakes, becoming thick, dark gray, and deeply furrowed. Leaves 5-8 in (13-20 cm) long

and broad, with 5 or 3 main veins from base, deeply divided into 5 or 3 narrow lobes,

toothed, light green above, paler and hairy beneath. Many minute hairy fruits in 2-7 balls

51
169. Cascara buck- 170. Pacific madrone. 171. Giant chinkathom. pin172. Tanoak.

T/g in (2.2 cm) in diameter along a stalk.

Principal uses: Shade. Ornament.

ZZ. Leafstalks less than 1 in (2.5 cm) long, leaves elliptic or oval; seeds not

hairy.

h. Leaves with 3 main veins from base and with the 2 sides unequal—

Hackberry (Celtis; see also No. 79).

167. Netleaf hackberry, Celtis reticiilata Torr, (western hackberry, palo blanco; C. douglasii Planch.) Small tree of western half of United States and Northern Mexico. Bark gray,

smoothish or becoming rough, with corky warts. Leaves in 2 rows, mostly ovate, I-21/2 in

(2.5-6 cm) long, the 2 sides unequal, edges sometimes saw-toothed, with 3 main veins from

base, usually thick, dark green and rough above, paler and slightly hairy beneath. Fruits

14-3/g in (6-10 mm) in diameter, orange red, 1-seeded.

Principal use: Fenceposts.

bb. Leaves with 1 main vein and with both sides equal.

c. Leaf edges with teeth of 2 sizes and slightly irregular—Alder (Alnus;

see also No. 88).

168. Red alder, Alrms rubra Bong. (Oregon alder, western alder, Pacific coast alder).

Medium-sized to large tree of Pacific coast region north to British Columbia and southeast

Alaska. Bark mottled light gray to whitish, smooth, thin. Leaves oval or elliptic, 3-6 in

(7.5-15 cm) long, short-pointed, both coarsely and finely toothed, dark green and

nearly hairless above, grayish green or rusty hairy beneath. Cones i/o-l in (12-25 mm) long.

Principal uses: The leading hardwood in the Pacific Northwest. Pulpwood. Furniture,

cabinetwork, fixtures, general millwork, and handles.

cc. Leaf edges with uniform, small teeth—Buckthorn {Rhammis; see

also No. 93).

169. Cascara buckthorn, Rhammis purshiana DC. (cascara sagrada, cascara). Small tree

or shrub of northwest Pacific coast and northern Rocky Mountain regions north to British

Columbia. Bark brown or gray, thin, scaly. Leaves elliptic, 2-6 in (5-15 cm) long, bluntpointed or rounded, finely toothed, dark green above, lighter and slightly hairy beneath.

Fruits berrylike, s/g-i/g in (10-12 mm) in diameter, purplish black, with 2 or 3 seeds.

Principal uses: The bark is the source of the drug Cascara Sagrada. Fenceposts.

Ornamental.

52
173. California black 174. Coast live oak.

oak.

175. Emory oak. 176. Canyon live oak.

YY. Leaves thick, without teeth (sometimes toothed in No. 170), evergreen.

d. Leaves pale or whitish beneath—Madrone (Arbutus).

170. Pacific madrone, Arbutus menziesii Pursh (madrone, madrona, madroño). Small to

large tree of Pacific coast region north to British Columbia. Bark of limbs and twigs bright

red, smooth and peeling off; bark of larger trunks dark reddish brown, fissured and scaly.

Leaves evergreen, oval, 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm) long, blunt-pointed, thick and leathery, edges

sometimes toothed, dark green and shiny above, whitish beneath. Flowers small, white,

clustered 3/g in (10 mm) long. Fruits i/g in (12 mm) in diameter, orange red.

Principal uses: Shuttles (used in textile weaving). Fuel. Ornamental.

dd. Leaves with coat of golden yellow scales beneath—Chinkapin (Castañopsis).

171. Giant chinkapin, Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) A. DC. (golden chinkapin, giant

evergreen-chinkapin, goldenleaf chestnut; Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Hook.) Hjelmqvist).

Medium-sized to large tree (a variety is shrubby) of Pacific coast region. Bark reddish

brown, becoming furrowed into thick plates. Leaves evergreen, oblong to lance-shaped,

2-6 in (5-15 cm) long, narrowed and tapering at both ends, without teeth on edges, leathery,

dark green and shiny above, coated beneath with golden yellow scales. Fruits golden spiny

burs 1-11/2 ^^ (2.5-4 cm) in diameter with 1 or sometimes 2 edible nuts ^ in (15 mm) long,

maturing second year.

Principal uses: Furniture. Ornamental.

XX. Winter buds 3 or more in cluster at tip of twig; fruit an acorn.

e. Leaves with many parallel side veins less than 14 in (6 mm) apart, evergreen; scales of acorn cup slender, spreading, curved, more than i/^ in

(3 mm) long—Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus).

172. Tanoak, Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. (tanbark-oak). Large tree

(a variety is shrubby) of Oregon and California. Bark reddish brown, deeply fissured into

squarish plates. Leaves evergreen, oblong, 3-5 in (7.5-13 cm) long, short-pointed, toothed,

with many parallel side veins less than 14 in (6 mm) apart, leathery, pale green, shiny and

nearly hairless above, rusty-hairy or whitish beneath. Acorns 34-114 i" (20-30 mm) long,

rounded, the shallow cup with spreading light brown scales i/è-%6 ^^ (^~^ "^1^) ^^"g>

maturing second year.

53
Principal uses: Bark is a source of tannin. Wood used locally for fuel, furniture, and

mine timbers. Ornamental.

ee. Leaves with side veins not parallel (except in No. 176), falling in autumn

or evergreen; scales of acorn cup small and inconspicuous—Oak (Quercus).

/. Leaves with bristle-tipped teeth; acorns maturing second year (first year

in No. 174)—Black oaks.

173. California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newb. (black oak, Kellogg oak). Large tree

of Oregon and California. Bark dark brown, furrowed into irregular plates and ridges.

Leaves falling in autumn, elliptic, 4-10 in (10-25 cm) long, usually 7-lobed about halfway

to middle, each lobe with a few bristle-pointed teeth, thick, dark yellow green and hairless

above, light yellow green and often hairy beneath. Acorns 1-11/2 in (25-38 mm) long,

rounded, with deep cup.

Principal use: Fuel.

174. Coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Née (California live oak). Large tree of California

and Lower CaUfornia. Bark dark brown, thick, deeply furrowed. Leaves evergreen, elliptic

to oblong, 34-3 in (2-7.5 cm) long, short-pointed or rounded at tip, spiny-toothed, thick

and stiff, dark green above, beneath paler, shiny, hairless or hairy. Acorns long, S/^-li/g in

(20-38 mm) long, pointed, with deep cup.

Principal uses: Fuel. Shade tree and ornamental.

ff. Leaves lobed, toothed, or entire but not bristle-tipped; acorns maturing

first year (second year in No. 176)—White oak (see also Nos. 113 and

117).

g. Leaves not lobed or only shallowly lobed.

175. Emory oak, Quercus emoryi Torr, (black oak, blackjack oak, bellota). Medium-sized

tree of Southwestern region and adjacent Mexico. Bark blackish, divided into thin plates.

Leaves evergreen, broadly lance-shaped, I-21/2 in (2.5-6 cm) long, short-pointed, with few

short teeth, thick, stiff, leathery, flat, shiny dark green on both sides nearly hairless. Acorns

1/2-34 in (12-30 mm) long, rounded, edible.

Principal uses: Fuel. Edible acorns (bellotas).

176. Canyon live oak, Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. (canyon oak, goldcup oak, live oak,

maul oak, live white oak). Medium-sized to large tree of Pacific coast and Southwestern

regions and adjacent Mexico. Bark gray brown, scaly and flaky. Leaves evergreen, elliptic or

oval, 1-3 in (2.5-7.5 cm) long, with edges often spiny-toothed, thick and leathery, bright

green and hairless above, yellow-hairy or whitish beneath. Acorns 1-2 in (25-50 mm) long,

broad, with thick yellowish cup.

Principal uses: Parts of vehicles and agricultural implements. Ornamental. Fuel.

177. Blue Oak, Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. (California blue oak, mountain white

oak, mountain oak, iron oak). Medium-sized tree of California. Bark gray, scaly. Leaves

shedding in fall, oblong or elliptic, 1-3 in (2.5-7.5 cm) long, short-pointed or rounded at

apex, with edges coarsely toothed, shallowly 4- or 5-lobed, or straight, rigid, pale blue green

above, pale and slightly hairy beneath.

Principal use: Fuel.

gg. Leaves deeply lobed halfway or more to middle.

178. Oregon white oak, Quercus garryana Dougl. (Garry oak, Oregon oak, post oak, white

oak). Medium-sized to large tree of Pacific coast region from California to British Columbia (the only oak native in Washington). Bark light gray or brown, thin, with narrow

fissures, broken into scaly ridges. Leaves shedding in fall, elliptic, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long,

deeply 5-9-lobed halfway or more to middle with blunt-pointed or slightly toothed lobes,

dark green above, light green and usually hairy beneath. Acorns 1-11/4 in (25-30 mm) long,

broad and rounded, with shallow cup.

Principal uses: Furniture, shipbuilding, construction, agricultural implements, cooperage, cabinetwork, interior finish, and fuel. Shade tree.

179. Valley oak, Quercus lobata Née (California white oak, valley white oak, white oak,

water oak, weeping oak). Large tree of California. Bark gray or brown, thick, deeply furrowed and broken horizontally into thick plates. Leaves shedding in fall, elliptic, 21/2^ i"

(6-10 cm) long, broad, deeply 7-11-lobed more than halfway to middle, dark green above,

gray-hairy beneath. Acorns long, 114-214 in (30-57 mm) long, slender and pointed, with

deep cup.

Principal uses: Shade tree. Fuel.

180. Gambel oak, Quercus gamhelii Nutt. (Rocky Mountain white oak, Utah white oak,

white oak). Small tree or shrub of Rocky Mountain region, including adjacent Mexico.

54
177. Blue oak. 178. Oregon white

oak.

179. Valley oak. 180. Gambeloak.

Bark gray brown, scaly. Leaves shedding in fall, elliptic, 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, deeply

7-11-lobed halfway or more to middle, dark green above, light green and soft-hairy beneath. Acorns %-% in (15-20 mm) long, broad and rounded, with deep cup.

Principal uses: Fenceposts and fuel.

HAWAII

Tree species Nos. 181-192 are 12 of the most common species of the native

and introduced tropical forest trees. Also, the following and perhaps others

in this handbook are introduced in Haivaii: Nos. 5, 6, 26, 50, 130, 147, 153.

DICOTYLEDONS (BROADLEAF TREES OR HARDWOODS)

A. Leaves reduced to minute scales on wiry jointed drooping green twigs—181.

181. Casuarina, Casuarina equisetifolia J. R. & G. Forst, (horsetail casuarina, beefwood,

Australian beefwood, "shortleaf ironwood," "false ironwood," "Australian-pine;" "pino

australiano," Puerto Rico and Spanish). Medium-sized evergreen tree common along sandy

coasts and lowlands, planted and naturalized. Native of tropical Asia and Australia but

planted and naturalized in tropics and subtropics, including Marianas Islands, southern

Florida, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. Bark light gray brown, becoming rough, furrowed, and shaggy. Twigs wiry, dropping, dark green, needlelike, about %2 ^^ (1 ^^)

in diameter, jointed, with rings of minute scale leaves. Flowers numerous small, in light

brown clusters, male narrow and terminal, female rounded and lateral. Fruit a light bro\fn

warty conelike ball 1/2-34 in (12-20 mm) in diameter, with many winged seeds.

Principal uses: Windbreak, shade, ornament, erosion control. Bark has been used in

tanning.

AA. Leaves mostly broad, green.

B. Leaves and usually branches in pairs (opposite).

C, Fruit egg-shaped, 1-seeded; flowers small—182.

55
181. Casuarina. 182. Olopua. 183. Guava. 184. 'Ohi'a-lehua.

182. Olopua, pua, Osmanthus sandwicensis (Gray) Knobl. Medium-sized evergreen tree

common in dry forests mainly at 600-4,000 ft (180-1,200 m) altitude, especially on leeward

sides of all islands of Hawaii. Bark gray, thick, rough, much fissured. Leaves paired, mostly

oblong, variable in size, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, leathery, dark green, hairless short-stalked.

Flowers small, less than i/4 in (6 mm) long, pale yellow, 4-lobed, several at leaf bases. Fruit

egg-shaped i/g-^ in (12-22 mm) long, blue black, slightly fleshy to dry, the large stone

1 -seeded.

Principal use: Formerly by Hawaiians for tool handles.

CC. Fruit otherwise, many-seeded; flowers large with many threadlike stamens—

Myrtle family (Myrtaceae), Nos. 183-185.

183. Guava, Psidium guajava L. (common guava; guayaba, Puerto Rico and Spanish).

Small evergreen tree or weedy shrub, common in thickets, lowlands to about 3,500 ft

(1,070 m) altitude. Native of tropical America, widely planted and naturalized through the

tropics including Hawaii, Guam, southern Florida, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. Bark

smooth brown, scaling off in thin sheets, exposing green beneath. Leaves paired, oblong

or elliptic, 2-S in (5-13 cm) long, short-pointed or rounded at both ends, light green, hairy

beneath, very short-stalked. Flowers few at leaf bases, large, white, about I1/2 in (4 cm)

across the 4-5 spreading petals. Fruit a yellow round or pear-shaped berry 114-21/2 in

(3-6 cm) in diameter, with many seeds in juicy, pinkish or yellow pulp, sweet or sour,

edible.

Principal uses: Cultivated fruit tree, the edible fruits also prepared into juice, paste, and

jelly. Charcoal.

184. *Ohi*a-lehua, Metrosideros collina (Forst.) Gray (ssp. polymorpha (Gaud.) Rock;

ohia, lehua). Large evergreen tree, sometimes shrub, the most abundant and widespread

throughout Hawaii, of largest size in wet forests, 1,000-9,000 ft (300-2,700 m) altitude, very

variable. Bark gray, rough, scaly. Trunks often consist of compacted stiltlike air roots.

Leaves crowded, paired, small, oblong, ovate, or rounded, 1-3 in (2.5-7.5 cm) long, shiny,

stiff, thick, often hairy, mostly short-stalked. Flowers in terminal showy red clusters, or

pink, salmon, yellow, or white, formed by a mass of many long threadlike stamens about

I14 in (3 cm) broad. Fruit a small capsule 14 in (6 mm) long with many minute seeds.

Principal uses: Flooring, ship blocking, pallets, veneer, decorative poles. A honey plant.

(Official county flower of island of Hawaii.)

BB. Leaves and usually branches borne singly (alternate).

D. Leaves not divided into leaflets (simple).

E. Leaves narrow, not lobed—Nos. 185, 186 (see also No. 192).

185. Robusta eucalyptus, Eucalyptus robusta J. E. Smith (swamp-mahogany eucalyptiis,

beakpod eucalyptus; eucalipto, Puerto Rico and Spanish). Large evergreen tree conimon in

forest plantations on the five main Hawaiian islands to 3,500 ft (1,050 m) in moist locations. Native of Australia but introduced into many tropical and subtropical areas including southern Florida and Puerto Rico. Bark thick, reddish brown, deeply furrowed, sometimes with grayish surface, fibrous, and very soft. Leaves alternate, broadly lance-shaped,

4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, slightly curved, long-pointed, leathery, aromatic, short-stalked.

56
185. Robusta eucalyptus.

186. Naio, false san- 187. Kukui, candledalwood. nut.

188. Silk-oak.

Flowers several on flattened stalk at leaf bases, cream-colored, I14 in (3 cm) across very

many threadlike stamens. Fruit a cuplike dark green, seed capsule i/^-^ in (12-15 mm)

long, with many minute seeds.

Principal uses: Pallets, house siding, flooring, paneling, plywood, furniture, posts. Shade

tree. A honey plant.

186. Naio, false sandalwood, Myoporum sandwicense Gray (aaka). Small to large evergreen tree, sometimes shrub, common in dry forest, also in wet forest, widely distributed

from sea level to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) altitude, all islands of Hawaii. Bark gray, rough,

irregularly furrowed. Leaves crowded, narrowly elliptic or lance-shaped, 2i/^-6 in (6-15 cm)

long, pointed at both ends, shiny, short-stalked. Flowers clustered at leaf bases, 5-parted,

bell-shaped, % in (1 cm) wide, white to pink. Fruit oblong or rounded, i/^ in (6 mm) long,

whitish, fleshy or dry.

Principal uses: Formerly used for house timbers and as a substitute for sandalwood.

EE. Leaves about as broad as long, often 3-5-lobed—187.

187. Kukui, candlenut, Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (candlenut-tree, Indian-walnut;

nuez, Puerto Rico). Medium-sized to large evergreen tree, recognized by the whitish foliage,

common on lower mountain slopes and in valleys from sea level to 2,200 ft (670 m) altitude,

apparently introduced by the original Polynesian inhabitants. Native probably of Malay

region and west Polynesia, the original home uncertain, and introduced elsewhere through

the tropics; uncommon in Guam, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. Bark gray brown,

smoothish with many fine fissures. Leaves variable, mostly ovate and with 3-5 main veins

and lobes, 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long and broad, hairy, long-stalked. Flowers many, small,

whitish, male and female, y^ in (1 cm) long, in same large terminal clusters. Fruit rounded,

brown, 11/2-2 in (4-5 cm) in diameter, fleshy, containing 1-2 large elliptic nutlike, hard

oily seeds.

Principal uses: Nuts poisonous and medicinal (when roasted, sometimes eaten in very

small quantities but purgative), the oil formerly exported for paints and varnishes and

medicine. Shade and ornament. State tree of Hawaii, selected because of its many uses by

the ancient Hawaiians for light, fuel, medicine, dye, ornaments, and beauty.

D. Leaves divided into leaflets (compound).

F. Leaves fernlike, leaflets deeply divided into narrow pointed lobes—188.

188. Silk-oak, Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. (silver-oak; roble de seda, Puerto Rico). Large

tree, deciduous or partly so, planted and naturalized from sea level to 4,000 ft (1,200 m)

altitude. Native of Australia but planted and naturalized in tropical and subtropical

regions including Hawaii and southern Florida; planted but uncommon in southern California, southern Arizona, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Bark gray, smooth, becoming rough

with many deep furrows. Leaves fernlike, compound, 6-12 in (15-30 cm) long, with many

paired leaflets, above dark green, beneath with silky whitish or ash-colored hairs. Flowers

showy, yellowish, 1/2 in (12 mm) long, crowded on 1 side of axis. Fruit black, curved podlike, 3/4 in (2 cm) long, with 1-2 winged seeds.

Principal uses: Furniture, turnery, paneling, face veneer (elsewhere). Fuel, shade, ornament. A honey plant.

FF. Leaves otherwise, leaflets not divided or lobed—Legume family (Leguminosae),

Nos. 189-192.

57
189. Mamane. 190. Monkeypod. 191. Kiawe, mesquite. 192. Koa.

189. Mamane, Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem. Small to medium-sized evergreen tree,

sometimes a shrub, all islands of Hawaii except Molokai, mainly in dry, mountain forests,

at 4,000-8,000 ft (1,200-2,400 m) altitude. Bark gray brown, rough, furrowed into scaly

ridges. Leaves compound, 5-6 in (12.5-15 cm) long, with 12-20 paired oblong blunt leaflets

3/4-114 in (2-3 cm) long, mostly silvery gray, hairy beneath. Flowers beanlike, golden yellow,

1/2-1 in (12-25 mm) long, several in unbranched clusters. Fruit a pod 4-6 in (10-15 cm)

long and more than 1/4 in (6 mm) wide, 4-winged, deeply narrowed between the 4-8 oval

beanlike yellow seeds.

Principal uses: Fence posts, formerly tool handles, forage for livestock. On Mauna Kea

an important food source for the endangered endemic palilo bird.

190. Monkeypod, Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth. (raintree; samán, Puerto Rico and

Spanish; Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill). Large, widely spreading evergreen tree native

from Mexico to Brazil and Peru. Widely planted and naturalized through the tropics

including coastal areas of Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands; introduced in

Southern Florida. Bark gray, rough furrowed into plates or ridges. Leaves 10-16 in.

(25-40 cm) long, twice divided (compound), with many paired diamond-shaped leaflets

34-114 in (2-4 cm) long on 2-6 pairs of axes. Flowers many in heads 214 in (6 cm) across,

pinkish, tinged with green, with many spreading threadlike pinkish stamens. Fruit a

flattened brown or blackish pod 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long and s/g-s^ in (15-20 mm) wide, with

sweetish pulp.

Principal uses: Shade and ornament. Carved bowls, craftwood, furniture, paneling,

cabinetwork, seed leis.

191. Kiawe, mesquite, Prosopis paluda (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.B.K. (algarroba,

Puerto Rico and Spanish). Small to medium-sized deciduous tree or shrub, widely naturalized and common in Hawaii's dry lowlands. Native of Peru and Ecuador, introduced in

1828; naturalized in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. Bark gray brown, smoothish becoming

furrowed on angled trunks; twigs often with single or paired spines. Leaves about 2 in

(5 cm) long, twice divided (compound), with many narrow paired leaflets 1/2-I in (12-

25 mm) long on 2-3 pairs of axes. Flowers many, less than 14 in (6 mm) long, greenish

yellow, crowded along an axis. Fruit a narrow yellowish pod 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long and

s/g in (1 cm) wide with spongy sweetish pulp and several beanlike seeds in 4-angled cases.

Principal uses: Fenceposts, fuelwood, and charcoal. Pods and foliage are eaten by livestock. Shade for livestock. A honey plant.

192. Koa, Acadia koa Gray. Large evergreen tree, the largest in Hawaii and second most

common, both in dry forests and rain forests at 600-7,000 ft (180-2,100 m) altitude. Bark

gray, smooth to rough, scaly, thick. Leaves mostly modiñed as flattened, sickle-shaped green

or yellow-green leathery leafstalks (phyllodes) 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long and i^-l in (6-25 mm)

wide. True (juvenile) leaves on seedlings and young twigs twice divided (compound), 6-7 in

(15-18 cm) long, with 5-7 paired axes, each with 24-30 paired stalkless oblong leaflets 14 in

(6 mm) long. Flowers many, pale yellow, crowded in balls 3/g in (1 cm) in diameter. Fruit

a brown flat, straight pod 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) long, mostly not splitting open, with several

beanlike seeds.

Principal uses: Furniture, cabinetwork, carved bowls and turnery, gunstocks, veneer.

Formerly used for surfboards. Important habitat for rare birds.

58
193. Palma real,

Puerto Rico

royalpalm.

194. Roble blanco. 195. Algarrobo, WestIndian-locust.

196. Guaraguao,

American

muskwood.

PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

Tree species Nos. 193-204 are 12 of the most common of more than 550

species of native tropical forest trees. Also, No. 26 is native and the folloiving

and perhaps others of this handbook are introduced: Nos. 50, 181, 183, 185,

187, 188, 190, 191. No. 197 is native also in southern Florida and No. 200 in

southeastern continental United States. Nos. 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, and 202

are planted in southern Florida.

MONOCOTYLEDONS

A. Leaves parallel-veined, evergreen, clustered at top of trunk; trunk with woody portions

irregularly distributed, without clear distinction of bark and wood, and without annual

rings—Monocotyledons (palms, etc.).

193. Palma real, Puerto Rico royalpalm, Roystonea horinqiiena O. F. Cook. Large

robust palm common almost throughout Puerto Rico except upper mountains and dry

valleys; Vieques and St. Croix. Trunk gray, smoothish, stout, slightly enlarged at some

distance above base. Leaves very large, compound (pinnate), with sheaths in light green

narrow column 4 ft (1.2 m) high and blade 8-12 ft (2.4-3.7 m) long composed of many

narrow paired leathery segments, green with parallel veins. Flowers small whitish, male

and female, 3-parted, in large slightly drooping clusters below the eaves. Fruits many, light

brown, elliptic, y^ in (12 mm) long, slightly fleshy, 1-seeded.

Principal uses: Ornamental, honey plant. Rural construction and thatch.

DICOTYLEDONS (BROADLEAF TREES OR HARDWOODS)

AA. Leaves net-veined; trunk with bark and wood distinct and with annual rings in wood

except in tropics—Dicotyledons (broadleaf trees or hardwoods).

B. Leaves and usually branches in pairs (opposite)—194.

194. Roble blanco, "white-cedar," Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton. Small to mediumsized, mostly deciduous tree common throughout Puerto Rico except upper mountains and

through Virgin Islands; Hispaniola and Lesser Antilles; naturalized in Bermuda and

planted in southern Florida. Bark rough and furrowed, gray to brown. Leaves paired,

compound (palmate), 6-12 in (15-30 cm) long, with 5 or fewer (sometimes only 1) unequal

elliptic or reverse lance-shaped leaflets 2-6 in (5-15 cm) long, blunt-pointed, slightly thickened, hairless except for dotlike scales, above slightly shiny green, paler beneath. Flowers in

59
197. Almacigo,

gumbo-limbo.

198. Tabonuco,

candlewood.

199. Yagrumo hembra, trumpettree.

200. Palo colorado,

swamp cyrilla.

showy masses covering tree in spring, pink tubular funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, 2-3i/2 in (5-9 cm)

long. Fruits dark brown cigarlike pods 3-8 in (7.5-20 cm) long, with numerous thm

2-winged seeds.

Principal uses: Construction, posts and poles, furniture, cabinetwork. Ornament, shade,

honey plant.

BB. Leaves and usually branches borne singly (alternate, sometimes crowded).

C. Leaves divided into leaflets (compound), mostly attached along the extended leafstalk (pinnate).

D. Leaflets all paired, 2 or 8-20 (even pinnate).

195. Algarrobo, West-Indiait-locust, courbaril, Hymenaea courbaril L. Large, usually

evergreen tree of moist and dry coastal and limestone regions of Puerto Rico and Virgin

Islands; through West Indies and central Mexico to Brazil and Peru; rarely planted in

southern Florida. Bark smoothish gray. Leaves with 2 almost stalkless, very unequal-sided,

oblong, pointed, shiny green leaflets 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long, hairless, slightly thickened.

Flowers numerous in erect clusters, whitish, 11/4 in (3 cm) wide, with 5 petals. Fruit an

erect large oblong thick, dark brown pod 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long, with few dark red seeds

in pale yellow pulp, edible but malodorous.

Principal uses: Furniture, carpentry, construction. Resinlike gum from roots and trunk

has been used mainly in varnish. Shade and ornament, honey plant.

196. Guaraguao, American muskwood, Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer (G. trichilioides L.).

Large evergreen tree of moist forests in Puerto Rico and St. Croix; Cuba, Hispaniola, and

Costa Rica to Brazil and Argentina; introduced in southern Florida. Bark rough with many

long ñssures, reddish brown. Leaves large, compound (even pinnate), 8-24 in (20-60 cm)

long, with 8-20 or more paired elliptic to oblong, glossy dark green leaflets 5-7 in (13-

18 cm) long, short-pointed, forming new pairs of leaflets at tip. Flowers many, 4-parted

greenish-white, s/g-^ in (1-1.5 cm) wide, in long narrow branched clusters. Fruits reddishbrown capsules, nearly round, s/g-s^ in (1.5-2 cm) in diameter, in grapelike clusters,

4-parted, with 4 or fewer reddish seeds.

Principal uses: Furniture, cabinetwork, construction, carpentry. Shade.

DD. Leaflets paired except 1 at end, 5 or 7 (odd pinnate).

197. Almacigo, turpentine-tree, gumbo-limbo, Bursera simaruha (L.) Sarg. Medium-sized

deciduous aromatic tree of coastal and lower mountain forests of Puerto Rico and Virgin

Islands; southern Florida, through West Indies, and Mexico to Venezuela and Guyana.

Bark smooth reddish brown or copper-colored, peeling off in paper flakes and exposing

greenish brown layer beneath, exuding grayish resin with odor and taste like turpentine.

Leaves compound (pinnate), 4-8 in (10-20 cm) long, with 5 or 7 oblong to ovate leaflets

114-3 in (3-7.5 cm) long, paired except at end, mostly hairless, green or dark green and

60
201. Granadino. 202. Capa prieto, 203. Ausubo, balata. 204. Laurel sabino,

onion cordia.

slightly shiny above, paler beneath. Flowers many small, whitish or yellowish green,

5-parted, about %6 in (5 mm) across. Fruits diamond-shaped, slightly 3-angled, about 1/2 in

(12 mm) long, dark pink, splitting into 3 parts, with usually 1 whitish seed.

Principal uses: Boxes and crates, cement forms, interior carpentry, light construction.

The aromatic resin has served in medicine, glue, varnish, and incense. Living fenceposts

and ornamental along highways.

198. Tabonuco, candlewood, Dacryodes excelsa Vahl. Very large evergreen, aromatic tree

of lower mountain forests of Puerto Rico, formerly abundant, now restricted; Lesser

Antilles. Bark smooth whitish, thin, peeling off in flakes, exuding fragrant whitish resin

from cuts; trunk slightly enlarged and sometimes buttressed at base. Leaves compound

(pinnate), 6-10 in (15-25 cm) long, with 5 or 7 elliptic leaflets 2i/2-5 in (6-13 cm) long,

paired except at end, short-pointed or rounded, slightly thickened, hairless, dark green,

aromatic when crushed. Flowers small greenish, about %6 in (5 mm) in much branched

clusters, male and female on difterent trees. Fruit oblong, fleshy brown, 1 in (2.5 cm) long,

1-seeded.

Principal uses: Furniture, cabinetwork, interior trim, construction, carpentry, boxes. The

resin formerly used for torches, incense, and calking boats.

CC. Leaves not divided into leaflets (simple).

E. Leaves few, very large, umbrellalike, with 7-11 large rounded lobes—199.

199. Yagrumo hembra, trumpet-tree, Cecropia peltata L. Medium-sized evergreen tree

(deciduous in dry areas) abundant as a weed in open areas and forests throughout Puerto

Rico and in Virgin Islands; throughout West Indies and from Southeastern Mexico to

Guianas; planted as ornamental in Southern Florida. Trunk with smooth gray bark, rings

or joints, and few stout high branches, sometimes with prop roots. Leaves few, alternate

and clustered, very large, umbrellalike, I-21/2 ft (30-75 cm) across, composed of 7-11 large

rounded lobes spreading at end of leafstalk almost as long, thick, above green, slightly

rough, and hairless, beneath whitish or silvery and densely hairy. Flowers male (yellow) and

female (gray) on different trees, minute, crowded in fingerlike hanging clusters. Fruits

minute, in 2-5 fingerlike gray clusters 2i/2-4 in (6-10 cm) long.

Principal uses: Excelsior and insulation board (combined with cement), elsewhere boxes

and crates, matchsticks, and paper pulp. Ornamental.

EE. Leaves many, small or average, not lobed.

200. Palo colorado, swamp cyrilla, Cyrilla racemiflora L. Large evergreen tree common

in upper mountain forests of Puerto Rico; Southeastern United States near coast from

Virginia to Florida and Texas, planted north to New England; through West Indies,

Mexico to Nicaragua, and \'enezuela to northern Brazil. Bark reddish-brown, smoothish,

thin, becoming whitish pink and spongy at base of large crooked, twisted trunks. Leaves

lance-shaped to narrowly elliptic, li/2-3i/4 in (4-8 cm) long, blunt, leathery, green and

61
shiny, paler beneath, turning red before faUing. Flowers many crowded, white, 5-parted,

small, i/g in (3 mm) long in very narrow clusters. Fruits many small dry, egg-shaped, i/g in

(3 mm) long, pink to red, with 2-3 seeds.

Principal uses: Furniture. Ornamental, honey plant.

201. Granadino, Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichl. Large deciduous tree of lower mountain, moist limestone, and moist coast forests of Puerto Rico; Tórtola, through West Indies,

Panama, and Venezuela to Brazil and Bolivia; planted in Southern Florida. Bark light

brown, smoothish. Crown thin, with few spreading, nearly horizontal branches. Leaves

crowded in erect clusters, reverse lance-shaped or spoon-shaped, small, 11/2-3 in (4-7.5 cm)

long, rounded at end, hairless or nearly so, shiny yellow green above, paler beneath.

Flowers many small greenish, i/g in (3 mm) wide, clustered at end of short stalk. Fruit

elliptic greenish 3/4-7/g in (20-22 mm) long, pointed, slightly fleshy, bitter, with 1 large stone.

Principal uses: Furniture, construction, cabinetwork, plywood, veneer. Shade tree, ornamental.

202. Capa prieto, onion cordia, Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken (capa). Mediumsized evergreen tree of moist limestone and lower mountain forests of Puerto Rico and

Virgin Islands; through West Indies and central Mexico to Brazil and Peru; planted in

Southern Florida. Bark gray or brown, fissured, becoming rough and thick. Branches in

horizontal layers. Leaves elliptic or oblong, 21/2-6 in (6-15 cm) long, pointed, slightly shiny

yellow-green finely hairy beneath, with odor of garlic when crushed. Flowers crowded in

large showy, erect clusters, white, tubular, 5-lobed, about 14 in (12 mm) long and broad,

fragrant. Fruit a nutlet 14 in (6 mm) long, oblong, 1-seeded, with brown calyx and corolla

attached.

Principal uses: Furniture, cabinetwork, millwork, construction. Forest plantations, coffee

shade, ornament; a honey plant.

203. Ausubo, balata, Manilkara hidentata (A. DC.) Chev. (bulletwood). Large evergreen

tree of moist lowlands and lower mountain forests of Puerto Rico, also St. John and Tórtola;

Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, Panama, and Venezuela to Brazil and Peru. Trunk with broad

rounded buttresses, brown fissured scaly bark, and milky sap or latex. Leaves elliptic,

31/2-IO in (9-25 cm) long, thick and leathery with edges slightly turned under, hairless,

dark green above, and light green beneath. Flowers small whitish, about 14 in (6 mm) long,

several at base of leaf. Berry round or elliptic, 1-114 in (25-30 mm) long, with sweet sticky

edible pulp and 1 shiny blackish seed.

Principal uses: Formerly the most important timber of Puerto Rico, used for construction; elsewhere, furniture, cabinetwork, crossties, utility poles, tool handles, flooring. Balata

gum, made into novelties and souvenirs.

204. Laurel sabino, Magnolia splendens Urban. Large evergreen tree native only in upper

Luquillo Mountains of Northeastern Puerto Rico. Bark gray, smoothish, slightly fissured,

becoming rough. Leaves ovate or elliptic, 4-7 in (10-18 cm) long, pointed, thick, and

leathery, above shiny dark green, beneath gray green with silky hairs. Flowers large, showy,

fragrant, 3 in (7.5 cm) across the 6 or more white petals. Fruit conelike, I1/2 in (4 cm) long,

greenish, with many pods containing 2 red seeds.

Principal uses: Furniture, cabinetwork.

62
STATE TREES

Each of the 50 States has a State tree designated officially by law. Also the

District of Columbia possesses an official tree. However, none has been

selected by Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State trees have been added from the latest compilation (USDA, Forest

Service 1972). The name of the State is inserted in parentheses after principal

uses. A few species are honored by more than one State.

Information on State trees is condensed below. The tree species number

follows the State name. A number in parentheses means that the law may

not agree precisely with the scientific name used here. (Also the common

name in the law may differ slightly.) In a few States, more than one species

is involved, for example, oak or pine. In two, just a variety.

Several States have a native tree also as the State flower or floral emblem.

Examples in this handbook, with tree species number, are: Arizona, 159;

Connecticut, 64; Louisiana, 61; Maine, (3) "pine cone and tassel"; Mississippi, 61 (also State tree); North CaroHna, 28; Pennsylvania, 64; Virginia, 28

(also State tree).

States which have adopted other native trees or treelike shrubs are: Hawaii,

Hibiscus; Missouri, hawthorn (red haw, Crataegus); Nevada, sagebrush

(Artemisia); New Mexico, Yucca; Washington, coast (Pacific) rhododendron

(Rhododendron macrophylhim); West Virginia, big (rosebay) rhododendron

(Rhododendron maximum). Four have selected fruit tree blossoms: Arkansas

and Michigan, apple; Delaware, peach; and Florida, orange. The official

flower of the U.S. Virgin Islands is a small tree, ginger-thomas (yellow-elder,

Tecoma stans).

Alabama, (6)

Alaska, 139

Arizona, (160)

Arkansas, (9)

California, 147, 148

Colorado, 138

Connecticut, 120

Delaware, 70

District of Columbia, 100

Florida, 25

Georgia, 112

Hawaii, 187

Idaho, 124

Illinois, (99-120)

Indiana, 60

Iowa, (99-120)

Kansas, (81)

Kentucky, 60

Louisiana, 1

Maine, 3

Maryland, 120

Massachusetts, 73

Michigan, 3

Minnesota, 10

Mississippi, 61

Missouri, 28

Montana, 126

Nebraska, 73

Nevada, 133

New Hampshire, 88

New Jersey, 99

New Mexico, 132

New York, 29

North Carolina, (6)

North Dakota, 73

Ohio, 39

Oklahoma, 65

Oregon, 140

Pennsylvania, 18

Rhode Island, 32

South Carolina, 25

South Dakota, (16)

Tennessee, 60

Texas, 42

Utah, 138

Vermont, 29

Virginia, 28

Washington, 135

West Virginia, 29

Wisconsin, 29

Wyoming, (81)

68
SELECTED REFERENCES

Native tree species outside the scope of this handbook can be found in

larger publications and in others limited geographically, such as to one

State. Selected references are arranged geographically below. Many other

titles, including some for cultivated trees and for shrubs, are listed in the

bibhography cited (Little and Honkala 1976).

General

Little, Elbert L., Jr.

1961. Sixty trees from foreign lands.

U.S. Dep. Agrie, Agrie. Handb. 212,

30 p., illus.

Little, Elbert L., Jr.

1971. Atlas of United States trees, volume 1, conifers and important hardwoods. U.S. Dep. Agrie. Misc. Publ.

1146, 9 p., illus. (313 maps, folio).

Little, Elbert L., Jr.

1978. Checklist of United States trees,

native and naturalized. U.S. Dep.

Agrie, Agrie. Handb. (In press.)

Little, Elbert L., Jr., and Barbara H.

Honkala.

1976. Trees and shrubs of the United

States: a bibliography for identification. U.S. Dep. Agrie. Misc. Publ.

1336, 56 p.

Plank, Marlin E.

1971. Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.).

Revised. American Woods. U.S. Dep.

Agrie, For. Serv. FS-215, 7 p., illus.

(First of a series of about 50 short

publications on American Woods,

mostly revised from an earlier series.)

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service.

1972. State trees. FS-63, rev. 4 p., illus.

Washington, D.C.

Continental United States

Brockman, C. Frank.

1968. Trees of North America: a field

guide to the major native and introduced species north of Mexico».

Illustrated by Rebecca Merrilees.

280 p., illus. (col., maps). Cxolden

Press, New York. (A Golden Field

Guide.)

Collingwood, G. H., and Warren D. Brush.

1974. Knowing your trees: with more

than 900 illustrations showing typical

trees and their leaves, bark, ñowers,

and fruits. Rev. and ed. by Devereau

Butcher. 374 p., illus. (maps).

American Forestry Association, Washington, D.C.

Harlow, William M., and Ellwood S. Harrar.

1968. Textbook of dendrology: covering

the important forest trees of the

United States and Canada. 5th ed.,

575 p., illus. (maps). McGraw-Hill

Book Co., New York.

Miller, Howard A., and H. E. Jaques.

1972. How to know the trees. 2d ed.,

302 p., illus. (maps). Wm. C. Brown,

Dubuque. (Pictured-Key Nature

Series.)

Preston, Richard Joseph, Jr.

1976. North American trees (exclusive

of Mexico and tropical United

States). 3d ed. 399 p., illus. (maps).

Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.

Sargent, Charles Sprague.

1965. Manual of the trees of North

America (exclusive of Mexico). With

783 illustrations by Charles Edward

Faxon and Mary W. Gill. 2d. corr.

ed. 2 vol., 934 p., illus. Dover Publications, New York. (Reprint of 1926

revision. Houghton Mifflin and Co.,

Boston and New York. Also reprinted in 2 vol., 1962 by Peter

Smith Publisher, Gloucester, Mass.)

64
Alaska

Viereck, Leslie A., and Elbert L. Little, Jr.

1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. U.S.

Dep. Agrie, Agrie. Handb. 410, 265

p., illus. (maps).

Viereck, Leslie A., and Elbert L. Little, Jr.

1974. Guide to Alaska trees. U.S. Dep.

Agrie, Agrie. Handb. 472, 98 p..

illus. (maps).

Viereck, Leslie A., and Elbert L. Little, Jr.

1975. Atlas of United States trees, volume 2, Alaska trees and common

shrubs. U.S. Dep. Agrie. Misc. Publ.

1293, 19 p., illus. (105 maps).

Eastern

Coker, William Chambers, and Henry

Roland Totten.

1945. Trees of the southeastern States

including Virginia, North Carolina,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia,

and northern Florida. 3d ed., 419

p., illus. Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel

Hill. (Reprinted.)

Graves, Arthur Harmount.

1956. Illustrated guide to trees and

shrubs: a handbook of the woody

plants of the northeastern United

States and adjacant regions. Rev.

ed., 271 p., illus. Harper and

Brothers, New York.

Grimm, William Carey.

1962. The book of trees. 2d ed., 487

p., illus. Stackpole Co., Harrisburg,

Pa. (Revision of: The trees of Pennsylvania. 363 p., illus. 1950.)

Harlow, William M.

1957. Trees of the eastern and central

United States and Canada. 288 p.,

illus. Dover Publications, New York.

(Reprint of 1942 ed. McGraw Hill

Book Co., New York.)

Harrar, Ellwood S., and J. George Harrar.

1962. Guide to southern trees. 2d ed.,

709 p., illus. Dover Publications,

New York. (The nomenclature has

been revised.) (1st ed., 712 p., illus.

McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.)

Neelands, R. W., compil.

1973. Important trees of eastern forests.

Illustrations by Rebecca Merrilees

from Trees of North America by C.

Frank Brockman (1968). Ill p.,

illus. (col., maps). U.S. Dep. Agrie.

For Serv., Region, Atlanta. [Unnumbered publ.]

Peattie, Donald Culross.

1966. Natural history of trees of eastern

and central North America. With

... 16 full-color photos by Herman

A. Howard. Illustrated by Paul

Landacre. 2d ed., 606 p., illus.

(part col.). Houghton Mifflin Co.,

Boston.

Petrides, George A.

1972. A field guide to trees and shrubs:

field marks of all trees, shrubs, and

woody vines that grow wild in the

north-eastern and north-central

United States and in southeastern

and south-central Canada. Illustrations by George A. Petrides, Roger

Tory Peterson. 2d ed. 428 p., illus.

(part col.). Houghton Mifflin Co.,

Boston. (The Peterson Field Guide

Series: 11.)

Stephens, H. A.

1973. Woody plants of the North Central

plains. 530 p., illus. (maps). Univ.

Press Kans., Lawrence, Manhattan,

Wichita.

Symonds, George W. D.

1958. The tree identification book. 372

p., illus. William Morrow & Co.,

New York.

Western

Baerg, Harry J.

1973. How to know the western trees.

2d ed., 179 p., illus. (maps). Wm. C.

Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. (Pictured Key Nature Series.)

Benson, Lyman, and Robert A. Darrow.

1954. The trees and shrubs of the southwestern deserts. Line drawings by

Lucretia Breazeale Hamilton. 2d

ed., 437 p., illus. (part col., maps).

Univ. Ariz. Press, Tucson, and Univ.

N. Mex. Press, Albuquerque.

Berry, James Berthold.

1966. Western forest trees: a guide to

the identification of trees and woods

for students, teachers, farmers and

woodsmen. Illustrated from photographs and with drawings by Mary

E. Eaton. Corrected and reprinted.

251 p., illus. Dover Publications,

New York. (First published: 1924.

212 p., illus. World Book Co.,

Yonkers-on-Hudson, N.Y.)

Little, Elbert L., Jr.

1950. Southwestern trees: a guide to the

native species of New Mexico and

Arizona. U.S. Dep. Agrie, Agrie.

Handb. 9, 109 p., illus.

65
McMinn, Howard E., and Evelyn Maino.

1946. An illustrated manual of Pacific

Coast trees. 2d ed., 409 p., illus.

Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley. (Reprinted 1956. 1st ed. 1935. 409 p.,

illus.)

Peattie, Donald Culross.

1953. A natural history of western trees,

illustrated by Paul Landacre. 715 p.

illus. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

Preston, Richard J., Jr.

1968. Rocky Mountain trees: a handbook

of native species with plates and distribution maps. 3d rev. ed., 285 p.,

illus. (maps). Dover Publications,

New York.

Sudworth, George B.

1967. Forest trees of the Pacific Slope.

With a new foreword by Woodbridge

Metcalf and a new table of changes in

nomenclature by E. S. Harrar. 455

p., illus. Dover Publications, New

York. (First published: 1908. 441

p., illus. U.S. Dep. Agrie. For. Serv.,

Washington, D.C. [unnumbered

publ.].)

Vines, Robert A.

1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of

the southwest. With drawings by

Sarah Kahlden Arendole. 1,104 p.,

illus. Univ. Tex. Press, Austin.

Hawaii

Little, Elbert L., Jr., and Roger E. Skolmen.

1979. Common forest trees of Hawaii.

U.S. Dep. Agrie, Agrie Handb. (In

press.)

Rock, Joseph F.

1974. The indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. 2d ed., 548 p., illus.

Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt.,

and Tokyo, Japan. (Reprint of 1913

ed. with updated nomenclature by

Derral Herbst and an introduction by

Sherwin Carlquist.)

Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands

Little, Elbert L., Jr., and Frank H. Wadsworth.

1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and

the Virgin Islands. U.S. Dep. Agrie,

Agrie. Handb. 249, 548 p., illus.

(maps).

Little, Elbert L., Jr., Frank H. Wadsworth,

and José Marrero.

1967. Arboles comunes de Puerto Rico

y las Islas Vírgenes. 827 p., illus.

(part col.). Editorial, Universidad de

Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto

Rico.

Little, Elbert L., Jr., Roy O. Woodbury, and

Frank H. Wadsworth.

1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second volume. U.S.

Dep. Agrie, Agrie. Handb. 449, 1,024

p., illus.

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES

The numbers refer to species Nos. 1-204. In addition to these approved

common names, other common names in use are listed in the text.

Alaska-cedar, 152

alder, red, 168

algarrobo, 195

almacigo, 197

ash, black, 34

ash, blue, 35

ash, green, 37

ash, Oregon, 162

ash, white, 36

aspen, bigtooth, 84

aspen, quaking, 164

ausubo, 203

balata, 203

baldcypress, 1

basswood, American, 71

basswood, white, 72

beech, American, 97

birch, gray, 89

66
birch, paper, 88

birch, river, 87

birch, sweet, 86

birch, yellow, 85

boxelder, 33

buckeye, Ohio, 39

buckeye, yellow, 38

buckthorn, cascara, 169

butternut, 41

California-laurel, 163

candlenut, 187

candlewood, 198

capa prieto, 202

casuarina, 181

catalpa, northern, 27

cherry, black, 95

chestnut, American, 98

chinkapin, giant, 171

chokecherry, common, 96

coffeetree, Kentucky, 51

cordia, onion, 202

cottonwood, black, 165

cottonwood, eastern, 81

cottonwood, swamp, 82

courbaril, 195

cucumbertree, 63

cypress, Arizona, 153

cyrilla, swamp, 200

dogwood, flowering, 28

Douglas-fir, 140

elm, American, 73

elm, cedar, 78

elm, rock, 75

elm, September, 77

elm, slippery, 74

elm, winged, 76

eucalyptus, robusta, 185

fir, balsam, 19

fir, California red, 146

fir, Fraser, 20

fir, grand, 144

fir, noble, 145

fir. Pacific silver, 143

fir, subalpine, 142

fir, white, 141

granadillo, 201

guaraguao, 196

guava, 183

gumbo-limbo, 197

hackberry, 79

hackberry, netleaf, 167

hemlock, eastern, 18

hemlock, mountain, 136

hemlock, western, 135

hickory, bitternut, 45

hickory, mockernut, 46

hickory, nutmeg, 44

hickory, pignut, 49

hickory, shagbark, 48

hickory, shellbark, 47

hickory, water, 43

holly, American, 70

honeylocust, 52

hophornbeam, eastern, 90

hornbeam, American, 91

incense-cedar, 149

Joshua-tree, 158

juniper, alligator, 155

juniper. Rocky Mountain, 154

juniper, Utah, 156

juniper, western, 157

kiawe, 191

koa, 192

kukui, 187

larch, western, 121

laurel sabino, 204

locust, black, 53

madrone. Pacific, 170

magnolia, southern, 61

mahogany. West Indies, 50

mamane, 189

mangrove, 26

maple, bigleaf, 161

maple, black, 30

maple, red, 32

maple, silver, 31

maple, sugar, 29

mesquite, 191

monkeypod, 190

mountain-laurel, 64

mulberry, red, 56

muskwood, American, 196

naio, 186

oak, black, 105

oak, blackjack, 107

oak, blue, 177

oak, bur, 117

oak, California black, 173

oak, canyon live, 176

oak, chestnut, 114

oak, chinkapin, 113

oak, coast live, 174

oak, Emory, 175

oak, Gambel, 180

oak, laurel, 110

oak, live, 112

67
oak, northern pin, 103

oak, northern red, 99

oak, Nuttall, 104

oak, Oregon white, 178

oak, overcup, 118

oak, pin, 102

oak, post, 119

oak, scarlet, 100

oak, shingle, 108

oak, Shumard, 101

oak, southern red, 106

oak, swamp chestnut, 115

oak, swamp white, 116

oak, valley, 179

oak, water, 109

oak, white, 120

oak, willow, 111

'ohi'a-lehua, 184

olopua, 182

Osage-orange, 57

palma real, 193

palmetto, cabbage, 25

palo colorado, 200

paloverde, yellow, 160

pecan, 42

persimmon, common, 66

pine, bristlecone, 122

pine, Digger, 128

pine, eastern white,3

pine, jack, 11

pine, Jeffrey, 127

pine, knobcone, 129

pine, limber, 123

pine, loblolly,6

pine, lodgepole, 131

pine, longleaf,4

pine, Monterey, 130

pine, pitch,8

pine, pond,7

pine, ponderosa, 126

pine, red, 10

pine, sand, 13

pine, shortleaf,9

pine, slash,5

pine, spruce, 14

pine, sugar, 125

pine, Virginia, 12

pine, western white, 124

pinyon, 132

pinyon, singleleaf, 133

poplar, balsam, 83

Port-Orford-cedar, 151

pua, 182

redbay, 55

redbud, eastern, 65

redcedar, eastern, 23

redcedar, southern, 24

redcedar, western, 150

redwood, 147

roble blanco, 194

royalpalm, Puerto Rico, 193

saguaro, 159

sandalwood, false, 186

sassafras, 54

sequoia, giant, 148

silk-oak, 188

silverbell, Carolina, 94

spruce, black, 17

spruce, blue, 138

spruce, Engelmann, 137

spruce, red, 15

spruce, Sitka, 139

spruce, white, 16

sugarberry, 80

sweetbay, 62

sweetgum, 58

sycamore, 59

sycamore, California, 166

tabonuco, 198

tamarack,2

tanoak, 172

trumpet-tree, 199

túpelo, black, 68

túpelo, Ogeechee, 69

túpelo, water, 67

turpentine-tree, 197

walnut, black, 40

West-Indian-locust, 195

white-cedar, 194

white-cedar, Atlantic, 22

white-cedar, northern, 21

willow, black, 92

willow, peachleaf, 93

yagrumo hembra, 199

yellow-poplar, 60

yew, Pacific, 134

68
INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES

The numbers refer to species Nos. 1-204. Widely used synonyms of these

accepted scientific names are mentioned in the text.

Abies amahilis, 143

Abies balsamea, 19

Abies concolor, 141

Abies fraseri, 20

Abies grandis, 144

Abies lasiocarpa, 142

Abies magnifica, 146

Abies procera, 145

Acacia koa, 192

Acer macrophyllum, 161

Acer negundo, 33

Acer nigrum, 30

Acer rubrum, 32

Acer saccharinum, 31

y4c^r saccharum, 29

Aesculus glabra, 39

Aesculus octandra, 38

Aleurites moluccana, 187

Alnus rubra, 168

Arbutus menziesii, 170

Betula alleghaniensis, 85

Betula lenta, 86

Betula nigra, 87

Betula papyrifera, 88

Betula populifolia, 89

Buchenavia capitata, 201

Bursera simaruba, 197

Carpinus caroliniana, 91

Garya aquatica, 43

Carya cordiformis, 45

Garya glabra, 49

Garya illinoensis, 42

Garya laciniosa, 47

Garya myristiciformis, 44

Garya ovata, 48

Garya tomentosa, 46

Gastanea dentata, 98

Gastanopsis chrysophylla, 171

Gasuarina equisetijolia, 181

Gatalpa speciosa, 2,1

Gecropia peltata, 199

Geltis laevigata, 80

Geltis occidentalis, 79

C^/iz5 reticulata, 167

Gercidium microphyllum, 160

Gercis canadensis, 65

Gereus giganteus, 159

Ghamaecyparis lawsoniana, 151

Ghamaecyparis nootkatensis, 152

Ghamaecyparis thyoides, 22

Gordia alliodora, 202

Gornus florida, 28

Gupressus arizonica, 153

Gyrilla racemiflora, 200

Dacryodes excelsa, 198

Diospyros virginiana, 66

Eucalyptus robusta, 185

Fagus grandifolia, 97

Fraxinus americana, 36

Fraxinus latifolia, 162

Fraxinus nigra, 34

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, 37

Fraxinus quadrangulata, 35

Gleditsia triacanthos, 52

Grevillea robusta, 188

Guarea guidonia, 196

Gymnocladus dioicus, 51

Halesia Carolina, 94

Hymenaea courbaril, 195

//^x opaca, 70

Juglans cinérea, 41

Juglans nigra, 40

Juniperus deppeana, 155

Juniperus occidentalis, 157

Juniperus osteosperma, 156

Juniperus scopulorum, 154

Juniperus silicicola, 24

Juniperus virginiana, 23

Kalmia latifolia, 64

Larix laricina, 2

Larix occidentalis, 121

Libocedrus decurrens, 149

Liquidambar styraciflua, 58

Liriodendron tulipifera, 60

Lithocarpus densiflorus, 172

Madura pomifera, 57

Magnolia acuminata, 63

Magnolia grandiflora, 61

Magnolia splendens, 204

Magnolia virginiana, 62

Manilkara bidentata, 203

Metrosideros collina, 184

Morus rubra, 56

Myoporum sandwicense, 186

Nyssa aquatica, 67

Nyssa ogeche, 69

Nyssa sy Iva tica, 68

Osmanthus sandwicensis, 182

69
Ostrya virginiana, 90

Persea horhonia, 55

Picea engelmannii, 137

Picea glauca, 16

Picea mariana, 17

Picea pungens, 138

Picea ruhens, 15

Picea sitchensis, 139

Pinus aristata, 122

Pinus attenuata, 129

Pinus hanksiana, 11

Pinus clausa, 13

Pinus contorta, 131

Pinus echinata, 9

Pinus edulis, 132

Pinus elliottii, 5

Pinus flexilis, 123

Pmw5 glabra, 14

Pinus jeffreyi, 127

Pinus lambertiana, 125

Pinus monophylla, 133

Pinus monticola, 124

Pinus palustris, 4

Pinus ponderosa, 126

Pinus radiata, 130

P¿nW5 r^5m05a, 10

Pinus rigida, 8

Pinus sabiniana, 128

Pinus serótina, 7

Pinus strobus, 3

Pinus taeda, 6

Pinus virginiana, 12

Pithecellobium saman, 190

Platanus occidentalis, 59

Platanus racemosa, 166

Populus balsamifera, 83

Populus deltoides, 81

Populus grandidentata, 84

Populus heterophylla, 82

Populus tremuloides, 164

Populus trichocarpa, 165

Prosopis paluda, 191

Prunus serótina, 95

Prunus virginiana, 96

Pseudotsuga menziesii, 140

Psidium guajava, 183

Quercus agrifolia, 174

Quercus alba, 120

Quercus bicolor, 116

Quercus chrysolepis, 176

Quercus coccinea, 100

Quercus douglasii, 177

Quercus ellipsoidalis, 103

Quercus emoryi, 175

Quercus falcata, 106

Quercus gambelii, 180

Quercus garryana, 178

Quercus imbricaria, 108

Quercus kelloggii, 173

Quercus laurifolia, 110

Quercus lobata, 179

Quercus lyrata, 118

Quercus macrocarpa, 117

Quercus marilandica, 107

Quercus michauxii, 115

Quercus muehlenbergii, 113

Quercus nigra, 109

Quercus nuttallii, 104

Quercus palustris, 102

Quercus phellos, 111

Quercus prinus, 114

Quercus rubra, 99

Quercus shuntardii, 101

Quercus stellata, 119

Quercus velutina, 105

Quercus virginiana, 112

Rhamnus purshiana, 169

Rhizophora mangle, 26

Robinia pseudoacacia, 53

Roystonea borinquena, 193

^a^a/ palmetto, 25

5a//:x; amygdaloides, 93

5a/íx nigra, 92

Sassafras albidum, 54

Sequoia sempervirens, 147

Sequoiadendron giganteum, 148

Sophora chrysophylla, 189

Swietenia mahagoni, 50

Tabebuia heterophylla, 194

Taxodium distichum, 1

Taxus brevifolia, 134

Thuja occidentalis, 21

Thuja plicata, 150

Tf/m americana, 71

T//m heterophylla, 72

Tsuga canadensis, 18

Tsuga heterophylla, 135

Tsuga mertensiana, 136

Ulmus alata, 76

Ulmus americana, 73

Ulmus crassifolia, 78

Ulmus rubra, 74

Ulmus serótina, 77

Ulmus thomasii, 75

Umbellularia californica, 163

Yucca brevifolia, 158

1^ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 0-245-771

70