PREPARING REFERENCES FOR SURVEY REPORTS 

N EARLY ALL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS refer to 

the work of, other researchers. The usual practice in Geological Survey reports is to cite author, 

date, and page in the text and to list complete references at the end of the text. In some multichaptered 

reports, references are listed at the end of each chapter. Authors should doublecheck that each reference 

cited in the text is included in the reference list and 

that each reference is complete and accurate. Inaccurate or misquoted references reflect on the scholarship of the report and'may mislead the reader. 

Survey reference style may differ from that of outside journals. Check to be sure, if you plan to publish 

outside. 

In general, brackets, not parentheses, are used for 

any material added to a direct quotation in the text of 

a report, or to the formal information cited in a reference from the report cited, particularly from the title 

or copyrighted pages. 

All reports listed as references must be reasonably 

available to the public. Unavailable reports should not 

be cited. Listed reports mostly are books, periodicals 

and other serials, symposium and conference or congress volumes, and maps, but certain unpublished 

material may also be cited-such things as dissertations and master's theses, some guidebooks, and 

reports open filed by the Survey or by other Federal, 

State, foreign, or private agencies. 

Unpublished dissertations, guidebooks, and Survey 

Open-File Reports should be referred to the same way 

as published reports, both in the text and in the list 

of references. (See examples 16, 20-22, 43, and 44 in 

the sample list of cited publications at the end of this 

section.) Open-file reports of non-Survey organizations may be cited as published reports if complete 

bibliographic information is available; the reader will 

be helped if you state where such reports may be 

inspected. 

Oral and written communications are unpublished 

data of another category that includes oral data and 

opinions, written correspondence, memorandums, field 

notes, and manuscripts and maps in all stages of 

preparation. (See discussion about manuscripts in 

preparation under "In press" below.) All such 

material is cited only in the text and does not appear 

in the reference list at the end of the report. 

REFERENCES CITED WITHIN THE TEXT 

Text references include the author's last name (and 

initials if needed to prevent confusion), the year of 

publication, and, optionally, specific page(s), plate(s), 

or figure numbers. For example, "Production of 

lithium was begun at Searles Lake, Calif., in 1938 

(Mumford, 1949, p. 513)." The exact page or pages 

must be given if a reference is to quoted matter; paging should be given in a reference to a report large 

enough for the reader to need help in locating the 

information. Pages are unneeded if the article cited 

is only a few pages long and if no content is quoted. 

Full paging for the entire book or article-not given 

in the text reference-should appear in the reference 

list at the end of the report. 

Author's name. If an author's name forms part of 

a sentence, only the date and the page reference appear in parentheses, as in "Schaller (1911, p. 49)." If 

the cited author's name is in the possessive case, the 

citation immediately follows the word modified: "Carrara's study (1979, p. 307) suggests that," os "well 

shown on Dyni's map (1968)." If reference is made to 

several articles published by an author in one calendar 

year, indicate them by letters a, b, c after the year, 

as in "(Reeside, 1927a, p. 5-7)." Use the same letters 

in the reference list at the end of the paper. (See 

examples 39 and 40 in sample list of references.) 

Multiple authors. If a paper has two authors, both 

authors' names should be cited, as in "(Schaller and 

Carron, 1952, p. 301)." If a paper has three authors, 

the reference may be either to the first-named author 

"and others" (if there is no possibility of confusion) 

or to all the authors. You may treat each group of 

authors individually-for example, "(Palache and 

others, 1951)," "(Palache, Berman, and Frondel, 

1951)," or "according to Rowley and others (1985)." 

Whether or not the reference is within parentheses 

has no bearing on the use or nonuse of "and others." 

Whichever method is chosen should be followed consistently throughout the paper. To save text space 

and prevent long lists of names that tend to break the 

reader's train of thought, papers having four authors 

or more are customarily cited as the first author "and 

others." For clarity, however, the text references for 

"Ruth, May, Aaron, and Henry, 1980," and "Ruth, 

Henry, May, and Aaron, 1980," would be "Ruth, May, 

and others, 1980," and "Ruth, Henry, and others, 

1980," respectively. The Survey doesn't use "et al." 

234 Preparing references for Survey reports 
In the list of references, all authors' names should 

be given. 

Multiple references. Multiple references may be 

listed alphabetically by author-for example, "(Ashley, 

1910, 1918, 1940; Drake, 1965; Drake and others, 

1967; Lesley, 1880; Swartz, 1922, 1929)"-or they 

may be listed chronologically. In fairness to the 

authors cited, a chronological listing better emphasizes the relative priority of each author's contribution 

to the literature. All works by one author in a chronological listing should follow the first listing of that 

author's name, to prevent needless repetition and to 

ease the reader's task in looking up the references. 

For example, "(Lesley, 1880; Ashley, 1910, 1918, 

1940; Swartz, 1922, 1929; Drake, 1965; Drake and 

others, 1967)." 

Book titles. Titles of books, articles, and other 

reports mentioned in the text are enclosed in quotation marks. Capitalize all important words: "Bibliography of North American Geology, 1970"; "Dictionary 

of Alaska Place Names." Follow this practice if the 

complete formal title is used. If such a reference is 

cited many times in the text, give the formal title the 

first time, followed by a shortened informal title in 

parentheses. Thereafter, use the short title: "United 

States Government Printing Office Style Manual, 

1984" (U.S. GPO Style Manual); "Suggestions to 

Authors of the Reports of the United States Geological Survey" (STA). If repeated citations are separated by many pages of text, a repeat of the full 

title is a service to the reader. 

Unpublished information. Oral or written communications and unpublished data in the text are 

referred to in parentheses in the text but do not 

appear in the reference list at the end of the report. 

Give the name@) of the author(@, including initials or 

first name, abbreviated "oral commun(s).," "written 

commun(s).," or "unpub. data," followed by the 

date(s), as follows: "(A.B. Smith, oral commun., 

1985)," "(Charles Brown, written commun., 1983)," 

"(D.E. Jones, and W.D. Johnson, Jr., unpub. data, 

1984)," or "according to I.J. Witkind (oral commun., 

1985)." The Survey avoids the expression "personal 

communication." References to unpublished information may include the author's affiiiation after the 

name as a courtesy to the author and a convenience 

to the reader. See also page 237 regarding manuscripts in preparation. 

Correct referencing is the responsibility of the 

author, not the reviewer or the editor. The reference 

style discussed here is used for most Survey books 

and map reports. In some special-purpose bibliographies and reports, the style may vary. In the 

following discussion, example numbers refer to sample references in "Examples of Cited Publications," 

beginning on page 239. Do not number your own 

references. 

The headings "References Cited" or "References" 

are used by the Survey if all the publications listed are 

referred to in the text; the heading "Selected References" is used if the list is more extensive; "Bibliography" is used if it is exhaustive. The heading "Selected 

References" should not be used to avoid citing in the 

text one or two papers in the reference list. 

How TO LIST REFERENCES 

References are listed alphabetically by names of 

authors. All reports by an author alone are listed in 

chronological order. Next are reports written by that 

person as senior author with coauthors; each identical 

grouping of authors is treated as a unit, and each unit 

is listed alphabetically by the names of its coauthors. 

Under each unit, references are also listed chronologidly. For example-(1) papers by Smith alone, listed 

chronologically; (2) papers by Smith and Brown, also 

chronologically; (3) papers by Smith, Brown, and 

Jones; (4) papers by Smith and Jones; (5) papers by 

Smith, Jones, and Brown. If two or more papers 

within a chronological listing have the same publication year, they are listed alphabetically by title, and 

the dates are followed by letters such as a, b, and c 

(examples 39, 40). 

After the first listing of an author or group of 

authors, a 3-em dash is traditionally substituted for 

the name or names to avoid repetition. One dash 

substitutes for all the names in the previous citation. 

The dash is not followed by a comma, and no space is 

left between the dash and the year (examples 2, 3, 39, 

40). When the dash substitutes for a group of names, 

the authors represented by the dash must be exactly 

the same as those in the preceding reference and 

must be in the same order. For example, no dash is 

used if a paper by Ashley, Baker, and Carter is 

followed by a paper by Ashley, Carter, and Baker. 

The use of the dash, however, may cause problems 

with computer-generated bibliographies. Many scientists maintain bibliographic lists on disks for recurrent 

use and selective retrieval, but the computer cannot 

alphabetically sort and retrieve references beginning 

with a dash. The best solution is to repeat the 

author's name in each entry on the disk and in the 

bibliography. STA endorses this procedure, but cautions that use or nonuse of the dash must be 

consistent in any given report. 

How to list references 235 
Use the following order for the various elements in 

a citation: 

1. Name(s) of individual author(s), surname first and 

initials or one given name; or name of corporate 

author; or, if no author can be found, name of the 

periodical in which the article is published; 

followed by a comma. 

2. Year of publication, followed by a comma. 

3. Title, followed by a colon. 

4. Information following the colon: 

a. For books and book-type publications not in a 

series: Give the place of publication, followed 

by a comma; name of publisher, followed by a 

comma; full paging (exclusive of preliminary 

pages in Roman numerals) for the book or for 

that section or chapter cited in the title part 

of the reference, followed by a period if end of 

citation, or by a comma if not; plates and figures (in that order), if important or significant. Tables generally are not listed. 

b. For serial publications: Give the name of 

periodical or other serial publication, followed 

by a comma; volume and number in Arabic 

numerals (if a serial has no designation of 

volume or number other than the year of 

publication, that year should be used in place 

of the volume or number), followed by a comma; full paging for the article or report, or for 

that part cited in the title of the reference, 

followed by a comma; number of plates and 

figures, if important or significant. Tables 

generally are not listed. For maps in series, 

give number of sheets (if more than one), 

followed by a comma; ratio scale. 

c. For maps not in a series: Give the place of 

publication, followed by a comma; publisher, 

followed by a comma; number of sheets (if 

more than one), followed by a comma; ratio 

scale. 

d. For publications of congresses, conferences, 

and similar meetings, and some guidebooks, 

when such publications cannot be cited like 

books: Name of congress or conference, followed by a comma; its number (lst, 4th, etc.), 

followed by a comma; place of meeting, followed by a comma; year of meeting, followed 

by a comma; and series, volume, part, if any, 

followed by a comma; full paging of article 

cited, or of the entire volume if it is cited as a 

whole. Some guidebooks can be treated like 

conference publications, some lie serials, and 

others like books; no general rule can apply. 

Name of author. If the author of the work cited 

uses only one given name, the name should be written 

out in full, as "Butts, Charles." If the author uses 

more than one given name, initials are preferred 

unless the name in that form does not uniquely identify the author. If authors have initials or names that 

might cause confusion, the given names should be 

written out. Initials and periods should be set without 

spaces. If applicable, the abbreviation "ed(s)." for 

editor(s) or "comp(s)." for compiler(s) follows the 

initials or given name (examples 4, 7, 11, 15, 26, 

30, 33, 52). 

Selection of the last name under which to list a citation may be difficult when citing a foreign name. The 

author's own usage, if ascertainable, or the custom of 

the author's country should be followed. Otherwise, a 

prefix that is a definite article (La, Le, L') or a preposition and an article forming one word (Dall', Du, 

Della, Lo) are generally considered to be part of the 

surname (examples 17, 24, 25). If a prefix is a preposition standing alone in a nonanglicized name (de, 

van, da), it is not considered to be part of the surname 

(examples 6, 24, 60). In anglicized names, however, 

the prefix is considered to be part of the surname, 

even if it stands alone (example 59). In foreign 

Chinese names, no comma follows the surname (example 12), but in Chinese-American names, the comma 

should be used. Compound names are common in 

some countries. These names should ordinarily be 

cited under the first of the compound names (examples 13, 14). Diacritical marks, if any, should follow 

the author's usage. Authors' names in a multipleauthor reference are usually separated by commas, 

but semicolons may be used if needed for clarity. 

If no one is named as the principal author, editor, 

or compiler of a report, the publishing organizationU.S. Government, State, or municipal agency; foreign 

government, provincial, or municipal agency; university; corporation; scientific society; publishing housemay be listed as corporate author (examples 53-57). 

The name of the publishing periodical may be used as 

author if no individual or organization can be named 

(see example 42). "Anonymous" is not used by the 

Survey. In citing a corporate author, the general rule 

is to use the name of the specific organization or 

agency responsible for the publication, not the larger 

body to which the agency may belong. For example, 

for Survey publications, use "U.S. Geological Survey" 

not "U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological 

Survey." 

Year of publication. Use the date (year) shown on 

the title page of the publication. If no date appears on 

the title page, use the copyright date, if there is one. 

236 Elements of a bibliographic citation 
If the year of release differs from the year of publication, both dates may be given, but need not be. The 

release date may be important to questions of priority, as in paleontological reports, but it generally is 

unnecessary. If both dates are given, the actual 

publication (imprint) date must follow the author's 

name; the release date follows the imprint date in 

brackets, as "1987 [1988]," (example 32). 

If the date of publication is not on the title or 

copyright page but is discovered elsewhere in the 

report-or is otherwise known-it is placed in the 

reference in brackets in the usual place after the 

author's name (example 55). If the date cannot be 

found but can be estimated, or guessed at, it is 

followed by a question mark and is enclosed in 

brackets "[1983?]." If no estimate can be made, use 

"[n.d.]." 

In press. Manuscripts by Survey authors cannot 

be listed in the references as "in press" until publication is approved either within the Survey or in an 

outside publication. Manuscripts by non-Survey 

authors must have been accepted by a publisher or 

journal. When an "in press" report is listed in the 

references, the words "in press" should substitute for 

the publication date, after the author's name (example 

47). Text references to several "in press" reports by 

the same author may appear as "(Smith, in press a, 

b)." 

"In press" references to a book or to a nonseries 

map must cite the place of publication and publisher; 

such references to an article in a periodical or other 

serial publication must give the name of the publication in which the article will appear. If that information is not available, the report is not in press. 

Manuscripts in preparation cannot be cited in the 

text or included in the references. After all, such a 

manuscript may never be completed. If a report by a 

Survey author has not received Director's approval or 

if a report by a non-Survey author has not been accepted for publication by a publisher or journal, the 

manuscript may be cited in the text only as "unpub. 

data" or "written commun." 

Title. The title of the work cited should be taken 

from the title page (or from the face of a map), not 

from a cover page or jacket, which may have a somewhat different title. Titles should be cited completely 

and without changes, except to correct typographical 

errors. Any other word considered to be in error 

should be reproduced exactly as it appears on the title 

page, followed by "[sic]." Words may be deleted from 

an overly long title, any deletion being shown by 

asterisks * * * (examples 7, 60). Occasionally, words 

may be added in brackets for clarification (examples 

18, 19). If the typographical style of a title page omits 

needed punctuation, such as a comma or semicolon, 

such punctuation should be supplied. A colon within a 

title is usually shown in the list of references by a 

dash, so that it does not become confused with the 

colon that, in Survey reference style, marks the end 

of the title. 

For titles in English, only the first word, proper 

nouns, and proper adjectives should be capitalized, but 

in other languages, the national practice should be 

followed. Any diacritical marks should be reproduced. 

Titles in foreign languages may be (but do not have to 

be) followed by an English translation enclosed in 

brackets. Translations are particularly helpful for 

languages other than French, German, and Spanish 

(examples 50, 51). 

Titles in Asian languages are usually given in 

English translation only, enclosed in brackets. A 

parenthetical statement at the end of the citation 

should tell the reader the language from which the 

translation was made and indicate whether the article 

or book includes a summary in English or in another 

language (example 12). 

Edition. If a work has more than one edition, the 

edition cited in the text must be shown in parentheses 

immediately after the title and before the colon 

(examples 4, 5, 7). 

Abstracts. If the work cited is an abstract, the 

abbreviation "[abs.]," in brackets, immediately follows 

the title, just before the colon (example 1). 

Citing parts of chapters. When the reference 

cited is a part of a larger report, care should be taken 

to distinguish the part from the whole. Generally, the 

title of the part is cited first, followed by "in," or by 

"chap. 2 of" or "pt. 3 of" if the part has a formal 

designation in the book or report (see examples 10, 

20, 46). When citing the paging for such a reference, 

give paging of the part or chapter only, not of the 

whole book or report. 

Information following the colon for books. If 

the work cited is a book, the place of publication immediately follows the colon at the end of the title. 

Usually, the place of publication is printed on the title 

page of the book. If it is not there but is known, put 

it in brackets (examples 15, 21); if the place is guessed 

at, add a question mark "[New York?]." Well-known 

large American cities, such as New York, Chicago, 

San Francisco, New Orleans, and others, need not be 

identified by State; large foreign cities, such as London, Paris, Rome, and Moscow, can also stand alone. 

When a State name follows a smaller or less well 

known U.S. city or town, the customary abbreviation 

(p. 105) is used (examples 4, 5), not the U.S. Postal 

Service code. 

Details of the citation 237 
When well-known commercial publishers are cited, 

the full corporate name is not required. For example, 

"Merriam" is sufficient for "G. & C. Merriam Co.," 

'Macmillan," for "The Macmillan Company," and 

"Wiley," for "John Wiley and Sons, Inc." If the 

publisher is not well known or the publication is difficult to identify, more information should be given. 

The U.S. Government Printing Office is given as the 

publisher of reports issued by special or temporary 

Government bodies, but ordinarily it is not listed as 

the publisher of reports issued by permanent Federal 

agencies. 

If a book or report includes more than one volume 

and if the entire work is cited, the number of volumes 

should be given rather than the total pages (examples 

26, 58). Total paging may also be provided but is not 

required-for example, "3 v., 2,818 p." 

Information following the colon for serials. If 

the work cited is in a serial publication, the spelledout name of that publication immediately follows the 

colon. Use the name as it appears on the title page of 

the volume containing the article cited, not the serial 

name currently in use if it has changed. Serial publications include periodicals released at regular intervals, such as "Journal of Paleontology", and 

numbered books and map series that are released 

irregularly, such as U.S. Geological Survey Bulletins 

and Geologic Quadrangle Maps. 

When publications of governmental organizations 

are cited, the name of the country, State, province, or 

city should be given first-for example, "Canada Geological Survey," not "Geological Survey of Canada." 

The abbreviations "U.S." and "U.S.S.R." or "SSSR" 

are used, but other names are spelled out. 

When publications of nongovernmental organizations are cited, the name of the organization is placed 

first, but the word order of the organization name 

itself is not changed; thus, "Geological Society of 

America Bulletin." Names of periodicals that do not 

include the name of the organization issuing them are 

not changed, except for the omission of any initial 

article-for example, "Engineering Geologist," not 

"The Engineering Geologist"; "Erde," not "Die 

Erde." 

If a serial title lacks information that might iden* 

it-for example, if (1) a government publication lacks 

the name of the country that issued it, or if (2) two 

periodicals from different sources have the same 

name, or if (3) a periodical from a non-Englishspeaking country has a title in English-the name of 

the city, State, or country in which the serial is published should be given in brackets: "[France] Bureau 

de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres"; "Explorer 

[Ohio]" and "Explorer [India]"; "Science Record 

[China]" (example 13). 

Publications issued in sections or series should include the ident~fylng number or letter of the section 

or series if the same volume number appears in more 

than one section or series-for example, "American 

Journal of Science, 4th ser., v. 1"; "New Zealand 

Journal of Science and Technology, sec. B, v. 35." 

Information following the colon for conferences 

and congresses. In citing the proceedings of conferences, congresses, and such, the date of the 

meeting should be given in addition to the date of 

publication (see discussion under "Elements of a 

Bibliographic Citation"; examples 10, 14). Normally, 

the year is sufficient, but if more than one meeting 

took place in a calendar year, the exact dates of the 

meeting should be given. 

Information following the colon for guidebooks. 

Guidebooks present particular problems. Each guidebook is different, and some of them may be correctly 

cited in several ways. Some guidebooks are issued as 

parts of regular geological society series or State geological survey series (example 20). These are treated 

like any other serial publication. Other guidebooks are 

issued by various conferences or congresses and can 

be cited the same way as other publications of those 

meetings. Still others can be treated like books (examples 21, 22) if sufficient bibliographic information 

is available. 

The title pages of many guidebooks, however, lack 

such information as place of publication and publisher, 

some lack a publication date, and some are unpaged 

or variously paged. Such information may perhaps be 

found in a preface or accompanying letter or may be 

learned from someone who attended the meeting. 

Sometimes it may only be guessed at. If the guidebook is cataloged in the Survey Library or in another 

large library, needed information may be on the 

library card or in the computer system, but many 

guidebooks are never cataloged anywhere. 

When referencing a guidebook, or any other book 

for which bibliographic information is sparse, use the 

facts that are available on the title (not cover) page. 

Then, any information from other parts of the book 

or from the author's own knowledge should be enclosed in brackets, with a question mark if necessary. 

If each trip in a guidebook or if each chapter or section in any report has its own paging, the words 

"variously paged" may be used in place of the full 

paging (example 56). For an unpaged book, the total 

number of pages may be counted and supplied in 

brackets "[50] p." or approximated "[about 3001 p." 

(example 57). 

238 Details of the citation 
Miscellany. Arabic numerals are generally 

substituted for Roman numerals unless the Roman 

numerals appear in a title or in a cited page 

reference, as "Baker (1958, p. iii)." 

In citations of foreign publications, use "v.," "pt.," 

"no.," and "p." rather than the equivalent foreign 

terms, unless such terms appear in the title of an 

article or report. Table 14 shows the English terms 

and some of their foreign equivalents: 

"C"; for a guidebook, look under "G"; for a map or 

for multiple authors, look under "M," and so on. A 

Chinese reference is under "C," and two Russian 

references are under "R." This system was first used 

in STA 5. It can be used to find most examples listed, 

but a helpful quick index to some commonly used 

examples is also given here for further assistance. 

Table 14. Some English terms and their foreign 

equivalents 

Volume Part Number Page 

Bohemian svazek East E islo strana 

(Czech) kniha 

Danish bind 

aargang 

boekdeel 

jaargang 

French volume 

tome 

annee 

German Band 

Jahrgang 

Greek r6pos 

Hungarian k,otet 

Italian volume 

anno 

del nummer 

hefte 

aflevering nummer deel 

part numkro 

fascicule 

Teil Nummer 

Heft 

fi(por apct9fibr 

r6sz szam 

parte numero 

side 

bladzij de 

paglna 

page 

Seite 

or XIS 

lap 

pagina 

Norwegian bind del nummer side 

hef te 

rok czeS6 numer stronca 

ksigika 

tom 

Portuguese volume parte nu'mero pdgina tom0 

anno 

Russian TOM 

Spanish volumen parte numero pagina 

tom0 

aiio 

Swedish volym del hafte sida 

band nummer page numro 

Turkish cilt ciiz sayi sahife 

The following numbered list includes many varieties 

of citations arranged as they would appear in a list of 

references. The numbers preceding these examples 

are only for reference use in this volume; citations are 

not numbered in Survey reports. An alphabetical key 

is given here to help the reader find examples quickly. Thus, to find an example of an abstract or an annual report, look under names of authors beginning 

with "A"; for examples of a book or Bulletin, look 

under names beginning with "B"; for a Circular, conference publication, or compound name, look under 

- - ---- Brackets, use of---------------1, 12-15, 18-21, 32, 41, 50, 51, 55, 57,-6i Bulletin (USGS) .................................. 8 9 Circular (USGS) .................................. 1 Conference report .................................. 10 

Congress International ........................... 14 

Date of hblication different from delivery date--------------------------32 

Dissertation Ph.D .................................... 16 

Edition (No ) ....................................... 4 5 7 

6, 12-14, 22-25, 27, 38, 39, 50, A, k0 

20-22 

in ...................................... 7 10 21 52 60 ,,.. Maps: 

State ................................... 0 33 

National Technical Information Service (NT1S)-----------------------------41 0 ................................................................................................... 46 C en-file Re rt (USGS) .................................. 43 44 

Professional Eper (USGS) .......................................... 45-47 

Chapter in ...................................... 46 

Water reports (USGS): State Water-Data Re rt ................................................... 49 

Techni ues of ~ater-EiGes Investigations------------------------48 

water-'kesources Investigations Report-----------------------------41, 61 Water-Supply Paper ................................... 62 

with a section on ...................................... 8 

1. Abbott, R.N., Jr., 1984, Al-Si ordering in 1M micas? [abs.]: 

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 

v. 16, no. 6, p. 425. 

2. Ashley, G.H., 1902, The eastern interior coal field: U.S. 

Geological Survey Annual Report 22 (1900-1901), pt. 3, 

p. 265-305, pis. 16-19. 

3. 1903, The geology of the lower Carboniferous area of 

southern Indiana: Indiana Department of Geology and 

Natural Resources Annual Report 27, p. 49-122. 

4. Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A., eds., 1980, Glossary of geology 

(2d ed.): Falls Church, Va., American Geological Institute, 

749 p. 

5. Billings, M.P., 1972, Structural geology (3d ed.): Englewood 

cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 606 p. 

6. Bold, W.A. van den, 1946, Contribution to the study of 

Ostracoda, with special reference to the Tertiary and 

Cretaceous microfauna of the Caribbean region: Amsterdam, J.H. de Bussy, 167 p., 18 pls. (Reprinted 1970, 

LochemMetherlands, Antiquriaat Junk.) 

7. Brown, J.A., 1960, Granules, in Gillson, J.L., and others, eds., 

Industrial minerals and rocks * * (3d ed.): New York, 

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and 

Petroleum Engineers, p. 443-454. 

8. Brown, R.D., Jr.; Leinz, Reinhard; Federspiel, F.E.; and 

Leszcykowski, A.M., 1981, Mineral resources of the Snow 

Mountain Wilderness Study Area, California, with a section on Interpretation of aeromagnetic data, by Andrew 

Griscom and R.D. Brown, Jr.: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 1495, 48 p., 2 pls. in pocket. 

Examples of cited publications 239 
Bryant, Bruce, 1962, Geology of the Linville quadrangle, 

North Carolina-Tennessee-A preliminary report: U.S. 

Geological Survey Bulletin 1121-D, 30 p. 

Callender, Edward, 1969, Geochemical characteristics of Lakes 

Michigan and Superior sediments, in Conference on Great 

Lakes Research, 12th, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1969, Proceedings: Ann Arbor, Mich., International Association for 

Great Lakes Research, p. 124-160. 

Carr, M.H., ed., 1970, A strategy for the geologic exploration 

of the planets: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 640, 37 p. 

Chang Caifan, 1981, [Subdivisions, and correlations to the 

interior, of the Lower Jurassic of eastern Hunan]: Dizhi 

Lunp'ing [Geological Review], v. 27, no. 2, p. 130-140. [In 

Chinese, English summary.] 

Colmet-Daage, Fran~ois, 1953, Constitution des principaux 

sols de la Guyane: Academic des Sciences [Paris] Comptes 

Rendus, v. 237, no. 1, p. 93-95. 

Cotelo Neiva, J.M., 1972, Tin-tungsten deposits and granites 

from northern Portugal, in Campbell, F.A., and Wilson, 

H.D.B., conveners, sec. 4, Mineral deposits: International 

Geological Congress, 24th, Montreal, 1972 [Proceedings], 

p. 282-288. 

DeYoung, J.H., Jr., ed., 1977, Mineral policies in transitionProceedings of the Mineral Economics Symposium, 

November 8-9, 1977, Washington, D.C.: [Washington, 

D.C.], American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and 

Petroleum Engineers, 211 p. 

Dockal, J.A., 1980, Petrology and sedimentary facies of Redwall Limestone (Mississippian) of Uinta Mountains, Utah 

and Colorado: Iowa City, University of Iowa, Ph.D. dissertation, 423 p., 13 pls., 48 figs. 

Du Toit, A.L., 1927, A geological comparison of South 

America with South Africa: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 381, 158 p., 16 pls., folded map in 

pocket. 

Emmons, S.F., 1870, Geology of the Toyabe Range [Nevada]: 

U.S. Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel (King), 

V. 3, p. 320-348. 

Fairbanks, H.W., 1904, Description of the San Luis quadrangle [California]: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas, 

Folio 101, 14 p., 4 map sheets, scale 1:125,000. 

Gates, R.M., Martin, C.W., and Cassie, R.M., 1968, The 

bedrock geology of the Waterbury and Thomaston 

quadrangles, trip D-5, in New England Intercollegiate 

Geological Conference, 60th annual meeting, New Haven, 

Conn., Oct. 25-27, 1968, Guidebook for field trips in Connecticut: Connecticut State Geological and Natural History 

Survey Guidebook 2, 12 p. [Each trip separately paged.] 

[Example of a guidebook that is part of a State series.] 

Gerrard, T.A., 1969, Stratigraphy of the Fort Apache Member, Supai Formation (Permian), east-central Arizona, in 

Geology and natural history of the Grand Canyon regionFour Corners Geological Society, 5th field conference, 

Powell Centennial River Expedition, 1969: [Durango, 

Colo.], Four Corners Geological Society, p. 174-180. 

[Example of a guidebook that is not part of a series. Place 

of publication is not shown on title page but is known and 

is therefore supplied in brackets.] 

Gibson, D.W., 1970, Triassic stratigraphy, Pine Pass area, 

northeastern British Columbia, in Peace River, Pine Pass, 

Yellowhead, 1970: Edmonton, Alberta, Edmonton Geological Society, 12th field conference, Guidebook, 

p. 23-38. 

23. Graul, Hans, 1953, ijber die quartiiren Gerdlfazien im 

deutschen Alpenvorlhde: Geologica Bavarica, no. 19, 

p. 266-280. 

24. La Rue, E.A. de, 1937, Le volcanisme aux Nouvelles Hebrides: 

Bulletin Volcanologique, ser. 2, v. 2, p. 79-142. 

25. Le Boree, Eugene, 1955, Sur la susceptibilis magnBtique du 

sol: Istanbul Universitesi Fen Faktiltesi Mecmuasi, ser. C, 

V. 20, pt. 2, p. 129-167. 

26. Levinson, A.A., ed., 1971, Proceedings of the Second Lunar 

Science Conference, Houston, Texas, January 11-14, 1971: 

Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 3 v., 2,818 p. (Geochimica 

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27. Mackasey, W.O., 1970, Summers Township, District of 

Thunder Bay: Ontario Department of Mines Preliminary 

Geological Map P.602, scale 1:15,840, text. 

28. Mansfield, G.R., 1924, Phosphate rock in 1923: U.S. Geological 

Survey Mineral Resources of the United States, 1923, 

pt. 2, p. 239-273. 

29. Marsh, O.C., 1886, Dinocerata-a monograph of an extinct 

order of gigantic mammals: U.S. Geological Survey 

Monograph 10, 243 p., 56 pls. 

30. Martin, H.M.M., comp., 1957, Map of the surface formations 

of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan: Michigan Geological Survey Publication 49 [pt. 21, scale 1:500,000. 

31. Mattick, R.E., 1965, Aeromagnetic and generalized geologic 

map of the Bingham quadrangle, Somerset County, Maine: 

U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 

GP-499, scale 1:62,500. 

32. McGovern, H.E., and Long, W.A., 1974 [1975], Ground water 

in Gray County, southwestern Kansas: U.S. Geological 

Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-517, 2 sheets, 

scale 1:250,000. 

33. Milici, R.C., Spiker, C.T., Jr., and Wilson, J.M., comps., 1963, 

Geologic map of Virginia: Charlottesville, Virginia Division 

of Mineral Resources, scale 1:500,000. 

34. Moore, G.E., Jr., 1983, Bedrock geologic map of the East Killingly quadrangle, Connecticut and Rhode Island: U.S. 

Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1571, 

scale 1:24,000. 

35. Mullineaux, D.R., 1976, Preliminary overview map of volcanic 

hazards in the 48 conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-786, 

scale 1:7,500,000. (Reprinted 1979.) 

36. Munk, W.H., 1953, Small tsunami waves reaching California 

from the Japanese earthquake of March 4, 1952: Seismological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, no. 3, p. 

219-222. 

37. Munk, W.H., Ewing, G.C., and Revelle, R.R.D., 1949, 

Diffusion in Bikini Lagoon: American Geophysical Union 

Transactions, v. 30, no. 1, p. 59-66. 

38. Munk, W.H., and Miller, R.L., 1950, Variation in the Earth's 

angular velocity resulting from fluctuations in atmospheric 

and oceanic circulations: Tellus, v. 2, no. 2, p. 93-101. 

39. Munk, W.H., and Revelle, R.R.D., 1952a, On the geophysical 

interpretation of irregularities in the rotation of the Earth: 

Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices, Geopi~ysical 

Supplements, v. 6, no. 6, p. 331-347. 

240 Examples of cited publications 
40. 1952b, Sea level and the rotation of the Earth: American 

Journal of Science, v. 250, no. 11, p. 829-883. 

41. Noble, R.D., and Jackman, A.P., 1984, Meteorological, watertemperature, and discharge data for the Mattole River 

basin, Humboldt County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-81, 93 p. 

[Available from National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, VA 22161 as NTIS Report PB-84 146 299.1 

42. Oil and Gas Journal, 1952, Where are those Gulf Coast salt 

domes?: Oil and Gas Journal, v. 51, no. 14, p. 130, 

133-134. 

43. Oldale, R.N., Uchupi, Elazar, and Prada, K.E., 1971, Western 

Gulf of Maine and the southeastern Massachusetts offshore 

area-sedimentary framework: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report, 37 p., 7 map sheets. [Example of unnumbered Open-File Report issued before May 1, 1974.1 

44. Otis, L.S., and Kautz, W.H., 1980, Biological premonitors of 

earthquakes-a validation study: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 80-1152, 125 p. [Example of numbered 

Open-File Report issued after May 1, 1974.1 

45. Peterman, Z.E., and Hildreth, R.A., 1978, Reconnaissance 

geology and geochronology of the Precambrian of the 

Granite Mountains, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1055, 22 p. 

46. Pierce, Walter, Gude, A.J., 111, and McKee, E.D., 1982, Insoluble residue patterns, chap. M of McKee, E.D., The 

Supai Group of Grand Canyon: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 1173, p. 263-272. 

47. Prudic, D.E., in press, Ground-water hydrology and subsurface 

migration of radionuclides at a commercial radioactive 

waste burial site, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New 

York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1325. 

48. Reilly, T.E., Franke, O.L., and Bennett, G.D., 1987, The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water 

hydraulics: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of WaterResources Investigations, book 3, chap. B6, 28 p. 

49. ReMillard, M.D., Herbert, L.R. Sandberg, G.W., and Birdwell, 

G.A., 1987, Water resources data, Utah, water year 1986: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report UT-86-1, 404 p. 

50. Repina, L.N., 1969, Trilobity nizhnego i srednego kembriya 

yuga Sibiri, nadsemeystvo Redlichioidea [Trilobites of the 

lower and middle Cambrian of southern Siberia, superfamily Redlichioidea]: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoye 

Otdeleniye, Institut Geologii i Geofizikii Trudy, no. 67, 

108 p. 

51. Repina, L.N., and Okuneva, O.G., 1969, Kembriyskiye chlenistonogiye Primor'ya [Cambrian arthropods of the Maritime 

Territory]: Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 1969, no. 1, 

p. 106-114. [English translation in Paleontological Journal 

(American Geological Institute), v. 3, no. 1, p. 95-103, 

1969.1 

52. Swain, F.M., 1983, Cretaceous Ostracoda from DSDP and 

IPOD deep-sea drilling sites, in Maddocks, R.F., ed., 

Applications of Ostracoda-Proceedings of the Eighth 

International Symposium on Ostracoda, July 26-29, 1982: 

Houston, Tex., University of Texas-University Park, 

Department of Geosciences, p. 520-528, 2 pls. 

53. Tennessee Valley Authority, 1949, Geology and foundation 

treatment, Tennessee Valley Authority projects: Tennessee 

Valley Authority Technical Report 22, 548 p. 

54. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Interior and Insular 

Affairs, 1949, National resources policy; hearings: U.S. 

Congress, 81st, 1st session, 470 p. 

55. U.S. Council on Environmental Quality and U.S. Department 

of State [1980], The global 2000 report to the Presidententering the twenty-first century, v. 1: Washington, D.C., 

U.S. Government Printing Office, 47 p. 

56. U.S. Federal Energy Administration, 1974, Oil-possible levels 

of future production-Project Independence blueprint, final 

task force report: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government 

Printing Office [variously paged]. 

57. U.S. Geological Survey, 1975-1976, Comparative study of 

Canadian-United States resource programs. A three-part 

study prepared at the request of Senator Ted Stevens: 

Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, Office of 

Resource Analysis, by direction of the U.S. Senate 

Committee on Appropriations, [256] p. 

58. U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1973, 

San Fernando, California, earthquake of February 9, 1971: 

Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 3 v. 

59. Van Valkenburg, Alvin, Jr., and Insley, Herbert, 1950, The 

synthesis of fluo-silicate minerals: Ceramic Age, v. 56, 

no. 5, p. 20-22. 

60. Voorthuysen, J.H. van, 1940, Geologische Untersuchungen im 

Distrikt Arnfoan (Nordwest Timor), in Brouwer, H.A., 

Geological expedition of the University of Amsterdam to 

the Lesser Sunda Islands * * *: Amsterdam, N.V. NoordHollandsche Uitgevers Maadtschappij, v. 2, p. 345-368. 

61. Waddell, R.K., 1982, Two-dimensional steady-state model of 

ground-water flow, Nevada Test Site and vicinity, NevadaCalifornia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 824085, 77 p., 1 pl. [oversize sheet], scale 

1:250,000, 5 figs. [More recent reports in this series are 

called "Water-Resources Investigations Reports."] 

62. Wandle, S.W., Jr., 1983, Estimating peak discharges of small 

rural streams in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 2214, 26 p. 

Examples of cited publications 241