[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 16-16784

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cv-22267-DLB

MULTIQUIMICA DOMINICANA, S.A., 

a Dominican Republic Corporation, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee

versus

CHEMO INTERNATIONAL, INC., 

a Florida corporation,

 Defendant - Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(September 1, 2017)

Before ROSENBAUM, JULIE CARNES, and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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I.

This appeal comes before us on the issue of whether the district court 

committed clear error when it found that Defendant-Appellant Chemo 

International, Inc. (“Chemo”), waived its right to collect underpaid commissions 

owed to it by Plaintiff-Appellee Multiquimica Dominicana, S.A. (“Multiquimica”). 

Multiquimica, a Dominican Republic manufacturer of paint resins and 

emulsions, and Chemo, a Florida corporation, successfully did business together 

for many years beginning in 1995. During this time, Chemo held two roles. First, 

Chemo purchased various raw materials from Multiquimica. In this capacity, 

Chemo would submit a purchase order and was then required to pay for the goods 

delivered. Second, Chemo acted as a distributor for Multiquimica. Chemo 

acquired customers to purchase Multiquimica’s products and for each of its sales 

on behalf of Multiquimica, Chemo earned a commission.1

Eventually, the relationship deteriorated, and in 2013, Multiquimica filed a

lawsuit against Chemo. Multiquimica claimed Chemo owed it $403,786.80 for 

various unpaid goods.2

 Chemo did not file a counterclaim, but in its Answer, 

Chemo asserted the affirmative defense of offset. In this regard, Chemo claimed 

 

1 Chemo’s commission rate varied throughout the parties’ relationship. Although the 

commission rate was disputed at trial, the rate is irrelevant for the purposes of this appeal.

2 Multiquimica originally sought $436,176.80, but the parties later agreed the amount 

should be reduced to $403,786.80. 

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that Multiquimica owed it money from both unpaid and underpaid commissions,3

beginning in 2005 until the end of the parties’ relationship in 2010. Accordingly, 

Chemo sought to offset the amount owed it in commissions against the 

$403,786.80 Multiquimica claimed it was due.

Because the parties were unable to settle their disputes, the case proceeded 

to a three-day bench trial. At trial, Multiquimica responded to Chemo’s defense of 

offset by asserting that Chemo had waived its right to the underpaid commissions.

4

 

According to Multiquimica, Chemo cashed the underpaid checks without 

objection. And it was not until years later that Chemo complained about the 

underpayments. In the meantime, Chemo continued to work on behalf of 

Multiquimica for years. Based on these circumstances, Multiquimica claimed 

Chemo waived its right to the balance of the commissions.5

 

Following trial, the district court entered its Findings of Fact and 

Conclusions of Law. The district court concluded that Chemo had breached its 

 

3 The claim of unpaid commissions was based on amounts never paid by Multiquimica. 

In contrast, the claim of underpaid commissions was based on Chemo’s allegation that, in certain 

instances, Multiquimica failed to pay the full commission due. 

4 Chemo’s Answer did not require a response, so Multiquimica was permitted to assert 

waiver, for the first time, at trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b) (“If a pleading sets out a claim for 

relief that does not require a responsive pleading, an opposing party may assert at trial any 

defense to that claim.”).

5 The evidence showed Chemo complained about the underpayments in mid-2009. But 

the underpayments began in 2005, and the record is silent as to Chemo’s alleged complaints from 

2005 to 2009.

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contract with Multiquimica and owed it $403,786.80 for unpaid goods. As to 

Chemo’s claim for unpaid commissions, the district court found that Multiquimica 

owed Chemo $284,495.37. But as to the underpaid commissions, the district court 

found in favor of Multiquimica. The district court concluded that Chemo had 

waived its right to full payment when it accepted Multiquimica’s checks without 

complaint. In the end, the district court concluded that Multiquimica was entitled 

to judgment on its breach-of-contract claim in the amount of $403,786.80, and 

Chemo was entitled to an offset for unpaid commissions in the amount of 

$284,495.37.

Chemo appeals only the district court’s finding of waiver with respect to the 

underpaid commissions. After careful consideration, we affirm.

II.

Following a bench trial, we review the district court’s findings of fact for 

clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Proudfoot Consulting Co. v. 

Gordon, 576 F.3d 1223, 1230 (11th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). A factual 

finding is clearly erroneous “when although there is evidence to support it, the 

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction 

that a mistake has been committed.” Id. (citations omitted). If the district court’s 

factual determination of the evidence is plausible in light of the record, we may not 

reverse that finding even if we would have weighed the evidence differently. 

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Anderson v. City of Bessemer, 470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985). So where two 

permissible views of the evidence can exist, a factfinder’s choice between them 

cannot be clearly erroneous. Id.; Fla. Int’l Univ. Bd. of Trs. v. Fla. Nat’l Univ., 

Inc., 830 F.3d 1242, 1255 (11th Cir. 2016).

This case came before the district court on the basis of the court’s diversity 

jurisdiction. As acknowledged by the district court and the parties, the waiver 

issue presented here is governed by Florida law. See Air Prods. and Chems., Inc. 

v. La. Land and Expl. Co., 867 F.2d 1376, 1379 (11th Cir. 1989).6

 

III.

We first note that under Florida law, waiver is an issue of fact. See MDS 

(Canada) Inc. v. Rad Source Techs., Inc., 720 F.3d 833, 851 (11th Cir. 2013)

(citing Rutig v. Lake Jem Land Co., 20 So. 2d 498 (Fla. 1945) (“The question of 

waiver is usually one of fact for consideration by a trial jury on issues properly 

defined.”); see also Leonardo v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 675 So. 2d 176, 

178-79 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996) (waiver is an issue that should be resolved on a 

case-by-case basis, by the trier of fact). Rulings relating to waiver also involve 

equitable principles. MDS, 720 F.3d at 853. A trial judge’s finding on the issue of 

 6 Florida’s choice-of-law rules require contract-performance disputes to be governed by 

the law of the contract’s place of performance. Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co. v. Grounds, 332 So. 2d 13, 

14-15 (Fla. 1976) (per curiam). The place of performance is where the cause of action was 

brought, maintained, and defended. See id. at 15. 

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waiver will be reversed only if no “competent, substantial evidence” supports it. 

See Bolin v. State, 793 So. 2d 894, 897 (Fla. 2001) (citing Hill v. Ray Carter Auto 

Sales, Inc., 745 So. 2d 1136, 1138 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999)).

Florida law defines waiver as “the voluntary and intentional relinquishment 

of a known right or conduct which implies the voluntary and intentional 

relinquishment of a known right.” Raymond James Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Saldukas, 

896 So. 2d 707, 711 (Fla. 2005) (citation omitted). To establish waiver, a party 

must show (1) the existence at the time of the alleged waiver of a right, privilege, 

advantage, or benefit which may be waived; (2) the actual or constructive 

knowledge of that right; and (3) the intention to relinquish that right. Goodwin v. 

Blu Murray Ins. Agency, Inc., 939 So. 2d 1098, 1104 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2006); 

see also Air Prods. and Chems., Inc., 867 F.2d at 1379. 

Florida law recognizes that waiver may be express or implied by conduct. 

Id. But in order for waiver to be implied by conduct, the acts, conduct, or 

circumstances must make out a clear case. See Goodwin, 939 So. 2d at 1104 

(citing Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Vogel, 195 So. 2d 20, 24 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 

1967)); MDS, 720 F.3d at 852 (citation omitted). Further, Florida courts have 

recognized that waiver does not arise merely from “forbearance for a reasonable 

time.” See Fireman’s Fund, 195 So. 2d at 24. Waiver is an affirmative 

defense, so the party invoking the defense has the burden of proof. Goodwin, 939 

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So. 2d at 1104 (citation omitted). We determine whether waiver is established by 

“examining only the actions and intent of the party charged with waiver, and not 

the party asserting the defense.” Air Prods. and Chems., Inc., 867 F.2d at 1379 

(citation omitted). 

Here, Multiquimica invoked the affirmative defense of waiver, so it had the 

burden of proof to establish the defense. With respect to underpaid commissions, 

the district court determined that Chemo had waived its claim. Accordingly, the 

district court concluded that Chemo did not have a valid claim for offset for any 

underpaid commissions. In support of its ruling, and having had the benefit of 

hearing testimony during a three-day trial, the district court made a factual finding 

that throughout their relationship, “Multiquimica paid commissions to Chemo and 

Chemo accepted and deposited payment of commissions without disputing the 

amounts paid at the time it deposited the checks.” The district court then 

determined that Chemo’s deposit of commissions without any objection was an 

acceptance of the commissions and waiver of any dispute regarding the rate. In 

support of its finding of waiver by Chemo, the district court relied on CB Abrogast 

v. Bryan, 393 So. 2d 606, 609 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1981), and held, “A party cannot 

accept a commission rate and continue its work only to later complain that the 

reduction in commission was a breach of contract.”

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The district court did not abuse its discretion when it found that Chemo 

waived its claim to underpaid commissions. We therefore affirm. Here, the first 

two elements of waiver are not at issue—Chemo had a right to be paid 

commissions and was fully aware of that right. Rather, the crux of this appeal 

surrounds the third element of waiver—whether the district court reasonably 

concluded that Chemo had the intention to relinquish its right to be paid a full 

commission. 

We acknowledge that under Florida law, mere delay is insufficient to 

support a claim of waiver. See Air Prods. and Chems., Inc., 867 F.2d at 1380 

(citing O’Brien v. O’Brien, 424 So. 2d 970, 971 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983)). 

Instead, to imply waiver from conduct, Multiquimica must show that Chemo’s 

dilatory behavior amounts to more than just delay. We also acknowledge that 

waiver does not arise from forbearance for a reasonable time. To be sure, the 

evidence presented at trial could have been weighed in more than one way. But we 

find no error in the district court’s conclusion because Multiquimica presented 

competent, substantial evidence that Chemo intended to waive its commissions. 

To begin with, Multiquimica set forth evidence tending to show that Chemo 

continued to perform as if a contract were still intact. Despite the fact that 

Multiquimica allegedly breached its duty to fully pay Chemo’s commissions, 

Chemo continued to do business with Multiquimica for years after the 

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underpayments began. These actions tend to support a finding of waiver. See Am. 

Somax Ventures v. Touma, 547 So. 2d 1266, 1268-69 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989). 

Chemo also did not merely delay in lodging its complaint regarding the 

underpayments. Rather, in addition, it accepted and cashed checks and continued 

its business relationship with Multiquimica without objection for years. 

Significantly, the evidence suggests that Chemo did not write Multiquimica to 

complain about underpayments of commissions until four years after the alleged 

underpayments began. The first written complaint by Chemo was dated March 

2009 and related to shipments made in 2005. Based on this timeline, nearly four 

years passed between shipment and Chemo’s objection.7

 

True, in a different case, we found no waiver where five years passed before 

the plaintiff complained about underpayments. Air Prods. and Chems., Inc., 867 

F.2d at 1379-80. But we did so because unlike here, the circumstances supported a 

finding of mere delay. This case involves more than mere delay. Instead,

affirmative action supports waiver—the acceptance and receipt of checks, and the 

continuation of a business relationship without objection regarding the amounts 

paid. 

 

7 While we realize Chemo claims that it made verbal objections prior to this time, the 

district court was in the best position to make credibility determinations and apparently 

concluded such objections had not sufficiently been made. 

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As to Florida precedent, the intermediate courts of appeal have found 

reasonably timely objections to underpayment when objections were lodged within 

ten months, see Mercede v. Mercede Park Italian Rest., Inc., 392 So. 2d 997 (Fla. 

Dist. Ct. App. 1981) (no waiver after ten months of forbearance), but have 

concluded that waiver occurred where a party accepted a reduced commission for 

six years before bringing suit. See Colonial Penn Cmtys., Inc. v. Crosley, 443 So. 

2d 1030 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1984) (waiver after six years of forbearance); 

Abrogast, 393 So. 2d at 606 (waiver after failing to object for six years). 

Within that range, specific determinations of reasonable forbearance have 

been left as a question for the factfinder. See Goodwin, 939 So. 2d at 1104. As 

relevant here, at least one Florida intermediate court has concluded that a party’s 

forbearance for four years presented a question of fact for the jury as to whether 

waiver had occurred. Id. at 1104. In remanding the case for a factual finding, the 

Goodwin Court implicitly acknowledged that forbearance for four years could 

constitute waiver. Id. Because here, Chemo arguably delayed for four years in 

objecting to the underpayments, we cannot say that the district court clearly erred 

in finding waiver.8

 

8 The district court did not explicitly note the period of time that passed between the 

underpayment of commissions and Chemo’s objection. But the evidence presented during the 

three-day trial demonstrates a significant delay. 

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We acknowledge that Chemo contests the timeframe at issue. It contends 

that because Multiquimica did not make payments for the 2005 shipments until 

2007, Chemo actually voiced its objection in less than four years. But even 

assuming Chemo is correct, that still leaves approximately two years’ worth of 

time that Chemo accepted checks and failed to object to Multiquimica’s 

underpayments. Because Florida law is ambiguous about exactly what timeframe 

constitutes reasonable forbearance for the purposes of establishing waiver, we must

affirm the district court’s holding. Even if we were to disagree with the district 

court’s determination that the length of Chemo’s forbearance was unreasonable, 

under Florida law, we cannot say that the district court clearly erred.

In defense of its delay, Chemo asserts that it deposited the commission 

checks immediately in order to continue functioning as a business. But Chemo’s 

argument cuts both ways. If Chemo was in urgent need of its commissions, that 

fact only underscores the potential unreasonableness of waiting two to four years 

to object to the underpayment. We do not suggest that Chemo was required to 

object contemporaneously to the underpayments to avoid a finding of waiver, but 

we find no error in the district court’s determination that waiver occurred where 

two to four years had elapsed before Chemo voiced its objection. 

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the ruling of the district court.

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AFFIRMED.

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