NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

STEPHAN JOHNSON, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

MID-CENTURY INSURANCE 

COMPANY; JOHN DOES A-D, 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 23-35222 

D.C. No. 2:22-cv-00053-KLD 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Montana

Kathleen Louise DeSoto, Magistrate Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted February 7, 2024

Portland, Oregon

Before: McKEOWN, BYBEE, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.

Seeking uninsured motorist (UIM) benefits under state law, Stephan Johnson 

sued his automobile insurer, Mid-Century Insurance Company (Mid-Century), in 

Montana state court. Mid-Century removed the case to federal court based on 

diversity jurisdiction. The magistrate judge denied Johnson’s motion to remand and 

dismissed his complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). Johnson appeals. “We review de novo 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

FEB 21 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

a district court’s determination that diversity jurisdiction exists.” Gonzales v. 

CarMax Auto Superstores, LLC, 840 F.3d 644, 648 (9th Cir. 2016). Because 

diversity jurisdiction does not exist here, we vacate the district court’s dismissal 

order and remand with instructions to remand this case to state court.

“A defendant generally may remove an action filed in state court if a federal 

district court would have had original jurisdiction over the action.” Chavez v. 

JPMorgan Chase & Co., 888 F.3d 413, 415 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1441(a)). Federal courts have diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 when 

there is “complete diversity among the parties and an amount in controversy in 

excess of $75,000.” Id. The only question in this case is whether the amount in 

controversy requirement is met. 

“Where, as here, it is unclear from the face of the complaint whether the 

amount in controversy exceeds $75,000, ‘the removing defendant bears the burden 

of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the amount in controversy 

exceeds the jurisdictional threshold.’” Id. at 416 (quoting Urbino v. Orkin Servs. of 

Cal., Inc., 726 F.3d 1118, 1121–22 (9th Cir. 2013)). “The amount in controversy 

may include ‘damages (compensatory, punitive, or otherwise) and the cost of 

complying with an injunction, as well as attorneys’ fees awarded under fee shifting 

statutes.’” Id. (quoting Gonzales, 840 F.3d at 648–49). “In assessing the amount in 

controversy, we may consider allegations in the complaint and in the notice of 
3 

removal, as well as summary-judgment-type evidence relevant to the amount in 

controversy.” Id. But “[c]onclusory allegations as to the amount in controversy are 

insufficient.” Corral v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc., 878 F.3d 770, 774 (9th Cir. 

2017) (quoting Matheson v. Progressive Specialty Ins. Co., 319 F.3d 1089, 1090–91 

(9th Cir. 2003)).

In the course of this litigation, Mid-Century has offered three theories for how 

the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. These theories fail to establish the

jurisdictional threshold by a preponderance of the evidence. 

First, Mid-Century has not shown that Johnson’s anticipated attorney’s fees, 

when aggregated with the $35,000 that Johnson seeks in UIM coverage, will more 

likely than not exceed $75,000. In the court below, Mid-Century argued that 

$50,000 was a reasonable estimate of the attorney’s fees to which Johnson would be 

entitled if he prevailed. But as the magistrate judge correctly concluded, MidCentury adduced no “summary-judgment-type evidence” to demonstrate the 

accuracy of that figure. See Chavez, 888 F.3d at 416. The magistrate judge thus 

properly concluded that Johnson’s reasonable attorney’s fees could not be expected 

to exceed the $14,000 set forth in Johnson’s contingency fee agreement with his 

counsel. 

The magistrate judge erred, however, in concluding that Johnson’s common 

fund attorney’s fees, when aggregated with the $14,000 in personal attorney’s fees 
4 

and $35,000 in UIM coverage, meet the jurisdictional threshold. In his complaint, 

Johnson requested the creation of a common fund “as to all similarly situated MidCentury insureds who were injured within eight years before [his] suit . . . and were 

denied stacking UIM coverage pursuant to Endorsement MT028.” The magistrate 

judge permissibly assumed that Johnson’s common fund claim was viable, and then 

further assumed that (1) at least eight plaintiffs could participate in the fund, (2) each 

plaintiff could recover at least $35,000 in unstacked coverage from the fund, and (3) 

Johnson’s attorney would be entitled to 10% of the total. 

This reasoning is insufficient because Mid-Century did not bring forward 

proof of these figures sufficient to meet its “obligation to prove future attorneys’ fees 

by a preponderance of the evidence.” Fritsch v. Swift Transp. Co. of Ariz., LLC, 899 

F.3d 785, 796 (9th Cir. 2018). Based on a fair reading of Johnson’s complaint, 

potential common fund claimants could only benefit from a decision invalidating 

Endorsement MT028 insofar as they live in Montana, have multiple Mid-Century 

policies, and have suffered sufficient damages to require cross-policy stacking of 

coverage. But Mid-Century failed to produce any evidence as to how many of its 

insureds meet this description, or the contract damages those insureds could

theoretically be owed. Thus, even assuming 10% is a reasonable estimate of the 

attorney’s fees Johnson’s attorney could recover from the fund, Mid-Century did not 

show that those fees would exceed the jurisdictional threshold when combined with 
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the previously noted $35,000 in UIM coverage and $14,000 in personal attorney’s 

fees. Removal on the basis of common fund attorney’s fees—which Mid-Century 

does not defend on appeal—was therefore inappropriate. 

Second, and even assuming Mid-Century did not forfeit this argument by 

failing to raise it below, Mid-Century did not establish by a preponderance of the 

evidence that the cost of a declaratory judgment in this case would exceed $75,000. 

“Under the ‘either viewpoint’ rule, the test for determining the amount in 

controversy is the pecuniary result to either party which the judgment would directly 

produce.” In re Ford Motor Co./Citibank (S. D.), N.A., 264 F.3d 952, 958 (9th Cir. 

2001). Mid-Century contends that, because Endorsement MT028 is used in nearly 

37,000 policies throughout Montana, Johnson’s request that it be declared “voidable 

as illusory coverage against public policy” would, if successful, have a “significant 

impact” on Mid-Century that is “well in excess of $75,000.” 

Mid-Century’s argument rests on an overbroad reading of Johnson’s 

complaint. Fairly considered, Johnson’s complaint does not seek to invalidate 

Endorsement MT028 across the board, but only when it provides allegedly “illusory 

coverage” because a claimant holds more than one Mid-Century policy and purports 

to have paid premiums under each. For Mid-Century to demonstrate the “pecuniary 

result” of such declaratory relief, it would again need to come forward with evidence 

about the number of Mid-Century insureds in Montana who are similarly situated to 
6 

Johnson. Mid-Century has not provided that information. See Hunter v. Philip 

Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039, 1042 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he court resolves all 

ambiguity in favor of remand to state court.”).

Third, Mid-Century argues that the amount in controversy is satisfied by 

aggregating the potential contract damages claims of all common fund plaintiffs. 

Generally, the claims of multiple plaintiffs may not be aggregated for determining 

the amount in controversy. Gibson v. Chrysler Corp., 261 F.3d 927, 943 (9th Cir. 

2001). There is an exception to this rule for plaintiffs who “unite to enforce a single 

title or right in which they have a common and undivided interest.” Snyder v. Harris, 

394 U.S. 332, 335 (1969). Here, all relevant insureds potentially affected by 

Endorsement MT028 have “suffer[ed] a unique injury” that “can be redressed 

without the involvement of other” claimants. Urbino, 726 F.3d at 1122. Their 

claims are thus not aggregable for purposes of the amount in controversy.

Because we conclude that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, 

we do not reach Johnson’s substantive arguments on Montana insurance law. We 

vacate the district court’s order with directions to remand this case to state court. 

The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.1

VACATED AND REMANDED.

1

Johnson’s motion to supplement the record on appeal is denied.