20 March 2012

Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum

Management Operations

Joint Publication 6-01
Intentionally Blank 
i 

PREFACE 

1. Scope 

This publication provides doctrine for joint electromagnetic spectrum management 

operations organization, planning, preparation, execution, and assessment in support of joint 

operations. 

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint 

Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the 

Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for 

interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It 

provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other 

joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations and training. It 

provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. 

It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the 

force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity 

of effort in the accomplishment of the overall objective. 

3. Application

a. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the joint staff, commanders of 

combatant commands, subunified commands, joint task forces, subordinate components of 

these commands, and the Services. 

b. The guidance in this publication is authoritative; as such, this doctrine will be 

followed except when, in the judgment of the commander, exceptional circumstances dictate 

otherwise. If conflicts arise between the contents of this publication and the contents of 

Service publications, this publication will take precedence unless the Chairman of the Joint 

Chiefs of Staff, normally in coordination with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 

has provided more current and specific guidance. Commanders of forces operating as part of 

a multinational (alliance or coalition) military command should follow multinational doctrine 

and procedures ratified by the United States. For doctrine and procedures not ratified by the 

United States, commanders should evaluate and follow the multinational command’s 

doctrine and procedures, where applicable and consistent with US law, regulations, and 

doctrine. 

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: 

 WILLIAM E. GORTNEY 

 VADM, USN 

 Director, Joint Staff 
Preface

ii JP 6-01

Intentionally Blank
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER I

OVERVIEW OF JOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT 

OPERATIONS

• Introduction.................................................................................................................I-1

• Electromagnetic Environmental Effects.....................................................................I-8

• Role of Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations in Joint and 

Multinational Operations............................................................................................I-9

• Relationship to Other Mission Areas........................................................................I-10

CHAPTER II

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT

• Introduction................................................................................................................II-1

• International Telecommunications Union..................................................................II-1

• Allied Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Authorities.....................................II-1

• Spectrum Support Outside the United States and Its Territories...............................II-4

• International and Host Nation Laws and Regulations ...............................................II-5

CHAPTER III

NATIONAL DEFENSE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT

• National Electromagnetic Spectrum Authorities—Strategic Planning and 

Management of the Electromagnetic Spectrum....................................................... III-1

• National Spectrum Supportability............................................................................ III-4

• Department of Defense Spectrum Authorities......................................................... III-5

• Defense Spectrum Organization .............................................................................. III-7

• Combatant Commander Spectrum Offices.............................................................. III-8

• Service Spectrum Management Authorities ............................................................ III-9

• Installation Electromagnetic Spectrum Management ............................................ III-12

CHAPTER IV

ORGANIZING FOR JOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS

• Introduction..............................................................................................................IV-1

• Responsibilities........................................................................................................IV-1

• Service Organizations..............................................................................................IV-7

CHAPTER V

PLANNING JOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS

• Introduction............................................................................................................... V-1

• Planning Considerations ........................................................................................... V-1

• Planning Process....................................................................................................... V-3
Table of Contents 

iv JP 6-01 

 Coordination with Network Operations, Electronic Warfare, and Intelligence ...... V-10

 Major Operations and Campaigns Planning ........................................................... V-12

 Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations Planning ........................... V-13

 Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence Planning ................. V-14

 Homeland Defense/Defense Support of Civil Authorities Planning ...................... V-14

CHAPTER VI

CONDUCTING JOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS

 Execute Electromagnetic Portion of Operational Plan ............................................ VI-1

 Service Perspectives ................................................................................................. VI-5

CHAPTER VII

MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS

 Introduction ............................................................................................................. VII-1

 Considerations in Multinational Operations ........................................................... VII-1

 Considerations for Foreign Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief ................... VII-2

APPENDIX 

A References ................................................................................................. A-1

B Administrative Instructions ........................................................................B-1 

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................. GL-1

Part II Terms and Definitions ............................................................................. GL-5

FIGURE 

I-1 Electromagnetic Spectrum Constraints on Military Operations ................. I-2

I-2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum ................................................................... I-3

I-3 Electromagnetic Operational Environment ................................................. I-4

I-4 Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations ............................................... I-5 

I-5 Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations ......................... I-6

II-1 North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

Spectrum Management Authorities ............................................................II-2

II-2 Allied Spectrum Management Authorities .................................................II-4

III-1 National Spectrum Management .............................................................. III-1

III-2 National Telecommunications and Information Administration ............. III-2

III-3 Department of Defense Spectrum Management ...................................... III-6

III-4 Joint Frequency Management Office Spectrum Management Process .... III-9

IV-1 Notional Joint Frequency Management Office ........................................ IV-3

IV-2 United States Air Force Spectrum Management 

Functional Coordination Channels ........................................................... IV-8

IV-3 Army Spectrum Management Functional Coordination Channels .......... IV-9
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v

IV-4 Navy and Marine Corps Spectrum Management 

Functional Coordination Channels.........................................................IV-11

IV-5 United States Coast Guard Functional Coordination Channels.............IV-12

V-1 Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations 

Planning Process ....................................................................................... V-4

V-2 Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations/Electronic Warfare 

Deconfliction Procedures........................................................................ V-11

V-3 United States Northern Command and National Guard Bureau 

Spectrum Coordination ........................................................................... V-15

VI-1 Notional Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations 

Across the Phases of Operation................................................................VI-3
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vi JP 6-01

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vii 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

COMMANDER’S OVERVIEW 

• Gives an Overview of Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations 

• Covers International Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

• Addresses National Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

• Discusses Organizing for Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations 

• Explains Planning for Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations 

• Describes Conducting Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations 

• Provides Considerations for Multinational Operations 

Overview of Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations 

Joint electromagnetic 

spectrum management 

operations is a functional 

area ultimately 

responsible for 

coordinating 

electromagnetic spectrum 

access among 

multinational partners, 

throughout the 

operational environment. 

Military operations are complicated by increasingly 

complex demands on the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). 

All modern forces depend on the EMS. The EMS is a 

physical medium through which joint forces conduct 

operations. The importance of the EMS and its relationship 

to the operational capabilities is the key focus of joint 

electromagnetic spectrum management operations 

(JEMSMO). 

The Electromagnetic 

Spectrum 

The EMS is a highly regulated and saturated natural 

resource. The EMS includes the full range of all possible 

frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. 

Joint Electromagnetic 

Spectrum Operations 

Joint electromagnetic spectrum operations (JEMSO) 

include all activities in military operations to successfully 

plan and execute joint or multinational operations in order 

to control the electromagnetic operational environment 

(EMOE). JEMSO is comprised of electronic warfare (EW) 

and JEMSMO and aims to exploit, attack, protect, and 

manage resources within the EMOE and resolve 

electromagnetic interference (EMI) in order to achieve the 

commander’s objectives. 
Executive Summary

viii JP 6-01

Joint Electromagnetic 

Spectrum Management 

Operations 

JEMSMO is planning, coordinating, and managing joint 

use of the EMS through operational, engineering, and 

administrative procedures. The primary goal of JEMSMO 

is to enable EMS-dependent capabilities and systems to 

perform their functions in the intended environment 

without causing or suffering unacceptable interference.

International Electromagnetic Spectrum Management

All nations share the 

electromagnetic spectrum

and reserve their 

sovereign right to its 

unlimited use.

At the international and national levels, the primary 

concern for the use of the EMS is economic and not 

military. All nations have a sovereign right to allocate the 

EMS as needed to support their national interests, but the 

successful conduct of operations requires the joint force 

commander (JFC) to work with the nation at issue to 

balance these rights with the need to maintain security of 

US and multinational forces. 

International 

Telecommunications 

Union 

To promote international telecommunications cooperation to 

support trade, transportation, communications, and mutual 

protection against interference, most countries have agreed 

to generally follow International Telecommunications Union 

Allocations, Standards and Radio Regulations for spectrum 

use. 

Allied Electromagnetic 

Spectrum Management 

Authorities 

When joint operations are conducted by an Allied force, it 

is necessary to understand spectrum management (SM) 

roles, responsibilities, and processes within the alliance. 

The US is a member of two long-standing organizations: 

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Combined 

Communications–Electronics Board.

National Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum Management

National Electromagnetic 

Spectrum Authorities—

Strategic Planning and 

Management of the 

Electromagnetic Spectrum 

The Communications Act of 1934, as amended, governs 

radio EMS use in the US and its territories. The act 

established duality in SM in the US between the President 

for federal government stations and the Federal 

Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC regulates 

the spectrum use of non-federal operated radio stations, 

common carriers, and private organizations or individuals. 

By Executive Order 12016 of 1978, the President delegated 

his functions under the act to a new organization created as 

the National Telecommunications and Information 

Administration (NTIA) and placed them under the 

Secretary of Commerce. 
Executive Summary

ix

National Spectrum 

Supportability

Commanders must be aware of the policy and processes for 

national spectrum supportability. This is especially 

important because critical events occurring within the 

homeland, such as weapons of mass destruction events or 

natural disasters, require the coordination of civil and 

federal local, state, and national authorities whose 

equipment may operate, by law, in different frequency 

bands. 

United States Military 

Communications–

Electronics Board

The US Military Communications–Electronics Board 

(MCEB) is the principal Department of Defense (DOD) 

coordinating agency for SM. The MCEB functions under 

the policies and directives of the Secretary of Defense and 

the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The MCEB guides the DOD in 

preparing and coordinating technical directives and 

agreements and in allocating spectrum allotments from the 

NTIA. Its mission is three-fold: coordinate between DOD 

components, between DOD and other government 

departments and agencies, and between DOD and foreign 

nations.

Defense Spectrum 

Organization

Defense Spectrum Organization (DSO) supports a full 

range of initiatives and activities, ranging from long-term

planning and development of advanced SM technologies to 

on-site problem solving for warfighters in the field. DSO’s 

facilities and elements include the Joint Spectrum Center, 

the Strategic Planning Office, the Business Management 

Office, and the Program Management Office for the Global 

Electromagnetic Spectrum Information System. 

Joint Frequency 

Management Office

Each supported geographic combatant commander (GCC) 

establishes a command policy on how the spectrum is used 

in his or her area of responsibility (AOR), obtains clearance 

(or approval) from host nations for use of the spectrum 

(through existing coordination procedures), and ensures 

that assigned military forces are authorized sufficient use of 

the spectrum to execute their designated missions. To 

accomplish these tasks, each supported GCC establishes a 

joint frequency management office (JFMO), typically 

under the cognizance of the communications system 

directorate of a joint staff (J-6), to support joint planning, 

coordination, and control of the spectrum for assigned 

forces. 
Executive Summary

x JP 6-01

Joint Spectrum 

Management Element

At the joint task force (JTF) level, a joint spectrum 

management element (JSME) may be established. The 

JSME within a JTF may be assigned from the J-6 staff, 

from a component’s staff, or from an external command. 

Service Spectrum 

Management Authorities

The Air Force Spectrum Management Office (AFSMO) 

mission is to plan, provide, and preserve access to the EMS 

for the Air Force and selected DOD activities. The Army

Spectrum Management Office (ASMO) is the Army 

Service-level office for all spectrum-related matters. The 

Navy and Marine Corps Spectrum Center (NMSC) 

coordinates SM policy and guidance and represents the 

Navy, and when required, the Marine Corps, in spectrum 

negotiations with civil, military, and national regulatory 

organizations. The United States Coast Guard (USCG)

Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Policy 

Division, COMMANDANT (CG-652) Office is the USCG 

Service-level office for all spectrum-related matters. The 

National Guard Bureau (NGB) J-6/C4 spectrum 

management branch is the designated office within NGB 

responsible for planning and executing SM for assigned 

forces and providing support to the National Guard (NG) 

joint force headquarters–state (JFHQ-State) in 

communications with United States Northern Command 

(USNORTHCOM). 

Organizing for Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

How joint forces are 

organized to plan and 

execute joint 

electromagnetic spectrum 

management operations is 

a prerogative of the joint 

force commander.

It is the responsibility of the combatant commander to 

establish and promulgate command-specific policy and 

guidance for EMS use, the joint restricted frequency list 

(JRFL) process, the joint communications–electronics 

operating instructions, software defined radio waveform 

implementation and sharing, and other processes or 

directives that uniquely apply to the area (e.g., radar 

restrictions). A JFMO is a permanent organization within 

the combatant command (CCMD). Each GCC organizes 

the JFMO in accordance with geographic and functional 

requirements. 

Air Force At each echelon of US Air Force organization responsible 

for JEMSMO, the communications staff officer, in 

coordination with the intelligence staff officer and 

operations staff officer, is responsible for planning and 

coordinating JEMSMO.
 Executive Summary 

xi 

Army At each echelon of Army organization responsible for 

electromagnetic spectrum management operations, the 

assistant chief of staff (ACOS), signal staff officer, in 

coordination with the ACOS, intelligence staff officer, and 

ACOS, operations staff officer, is responsible for planning 

and coordinating EMS operations. 

Marine Corps The Commandant of the Marine Corps is responsible for 

spectrum supportability, including system/equipment 

spectrum certification and the allocation, assignment, and 

protection of all radio frequencies within the Marine Corps. 

Marine Corps force commanders provide operating forces 

and capabilities in support of the JFC. Marine Corps 

forces, installations, organizations, and activities coordinate 

SM support with the JFC via their respective Marine Corps 

Service component. 

Navy The NMSC provides the Chief of Naval Operations 

spectrum supportability, including system/equipment 

spectrum certification and the allocation, assignment, and 

protection of all radio frequency (RF) within the Navy. The 

Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information 

Dominance has delegated the responsibility for spectrum 

supportability and the management of the RF spectrum to 

Navy Cyber Forces (NAVCYBERFOR). NAVCYBERFOR 

has established the NMSC as the center of excellence for 

day-to-day spectrum certification and RF SM in support of 

all Navy and Marine Corps activities. 

Coast Guard The Spectrum Management Division supports JEMSMO by 

having trained personnel well-versed in joint operations. 

National Guard Bureau The 54 NG JFHQ-States and territories are supported with 

frequency assignments by the ASMO through Army 

Frequency Management Office–Continental United States. 

Frequency assignments for daily Air National Guard 

aircraft and air support operations are supported by the 

AFSMO. 

Planning for Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations 

Spectrum management is 

a complex mission area 

within modern military 

and civil operations that 

must be fully integrated 

with other aspects of joint 

Coordination of military EMS use is largely a matter of 

coordinating with other staff functions (primarily the 

intelligence directorate of a joint staff [J-2] and operations 

directorate of a joint staff [J-3]) and components (to include 

multinational partners) that rely on the EMS to accomplish 

their mission. Like other aspects of joint operations, joint 
Executive Summary

xii JP 6-01

operations in order to 

achieve its full potential 

for contributing to an 

operation’s objectives.

SM uses centralized planning and decentralized execution. 

Since the Services provide most of the assets available in 

joint operations, Service component SM planners must 

be integrated into the joint planning process. 

Planning Considerations To use the spectrum successfully, all users must work 

together by exchanging vital spectrum information from the 

beginning of the joint planning process through an 

approved DOD data exchange architecture. Primarily, 

personnel assigned to the J-2, J-3, and J-6 staff sections 

plan, coordinate, and control joint military use of the EMS.

Planning Process The planning process for JEMSMO is conducted within the 

joint operation planning process and is designed to produce 

the products necessary for the commander to make timely 

decisions and aid in course of action development. 

JEMSMO planning activities include define policy and 

guidance, gather spectrum requirements, develop the 

spectrum requirements summary, define the 

electromagnetic operational environment, obtain 

spectrum resources, and develop the spectrum 

management plan. 

Coordination with 

Network Operations, 

Electronic Warfare, and 

Intelligence

The portion of overlap between network operations 

(NETOPS) and JEMSMO is between the frequency 

management portion of JEMSMO and the NETOPS 

essential task, DOD information networks management. 

NETOPS tools used to assign frequencies for the network 

should also determine the spectrum requirement 

(frequencies) for the network and provide this information 

to the spectrum manager in the approved DOD format. At 

CCMDs and subordinate unified commands, coordination 

for EW will normally be handled through the JFC’s EW 

staff or the joint electronic warfare cell (EWC). The EWC 

may be assigned to the J-3 and normally consists of 

members from the primary staff sections, a fires officer, 

and an electromagnetic spectrum manager. In many cases, 

the JSME does not have adequate visibility or knowledge 

of intelligence sensors, platforms, or systems in order to 

accomplish accurate deconfliction. Integrating intelligence 

staff and entities in all JEMSMO and JSME planning 

activities is crucial to effective operations preparation. The 

JRFL is the primary mechanism that enables coordination 

with intelligence. 
Executive Summary

xiii

Major Operations and 

Campaigns Planning

Due to the magnitude of major operations, the planning 

activities that will pose the biggest challenges are gathering 

requirements and defining the EMOE. Major operations 

require that the JSME have representation from each of the 

Services in order to fully develop the spectrum database. 

Homeland 

Defense/Defense Support 

of Civil Authorities 

Planning

The defense support of civil authorities (DSCA)/homeland 

defense (HD) mission requires an unprecedented level of 

interoperability and cooperation between federal, state, and 

local governments; civilian first responders; and the public. 

JFMO NORTH is the designated office within the 

USNORTHCOM AOR responsible for planning and 

execution of SM for DSCA/HD assigned forces. 

Conducting Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

Concept of Control The supported JFC holds the authority for assigning 

frequencies to users, usually through the JFMO/JSME. The 

JFMO/JSME may on occasion delegate frequency 

assignment authority to subordinate commands. Authority 

to assign use of a specific spectrum resource (use of 

allotment plans developed by the JFMO/JSME) should be 

delegated to the lowest level of command possible, 

consistent with the principles of sound SM, spectrum-use 

considerations, concept of operations (CONOPS), and 

priority of mission functions detailed in the respective 

Service or joint publications. 

Interference Resolution To ensure critical frequencies and spectrum-dependent 

systems are protected from unintentional interference due 

to friendly operations, the JFMO/JSME will perform an 

interference analysis of all spectrum requests against 

existing frequency assignments to identify and deconflict 

potential interference before making a new assignment. 

The JSME is responsible for the analysis and attempts to 

resolve incidents of unacceptable EMI.

Service Perspectives The unique functionality of each of the Services promotes a 

different perspective of how to conduct JEMSMO. While 

these unique perspectives influence and dictate how they 

train and organize, successful JEMSMO requires that the 

Services operate in unison following a common construct. 

Multinational Operations

Multinational Operations Normally, when a multinational force is formed, there will 

be no previously agreed upon spectrum operations 
Executive Summary

xiv JP 6-01

procedures. This creates difficulties and causes delays with 

the planning, coordination, management, and execution of 

spectrum operations. Spectrum operations procedures used 

within alliances should be agreed upon in the earliest stages 

of planning. 

Considerations in 

Multinational Operations 

Operation plans and communications support plans should 

address coordination among spectrum users to achieve 

effective exchange of information, elimination of 

duplication of effort, and mutual support. Activities that 

should be addressed within the CONOPS include the 

organizational structure and processes used in a 

multinational environment, security concerns, spectrum 

data exchange requirements, and spectrum tools. For 

JEMSMO to be executed properly, spectrum operators 

must have a complete picture of their EMOE to populate 

spectrum databases and management tools. Due to security 

considerations related to the use or employment of some 

equipment that nations employ for military intelligence or 

other sensitive functions, some equipment information may 

not be releasable to all countries involved in an operation. 

Considerations for 

Foreign Humanitarian 

Assistance/Disaster Relief 

Military forces may be deployed to provide aid to the civil 

administration in a mix of civil and military humanitarian 

relief agencies. The civil administration (if one exists) 

should provide an SM framework for the deployed military 

force. Much of the JEMSMO would focus on host nation 

coordination and ensuring that disruption to civil systems 

would be minimized through coordination. 

CONCLUSION

This publication provides doctrine for joint electromagnetic 

spectrum management operations organization, planning, 

preparation, execution, and assessment in support of joint 

operations.
I-1

CHAPTER I

OVERVIEW OF JOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

1. Introduction

Military operations are complicated by increasingly complex demands on the 

electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). All modern forces depend on the EMS. The EMS is a 

physical medium through which joint forces conduct operations. EMS-dependent devices 

are used by both civilian and military organizations and individuals for intelligence; 

communications; position, navigation, and timing; sensing; command and control (C2); 

attack; ranging; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) sensor data 

collection/transmission; unmanned aircraft systems (UASs); civil infrastructure; data 

transmission and information storage and processing. The importance of the EMS and its 

relationship to the operational capabilities is the key focus of joint electromagnetic spectrum 

management operations (JEMSMO). JEMSMO is a functional area ultimately responsible 

for coordinating EMS access among multinational partners, throughout the operational 

environment. 

a. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

(1) The EMS is a physics-based maneuver space essential to control the operational 

environment during all military operations. Information and data exchange between 

platforms and capabilities will at some point rely on the EMS for transport. This maneuver 

space is constrained by both military and civil uses as well as adversary attempts to deny the 

use of the EMS, creating a congested and contested environment. This constrains freedom of 

maneuver to use all capabilities of friendly forces throughout the operational environment 

(see Figure I-1).

(2) The EMS is a highly regulated and saturated natural resource. The EMS 

(Figure I-2) includes the full range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic (EM) 

radiation. Frequency refers to the number of occurrences of a periodic event over time. For 

radio frequencies (RFs), this is expressed in cycles per second or hertz (Hz). Generally, the 

frequencies between 30 Hz and 300 gigahertz are referred to as the RF spectrum. 

(3) While this publication focuses primarily on the RF portion of the EMS, it 

should be noted that emergent technologies, capabilities, and systems (e.g., free space optics, 

infrared and laser technologies, and electronic warfare [EW] devices) are under development 

and being fielded that operate across the RF and non-RF portions of the EMS and must be 

considered. As the RF portion of the spectrum becomes more saturated, it can be expected 

that the use of higher frequencies will be developed to support communications, intelligence, 

and weapons systems and capabilities, and require planning and management.

b. Electromagnetic Operational Environment
Chapter I

I-2 JP 6-01

(1) Joint Publication (JP) 3-0, Joint Operations, states the operational environment 

is the composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect employment of 

capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. It encompasses physical areas and 

factors (of the air, land, maritime, and space domains) and the information environment 

(which includes cyberspace). The joint force commander (JFC) defines these areas with 

geographical boundaries in order to facilitate coordination, integration, and deconfliction of 

joint operations among joint force components and supporting commands. One goal of the 

JFC is to shape and control the electromagnetic operational environment (EMOE) within the 

EMS. However, the EMS transcends all physical domains and the information environment

and extends beyond defined borders or boundaries, thus complicating the joint 

electromagnetic spectrum operations (JEMSO). A variety of factors, including the types of 

equipment employed, users of the equipment (e.g., air, naval, and land forces), adversary

capabilities, geography, and weather also significantly influence the conduct of JEMSMO

(see Figure I-3).

Figure I-1. Electromagnetic Spectrum Constraints on Military Operations

Electromagnetic Spectrum Constraints on Military Operations

Legend

AESA active electronically scanned array

C2 command and control

COTS commercial off-the-shelf

DE directed energy

DRFM digital radio frequency memory

EMP electromagnetic pulse

EMS electromagnetic spectrum

EW electronic warfare

GEN-5 generation-five

HPM high-power microwave

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics 

Engineers

MMW millimeter wave

PGM precision-guided munition

PNT positioning, navigation, and timing

Maneuver

Space

Information 

Collection 

Capabilities

InformationDependent 

Capabilities

Air

Space

Cyberspace

Land

Maritime

Land EW

Aircraft

C2 Nets

Ships

GEN-5

PGM

AESA

PNT

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Adversary Factors

Commercial Factors

Contested EMS

Congested EMS

R

ang

e

of Military

O

p

erations









DE (EMP, 

HPM, laser)

DRFM

AESA

MMW







Advanced C2 nets

Weaponized 

COTS

Proliferation











IEEE standards

Speed

Wireless

Spread-spectrum

Low cost
Overview of Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations 

I-3 

Figure I-2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Legend

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The top bar shows how the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into various regions, and indicates that portion referred to as the Radio Spectrum. The lower bar 

illustrates the division of federal, non-federal, and shared bands for a critical part of the radio spectrum. Also shown are selected military uses that would be 

impacted by reallocating spectrum for competing uses.

138 - 144 MHz

400.15 - 401 MHz

1215 - 1390 MHz

225 - 400 MHz

420 - 450 MHz

1755 - 1850 MHz

2200 - 2290 MHz

3100 - 3650 MHz

4400 - 4950 MHz

1435 - 1525 MHz

ATC air traffic control

CMRS commercial mobile radio service

DAB digital audio broadcast – terrestrial

DARS digital audio radio service – satellite

DOD Department of Defense

DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

EHF extremely high frequency

ELF extremely low frequency

FSS fixed satellite service

GHz gigahertz

GWCS general wireless communications service

HF high frequency

IMT 2000 third generation mobile telephony

IR infrared

LEO low earth orbit

LF low frequency

MDS multipoint distribution system

MF medium frequency

MHz megahertz

MSS mobile satellite service

NLMCS new land mobile communications service

PCS personal communications service

SHF super-high frequency

TT&C telemetry, tracking, and commanding

UHF ultrahigh frequency

UV ultraviolet

VHF very high frequency

VLF very low frequency

WLL wireless local loop

Non-Federal Controlled 

Spectrum

Federal Controlled Spectrum Shared Spectrum Bands That Support DOD 

Capabilties

Below 6 GHz:

100 

MHz

300 

MHz

1000 

MHz

Bands That Support DOD Capabilities

(These bands are allocated within the US only. Spectrum allocation outside the US may be different.)

3000 

MHz

6000

MHz

ELF VLF MF VHF SHF LF HF IR UV X-Ray

Visible Spectrum

UHF EHF Gamma 

Ray

Cosmic 

Ray

Military uses

Land mobile radio

Tactical air/ground/air

Competing uses

Little LEOs

Public safety

Military uses

DMSP (downlink)

Competing uses

MSS

Military uses

Long/medium range air 

defense

Radio navigation

Air route surveillance radars

Tactical communications

Test range support

Air/fleet defense

Drug interdiction

Global positioning 

system — satellite

Remote satellite sensors

Nuclear detection

Competing uses

MSS

NLMCS

Wind profiler

RADARs

Military uses

Tactical air/ground/air

Data links

Satellite communications

Military ATC

Search and rescue

Executive communications

Tactical 

communications

Competing uses

Little LEOs

Public safety

Terrestrial DAB

CMRS

Space research

Military uses

Ballistic missile surveillance 

and early warning radars

Missile/air vehicle flight

Termination

Military uses

DOD satellite TT&C (uplink)

Point-to-point microwave

Air combat training systems

Tactical communications

Tactical data links

Military uses

DOD satellite TT&C 

(downlink)

Guided missile telemetry

Point-to-point microwave

Military uses

High power mobile radars

Shipboard ATC

Missile links

Airborne station keeping

Military uses

Fixed wideband 

communications

Mobile wideband 

communications

Command links

Data links

Competing uses

PCS

MDS

WLL

Competing uses

MDS

WLL

FSS

Competing uses

GWCS

FSS

Competing uses Public safety

PCS

MDS

3G wireless/IMT 2000

Military uses

Telemetry supporting entire 

aerospace industry

Troop position 

location

Anti-stealth radar

Foliage penetration 

radar

Competing uses

DAB/DARS

MSS

NLMCS

VHF UHF SHF
Chapter I

I-4 JP 6-01

(2) The electromagnetic environment (EME) is described as the resulting product 

of the power and time distribution, in various frequency ranges, of the radiated or conducted 

EM emission levels encountered by a military force, system, or platform when performing its 

assigned mission in its intended operational environment. It is the sum of electromagnetic 

interference (EMI); electromagnetic pulse (EMP); hazards of EM radiation to personnel, 

ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural phenomena effects of lightning and 

precipitation static. Essentially, the EME is the global EM background.

(3) EMOE is composed of the background EME and the friendly, neutral, and 

adversarial electronic order of battle (EOB) within the EM area of influence associated with 

a given operational area. This is the portion of the EME where JEMSMO is conducted at a 

given time. 

(4) Different systems require different frequencies to operate effectively. Jungle, 

urban, or harsh climatic environments can all have adverse effects on spectrum-dependent 

systems. Additionally, some frequencies, such as super-high frequencies used for satellite 

communications, are adversely affected by fog, rain, or snow. Systems that use high 

frequency (HF) for propagation are affected by solar activities, such as sunspots and solar 

AOR area of responsibility

EOB electronic order of battle

EMOE electromagnetic operational environment

Legend

Electromagnetic Operational Environment

Civilian Spectrum Use

Friendly

EOB

Environmental 

Parameters

Terrain

Elevation Data

Adversary

EOB

Neutral

EOB

Area of Influence

EMOE

AOR

Figure I-3. Electromagnetic Operational Environment
Overview of Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations

I-5

flares, in addition to atmospheric fluctuations. Lastly, all systems are subject to man-made 

interference from other transmitters, power lines, or static electricity.

c. Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

(1) JEMSO include all activities in military operations to successfully plan and 

execute joint or multinational operations in order to control the EMOE.

(2) JEMSO is comprised of EW and JEMSMO and aimsto exploit, attack, protect, 

and manage resources within the EMOE and resolve EMI in order to achieve the 

commander’s objectives. It enables EMS-dependent systems to perform their functions in 

the intended operational environment. JEMSO enables and supports the six joint functions 

of C2, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, protection, and sustainment. See 

Figure I-4).

d. Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations

(1) JEMSMO is planning, coordinating, and managing joint use of the EMS 

through operational, engineering, and administrative procedures. The primary goal of 

JEMSMO is to enable EMS-dependent capabilities and systems to perform their functions in 

FM frequency management

HNC host nation coordination of JEMSO

JSIR joint spectrum interference resolution

Legend

Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

Electronic 

Warfare

Joint Electromagnetic 

Spectrum Operations

(JEMSO)

Joint 

Electromagnetic 

Spectrum 

Management 

Operations

(JEMSMO)

HNC

FM

JSIR

Figure I-4. Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations
Chapter I

I-6 JP 6-01

the intended environment without causing or suffering unacceptable interference. The

secondary goal is to utilize the available EMS in the most efficient and effective manner 

while accomplishing the mission by using technical policy and techniques available to the

electromagnetic spectrum manager (EMSM).

(2) JEMSMO is composed of three interrelated functions: frequency management 

(FM), host nation coordination (HNC), and joint spectrum interference resolution (JSIR). 

Together, these functions enable the planning, management, and execution of JEMSMO. 

Figure I-5 depicts the JEMSMO construct.

(3) By maintaining situational awareness of the EMOE, the commander is able to

shape the environment by protecting, exploiting, attacking, sensing, and communicating 

through the EMS. 

e. Spectrum Management

(1) Inherent within JEMSMO is spectrum management (SM). SM is the planning, 

coordinating, and managing joint use of the EMS through operational, engineering, and 

administrative procedures. The objective of SM is coordinated, prioritized, and deconflicted 

FM frequency management

HNC host nation coordination of JEMSO

JSIR joint spectrum interference resolution

Legend

Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations

Electronic 

Warfare

Joint Electromagnetic 

Spectrum Operations

(JEMSO)

Joint 

Electromagnetic 

Spectrum 

Management 

Operations

(JEMSMO)

HNC

FM

JSIR

Figure I-5. Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations
Overview of Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations

I-7

operations for EMS-dependent systems without causing or suffering unacceptable 

interference. 

(2) EMS-dependent capabilities and systems throughout the strategic, operational, 

and tactical levels compete for the limited resources of EMS. SM provides the planning 

framework for the use of the EMS. This is a continuous process accomplished by:

(a) Defining the policy and guidance necessary to plan, manage, and execute 

JEMSMO.

(b) Gathering requirements for EMS-dependent capabilities and systems. 

(c) Developing the EMS requirements summary used to quantify the 

frequencies and bandwidths necessary to support the operation or mission. 

(d) Defining and characterizing the EMOE, thus establishing the common 

source of EMS management information. 

(e) Developing the SM plan to establish specific guidance and procedures for 

managing, requesting, coordinating, and assigning EMS use. 

(f) Integrating EW EMS requirements with friendly EMS-dependentsystems 

and capabilities to ensure that systems can operate within their intended environment. 

f. Frequency Management. FM encompasses requesting, nominating, conducting 

interference analysis, coordinating, assigning, and promulgating frequencies for EMSdependent capabilities and systems. It allows for access to the EMS and protection of 

capabilities from harmful interference. FM also provides the frequency assignments to 

support development of the joint communications–electronics operating instructions (JCEOI) 

and joint restricted frequency list (JRFL). Examples of FM include providing the 

frequencies for assignment to radios on specific platforms, providing frequencies for UASs, 

and providing the frequencies for communications networks.

g. Host Nation Coordination

(1) HNC is the activity to obtain authorization to operate EMS-dependentsystems 

within a sovereign nation. HNC pertains to foreign nations as well as the US and its 

territories. Granting approval to operate within a country is a sovereign right held by that 

country. 

(2) HNC is normally accomplished through procedures established by geographic 

combatant commander (GCC) agreements with host nations (HNs). HNC should be 

conducted, when appropriate, with all countries in the area of interest (AOI). The 

unauthorized use of the EMS in HNs may be considered a violation of international treaty or 

law or local laws and regulations, and the JFC, subordinate commanders, or operators may 

be held criminally or financially liable for violations and may have equipment confiscated. 
Chapter I

I-8 JP 6-01

h. Interference Resolution. JSIR is the activity to identify, report, analyze, and 

mitigate or resolve incidents of EMI. JSIR is a continuous activity once forces have 

deployed and is not part of the planning process. JSIR is required to allow for protection of 

friendly EMS-dependent systems. Incidents of EMI will be resolved or mitigated at the 

lowest possible level within the command structure. EMI can be induced intentionally, as in 

some forms of EW, or unintentionally, as a result of spurious emissions and responses, and 

intermodulation products. 

2. Electromagnetic Environmental Effects

a. Electromagnetic environmental effects (E3) impact the operational capability of 

military forces, equipment, systems, and platforms. They encompass all EM disciplines, 

including EM compatibility and EMI, EM vulnerability, EMP, electronic protection (EP),

hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel (HERP), hazards of electromagnetic 

radiation to ordnance (HERO), hazards of electromagnetic radiation to fuels (HERF), and 

natural phenomena effects of lightning and precipitation static.

(1) The EME experienced by the joint force is continuously changing as existing 

systems are modified, new systems are installed, units move in closer proximity to each 

other, or natural phenomenon change. When platforms and associated systems and 

equipment (avionics, ordnance, fuel, etc.) are exposed to an operational EME different from 

those for which they were designed and tested, the potential for safety, interoperability, and 

reliability problems increases.

(2) JEMSMO requires a thorough regard for E3 through mitigation of interference 

and ensuring systems are electromagnetically compatible. Most system degradation 

encountered can be attributed to EMI. A substantial amount of planning and coordination is 

required to reduce the chances of EMI occurrences. This is particularly evident in joint 

operations where equipment, platforms, and personnel are continually moving and changing 

as operations evolve. Equipment designed for a specific environment or purpose but 

employed in a nontraditional role may present a particularly challenging situation. An 

example would be an Army helicopter landing on a Navy ship. This example presents a 

number of considerations. Among these considerations are whether the helicopter can 

communicate with the ship, will ship systems such as radars cause harmful effects to the 

avionics systems of the aircraft, or will the transmitters on the aircraft present a hazard to 

ordnance on the ship? This example highlights some specific examples of hazards that are 

addressed in the following paragraphs. 

b. HERP is the potential hazard that exists when personnel are exposed to an EM field 

of sufficient intensity to heat the human body. Radar, communication systems, and EW 

systems which use high-power RF transmitters and high-gain antennas represent a biological 

hazard to personnel working on, or in the vicinity of, these systems. Therefore, stand-off 

areas around high-powered RF antennas should be clearly marked. Since it is not possible to 

visibly determine if an antenna is transmitting, personnel should avoid entering these standoff areas at all times.
Overview of Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations

I-9

c. HERO is the danger of accidental actuation of electro-explosive devices or otherwise 

electrically activating ordnance because of RF EM fields. This unintended actuation could 

have safety (premature firing) or reliability (dudding) consequences. HERO may be induced 

through holes or cracks in the casing, wires, or fuses and is most susceptible during 

assembly, disassembly, loading, or unloading. 

d. HERF is the potential hazard that is created when volatile combustibles, such as fuel, 

are exposed to EM fields of sufficient energy to cause ignition. HERF is most likely to occur 

when refueling operations are taking place. Care should be taken to separate fueling points 

and high-powered radar, radio, directed energy weapons, or jammers to reduce the possibility 

of RF induced arcs that could ignite fuel. Personnel must ensure proper grounding and static 

discharge procedures are adhered to and that RF transmissions be minimized or ceased 

during refueling operations.

e. Electromagnetic Pulse. The interaction of gamma radiation with the atmosphere 

can cause a short pulse of electric and magnetic fields that may damage and interfere with 

the operation of electrical and electronic equipment and can cause widespread disruption. 

EMP is one of the primary ways that a nuclear detonation produces its damaging effects. 

The effects of EMP can extend to hundreds of kilometers depending on the height and yield 

of a nuclear burst. A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) can generate significant 

disruptive field strengths over a continental-size area. The portion of the EMS most affected 

by EMP and HEMP is the radio spectrum. Planning for communication system protection is 

key when the potential for EMP is likely. 

See Field Manual 3-11.4/Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-37.2/Navy 

Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (NTTP) 3-11.27/Air Force Tactics, Techniques, and 

Procedures Instruction (AFTTP[I]) 3-2.46, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and 

Procedures for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Protection; JP 3-11, Operations in 

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Environments; and JP 3-41, 

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Consequence Management, for detailed 

discussions of EMP considerations during military operations.

f. E3 presents many unique challenges to JEMSMO, although most can be mitigated 

through proper planning and coordination. JEMSMO develops the mitigation strategies,

such as special instructions, the JRFL, JCEOI, and spectrum plan, to minimize the impact of 

EME on operations in the operational area. Other mitigation strategies include using 

protected waveforms, which provide low probability of detection, reducing the potential for 

electronic attack (EA). Lastly, safety must always be considered when operating in the 

vicinity of high-powered RF emitters to avoid loss of life or equipment.

For more discussion on JRFL, see JP 3-13.1, Electronic Warfare.

3. Role of Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations in Joint and 

Multinational Operations

a. Military operations today are nearly always joint, and in many cases, involve 

multinational forces. The proper execution of JEMSMO enables the commander to not only 
Chapter I

I-10 JP 6-01

command and control but also to gather intelligence, execute both lethal and nonlethal fires 

missions, move and maneuver forces, and protect and sustain the force. All of these 

functions are accomplished in a dynamic environment and require continual planning, 

coordination, and management of the EMS to ensure that the full complement of capabilities 

is at the commanders’ disposal.

b. The EM portion of the network is a key enabler of the network-enabled force;

commanders should understand that the EMS is not a replaceable resource like fuel or 

ammunition. Once the allotted EMS has been allocated to support specific capabilities or 

systems in a specific geographical area, it is no longer available for use. The commander 

may need to operationally assess the impact of sacrificing other potentially critical 

capabilities in order to use another (i.e., the use of C2 or counter radio-controlled improvised 

explosive device EW, the use of C2 or intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance). EMS 

can, however, be reallocated or reused, depending on distance and power between emitters.

4. Relationship to Other Mission Areas

a. Information Operations (IO). IO is the integrated employment, during military 

operations, of information-related capabilities in concert with other lines of operation to 

influence, disrupt, corrupt, or usurp the decision making of adversaries and potential 

adversaries while protecting our own. JEMSMO enables IO, primarily by ensuring that IO 

can be conducted with minimal EMI caused by friendly forces (frequency fratricide) and 

without negative E3. Lack of concise, preplanned frequency coordination may have an 

adverse effect on friendly users in the form of interference. JEMSMO supports and enables 

the coordination, integration, and synchronization of information-related capabilities through 

both the EM portion of the C2 channels and the various operational EMS requirements of 

these capabilities.

b. Relationship to Military Information Support Operations (MISO). JEMSMO 

supports and enables the joint MISO communications plan by ensuring that spectrum is 

available for both radio and broadcast services when these are controlled by the combatant 

commander (CCDR), such as in offensive operations. An example would be the 

employment of the Special Operations Media System-Broadcast that has a capability to 

provide local radio and television (TV) support. JEMSMO can also leverage MISO data 

repositories to validate EMS data. Of particular interest is the radio/TV collection. This 

collection has statistics on radio and TV facilities in various countries. It includes such 

information as location, equipment range, and frequencies, and users can search the 

collection based on facility characteristics. 

For more discussion on MISO, see JP 3-13.2, Military Information Support Operations.

c. Relationship to Military Deception (MILDEC) and Operations Security

(OPSEC). MILDEC and OPSEC are complementary activities. MILDEC is actions 

executed to deliberately mislead adversary military, paramilitary, or violent extremist 

organization decision makers, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or 

inactions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission. OPSEC is a 

process that identifies critical information to determine if friendly actions can be observed by 
Overview of Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations

I-11

adversary intelligence systems, determines if information obtained by adversaries could be 

interpreted to be useful to them, and then executes selected measures that eliminate or reduce 

adversary exploitation of friendly critical information. JEMSMO support to MILDEC is 

concerned with ensuring that any plan that requires additional EMS support can be met,

while OPSEC requirements are that sensitive information such as frequency plans, 

operational ranges of classified systems, and the JRFL information are safeguarded. 

For more discussion on MILDEC and OPSEC, see JP 3-13.4, Military Deception, and JP 3-

13.3, Operations Security.

d. Relationship to Computer Network Operations (CNO). CNO is used to attack, 

deceive, degrade, disrupt, deny, exploit, and defend electronic information and infrastructure. 

Like EW, CNO is highly sensitive, and EMS operators may not always have accurate 

situational awareness of planned or ongoing operations. CNO differs from EW in that EW 

concerns the use of radiated energy, whereas CNO is concerned with the information (data) 

on the network or the computers and networks themselves. CNO that require EMS support 

or protection must be coordinated and integrated in much the same way as EW missions. In 

order for JEMSMO to enable and support CNO, staffs must collaborate, plan, and share 

information to facilitate mission success. 

e. Relationship to Electronic Warfare

(1) EW refers to any military action involving the use of EM or directed energy to 

control the EMS or to attack the enemy. EW includes three major subdivisions: EA, EP, and 

EW support. JEMSMO supports and enables the execution of EW through planning and 

coordinating use of the EMS in order to conduct JEMSMO and EW concurrently. As 

friendly EMS access is not assured, EW supports JEMSMO by denying adversary access and 

mitigating the effects of adversary EMS activity on friendly systems.

(2) SM must be an integral part of EW planning to ensure that the EM scheme of 

maneuver reduces, mitigates, or eliminates the effects of EW systems on the other elements 

of JEMSO. The proliferation of EA systems in the operational environment has made 

participation in EW planning critical for the EMSM. In addition to both airborne and 

terrestrial EA systems, other weapons that use EM radiation such as directed energy weapons 

must be taken into account. 

(3) Coordination for EW will normally take place in the electronic warfare cell 

(EWC). The EWC is under the cognizance of the operations directorate of a joint staff (J-3) 

and normally consists of members from the primary staff sections, a fires officer, and an

EMSM and is headed by the senior electronic warfare officer (EWO). The EMSM

participates and represents JEMSMO issues. This includes providing an EW integration 

plan. 

(4) The EWO uses the EOB to determine EA priorities and provides this to the 

EMSM for further analysis on the potential impact to other EMS users. This process 

requires information from the EA request, JRFL, JCEOI, and FM database. The analysis 

will determine what impact the EW mission will have on EMS activities, such as 
Chapter I

I-12 JP 6-01

communication nets, military systems, and adversary communications nets being exploited. 

The end product will be a JRFL that contains frequencies that can be protected during the 

execution of EA activities and publication of other EA guidance. This product is produced 

on an as-needed basis.

See Chapter V, “Planning Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations,” and Chapter VI, 

“Conducting Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations,” for more information on how the 

JRFL is developed and utilized. For additional discussion on the JRFL, see JP 3-13.1, 

Electronic Warfare.

(5) The EMS-use analysis forms the basis of an integrated EMS-use and maneuver 

plan. In some cases, EMS conflict identified during this analysis will be irresolvable, 

requiring the JFC to weigh the impact of EA employment on friendly force and civilian EMS 

use. As the EMOE is by definition a dynamic environment, EW and JEMSMO personnel 

work constantly to provide the JFC with the best employment of EMS-dependent systems 

while denying the adversary the same in order to accomplish the JFC’s objectives. 

f. Relationship to Intelligence

(1) JEMSMO is integral to the gathering, processing, and dissemination of 

intelligence. The EA request process is one mechanism used to coordinate and integrate 

EMS use between the commander’s operational frequencies and those being exploited or 

protected so that the full spectrum of intelligence operations can be conducted. 

(2) The intelligence community (IC) is responsible for providing adversary EOB 

data as well as sensor data on the EME to JEMSMO personnel in order to characterize the 

EMOE. JEMSMO personnel continually analyze the EMOE to provide feedback to the IC

on the prioritization of EMS-related intelligence efforts.

(3) A wide range of national, theater, and component intelligence and 

communication systems is available to a JFC. The existence of this capability does not, 

however, ensure that intelligence and communications systems can be deployed without 

significant planning and coordination. The subordinate joint force intelligence directorate of 

a joint staff (J-2) must effectively coordinate communications architecture requirements with 

the communications system directorate of a joint staff (J-6).

For more information on intelligence communications requirements, refer to JP 2-01, Joint 

and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations.
II-1

CHAPTER II

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT

1. Introduction

a. All nations share the EMS and reserve their sovereign right to its unlimited use. At 

the international and national levels, the primary concern for the use of the EMS is economic 

and not military. International telecommunications cooperation is vital to support trade, 

transportation, communications, and mutual protection against interference. This chapter 

provides an overview of international, national, joint, and Service organizations and agencies 

that are primarily responsible for policy concerning spectrum use. Since both operational 

and tactical spectrum operations policy and decisions are based on international and national 

policy, it is important to understand the organizations and processes involved in spectrum 

operations at this level. The function of the Department of Defense (DOD) and Service-level 

EMS organizations is to provide regulatory guidance to the JFC in regards to lawful 

operation within the EMOE while satisfying operational demands. Finally, it is important 

for commanders to understand Service perspectives in order to fully benefit from integrated 

JEMSO functions.

b. All nations have a sovereign right to allocate the EMS as needed to support their 

national interests, but the successful conduct of operations requires the JFC to work with the 

nation at issue to balance these rights with the need to maintain security of US and 

multinational forces. The JFC and staff need to understand the national spectrum allocations 

for the country where the operation is taking place. Almost always this allocation will differ 

from US allocations, and US military systems could conflict with civilian use of the 

spectrum. 

2. International Telecommunications Union

To promote international telecommunications cooperation to support trade, 

transportation, communications, and mutual protection against interference, most countries 

have agreed to generally follow International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Allocations, 

Standards and Radio Regulations for spectrum use. The ITU allocations for civil and 

military EMS use in North and South America are different than those used in the Middle 

East and Asia. Having a good understanding of the ITU and HN allocations for the joint 

operational area enhances the joint task force (JTF) staff’s ability to prevent spectrum-use

conflicts that could have a negative effect on military operations or civilian infrastructure.

3. Allied Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Authorities

When joint operations are conducted by an Allied force, it is necessary to understand 

SM roles, responsibilities, and processes within the alliance. These alliances are either longstanding relationships or ad hoc. The US is a member of two long-standing organizations: 

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Combined Communications–

Electronics Board (CCEB).
Chapter II 

II-2 JP 6-01 

a. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO is a political and military alliance of 

26 European and two North American nations. NATO organizations that have a role in EMS 

management operations are: 

(1) Military Committee (MC) is the senior military authority in NATO, providing 

NATO’s civilian decision-making bodies—the North Atlantic Council, the Defense Planning 

Committee, and the Nuclear Planning Group—with advice on military matters. 

(2) The Civilian/Military Spectrum Capability Panel works directly for the MC on 

consultation, command, and control issues and is the sole competent source of advice and 

decisions on the management of the RF spectrum within NATO (see Figure II-1). It supports 

the MC and works with the strategic commands to satisfy NATO RF spectrum requirements 

Figure II-1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Spectrum Management Authorities 

Legend

ACO Allied Command Operations (SHAPE)

ACT Allied Command Transformation (Norfolk, VA)

C3 command, control, and communications

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NC3A NATO Consultation, Command, and Control (C3) 

Agency

NCSA NATO Communication and Information Systems 

Services Agency

NHQC3S NATO Headquarters C3 Staff

NPMA NATO PKI Management Agency

PAC PKI Advisory Cell

PKI public key infrastructure

SHAPE Supreme Headquarters Allied 

Powers Europe

command and control

communications

coordination

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Spectrum Management 

Authorities

Capability Panel 3

Civilian and Military 

Spectrum

Capability Panel 1

Communication and 

Information Systems

Capability Panel 4

Information Assurance/ 

Cyberspace Defense

Capability Panel 2

Navigation/ 

Identification

North Atlantic Council

NATO C3 Board

National C3 Representatives

Military Committee NHQC3S

ACO NC3A

ACT NPMA

NCSA PAC

Capability 

Team
International Electromagnetic Spectrum Management

II-3

during peace, emergency, crisis, and wartime. The NATO Civilian/Military Spectrum 

Capability Panel is also responsible for maintaining the NATO supplements to Allied 

Communications Publication (ACP) 190, Guide to Spectrum Management in Military 

Operations.

(3) The Civilian/Military Spectrum Capability Panel is composed of representatives 

from the military and civil SM components of NATO member nations; the strategic 

commands; and the NATO Consultation, Command, and Control Agency (an acquisition and 

development organization). The Civilian/Military Spectrum Capability Panel also interacts 

with non-NATO nations in support of cooperative efforts involving frequency and SM

issues. It may also deal with the military frequency and spectrum problems of other 

agencies/organizations, any separate NATO command that may be established later, or of the 

NATO nations (when called upon), provided this does not interfere with its primary mission. 

(4) The NATO Headquarters Consultation, Command, and Control Staff Spectrum 

Management Branch (SMB) is the day-to-day staff charged with carrying out the necessary 

staff and operational work in support of the Civilian/Military Spectrum Capability Panel and 

the NATO nations and commands. Staff work includes diverse activities such as developing 

spectrum vision for NATO; developing and maintaining NATO spectrum policy and 

doctrine; providing advice to nations, organizations, and acquisition programs for spectrumdependent equipment involving frequencies and spectrum; coordinating supportability 

assessments; management of the NATO portions of the 225–400 MHz band; and other tasks 

in support of the Civilian/Military Spectrum Capability Panel terms of reference (see the FM 

Handbook for more information).

(5) National Radio Frequency Agency. The SM office for the ministry of defense 

or chief of defense that acts as the national military frequency agency for a nation is usually 

called a national RF agency. This agency exists as the single interface for frequency and 

spectrum coordination and management issues between the Civilian/Military Spectrum 

Capability Panel SMB and the NATO nation on a national military level. See ACP 190(C), 

Guide to Spectrum Management in Military Operations, ACP190, NATO Supplement 

(SUPP)-1B, NATO Guide to Spectrum Management in Military Operations, NATO 

Frequency Management Handbook, and CCEB Publication 1, Organization, Roles, Policies,

and Responsibilities for more information on Allied SM organizations.

b. The Combined Communications–Electronics Board. The CCEB is a five-nation, 

joint military communications–electronics (C-E) organization whose mission is the 

coordination of any military C-E matter that is referred to it by a member nation. 

(1) The member nations of the CCEB are Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the 

United Kingdom, and the US. 

(2) The CCEB has no standing forces so their focus is on interoperability between 

member nations. The CCEB principals consist of a senior communications representative 

from each of the member nations.
Chapter II

II-4 JP 6-01

(3) The spectrum working group (WG) is the CCEB WG concerned with CCEB 

SM issues. Refer to CCEB Publication 1 for a full description of the organization and 

mission of the CCEB. Figure II-2 shows the current organizational structure of the CCEB.

(4) Historically, CCEB nations have had a major positive impact on NATO’s wider 

allied communications (technical) interoperability through the generation and distribution of 

communications procedural documents titled ACPs. ACPs are issued as guidance for, and 

use by, allied forces of the nations represented on the CCEB and are appropriate for use in 

any theater or part of the world. The ACP base publications do not contain national or local 

theater, command, or geographically significant information. ACP supplements are provided 

to cover specific national, command, or geographic issues. Two key ACPs pertaining to SM

are ACP 194, Policy for the Coordination of Military Radio Frequency Allocations and 

Assignments Between Cooperating Nations, and ACP 190, Guide to Spectrum Management 

in Military Operations, which has been supplemented by both the US and NATO.

4. Spectrum Support Outside the United States and Its Territories

a. There are very few standardized radio bands throughout the world, and to build a 

radio or system that will operate worldwide in a single band is not realistic. Systems

procured by DOD must be designed to operate in a variety of bands to be of value,

Figure II-2. Allied Spectrum Management Authorities

Allied Spectrum Management Authorities

CCEB Combined Communications–Electronics Board

CDAWG coalition and development architecture working group

IA implementing arrangement

PKI public key infrastructure

Legend

Working Groups

Executive Group

Spectrum Messaging Architecture

Principals

(Australia, Canada, New Zealand,

United Kingdom, United States)

CCEB Solutions 

Consulting Group

Washington Staff

Tiger Teams for PKI, 

IA, Director Services, 

CDAWG, etc.

(as required)

National Staff

Permanent 

Secretary

Allied 

Communications 

Publications

Griffin Services 

Management
International Electromagnetic Spectrum Management

II-5

particularly to tactical operations. This is why multimode, multiband radios enjoy the 

greatest use among tactical operations.

b. The unified commanders, through the joint frequency management office 

(JFMO)/joint spectrum management element (JSME), will coordinate through the United 

Statesliaison office (USLO) or US office of military cooperation (OMC) to obtain spectrum 

support and negotiate frequency assignments from HM FM authorities to support military 

operations and exercises in their respective countries. To streamline the coordination 

process, the USLO or OMC may authorize direct coordination between the combatant 

command (CCMD) JFMO or JTF JSME and the HN FM authorities. Because it may be 

easier to include spectrum use in other agreements, the JFC may want to include RF 

spectrum access by US military forces in agreements such as:

(1) Status-of-forces agreements (SOFAs). 

(2) HN security agreements with US forces.

(3) Protection of HN political, military, economic, social, information, and 

infrastructure considerations.

(4) Military and civil aviation agreements.

(5) JTF support agreements with the HN, other government departments and 

agencies, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), either directly or through the 

Department of State.

c. The JTF staff must ensure the JTF commander understands the impact of these 

agreements on the force’s ability to conduct the mission. Any agreement that addresses 

spectrum access should include provisions for joint forces to utilize the RF spectrum for selfprotection.

d. The JFC or JTF personnel shall neither initiate nor conduct the negotiation of an 

international agreement without the prior written approval by the DOD official (Chairman of 

the Joint Chiefs of Staff, CCDR, etc.), who has been assigned responsibility for agreements 

concerning spectrum management, access, and use. 

5. International and Host Nation Laws and Regulations

Generally, an HN is any sovereign nation in which DOD plans or is likely to conduct 

military operations with the permission of that nation. Most nations have a single agency 

responsible for SM, normally the ministry of communications or some similar agency. In 

nations where DOD has established posts, camps, bases, or stations, there will normally be a 

liaison with the ministry established through which the EMSM will negotiate for spectrum 

support. As discussed previously, frequency allocations vary according to ITU region. 

Failure to adhere to these policies and guidance can result in monetary fines, equipment 

confiscation, and/or imprisonment, as well as possible mission failure, equipment damage, 

and loss of life.
Chapter II

II-6 JP 6-01

Intentionally Blank
III-1

CHAPTER III

NATIONAL DEFENSE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT

1. National Electromagnetic Spectrum Authorities—Strategic Planning and 

Management of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Communications Act of 1934, as amended, governs radio EMS use in the US and 

its territories (see Figure III-1). The act established duality in SM in the US between the 

President for federal government stations and the Federal Communications Commission 

(FCC). The FCC regulatesthe spectrum use of non-federal operated radio stations, common 

carriers, and private organizations or individuals. By Executive Order 12016 of 1978, the 

President delegated his functions under the act to a new organization created as the National 

Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) and placed them under the 

Secretary of Commerce.

a. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. The 

Communications Act of 1934 gave control of government radio stations to the President. 

The President, through the NTIA, will control all frequency resources in the US and its 

territories and will authorize foreign governments to construct and operate fixed service 

Figure III-1. National Spectrum Management

National Spectrum Management

The 

President

The 

Congress

Federal Users

Advisory Liaison

Coordination

Non-Federal Users











National Defense

Law Enforcement and 

Security

Transportation

Resource Management 

and Control

Emergencies











Business

State and Local 

Government

Entertainment

Commercial

Private

National 

Telecommunications

and Information 

Administration

(NTIA)

Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee

Chaired by NTIA

19 Federal Agencies Represented

Federal 

Communications 

Commission

Communications Act 

of 1934
Chapter III 

III-2 JP 6-01 

radio stations at their embassies. Frequencies are assigned to these stations if it is in the 

national interest and if foreign governments grant reciprocal privileges to the US. Figure III2 illustrates the organization of the NTIA. 

(1) The Office of Spectrum Management (OSM). The OSM formulates and 

establishes plans and policies that ensure the effective, efficient, and equitable use of the 

spectrum both nationally and internationally. Through the development of long-range 

spectrum plans, the OSM is prepared to address future US Government (USG) spectrum 

requirements, including public safety operations and the coordination and registration of USG 

satellite networks. The OSM also satisfies the frequency assignment needs of federal agencies 

and provides spectrum certification for new federal agency radio communication systems. 

(2) The Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC). The IRAC, 

under the OSM, assists the NTIA Assistant Secretary in assigning frequencies to USG radio 

stations and in developing and executing policies, programs, procedures, and technical 

criteria pertaining to the allocation, management, and use of the spectrum. The IRAC 

consists of a main committee, six subcommittees, and several ad hoc WGs that consider 

various aspects of SM policy. The six current subcommittees are: 

(a) Frequency Assignment Subcommittee (FAS). Responsible for functions 

related to the assignment and coordination of radio frequencies and the development and 

execution of procedures. The aeronautical assignment group (AAG) subgroup of the FAS is 

responsible for engineering the AAG frequency assignments and determining whether or not 

application for frequency assignment action in the AAG bands should be approved by NTIA. 

The AAG is chaired by the Federal Aviation Administration. The military assignment group 

(MAG) subgroup of the FAS is responsible for determining whether applications for 

frequency assignment in the MAG bands should be approved by NTIA. The MAG is chaired 

by the United States Air Force (USAF). 

Figure III-2. National Telecommunications and Information Administration 

National Telecommunications and Information Administration

Deputy Assistant Secretary

Office of the 

Chief Counsel

Office of Policy 

Coordination and 

Management

Assistant Secretary

Office of 

Spectrum 

Management

Institute for 

Telecommunication 

Sciences

Office of Policy 

Analysis and 

Development

Office of 

International 

Affairs

Office of 

Telecommunications 

and Information 

Applications
National Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

III-3 

(b) Spectrum Planning Subcommittee. Responsible for functions related to 

planning for the use of the EMS in the national interest to include the apportionment of 

spectrum space between or among the government and nongovernment activities and other 

such matters as the IRAC may direct. 

(c) Technical Subcommittee. Develops recommended new standards and 

improvements of existing standards to optimize the use of the radio spectrum in the form of 

technical reports. 

(d) Radio Conference Subcommittee. Responsible for functions that relate to 

preparing for ITU radio conferences, including the development of recommended US 

proposals and positions. 

Figure III-2. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (continued) 

National Telecommunications and Information Administration

Domestic 

Spectrum 

Policy Division

Interdepartment 

Radio Advisory 

Committee 

Secretariat

Spectrum 

Services 

Division

Strategic 

Planning 

Division

Information 

Technology 

Division

Spectrum 

Engineering 

and Analysis 

Division

Associate 

Administrator

Deputy Associate 

Administrator

Domestic Spectrum 

Management

Deputy Associate 

Administrator

International Spectrum 

Management

Office of Spectrum Management

International 

Spectrum Plans 

and Policy 

Division

Emergency 

Planning and 

Public Safety 

Division

Spectrum 

Engineering

 Branch

Frequency 

Assignment 

Branch

Enterprise 

Architecture 

Branch

Systems 

Development 

Branch

Network 

Engineering and 

Operations Branch

Systems 

Support Branch

Customer Support 

Operations Branch

Spectrum 

Analysis Branch

Systems Review 

Branch
Chapter III 

III-4 JP 6-01 

(e) Space Systems Subcommittee. Review, modify, develop, and maintain the 

procedures for the national implementation of the space related provisions of the ITU radio 

regulations. 

(f) Emergency Planning Subcommittee. Formulate, guide, and review national 

security emergency preparedness planning for spectrum-dependent systems. From time to 

time, these subcommittees are reorganized, dissolved, created, or renamed. For more 

information about the IRAC and these subcommittees, see the NTIA Web site at 

http://www.ntia.doc.gov. 

b. The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC is an independent federal 

regulatory agency responsible directly to Congress. It regulates interstate and international 

communications by radio, TV, wire, satellite, and cable in all 50 states, the District of 

Columbia, and US territories. The FCC is directed by five commissioners appointed by the 

President and confirmed by the Senate for 5-year terms, except when filling an unexpired 

term. The President designates one commissioner to serve as chairman. As the chief 

executive officer of the FCC, the chairman delegates management and administrative 

responsibility to the managing director. Certain other functions are delegated to staff units 

and bureaus and to committees of commissioners. The commissioners hold regular open and 

closed agenda meetings and special meetings. They also may act between meetings by 

“circulation,” a procedure by which a document is submitted to each commissioner 

individually for consideration and official action. The FCC staff is organized by function. 

There are six operating bureaus and 10 staff offices. The bureaus’ responsibilities include 

processing applications for licenses and other filings, analyzing complaints, conducting 

investigations, developing and implementing regulatory programs, and taking part in 

hearings. The offices provide support services. Even though the bureaus and offices have 

their individual functions, they regularly share expertise in addressing FCC issues. More on 

the FCC organizational structure and the bureaus and office functions are described on the 

FCC Web site (www.fcc.gov). 

2. National Spectrum Supportability 

a. Commanders must be aware of the policy and processes for national spectrum 

supportability. This is especially important because critical events occurring within the 

homeland, such as weapons of mass destruction events or natural disasters, require the 

coordination of civil and federal local, state, and national authorities whose equipment may 

operate, by law, in different frequency bands. This difference in frequency band usage is 

because, within the US and its territories, commanders must comply with the statutory EMS 

management requirements of the NTIA for federal systems and FCC regulations for civil 

systems. Both the National Guard Bureau (NGB) and the United States Coast Guard 

(USCG) may operate both civil and federal systems dependent upon the role they are 

assuming in operations (i.e., Title 10, United States Code [USC], versus Title 32, USC, or 

Title 14, USC, statuses. 

b. Spectrum supportability is addressed in both regulation and policy, but it is important 

for commanders to have an overview of what the process is and how it is implemented so 

compliance can be maintained. The US Military Communications–Electronics Board 
National Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

III-5 

(MCEB) provides spectrum support guidance to DOD. This guidance outlines the general 

considerations, provisions, and restrictions that apply to a particular system concerning the 

use of the EMS. It is directive upon the submitting Service command, direct reporting unit 

or center, and the conditions of frequency assignment to the operational user. 

c. The goal of the equipment spectrum certification process is to facilitate the timely 

provision of technical characteristics to determine compatibility and interoperability of 

systems that use the EMS in support of national needs and coalition missions and to derive 

whether these systems will operate in accordance with (IAW) the DOD, national, and 

international technical standards, rules, and regulations of SM. It is the responsibility of the 

milestone decision authority or component acquisition executive to ensure equipment is 

spectrum certified. The overall goal and intent is to assess the operational frequency 

supportability and EM compatibility in the intended environment. The process and 

procedures closely track the current acquisition process. The process provides support from 

early in the technology development phase (experimental) through the deployment and 

production phase and includes commercial and nondevelopmental items. Close coordination 

among operations, SM, and procurement personnel ensures effective/efficient use of the 

spectrum for peacetime and wartime operations. It is important for commanders to 

understand that there is a relationship between phases, acquisition categories, program 

milestone events, and the time required to gain approval for frequencies. 

See Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management 

(Redbook), and ACP 190 US SUPP-1(D), Guide to Frequency Planning, for more 

information on spectrum supportability. 

3. Department of Defense Spectrum Authorities 

This section describes the functions, relationship, and responsibilities of DOD SM 

organizations. For more information concerning DOD SM, see Department of Defense 

Instruction (DODI) 4650.01, Policy and Procedures for Management and Use of the 

Electromagnetic Spectrum. 

a. SM within DOD is a cooperative process that is divided into three elements. The 

Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Networks and Information Integration/Chief 

Information Officer) (OASD[NII/CIO]) is responsible for carrying out the policy, planning, 

and oversight functions associated with DOD spectrum matters. The Defense Spectrum 

Organization (DSO), which reports to the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), is 

responsible for providing the resources to coordinate joint spectrum matters and assists 

OASD(NII/CIO) in strategic spectrum planning. The SM offices of the Services manage the 

spectrum for their respective Services and interact with both civil and military agencies to 

coordinate joint issues. Figure III-3 shows the relationships of these organizations. 

b. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information 

Integration. The Assistant Secretary for Defense for Networks and Information Integration 

is the chief information officer (CIO) for the DOD. The secretary serves as the principal 

staff assistant and advisor to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense on spectrum 
Chapter III 

III-6 JP 6-01 

related matters. Within the OASD(NII/CIO), the director of spectrum and communications 

policy provides day-to-day policy oversight and guidance to the DOD SM community. 

Figure III-3. Department of Defense Spectrum Management 

Department of Defense Spectrum Management

ASD(NII/CIO) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Networks 

and Information Integration/Chief 

Information Officer)

C3S2 command, control, communications, space 

and spectrum

DASD Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense

DISA Defense Information Systems Agency

DJ-8 Director, J-8

DOD Department of Defense

DSO Defense Spectrum Organization

IRAC Interdependent Radio Advisory Committee

J-6 communications systems directorate of a 

joint staff

J-8 force structure, resources, and assessment 

directorate

JS joint staff

JSC Joint Spectrum Center

MCEB Military Communications–- 

Electronics Board

NTIA National Telecommunications and 

Information Administration

OASD(NII/CIO) Office of the Assistant Secretary 

of Defense (Networks and 

Information Integration/Chief 

Information Officer)

SPO Strategic Planning Office

VJ-8 Vice Director, J-8

command and control

technical support

coordination

Legend

(Conceptual representation. All links not depicted.)

Service Unique

DOD

Representation

Joint

Technical Support Technical 

Support

Interagency 

Coordination

Interagency 

Coordination

Interagency 

Coordination

Army 

Spectrum 

Management 

Office

NavyMarine Corps 

Spectrum 

Center

Air Force 

Spectrum 

Management 

Office

ASD(NII/CIO)

DASD(C3S2)

JS/J-8

Department 

of 

Commerce

NTIA

IRAC

DISA

DSO

JSC SPO

JS/VJ-8

J-8/DJ-8

MCEB

Chairman

MCEB 

Deputies and 

Coordinators

Frequency 

Panel 

Deputy 

Chairman

OASD(NII/CIO)

Spectrum and 

Communications 

Policy Unified and 

Specified 

Commands

J-6 

Directorate

Joint 

Frequency 

Management 

Office
National Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

III-7 

c. United States Military Communications–Electronics Board

(1) The US MCEB is the principal DOD coordinating agency for SM. The MCEB 

functions under the policies and directives of the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs 

of Staff. The MCEB guides the DOD in preparing and coordinating technical directives and 

agreements and in allocating spectrum allotments from the NTIA. Its mission is three-fold: 

coordinate between DOD components, between DOD and other government departments 

and agencies, and between DOD and foreign nations. 

(2) Membership of the MCEB is composed of the Director of Joint Staff, Joint 

Staff J-8, Deputy Director, Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems, 

(who also serves as chairman), representatives of each Service, USCG, DISA, Defense 

Intelligence Agency (DIA), National Security Agency, and the Assistant Deputy Director for 

Communications and Networks, who represents the CCDRs. Other DOD elements may 

participate when appropriate. 

(3) The majority of DOD operational spectrum issues are processed through the 

Joint Frequency Panel (JFP) of the MCEB. The JFP consists of experts drawn from the 

components that are represented on the MCEB. The JFP reviews, develops, coordinates, and 

implements DOD directives, studies, reports, and recommendations for the MCEB. Specific 

spectrum issues are addressed by permanent WGs. 

4. Defense Spectrum Organization 

a. DSO is the DOD’s center of excellence for preserving and enhancing access to 

spectrum resources. DSO supports a full range of initiatives and activities, ranging from 

long-term planning and development of advanced SM technologies to on-site problem 

solving for warfighters in the field. DSO’s facilities and elements include the Joint Spectrum 

Center (JSC), the Strategic Planning Office, the Business Management Office, and the 

Program Management Office for the Global Electromagnetic Spectrum Information System. 

Figure III-3 shows the organizational structure of DSO and its relationships to other DOD 

SM organizations. 

b. DSO engages in the full range of activities needed to support spectrum access for the 

DOD. It provides direct operational support to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 

CCMDs, Secretaries of Military Departments (MILDEPs), and directors of DOD agencies to 

achieve national security and military objectives. DSO has leading experts in the areas of 

E3, information systems, SM, training, modeling, and simulation. It applies EM 

environmental databases and analysis tools to assist in both the acquisition and operation of 

DOD C-E assets. It provides services such as spectrum-planning guidance, system 

integration, system vulnerability analysis, environmental analysis, test and measurement 

support, and SM software development. 

c. In addition, DSO supports the OASD(NII/CIO) on national and international 

spectrum issues and spectrum coordination. DSO leads SM transformation efforts to support 

future net-centric operations and warfare. It develops comprehensive and integrated 

spectrum planning and policy strategies for DOD and participates in international 
Chapter III 

III-8 JP 6-01 

organizations that have SM responsibilities (e.g., ITU and NATO). DSO also develops 

working partnerships with other government departments and agencies, industry, and 

academia, and monitors and analyzes emerging spectrum technologies in order to incorporate 

optimal technology to meet DOD mission requirements. 

d. The Joint Spectrum Center 

(1) The JSC is a field office within DSO, has leading experts in the areas of 

spectrum planning, E3, information systems, modeling and simulation, and operations to 

provide complete, spectrum-related services to the MILDEPs and CCMDs. JSC has 

extensive experience in applying EM environmental databases and analysis tools to assist in 

both the acquisition and operation of C-E assets. JSC is a source of engineering expertise 

and services dedicated to ensuring effective use of the EMS. JSC provides services such as 

spectrum-planning guidance, system integration, system vulnerability analysis, 

environmental analysis, test and measurement support, operational support, and SM software 

development. 

(2) JSC provides support for spectrum planning, spectrum certification of new 

weapon and sensor system development, and training and operational support to the unified 

commands, MILDEPs, and DOD agencies. These services are also available to federal and 

local government activities. Additionally, foreign nations can obtain assistance through 

foreign military sales channels. JSC can provide these services to US industries when the 

efforts are determined to be in the interest of national security. For more information and 

details on JSC services, visit http://www.disa.mil/jsc/index.htm. 

5. Combatant Commander Spectrum Offices 

a. Joint Frequency Management Office

(1) Each GCC is specifically tasked by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 

Instruction (CJCSI) 3320.01C, Electromagnetic Spectrum Use in Joint Military Operations,

to establish an FM structure that includes a JFMO and to establish procedures to support 

planned and ongoing operations. The supported GCC authorizes and controls use of the 

spectrum resources by the military forces under his or her command. 

(2) Each supported GCC establishes a command policy on how the spectrum is 

used in his or her area of responsibility (AOR), obtains clearance (or approval) from HNs for 

use of the spectrum (through existing coordination procedures), and ensures that assigned 

military forces are authorized sufficient use of the spectrum to execute their designated 

missions. To accomplish these tasks, each supported GCC establishes a JFMO (see Figure 

III-4), typically under the cognizance of the J-6, to support joint planning, coordination, and 

control of the spectrum for assigned forces. 

b. Joint Spectrum Management Element. At the JTF level, a JSME may be 

established. The JSME within a JTF may be assigned from the J-6 staff, from a component’s 

staff, or from an external command. The JSME within a JTF must be staffed with trained 

EMSMs, preferably with experience in joint spectrum use and knowledge of the spectrum 

requirements of the CCMD’s component forces. The process outlined above for the JFMO 
National Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

III-9 

will be mirrored by the JSME at the JTF level. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual 

(CJCSM) 3320.01B, Joint Operations in the Electromagnetic Battlespace, provides 

additional information about JFMO/JSME functions and processes. 

6. Service Spectrum Management Authorities 

a. Air Force. The Air Force Spectrum Management Office (AFSMO) mission is to 

plan, provide, and preserve access to the EMS for the Air Force and selected DOD activities. 

AFSMO does this in support of national policy objectives, systems development, and global 

operations through analysis and negotiation with international and national civil and military 

organizations. AFSMO is composed of two directorates. The Directorate of Operations is 

responsible for day-to-day spectrum processes that allow Air Force and DOD warfighters 

unfettered access to the EMS worldwide. The key operations processes are obtaining 

spectrum certification for new equipment, similar to a building permit, and frequency 

Legend

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Develops the spectrum-use plan using system data contained in the JOPES. This is 

particularly vital in support of command and control hand-overs that are highly dependent on 

spectrum-dependent systems.

In conjunction with the J-2, J-3, and J-6, prepares a JRFL for approval by the J-3 (through the 

electronic warfare cell or equivalent).

Periodically updates and distributes the JRFL, as necessitated by changes in the task 

organization, geography, and joint communications-electronics operation instructions and 

by transition through operational phases.

Provides administrative and technical support for military spectrum use.

Exercises frequency allotment and assignment authority. This may be delegated to 

facilitate decentralization and to provide components with the maximum latitude and 

flexibility in support of combat operations.

Establishes and maintains the common database necessary for planning, coordinating, and 

controlling spectrum use. This database should contain spectrum-use information on all 

emitters and receivers (critical, friendly, military and civilian, available enemy, and neutral) 

as appropriate for the area of responsibility involved.

Analyzes and evaluates potential spectrum-use conflicts.

In accordance with J-5 guidance, coordinates military spectrum use with the spectrum 

authorities of the United Nations or host nations involved.

Serves as the focal point for inclusion of spectrum-use considerations in the JOPES.

Receives, reports on, analyzes, and attempts to resolve incidents of unacceptable 

electromagnetic interference; refers incidents that cannot be resolved to the next higher 

spectrum management authority.

Joint Frequency Management Office Spectrum 

Management Process

J-2 intelligence directorate of a joint staff

J-3 operations directorate of a joint staff

J-5 plans directorate of a joint staff

J-6 communications system directorate of a joint staff

JOPES

JRFL

Joint Operation Planning and Execution System

joint restricted frequency list

Figure III-4. Joint Frequency Management Office Spectrum Management Process 
Chapter III 

III-10 JP 6-01 

assignments, or the legal authorization to operate that equipment in the US. The Directorate 

of Strategic Planning is the Air Force voice in international, national, civil, and military 

(NATO and multinational) EMS forums and is responsible for the development of integrated 

spectrum plans and long-term strategies to address current and future needs for Air Force 

spectrum access. AFSMO also provides curriculum oversight for the Electromagnetic 

Spectrum Management Course and the Joint Task Force Spectrum Management Course. 

For more information on Air Force SM, refer to Air Force Instruction (AFI) 33-118, 

Electromagnetic Spectrum Management.

b. Army

(1) The Army Spectrum Management Office (ASMO) is the Army Service-level 

office for all spectrum-related matters. The ASMO coordinates RF spectrum policy and 

guidance and represents the Army in spectrum negotiations with civil, military, national, and 

international regulatory organizations. The Army Spectrum Manager (ASM) directs Armywide SM activities, develops and implements SM policy, and allocates frequency resources 

(frequency assignment) to support the Army. The ASM serves as the principal advisor to the 

Army CIO/ signal staff officer (G-6) in regard to RF SM and radio regulatory matters. 

(2) The Army Frequency Management Office–Continental United States (AFMOCONUS) is the Army’s principal field office providing SM support for all unit, installation, 

and special case Army customers requiring tactical, non-tactical, communications and noncommunications frequencies. For the continental United States (CONUS)-related matters, 

this is the tactical EMSM’s primary resource. CONUS is broken down by region and 

assigned an area frequency coordinator. 

c. Marine Corps. The Director, C4, Headquarters, Marine Corps (HQMC 

C4)/Department of the Navy (DON) Deputy CIO Marine Corps, provides Marine Corps 

EMS policy and oversees spectrum use, requirements, and operations. HQMC C4 

establishes Marine Corps policy; provides oversight, guidance, and procedures relating to the 

proper and efficient management of the EMS; provides Marine Corps representation (at the 

policy level) to various national, DOD, joint, and DON organizations, WGs, and forums; and 

provides administrative, technical, and operational support to the operating forces and 

supporting establishment in support of Marine Corps EMS operational requirements. Marine 

Corps management and use of the EMS are governed IAW Marine Corps Order (MCO) 

2400.2, Marine Corps Management and Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum. 

d. Navy and Marine Corps

(1) The Navy and Marine Corps Spectrum Center (NMSC) coordinates SM policy 

and guidance and represents the Navy, and when required, the Marine Corps, in spectrum 

negotiations with civil, military, and national regulatory organizations. The NMSC 

coordinates spectrum certification actions for Navy and Marine Corps systems/equipments. 

In addition, the NMSC coordinates, registers, assigns, and protects radio frequencies for test, 

evaluation, and operational use of spectrum-dependent equipment and systems by all Navy 

and Marine Corps activities in the US and territories. 
National Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

III-11 

(2) The Navy and Marine Corps spectrum offices (NMCSOs) are the Navy’s 

principal regional offices providing administrative SM support and assistance for all unit, 

installation, and Navy customers requiring tactical, non-tactical, communications and noncommunications frequency assignment requests for the US and its territories. Outside 

CONUS, EMS support must follow CCMD guidance. 

For more information on Navy and Marine Corps spectrum management, refer to Naval 

Telecommunications Procedures 6, Navy Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) Guide, Chief of 

Naval Operations Instruction 2400.20F, Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) and 

Spectrum Supportability Policy and Procedures, and MCO 2400.2 Marine Corps 

Management and Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.

e. Coast Guard. The USCG Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Policy 

Division, COMMANDANT (CG-652) Office is the USCG Service-level office for all 

spectrum-related matters. USCG, CG-652, falls under the Deputy Commandant for Mission 

Support. The Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Policy Division (CG-652) 

manages RF spectrum policy and guidance and represents the USCG in the coordination of 

SM issues with civil, military, national, and international regulatory organizations. CG-652 

directs USCG-wide SM activities, develops and implements SM policies, and allocates 

frequency resources (i.e., frequency assignments) to support the USCG missions: maritime 

safety (marine safety and search and rescue); maritime security (drug and migrant 

interdiction, port waterways and coastal security); maritime stewardship (marine resources, 

environmental protection, aids to navigation, ice operations); and national defense and DOD 

interoperability. CG-652 serves as the principal advisor to the USCG CIO/CG-6 in regard to 

RF SM and frequency spectrum regulatory matters. The Spectrum Management Division 

has strategically placed principal EMSMs at district headquarters offices throughout the US. 

These individuals are the principal field office representatives providing SM support for all 

districts, units, installations, and special case USCG customers. USCG spectrum support is 

organized by districts and supported by field spectrum managers. 

(1) Commands. Area and district commands are responsible for SM and 

frequency plans for units under their command. Area and district commands will validate 

spectrum requirements for units under their authority. Area and district commands are 

responsible for obtaining spectrum authority for spectrum-dependent equipment that is 

installed or maintained by the organization. 

(2) USCG Auxiliary. The USCG Auxiliary serves as the civilian, nonmilitary 

component of the USCG. Auxiliarists provide direct operational and administrative support 

to many local USCG units. The USCG Auxiliary, when in direct support of USCG 

operations, will submit requests for frequency authority to the local sector/district 

commander for validation and further processing through CG-652. The USCG Auxiliary, as 

an organization, must be operating in support of the USCG to obtain authorization from 

NTIA to transmit on radio frequencies. 

f. National Guard Bureau 
Chapter III 

III-12 JP 6-01 

(1) The NGB J-6/C4 SMB is the designated office within NGB responsible for 

planning and executing SM for assigned forces and providing support to the National Guard 

(NG) joint force headquarters-state (JFHQ-State) in communications with United States 

Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). NGB J-6/C4 SMB provides spectrum support to 

NG forces in state active duty and Title 32, USC, status to facilitate coordination with 

USNORTHCOM and federal agencies on spectrum usage during homeland defense (HD) or 

defense support of civil authorities (DSCA) operations. 

(2) NG JFHQ-state spectrum managers should ensure use of their assigned 

spectrum resources are IAW current procedures to ensure unity of effort with Title 10, USC, 

forces conducting domestic operations. JFC and staff should be aware that conducting 

operations in a state requires coordination with the NG JFHQ-state spectrum manager and 

state emergency operations center.

7. Installation Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

a. The commander of a military installation will normally have responsibility for 

spectrum operations on the installation. This includes equipment and systems that have both 

permanent and temporary assignments. The installation commander is responsible for all 

EM radiation emanating from the installation and their outlying activities while ensuring a 

viable RF management program is in place to support base requirements. The installation 

commander can prohibit any RF emitter from operating when there is anticipated 

interference to mission-essential EM equipment. The installation EMSM maintains a current 

listing or electronic database of all frequencies assigned to the installation and outlying 

activities hosted by the installation. The installation EMSM provides all installation units 

with generated site licenses of major command frequency assignment notifications for all 

frequencies used. 

b. For installation SM operations, the installation commander should ensure that the 

EMSM is properly trained. Spectrum operations constitute dealing with international and 

national laws on a regular basis in addition to safety of life issues. Assigning this 

responsibility as an additional duty or temporary assignment could have severe 

repercussions. 

c. Commanders should ensure equipment has the proper certification and clearance to 

operate, that users are provided clear guidance on the operation of spectrum-dependent 

systems, and that programs and processes are in place to plan, manage, and execute 

installation spectrum operations. 

d. Commanders should also: 

(1) Provide spectrum policy, guidance, and procedures for the effective and 

efficient management and use of the EMS. 

(2) Ensure SM is considered at all levels of operational planning and establish 

processes and procedures for the planning, assignment, coordination, deconfliction, and 

utilization of the EMS. 
National Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

III-13 

(3) Ensure compliance with applicable international, national, DOD, joint, 

statutory, and regulatory policies, to include spectrum supportability, certification, and HNC, 

is validated/completed for spectrum-dependent equipment and systems prior to operational 

use. 

(4) Coordinate administrative and operational SM support requirements in support 

of the JFC. 

For Service specific guidance on EMS management on installations, see Army Regulation 

(AR) 5-12, Army Management of the Electromagnetic Spectrum, Field Manual 6-02.70, 

Army Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations, MCO 2400.2, Marine Corps Management and 

Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum, MCO 2410.2B, Electromagnetic Environmental 

Effects (E3) Control Program, and AFI 33-118, Electromagnetic Spectrum Management.
Chapter III

III-14 JP 6-01

Intentionally Blank
IV-1

CHAPTER IV

ORGANIZING FOR JOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS

1. Introduction

a. How joint forces are organized to plan and execute JEMSMO is a prerogative of the 

JFC. Many factors are considered that affect the size and organization of the commander’s 

staff. These factors include the mission or missions the joint force is tasked to accomplish, 

and the time allocated to accomplish the mission or missions. This chapter discusses 

nominal organizations and staff functions to plan and execute JEMSMO in joint 

operations. This chapter also provides a high-level view of how the Services organize in 

relation to joint operations. 

b. Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operational Environment

(1) The use of the EMS is essential to all operations at all levels of command. Few, 

if any, military operations conducted involve only one Service. In a joint environment, the 

Services often compete for use of the spectrum to accomplish their missions. Joint 

operations require precise coordination and establishment of operating procedures not only 

for military operations but for HN coordination in order to most effectively use this finite 

resource. 

(2) Since military operations rely on capabilities, equipment, and systems using the 

limited resources of the EMS, requirements may exceed the amount of spectrum available. 

As a result, efficient use and control of the spectrum are critical to operational success. 

(3) The rapid growth of sophisticated weapons systems, as well as networked

operations and communications systems, greatly increases demand for frequencies. Lack of 

preplanned frequency coordination and consideration of E3 will have an adverse effect upon 

friendly but competing users. Spectrum availability is further constrained by commercial 

applications and the rights of sovereign nations to govern EMS use within a particular 

country’s national borders. 

(4) Joint and multinational operations must also consider the needs of multinational 

forces in future contingencies. An effective SM structure is required not only to satisfy 

spectrum needs of military users but also to coordinate with HNs to facilitate effective use of 

this finite resource.

2. Responsibilities

Outlined below are the responsibilities and duties, broken down by command echelon, 

as they apply to JEMSMO.

a. Combatant Commander

(1) It is the responsibility of the CCDR to establish and promulgate commandspecific policy and guidance for EMS use, the JRFL process, the JCEOI, software defined 
Chapter IV

IV-2 JP 6-01

radio waveform implementation and sharing, and other processes or directives that uniquely 

apply to the area (e.g., radar restrictions).

(2) Other duties are to establish a standing FM structure that includes a JFMO and 

procedures to support planned and ongoing operations. Specific actions will be taken to:

(a) Ensure operational, contingency, and communications plans address 

coordination among forces using the spectrum to enable effective exchange of information, 

eliminate duplication of effort, and achieve mutual support.

(b) Ensure plans address any necessary augmentation of the JFMO and/or 

JSME to support the effort.

(c) Resolve user conflicts not resolved at a lower level.

(d) Maintain close contact with appropriate multinational forces to ensure that 

mutual spectrum support is considered in multinational planning, operations, training, and 

exercises.

(e) Function as controlling authority for the JCEOI.

(f) Function as controlling authority for spectrum policy, to include 

frequencies for software defined radios.

b. JFMO. There is no standard JFMO organizational structure. A JFMO is a 

permanent organization within the CCMD. Each GCC organizes the JFMO IAW geographic 

and functional requirements. Typically, the JFMO is staffed with a DOD civilian as the 

chief and action officers who are responsible for programs, planning, analysis, or geographic 

regions. A JFMO may range in size from five to 10 personnel and is usually a combination 

of civilians and Service members. Figure IV-1 depicts a notional JFMO. The 

responsibilities of the JFMO are to:

(1) Exercise CCMD echelon core functions of JEMSMO (SM, FM, JSIR, HNC).

(2) Maintain the common frequency database necessary for planning, coordinating, 

and controlling spectrum use. The frequency database should contain all communication and 

non-communication spectrum emitters and receivers. Examples of such emitters are radars, 

unmanned vehicles, and sensors.

(3) Participate as a member of the GCC’s EWC.

(a) Combine J-2, J-3, and J-6 inputs to develop a proposed JRFL.

(b) Update and distribute the JRFL, as required. Assist and coordinate the 

resolution and deconfliction of spectrum conflicts.
Organizing for Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations 

IV-3 

(4) Perform HNC functions IAW plans directorate of a joint staff (J-5). HNC may 

involve the spectrum authority of the HN(s) involved, the US embassy defense attaché 

OMC, friendly forces coordination cell, etc. 

(5) Be the focal point for inclusion of spectrum-use considerations in the 

communications annex of operation plans (OPLANs) and concept plans (CONPLANs). 

(6) Perform JSIR functions IAW CJCSM 3320.02C, Joint Spectrum Interference 

Resolution (JSIR) Procedures. Develop and disseminate policy and procedures to handle 

EMI occurrences. Report, update, and track the status of all EMI occurrences using the JSIR 

Online collaboration portal. Monitor the JSIR Online collaboration portal for situational 

awareness and monitor classified e-mail for JSIR Online alerts. Assist and coordinate in the 

resolution of EMI occurrences as needed, to include terrestrial and space based systems. 

(7) Perform the duties required to manage the JCEOI until the JTF J-6 is 

established. 

NOTE: Within the bounds of proper classification and with the approval of the local 

commander, the finished JCEOI will be shared with interagency participants in a given 

operation. 

(8) Provide guidance and procedures for post-conflict SM transitions. 

(9) Coordinate, manage, and maintain frequencies for software-defined radios. 

c. Joint Force Commander. The duties of the JFC are to: 

Notional Joint Frequency Management Office

Action Officer

Joint Task 

Force Support

Action Officer

Training/Plans

Action Officer

Area 

Frequency 

Coordinator

Systems 

Analyst/ 

Database 

Manager

Action Officer

Special 

Projects

Branch Chief

Deputy

Figure IV-1. Notional Joint Frequency Management Office 
Chapter IV

IV-4 JP 6-01

(1) Follow established GCC EMS use policy and guidance, as required.

(2) Work with the CCMD’s staff if modifications to the spectrum-use policy are 

necessary for specific situation(s).

(3) For operations outside of the GCC’s AOR, assume the responsibilities listed for 

the commander.

(4) Coordinate with supporting CCDRs to determine what functions their staffs 

must undertake to control use of the EMS and what outside support is available.

(5) When directed, the JFC will establish a JSME to ensure that JTF forces are 

authorized sufficient use of the EMS to execute their assigned missions.

d. JFC Staff. The JTF and functional area cells of the JFC’s staff have duties as 

follows:

(1) JTF Manpower and Personnel Directorate. Duties are to coordinate all 

personnel augmentation for the JSME and ensure the augmentees are added to the timephased force and deployment data.

(2) JTF J-2. Duties are to:

(a) Participate (through the EWC) in spectrum-use conflict resolution.

(b) Assess intelligence needs and provide the J-6 with prioritized spectrum-use 

requirements for intelligence operations.

(c) Provide JRFL input.

(d) Provide the JSME with available enemy spectrum-use data IAW 

releasability constraints.

(e) Include spectrum-use requirements in the Joint Operation Planning and 

Execution System (JOPES).

(f) Assist the J-6 with JSIR.

(3) JTF J-3. Duties are to:

(a) Prioritize, for the JSME, all spectrum-use conflicts that occur.

(b) Provide spectrum-use requirements to J-6 for inclusion in the JOPES.

(c) Provide concept of operations (CONOPS).

(d) Comply with and enforce HERO, HERP, and HERF guidelines.

(e) Provide and validate JRFL inputs; approve consolidated JRFL.
Organizing for Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

IV-5

(f) Prioritize systems when there is insufficient spectrum to support them all.

(4) EWC. Duties are to:

(a) Provide the JFC with effective EW planning and execution capability 

throughout all areas of operations.

(b) Assist the JSME in developing, compiling, and distributing the JRFL.

(c) Assist the component EWCs and JFC’s J-6 in assessing instances of hostile 

EW and assist the JSME in assessing situations requiring EW deconfliction.

(d) Assist in the resolution of JSIRs and cases of EW-related EMI.

(5) JTF Logistics Directorate. Duties are to provide the JSME with any required 

spectrum-use considerations at ports of embarkation and debarkation, or waypoints during 

the deployment or redeployment phases.

(6) JTF J-5. Duties are to:

(a) Ensure SM is incorporated into long-range planning and future operations. 

Integrate inputs from the J-2, J-3, and J-6.

(b) Establish coordination channels, as required, to negotiate military spectrum 

use where procedures do not already exist.

(7) JTF J-6. Duties are to:

(a) Provide the JSME with the JTF nets to be included in the JCEOI.

(b) Assist in integrating EW activity into operations to minimize impact on

friendly use of the EMOE.

(c) Update the JRFL as required.

(d) Assist the JSME with resolution of reported instances of interference or 

disruption.

(e) Provide JOPES data.

(8) Joint Communications Control Center (JCCC) Staff. The duties of the JCCC 

are to perform SM functions during joint operations and exercises.

(9) JSME. The duties of the JSME are to:

(a) Report all instances of interference IAW CJCSM 3320.02C, Joint Spectrum 

Interference Resolution (JSIR) Procedures.
Chapter IV

IV-6 JP 6-01

(b) Establish JTF specific guidance for JEMSMO (SM, FM, JSIR, HNC) 

functions, to include the JRFL process, JCEOI, and other processes.

(c) Gather requirements from J-2, J-3, and J-6 to develop a JTF JRFL for 

approval by the J-3.

(d) Participate in the EWC representing SM issues.

(e) Exercise FM functions. Authority to issue frequency assignments or 

allotments may be delegated. However, the JSME must ensure that components with 

overlapping geographic areas are not allowed to make multiple frequency assignments on the 

same RF band.

(f) Report all incidents of EMI.

(g) Maintain the common spectrum-use database necessary for planning and 

coordinating access to the EMOE. This database contains spectrum-use information on all 

friendly, military and civilian, enemy, and neutral forces.

(h) Perform HNC functions as delegated by JFMO. HNC will be coordinated 

with the spectrum authority of the HN(s) or multinational forces involved IAW with J-5 

guidance. 

(i) Perform JSIR functions IAW CJCSM 3320.02C, Joint Spectrum 

Interference Resolution (JSIR) Procedures. Develop policy procedures and tracking status 

of EMI. 

e. Functional Component Commanders. The duties of the functional component 

commanders are to:

(1) Provide component JCEOI input to include all call words requirements.

(2) Consolidate and validate component spectrum-use requirements.

(3) Provide component JRFL input.

f. Service Component Commanders. The duties of the Service component 

commanders are to:

(1) Consolidate and validate component spectrum-use requirements.

(2) Provide component JRFL input.

(3) Receive reports, identify, and attempt to resolve Service-specific EMI.

(4) Provide sufficient number of trained EMSMs.

g. Spectrum Users. The duties of the spectrum user are to:
Organizing for Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

IV-7

(1) Obtain frequency authorization for each use of the EMS by their appropriate 

joint force component.

(2) Use frequencies as assigned and operate systems IAW parameters authorized by 

the frequency assignment process.

(3) Coordinate any need to exceed or operate spectrum-dependent equipment 

outside the parameters authorized by the appropriate spectrum-use plan.

(4) Ensure the spectrum-dependent equipment is properly maintained to preclude 

unintentional violation of authorized spectrum-use parameters.

3. Service Organizations

a. Air Force

(1) JEMSMO supports and enables all USAF warfighting functions. USAF 

JEMSMO assets are organized to ensure that JEMSMO are integral to the commander’s 

overall CONOPS. At each echelon of USAF organization responsible for JEMSMO, the 

communications staff officer (A-6), in coordination with the intelligence staff officer (A-2) 

and operations staff officer (A-3), are responsible for planning and coordinating JEMSMO. 

The EMSM is responsible to the A-6 and coordinates directly with the A-2 and A-3 staffsfor 

planning, coordinating, synchronizing, and deconflicting JEMSMO actions. Figure IV-2 

depicts typical USAF coordination channels.

(2) USAF commanders support JEMSMO by having trained personnel well-versed 

in joint operations. Whether as the lead Service or supporting another Service’s spectrum 

operations, USAF EMSMs must understand Service-unique spectrum planning, 

coordinating, and operating parameters to be an effective member of the team.

b. Army

(1) EMS operations support and enable all Army warfighting functions. Army 

EMS operations assets are organized to ensure that EMS operations are integral to the 

commander’s overall CONOPS. At each echelon of Army organization responsible for 

electromagnetic spectrum management operations, the assistant chief of staff (ACOS), G-6, 

in coordination with the ACOS, intelligence staff officer (G-2), and ACOS, operations staff 

officer (G-3), is responsible for planning and coordinating EMS operations. The EMSM(s)

is responsible to the G-6 and coordinates directly with the components of the G-2 and G-3 

for planning, coordinating, synchronizing, and deconflicting EMS management operations’ 

actions. Figure IV-3 depicts typical Army coordination channels.

(2) Army commanders support JEMSMO by having trained personnel well-versed 

in joint operations. Whether as the lead Service or supporting another Service’s spectrum 

operations, Army EMSMs must understand Service-unique spectrum planning, coordinating,

and operating parameters to be an effective member of the team. 
Chapter IV 

IV-8 JP 6-01 

For more information concerning Army spectrum organization, see Field Manual 6-02.70, 

Army Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations.

c. Marine Corps 

The Commandant of the Marine Corps is responsible for spectrum supportability, 

including system/equipment spectrum certification and the allocation, assignment, and 

protection of all radio frequencies within the Marine Corps. Marine Corps force 

commanders provide operating forces and capabilities in support of the JFC. Marine Corps 

forces, installations, organizations, and activities coordinate SM support with the JFC via 

their respective Marine Corps Service component. 

United States Air Force Spectrum Management 

Functional Coordination Channels

J-3 operations directorate of a joint staff

Combatant Command

Area of Responsibility

Continental 

United States

Legend

Air and Space 

Expeditionary Task Force

Host Nation 

US Embassy

National 

Telecommuncations 

and Information 

Administration

Combatant 

Command/

Joint Frequency 

Management Office

Joint Spectrum 

Center

J-3

Air Force Forces

Air Force 

Spectrum 

Management 

Office

Joint Task Force/

Joint Spectrum 

Management 

Element

Major Command

Figure IV-2. United States Air Force Spectrum Management 

Functional Coordination Channels
Organizing for Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

IV-9

Army Spectrum Management

Functional Coordination Channels

Legend

AFC area frequency coordinator

ARNG Army National Guard

ASMO Army Spectrum Management Office

DOD Department of Defense

JFHQ joint force headquarters

JSC Joint Spectrum Center

NEC network enterprise center

NG National Guard

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information 

Administration

RDT&E research, development, test, and evaluation

TAG technical assessment group

USAR US Army Reserve

USARC US Army Reserve command

combatant command area of responsibility

continental United States 

Combatant 

Command 

Area of 

Responsibility

Continental 

United States

RDT&E/NG/USAR

Combatant 

Command JSC TAG/JFHQ USARC

DOD/Army 

AFC

Army 

Component ASMO ARNG

Units

USAR

Units

NEC

RDT&E

Garrison 

User

Tactical User

Host Nation

US Embassy NTIA

Figure IV-3. Army Spectrum Management Functional Coordination Channels
Chapter IV

IV-10 JP 6-01

d. Navy 

(1) The NMSC provides the Chief of Naval Operations spectrum supportability, 

including system/equipment spectrum certification and the allocation, assignment, and 

protection of all RF within the Navy. The Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information 

Dominance has delegated the responsibility for spectrum supportability and the management 

of the RF spectrum to Navy Cyber Forces (NAVCYBERFOR). NAVCYBERFOR has 

established the NMSC as the center of excellence for day-to-day spectrum certification and 

RF SM in support of all Navy and Marine Corps activities. Figure IV-4 depictstypical Navy 

and Marine Corps coordination channels. Consult Naval Telecommunications Procedures-6, 

Navy Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) Guide, for specific NMCS office geographic region 

of responsibilities.

(2) NMSC has established eight regional NMCSOs to support CCMDs and 

numbered fleets worldwide. The eight regional offices are located in Norfolk, Virginia; San 

Diego, California; Bangor, Washington; Honolulu, Hawaii; Guam, Japan, Italy, and Bahrain. 

(3) For tactical operations, the Navy commander assigns responsibility for 

developing operation tasks (OPTASKs), which specify frequencies and constraints for 

spectrum-dependent equipment. The OPTASKs for communications systems and for 

combat systems (radars, EW, etc.), are coordinated with the appropriate regional NMCS

office.

e. Coast Guard 

(1) JEMSMO supports and enables all USCG responsibilities and duties as 

delineated under Title 10, USC, and Title 14, USC, by enabling spectrum interoperability 

with international, federal, DOD, state, local, and tribal agencies to accomplish its stated 

missions:

(a) Maritime safety (marine safety and search and rescue);

(b) Maritime security (drug and migrant interdiction, port waterways and 

coastal security);

(c) Maritime stewardship (marine resources, environmental protection, aids to 

navigation, ice operations); and

(d) National defense and DOD interoperability. 

(2) The Spectrum Management Division supports JEMSMO by having trained 

personnel well-versed in joint operations. USCG, whether as the lead Service/agency or 

supporting international, DOD, or federal operations, understands agency unique spectrum 

planning, coordination, and operational parameters to be an effective member of the joint 

team. Figure IV-5 shows the USCG processes spectrum requirements for operations in the 

US and its territories and international operations.
Organizing for Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

IV-11

(3) The USCG is a military, multi-mission, maritime Service within the 

Department of Homeland Security and one of the nation’s five armed Services. JEMSMO 

supports USCG’s core roles to protect the public, the environment, and US economic and 

security interests in any maritime region in which those interests may be at risk, including 

international waters and America’s coasts, ports, and inland waterways. The USCG provides 

Navy and Marine Corps Spectrum Management

Functional Coordination Channels

Legend

HQMC C4 Headquarters, Marine Corps 

Command, Control, Communications, 

and Computers

NMSC Navy Marine Corps Spectrum Center

NMSCO Navy Marine Corps Spectrum Office

NTIA National Telecommunications and 

Information Administration

OPNAV N2/N6 Office of the Chief of Naval Operations 

for Information Dominance

MARCORSYSCOM Marine Corps Systems Command

USMC United States Marine Corps

combatant command area of 

responsibility

United States and territories 

Combatant 

Command 

Area of 

Responsibility

Continental 

United States

Department of the Navy/

Services

Combatant 

Command

Department 

of the Navy

NMSC

Navy

Component

OPNAV

N2/N6

USMC

Component

HQMC C4

NMSCO

Navy Fleet

Marine 

Expeditionary 

Force

Base/Post/

Station/

Ranges

Users

MARCORSYSCOM

Host Nation

US Embassy NTIA

Figure IV-4. Navy and Marine Corps Spectrum Management Functional

Coordination Channels
Chapter IV

IV-12 JP 6-01

unique benefits to the nation because of its distinctive blend of military, humanitarian, and 

civilian law enforcement capabilities. 

f. National Guard Bureau

(1) The 54 NG JFHQ-States and territories are supported with frequency 

assignments by the ASMO through AFMO-CONUS. Frequency assignments for daily Air 

National Guard (ANG) aircraft and air support operations are supported by the AFSMO.

(2) NG forces in state active duty or Title 32, USC, status will submit frequency 

requests through these channels. NG forces in Title 10, USC, or federal status will submit

requests for spectrum resources through elements of USNORTHCOM.

Figure IV-5. United States Coast Guard Functional Coordination Channels

Legend

United States Coast Guard

Functional Coordination Channels

CG-652 Coast Guard Spectrum Management 

and Telecommunications Policy Division

FCC Federal Communications Commission

HQ headquarters

NTIA National Telecommunications and 

Information Administration

RDT&E research, development, test, and 

evaluation

Districts Coast Guard 

Reserve

Federal 

Agency

HQ, CG-652 Coast Guard 

RDT&E

Coast Guard 

Users

Coast Guard 

Auxilliary

Host Nation

US Embassy

NTIA

FCC

Host Nation/

Combatant Command/

Federal Agency

Continental United States

Coast Guard 

Auxillary/ 

Reserve/ 

RDT&E

Combatant 

Command
V-1

CHAPTER V

PLANNING JOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS

1. Introduction

a. SM is a complex mission area within modern military and civil operations that must 

be fully integrated with other aspects of joint operations in order to achieve its full potential 

for contributing to an operation’s objectives. Such integration requires careful planning. 

SM planners must coordinate their activities with other aspects of military operations that

use the EMS, as well as third-party users, to avoid disruption of services. Coordination of 

military EMS use is largely a matter of coordinating with other staff functions (primarily the 

J-2 and J-3) and components (to include multinational partners) that rely on the EMS to 

accomplish their mission. Coordination of SM activities, in the context of third-party EMS 

use, is largely a matter of SM and adherence to established frequency usage regimens and 

protocols. It is imperative that SM be elevated to the forefront in planning military 

operations to ensure effective use of the EMS.

b. Like other aspects of joint operations, joint SM uses centralized planning and 

decentralized execution. Since the Services provide most of the assets available in joint 

operations, Service component SM planners must be integrated into the joint planning 

process. The JFC may delegate SM authorities to a component commander or lower 

echelon. However, such delegation does not eliminate the requirement for joint and/or 

multinational coordination of SM operations.

2. Planning Considerations

To use the spectrum successfully, all users must work together by exchanging vital 

spectrum information from the beginning of the joint planning process through an approved 

DOD data exchange architecture. Primarily, personnel assigned to the J-2, J-3, and J-6 staff 

sections plan, coordinate, and control joint military use of the EMS. To minimize 

unacceptable EMI among all emitters and receivers and to address E3 issues such as HERO 

in joint operations, these staff sections must work together. Additionally, automated SM

systems at the joint and component levels require vertical and horizontal interoperability.

a. Joint Spectrum Coordination. Considerations are dependent upon the JTF mission, 

operational environment, and commander’s intent. The size and depth of the JTF SM

concept depends upon the planning process in which the EMSM is involved and how much 

time will be allowed for the completion of the planning task (i.e., planning would allow more 

time to define policy and guidance). Time for planning may be limited, and tasks will have 

to be prioritized. Items left unaddressed will negatively affect the quality of the JSME 

product. The types of information that should be considered in the SM concept are outlined 

below.

Based on lessons learned in Iraq and Afghanistan, a lack of adherence to SM 

integration coupled with a lack of real-time SM, had an adverse effect on 

friendly communications. 
Chapter V

V-2 JP 6-01

(1) Multinational operations:

(a) Types and numbers of spectrum-dependent equipment.

(b) Information releasability.

(c) Level of familiarity and experience in combined operations.

(d) Availability of trained EMSMs. 

(e) Effective frequency assignment process.

(f) Compatible data exchange format and processes. 

(g) JRFL sharing and releasability issues, multiple JRFLs, etc.

(2) Spectrum-use considerations:

(a) Type of operations.

(b) Force complement.

(c) Type of entry.

(d) Area of responsibility.

(e) Types of radio services.

(f) Centralized or decentralized frequency assignment authority.

(g) Spectrum coordination/availability.

(h) Spectrum sharing for radios.

(i) Threats to friendly spectrum.

(j) Environmental factors.

(k) Terrain.

(l) Non-communications systems’ spectrum use (e.g., friendly radars, missiles, 

EW, intelligence).

(m) Cultural implications.

(n) EW interference outside the AOR.

(3) Resources:

(a) Type/version of automated SM software. 
Planning Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

V-3

(b) Compatible software and data formats.

(c) Secure connectivity to components. 

(d) Capability to manage mobile, wide-area spectrum assignments.

(e) Is there sufficient bandwidth to support data exchange?

(f) Do bandwidth limitations affect decisions on types/formats of automated 

spectrum data to exchange?

(4) Interoperability. Interoperability is essential in order to use the SM process

effectively as an element of joint military power. The major requirements of interoperability 

are to: 

(a) Establish standards and practice procedures that allow for integrated 

planning and execution of SM.

(b) Exchange SM information in a timely and routine fashion. This exchange 

may be conducted in real time or near real time via common, secure, reliable means. The 

exchange of data relates to SM, JSIR, FM, and HNC, including friendly and adversary force 

data. Routine exchange of data among joint force components, the joint force, and 

supporting commands and organizations, and when possible allies and coalition partners,

greatly facilitates all areas of SM planning.

b. Restrictions. Restrictions constitute SM issues that may not be under the control of

SM planners. Some categories of restrictions include:

(1) Policy. HN agreements and command guidance may limit the flexibility of 

frequencies used. Laws, rules, policies, and guidelines become especially critical during 

peacetime operations when international and domestic laws, treaty provisions, and 

agreements, such as SOFAs, may affect SM planning and execution. Commanders should

seek legal review at all levels of SM planning. This can best be accomplished by ensuring a 

legal advisor is available to SM planners.

(2) Meteorological and Oceanographic (METOC) restrictions. SM planners should

consider the effects of atmospherics and space weather. For example, atmospheric inversions 

can propagate radio transmissions; high humidity and rainy climates are detrimental to 

satellite signals; and ionospheric scintillation can adversely affect Global Positioning System 

accuracy. Some atmospheric effects are well known and are categorized by season and 

location. Planners should consult with the CCMD METOC officer to determine the type of 

METOC support available for their operation.

3. Planning Process

The planning process for JEMSMO is conducted within the joint operation planning 

process (JOPP) and is designed to produce the products necessary for the commander to 
Chapter V

V-4 JP 6-01

make timely decisions and aid in course of action (COA) development. Figure V-1 

illustrates the JEMSMO planning process and the general correlation with the JOPP.

Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations 

Planning Process

Input

Joint Electromagnetic 

Spectrum Management 

Operations Planning 

Activity Output/Product

Joint Operation 

Planning 

Process 

Step 

Known, existing spectrum 

requirements

Commander’s guidance

Existing policy

Doctrine

Civilian frequencies

Any known enemy 

frequencies

Define policy and guidance Spectrum 

operations 

concept

Data call message

Initiation

Data call message

User spectrum 

requirements

Gather spectrum 

requirements

Spectrum 

database

Initiation

Database of 

requirements

Develop the spectrum 

requirements summary

JTF spectrum 

requirements

Initiation

All JTF frequencies, 

including combat 

systems, air/sea 

navigation aids, and 

radars

EW and intelligence 

considerations

Terrain

Environmental 

considerations

Joint preparation of the 

electromagnetic operational 

environment

Spectrum 

operations 

limitations

Staff estimate

Mission analysis

JTF spectrum 

requirements

Obtain spectrum resources 

and host nation 

coordination

JTF spectrum 

allotment

COA 

processes

All previous information Develop the spectrum 

operations plan

Spectrum 

appendix to plan

Plan or order

development

LEGEND

COA course of action

EW electronic warfare

JTF joint task force

Figure V-1. Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations Planning Process
Planning Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

V-5

a. Define Policy and Guidance

(1) In order to be fully integrated into a planned operation, the EMSM conducts 

planning as early as possible and coordinatesit with other aspects of the plan throughout the 

planning process. The type of plan, expected length, geographic location, time allotted for 

planning, and level of hostilities expected during the operation will help to determine the 

scope of the SM planner’s effort. 

(2) The JFMO should be the resource center for the JSME throughout its lifetime 

since the JFMO has extensive institutional knowledge concerning the GCC’s AOR spectrum 

issues. The JFMO should prepare the basic SM resources needed to establish a JSME in 

support of operations anywhere within the GCC’s AOR. Such resources should include 

digitized terrain data, background EME records, country area studies, copies of agreements 

for spectrum use or sharing with involved or adjacent HNs, and historical spectrum-use 

records involving the JTF operational area. There are two deliverable products generated 

with this activity: the JTF SM concept and the spectrum requirements data call message.

(3) The SM concept is the vision of how SM operations would best be performed 

to support the JTF mission. The SM concept comprises assumptions, considerations, and 

restrictions that, when analyzed together, can illustrate the best approach to managing the 

JTF EMOE for joint/multinational forces. The command/JTF J-2 can provide further 

mission-related information on the current situation. The EWC, if activated, or the command 

EWO can provide information concerning EW operations being contemplated. 

(4) Planning requires the use of assumptions to accomplish the mission. It is 

important to document all assumptions made during the planning process so that, if the 

resulting plan is implemented, the JFMO/JSME using the plan will know what assumptions 

were used to make decisions in the development of the OPLAN or CONPLAN. 

Assumptions may have to be made concerning resources and the availability of personnel, 

equipment, connectivity, and information. To continue planning and making decisions, the 

EMSM may be forced to make educated assumptions based on the most likely scenario. 

Based on the nature of the mission, the EMSM will also make assumptions on the 

participation of multinational forces, possibility of HN coordination, type of entry (forcible 

or unopposed), and the availability of spectrum resources. Assumptions should not replace 

information that can be obtained. Assumptions made to expedite the decision-making 

process do so at the expense of accuracy. Because planning is a continual process, these 

assumptions should be replaced by facts when they become available.

(5) The JTF spectrum requirements data call message provides guidance to JTF 

staff elements, components, and supporting agencies on how to request spectrum support for 

spectrum-dependentsystems that operate under their control within the JTF’s AOI. The data 

call message typically includes the following:

(a) JTF SM policy and guidance.

(b) Security classification guidance.
Chapter V

V-6 JP 6-01

1. Procedures for requesting frequencies to support spectrum-dependent

equipment, including lead times and request format.

2. SM automation system and configuration.

3. JCEOI master net list (MNL) requirements collection process, including 

the need for identifying nets requiring call signs, call words, and possible frequency sharing.

4. JRFL submission procedures, including lead times and restrictions.

b. Gather Spectrum Requirements

(1) Gathering requirements can begin as soon as SM guidance is received and 

coordination channels are defined. The JFMO/JSME should first obtain any records 

available, such as ITU records, JSC country studies, HN records, and any civil allocation 

tables or frequency channel plans. While in the past, the concentration was on 

communications systems, these requirements must address both communications and noncommunications (radar, weapons, etc.) systems.

(2) The JSME should be proactive in engaging the staff, units, and organizations in 

identifying spectrum requirements. This initial contact introduces spectrum users to the 

JSME. The primary JTF staff elements involved in JEMSMO planning are the J-2, J-3, and 

J-6; however, in today’s wireless rich environment, all staff elements and units should be

queried regarding their spectrum requirements and be considered in the planning process. 

This proactive approach will pay dividends in reduced interference problems later.

(3) Service components should identify all requirements for spectrum-dependent

systems that they bring to the JTF. However, there are always items missed and systems 

overlooked in coordinating spectrum use. The best approach to gathering requirements is to 

attend operations briefings, meetings, and planning sessions. These venues will provide 

information about new units arriving, new systems being deployed, and changes to the 

operational plan. All of these activities are indications of new or changed spectrum usage 

and need to be included in the frequency assignment database.

(4) EMS-dependentsystems that are designed as receive-only should be included in 

the data call. The way to identify these systems is to talk to the JTF staff sections to request 

that they identify any receive-only systems that they know are active or plan on activating. 

Such systems include passive sensors and RF identification devices. The EMSM can then 

create frequency records for these receivers and afford them protection when nominating 

frequencies and performing interference analysis.

(5) In order to mitigate interference to satellite systems, the spectrum requirements 

data call message should include instruction to the components regarding notification to the 

JSME on all satellite access requests and authorizations. Users must obtain a local frequency 

clearance in addition to the authorization for satellite use. The JSME can then create 

frequency records for these authorizations which will afford protection for the satellite 

systems.
Planning Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

V-7

(6) Gathering requirements also involves capturing and documenting potential JTF 

spectrum use identified by the Service components and JTF staff, as well as undocumented 

requirements from sources external to the SM coordination chain. Using the previously 

developed spectrum requirements data call message, the JSME requests that spectrum 

requirements and JCEOI MNL for all units and organizations supporting the JTF be 

submitted. The data call message requires units to submit their spectrum requests to the 

CCMD JFMO or JSME. Gathering requirements is an on-going activity that continues until 

the JTF is dissolved.

(7) The product generated by this activity is a database containing the known JTF 

spectrum requirements.

c. Develop the Spectrum Requirements Summary

(1) Once the database is populated with the requirements, the JSME will develop 

the spectrum requirements summary. This summary is used to quantify the amount of 

spectrum necessary to support the JTF, determine the necessity of using frequency sharing 

and reuse plans, and help in the development of allotment or channeling plans. For radars, 

the available band assignment must be distributed among the numerous and various systems. 

These processes require manipulating the data previously gathered and translating it into a 

format that will facilitate analysis. The EMSM analyzes the spectrum requirements 

summary and draws conclusions concerning the amount of spectrum required to support the 

JTF. In addition, the JSME determines the number of radio services competing for spectrum 

in the same frequency band, determines the different emissions utilizing a particular band, 

and develops a plan for frequency sharing.

(2) The spectrum requirements summary generated with this activity is a 

compilation of the requirements identified in response to the spectrum requirements data call 

message. This product is for the sole use of the EMSM and provides a tool in which to base 

future decisions about efficient spectrum use and initial requirements definition. This 

product may assist the EMSM in requesting spectrum from an HN or provide insight into 

how to better allocate portions of the spectrum to support emitters utilizing varying 

bandwidths. 

(3) The EMSM must also consider the anticipated growth or length of the operation 

being planned. Additional frequencies or channels may be needed for expansion or changes 

in missions.

d. Define the Electromagnetic Operational Environment

(1) Joint operations in a net-centric environment inherently employ a large number 

of spectrum-dependent devices that span all phases and types of military operations. Joint 

operations require a common, single, authoritative source for spectrum-use information for 

all friendly, enemy (to the extent available), neutral, and civil emitters and receivers to 

achieve and manage successful joint spectrum use. This common source of spectrum-use 

information must be current, accurate, and accessible to authorized users. The JSME is 

responsible for building and managing this common source of information. Because of the 
Chapter V

V-8 JP 6-01

amount and complexity of spectrum-use information typically involved in joint operations, 

modern computer and communications networking systems are needed to maintain, analyze, 

and distribute this common spectrum-use information. When working with allied, United 

Nations, or multinational forces, the JSME should obtain similar information from each to 

maximize effective use and control of the spectrum throughout the AOR.

(2) Defining the EMOE is not only creating a database of frequency assignments, 

but also identifying factors that affect signal propagation, such as environmental 

characteristics and terrain. This activity starts with defining the AOI and its environmental 

characteristics, locating necessary terrain data, and creating a database of the known 

spectrum-use information. This process also includes updating and maintaining this 

spectrum-use information as well as adding all JTF frequency assignments. The JSME 

should use the common spectrum-use database generated in gathering requirements for 

planning and coordinating control of the EMOE. Once the EMOE is defined, it can be used 

as the staff estimate for mission analysis in the joint planning process. During crisis action 

or deliberate planning, certain assumptions may have to be made to provide an initial 

estimate, which will be revised as operational planning unfolds. Defining the EMOE is an 

ongoing activity until the JTF is dissolved.

e. Obtain Spectrum Resources

(1) Once the EMS requirement is identified, the JSME must obtain EMS resources 

needed to support the JTF. IAW J-5 guidance, the JSME will also coordinate military 

spectrum use with the spectrum authority of the HN(s) or multinational forces involved. 

Spectrum resources can be requested from the HNs for exercises or stability operations such 

as peace building or humanitarian missions. Operations that preclude prior coordination 

with an HN, such as offensive operations, require the JSME to determine the spectrum 

resource. If an evaluation of the background environment is required, it is essential to 

establish well-defined spectrum requirements and for the EMOE to be as completely defined 

and up-to-date as possible. This process is an ongoing activity and is expected to continue 

until the JTF is dissolved.

(2) Products generated in previous activities can help in determining the amount of 

spectrum needed to support the JTF mission. The spectrum requirements summary can help 

quantify the amount of spectrum needed and identify the radio services and emissions that 

will be operating within each frequency band. Spectrum resources are normally created and 

stored as one or more allotment plans.

(3) Host Nation Coordination Considerations

(a) The JFMO has standing coordination channels in place with the nations in 

the GCC’s AOR. These may fluctuate from time to time, and in some cases, there may be an 

absence of formal coordination channels. When this occurs, the JFMO may delegate HN

coordination to the JSME. The JFMO/JSME must ensure subordinate elements do not 

engage in HN coordination without the approval of the JFMO/JSME. HN coordination is 

normally based on the fostering of mutual trust and rapport between the JFMO and the HN. 
Planning Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

V-9

Outside attempts at coordination may disrupt or damage this relationship, making support 

more difficult to obtain.

(b) Effective HN coordination requires not only a technical understanding of 

how a nation manages its spectrum resource but also a cultural understanding in order to 

procure the necessary spectrum required for the commander to conduct operations. The 

following provide some considerations to facilitate successful HN coordination.

1. Review HN allocation/channel plan and usage/broadcast schedules.

2. Compare joint force emitters with the HN channel plan to see where 

potential problems exist.

a. Does the equipment meet the allocation table (i.e., emission 

bandwidth and type of service)?

b. Is there enough spectrum in the band to support the JFC 

requirement?

3. Devise coordination plan.

a. Arrange to meet with HN representative.

b. Be aware of customs and culture.

c. Use tact and courtesy to gain full cooperation.

d. Show genuine concern for HN concerns but remain resolute in 

obtaining the maximum resource and flexibility for JFC operations.

e. Prepare request according to HN guidelines.

f. Maintain accurate records of all dialogue and agreements made 

with HN.

4. Prepare command brief of HN agreement status and the mitigation 

strategy or COAs for concerns or shortfalls.

f. Develop the Spectrum Management Plan

(1) The JSME is responsible for establishing JTF-specific guidance for managing, 

requesting, coordinating, and assigning EMS use, JRFL process, JCEOI, and other processes. 

Additionally, they are the focal point for inclusion of spectrum-use considerations in annex 

K development and for providing administrative and technical support for military spectrum

use. This process uses the SM concept, developed in the first activity, along with existing 

CCMD JFMO policy and guidance. Other sources of information are previous operations 

and exercises, the JSC, other EMSMs, and all of an EMSM’s SM training and experience. 

The JTF EMSM will devise a plan to effectively and efficiently use the spectrum resources 
Chapter V

V-10 JP 6-01

available. The primary guidance will devolve from the commander’s operational approach 

utilizing the JOPP. The JTF EMSM will also be guided by experiences, advice from the 

JFMO, and other SM sources. This plan depends upon the products of all the previous 

activities. The SM plan is evaluated and revised continuously as operations evolve.

(2) The SM plan provides guidance for all JTF SM functions and specifies how 

those interactions will be conducted, information exchanged, expected coordination, and 

format for deliverable products to users. This plan will also document how to address 

interference problems, reporting procedures, and suggested resolution steps. This plan will 

normally become the spectrum operations appendices of annex K to the OPLANs or similar 

documents.

4. Coordination with Network Operations, Electronic Warfare, and Intelligence

a. The JRFL is developed prior to initiating JTF operations and is continually modified 

during operations. The JRFL is a time, frequency, and geographically oriented listing of 

functions, nets, and frequencies requiring protection from friendly EW. Adversary 

communications nets being exploited are referred to as GUARDED, and safety-of-life 

frequencies being used by the JTF and local civil noncombatants are referred to as TABOO. 

Each of the frequencies, nets, etc.,should have a priority listing within the main categories of 

PROTECTED, GUARDED, or TABOO.

b. Coordination with Network Operations

(1) Network operations (NETOPS) are DOD activities conducted to operate and 

defend the DOD information networks. The purpose of NETOPS is to provide the JFC with

assured system and network availability, assured information protection, and assured 

information delivery. The effectiveness of NETOPS is measured in terms of availability and 

reliability. The J-6 is responsible for both NETOPS and JEMSMO. While there is overlap 

of the two functions, it is important to distinguish that they are two separate functions and 

that they are planned, managed, and executed independently. The portion of overlap 

between NETOPS and JEMSMO is between the FM portion of JEMSMO and the NETOPS 

essential task, DOD information networks management.

(2) NETOPS is addressed much the same as any other user of the EMS. NETOPS 

tools used to assign frequencies for the network should also determine the spectrum 

requirement (frequencies) for the network and provide this information to the spectrum 

manager in the approved DOD format. Once the spectrum manager receives the 

requirement, the SM portion of JEMSMO will be performed to determine if adequate 

resources are currently available or will have to be requested through CCMD or HN

channels. Once the frequency resource is identified, it must meet policy compliance in the 

AOR and be deconflicted among all other users. The spectrum manager will then provide 

this approved allotment of frequencies to NETOPS in the same DOD-approved format. 

Once the frequencies have been assigned, the NETOPS tool provides a spectrum (frequency) 

use report back to the JEMSMO tool so that continual analysis can be done as the network 

moves or frequencies within the network are reassigned. 
Planning Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

V-11

c. Coordination with Electronic Warfare

(1) At CCMDs and subordinate unified commands, coordination for EW will 

normally be handled through the JFC’s EW staff or the joint EWC. The EWC may be 

assigned to the J-3 and normally consists of members from the primary staff sections, a fires 

officer, and an EMSM. The EMSM participates and represents JEMSMO issues.

(2) The JFMO/JSME should ensure participation in any EW planning in order to 

reduce, mitigate, or eliminate undesired EW effects on other JEMSO. The proliferation of 

friendly EA systems has made this participation critical for the execution of JEMSMO. 

(3) If the EWC cannot adequately reduce, mitigate, or eliminate undesired EW 

effects on other JEMSO, the JFMO/JSME will provide an analysis stating the impact on 

JEMSO and a recommendation to the JFC. The JFC, or his designated representative, will 

decide which COA for EM maneuver to pursue. See Figure V-2.

Figure V-2. Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations/

Electronic Warfare Deconfliction Procedures

Legend

Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations/ 

Electronic Warfare Deconfliction Procedures

SINCGARS single-channel ground and airborne TACSAT tactical satellite

radio system

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Can electronic warfare 

mission be modified?

Commander informed of 

risks and based on 

mission sets priorities.

Continue mission.

Can friendly systems 

change to a different 

frequency or allotment?

Can friendly use a system in 

another band?

(e.g., SINCGARS nets affected but can 

use either squad radios or single channel 

TACSAT instead?)
Chapter V

V-12 JP 6-01

(4) To aid in EMS deconfliction, planners should participate in a joint targeting 

coordination board or like body, as appropriate, to apply offensive EW capabilities against 

targets on the commander’s joint integrated prioritized target list.

d. Coordination with Intelligence

(1) Coordination with intelligence units and agencies can be challenging for many 

reasons, to include classification issues, disparate data formats, and separate technical control 

or reporting channels. In many cases, the JSME does not have adequate visibility or 

knowledge of intelligence sensors, platforms, or systems in order to accomplish accurate 

deconfliction. Integrating intelligence staff and entities in all JEMSMO and JSME planning 

activities is crucial to effective operations preparation.

(2) The JRFL is the primary mechanism that enables coordination with intelligence. 

The JRFL largely deals with signals intelligence (SIGINT); however, in order to capture all 

aspects of intelligence spectrum use, the JSME must understand that intelligence platforms 

such as UAS/unmanned ground system will have spectrum requirements for both a payload 

(e.g., imagery or data) and control frequencies to operate the platform. Intelligence is a 

heavy user of sensors that employ both active and passive techniques. Active sensors are 

usually accounted for, but the passive sensors will also require spectrum consideration so 

they perform properly. 

(3) The IC can be a valuable source of spectrum information. The SIGINT 

discipline of intelligence utilizes a vast network of sensors and electronic signals collection 

systems. Also, the IC may have information about an adversary’s efforts in collecting 

spectrum data from allied systems. This information can be useful in developing spectrum 

plans that minimize the spectrum data available to an adversary. While the IC works to 

exploit both foreign communications systems and non-communications emitters, JEMSMO 

is concerned with efficient use and control of the spectrum. The two major obstructions to 

JEMSMO utilizing this information are classification and data format. EMSMs at the joint 

level should have the security clearance required and the appropriate access to vital IC

spectrum information. Another limitation of intelligence spectrum data is that it is threat 

focused, whereas JEMSMO considers the entire EMOE. The EWC and IO cell are key 

nodes in the effort to overcome these issues. Joint spectrum operators must work toward 

standardizing and sharing this data among the intelligence, EW, combat systems, 

communications, and spectrum communities. This holistic view of the spectrum is required 

to inform the commanders’ common operational picture.

5. Major Operations and Campaigns Planning

a. Major operations and campaigns are the most complex and require the greatest 

diligence in planning and execution due to the time, effort, and national resources 

committed. Major operations and campaigns, whether or not they involve large-scale 

combat, normally will include some level of both offense and defense (e.g., interdiction, 

maneuver, forcible entry, fire support, counter-air, computer network defense, and base 

defense).
Planning Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

V-13

b. Offensive operations, particularly those that require movement over significant 

distances, represent the greatest challenges to spectrum operators. This is largely attributable 

to the manual intervention required to maintain spectrum databases. Since it may not be 

possible to accurately track maneuver force spectrum, the JSME will likely address spectrum 

issues as they arise rather than be proactive in the planning. In order to mitigate these 

occurrences, the JSME should have representation in all key planning forums.

c. Due to the magnitude of major operations, the planning activities that will pose the 

biggest challenges are gathering requirements and defining the EMOE. Major operations 

require that the JSME have representation from each of the Services in order to fully develop 

the spectrum database. Most restraints or constraints in major operations and campaign 

planning will be internal. The JFC will fight the adversary to gain and maintain the freedom 

to maneuver. The JSME will be required to manage the density and variety of users 

requiring spectrum during these types of operations.

d. Full spectrum operations may require that planning be conducted simultaneously for 

offensive, defensive, and stability operations. Most important, planning for stability 

operations should begin when joint operation planning is initiated. Planning for the 

transition from sustained combat operations to the termination of joint operations and then a 

complete handover to civil authority and redeployment must commence during plan 

development and be ongoing during all phases of a campaign or major operation.

e. Stability operationsseek to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment and 

provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, or 

humanitarian relief. Proper SM and discipline are crucial to both political and economic 

stabilization, and the JFMO/JSME may take part in helping to reestablish national spectrum 

authority for a nation. The JFMO/JSME should understand the allocation tables for the 

region, to include channeling plans for critical services such as public safety, phone, public 

radio, and TV. Stability operations support USG plans for stability, security, transition, and 

reconstruction operations and likely will be conducted in coordination with and in support of 

HN authorities, other government departments and agencies, intergovernmental 

organizations (IGOs) and/or NGOs, and the private sector.

6. Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations Planning

a. Due to the nature of these types of operations, the approach to spectrum planning will 

vary greatly and will typically be very compressed. If joint forces are already in place, such 

as a noncombatant evacuation operation from South Korea, then planning may have already 

been done or be minimal. In nearly all cases, coordination will be critical with HNs, 

adjacent nations if staging areas are required, or local, state, and federal agencies in the case 

of HD and CS operations.

b. Unlike major operations and campaign planning, crisis response and limited 

contingency operations planning will likely have significant external limitations and 

restrictions on the use of spectrum. Difficulty in coordination, HN restrictions, and noncompatible equipment will all constrain or restrict JEMSMO in these types of operations.
Chapter V

V-14 JP 6-01

7. Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence Planning

Like crisis response and limited contingency operations planning, military engagement, 

security cooperation, and deterrence planning will likely have significant external limitations 

and restrictions on the use of spectrum. Because the Department of State is frequently the 

federal agency with lead responsibility and nearly always is a principal player in these 

activities, JFCs should maintain a working relationship with the chiefs of the US diplomatic 

missions in their area. The JFMO/JSME should establish contact and maintain a dialogue 

with pertinent other government departments and agencies, IGOs, and NGOs to share 

information and facilitate operations.

8. Homeland Defense/Defense Support of Civil Authorities Planning

a. DSCA/HD missions are likely to affect operations being conducted by other EMS

users. The DSCA/HD mission requires an unprecedented level of interoperability and 

cooperation between federal, state, and local governments; civilian first responders; and the 

public.

b. JFMO NORTH is the designated office within the USNORTHCOM AOR 

responsible for planning and execution of SM for DSCA/HD assigned forces. It provides 

support to NG forces in Title 10, USC,status and forces planning or executing operations in 

support of the DSCA/HD mission. When contingency operations, missions, and training for 

joint and multinational exercises are in areas where GCCs’ AORs intersect or are not clearly 

defined, JFMO NORTH will coordinate spectrum requirements with the respective CCMD 

JFMO.

c. During normal operations, NG forces in state active duty or Title 32, USC,status will 

submit their peacetime requirements through existing spectrum support channels(e.g., Army 

National Guard [ARNG] will submit through NG JFHQ-State to AFMO-CONUS, and ANG

units will submit through the A-6 Spectrum Management Office to AFSMO). All JFMO 

NORTH component, supporting, and subordinate commands will submit frequency requests 

through JFMO NORTH. USNORTHCOM Title 10, USC, forces may be ordered into the 

impacted area by the President, normally at the request of the governor. USNORTHCOM 

spectrum manager will join the spectrum flyaway team (SFAT) to assist in 

coordinating/deconflicting spectrum issues at the lowest level possible. On request, 

spectrum managers will support the JTF formed of Title 10, USC, forces which are 

supporting the contingency. Frequency requests will go through the Title 10, USC, process. 

NG JFHQ-State continues to request frequencies through the NGB J-6 C4-SMB. 

Coordination with Title 10, USC, assets occurs through the SFAT. Both USNORTHCOM 

and NGB J-6 C4-SMB will request spectrum through the appropriate Service spectrum 

office. See Figure V-3 for a diagram of this relationship.

d. For contingencies and exercises, the North American Aerospace Defense 

Command/USNORTHCOM commander may direct the establishment of a JSME to support 

a Title 10, USC, JTF commander during exercises and contingencies IAW CJCSM 

3320.01B, Joint Operations in the Electromagnetic Battlespace.
Planning Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

V-15

Figure V-3. United States Northern Command and National Guard Bureau

Spectrum Coordination

Legend

MARFORNORTH Marine Corps Forces, North

NAVNORTH US Navy North

NTIA National Telecommunications and 

Information Administration

PER personnel

SJFHQ-N Standing Joint Forces 

Headquarters–North

SMB spectrum management branch

TBD to be determined

USC United States Code

USNORTHCOM United States Northern Command

AFNORTH US Air Force North

ARNORTH US Army North

C4

FCC Federal Communications Commission

J-6 communications directorate of a 

joint staff

JFHQ-NCR Joint Force Headquarters–National 

Capital Region

JFHQ-State Joint Force Headquarters–State

JFMO Joint Frequency Management Office

JSME Joint Spectrum Management Element

JTF-AK Joint Task Force–Alaska

JTF-CS Joint Task Force–Civil Support

command, control, communications, 

and computers support division

JTF-N Joint Task Force–North

JTF-State Joint Task Force–State

command

communications

United States Northern Command and National Guard Bureau 

Spectrum Coordination

Title 10, USC, 

Responding 

Forces

Title 32, USC, 

Responding 

Forces

Incident

JFHQ-State

JSME

JFHQ-NCR

JTF-AK

JTF-N

SJFHQ-N 

(1) PER 

USNORTHCOM

(Location TBD by State J-6)

(1) PER 261st

(1) PER 281st

National Guard 

Bureau

JTF-State

J-6 C4-SMB

JFHQ-State

(7) PER

(2) PER

JSME

Spectrum

Fly Away Team

NTIA/FCC

Service Spectrum 

Offices

AFNORTH

MARFORNORTH

NAVNORTH

ARNORTH

USNORTHCOM

JFMO-NORTH

JTF-CS
Chapter V

V-16 JP 6-01

e. Contingency OPLANs have been designed to provide a preplanned rapid response to 

virtually any event having an impact upon HD or DSCA. These OPLANs vary in type of 

response to cover events ranging from natural man-made and peaceful to hostile, and may 

require support from any or all HD or DSCA responders in support of other national federal

or state agencies. The majority of contingency OPLANs identify the command structures 

and relationships involved in executing various options or phases contained therein. It is 

imperative that the basic spectrum requirements for implementation of an OPLAN are 

identified in advance and incorporated in that particular plan or appended thereto.
VI-1

CHAPTER VI

CONDUCTING JOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS

1. Execute Electromagnetic Portion of Operational Plan

a. Concept of Control. The supported JFC holds the authority for assigning 

frequencies to users, usually through the JFMO/JSME. The JFMO/JSME may on occasion 

delegate frequency assignment authority to subordinate commands. Authority to assign use 

of a specific spectrum resource (use of allotment plans developed by the JFMO/JSME) 

should be delegated to the lowest level of command possible, consistent with the principles 

of sound SM, spectrum-use considerations, CONOPS, and priority of mission functions 

detailed in the respective Service or joint publications. Subordinate commands given 

authority for approving spectrum use will make frequency assignments within the constraints 

imposed by higher authorities and report changes in spectrum assignment information to the 

JFMO/JSME.

b. Interference Resolution

(1) To ensure critical frequencies and spectrum-dependent systems are protected 

from unintentional interference due to friendly operations, the JFMO/JSME will perform an 

interference analysis of all spectrum requests against existing frequency assignments to 

identify and deconflict potential interference before making a new assignment. As new 

requirements are identified, situations of conflicting or competing spectrum use will occur. 

Conflicts within a primary functional area should be resolved at the lowest possible level.

(2) Resolving interference is a daily activity once forces have deployed and is not a 

part of the planning process. The JSME is responsible for the analysis and attempts to 

resolve incidents of unacceptable EMI. This activity encompasses the resolution of, and 

reporting of, RF interference. Interference is a common problem that has many sources, and 

attempts should be made locally to resolve the interference. Interference incidents indicate 

the possibility of unauthorized users, faulty nomination criteria, lack of timely data 

exchanges, or equipment problems.

(3) Multiple interference problems may indicate adversary EW operations, 

unintentional impact of friendly EW operations, or errors in the JTF SM plan. The 

interference resolution process uses the EMOE to determine if the problem is something that 

was overlooked or was a miscalculation by the automated SM system.

(4) JSME should ensure users are aware of the reporting process through the JSIR 

program. Timely reporting of EMI would allow the JSME to determine if the EMI event 

was localized, regional, or transregional, and deploy assets to gather information as to 

possible causes. JSIR reports can also provide a basis of lessons learned to resolve other 

EMI events and identify potential changes in the JCEOI. 

(5) The mechanism for addressing EMI is the JSIR program, which addresses EMI 

events and EW affecting DOD. The program is coordinated and centrally managed for the 

Joint Staff by the JSC, Annapolis, Maryland; however, the execution process is highly 
Chapter VI

VI-2 JP 6-01

decentralized. Each of the DOD components shares responsibility for successful execution 

of the JSIR program.

(a) The objective of the JSIR program is to report and assist with the resolution 

of recurring EMI. The four-step resolution process for EMI events:

1. Identification and verification.

2. Characterization and reporting.

3. Geolocation/direction finding.

4. Resolution. 

(b) Resolution includes, but is not limited to, implementation of EMI 

corrective actions needed to regain use of the affected spectrum. However, some EMI events 

cease before corrective action is taken and, in other cases, the EMI corrections may not be 

feasible, affordable, or result in regaining the use of the spectrum.

(c) The JSIR program attempts to resolve EMI at the lowest possible level 

using organic and/or other assets available to the command. If an EMI event cannot be 

resolved locally, it must be elevated up the chain of command with each higher level 

attempting resolution. The JSC has direct liaison authority to coordinate, consult, and 

request information from other involved organizations as deemed necessary to resolve EMI. 

If the event cannot be resolved at the lowest level, CCDRs should determine the appropriate 

level to request direct support from the JSC. JSIR reports will aid in identifying possible 

causes for subsequent interference. To the extent unexplained interference persists or recurs 

coincident with suspected enemy operations, the EWC should be advised. 

(6) The use of spectrum collection devices, such as a spectrum analyzer and 

analytical software, may further define and refine spectrum use. Through near-real-time 

analysis of the EMS, the EMSM can proactively mitigate harmful interference and utilize the 

EMS more efficiently. The information produced by this activity is a baseline database 

digitally depicting the EMOE and will be the basis for all JTF spectrum interaction analyses.

(7) New and experimental spectrum-dependent systems will be introduced as the 

JTF mission progresses; these new systems will need to be identified, evaluated, and 

coordinated as they arrive in the AOR. Situational awareness of new systems, additional 

forces, incidents of interference, and the movement or relocation of existing forces should be 

maintained by attending operational meetings, briefings, and planning sessions. JSME 

participation in all EWC and daily operations briefings benefits the JTF immensely. J-6 staff 

representation at the same meetings has been thought to negate the needs for the JSME 

EMSM to attend. The JSME representative, due to the involvement in operations not 

performed or conducted by the J-6, can often recognize issues and concerns dealing with 

SM that are not evident to others in the JCCC or the J-6.

c. JEMSMO Considerations by Phase. JEMSMO supports and enables full spectrum 

operations through all phases. The three functions of JEMSMO—FM, HNC, and JSIR—
Conducting Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

VI-3

could all be employed in any type of operation, but the phase of an operation will determine 

the focus of JEMSMO. Figure VI-1 illustrates a notional focus of JEMSMO through the 

phases of an operation.

(1) Shaping

(a) The shaping phase of an operation is concerned with building and 

strengthening relationships between future multinational partners, gaining a better 

understanding of the region, pursuing actions to ensure access when needed, and preventing 

crises. The emphasis of JEMSMO during the shaping phase is focused on HNC, adaptive 

planning, and studying potential adversaries.

(b) HNC is employed to gain a better understanding of the EMOE, which 

includes HN spectrum plans; rules for spectrum use; and geographical, physical, and 

environmental considerations,such as the effects of weather and terrain. Proactive HNC will 

provide joint forces with the necessary spectrum access to stage or train in the shaping phase,

which enhances operational reach. 

(c) Using lessons learned, the commander’s objectives, HNC, and the threat 

environment, JEMSMO include developing the appropriate annexes for the theater OPLAN 

Legend

Notional Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management 

Operations Across the Phases of Operation

FM frequency management

HNC host nation coordination

JEMSMO joint electromagnetic spectrum 

management operations

JSIR joint spectrum interference resolution

SM spectrum management

Phases of Operation

J

E

M

S

M

O

JSIR

SM/ 

FM

HNC

Shape Deter Seize Dominate Stabilize Enable

Figure VI-1. Notional Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations

Across the Phases of Operation
Chapter VI

VI-4 JP 6-01

and CONPLAN. This planning effort forms the basis for future crisis action planning and 

provides good spectrum operations practice during exercises. 

(2) Deter. During the deter phase, the emphasis should be placed on setting the 

conditions for joint operations in the seize the initiative and dominate phases. During the 

deter phase, the preponderance of military forces may be comprised of force deterrence 

options based on the existing OPLAN and special operations forces. The JFMO/JSME 

should be prepared to coordinate with these forces to fulfill their spectrum requirements.

(3) Seize the Initiative

(a) Considerations for seizing the initiative shift the JEMSMO focus from 

HNC to SM and frequency assignment. Joint reception, staging, onward movement, and 

integration, along with maintaining unit integrity, are additional considerations ofseizing the 

initiative, which may be executed as a forcible entry operation. Forcible entry operations are 

complex and risky and require JEMSMO to enable early superiority in the information 

environment, which is critical to the success of joint operations. JSIR will also become a 

predominant function during this phase as elements and organizations are realigned and 

maneuvered to accomplish the mission.

(b) Coordination for staging areas is an often overlooked aspect of operations. 

Typically these staging areas are congested, and spectrum support may be very limited. 

Many units use staging areas to test equipment before actual operations, and congestion can 

lead to substantial frequency interference in addition to safety considerations of HERO, 

HERP, and HERF. EMSMs will need to provide increased assistance in staging area. 

(4) Dominate. The dominate phase largely centers on SM and FM for forces in 

combat operations. Major operations generally require greater SM than small-scale 

operations because the JSME must constantly be aware of which elements are the focus of 

the main effort. As major operations progress, the shift in priorities may drive rapid 

spectrum allotment changes to support the main effort while ensuring both support and rear 

areas have spectrum support. Smaller operations generally allow for more efficient 

frequency reuse, provided forces have sufficient geographical separation. During both types 

of operations, the JSME will work with the JFC to mitigate the effects of adversary actions. 

JSIR in this phase is ongoing to ensure all joint functions’ spectrum-dependent capabilities 

are maximized.

(5) Stabilize. While the focus of JEMSMO in the seize the initiative and dominate 

phases was on SM, FM, and JSIR, the stability phase will rely gradually more on the HNC as 

combat operations conclude. The JFMO/JSME will begin support of HN efforts to develop 

and implement national spectrum policy once the situation begins to stabilize. 

(6) Enable Civil Authority

(a) HNC is the focus of this phase in addition to redeployment considerations. 

The JFMO/JSME should ensure that sufficient spectrum resources are retained in order to 

support redeployment operations. Enabling civil authority is a continuation of the stabilize 

phase. The JFMO/JSME will continue to work with the HN or organization that will assume 
Conducting Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

VI-5

responsibility for the spectrum. This process can be as simple as providing a list of 

frequency assignments to the incoming SM authority or involve much coordination and 

bureaucratic maneuvering. 

(b) The incoming SM authority may require assistance in understanding the 

methodology used in making, documenting, and managing spectrum use. Any assistance 

(e.g., training, reference documents, frequency assignment information) provided to 

personnel outside of the USG requires a foreign disclosure evaluation and authorization. 

This evaluation and determination is usually a lengthy process and should be initiated as 

soon as the situation allows. The JSME’s primary concern is to make sure that only 

information that is authorized for release outside of the DOD is provided. This 

determination must be coordinated through the JTF J-2.

2. Service Perspectives 

The unique functionality of each of the Services promotes a different perspective of how 

to conduct JEMSMO. While these unique perspectives influence and dictate how they train 

and organize, successful JEMSMO requires that the Services operate in unison following a 

common construct. 

a. Air Force. The Air Force mission is to fly, fight, and win, in air, space, and 

cyberspace. JEMSMO is a function needed to preplan and dynamically handle any required 

changes to what frequencies are allocated to whom, where, and when. There are spectrum 

tools that are used for allocating spectrum usage for a mission to assure minimum selfinterference, maximize frequency reuse in adjacent geographic areas, and assure compliance 

with spectrum rules. 

b. Army

(1) The Army’s operational concept is seizing, retaining, and exploiting the 

initiative with speed, shock, surprise, depth, simultaneity, and endurance. The operational 

concept depends on flexible combinations of Army capabilities (combined arms) and joint 

capabilities (joint interdependence) integrated across the full spectrum of operations through 

mission command.

(2) JEMSMO supports this operational concept by enabling the synchronization of 

lethal and nonlethal attacks against targets in support of operational and tactical ground, air, 

cyberspace, and space operations. Synchronization is achieved by ensuring that JEMSMO is 

integral to operations in support of the ground scheme of maneuver, using centralized control 

and decentralized execution functions performed by parallel communications systems and 

procedures at all echelons.

(3) This requires the Army to have freedom of movement while operating within 

the EMOE. This is important because maneuver operations are highly dynamic with ground 

and airborne vehicles providing on-the-move communications and retransmission over a 

wide area. Current spectrum operations tools are not agile enough to fully accommodate 

these operations. It is therefore incumbent upon operators to fully understand the 
Chapter VI

VI-6 JP 6-01

commander’s intent in order to anticipate and take appropriate actions to support the scheme 

of maneuver.

(4) Cross-Service coordination, synchronized with Army combat operations, is 

essential to the success of joint operations. Joint planning and continuous, effective 

coordination are critical to synchronizing JEMSMO capabilities and generating joint combat 

power at the critical time and place in battle. The Army provides and requires cross-Service 

coordination when and where needed to achieve the combat objectives and operational goals 

of the JFC.

c. Marine Corps

(1) Access to the EMS is fundamental to all Marine Corps missions spanning all 

joint functions (i.e., C2, intelligence, fires, maneuver, logistics, and force protection). 

Consideration of the EMS and operational environment is critical to acquisition, operations, 

and sustainment, and must continually be evaluated across the strategic, operational, and 

tactical planning levels of the Marine air-ground task force to ensure effective employment 

in the numerous and various locations in which the Marine Corps deploys.

(2) Within the Marine Corps CONOPS, JEMSMO supports the JFC by effectively 

and efficiently managing the EMS in order to ensure that the Marine Corps provides 

equipment, capabilities, and services to the operating forces and supporting establishment 

that enable commanders to plan for, coordinate, deconflict, and utilize spectrum-dependent 

equipment, systems, and capabilities in the successful completion of their assigned missions.

d. Navy

(1) JEMSMO supports the Navy’s operational concept across the air, land, 

maritime, and space domains through the use of electronics and the EMS to store, modify, 

and exchange data via networked systems and associated physical infrastructures. JEMSMO 

supports this operational concept by enabling the flexible combinations of Navy, Marine 

Corps, and joint capabilities to be integrated across the full spectrum of operations through 

mission command. Navy provides a central operational authority for networks, 

cryptology/SIGINT, IO, cyberspace, EW, and space in support of forces afloat and ashore. 

Navy will establish emphasis on defense for information assurance and operational 

framework to assure Navy’s ability to command and control its operational forces in any 

environment. Simultaneously, Navy must achieve and sustain the ability to navigate and 

maneuver freely in cyberspace and the RF spectrum on command, and in coordination with 

joint, allied, and Navy commanders. 

(2) Numerous spectrum operational tools are being used to support the warfighter. 

While they are not responsive enough to fully accommodate dynamic military operations, 

naval operators and planners must understand and react quickly to the needs of the 

commander and the mission and operate quickly and effectively within a joint environment. 

(3) Another major responsibility is providing effective communications planning for 

the JFC. This is critical for supporting the commanders’ requests for required radio and/or 

interagency frequency approvals. Users should ensure that interoperability and coordination 
Conducting Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations

VI-7

for all their assigned communications capabilities. Users must understand current spectrum 

operation scenarios in order to fully support the fleet. Understanding JEMSMO for today’s 

EM operations will provide successful operations in any environment.

e. National Guard

(1) The NG provides mission-ready military forces (Army and Air components) to 

assist local, state, and national authorities in times of emergencies, incidents of national 

significance, HD, and CS operations. The sheer variety of missions makes the efficient use 

of JEMSMO extremely important. 

(2) The additional requirement for communications interoperability with local first 

responders, state and federal civilian agencies, and Title 10, USC, forces makes JEMSMO 

considerations all the more important. The NG normally serves under the control of the state 

governor (Title 32, USC). When federalized (i.e., Title 10, USC, status), they serve under 

their assigned CCMD—usually USNORTHCOM and United States Pacific Command. 

While in Title 32, USC, status, ARNG units request spectrum support through their parent 

commands from the JFHQ-State EMSM, who in turn requests spectrum support from 

AFMO-CONUS. If federalized, the ARNG will be required to submit frequency requests 

either directly to the supported CCMD or Army Forces Command in the case of 

predeployment training.

(3) NG units may have a blend of both tactical and commercial systems. When 

processing NG frequency requests,special attention should be paid to the requests to ensure 

that only federally funded systems are given assignments. Typically, these are tactical 

systems such as single-channel ground and airborne radio system and other systems, tactical 

HF, tactical ultrahigh frequency satellite communications, etc. Commercial systems 

procured with state funding may not have spectrum certification and are not spectrum 

supportable through DOD channels.
Chapter VI

VI-8 JP 6-01

Intentionally Blank
VII-1

CHAPTER VII

MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS

1. Introduction

Normally, when a multinational force is formed, there will be no previously agreed upon

spectrum operations procedures. This creates difficulties and causes delays with the 

planning, coordination, management, and execution of spectrum operations. Spectrum 

operations procedures used within alliances should be agreed upon in the earliest stages of 

planning.

2. Considerations in Multinational Operations 

a. Recent operations, ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM, demonstrate 

the need for aligning DOD spectrum operations policies and procedures with those of US 

and multinational partners. US EMSMs must be prepared to integrate US spectrum 

requirements into a multinational spectrum-use plan to support the mission. The 

development of specific procedures to support this requirement is made more difficult 

because of concise security guidance, differences in the level of training, different 

automation tools, and some language and terminology barriers.

b. A CONOPS must be developed in order to execute JEMSMO in a multinational 

environment. Establishing an acceptable CONOPS for EMS operations may be a difficult 

and protracted process. OPLANs and communications support plans should address 

coordination among spectrum users to achieve effective exchange of information, 

elimination of duplication of effort, and mutual support. Activities thatshould be addressed 

within the CONOPS include the organizational structure and processes used in a 

multinational environment, security concerns, spectrum data exchange requirements, and 

spectrum tools.

c. A spectrum operations structure should be established for each operation. The 

structure should identify the location and responsibilities of spectrum operators. 

Multinational operations will generally be conducted one of two ways: either all forces 

operate in the same area, or the operational environment will be subdivided and national 

forces will be given responsibility for particular geographic areas. The first is generally the 

most complicated because the number and types of equipment will vary greatly between the 

multinational forces. Even when the operational environment is divided, it will be necessary 

to plan and coordinate among adjacent spectrum users. 

d. The JTF foreign disclosure officer, integrated into the JSME, must provide foreign 

disclosure guidelines early enough in the operational planning phases to facilitate the flow of 

information. For JEMSMO to be executed properly, spectrum operators must have a 

complete picture of their EMOE to populate spectrum databases and management tools. Due 

to security considerations related to the use or employment of some equipment that nations 

employ for military intelligence or other sensitive functions, some equipment information 

may not be releasable to all countries involved in an operation. This typically causes 

problems with accurate spectrum deconfliction. For this reason, all spectrum 
Chapter VII

VII-2 JP 6-01

releasability/classification information must be distributed and available at all levels. This 

should apply to all multinational EMS information, to include the JRFL, JCEOI, etc.

e. The information exchange format should be agreed to as early as possible in the 

planning process. DOD forces should advocate the use of DOD data exchange standards to 

minimize the time and effort necessary to build their spectrum databases. As much as 

possible, forces should agree upon the JEMSMO tools used to facilitate operational issues 

such as interference resolution and reporting, constructing restricted frequency lists for EW 

operations, and constructing and producing operating instructions.

f. Multinational spectrum operators may not be trained to the same standards as US 

EMSMs. They have different automation capabilities, responsibilities, and national 

requirements. US EMSMs can be expected to lead the overall database management effort 

and provide training to their allied counterparts when DOD automation tools are used. 

Commanders should resource the allied/multinational spectrum office with experienced 

spectrum operators commensurate with the size and scope of the operation.

For more information on multinational operations,see CJCSM 3320.01B, Joint Operations 

in the Electromagnetic Battlespace, and ACP 190(C), Guide to Spectrum Management in 

Military Operations.

3. Considerations for Foreign Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief

Foreign humanitarian assistance is defined as DOD activities, normally in support of the 

United States Agency for International Development or Department of State, conducted 

outside the United States and its territories to relieve or reduce human suffering, disease, 

hunger, or privation. Military forces may be deployed to provide aid to the civil 

administration in a mix of civil and military humanitarian relief agencies. The civil 

administration (if one exists) should provide an SM framework for the deployed military 

force. Much of the JEMSMO would focus on HNC and ensuring that disruption to civil 

systems would be minimized through coordination. Where administration does not exist, 

this responsibility may be delegated to a lead military force as directed by the CCDR. The 

support would be much more like a forced entry operation, and the JFMO/JSME would need 

to develop and implement the spectrum plan to support operations.
A-1

APPENDIX A

REFERENCES

The development of JP 6-01 is based upon the following primary references.

1. Department of Defense

a. DODD 3000.3, Policy for Nonlethal Weapons.

b. DODD 3222.3, DOD Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) Program.

c. DODI 4650.01, Policy and Procedures for Management and Use of the 

Electromagnetic Spectrum.

2. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

a. CJCSI 3320.01C, Electromagnetic Spectrum Use in Joint Military Operations.

b. CJCSI 3320.02D.1, Classified Supplement to the Joint Spectrum Interference 

Resolution (JSIR) Procedures.

c. CJCSI 3320.02E, Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution (JSIR).

d. CJCSI 3320.03B, Joint Communications Electronic Operating Instructions.

e. CJCSI 6212.01E, Interoperability and Supportability of Information Technology and 

National Security Systems.

f. CJCSI 6232.01D, Link 16 Spectrum Deconfliction.

g. CJCSM 3212.02C, Performing Electronic Attacks in the US and Canada for Tests, 

Training, and Exercises.

h. CJCSM 3320.01B, Joint Operations in the Electromagnetic Battlespace.

i. CJCSM 3320.02C, Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution (JSIR) Procedures.

j. JP 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.

k. JP 3-0, Joint Operations.

l. JP 3-11, Operations in Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) 

Environments.

m. JP 3-13.1, Electronic Warfare.

n. JP 3-13.2, Military Information Support Operations.
Appendix A

A-2 JP 6-01

o. JP 3-41, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Consequence 

Management.

p. JP 6-0, Joint Communications System.

q. MCEB PUB 7, Frequency Resource Record System (FRRS) Standard Frequency 

Action Format (SFAF).

3. Multinational and Multi-Service

a. ACP 190 NATO SUPP-2 (C), NATO Guide to Spectrum Management in Military 

Operations.

b. ACP 190(B), NATO Guide to Spectrum Management in Military Operations.

c. ACP 190(C), Guide to Spectrum Management in Military Operations.

d. ACP 190 US SUPP-1(D), Guide to Frequency Planning. 

e. ACP 194, Policy for the Coordination of Military Radio Frequency Allocations and 

Assignments Between Cooperating Nations.

f. Field Manual 3-11.4/MCWP 3-37.2/NTTP 3-11.27/AFTTP(I) 3-2.46, Multi-Service 

Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) 

Protection.

4. Air Force Publications

a. AFDD 3-13, Information Operations.

b. AFDD 3-13.1, Electronic Warfare.

c. AFDD 6-0, Command and Control.

d. AFI 10-707, Spectrum Interference Resolution Program.

e. AFI 33-106, Managing High Frequency Radios, Personal Wireless Communication 

Systems, and the Military Affiliate Radio System.

f. AFI 33-118, Electromagnetic Spectrum Management.

g. AFMAN 91-201, Explosives Safety Standards.

h. AFOSH STD 48-9, Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR).

5. Army Publications

a. AR 1-1, Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution System.
References

A-3

b. AR 5-12, Army Management of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.

c. AR 25-1, Army Knowledge Management and Information Technology.

d. AR 380-5, Department of the Army Information Security Program.

e. Field Manual 6-02.70, Army Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations.

f. Field Manual 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations.

6. Marine Corps Publications

a. MCO 2400.2, Marine Corps Management and Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.

b. MCO 2410.2B, Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) Control Program.

c. MCO 3430.2, Policy for Electronic Warfare.

d. MCWP 2-22, Signals Intelligence.

e. MCWP 3-40.3, MAGTF Communications System.

7. Navy Publications

a. NTTP 3-13.10, Submarine Electronic Warfare.

b. NTTP 3-13.14, Surface Electronic Warfare Guide.

c. NTTP 3-51.1, Navy Electronic Warfare.

d. NWP 3-13, Navy Information Operations.

e. NWP 3-32, Maritime Operations at the Operational Level of War.

f. Naval Air Systems Command Instruction 2400.1, Electromagnetic Environmental 

Effects and Spectrum Supportability Policy and Procedures.

g. Naval Sea Systems Command S9407-AA-GYD-010/OP-3840, Electromagnetic 

Compatibility Criteria for Navy Systems.

h. Technical Manual (TM) 5.13.2-04, Afloat Electromagnetic Spectrum Planning and 

Management.

i. TM SWDG 3-51.2-01, Surface Ship Electronic Attack.

8. US Coast Guard Publications

a. Coast Guard Publication 1, US Coast Guard: America’s Maritime Guardian. 
Appendix A

A-4 JP 6-01

b. Commandant, United States Coast Guard Instruction (COMDTINST) M2400.1, 

Spectrum Management Policy and Procedures.

c. COMDTINST M4200.19, Coast Guard Acquisition Procedures.

9. Military Standards and Handbooks

a. Military Standard (MIL-STD)-461F, DOD Interface Standard Requirements for the 

Control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics of Subsystems and Equipment.

b. MIL-STD-464A, DOD Interface Standard Electromagnetic Environmental Effects 

Requirements for Systems.
B-1

APPENDIX B

ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to: Joint 

Staff J-7, Deputy Director, Joint and Coalition Warfighting, Joint and Coalition Warfighting 

Center, ATTN: Joint Doctrine Support Division, 116 Lake View Parkway, Suffolk, VA 

23435-2697. These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness, consistency, 

and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent for this publication is the US Army. The Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for 

this publication is the Deputy Director, Command, Control, Communications, and Computer 

Systems.

3. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted 

electronically to the lead agent, with information copies sent to the Joint Staff J-7 Joint 

Education and Doctrine Division and the Joint Staff J-7, Deputy Director, Joint and Coalition 

Warfighting, Joint and Coalition Warfighting Center, Joint Doctrine Support Division.

b. Routine changes should be submitted to electronically to the Deputy Director, Joint 

and Coalition Warfighting, Joint and Coalition Warfighting Center, Joint Doctrine Support 

Division, and info the lead agent and the Director for Joint Force Development, J-7/JEDD.

c. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs 

of Staff that would change source document information reflected in this publication, that 

directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as an enclosure to its proposal. 

The Services and other organizations are requested to notify the Joint Staff/J-7 when changes 

to source documents reflected in this publication are initiated.

4. Distribution of Publications

Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications is unrestricted. 

However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified JPs must be IAW DOD 

5200.1-R, Information Security Program.

5. Distribution of Electronic Publications

a. Joint Staff J-7 will not print copies of JPs for distribution. Electronic versions are 

available on JDEIS at https://jdeis.js.mil (NIPRNET), and https://jdeis.js.smil.mil 

(SIPRNET) and on the JEL at http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine (NIPRNET).

b. Only approved JPs and joint test publications are releasable outside the CCMDs, 

Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any classified JP to foreign governments or foreign 
Appendix B

B-2 JP 6-01

nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense Attaché Office) to DIA 

Foreign Liaison/IE-3, 200 MacDill Blvd., Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling, Washington, DC 

20340-5100.

c. CD-ROM. Upon request of a joint doctrine development community member, the 

Joint Staff J-7 will produce and deliver one CD-ROM with current JPs.
GL-1 

GLOSSARY 

PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

A-2 intelligence staff officer (Air Force) 

A-3 operations staff officer (Air Force) 

A-6 communications staff officer (Air Force) 

AAG aeronautical assignment group 

ACOS assistant chief of staff 

ACP Allied communications publication 

AFI Air Force instruction 

AFSMO Air Force Spectrum Management Office 

ANG Air National Guard 

AOI area of interest 

AOR area of responsibility 

AR Army regulation 

ARNG Army National Guard 

ASM Army Spectrum Manager 

ASMO Army Spectrum Management Office 

C2 command and control 

CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear 

CCDR combatant commander 

CCEB Combined Communications–Electronics Board 

CCMD combatant command 

C-E communications–electronics 

CG-652 Coast Guard Spectrum Management and 

 Telecommunications Policy Division 

CIO chief information officer 

CJCSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff instruction 

CJCSM Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff manual 

CNO computer network operations 

COMDTINST Commandant of the Coast Guard instruction 

CONOPS concept of operations 

CONPLAN concept plan 

CONUS continental United States 

DIA Defense Intelligence Agency 

DISA Defense Information Systems Agency 

DOD Department of Defense 

DODD Department of Defense directive 

DODI Department of Defense instruction 

DON Department of the Navy 

DSCA defense support of civil authorities 

DSO Defense Spectrum Organization 
Glossary 

GL-2 JP 6-01 

E3 electromagnetic environmental effects 

EA electronic attack 

EM electromagnetic 

EME electromagnetic environment 

EMI electromagnetic interference 

EMOE electromagnetic operational environment 

EMP electromagnetic pulse 

EMS electromagnetic spectrum 

EOB electromagnetic order of battle 

EP electronic protection 

EW electronic warfare 

EWC electronic warfare cell 

EWO electronic warfare officer 

FAS frequency assignment subcommittee 

FCC Federal Communications Commission 

FM frequency management 

G-2 Army or Marine Corps component intelligence staff 

 officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps 

 brigade or higher staff) 

G-3 Army or Marine Corps component operations staff officer 

 (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or 

 higher staff) 

G-6 signal staff officer (Army) 

GCC geographic combatant commander 

HD homeland defense 

HEMP high-altitude electromagnetic pulse 

HERF hazards of electromagnetic radiation to fuels 

HERO hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance 

HERP hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel 

HF high frequency 

HN host nation 

HNC host-nation coordination 

HQMC Headquarters, Marine Corps 

Hz hertz 

IAW in accordance with 

IC intelligence community 

IGO intergovernmental organization 

IO information operations 

IRAC Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (DOC) 

ITU International Telecommunications Union 
Glossary 

GL-3 

J-2 intelligence directorate of a joint staff 

J-3 operations directorate of a joint staff 

J-5 plans directorate of a joint staff 

J-6 communications system directorate of a joint staff 

JCCC joint communications control center 

JCEOI joint communications–electronics operating instructions 

JEMSMO joint electromagnetic spectrum management operations 

JEMSO joint electromagnetic spectrum operations 

JFC joint force commander 

JFHQ-State joint force headquarters–state 

JFMO joint frequency management office 

JFP Joint Frequency Panel (MCEB) 

JOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution System 

JOPP joint operation planning process 

JP joint publication 

JRFL joint restricted frequency list 

JSC Joint Spectrum Center 

JSIR joint spectrum interference resolution 

JSME joint spectrum management element 

JTF joint task force 

MAG military assignment group 

MC Military Committee (NATO) 

MCEB Military Communications–Electronics Board 

MCO Marine Corps order 

METOC meteorological and oceanographic 

MILDEC military deception 

MILDEP Military Department 

MIL-STD military standard 

MISO military information support operations 

MNL master net list 

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

NAVCYBERFOR Navy Cyber Forces 

NETOPS network operations 

NG National Guard 

NGB National Guard Bureau 

NGO nongovernmental organization 

NMCSO Navy and Marine Corps spectrum office 

NMSC Navy and Marine Corps Spectrum Center 

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information 

 Administration 

OASD(NII/CIO) Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Networks 

 and Information Integration/Chief Information Officer) 

OMC Office of Military Cooperation 
Glossary 

GL-4 JP 6-01 

OPLAN operation plan 

OPSEC operations security 

OPTASK operation task 

OSM Office of Spectrum Management (NTIA) 

RF radio frequency 

SFAT spectrum flyaway team 

SIGINT signals intelligence 

SM spectrum management 

SMB spectrum management branch 

SOFA status-of-forces agreement 

SUPP supplement 

TV television 

UAS unmanned aircraft system 

USC United States Code 

USCG United States Coast Guard 

USG United States Government 

USLO United States liaison office 

USNORTHCOM United States Northern Command 

WG working group 
GL-5 

PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 

bandwidth. None. (Approved for removal from JP 1-02.)

electromagnetic operational environment. The background electromagnetic 

environment and the friendly, neutral, and adversarial electromagnetic order of battle 

within the electromagnetic area of influence associated with a given operational area. 

Also called EMOE. (Approved for inclusion in JP 1-02.) 

electromagnetic radiation. Radiation made up of oscillating electric and magnetic 

fields and propagated at the speed of light. (Approved for incorporation into 

JP 1-02.) 

electromagnetic spectrum management. Planning, coordinating, and managing use of 

the electromagnetic spectrum through operational, engineering, and administrative 

procedures. (Approved for incorporation into JP 1-02.) 

electronic line of sight. None. (Approved for removal from JP 1-02.) 

joint electromagnetic spectrum management operations. Those interrelated functions 

of frequency management, host nation coordination, and joint spectrum inteference 

resolution that together enable the planning, management, and execution of 

operations within the electromagnetic operational environment during all phases of 

military operations. Also called JEMSMO. (Approved for inclusion in JP 1-02.) 

joint electromagnetic spectrum operations. Those activities consisting of electronic 

warfare and joint electromagnetic spectrum management operations used to exploit, 

attack, protect, and manage the electromagnetic operational environment to achieve 

the commander’s objectives. Also called JEMSO. (Approved for inclusion in 

JP 1-02.) 

minimum obstruction clearance altitude. None. (Approved for removal from 

JP 1-02.)

minimum reception altitude. None. (Approved for removal from JP 1-02.) 

multichannel. None. (Approved for removal from JP 1-02.) 

multiplexer. None. (Approved for removal from JP 1-02.) 

net control station. None. (Approved for removal from JP 1-02.) 

signal-to-noise ratio. None. (Approved for removal from JP 1-02.) 

technical characteristics. None. (Approved for removal from JP 1-02.) 
Glossary 

GL-6 JP 6-01 

Intentionally Blank 
Maintenance

Approval Development

Initiation

JOINT

DOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

ENHANCED

JOINT

WARFIGHTING

CAPABILITY

STEP #3 - Approval STEP #2 - Development









JSDS delivers adjudicated matrix to JS J-7

JS J-7 prepares publication for signature

JSDS prepares JS staffing package

JSDS staffs the publication via JSAP for

signature













LA selects primary review authority (PRA) to develop the first

draft (FD)

PRA develops FD for staffing with JDDC

FD comment matrix adjudication

JS J-7 produces the final coordination (FC) draft, staffs to

JDDC and JS via Joint Staff Action Processing (JSAP) system

J adjudicates FC comment

matrix

FC joint working group

oint Staff doctrine sponsor (JSDS)

STEP #4 - Maintenance









JP published and continuously

assessed by users

Formal assessment begins

24-27 months following

publication

Revision begins 3.5 years

after publication

Each JP revision is completed

no later than 5 years after

signature

STEP #1 - Initiation













Joint doctrine development

community (JDDC) submission to fill

extant operational void

Joint Staff (JS) J-7 conducts frontend analysis

Joint Doctrine Planning Conference

validation

Program directive (PD) development

and staffing/joint working group

PD includes scope, references,

outline, milestones, and draft

authorship

JS J-7 approves and releases PD to

lead agent (LA) (Service, combatant

command, JS directorate)

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JOINT

DOCTRINE

JP 1

LOGISTICS COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS PLANS SYSTEM

JP 1-0 JP 2-0 JP 3-0 JP 4-0 JP 5-0 JP 6-0

COMMUNICATIONS

SYSTEM

JP 6-0

All joint publications are organized into a comprehensive hierarchy as shown in the chart above.

is in the series of joint doctrine publications. The

diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint

Publication (JP) 6-01 Communications System