W. DONALD DUCKWORT •Neotropical

—•r Microlepidoptera XX:

v Revision of the

Genus Setiostoma

(Lepidoptera: Stenomidae)

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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 106

W. Donald Duckworth

Microlepidoptera XX:

Revision of the

Genus Setiostoma

(Lepidoptera: Stenomidae)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON
ABSTRACT

Duckworth, W. Donald. Neotropical Microlepidoptera XX: Revision of the Genus

Setiostoma (Lepidoptera: Stenomidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology,

number 106, 45 pages, 1971.—The stenomid genus Setiostoma is revised and eleven

new species are described. A key to the species based on structures of the male and

female genitalia is provided. The biology, distribution patterns, and classification of

the genus are discussed in detail. All the species are reviewed regarding their taxonomic history, distribution, identity, and morphology. Distribution maps, photographs of the adults, drawings of the male and female genitalia, wing venation, and

other aspects of the morphology are included.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1971

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 55 cents (paper cover)

Stock Number 4700-0146
W. Donald Duckivorth Neotropical

Microlepidoptera XX:

Revision of the

Genus Setiostoma

(Lepidoptera: Stenomidae)

Introduction

This report presents the first comprehensive study of

the genus Setiostoma since it was described by Zeller

in 1875. The genus is comprised of 17 species, 11 of

which are herein described as new, of small brightly

colored moths which are remarkably similar in superficial appearance. The similarity in color pattern, and

to a lesser extent venation, of Setiostoma to some

groups in the Glyphipterygidae resulted in the genus

being associated with that family for many years.

Busck (1921) corrected this error and transferred the

genus to the Stenomidae after study of the genitalia.

Data compiled in the present study indicate that

this genus is unique in the Stenomidae in that it is

composed of species which are diurnal in habit and

have radiated in the highland submontane forest

habitats of Central and South America, with two

species occurring in temperate North America.

Two species, S. flaviceps Felder and S. haemitheia

Felder, heretofore included in the genus were found

to be improperly placed and are transferred to the

genus Glyphipteryx in the family Glyphipterygidae.

The types of both species, located at the British Museum (Natural History), have been examined and,

although both are badly damaged, they are clearly

not stenomids.

One of the principal difficulties encountered by

W. Donald Duckworth, Department of Entomology, National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560

workers in tropical Microlepidoptera is the few specimens available for study. This problem was acutely

felt throughout the entire course of this project. Undoubtedly due in large part to the diurnal habit of

the adults, specimens of species of Setiostoma are extremely rare in collections and infrequently collected

in the field. With the exception of the two North

American species, most are known from only a few

specimens (rarely more than three) and from correspondingly few localities. It is hoped that information provided in this paper will encourage and assist

collectors, especially in tropical areas, to improve this

situation.

The author wishes to acknowledge with thanks the

cooperation and aid of the following individuals and

institutions who, through their support and encouragement, have materially aided the present study:

Dr. F. Fernandez Yepez, Facultad de Agronomia,

Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua;

Dr. Robert L. Dressier, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Canal Zone, Panama; Dr. Leonce

Bonnefil, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas de la O.E.A., Turrialba, Costa Rica; Dr. Marco

T. Cabezas, Dr. Jose R. Quezada, Departamento de

Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de El Salvador, San

Salvador; Mr. Robert E. Dietz IV, Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, California, for support and assistance in various field

studies; Mr. Allan Watson, Mr. P.E.S. Whalley,

Dr. Klaus Sattler, British Museum (Natural History) ;

Dr. Fritz Kasy, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna;

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Dr. F. J. Hanneman, Institut fur Spezielle Zoologie

and Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universitat

zu Berlin; Dr. J. A. Powell, University of California,

Berkeley, for lending for study types and other specimens in their charge. Special thanks are extended to

Dr. Paul O. Opler, University of California, Berkeley,

who generously provided his extensive biological data

on S. fernaldella, without which this report would be

far less complete.

The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of

Mr. Andre Pizzini, staff illustrator, for the line drawings and maps. The photographic work was done by

the National Museum of Natural History Photographic Laboratory.

This study was aided in part by the National

Science Foundation on Grant HB-1800 and the

Smithsonian Research Foundation on Grant Sg.

0632089.

History

The genus Setiostoma was described by Zeller (1875)

and referred to the Choreutidae ( = Glyphipterigidae)

as a close relative of Simaethis. Two included species

were described: S. xanthobasis from Texas and S.

chlorobasis from Brazil, each represented by a single

specimen. Two years later Zeller (1877) described

two additional species which he assigned to a new

section of the genus, Hilarographa. Meyrick (1866)

elevated Hilarographa to full generic status and provided a more complete generic description which

allowed the inclusion of new species described by

him from the South Pacific area.

Riley (1889) described the second North American species of Setiostoma, fernaldella, from California

specimens reared on Quercus agrifolia. Smith (1891)

included Setiostoma in the Choreutidae ( = Glyphipterigidae) in his list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal

America and listed only one species, S. fernaldella.

In his synopsis of the North American genera of

Yponomeutidae, Dyar (1900) listed the genus and

the two North American species under the subfamily

Glyphipteryginae. During the same year Fernald

(1900) provided a description of the genus in his

study of the North American species of Choreutis and

allies and included the first biological information for

the group in the form of notes from Mary E. Murtfeldt, who had reared S. xanthobasis from Quercus

stellata in Missouri. Coquillet (1901) provided a brief

description of the larva of S. fernaldella and a few

life-history notes obtained from rearing the material

Riley had used to describe the species twelve years

earlier.

Dyar (1902) and Smith (1910) both list Setiostoma

in the family Yponomeutidae, and in the work of

the latter it is noted that S. xanthobasis is abundant

in the scrub-oak and pine-barren district near Lacy,

New Jersey, the larvae occurring on oak leaves.

During the same time period a number of tropical

species were described by various authors and assigned

to Setiostoma. Felder and Rogenhofer (1875) illustrated and briefly described two species from South

America, S. flaviceps and S. haemitheia. Meyrick

(1909) described a new species, S. callidora, from

Bolivia and listed the genus in the Plutellidae. Walsingham (1914) described a new species, S. eusema,

from Guatemala and included the genus in the family Hemerophilidae ( = Glyphipterigidae). Meyrick

(1921) included his description of S. leuconympha

under the family Glyphipterigidae.

Meyrick (1914) included Setiostoma, containing

six described species, in his world review of the

family Glyphipterygidae and indicated the genus was

a development of the genus Hilarographa. This study,

by the leading microlepidopterist of the period, established for the first time the family placement and

relationships of the genus on a world basis. Meyrick's

classification was based primarily on wing venation

and other external structures, and he was undoubtedly influenced to one degree or another by the fact

that Setiostoma had always been associated with

genera such as Simaethis and Hilarographa. During

this same period a controversy existed over the value

of genital characters in delimiting higher categories

in Microlepidoptera. Many workers, especially Busck,

were convinced that characters of the genitalia were

of primary importance in characterizing higher categories and determining natural relationships, a position that Meyrick steadfastly refused to accept.

Thus when Busck (1921), in a paper dealing with

other forms, incidentally noted that study of the

genitalia indicated the genus Setiostoma was completely unrelated to the glyphipterygids and actually

belonged in the family Stenomidae, it was of more

than ordinary significance. Busck (1925) documented

his earlier position on Setiostoma in a paper devoted

exclusively to the subject. In this paper he provides

descriptions and illustrations of the male genitalia
NUMBER 10 6

of S. xanthobasis and comparative illustrations of the

male genitalia of a typical stenomid, Stenoma querciella. Meyrick's (1925) response was direct and to

the point: "Your evidence as to Setiostoma being a

Stenomid seems to me worthless; and I have no

reason to suppose that your grounds for separating

the Xyloryctidae and Stenomidae would be any more

convincing." Busck's evidence was incontestable, however, and even before his paper of 1925 appeared,

other studies were published which reflected his

transfer of Setiostoma and supported his observations.

Forbes (1923) in his monumental study of the Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states listed

the genus in the Stenomidae and stated that Busck's

observations were correct and obvious when the

genitalia were examined.

McDunnough (1939) includes Setiostoma in the

Stenomidae in his checklist of North American Microlepidoptera, and Busck (1934) lists the genus

with eight included species in the Stenomidae portion

of the Lepidopterorum Catalogus series.

Keifer (1936) published an extensive account of

the morphology of the adult, larva, and pupa of

S. jernaldella, including information concerning the

life cycle and comparative relationships of larval

and pupal characters with other taxa. The following

year Keifer (1937) published additional comments

and observations on larval and pupal relationships

between Setiostoma and related genera.

Clarke (1955) provided photographs of the wings

and male genitalia of the types of S. callidora Meyrick and S. leuconympha Meyrick and designated a

lectotype for the former species. Duckworth (1964)

included descriptions, keys, distributional data, and

illustrations of the two Nearctic species in his revision of the North American Stenomidae.

Brown and Eads (1965) published an account of

the stenomid oak leaf tier, 5". fernaldella, in their

study of insects affecting oaks in southern California.

This publication provides the most complete account

of the biology of this species, or any species in the

genus, thus far. Studies soon to be published by P. A.

Opler, University of California, Berkeley, promise to

provide an even more thorough description of the

life history of this species.

Morphology

Although superficially rather similar, the species comprising this genus exhibit a number of interesting

morphological characteristics worthy of special emphasis.

HEAD.—In all species examined the sensory cilia

of the antenna display a distinct sexual dimorphism

(Figures 1, 4, 5, 6). The cilia, arising from the venter

of the shaft, are long in the males (several times the

diameter of the shaft) and short in the females (less

than the diameter of the shaft). In the males the

sensory cilia are longest basally and become gradually

shorter toward the apex of the antenna. In dry specimens the length of the sensory cilia is difficult to detect because the cilia generally lie parallel and appressed to the venter of the shaft. When removed

and placed in a wet mount the cilia are more easily

examined; length comparisons, however, should be

considered approximations since the sinuations of the

cilia do not permit exact measurements. The degree

of development of the sensory setae varies throughout

the genus, with males of the North American species

(S. xanthobasis and S. fernaldella) attaining the

greatest length.

The mandibles are reduced in size but present

throughout the genus. The maxillary palpi (Figure

4) are four segmented, partially encircling the base

of the proboscis. The labial palpi are three segmented

and recurved dorsally; the second segment is somewhat longer than the third.

The compound eye was found to be reduced in

size in all species of the genus. In order to develop

a frame of reference for comparison, an eye index

was calculated for the species of Setiostoma, utilizing

the procedure described by Powell (in press). The

eye index is a numerical relationship of the eye

diameter to the height of the front. The eye diameter is the greatest distance across the eye, usually

more or less vertically from just behind the antenna.

The frontal height is measured on a straight line from

the shortest horizontal line between the antennal

sockets to the ventral margin of the clypeus. This

index is somewhat variable as the measurements are

difficult to make accurately, but it does provide a

reference point for determining differences in eye

size. The eye index for all species of Setiostoma was

well below 1.0, ranging from 0.60 to 0.83. The significance of the reduced eye size in Setiostoma is

discussed further in the section dealing with biology.

THORAX.—Wing venation in this genus is

homogeneous and no characters of specific signifi-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

cance were found. Of particular interest at the generic level, however, is the extremely long discal cell

which extends approximately three fourths the length

of the forewing. This character is not known to occur

in any other genus in the entire family. The origins

of veins 2 and 3 are distantly placed along the cell,

with 2 arising from near the middle and 3 approximately midway between 2 and the outer angle. The

overall, functional impact of this wing vein configuration is unknown. It would appear to create a mediallongitudinal weak point in the wing-support system,

especially since the veins at the outer margin (5, 6)

tend to be weakly developed. It seems to me possible,

although completely undocumented, that if this is in

fact a point of flexion it may function in relation to

the iridescent, raised scales on the forewing, either in

flight or in a courtship display.

Both sexes possess modified scales on the forewing

and the hindwing. On the forewing the scales are

located in the area of the anal angle. The scales

themselves are slightly larger, but in general do not

appear significantly different from the other scales.

The area of attachment, however, is quite different

in texture from the remainder of the wing membrane and appears to be minutely striated. This may

possibly be a glandular area of the wing, with the

scales serving to disperse the secretions. In the hindwing, hair scales occur at the base of the anal veins.

ABDOMEN.—All species of Setiostoma have basically the same abdominal structures on segments 1-7.

The remaining segments and intersegmental membranes are modified in several ways in each sex. In

the male the tergite of abdominal segment 8 is

modified into two lateral apodemes (Figure 10),

which appear to function as support and extension

structures for the genitalia. Also the intersegmental

membrane between abdominal segments 8 and 9

possesses dorsal and ventral eversible pouches covered

with erectile masses of hair scales. In the female the

caudal segments and intersegmental membranes are

lengthened (Figure 11) in most species, providing

great extension of the ovipositor.

MALE GEXITALIA.—Without exception, the greatest

array of structural variation in this genus occurs in

the male genitalia. and for this reason species definitions are based primarily on characters observed in

these organs. Variation in characters of the genitalia

within a species is remarkably slight, even in those

with a broad geographical distribution. The lack of

sufficient specimens of most species, particularly the

tropical ones, restricted the determination of infraspecific variation in many species; where numerous

specimens were available over a broad range, however, virtually no variation was detected.

Relationships between the species were frequently

difficult to ascertain with more than a minimal

amount of confidence. This again was primarily due

to the small numbers of specimens. Also some species

exhibit extraordinary divergences in genitalic structure, which defy interpretation when compared with

other species. For example, S. dietzi occupies an Andean distribution, superficially agrees with the generic

pattern, yet possesses a transtilla in the male genitalia,

a structure which does not occur in any other species

of Setiostoma and is extremely rare in the entire

family! Other structures in the genitalia also show

unusual modifications and the species stands isolated at this point, without near relatives. I suspect

the principal factor involved here is that the number

of species recognized in this study is still only a portion of the total number which actually exist, and as

more specimens are obtained the relationships between species will become clearer. In addition, two

species are known only from females (S. chlorobasis,

S. thiobasis) and one (S. eusema) is known only

from the type which is without an abdomen. Additional specimens of these species would undoubtedly

clarify many questions.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Females of less than half the

species are known and. accordingly, the various characters and relationships are somewhat tenuous. The

shape, length, and sclerotization of the ductus bursae

proved useful in species definition, as did the shape

and length of the anterior and posterior apophyses.

A signum was present in all species studied except S.

fernaldella. In general, too few females are currently

known to make more than tentative conclusions concerning generic characters.

LARVA AND PUPA.—It is beyond the scope of the

present paper to attempt to describe the morphological characteristics of the larvae and pupae of species

of Setiostoma. In addition, the lack of specimens of

the immature stages for all but the North American

species prohibits definition of these stages at this time.

Keifer (1936) described and illustrated the larva and

pupa of S. fernaldella in detail, and Dr. D. H.

Habeck, University of Florida, is currently studying

the immature stages of North American stenomids,
NUMBER 10 6

the results of which should be forthcoming in the

near future.

During the course of the present study an interesting character, which seems worthy of mention

here, was noted on the pupa of S. xanthobasis.

Keifer (1936) described and illustrated the unusual

development of the ventral anterior edge of abdominal segment 7 of the pupa of S. fernaldella. The

edge is produced into a transverse ridge, knobbed

laterally, and bears two or three barbed recurved

spines on each knob and two between. An almost

identical development of abdominal segment 7 was

found to occur in S. xanthobasis (Figure 8) ; the recurved spines, however, were found to be blunt

apically (Figure 10). Since only a single pupal skin

of S. xanthobasis was available for study, it was impossible to determine the variability of this structure,

but it appears likely that it may ultimately prove to

be a useful distinguishing character between these

closely related species.

Biology

As is generally true for the family Stenomidae, very

little information concerning life histories is known

for the species included here, especially the tropical

ones. Data available for the two species (S. xanthobasis, S. fernaldella) which occur in North America,

however, are such that certain patterns may be noted

and some extrapolation made. Specific information

for each species, when known, is included in the

descriptive portion of the study.

ADULT.—Virtually no information is available

concerning feeding, mate selection, courtship behavior, oviposition, and dispersal. The only generalization which seems supportable concerns the time

of adult activity.

Perhaps the most striking aspect of the biology of

this genus is the diurnal nature of adult activity periods. In California, adults of 5". fernaldella have been

observed flying in shady areas under oaks during

midday. This is the only direct evidence of diurnal

activity, but there are several observations which

lend indirect support that most, if not all, of the

species of Setiostoma exhibit this behavior. The striking and consistent pattern of the forewings in all

species, featuring a light basal area and a dark outer

area profusely patterned with iridescent scales, incorporates many features commonly found in other

groups of Lepidoptera known to possess diurnal

habits. This correlation of strongly contrasted patterns, bright color, and metallic or iridescent scales

with diurnal activity is generally acknowledged by

lepidopterists, but little has been published on the

subject except as it relates to mimicry. In nocturnal

moths, olfactory stimuli are of primary importance

initiating mating, and wing maculation frequently

functions as a protective device during the nonactive daylight hours. It seems reasonable to assume

that in diurnal moths there is a selective advantage

favoring visual over olfactory stimuli for the attraction of a suitable mate, because less of the total

energy resources of the organism are utilized to

achieve the same goal. Once physical proximity is

achieved, olfactory stimuli may be used to evoke

mating response; however, the most inefficient portion

of the process has been eliminated. Correspondingly,

color patterns which facilitate visual recognition responses are favored over cryptic, protective patterns,

which are no longer advantageous since the inactive

period is during non-daylight hours. In my opinion,

metallic or iridescent scales are particularly significant in this regard, for they require the presence of

light to function effectively and become indiscernible

in darkness. The fact that there are known diurnal

species which do not possess the characteristics given

above does not invalidate the usefulness of these

characteristics as indicators of daylight activity when

they are present.

Another structural character which might be expected to show modifications related to diurnal versus

nocturnal activity is the compound eye. Hardwick

(1958) indicated that reduced, elliptoid eyes were

usually a reliable indication of diurnal habits in noctuid moths. Powell (in press) has also found a correlation between reduced eyes and diurnal habits in

the Ethmiidae. It is interesting that crepuscular ethmiids possess eyes intermediate in size between the

diurnal and nocturnal species. In Setiostoma a similar eye-size relationship exists. The compound eyes of

all species were found to be approximately half the

size (eye index .60-.83) of species in the closely related nocturnal genus Chlamydastis (eye index 1.0—

1.4). Again, as with bright colors and metallic or iridescent scales, possession of reduced eyes is not an

infallible indicator of diurnal activity; however, the

relationship occurs repeatedly in various groups of
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Lepidoptera, as well as other Orders, and is useful as

supportive evidence.

In any discussion of flight habits in Microlepidoptera, a consideration of light attraction is important since most of our knowledge is based on

specimens collected at night with various types of

light traps. Powell (1964) reviewed the literature on

this subject and summarized the various factors affecting the presence of moths at a light at any one

time. For obvious reasons, most of the research and

observations on this subject are focused on the factors which may influence presence or absence and

relative numbers of nocturnal or crepuscular species

attracted to various light sources and conditions. As

would be expected, diurnal species are not collected

frequently or in large numbers at lights, yet every

experienced collector recognizes that a few specimens

of day-flying species are encountered at lights.

These sporadic captures are most likely due to the

location of the light source near host plants and the

density of specimens occurring in the immediate

area. Thus, infrequent captures of a few specimens

is a common pattern for Microlepidoptera with

diurnal habits. Setiostoma fits this pattern extremely

well. The number of specimens available for inclusion in this study is small, especially for the tropical

species. In my collecting activities in Central and

South America, during which thousands of specimens

of stenomids were taken at lights, only five specimens

of Setiostoma were collected, representing three

species! Interestingly enough it appears that even

when considerable information is available on the

life history of species of Setiostoma (e.g, S. jernaldella), locating adults in the field is difficult.

Studies conducted in California on S. jernaldella

over the past several years involved forty-four rearings of this species and on only one occasion were

adults observed in the field.

One final observation concerning structural characters related to diurnal habits seems worthy of

mention. Powell (in press) observed a tendency for

darker cuticle in ethmiids with diurnal habits. A

similar darkening was observed in Setiostoma in the

present study. In certain California ethmiids, diurnal

activity is related to life cycles which utilize early

spring flowering annuals, thus requiring adult flight

at times of the year when cool temperatures prevail.

Increased pigmentation of the cuticle in such cases

would certainly offer an advantage, since absorbtion of solar radiation would facilitate an increase in

the temperature of the flight muscles, permitting activity at lower air temperatures. I see no evidence

which would indicate a similar correlation in species

of Setiostoma. Flight records for temperate species

do not indicate early spring activity and it does not

seem significant for tropical species. A more likely

possibility would appear to be adaptation to higher

altitudes and the concomitant decrease in temperature. A large number of species of Setiostoma occur

in tropical montane forest habitats where temperatures, particularly below the canopy, are such that

adaptation to flight at lower temperatures would be

advantageous. Schafer and Phelps (1954) indicate

that the temperature range in the dense forest at

1,000 meters at the "Henri Pittier" National Park

(Rancho Grande) in Venezuela varies from 15° to

19°C (59.5°-64°F). Since this elevation would be

toward the lower margin of the tropical montane

habitat the temperature range given would be the

warmest expected, decreasing as the altitude increases. In such an environment the ability to utilize

the heat of the sun to elevate the temperature of the

flight muscles sufficiently for flight would be critical

for a species with diurnal activity.

EGG.—Data concerning the structure of the egg

in this genus and behavior related to oviposition are

not available. Presumably, oviposition takes place

during the day and, at least in S. jernaldella, eggs

are possibly laid in the abandoned shelters of the

previous generation. In most species where female

specimens were available for study, the ovipositor is

equipped with long anterior and posterior apophyses,

which allow considerable extension of the ovipositor

lobes. This would seem to indicate that the eggs are

laid in a crevice or other protected location.

LARVA.—Known larvae construct shelters of leaves

within which they spend most, if not all, of their

larval life. In both S. jernaldella and S. xanthobasis

the shelter consists of two appressed leaves which are

sealed at their edges by a thick wall of frass and silk.

Feeding occurs within the shelter, S. xanthobasis reportedly feeding upon the parenchyma of the under

surface of the leaf and S. jernaldella skeletonizing

both leaf surfaces.

At this point the similarities between these two

species diverge and the life cycles show considerably

different patterns. S. jernaldella has one generation

a year on evergreen species of Fagaceae. The larva
NUMBER 10 6

spends the winter feeding and growing slowly in an

abandoned shelter of the previous generation. In the

spring, the larva abandons its old shelter and constructs a new one on fully expanded new foliage. In

the new shelter the larva grows rapidly and completes

development. Pupation occurs within the shelter and

the adults emerge in a short time. On the other hand,

S. xanthobasis has at least two and possibly three

generations a year on deciduous Fagaceae with the

pupa overwintering. This would imply, it seems to

me, that at least for the larvae emerging from eggs

laid by the first adults in spring, construction of a

shelter is required at a much earlier stage of larval

development than by S. fernaldella. It seems unlikely

that a first instar larva could construct as elaborate a

shelter as required for the complete larval life, and

quite possibly a less imposing shelter is made by the

young larva and later expanded.

PUPA.—Pupation occurs in the larval shelter in an

additional silken chamber (cocoon). Data are again

restricted to the two North American species, but

they present interesting similarities and differences.

S. fernaldella constructs a squat, cigar-shaped cocoon on the upper surface of the lower leaf of the

shelter, and the pupa conforms closely to the inside

dimensions of the chamber. At emergence the adult

forces its way out of the cocoon and through the

silk and frass wall between the two leaves of the

shelter. The pupal period is quite brief, two to three

weeks.

Less specific and somewhat conflicting information concerning pupation is known for S. xanthobasis. Murtfeldt (Fernald 1900) observed the larva

leaving the shelter in the final instar and pupating

under the folded edges of one of the leaves. This

observation differs from that of Busck (1925), who

indicates pupation within the shelter. As mentioned

previously, S. xanthobasis overwinters as a pupa in

the second (or third?) generation of the year, pupating in October and emerging in May. The pupal period of the other generation(s) is apparently as in

S. fernaldella. No data have been recorded concerning the location of the shelter during the overwintering period. Presumably it falls to the ground when

the leaves are shed in the fall and possibly achieves

additional protection from low temperatures among

the leaf litter. It is possible, however, that the

shelter is retained on the tree as has been noted in

other groups. Powell (1964) indicated that in certain California species of the tortricid tribes Tortricini and Archipini, he observed sufficient silk associated with the larval and pupal shelters to cause the

leaves, even though dead, to remain attached to the

plant throughout pupation.

SEASONAL PATTERNS.—One of the more interesting

questions related to the comparative biology of this

genus is the contrast in seasonal pattern between S.

fernaldella and S. xanthobasis. The former has one

generation per year and the latter at least two and

possibly three generations. Undoubtedly, much of

this difference is related to the different environmental conditions and host-plant relationships which

exist for the two species involved. S. fernaldella is

restricted, at least in California, to evergreen Fagaceae and accomplishes most of its larval development on new foliage in the spring. The foliation

season of the food plant is limited to precede arid

conditions during summer and fall, thus more than

one generation is not advantageous. S. xanthobasis,

on the other hand, apparently feeds on a wide range

of Quercus species in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and

Mississippi Valley, where host plants are keyed to

sharp dry seasons and additional generations are

possible. Also S. xanthobasis overwinters in the pupal

stage and possibly sustains a high mortality rate in

the overwintering population. In such a situation

multiple generations could facilitate recovery of

optimum population size on an annual basis. The lack

of biological information for the tropical species of

Setiostoma precludes determining common seasonal

patterns for the genus, but, I would expect to find

the tropical species exhibiting patterns more similar

to those of S. fernaldella than those of S. xanthobasis.

Even though these two species are very closely related morphologically, the latter's life cycle indicates

greater adaptation to low temperature as evidenced

by the overwintering pupal stage. S. fernaldella, on

the other hand, is keyed to a wet-dry climatic pattern

similar to tropical conditions, and even though the

larva feeds and develops slowly through the winter

months, complete diapause apparently does not occur.

HOST PLANTS.—Very limited data are available

concerning host-plant relationships for species of

Setiostoma. As is the case for other aspects of the

biology of species in this genus, most of the extant

information is associated with the two North American species, S. fernaldella and S. xanthobasis, and has

been described on the preceding pages.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Virtually no data exist concerning the host-plant

preferences of the tropical species. Busck (1925)

states: "The tropical species of the genus [Setiostoma], as far as known, feed on Ficus." I have

been unable to locate any substantive documentation

for this statement and consequently, until evidence to

the contrary is obtained, it appears necessary to consider Busck's report unsupported by fact. The single

record for any of the tropical species is from label

data associated with a specimen of S. flinti, which

indicates that specimen was reared from cuttings of

Philodendron. Obviously this hardly constitutes sufficient information to justify speculation concerning

possible host-plant affinities. The epiphytic habit of

many species of Philodendron also introduces the

possibility that the record is not indicative of the

actual host but rather represents an accidental pupation on a plant growing in close association with

the host.

Thus, at this point, the only tangible data regarding host-plant relationships of the genus indicate the

North American species feed on species of Fagaceae,

particularly members of the genus Quercus. In California, S. fernaldella occurs in a wide variety of

ecological associations wherever evergreen species of

Fagaceae occur below the Canadian Zone. This suggests that it is likely that other members of the genus,

at least in Central America, may ultimately be

found to occur on broadleaf evergreen plants, possibly Fagaceae, in upland areas.

The importance of adequate host-plant data in

studies dealing with the classification, distribution,

and evolution of taxa in the Lepidoptera cannot be

overemphasized. Riek (1970) has indicated the

virtual absence of a meaningful fossil record for the

Lepidoptera and notes that it is remarkable that so

little is known of the history of such a successful

group. It seems reasonable to assume that much of

this success is due to the development of the higher

plants, particularly the angiosperms, since the order

is predominately phytophagus and the development

of the proboscis relates directly to a plant-feeding

habit. Common (1970) suggests that the evolution

of the proboscis contributed substantially to the success of the Lepidoptera by enabling adults to ingest

water freely and by permitting utilization of the

carbohydrates contained in nectar. Therefore, lacking

an adequate fossil record for the order, it appears

obvious that information which relates a particular

taxon of Lepidoptera to its host plant is of potentially

great value in the study of the evolution and distribution of that taxon and its relationships to others

in the Lepidoptera.

A great deal of the existing host-plant information

in Microlepidoptera is based on very incomplete

records and few rearings. Powell (1964) reports that

information on food plants is recorded for only about

70 percent of the California tortricines and that a

similar ratio probably exists for the Nearctic fauna.

More important, however, is the large number of

records which result from a single rearing or repeated rearings from the same host—a fact which

tends to create the appearance of a greater degree

of host specificity than actually exists. Projections of

the probable host-plant relationships of genera or

higher categories, based on limited records from a

few species and coupled with a bias for specificity,

may result in conclusions completely apart from

reality, particularly when dealing with tropical

groups.

Obviously a great deal more work of a biological

nature needs to be done in Lepidoptera, especially in

tropical areas, before many questions concerning hostplant relationships can be answered. In the tropics

significant contributions may be made by conducting

careful rearing of the local fauna, an activity which

requires little in the way of equipment or facilities

and is desperately needed to improve our understanding of the evolution and distribution of tropical

Lepidoptera.

Geographical Distribution

The paucity of records for species of Setiostoma,

makes any effort to analyze distribution patterns both

difficult and exceptionally speculative. The lack of

information concerning life history, particularly

host-plant data, for the tropical species further complicates the problem. Examination of the extant information, however, does suggest certain patterns

and probabilities which seem worthy of mention at

this point.

The genus is restricted to the Western Hemisphere

and is primarily Neotropical in its overall distribution. At both the northern and southern limits of its

range a few species have successfully penetrated subtropical or temperate habitats to some extent.

Within the Neotropical portion of its distribution,
NUMBER 10 6

the most significant pattern appears to be the large

number of species (13) that occur in highland areas

of Central and South America. Although the distribution of individual species is very incomplete, the

predominant collective distribution pattern suggests

that the primary area of diversity and dispersal is the

humid low highlands area, which occurs throughout

Central and South America where mountains rise

from a seasonally or constantly wet lowland. Eyre

(1968) characterizes this type of habitat as "submontane or transitional" and points out that it

generally corresponds with the climatic zone in which

mean cloudiness and relative humidity increase

rapidly upward. The forest is generally lower than

rain forest, and it exhibits a two-layered, rather than

a three-layered, canopy. Frequently the vegetation

of this habitat includes species indentical with, or

closely related to, those in nearby extratropical areas.

At present the majority of species (12) of Setiostoma occur in South America and eight of these

display an Andean distribution pattern. Most are

known from only a few localities, thus appearing to

be highly endemic. I am convinced, however, that

this is a collecting artifact and that most, if not all,

are broadly distributed along the eastern slope of the

Andes from northern Venezuela and Colombia to

southern Bolivia. Even more extensive ranges are

indicated by S. argyrobasis and S. dietzi, the former

recorded from northern Venezuela and the coastal

range in southeastern Brazil, and the latter from

Colombia, Venezuela, and Costa Rica.

Two species, S. chlorobasis and S. leuconympha,

are recorded from the Amazon Basin. Since each

species is known from only a single specimen, the

significance of their distribution is difficult to assess.

S. leuconympha is closely related morphologically to

S. silvibasis, which is presently known from montane

forest at 1,100 meters in northern Venezuela. S. chlorobasis is known from a single female, in imperfect

condition, and its relationships are unclear. Future

collecting may disclose a larger lowland occurrence

of species of Setiostoma, but at this point I would not

expect a major dispersal in this habitat.

In Central America the present records also suggest

distribution in highland habitats along the slopes of

the Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental,

and the highlands of Guerrero and Oaxaca in Mexico, the highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and northern Nicaragua. Eyre (1968) distinguishes the montane forest vegetation in Central

America from that of South America because of the

presence of conifers. Also present in this vegetation

zone are broad-leaved trees, such as Quercus.

At the present time only four species of Setiostoma

are known from Central America, excluding S. dietzi.

Two species occur in the highlands area of Guatemala and El Salvador and two in Mexico. S. fernaldella is by far the most interesting since previously

it had been thought to occur only in California and

Arizona. It now appears likely that it ranges from

the highlands in Oaxaca along the western slopes of

the Sierra Madre Occidental to southeastern Arizona

and disjunctly to California.

The extension of a tropical group into an extratropical area always presents an intriguing problem

for study. In phytophagus groups, such as Setiostoma,

range extensions or successful dispersal from tropical

to extratropical areas is complicated by the availability of suitable host plants in these areas, in addition

to the decreasing temperature and other physical

factors. In Setiostoma four species are currently

known from extratropical habitats, two in North

America and two in southeastern Brazil. These extensions would appear to be natural outgrowths of

the highland habitat character of the genus.

The biologies of the two North American species

are known, and their distributions can be discussed

with more confidence than is the case for those in

southeastern Brazil. Both species of Setiostoma in

North America feed on Fagaceae, primarily species

of Quercus, and undoubtedly penetrated North

America from Mexico in association with their host

plants. The occurrence of S. jernaldella in Mexico,

discovered during the course of this study, reinforces

this thesis. This penetration was probably made during one or more of the interglacial periods of the

Pleistocene when evergreen subtropical species of

plants migrated northward. Succeeding glaciations

and the post-Pleistocene climatic changes very likelyaccount for the isolation of S. xanthobasis in the

eastern United States and the disjunct distribution

of S. fernaldella in the western United States. The

close morphological similarity between the two species

suggests that quite possibly only one oak-feeding species penetrated North America and subsequent isolation resulted in divergence into two closely related

species.

S. fernaldella remains essentially a tropical species
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

since it occurs only on evergreen species of Fagaceae

and has not developed a diapause period. S. xanthobasis, however, has adapted to deciduous species of

Quercus and overwinters in the pupal stage.

In the Southern Hemisphere two species of Setiostoma, S. chrysabasis and S. thiobasis, are known from

the southern portion of the Brazilian highlands. Eyre

(1968) characterizes the vegetation of this area as

Evergreen Mixed Forest dominated by the Parana

pine (Auracaria braziliensis). As in the highlands in

Mexico, this area is subject to frequent frosts and

contains many species of broadleaved, evergreen

angiosperms.

Without biological data it is not possible to assess

the dispersal routes for the two species of Setiostoma

in southeastern Brazil; morphologically, however, they

are closely related to Andean species. I would expect

a pattern similar to that of the North American species to appear when additional distributional and

biological data are available.

Classification

Setiostoma is most closely related to the genus Chlamydastis, apparently representing a specialized offshoot

from chlamydastoid stock that has developed modified

structures associated with diurnal habits and radiation in transitional or submontane forest habitats in

low latitudes.

The much larger genus Chlamydastis, currently

being studied by the author, along with Setiostoma

and several undescribed genera appear to constitute

a major division within the family Stenomidae. One

of the principal characters that distinguish the group

is the multilobed, palmate, recurved setae on the

harpe of the male genitalia. Specialized setae on the

harpe occur throughout the family and are a principal characteristic of it; Chlamydastis and its near

relatives are distinctive, however, in their possession

of the multilobed, palmate type. In addition superficial characters as well as the general morphology

of the genitalia indicate distinct group relationships.

These will be discussed in detail in a forthcoming

paper.

As mentioned previously, the relationships between

species in this study must be considered tentative

inasmuch as too few specimens were available for

study and very likely a number of species are yet

to be discovered.

Checklist

1. S. argyrobasis Duckworth

2. S. callidora Meyrick

3. S. chlorobasis Zeller

4. S. chrysabasis Duckworth

5. S. cirrhobasis Duckworth

6. S. cnecobasis Duckworth

7. S. dietzi Duckworth

8. S. earobasis Duckworth

9. S. eusema Walsingham

10. S. jernaldella Riley

11. S. flinti Duckworth

12. S. leuconympha Meyrick

13. S. ochrobasis Duckworth

14. S. silvibasis Duckworth

15. S. thiobasis Duckworth

16. S. xanthobasis Zeller

17. S. xuthobasis Duckworth

Genus Setiostoma Zeller

Setiostoma Zeller, 1875:324.

Type species: Setiostoma xanthobasis Zeller.

Head smooth, lateral tufts spreading. Antenna with

ventral cilia sexually dimorphic; in female minute,

always shorter than diameter of shaft; in male much

longer, especially toward base, at least 2 X diameter

of shaft. Labial palpus recurved, reaching vertex or

beyond, slightly thickened with rough scaling, apical

segment acute. Forewing with costa slightly arched,

apex bluntly pointed, termen oblique, tornus rounded;

with 12 veins, all separate, discal cell extremely long,

extending to apical three fourths, 2 arising from near

middle of cell, 3 from outer fourth, 4 from end of

cell, 7 to costa or apex. Hindwing broader than

forewing; with 8 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 long

stalked.

MALE GENITALIA.—Uncus simple, curved ventrad,

moderate in length. Harpe simple, costal margin expanded toward apex in most species, in S. dietzi developed into a thumblike lobe; specialized setae multilobed, recurved at apex, lobes free, fingerlike or

partially fused into elongate mass. Gnathos a simple

band in most species, more heavily sclerotized and

apically produced in S. xuthobasis and S. argyrobasis

than in S. dietzi. Vinculum separate. Anellus with

lateral lobes. Aedeagus large, vesica with numerous

cornuti.
NUMBER 10 6 11

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Ovipositor varying in length,

usually elongate, lobes moderate to large; posterior

apophyses long, frequently sinuate, anterior apophyses

approximately equal in length to posterior apophyses

except in S. leuconympha; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium; ostium bursae with signum except

in S. fernaldella, signum an irregular ovoid dentate

plate.

DISCUSSION.—This genus is easily recognized superficially by the distinctive maculation of the forewings which essentially consist of a basal area of

yellow or green, and brown beyond. The venation of

the forewing is also quite distinctive and uniform

throughout the genus. Especially noteworthy is the

extremely long discal cell which extends approximately three fourths the length of the wing. This

elongation of the cell also effects the points of origin

of veins 2 and 3, which usually arise from the end

of the discal cell in most stenomids. In Setiostoma

vein 2 arises from near the middle and vein 3 from

near three fourths of the discal cell.

The genitalia afford a number of distinguishing

characteristics, particularly in the males. The unfused

and frequently elongate development of the vinculum

readily separates Setiostoma from closely related genera such as Chlamydastis and Petalothyrsa. Also significant are the simple harpe, with a tendency for

expansion and development of the costal area, and

the large lateral lobes of the anellus. The female

genitalia do not provide as distinctive a picture as

the males. In part, this is due to the lack of female

specimens for a large number of the species. In

general the female genitalia studied show a telescoping ovipositor and the structural modifications associated with such a function. Especially obvious are

the long anterior and posterior apophyses, which afford points for muscle attachment related to the extension and retraction of the ovipositor. In the only

related genus for which females are known, Chlamydastis, the ovipositor does not show this extensibility,

but rather the reverse, with the posterior apophyses

frequently shorter than the ovipositor lobes.

Key to the Species of Setiostoma Based on the Genitalia

Male 2

Female 15

Harpe simple; transtilla absent; vinculum not recurved 3

Harpe divided, costal margin produced into a thumblike lobe, bearing palmate, multilobed

setae at apex; transtilla present; vinculum recurved S. dietzi. new species

Specialized setae on costal margin of harpe multilobed apically, with lobes closely appressed, comblike 4

Specialized setae on costal margin of harpe multilobed apically, with lobes palmate .... 5

Costal margin of harpe with a fold near midpoint, bearing a small cluster of specialized

setae on outer margin of fold; apical third of ventral margin deeply excavate to apex.

S. cirrhobasis, new species

Costal margin of harpe with a basal groove bearing a small cluster of specialized setae:

apical third of ventral margin not excavate S. argyrobasis, new species

Costal margin distinctly expanded, the expanded area equal to or exceeding the width of

harpe immediately basad of expansion 6

Costal margin slightly expanded or not at all 12

Anellus with four lateral lobes 7

Anellus with two lateral lobes 9

Medial pair of anellar lobes narrow, approximately equal in width throughout 8

Medial pair of anellar lobes distinctly broadened apically, with the outermost corners of

apices produced into posteriorly curving points; lateral pair lightly sclerotized, falciform.

S. cnecobasis, new species

Anellar lobes upright, approximately parallel: medial pair shorter, rounded apically,

straight; lateral pair longer, acute apically, angled medially near apices.

S. leuconympha Meyrick

Anellar lobes with medial lobes upright, lateral lobes outwardly directed; medial pair

longer, rounded apically, sinuate near apex; lateral pair shorter, truncate apically,

straight S. sihibasis. new species

Specialized, multilobed setae on margin of expanded area of harpe 10

Specialized, multilobed setae on margin of costa basad of expanded area.

5. earobasis, new species
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

10. Specialized, multilobed setae in a cluster on expanded area of harpe, anellar lobes straight.

11

Specialized multilobed setae in a single row along margin of expanded area of harpe,

anellar lobes recurved dorsally, approximately 90° at apical two thirds.

S. flint i, new species

11. Gnathos broadened ventrally, arched at midpoint, forming a broadly triangular plate;

anellar lobes slightly expanded apically, truncate; apex of harpe acute.

S. xuthobasis, new species

12. Specialized, multilobed setae on costal margin of harpe in a very tight cluster, basal portions of setae approximately parallel to each other to midpoint 13

Specialized, multilobed setae on costal margin of harpe in a loose cluster, basal portions

of setae diverge from each other randomly 14

13. Anellar lobes closely approximate; aedeagus without large, sawlike cornutus.

S. ochrobasis, new species

Anellar lobes remote; aedeagus with large, sawlike cornutus S. callidora Meyrick

14. Anellus with a median, upright, dentate lobe; aedeagus with a basal group of long cornuti

and an apical cluster of short cornuti S. fernaldella Riley

Anellus without median lobe; aedeagus with a single, long basal cornutus and an apical

cluster of short cornuti S. xanthobasis Zeller

15. Ductus bursae membranous 16

Ductus bursae totally or partially sclerotized 18

16. Ductus bursae short, less than length of abdomen 17

Ductus bursae long, exceeding length of abdomen S. thiobasis, new species

17. Corpus bursae with signum S. xanthobasis Zeller

Corpus bursae without signum S. fernaldella Riley

18. Sclerotized portion of ductus bursae distinctly corrugate 19

Sclerotized portion of ductus bursae not corrugate 20

19. Apices of anterior apophyses curved laterad, ductus bursae short, broad.

S. silvibasis, new species

Apices of anterior apophyses straight; ductus bursae long, narrow S. chlorobasis Zeller

20. Ductus seminalis not sclerotized; signum with a median depression and numerous upright

flanges 21

Ductus seminalis with sclerotized scobinations; signum with longitudinal flange and numerous small dentations S. dietzi, new species

21. Ductus bursae increasing in diameter anteriorly, sclerotized throughout except small area

near ostium bursae S. cirrhobasis, new species

Ductus bursae approximately equal in diameter throughout, anterior half membranous,

posterior half sclerotized S. flinti, new species

Setiostoma xanthobasis Zeller

FIGURES 2, 3, 4, 7 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 27, 28, 55; PLATE 1A;

MAP 1

Setiostoma xanthobasis Zeller, 1875:325.

Alar expanse 12-14 mm.

Eye index .65 male, .62 female.

Antenna dark brown dorsally, annulated with

white from base to midpoint; white ventrally in

female, dark brown in male; sensory hairs of male

4-5 X diameter of shaft to apical three fourths; those

of female about 0.5 X .

Head, labial palpus, maxillary palpus lemon yellow.

Base of probosis white. Thorax dark brown dorsally

except tegulae, which are lemon yellow. Legs dark

brown; foreleg with coxa entirely white, tarsi ringed

with white; midleg with tibial spurs white, three

white tarsal rings; hindleg with tibial spurs white,

two white tibial rings, three white tarsal rings. Abdomen dark brown with patches of white laterally.

Forewing dark brown, with lemon yellow triangular

area, continuous with yellow tegula, occupying basal

third except short costal lenticular spot and longer,

narrower spot along posterior wing margin, both

spots concolorous with ground color. Apical two

thirds of forewing with inconspicuous area of white

scales near midlength of costa and similar, smaller

area slightly more distad; broad transverse band,

parallel to distal margin of yellow area, small group

of scales behind more basal white area, short curved

band extending caudolaterad from more distal white

area, submarginal longer straight band parallel to
NUMBER 10 6 13

outer wing margin, iridescent blue violet. Cilia concolorous with ground color. Hindwing dark brown

with white patch on basal half of anterior margin;

cilia brown, edged in white.

MALE GENITALIA (WDD 22659-H).—Uncus

slightly recurved, pointed; gnathos a simple band;

harpe simple, costa near apex slightly expanded,

bearing palmate, multilobed setae on margin; vinculum V-shaped; anellus small, with two large upright lateral lobes; aedeagus apically acute, vesica

armed with an apical cluster of small, heavy cornuti

and a single large posterior cornutus.

FEMALE GENITALIA (WDD 4759-C).—Ovipositor

elongate, anterior and posterior apophyses approximately equal in length, straight; lamellae antevaginalis, postvaginalis membranous; ostium broad,

ostium bursae cuplike; ductus bursae short, membranous; corpus bursae membranous, transition from

ductus bursae gradual, signum a large, dentate, ovoid

plate.

TYPE.—In the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Harvard University.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Texas.

HOST PLANT. Quercus sp., Quercus nigra, Quercus

stellata.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is presently known to

occur along the Atlantic Coastal Plain from southeastern Massachusetts south to central Florida and

eastern Texas, and north in the Mississippi Valley to

Missouri and Illinois.

ADULT RECORDS.—MASSACHUSETTS: Martha's

Vineyard (no date). NEW JERSEY: Lacy (July).

MARYLAND: Annapolis (August). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Washington (July). NORTH CAROLINA:

Southern Pines (August). GEORGIA: Spring Creek

(July); Terrell County (June). FLORIDA: Enterprise

(April) ; Lakeland (May) ; Tall Timbers Research

Station, Leon County (September) ; Myrtle Grove

(April, August) ; Chokoloshee (no date) ; Jacksonville (April). ILLINOIS: NO locality. MISSOURI: NO

locality (May); Kirkwood (May). ARKANSAS:

Devil's Den State Park, Washington County (July) ;

Washington County (July). TEXAS: Houston

(August).

DISCUSSION.—This species is most closely related

to S. fernaldella, which is its counterpart in the

western United States. Superficially S. xanthobasis

is easily distinguished by the yellow basal area of the

forewing, which in S. fernaldella is overcast with

green. In the male genitalia the presence of a single,

large posterior cornutus in the aedeagus (in S. fernaldella more than one occurs) readily separates the

species. In the female genitalia a signum is present

in the corpus bursae of S. xanthobasis and absent in

S. fernaldella.

BIOLOGY.—The life history of this species has not

been studied in detail; there are, however, two published accounts of rearings with associated life-history

data. Fernald (1900) published information obtained

from Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt, who reared this species

at her home in Kirkwood, Missouri. Busck (1925)

summarized rearing data on the species from the

Washington, D.C. area. The larvae feed on oak in a

shelter constructed of two leaves sandwiched together with silk. Murtfeldt indicates that feeding is

confined to the parenchyma of the undersurface of

the leaf. Information on pupation is conflicting, as

Murtfeldt indicates the larva abandons its shelter

and pupates under a folded edge of one of the

leaves, whereas Busck reports pupation occurs in the

shelter. The number of generations developed each

year has not been determined and may possibly be

influenced by environmental conditions. Busck indicates that in the Washington, D.C. area the larvae

are found in May and July and the adults appear

in June and August. He also suggests a third generation with overwintering larvae or pupae. Murtfeldt's

data was from a larva which pupated in October and

emerged the following May, indicating that the pupa

is the overwintering stage. It seems reasonable to

assume that present information indicates that this

is a multivoltine species, with at least two and possibly

three generations annually.

There is no record of observations on the adult

habits of this species. Data concerning flight periods,

mating habits, host-plant selection, and oviposition

would be of particular interest, especially for comparison with S. fernaldella.

Host-plant data suggests that this species is restricted to Quercus, but only two species, Q. stellata

and Q. nigra, have been indicated to date. The distribution of both these species of oak agrees well

with the known distribution of S. xanthobasis. I suspect, however, that host-plant preference ultimately

will be found to involve many species of Quercus

and perhaps other genera of Fagaceae.
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Setiostoma fernaldella Riley

FIGURES 1, 13, 29, 30, 56; PLATE 1B; MAP 1

Setiostoma fernaldella Riley, 1889:155.

Alar expanse 12-13 mm.

Eye index .65 male, .72 female.

Antenna as in xanthobasis. Head yellow, labial

palpus yellow sprinkled with brown at apex, maxillary

palpus pale yellow to white. Base of proboscis pale

yellow to white. Thorax varies from greenish yellow

sprinkled with brown to brown dorsally. Legs dark

brown; foreleg with coxa pale yellow to white, tarsi

ringed with white; midleg with tibial spurs white, two

white tarsal rings; hindleg with tibial spurs white,

two white tibial rings, two white tarsal rings. Abdomen dark brown with white lateral patches and one

or two white bands on basal segments dorsally. Forewing with triangular area of basal third as in xanthobasis but greenish yellow frequently suffused with

dark green, with darker spot along posterior margin

much shorter and more restricted to anal area. Apical

two thirds dark brown with iridescent bronze-to-violet

markings in transverse band across middle third of

wing and an area that curves near wing apex and

extends parallel to outer wing margin. Hindwing as

in xanthobasis.

MALE GENITALIA (WDD 21258-B).—Uncus slightly

recurved, blunt; gnathos a simple band; harpe as in

xanthobasis; vinculum as in xanthobasis; anellus with

two upright lateral lobes between which projects a

median lightly sclerotized spiny lobe; aedeagus apically acute, vesica armed with an apical cluster of

small, heavy cornuti and a number of large posterior

cornuti.

FEMALE GENITALIA (WDD 5559-B).—Ovipositor

elongate, anterior and posterior apophyses approximately equal in length, straight; lamellae antevaginalis and postvaginalis membranous, ostium broad,

ostium bursae equal in width to* ostium throughout,

lightly sclerotized at junction with ductus bursae;

ductus bursae short, membranous; corpus bursae

membranous, transition from ductus bursae gradual,

signum absent.

TYPE.—In the National Museum of Natural History.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Los Angeles, California.

HOST PLANTS.—Quercus agrifolia, Q. wislizenii,

Q. dumosa, Q. dumosax engelmanni, Q. lobata, Q.

suber, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dunii, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Chrysolepis chrysophylla, C. semipervirens.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is presently known to

occur from southern Mexico to the eastern basin and

range area in southern Arizona and disjunctly to

California. The southern extension of the range is

based on a single specimen from Temascal, Oaxaca,

and thus there is insufficient evidence for presuming

a continuous or disjunct distribution for this species

between southern Mexico and southern Arizona. In

contrast, the disjunct distribution between southern

Arizona and California has been documented by extensive collecting, particularly in the latter state. In

California, S. fernaldella occurs from Tehama

County, south through the coast ranges and Sierra

Nevada through the Transverse Ranges and lowland

cismontane, southern California, to San Diego

County.

ADULT RECORDS.—CALIFORNIA: Forest Home, San

Bernardino County (June) ; Baldy Mountains

(June) ; Pasadena (June) ; Santa Clara (no date) ;

Oroville, Butte County (May) ; Antioch, Contra

Costa County (em.1 May, June) ; Clayton, 4 mi SE,

Contra Costa County (em. June) ; Clayton, 7 mi

SE, Contra Costa County (em. June) ; Cowall,

Contra Costa County (June) ; Deer Creek, Contra

Costa County (May) ; Keene, Kern County (July) ;

Sunland, Los Angeles County (May); Tanbark Flat,

Los Angeles County (July) ; Westwood Hills (April) ;

El Toro, 7 mi NE, Orange County (June) ; Silverado,

3 mi W, Orange County (em. May, June) ; Fair Oaks,

Sacramento County (em. April, May) ; Jacumba Hot

Springs, San Diego County (June) ; San Diego

(June) ; Redwood City, San Mateo County (June) ;

Sequoia National Park, Potwisha, 3-5,000 ft, Tulare

County (May) ; Newburg Park, Ventura County

(em. May). ARIZONA: Madera Canyon, Santa Rita

Mountains (July, August, September) ; Pena Blanca

Canyon (September) ; Carr Canyon, Huachuca

Mountains, 5,400 ft (September); Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino County (em. July). MEXICO: Temascal,

Oaxaca (January).

LARVAL RECORDS.—CALIFORNIA: Livermore, 14 mi

S, Alameda County (March) ; Antioch, 2 mi E, Contra Costa County (February) ; Clayton, 8 mi SE,

Contra Costa County (February, May) ; Cowell,

Contra Costa County (February) ; Mt. Diablo, N

Road, Contra Costa County (February) ; Mt. Diablo,

1

 Em. = emerged.
NUMBER 10 6 15

Juniper Flat, 2,900 ft (February) ; Orindo, Cascade

L, Contra Costa County (April) ; Pleasant Hill, NW,

Contra Costa County (December, January) ; Russell

Farm, 4 mi NE Orinda, Contra Costa County (January, February, April) ; Russlemann Park, Contra

Costa County (May); Blodgett Forest, 13 mi E

Georgetown, El Dorado County (October) ; Keene,

Kern County (February) ; Calamigos, Los Angeles

County (March) ; Encinal Canyon, Los Angeles

County (March) ; Green Valley, 3,000 ft W of Leona

Valley, Los Angeles County (February) ; Hawthorne,

Los Angeles County (May) ; Malibu Canyon, 5 mi N

Malibu (March) ; Pasadena (June) ; Placerita Canyon (May) ; Woodland Hills, 2 mi S, Los Angeles

County (March) ; Bass Lake, 1 mi W Madera County

(September) ; Fairfax, 4 mi S, Marin County (February) ; Fairfax, 7 mi S (February) ; Mill Valley, 4

mi W, Marin County (February) ; Woodacre, Marin

County (March) ; Yorkville, 7 mi SE, Mendocino County (June) ; Arroyo Seco Camp, Monterey County (February) ; El Toro, 7 mi NE, Orange

County (March) ; Capistrano, 4 mi E, Orange County

(February) ; Auburn, 1 mi SW, Placer County

(March) ; Penryn, Placer County (March) ; Rocklin,

1 mi SW, Placer County (April) ; Hemet, 10 mi E,

Riverside County (February, March) ; Hemet, 14 mi

E, (March) ; Mountain Center, Placer County (February) ; Forest Home, 1 mi W, San Bernardino

County (March) ; Chula Vista, 24 mi E, San Diego

County (February) ; Descanso Region Station, San

Diego County (February) ; Guatay, 1 mi W (June) ;

Honey Springs, Lyons Valley Road Junction, San

Diego County (October) ; Volcan Mountain, 4,200 ft,

4 mi N Julian. San Diego County; Atascadero, 3 mi

SW, San Luis Obispo County (February) ; La Panza

Camp, San Luis Obispo County (April) ; Los Alamas, 2 mi N, Santa Barbara County (March) ; Nipomo, 1 mi W, San Luis Obispo County (March) ;

Paso Robles, 3 mi W, San Luis Obispo County

(March) ; King's Mountain Road, San Mateo County

(April) ; Buellton, 1 mi S, Santa Barbara County

(April) ; Santa Cruz Island, U.C. Field Station,

Santa Barbara County (March) ; Alum Rock Park,

Santa Clara County (March) ; Guadalupe Reservation, 1 mi N, Santa Clara County (April) ; China

Grade, 6 mi NW, Boulder Creek, Santa Cruz County

(April) ; Santa Rosa, 5 mi SE, Sonoma County (January) ; Newbury Park, Ventura County (February,

March) ; Camtonville 3 mi N, Yuba County (April).

DISCUSSION.—This species is very closely related

to S. xanthobasis, and the distinguishing characteristics are indicated in the discussion portion of the

treatment of that species.

The green shading of the basal area of the forewing

is somewhat variable, but always present in all specimens examined thus far. The single specimen of this

species from Oaxaca, Mexico, is heavily suffused with

dark green, virtually obliterating the yellow ground

color.

BIOLOGY.—The habits of this species, known as

the "stenomid oak leaf tier," have been recorded in

the literature on several occasions. Although uncommon throughout its range and of little significance

economically, the larvae may cause noticeable damage on individual trees and consequently have received some notice in the economic literature. Keifer

(1936) published detailed descriptions of the adult,

larva, and pupa and a few observations on feeding

habits. Brown and Eads (1965) included this species

in their report on insects affecting oak trees in

southern California and presented additional information on the seasonal abundance, larval habits, and

distribution. More recently, studies by P. A. Opler,

as yet unpublished, on oak-feeding Microlepidoptera

have added a great deal of information on the life

history and distribution of this species in California.

In California the species is widely distributed

through a broad range of ecological associations. Essentially, it occurs wherever evergreen species of

Fagaceae occur below the Canadian Zone. The dependence on evergreen oaks is apparently related to

the utilization by each generation of the shelters of

the preceding generation for overwintering. These

shelters consist of two leaves sandwiched together with

a thick rim of frass and silk sealing their edges.

Within these shelters the larva skeletonize both leaf

surfaces.

The species has a single annual generation in

California, with the adults flying in May, June, and

July. The flight records from Arizona indicate a single

generation in that portion of the range, with a later

appearance of the adults (July, August, September).

This delayed flight period is most likely due to the

dependence of the host plants in that area on the

late spring rains for production of fresh foliage, thus

shifting the life cycle of the insect a few months

forward. The single record from Mexico, taken in

January, may also be due to a different situation
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

affecting the host plant; insufficient data, however,

prohibits even minimal speculation at this time.

The adults are apparently day flying and tend to

be active in shady areas in the immediate vicinity of

the host plant. This rather secluded behavior has

resulted in a paucity of field-collected adults and

virtually no observations of adult behavior.

Oviposition has not been observed, but I suspect

the eggs are laid in or near the abandoned shelters

of the previous generation. The ovipositor in the

female is extendible and suggests the egg is inserted

in a cavity, rather than deposited on the leaf surface.

By September in California, young larvae are found

feeding in shelters vacated by the previous brood.

This feeding continues throughout the winter until

new leaves have reached full size in April or May. At

that time the larvae abandon the old shelters and

construct new ones of the fresh leaves. Maturity is

reached rapidly in the new shelters, and pupation

occurs in frass-covered, elongate, ovoid cocoons within

the shelters. Adults emerge after a brief pupal period.

There is apparently no diapause in the California

population of this species. The larvae continue to feed

and grow slowly throughout the winter and early

spring. In some instances after it has grown considerably, a larva may construct another shelter before

new growth appears on the host plant in the spring.

This second shelter is also abandoned in the spring

for a new shelter on fresh foliage.

Setiostoma callidora Meyrick

FIGURES 14, 31, 32; PLATE lc ; MA P 2

Setiostoma callidora Meyrick, 1909:36.

Alar expanse 11-12 mm.

Eye index .63 male.

Antenna dark brown dorsally, annulated with white

from base to midpoint; male with cilia ventrally,

length approximately twice the width of antenna.

Head, labial palpus, except base, yellow. Base of

labial palpus, maxillary palpus, base of proboscis dark

brown. Thorax and tegulae dark brown dorsally. Legs

dark brown; foreleg with coxa dark brown with

scattered white scales, tarsi ringed with white; midleg with tibial spurs dark brown sprinkled with white,

two white tarsal rings; hindleg with tibial spurs white,

two white tarsal rings. Abdomen dark brown. Forewing dark brown, with bright yellow area occupying

basal fourth (except extreme basal margin from anal

angle to base of costa continuous with dark brown

of tegula), apical margin of yellow area straight

edged with a dark brown line. Apical three fourths

of forewing with broad transverse band parallel to

distal margin of yellow area, iridescent blue; outer

third of forewing iridescent bronze to violet, area

between this and preceding fascia sprinkled with

iridescent copper scales. Cilia concolorous with ground

color. Hindwing dark brown with white patch on

basal half of anterior margin; cilia brown, tipped

with white in anal area.

MALE GENITALIA (JFGC 8217).—Uncus recurved,

apically blunt; gnathos a simple band; harpe simple,

costa near apex slightly expanded, bearing a tight

cluster of palmate, recurved, multilobed setae on

margin; vinculum broad, ends closely approximate

below anellus; anellus a prominent, triangular plate,

bearing two broadly separated, apically blunt lateral

lobes; aedeagus broad basally, narrowing at midpoint

to acute apex, vesica armed with one large sawlike

cornutus and number of very small cornuti grouped

in irregular clusters.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

TYPE.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Zongo, Bolivia.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is presently recorded

from the humid low highlands of southeastern Peru

and northwestern Bolivia.

ADULT RECORDS.—PERU: CUZCO Mountains (no

date); Azupisu, Cam. de Pichis (July). BOLIVIA:

Zongo (no date); no locality (no date).

DISCUSSION.—This species is closely related to

S. ochrobasis, but is readily distinguished by both

maculation and genital characters. In the male genitalia the anellar lobes are broadly separated and blunt

apically, whereas in S. ochrobasis they are approximate and acute apically. Also the vesica of the

aedeagus in S. callidora is armed with a large, serrate

cornutus which is absent in S. ochrobasis.

Superficially, S. callidora is distinguishable from

5". ochrobasis by the extent of the yellow area of the

forewing. In 51. callidora the basal area occupies all

of the basal fourth of the wing except the extreme

basal margin from the anal angle to the base of the

costa, whereas in 5. ochrobasis the yellow area is

reduced to a narrow, transverse band from the costa
NUMBER 10 6 17

to the dorsum at the basal fourth of the wing.

S. callidora was described by Meyrick from two

specimens collected in "Songo," Bolivia. I have

studied both the type and paratype plus six additional specimens from Peru and Bolivia. Three of

the specimens from Bolivia are without specific locality. I feel reasonably certain, however, that this

species is found in the Yungas region along the

eastern slopes of the Andes.

The type locality as given by Meyrick, "Songo,"

does not appear on any map or in any atlas, gazetteer,

or index that I have examined. Consultation with the

Bolivian Embassy, Washington, D.C., provided the

key to the difficulty. The proper spelling of this locality is Zongo and the town is situated approximately

30 miles due north of La Paz in the province of

Murillo. There is a river, Rio Zongo, in the same

area, and since both of these localities are encountered by microlepidopterists studying tropical species

described by Edward Meyrick, the map coordinates

are provided as follows: Zongo—16°07' south latitude, 68°02' west longitude; Rio Zongo—15°43'

south latitude, 67°41' west longitude.

Setiostoma ochrobasis, new species

FIGURES 5, 15, 33, 34; PLATE ID; MAP 2

Alar expanse 8-9 mm.

Eye index .75 male.

Antenna dark brown, scape shaded with pale

yellow, basal segments beyond scape annulated with

pale yellow; sensory hairs of male 2.5-3X diameter

of shaft basally, gradually reduced to 0.5 X at apex.

Head pale yellow, flecked with brown. Labial palpus

with basal segment dark brown, second and apical

segment pale yellow, flecked with brown. Maxillary

palpus pale yellow, base of proboscis dark brown.

Thorax dark brown. Legs dark brown with two

white tarsal rings, mid and hindlegs white tipped.

Forewing dark brown, with pale yellow transverse

band from costa to dorsum at basal fourth, parallel

to distal margin of yellow band extends a dark

brown line followed by a broader band of iridescent

blue. Apical two thirds of forewing with a wide area

dark brown, scattered with iridescent bronze scales,

followed distally by irregular patterns of iridescent

violet. Cilia gray brown. Hindwing dark brown with

white patch on anterior margin; cilia concolorus

basally, gray brown medially, white apically.

MALE GENITALIA (WDD 3652).—Uncus partially

recurved, rounded apically; gnathos a simple band;

harpe simple, costa near apical two thirds slightly

expanded, bearing a tight recurved cluster of palmate, multilobed setae on margin; vinculum moderate, ends closely approximate below anellus; anellus ovoid with a median oval depression, bearing two

closely approximated, upright, apically acute lateral

lobes; aedeagus only slightly expanded basally, vesica

armed with one cluster of long, narrow cornuti, one

cluster of short, broad cornuti.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

TYPE.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Bolivia.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is presently recorded

from the humid low highlands of southeastern Peru

and an unspecified locality in Bolivia.

ADULT RECORDS.—PERU: Azupisu, Cam. de Pichis

(July). BOLIVIA:-—No locality (no date).

DISCUSSION.—Described from the male holotype;

BOLIVIA, Stgr., 1903, 71114, Walsingham Collection,

1910-427; one male paratype (without abdomen) ;

Azupisu, Cam. de Pichis, PERU, July 8, '20, Cornell

U., Lot 607, Sub. 131.

This species is closely related to S. callidora, and

the distinguishing characters have been discussed in

the remarks pertaining to that species. Superficially,

this species is readily identified by the yellow basal

area of the forewing, which is reduced to a transverse,

chevronlike band.

Setiostoma cnecobasis, new species

FIGURES 16, 35, 36; PLATE 1E; MA P 2

Alar expanse 11-13 mm.

Eye index .71 male.

Antenna dark brown, scape flecked with yellow,

segments beyond scape annulated with yellow to

basal fourth; sensory hairs of male approximately 2 X

diameter of shaft basally, gradually reduced to 0.25 X

apically. Head, labial palpus dark brown, heavily

sprinkled with white scales. Maxillary palpus white.

Base of proboscis dark brown. Thorax pale yellow

mixed with white. Legs dark brown sprinkled with

white; foreleg with three white tarsal rings; midleg

with two tarsal rings, tip, white; hindleg with tibial

spurs light brown to white, two tarsal rings, tip, white.

Forewing pale yellow mixed with white basally, con-
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

colorous and continuous with thorax and tegula;

distal margin of yellow area bordered by a dark

brown line immediately paralleled by a broad, transverse band of iridescent violet. Apical half of forewing

dark brown suffused with iridescent blue violet, iridescent green highlights scattered along dorsum. Cilia

dark brown. Hindwing dark brown with white patch

on anterior margin; cilia dark brown basally, light

brown medially, white apically.

MALE GENITALIA (WDD 3683).—Uncus recurved,

truncate apically; gnathos a simple band; harpe simple, costal margin greatly expanded from apical two

thirds to just before apex, bearing a tight cluster of

palmate, recurved, multilobed setae immediately

basad of expanded area; ventral margin with raised

sclerotized ridge from midpoint to apical three fourths

bearing row of erect, wedge-shaped setae; vinculum

moderate, ends separate; anellus a narrow plate

bearing four lateral lobes, a more median anterior

pair of large lobes distinctly expanded apically with

the outermost corners of apices produced into posteriorly curving points, and a more lateral, posterior

pair lightly sclerotized, falciform; aedeagus approximately uniform in width throughout; vesica armed

with numerous cornuti, an incomplete basal ring of

moderate to small spines, a median cluster of longer

spines, an apical patch of short heavy spines, a single

very large bladelike spine.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

TYPE.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Bolivia.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is presently recorded

from the high highlands in Peru and presumably the

same area in Bolivia.

ADULT RECORDS.—BOLIVIA: NO locality (no date) ;

PERU: CUZCO (no date).

DISCUSSION.—Described from the male holotype:

BOLIVIA, Stgr., 1903, 71119, Walsingham Collection,

1910-427; three male paratypes: Cuzco, Peru, 376,

377, 378.

The only specific locality for this species is Cuzco,

situated at an altitude of 11,380 feet in the Sierra

area of .southeastern Peru. Since the valley of the

Urubamba River is situated very close to Cuzco, I

suspect the actual collecting locality is in the humid

low highland forest which follows the slopes of the

river valley.

This species is very similar morphologically to S.

earobasis. The principal characters for separating the

two species are found in the male genitalia. S. cnecobasis has four lateral lobes on the anellus, and the

vesica of the aedeagus is armed with an incomplete

basal ring of moderate cornuti, a median cluster of

longer cornuti, an apical patch of short, heavy cornuti, and a large bladelike cornutus. In S. earobasis

the anellus has only two lateral lobes, the vesica lacks

the apical patch of small heavy cornuti, and the basal

ring and median cluster consist of much longer and

heavier cornuti.

Setiostoma earobasis, new species

FIGURE S 17, 37 , 38 ; PLAT E IF ; MA P 2

Alar expanse 13 mm.

Eye index .56 male.

Antenna brown, scape flecked with pale yellow;

sensory hairs of male approximately 2 X diameter of

shaft basally, gradually reduced beyond. Head, labial

palpus dark brown, heavily sprinkled with pale yellow scales. Maxillary palpus brown. Base of proboscis

brown. Thorax pale yellow sprinkled with brown.

Legs dark brown; foreleg with coxa brown, remainder

missing; midleg, hindleg with tibia and tarsi missing.

Forewing pale yellow basally, edged with dark brown

on costa from base and at anal angle; distal margin

of yellow area bordered by a dark brown line immediately paralleled by a broad, transverse band of iridescent violet. Apical half of forewing dark brown

suffused with iridescent blue violet. Cilia dark brown.

Hindwing dark brown with white patch on anterior

margin; cilia dark brown basally, lighter beyond.

MALE GENITALIA. (WDD 3650).—Uncus recurved,

blunt apically; gnathos a simple band; harpe simple,

apical third of costal margin greatly expanded, bearing a tight cluster of palmate, recurved, multilobed

setae immediately basad of expanded area; ventral

margin of harpe as in S. cnecobasis; vinculum moderate, ends separate; anellus broad with narrowed

base appearing pedicellate, with two broad, lateral

lobes approximately twice as wide apically as basally,

apical margins irregularly excavate, medioapical margin produced, forming apical spines; aedeagus of approximately uniform width throughout, vesica armed

with numerous cornuti, a virtually complete basal

ring of heavy spines, a medial cluster of longer

heavy spines, a single large bladelike apical spine.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.
NUMBE R 10 6 19

TYPE.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Yungas de La Paz, Bolivia.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type locality.

DISCUSSION.—Described from the male holotype:

Yungas de La Paz, Bolivia, Seebold, 1908, Rebel,

164-97, Walsingham Collection, 1910-427.

This species is closely related to S. cnecobasis, and

the distinguishing characters have been provided in

the discussion pertaining to that species. Although

morphologically quite similar to S. cnecobasis, the

differences in number of anellar lobes and details of

the arrangement of cornuti in the male genitalia

seem to indicate two distinct species are represented

by the few specimens available for study.

Setiostoma silvibasis, new species

FIGURES 6, 18, 39, 40, 57; PLATE 1G; MAP 2

Alar expanse 11-13 mm.

Eye index .78 male, .79 female.

Antenna blackish brown, sprinkled with white

basally; male with cilia 1-1.5 X diameter of shaft.

Head, labial palpus, maxillary palpus blackish brown

sprinkled with white. Base of proboscis blackish

brown. Thorax and tegulae white dorsally with some

blackish brown anteriorly. Legs blackish brown; foreleg with coxa sprinkled with white, two white tarsal

rings; midleg with femur, tibial spurs sprinkled with

white, two white tarsal rings; hindleg with tibial spurs

white shaded with brown, two white tarsal rings.

Forewing blackish brown, basal third white tinged

faintly with yellow on costal edge, a few blackishbrown scales on extreme edge of costa and anal angle.

Apical two thirds of forewing suffused with bronze-toviolet iridescent scales. Cilia concolorous with ground

color. Hindwing blackish brown with white patch on

basal half of anterior margin; cilia dark brown basally.

lighter beyond, becoming white at anal angle.

MALE GENITALIA (WDD 3956).—Uncus slightly

recurved, broadened at apex; gnathos a simple band;

harpe simple, apical fourth of costal margin greatly

expanded, bearing a small cluster of palmate, slightly

recurved, multilobed setae in a notch immediately

basad of expanded area; vinculum broad, ends approximate below anellus; anellar plate reduced to a

small pedicellate base bearing four very large lobes,

two medial, upright narrow lobes slightly sinuate at

apical third, two basal, outwardly directed broader

lobes truncate apically; aedeagus long, slightly expanded basally, vesica armed with numerous cornuti,

a basal patch of small spines, a median cluster of

longer spines, a single, large, bladelike apical spine.

FEMALE GENITALIA (WDD 3957).—Ovipositor not

elongate, posterior apophyses approximately 2X

length of anterior apophyses, both very short, anterior

apoohyses curved laterad apically; lamella postvaginalis a narrow band, lamella antevaginalis reniform;

ostium smaller than width of ostium bursae; ostium

bursae very broad, approximately 2 X length, heavily sclerotized; ductus bursae short, irregularly corrugate; corpus bursae large, posterior third lightly

sclerotized, transition from ductus bursae indistinct,

signum a moderate, diamond-shaped plate with a

median depression and numerous, small, upright

flanges.

TYPE.—In the National Museum of Natural History, USNM 71431.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Ranch Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, 1,100 m.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type locality.

DISCUSSION.—Described from the male holotype:

VENEZUELA: Ar., Rancho Grande, July 22-31, 1967,

R. W. Poole, 1,100 m.; and one female paratype with

the same data except, Aug. 8-14, 1967.

This species is very similar morphologically to S.

leuconympha, but is readily distinguished by the

shape of the costal expansion on the harpe and the

position and shape of the anellar lobes in the male

genitalia.

Setiostoma leuconympha Meyrick

FIGURES 41, 42; MAP 2

Setiostoma leuconympha Meyrick, 1921:477.

The following is quoted from the original description:

o" • 11 mm. Head blackish with some white scale. Palpi

white, second joint sprinkled black, terminal joint longer

than second, anterior flattened face black. Thorax white,

dorsally mixed dark fuscous anteriorly. Forewings dark

bronzy-fuscous suffused purple towards costa; a white basal

patch tinged yellow on costal edge occupying less than half

wing, edge straight, direct: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings

dark fuscous; cilia grey, a dark fuscous basal line.

MALE GENITALIA (JGGC 8216).—Uncus slightly
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

recurved, slightly broadened at apex; gnathos a simple band; harpe simple, apical fourth of costal margin

greatly expanded, bearing a small cluster of palmate,

slightly recurved, multilobed setae immediately basad

of expanded area, ventral margin of harpe as in

S. cnecobasis; vinculum broad, ends approximate

below anellus; anellar plate pedicellate, bearing four

upright lateral lobes, two shorter, setiferous, medial

lobes of approximately uniform diameter throughout,

rounded at apex, two longer, bladelike, distal lobes

angled medially near apex, acute at apex; aedeagus

short, vesica armed with numerous cornuti, a basal

ring of small spines, an apical cluster of larger spines.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

TYPE.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Teffe, Brazil.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type locality.

DISCUSSION.—This species is known only from the

type specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) . I have studied the genitalia of the type, but

have not examined the specimen. Thus, the brief original description by Meyrick is provided for comparative purposes. Clarke (1955) illustrates the left wings

and genitalia of the type in his valuable study of the

Meyrick types in the British Museum.

S. leuconympha appears closest to S. silvibasis, but

also shows similarities to other Andean species such

as S. cnecobasis and S. earobasis. From S. silvibasis

this species is readily distinguished by the shape of

the anellar lobes and the configuration of the expanded area on the costal margin of the harpe.

Setiostoma chrysabasis, new species

FIGURES 19, 43, 44; PLATE 2A; MAP 2

Alar expanse 16 mm.

Eye index .71 male.

Antenna dark brown dorsally, scape flecked with

yellow, yellow annulations on first few segments

beyond scape; sensory hairs of male approximately

2.0 X diameter of shaft. Head, labial palpus, maxillary palpus as in S. thiobasis. Thorax and tegulae

yellow green. Legs dark brown; foreleg with coxa

white basally, three tarsal rings, tip, white; midleg

with two tarsal rings, tip, white; hindleg with two

shorter tibial spurs, two tarsal rings, tip, white. Forewing concolorous with thorax and tegulae basally.

extending to midpoint; distal margin irregularly concave, bordered by a broad, transverse band of iridescent blue violet. Apical portion of forewing dark

brown, irregularly patterned with iridescent blue

violet. Cilia gray brown. Hindwing dark brown

apically, white basally; cilia dark brown basally,

lighter brown medially, white apically.

MALE GENITALIA (WDD 4080).—Uncus slightly

recurved, acute apically; gnathos a simple band,

membranous medially; harpe simple, outer third of

costa expanded, bearing an elongate cluster of palmate, recurved, multilobed setae on dorsal margin;

vinculum broad, ends separate; anellus a subtriangular plate, bearing two upright lateral lobes with

apices greatly expanded posteriorly; aedeagus

short, broad, acute at apex, vesica armed with two

clusters of moderate cornuti, one large falciform

cornutus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

TYPE.—In the National Museum of Natural History, USNM 71432.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Nova Teutonia, Santa Catherina, Brazil, 500 m.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality.

DISCUSSION.—This species bears many similarities to S. cnecobasis and S. earobasis, but is readily

separated by characters in the male genitalia. The

shape of the anellar lobes, the shape of the apical

third of the harpe, the location of the cluster of

specialized setae on the costal margin, and the short,

broad aedeagus immediately distinguish S. chrysabasis from the other two.

Described from the male holotype: BRAZIL : Nova

Teutonia, 300-500 m, X-1949, 27°11'S, 52°23'W;

F. Plaumann.

Setiostoma thiobasis, new species

FIGURES 20, 58; PLATE 2B; MAP 2

Alar expanse 13 mm.

Eye index .60 female

Antenna dark brown, scape flecked with yellow,

faint yellow annulations on first few segments beyond scape; sensory hairs of female approximately

0.5 X diameter of shaft. Head yellow, a few brown

scales along eye margin. Labial palpus dark brown

basally, yellow beyond. Maxillary palpus yellow.

Base of proboscis dark brown. Thorax and tegulae
NUMBER 10 6 21

yellow suffused with pale green. Legs dark brown;

foreleg with coxa sprinkled with white, two tarsal

rings, tip, white; midleg with two tarsal rings, tip,

white; hindleg with tibial spurs, two tarsal rings,

tip, white. Forewing yellow suffused with pale green

basally, concolorous, and continuous with thorax

and tegulae, a few brown scales in anal area, distal

margin of yellow area bordered by a dark brown line

immediately paralleled by a broad, transverse band

of iridescent blue violet. Apical portion of forewing

dark brown, irregularly patterned with iridescent

blue violet. Cilia gray brown. Hindwing dark brown

with white patch on anterior margin; cilia dark

brown basally, lighter brown beyond.

MALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

FEMALE GENITALIA (WDD 3947).—Ovipositor

elongate, posterior apophyses very long, slightly recurved at apices, anterior apophyses broken; lamella

postvaginalis lightly sclerotized with a median

groove, lamella antevaginalis membranous; ostium

slightly larger than width of ostium bursae, ostium

bursae small, lightly sclerotized; ductus bursae membranous, extremely long, exceeding the length of the

abdomen, a small diverticulum just before junction

with corpus bursae; corpus bursae membranous,

transition from ductus bursae distinct, signum a

large, diamond-shaped plate with a median depression and numerous upright flanges.

TYPE.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Santa Catharina, Brazil.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality.

DISCUSSION.—Described from the female holotype: Santa Catharina, BRAZIL, (Stephens), 1892,

4522, Walsingham Collection, 1910-427.

The female specimen from which this species is

described could not be associated with any of the

male specimens on superficial characters, and I feel

reasonably confident that it represents a distinct

species. The preceding species, S. chrysabasis, occurs

in the same area of southeastern Brazil and is represented by a male; however, sufficient differences in

size, color patterns, leg markings, etc., exist between

the two specimens to warrant maintaining them as

separate taxa at the present time. The females of S.

thiobasis are readily distinguished by the extremely

long ductus bursae.

Setiostoma xuthobasis, new species

FIGURES 21, 45, 46; PLATE 2C ; MA P 2

Alar expanse 18-19 mm.

Eye index .70 male.

Antenna dark brown, scape yellow flecked with

brown, segments beyond scape annulated with yellow to basal one eighth; sensory hairs of male approximately 3 X diameter of shaft basally, gradually

reduced to 0.5 X at apex. Head yellow, dark brown

scaling near eye margins. Labial palpus dark brown

basally, yellow beyond. Maxillary palpus yellow. Base

of proboscis dark brown. Thorax and tegulae yellow

suffused with darker yellow scales. Legs dark brown;

foreleg with coxa sprinkled with white scales, two

white tarsal rings; midleg with two tarsal rings, tip

white; hindleg missing. Abdomen dark brown with

yellow bands on segments 1-3. Forewing yellow suffused with darker yellow scales basally, concolorous

and continuous with thorax and tegulae, a few light

brown scales in anal area; distal margin of yellow

area bordered by a dark brown line immediately

paralleled by a broad, transverse band of iridescent

blue violet. Apical half of forewing dark brown suffused with iridescent copper scales irregularly patterned with iridescent blue-violet scales. Cilia gray

brown. Hindwing dark brown with white patch on

anterior margin, white and brown hair pencils in

anal area; cilia dark brown basally, light brown

beyond.

MALE GENITALIA (JFGC 10135).—Uncus short,

recurved, blunt apically; gnathos broadened ventrally, arched at midpoint, forming a broadly triangular plate ventrad of anal tube; harpe simple, costal

margin expanded well before apex, apical margin of

expanded area bearing a small cluster of very short,

palmate, multilobed setae and a small cluster of

simple setae, at midharpe a short, longitudinal row

of large, fan-shaped scalelike setae; vinculum Vshaped, ends converging well below anellus; anellus

a V-shaped, pedicellate plate, bearing two broad, upright lateral lobes slightly expanded and truncate

apically; aedeagus moderate, slightly expanded

basally, apex produced into a long ventral spine,

vesica armed with five short, broad cornuti and an

irregularly shaped sclerotized plate.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

TYPE.—In the National Museum of Natural History, USNM 71433.
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TYPE LOCALITY.—Colombia.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality.

DISCUSSION.—Described from the male holotype:

Colombia, Fassl, Dognin collection.

I have also examined an additional specimen, without abdomen, from the British Museum (Natural

History) which appears to match the type of S.

xuthobasis superficially. The only locality data associated with the specimen, however, is "Rio Jocata,

2.4.08." After extensive searching I have been unable

to find such a locality in either Central or South

America. This, coupled with the fact that the specimen is without abdomen, caused me to exclude it

from designation as paratype.

Although the specific type locality is impossible to

determine due to the lack of label data, I would expect to find this species in the humid low highlands

area of Colombia.

This species does not appear to be closely related

to any other known species of Setiostoma. The expanded area on the costal margin and the row of

fan-shaped, scalelike setae on the harpe indicate a

relationship with other Andean species; however, the

short uncus, long V-shaped vinculum, location and

size of the palmate, multilobed setae on the harpe,

and the armament of the vesica of the aedeagus

readily distinguish it from all species in the genus.

Setiostoma dietzi, new species

FIGURES 22, 47, 48, 59; PLATE 2D; MAP 2

Alar expanse 11-15 mm.

Eye index .80 male, .80-.83 female.

Antenna with scape yellow flecked with brown,

brown beyond, basal segments beyond scape annulated with yellow; sensory hairs of male about 2 X

diameter of shaft basally, gradually reduced to 0.5 X

at apex; those of female about 0.3-0.5 X. Head yellow, slightly flecked with brown near eyes. Labial

palpus with basal segment brown, second segment

yellow flecked with brown, apical segment yellow.

Maxillary palpus yellow. Base of proboscis brown.

Thorax and tegulae yellow. Legs dark brown; foreleg

and midleg with two tarsal rings, tip, white; foreleg

with tibial spurs white on inner surface, two tarsaJ

rings, tip, white. Forewing yellow basally to just before midpoint, distal margin of yellow area straight

from costa to dorsum, bordered by a dark brown

line. Apical half of forewing dark brown; with broad

transverse band parallel to distal margin of yellow

area, subterminal band from costa before apex to

tornus, irregular patches between two preceding

fascia, iridescent blue to violet. Cilia gray brown.

Hindwing dark brown with white patch on anterior

margin; cilia concolorous basally, gray brown medially, white apically.

MALE GENITALIA (WDD 3945).—Uncus strongly

recurved, apex acute, slightly hooked; gnathos membranous, covered with upright, scalelike setae; harpe

divided, costal margin produced into a thumblike

lobe from base, bearing a few multilobed, palmate

setae from an apical invagination, on harpe just

distad of costal lobe a cluster of upright, broad setae

arising from an elongate raised ridge, apex of harpe

covered with long, basally directed setae; vinculum

extremely broad, completely recurved with ends in

near proximity to base; anellus U-shaped basally,

bearing two upright divergent lateral lobes of

approximately uniform width throughout, rounded

apically with a row of short spines; transtilla present,

lateral elements ascending, median element slightly

concave; aedeagus long, acute apically, vesica armed

with a long cluster of small to medium cornuti.

FEMALE GENITALIA (WDD 3946).—Ovipositor

elongate, posterior and anterior apophyses approximately equal in length, somewhat sinuate; lamella

postvanginalis a faintly sclerotized plate, lamella

antevaginalis dumbbell shaped; ostium small, round,

ostium bursae with a sclerotized ring; ductus bursae

with sclerotized scobination from ostium bursae to

midpoint, membranous beyond; inception of ductus

seminalis at junction of ostium bursae, large, with

sclerotized scobination continuous with that of ductus bursae; corpus bursae membranous, transition

from ductus seminalis distinct, signum a very large

ovoid plate with a longitudinal flange and numerous

small dentations.

TYPE.—In the National Museum of Natural History, USNM 71434.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Cano Cabra, Rio Guayabero,

Meta, Colombia.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Presently recorded from the

humid low highlands of western Venezuela, central

Colombia and Costa Rica.

ADULT RECORDS.—COLOMBIA: CanS Cabra, 29-
NUMBE R 10 6 23

1-69, R. E. Dietz IV; one female para type: VENEZUELA: Barin., Barinitas, 22-26-11-69, Duckworth &

Dietz; and one female paratype: COSTA RICA: Turrialba, 17-21.11.65, S.S. & W.D. Duckworth.

This species is readily separated from all others in

the genus by characters of the genitalia. The presence

of a transtilla and the divided harpe distinguish the

males, and the sclerotized scobination of the ductus

bursae and ductus seminalis separate the females.

This species is by far the most difficult to relate to

other species in the genus. The male genital characters are quite different and the presence of a transtilla, rare for the entire family, is particularly interesting. In general, it appears to be highly developed

and may represent a very specialized offshoot of the

group. Further speculation in this connection must

await the acquisition of additional specimens.

This species is named for Mr. Robert E. Dietz IV,

who collected the type specimen and has ably assisted me in both the field and laboratory in recent

years.

Setiostoma eusema Walsingham

MAP 1

Setiostoma eusema Walsingham, 1914:303.

The following is quoted from the original description:

Antennae white above, reddish fuscous beneath. Palpi white

above, bright orange-yellow beneath. Head and Thorax dark

purplish fuscous. Forewings bright yellow at the base, a rosy

purplish metallic spot on the costa, and a limbal shade in

the yellow basal patch, which is bounded at about one-fourth

by a dark reddish cupreous line, descending straight from

costa to dorsum, its outer side shining rosy steel-grey, succeeded by a band of rich cupreous, on the outer edge of

which about the middle, is a conspicuous tuft of raised dark

brownish fuscous scales; the median portion of the wing, except for a cupreous patch, on the costa rather beyond the

middle, is shining rosy steel, blending into a cupreous patch,

produced to the apex and containing some black and bright

blue-metallic scales in its upper portion, and a strong patch

of brilliant purple before the termen; cilia shining, purplish

grey. Exp. al. 12 mm. Hindwings shining, dark brownish

cupreous; cilia blue-grey, with a dark line along their base.

Abdomen (missing). Legs silvery white, with cupreous bands

on their outer sides, and one or two cupreous spots on the

hind tarsi.

Type cf (666665) Mus. Wlsm. (Godm-Salv. Coll.) BM.

Hab. Guatemala: Sacatepequez: Capetillo, IV-V. 1879

(G. C. Champion). Unique.

This species differs from xanthobasis Z. and fernaldella

Riley in having the tegulae uniformly dark-coloured, like

the thorax.

DISCUSSION.—I have examined the unique holotype of this species in the British Museum (Natural

History) and found very little to improve our knowledge of its identity. The specimen is in poor condition

and the abdomen is missing (as indicated in the

original description). Consequently, I have included

the entire original description above with full awareness that it is of limited value without information

concerning the genital characters.

The Y-shaped yellow area on the base of the forewing appears to be characteristic for this species and

none of the Central or South American Specimens I

have studied display such a pattern. The two North

American species, S. xanthobasis and S. fernaldella,

have the basal yellow areas patterned slightly by

costal and anal brown patches, but they are not as

extensive as in S. eusema and the remainder of the

maculation is quite different.

As is the case for many species of Microlepidoptera, the identity of S. eusema and its relative position in the genus must await the acquisition of additional material from the type locality.

Setiostoma flinti, new species

FIGURES 23, 49, 50, 60; PLATE 2E; MAP 1

Alar expanse 13-16 mm.

Eye index .71—.75 male, .66 female.

Antenna dark brown, scape yellow flecked with

brown, segments beyond scape annulated with yellow

to approximately midpoint; sensory hairs of male

3-4 X diameter of shaft basally, gradually reduced

to 0.25-0.5 X at apex. Head yellow, a few brown

scales along eye margin. Labial palpus brown sprinkled with yellow on basal segment, yellow beyond.

Maxillary palpus yellow. Base of proboscis dark

brown sprinkled with yellow. Thorax and tegulae

yellow. Legs dark brown; foreleg with coxa, femur,

and tibia sprinkled with pale yellow, two tarsal rings,

tip, white; midleg with inward surface of femur, two

tarsal rings, tip, white; hindleg with inward surface and distal end of femur, two tibial rings,

two tarsal rings, tip, white, tarsal spurs predominantly white with brown line from base to apex.

Abdomen brown, white bands on segments 1-3. Forewing yellow basally, concolorous and continuous with

thorax and tegulae execpt small patch of gray brown

at extreme base of dorsum; distal margin of yellow

area bordered by a dark brown line immediately par-
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

alleled by a broad transverse band of iridescent blue.

Apical half of forewing dark brown with alternating

irregular transverse patterns of red brown, black, iridescent gray, iridescent blue violet, red brown, black,

iridescent blue violet in sequence from midpoint to

apex. Cilia dark brown basally, lighter brown beyond.

Hindwing dark brown with white patch on anterior

margin; cilia dark brown basally, light brown medially, white apically; long white hair pencils along

anal veins at base.

MALE GENITALIA (WDD 3942).—Uncus strongly

recurved, blunt apically; gnathos divided, arms simple; harpe simple, costal margin broadly expanded

from near base to just before apex, bearing a long

row of somewhat recurved, palmate, multilobed

setae on margin of expanded area, a raised area in

middle of harpe near basal third, bearing large, fanshaped, scalelike setae; vinculum broad ventrally,

ends approximate below anellus; anellus small, pedicellate, bearing two upright lateral lobes recurved

90° at apical two thirds, apically acute; aedeagus

long, narrow, vesica armed with a long cluster of

small cornuti.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Ovipositor elongate, anterior

and posterior apophyses very long, sinuate; lamella

postvaginalis an elongate, lightly sclerotized plate,

lamella antevaginalis a simple plate; ostium small,

ostium bursae undifferentiated; ductus bursae lightly

sclerotized from ostium to midpoint, heavily

sclerotized from midpoint to corpus bursae; corpus

bursae membranous, transition from ductus bursae

distinct, signum a large ovoid plate with a central

depression, numerous upright flanges, and two

lateral extensions, one shorter than the other.

TYPE.—-In the National Museum of Natural

History, USNM 71435.

TYPE LOCALITY.—4 miles south of Tamazunchale.

San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

HOST PLANT.—Philodendron sp.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality.

DISCUSSION.—Described from the male holotype:

MEXICO: S.L.P., 4 mi. s. of Tamazunchale, June 27,

1965, O. S. Fint; one male paratype: Tamazunchale,

S.L.P., Mexico, 24.111.52, (52-3849), Lewis, reared

from Philodendron cuttings; and one female paratype with same data as the holotype.

This species is readily recognized by the very

broad expansion of the costal margin of the harpe,

bearing a row of specialized setae along the margin,

and the abruptly angled apical third of the lateral

lobes of the anellus in the male genitalia. The

sclerotization pattern of the ductus bursae and the

configuration of the signum in the female genitalia

serve to separate the females from all others known.

This species does not appear to be closely related

to any other in the genus. The expanded costal

margin of the harpe and the fan-shaped, scalelike

setae suggest a relationship with the Andean species

and may represent the northernmost extension of

that group.

The host-plant data is from a specimen reared

from cuttings of Philodendron intercepted by quarantine and should be viewed with a degree of caution.

Although Philodendron may be the host plant of

this species, it is also possible that the plant was growing in close association with the actual host plant and

the insect accidentally pupated on it instead of the

host.

I take pleasure in naming this species for my colleague Dr. Oliver S. Flint, who collected two of the

three specimens in the type series and whose field

activities in Central America have added enormously to our knowledge of the Microlepidoptera of

that area.

Setiostoma cirrhobasis, new species

FIGURES 24, 51, 52, 61; PLATE 2F ; MAP 1

Alar expanse 11-15 mm.

Eye index .60 male, .66 female.

Antenna dark brown, scape yellow flecked with

brown, segments beyond scape annulated with yellow to basal fourth; sensory hairs of male approximately 3 X diameter of shaft basally, gradually

reduced to .5 X at apex; those of female 0.25-0.5 X .

Head yellow, an occasional brown scale along eye

margins. Labial palpus dark brown basally, yellow

beyond. Maxillary palpus yellow. Base of proboscis

dark brown. Thorax and tegulae yellow. Legs dark

brown; foreleg with three tarsal rings, tip, white;

midleg with two tarsal rings, tip, white; hindleg with

tibial spurs white flecked with brown, two tarsal

rings, tip, white. Forewing yellow basally, concolorous

and continuous with thorax and tegula; distal margin

of yellow area bordered by a dark brown line immediately paralleled by a broad, transverse band of

iridescent blue-violet scales. Cilia dark gray brown.
NUMBER 10 6 25

Hindwing dark brown with white patch on anterior

margin, some white scaling, white hair pencils in

anal area near base; cilia dark brown basally, light

brown medially, white apically.

MALE GENITALIA (VVDD 3941).—Uncus recurved,

blunt apically; gnathos separate, small, arms simple;

harpe simple, costal margin with a fold near midpoint, bearing a small cluster of multilobed setae on

outer margin of fold, lobes of specialized setae closely

appressed, forming a comblike mass at apex, apical

third of ventral margin deeply excavate to apex;

vinculum broad, ends closely approximate below

anellus; anellus small, bearing two upright lateral

lobes of approximately uniform width throughout,

rounded apically; aedeagus slightly expanded basally,

acute apically, vesica armed with a large number of

short, heavy cornuti.

FEMALE GENITALIA (WDD 3940).—Ovipositor

elongate, posterior and anterior apophyses approximately equal in length, very sinuate; lamella postvaginalis a simple plate, lamella antevaginalis small,

ovoid; ostium small, ostium bursae membranous;

ductus bursae with a sclerotized ring just anterior of

inception of ductus seminalis, followed by a small

area of membrane, remainder of ductus bursae

sclerotized, increasing in diameter anteriorly; corpus

bursae membranous, transition from ductus bursae

distinct, signum a large ovoid plate with a median

depression and numerous upright flanges.

TYPE.—In the National Museum of Natural History, USNM 71436.

TYPE LOCALITY.—13 kilometers north of San Salvador, El Salvador.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Presently recorded from the

humid low highlands of Guatemala and El Salvador.

ADULT RECORDS.—EL SALVADOR: 13 km N San

Salvador (February). GUATEMALA: San Sebastian

(no date).

DISCUSSION.—Described from the male holotype:

EL SALVADOR: 13 km N. San Salvador, 4.II.65, S.S.

& W.D. Duckworth; one female paratype with the

same data; and one female paratype: S. Sebastian,

Guatemala, AB., .30.

This species is morphologically distinct from all

other members of the genus. The males are readilyseparated by characters in the genitalia, particularly

the shape of the harpe and the armament of the

vesica in the aedeagus. The scleortization pattern and

shape of the ductus bursae distinguish the females.

Setiostoma argyrobasis, new species

FIGURES 25, 53, 54; PLATE 2G; MAP 2

Alar expanse 14-16 mm.

Eye index .74 male.

Antenna dark brown, scape pale yellow flecked

with brown, segments beyond scape annulated with

pale yellow to approximately basal fifth; sensory

hairs of male 4-5 X diameter of shaft basally, gradually reduced to approximately .5 X at apex. Head

pale yellow, a few brown scales along eye margin.

Labial palpus dark brown basally, pale yellow beyond, with an occasional brown scale. Maxillary

palpus pale yellow. Base of proboscis dark brown.

Thorax and tegulae white. Legs dark brown; fore

and midlegs with two tarsal rings, tip, white; hindleg with inner surface of tibia, inner surface of tibial

spurs, two tarsal rings, tip, white. Forewing white

basally, concolorous and continuous with thorax and

tegula, tinged with yellow on costal edge; distal

margin of white area bordered by a dark brown line

immediately paralleled by a broad, transverse band of

iridescent blue violet. Apical half of forewing dark

brown suffused with iridescent bronze-to-violet

scales. Cilia gray brown. Hindwing dark brown with

white patch on anterior margin, white hair pencils

along anal veins; cilia dark brown basally, light

brown medially, white apically.

MALE GENITALIA (WDD 3684).—Uncus recurved,

blunt apically; gnathos divided, apices curved dorsad,

approximate; harpe simple, costal margin not expanded, bearing a cluster of strongly recurved mutlilobed setae arising from an elongate basal groove;

lobes of setae closely appressed, forming an elongate,

comblike mass at apex of setae: vinculum moderate,

ends approximate below anellus; anellus pedicellate basally with two upright lateral lobes, broad

basally, narrowing to somewhat recurved blunt

apices, a posterior flap immediately posterior to

lateral lobes joining anellus at their base; aedeagus

long, armed at apex with a row of spines on one

side and a cluster of spines on the opposite side,

vesica armed with a single cornutus.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

TYPE.—In the National Museum of Natural History, USNM 71437.
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, 1,100 m.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is currently recorded

from the humid low highlands of northern Venezuela

and southeastern Brazil.

ADULT RECORDS.—VENEZUELA: Rancho Grande,

Aragua, 1,100 m (November). BRAZIL: Sao Paulo,

Alto da Serra (September).

DISCUSSION.—Described from the male holotype:

VENEZUELA: Ar., Rancho Grande, 1100 m., 1-

5.XI.66, S.S. & W.D. Duckworth; and one male paratype: IX.1938, S. Paulo, (Alto da Serra), Col. R.

Spitz.

This species does not appear closely related to any

other species in the genus. The spines on the apical

third of the aedeagus and the comblike mass of lobes

on the specialized setae of the harpe in the male

genitalia serve to separate S. argyrobasis from all

others in the genus.

The distribution appears extremely disjunct on

the face of it, but, I suspect that it represents the

total range of the species, and ultimately it will be

found to occur in the humid low highlands along the

eastern slope of the Andes and into the same habitat

in southeastern Brazil.

Setiostoma chlorobasis Zeller

FIGURE 62; MAP 2

Setiostoma chlorobasis Zeller, 1875:325.

Alar expanse 11 mm.

Antenna yellow basally, dark brown beyond, dorsally annulated with white. Head, labial palpus except base, and maxillary palpus yellow. Base of

labial palpus and base of proboscis dark brown.

Thorax and tegulae yellow dorsally. Legs dark

brown; foreleg missing; midleg with tibial spurs

dark brown, two white tarsal rings; hindleg missing.

Abdomen dark brown. Forewing yellow on basal

half, distal margin of yellow area edged with a dark

brown line, the preceding fascia paralleled by a

wider band of iridescent blue to violet. Apical third

of forewing dark brown; a submarginal line from

costa at apical two thirds to tornus, an inwardly

curved line from apex to middle of termen, iridescent blue to violet. Cilia brown. Hindwing dark

brown with white patch on basal half of anterior margin; cilia brown basally, lighter beyond.

MALE GENITALIA.—Unknown.

FEMALE GENITALIA (WDD 4006).—Ovipositor

elongate, anterior and posterior apophyses approximately equal in length; lamella antevaginalis and

postvaginalis membranous; ostium broad, ostium

bursae campaniform; ductus bursae sclerotized, corrugate; corpus bursae missing.

TYPE.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Maranon, Brazil.

HOST PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality.

DISCUSSION.—Zeller described this species from

a single female specimen collected by Bates during

his famous tenure in the Amazon Basin. Zeller indicates the locality is in Brazil, although the label on

the type specimen does not include a country, only

the word "Marannon." In attempting to determine

the exact position of this locality, several problems

have been encountered. The main stream of the

upper Amazon is the Maranon River which flows

through northeastern Peru and is joined by the

Ucayali River just upstream from Iquitos. According to Bates (1876), the town of Sao Paulo de

Olivenga was the most distant point reached on his

trip to the upper Amazon. This is still several

hundred river miles from the Peruvian border and

makes it unlikely that the label data refers to the

Maranon River in Peru. On the other hand, the

main course of the Amazon is given different names

in different areas of its flow across the continent.

From the sea to the Rio Negro the Brazilians call it

the Amazonas, from the Rio Negro to the Peruvian

border it is called the Solimoes, and in Peru it is

called the Maranon. During his stay in Sao Paulo

de Olivenc,a, Bates records receiving natural history

specimens from Indians and other local inhabitants

from many areas in the upper Amazon, particularly

insects. Thus it seems quite possible that material received from beyond the border of Peru and Brazil

would be labeled Maranon. For this reason I consider S. chlorobasis to be an element of the Amazon

Basin fauna rather than the Montana fauna of the

eastern slopes of the Andes.

It is virtually impossible to determine the relationship of this species with other species in the

genus. The lack of female specimens of most of the

species, coupled with the missing corpus bursae in
NUMBER 10 6 27

the female genitalia of the single specimen of S.

chlorobasis, prohibits adequate evaluation of the

pertinent characters. The other species recorded for

the Amazon Basin, S. leuconympha, is readily distinguished by the white basal area of the forewing,

which is yellow in S. chlorobasis. Any comparison

beyond this must await the acquisition of additional

specimens.

Literature Cited

Bates, H. W.

1876. The Naturalist on the River Amazons. 4th edition.

London, England: John Murray.

Brown, L.R., and CO. Eads

1965. A Technical Study of Insects Affecting the Oak

Tree in Southern California. California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 810:1-105.

Busck, A.

1921. Microlepidoptera From British Columbia. The

Canadian Entomologist, 53:277-280.

1925. On the Genus Setiostoma Zeller (Lepidoptera:

Stenomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological

Society of Washington, 27(3):48-50.

1934. Stenomidae. In Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 67:

1-73.

Clarke, J. F. Gates

1955. Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History)

Described by Edward Meyrick. Volume 2. London, England: British Museum.

Common, I. F. B.

1970. Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). In The Insects of Australia. Commonwealth Scientific and

Industrial Research Organization. Canberra, Australia : Melbourne University Press.

Coquillett, D. W.

1901. Descriptions of Three Lepidoptera Larvae. Journal

of the New York Entomological Society, 9:35-86.

Duckworth, W. Donald

1964. North American Stenomidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 116:23—72.

Dyar, H. G.

1900. Notes on Some North American Yponomeutidae.

The Canadian Entomologist, 32:37-41.

1902. A List of North American Lepidoptera. United

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Eyre, S. R.

1968. Vegetation and Soils: A World Picture. 2nd edition. London, England: Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd.

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1875. Lepidoptera von Dr. Cajetan Felder. In Reise der

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1900. On the North American Species of Choreutis and

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1923. The Lepdioptera of New York and Neighboring

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1936. California Microlepidoptera, X. Bulletin, Department of Agriculture, State of California, 25(3) :

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1939. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the

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port of the State Board of Agriculture, supplement, 1877. Exotische Microlepidoptera. Horae Societatis En880 pages. tomologicae Rossicae, 13:1-491.
FIGURES, PLATES, and MAPS
30

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 1-6.—Head morphology: 1, male antenna of Setiostoma fernaldella; 2, head of S.

xanthobasis (lateral view); 3, maxilla of S. xanthobasis; 4, head of S. xanthobasis (frontal

view, scales removed) ; 5, male antenna of S. ochrobasis; 6, male antenna of S. silvibasis.
NUMBER 106 31

n

FIGURES 7-11.—Leg, pupa, abdomen morphology: 7, legs of Setiostoma xanthobasis; 8, abdominal segments of pupa of S. xanthobasis (ventral view) ; 9, ventral anterior edge of abdominal

segment 7 of pupa of S. xanthobasis (lateroventral view) ; 10, male abdomen of S. xanthobasis

(lateral view) ; 11, female abdomen of S. xanthobasis (lateral view).
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

12

FIGURES 12-17.—Wing venation: 12, Setiostoma xanthobasis; 13, S. fernaldella; 14, S. callidora; 15, S. ochrobasis; 16, S. cnecobasis; 17, S. earobasis.
NUMBER 10 6 33

21

FIGURES 18-23.—Wing venation: 18, Setiostoma silvibasis; 19, S. chrysabasis; 20, S. thiobasis;

21, S. xuthobasis; 22, S. dietzi; 23, S. flinti.
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 24-30.—Wing venation, male genitalia (right harpe removed): 24, Setiostoma cirrhobasis; 25, S. argyrobasis; 26, S. chlorobasis; 27, male genitalia of S. xanthobasis (ventral view) ;

28, aedeagus of S. xanthobasis (dorsolateral view) ; 29, male genitalia of S. fernaldella (ventral

view) ; 30, aedeagus of S. fernaldella (lateral view).
NUMBER 10 6 35

FIGURES 31-38.—Male genitalia (right harpe removed): 31, Setiostoma callidora (ventral

view); 32, aedeagus of S. callidora (lateral view); 33, S. ochrobasis (ventral view) ; 34, aedeagus of S. ochrobasis (lateral view); 35, S. cnecobasis (ventral view) ; 36, aedeagus of S. cnecobasis (lateral view) ; 37, S. earobasis (ventral view) ; 38, aedeagus of S. earobasis (lateral view).
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 39-46.—Male genitalia (right harpe removed) : 39, Setiostoma silvibasis (ventral

view); 40, aedeagus of S. sihibasis (lateral view); 41, S. leuconympha (ventral view); 42,

aedeagus of S. leuconympha (dorsolateral view) ; 43, S. chrysabasis (ventral view) ; 44, aedeagus of S. chrysabasis (lateral view) ; 45, S. xuthobasis (ventral view) ; 46, aedeagus of S. xuthobasis (lateral view).
NUMBER 10 6 37

48

FIGURES 47-54.—Male genitalia (right harpe removed) ; 47, Setiostoma dietzi (ventral view);

48, aedeagus of S. dietzi (lateral view) ; 49, S. flinti (ventral view) ; 50, aedeagus of S.

flinti (lateral view); 51, S. cirrhobasis (ventral view); 52, aedeagus of 5. cirrhobasis (dorsolateral view) ; 53, S. argyrobasis (ventral view) ; 54, aedeagus of S. argyrobasis (lateral view).
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

55

17

56

w

V

FIGURES 55-57.—Female genitalia (ventral view): 55, Setiostoma xanthobasis; 56, S. fernaldella; 57, S. silvibasis.
NUMBER 10 6 39

FIGURES 58-60.—Female genitalia (ventral view): 58, Settostoma thiobasis; 59, S. dietzi; 60, S. flinti.
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 61-62.—Female genitalia (ventral view): 61, Setiostoma cirrhobasis; 62, S. chlorobasis (corpus bursae and

portion of ductus bursae missing).

\
NUMBER 10 6 41

PLATE 1.—Left wings: A, Setiostoma xanthobasis

Zeller, B, S. fernaldella Riley; c, S. callidora Meyrick; D, S. ochrobasis, new species; E, S. cnecobasis,

new species; F, S. earobasis, new species; o, S. silvibasis, new species.
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 2.—Left wings: A, Setiostoma chrysabasis,

new species; B, S. thiobasis, new species; c, S.

xuthobasis, new species; n, S. dietzi, new species;

E, S. flinti, new species; F, S. cirrhobasis, new species; G, S. argyrobasis, new species.
NUMBER 106

43

M E X I C O

Distribution of Sctiostoma Species

in N'orch and Central America

B-S. cusema Wlsm

S.cirrhobasis n.sp.

• S. fernaldclla Riley

O S. flinti n.sp.

• S. xanthobasis Z

MAP 1.—Distribution of Setiostoma species.
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Distribution of Sctiostoma Species in South America

LEGEND

*• S. argy robasis n.sp.

• S.thiobasis asp.

O S.chrysabasis n sp.

• S.earobasis

O S.cnecobasis

& S c. allidora

SSochrobasis

AS.silvibasis

• S.xuthobasis

@ S chlorobasi:

n.sp.

nsp.

nsp

n sp.

n sp

nsp.

z.

OS.Ieuconympha Meyr.

Sdietzi nsp.

S O U T H

A T L A N T I C

OCEA N

MAP 2.—Distribution of Setiostoma species.
NUMBER 106 45

Paper

I, II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

X I

X II

XIII

XIV

XV

XVI

XVII

XVIII

*

Author

Clarke

Clarke

Duckworth

Obraztsov

Clarke

Obraztsov

Duckworth

Obraztsov

Duckworth

Obraztsov

Duckworth

Duckworth

Clarke

Duckworth

Clarke

Clarke

Duckworth

NEOTROPICAL MICROLEPIDOPTERA SERIES

IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Papers are prepared with the aid of National Science Foundation Grants

Subject

Blastodacnidae and Aegeriidae

Gonionota melobaphes and relatives

A new genus of Stenomidae

The tortricid genus Proeulia

The genera Orsotricha and Palinorsa

The tortricid genus Pseudomeritastis

The stenomid genus Falculina

The tortricid genus Pseudatteria

Taxa erroneously placed in Stenomidae

The tortricid genus Idolatteria

The stenomid genus Lethata

The stenomid genus Loxotoma

Chilean Microlepidoptera described by Blanchard

The stenomid genus Thioscelis

New species of Oecophoridae

New species of Phaloniidae

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Oecophorid genus Peleopoda

Year

1962

1964

1964

1964

1964

1966

1966

1966

1966

1966

1967

1967

1967

1967

1968

1968

1970

Volume

113

115

116

116

116

118

118

118

119

119

122

122

123

123

125

125

Number

3457

3480

3497

3501

3502

3527

3531

3535

3540

3543

3585

3590

3591

3620

3654

3660

48

* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1971 437—336/7

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