United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 17-3743

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United States of America

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

v.

Modesto Alfredo Torrez

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of North Dakota - Fargo

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Submitted: March 15, 2019

Filed: May 31, 2019

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Before GRUENDER, BENTON, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.

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GRASZ, Circuit Judge.

Modesto Torrez appeals his conviction for murder in furtherance of a drug

trafficking conspiracy and other related charges, challenging several of the district

court’s evidentiary rulings as well as one juror substitution at trial. We affirm.

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The Honorable Ralph R. Erickson, Circuit Judge, United States Court of 1

Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation at the time of judgment, was a
I. Background

In 2016, a grand jury indicted Torrez and several alleged coconspirators,

charging Torrez in four of the counts: (1) conspiracy to possess with intent to

distribute and conspiracy to distribute 500 grams or more of a mixture and substance

containing methamphetamine; (2) murder in furtherance of a drug trafficking

conspiracy; (3) causing death by use of a firearm during a drug trafficking crime; and

(4) obstruction of justice. All of the other alleged coconspirators named in the

indictment pled guilty to at least one count of the indictment. Only Torrez proceeded

to trial, which began in late September 2017.

According to evidence introduced at trial, the investigation into Torrez began

in March 2016 at a Flying J Travel Center in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Police

responded to an emergency call at the Flying J, where they found Austin Forsman

dead in the front seat of a car, shot in the face. Two people who had arrived after the

shooting told police to talk to Aaron Morado. He was one of Torrez’s dealers, and

he routinely sold methamphetamines to Forsman. In March 2016, a dispute

developed between Morado and Forsman because Morado failed to timely supply

meth that Forsman had purchased in advance. While the dispute between the two

men did not turn violent, one of Torrez’s associates ultimately shot Forsman at the

Flying J and then drove Morado to meet up with Torrez and Lorie Ortiz.

The investigation into this shooting also helped confirm Torrez’s role in an

ongoing drug investigation. In late 2015, police received a tip that a person on

probation in North Dakota had been selling meth in Grand Forks. A probation search

of the house where that person was staying revealed meth, and he later admitted he

obtained the meth fromRyan Franklin. In turn, Franklin told investigators that Torrez

United States District Judge for the District of North Dakota during the trial in this

matter.

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had arranged his meth supply, coordinating two trips to Minnesota where Franklin

obtained five pounds and six pounds of meth, respectively.

After a five-day trial, a jury found Torrez guilty on three counts and guilty of

aiding and abetting a fourth count (death caused by use of a firearm during a drug

trafficking crime). The district court sentenced Torrez to life imprisonment, and he

timely appealed.

II. Analysis

Torrez raises five arguments on appeal. First, he argues that evidence of his

prior conviction and supervised release status was improperly admitted. Second, he

argues the district court violated his Confrontation Clause rights when admitting a

laboratory report and related testimony. Third, he argues Lorie Ortiz was not a coconspirator and that her statements were inadmissible. Fourth, he argues Ryan

Franklin’s testimony about being motivated to cooperate by someone else’s

cooperation violated the rule on not admitting guilty plea negotiations. Finally, he

argues the district court erred by substituting a juror with the alternate juror.

A. Prior Conviction Evidence

Torrez’s challenge to evidence of his prior conviction and other alleged

wrongdoings is unpersuasive because the testimony at issue satisfies Fed. R. Evid.

404(b). “Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a

person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in

accordance with the character.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(1). “This evidence may be

admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” 

Id. 404(b)(2). Because Torrez raises these objections for the first time on appeal, we

review for plain error. See United States v. Lee, 374 F.3d 637, 649 (8th Cir. 2004).

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Three statements are at issue on appeal. First, Franklin testified that he started

dealing drugs again because of a debt he owed to Torrez from an older drug

transaction. Second, Franklin’s girlfriend, Sarah Landowski, testified that Franklin

had told her he “had gotten a good opportunity from somebody that just got out of

prison,” referring to Torrez. Third, Sammy Torrez testified that he worked with

Franklin on meth deals because his brother Torrez was at a halfway house in Fargo

and could not participate directly.

Assuming that any of these referencesto Torrez’s past involvement with drugs

triggered Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(1), they were permissible under Fed. R. Evid.

404(b)(2). The first two statements only clarify Torrez’s motive for working with

Franklin. The third statement concerns Torrez’s motive for involving Sammy in the

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relevant drug transactions. Thus, we see no plain error here in the district court’s

decision to admit the evidence.

B. Confrontation Clause

Any violation of Torrez’s Confrontation Clause rights is not plain error because

it did not affect his substantial rights. “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall

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enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const.

amend. VI. The “witnesses” in this right are any person who bears testimony against

a defendant. Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 309 (2009). When a

drug analysis report is offered at trial, the defendant has a right to confront the analyst

We use Sammy’s first name to distinguish him from his brother. 2

We do not address the parties’ dispute about whether Torrez’s counsel

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knowingly and voluntarily waived his Confrontation Clause rights by not objecting

because even if we found that forfeiture occurred rather than waiver, see United

States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993), Torrez cannot satisfy more than the first

two components of plain error review. See United States v. Morrissey, 895 F.3d 541,

554 (8th Cir. 2018).

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who wrote the report. Id. at 311; Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. 647, 662

(2011). Torrez now objects to the admission of a drug analysis report without the

analyst’s testimony. Because he raises this issue for the first time on appeal, we

review the decision to admit the evidence for plain error. See Lee, 374 F.3d at 649. 

“Under plain error review, there must be [1] an error [2] that is plain [3] which affects

substantial rights.” Id. The lab report at issue only confirmed about 410 grams of

meth, while the jury found Torrez guilty of a conspiracy involving 500 grams or more

of meth, meaning the jury must have found other evidence persuasive. The most

relevant other evidence would appear to be the numerous witnesses who testified to

meth transactions with Torrez, including the multiple pounds of meth he helped 4

Franklin acquire. The jury must have believed at least one of the other witnesses to

convict Torrez of a conspiracy involving such a large quantity of meth. Because the

jury’s believing other witnesses was both necessary and sufficient to obtain Torrez’s

convictions, admitting the lab report (or testimony about it) could not affect Torrez’s

substantial rights. Thus, we hold no plain error occurred in the admission of the lab

report and related testimony.

C. Co-conspirator Statements

The evidence of Lorie Ortiz’s involvement in the drug trafficking conspiracy

was sufficient to admit her out-of-court statements. In order to admit Ortiz’s

statements under Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E), the Government needed to show: “(1)

that a conspiracy existed; (2) that the defendant and the declarant were members of

the conspiracy; and (3) that the declaration was made during the course and in

furtherance of the conspiracy.” United States v. King, 351 F.3d 859, 865 (8th Cir.

2003) (quoting United States v. Beckman, 222 F.3d 512, 522 (8th Cir. 2000)). We

review the district court’s decision to admit the evidence for abuse of discretion,

One pound is approximately 450 grams, which exceeds the amount of meth

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in the lab report.

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although we arguably review for clear error the district court’s factual findings on

whether there is sufficient evidence for a jury to find that Ortiz was a co-conspirator. 

See United States v. Mayfield, 909 F.3d 956, 961 (8th Cir. 2018).

As in Mayfield, we need not resolve the standard of review issue to resolve this

case because we see no error here. Ortiz’s out-of-court statement at issue occurred

on the night of Forsman’s murder when, before she and Torrez went to meet up with

others, she called her ex-boyfriend and asked him to come join them “for her

protection” and to bring his gun. Evidence at trial showed Ortiz was often with

Torrez for his drug dealing, she was with Torrez the night of Forsman’s murder, and

she also helped destroy phones involved in the murder. Even if she was only an

accessory after the fact to Forsman’s murder, as Torrez argues, the evidence of her

involvement in the murder is still relevant to her state of mind regarding the drug

conspiracy. See United States v. James, 564 F.3d 960, 963 (8th Cir. 2009) (noting

that other bad acts are relevant to the state of mind of an alleged co-conspirator who

uses a mere presence defense). Her request to her ex-boyfriend would also be in

furtherance of the drug trafficking conspiracy because she wanted protection while

helping Torrez with his dealers and their customers. On this record, the district

court’s finding that Ortiz was a co-conspirator was neither an abuse of discretion nor

clear error.

D. Guilty Plea Negotiations

Torrez’s allegation that the district court admitted evidence of guilty plea

negotiations is unpersuasive and may involve invited error. Again, we review

evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Watson, 895 F.3d

589, 594 (8th Cir. 2018). However, invited errors are generally unreviewable. See

United States v. Campbell, 764 F.3d 874, 878 (8th Cir. 2014). After the district court

ruled Franklin could not testify that Torrez’s initial cooperation motivated him to

cooperate, Torrez’s counsel agreed to a leading question about whether someone’s

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cooperation motivated Franklin to cooperate. Even if counsel only meant to agree to

the leading format ofthe question rather than the question itself, we are not convinced

the question was errant. Like the district court, we see no implication of Torrez’s

cooperation from the vague reference to someone else’s cooperation in this record. 

Thus, we hold no error occurred here.

E. Juror Substitution

The argument about substituting jurors also fails because of invited error. 

Torrez’s counsel agreed to swap the juror at issue with the alternate juror. Thus, the

invited error doctrine precludes our review.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

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