NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-237 

Summary of Systematic Bowhead

Surveys Conducted in the U.S.

Beaufort and Chukchi Seas,

1975-2009 

by

M. A. Smultea, D. Fertl, D. J. Rugh, and C. E. Bacon 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Alaska Fisheries Science Center 

June 2012 
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS 

The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center 

uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and 

technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing 

are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound 

professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical 

literature. 

The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries 

Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the 

Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by 

the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. 

This document should be cited as follows: 

Smultea, M., D. Fertl, D. J. Rugh, and C. E. Bacon. 2012. Summary of 

systematic bowhead surveys conducted in the U.S. Beaufort and 

Chukchi Seas, 1975-2009. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. 

NMFS-AFSC-237, 48 p. 

Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by 

the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. 
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-237 

Summary of Systematic Bowhead

Surveys Conducted in the U.S. Beaufort

and Chukchi Seas, 1975-2009 

by

M. A. Smultea1, D. Fertl2, D. J. Rugh3, and C. E. Bacon4 

1

Smultea Environmental Sciences (SES) 

P.O. Box 256 

Preston, WA 98050 

2

Ziphius EcoServices 

8112 Springmoss Drive 

Plano, TX 75025 

3

Alaska Fisheries Science Center 

National Marine Mammal Laboratory 

7600 Sand Point Way NE 

Seattle, WA 98115 

www.afsc.noaa.gov

4

SES, 2506 140th Street SW 

Lynnwood, WA 98087 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Rebecca M. Blank, Acting Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

 Jane Lubchenco, Under Secretary and Administrator 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Eric C. Schwaab, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 

June 2012 
This document is available to the public through: 

National Technical Information Service 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

5285 Port Royal Road 

Springfield, VA 22161 

www.ntis.gov 
iii

ABSTRACT 

Nearly 200 systematic studies involving bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) were conducted in 

the United States (U.S.) Beaufort and Chukchi seas from 1975 to 2009. Most (67 %) of these studies were 

associated with monitoring and mitigation relative to offshore oil and gas exploration and development. 

A compilation of this information has been needed to determine anthropogenic impacts to the species 

throughout its range in Arctic and subarctic waters, including facts for required environmental impact 

assessment determinations. As a part of the Bowhead Whale Feeding Ecology Study (BOWFEST) 

conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center’s, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National 

Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML) for the Minerals Management Service (MMS) (now called Bureau 

of Ocean Energy Management [BOEM]1

), a comprehensive review and compilation was undertaken of all 

prominent scientific surveys that systematically recorded bowhead whales in the U.S. Beaufort and 

Chukchi seas from 1975 to 2008 (and some from early 2009). Given the cumulative number of such 

studies and the predicted continued growth of industrial activities in this region, our goals were to 

provide: (1) a summary for historical comparisons; (2) a format to integrate and track the studies; and (3) 

a publicly available starting point to identify data of relevance to ongoing work. To address these goals, 

we compiled a list synthesizing past and ongoing systematic sighting/acoustic detection studies on 

bowheads. This compilation included data derived from aerial surveys for whale distribution, aerial 

photography, ice‐ and shore‐based census efforts, vessel‐based and tagging efforts, and monitoring 

associated with offshore oil and gas exploration, development, and operations. This information is 

directly relevant to fulfilling the goals of current inter‐disciplinary efforts to study bowhead ecology (e.g., 

BOEM‐funded studies such as BOWFEST, Bowhead Whale Aerial Survey Project (BWASP), and 

1 The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE), formerly the Minerals Management Service (MMS), was 

replaced by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) as part of a 

major reorganization on October 1, 2011. 
iv

Chukchi Offshore Monitoring in Drilling Area [COMIDA]) relative to ongoing, proposed, and anticipated 

offshore oil and gas activities in BOEM’s Beaufort and Chukchi Sea planning areas. Our intent is to 

provide a comprehensive resource to serve as a foundation for the integration of past and ongoing 

bowhead studies relative to industrial activities, mitigation, and management. It is also meant to assist and 

improve the flow of scientific information between interested entities and the public, leading eventually to 

an integration of research on bowhead whales.
v

CONTENTS

 

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii

INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 

METHODS ......................................................................................................................................3 

RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................4 

SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................19 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................19 

CITATIONS ..................................................................................................................................21

INTRODUCTION

In 2006, the Minerals Management Service (MMS, now the Bureau of Ocean Energy 

Management, BOEM), provided funds to the National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML, a part of 

NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service [NMFS] at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center) to initiate a 

5-year study of bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) feeding ecology (referred to as BOWFEST). Field 

operations for BOWFEST were conducted from 2007 to 2011 and involved a partnership of 17 scientists 

from 7 research institutions across the United States. As a part of the BOWFEST, a comprehensive 

review was conducted of all prominent scientific surveys that systematically recorded bowhead whales in 

the U.S. Beaufort and Chukchi seas from 1975 to 2008 (and some from early 2009). This review 

represents the best available information on bowheads needed to support environmental risk assessments, 

environmental impact assessments, and other pre-and post-leasing decision documents for potential gas 

and oil leasing in BOEM’s Beaufort and Chukchi Sea planning areas. A general map of such past, 

ongoing, and proposed activities is presented in Figure 1 to illustrate the extent and general geographic 

locations of these activities. 
2 

Figure 1. -- Map of selected historical, current, and proposed oil and gas production activities in the U.S. Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. 

Associated marine mammal monitoring programs have contributed to systematic studies of bowhead whales along with 

projects funded by many other entities. 
3 

Examples of major entities funding bowhead whale systematic surveys and monitoring efforts 

include BOEM, U.S. and Canadian petroleum industries, National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML, 

NMFS, NOAA), North Slope Borough (NSB), Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC), Alaska 

Department of Fish and Game (ADFG), National Science Foundation (NSF), and Indian and Northern 

Affairs, Canada (INA). Controversies surrounding marine mammal issues demonstrate the complexity of 

managing and protecting bowhead whales (Shelden and Rugh 1995, Rugh et al. 2003). Bowhead whales, 

which are classified as an endangered species, (Shelden et al. 2001), could be adversely affected by 

offshore oil and gas extraction in the Arctic. Bowhead whales hold special meaning for the native Inuit 

and Yupik peoples, and they serve as a supplementary food source for native people throughout much of 

the Arctic region (Anonymous 1985). 

 Given the cumulative number of such studies and the predicted continued growth of industrial 

activities in this region, our goals have been to provide: (1) a summary for historical comparisons; (2) a 

format to integrate and track the studies; and (3) a publicly available starting point to identify data of 

relevance to ongoing work. 

METHODS

To address these goals, information was compiled on visual/acoustic detection studies that 

systematically recorded bowhead whales in the U.S. Beaufort and Chukchi seas from 1975 to 2008. Some 

studies from 2009 were also included that could be gathered prior to the original report’s completion date

in 2009. For our purposes, “systematic” studies were defined as studies consisting of pre-planned 

scientific surveys with dedicated visual/acoustic monitoring effort of bowhead whales in the U.S. 

Beaufort and Chukchi seas. This compilation was derived from aerial surveys (both manned and 

unmanned) for whale distribution, aerial photography, ice- and shore-based census/tracking efforts, 

vessel-based and tagging efforts, and monitoring associated with offshore oil and gas exploration, 

development and operations. Studies were retrieved via online web searches, library database searches, 
4 

personal communications, reviewing the literature cited sections of reports, publications and books, and 

by soliciting scientists for copies of their resumes that included lists of published peer-reviewed journal 

articles as well as unpublished reports. Our primary goal was to list all documented studies and to provide 

a sample of publications associated with these studies. Thus, we did not provide an exhaustive list of all 

publications and reports regarding bowhead whales; rather, we provided a list of those that were 

referenced. 

RESULTS

Our review indicates that at least 189 systematic studies involving bowhead whales were 

conducted in the U.S. Beaufort and Chukchi seas from 1975 to 2008, including some from 2009. Most 

(67 %) of these studies were associated with monitoring and mitigation relative to offshore oil and gas 

exploration and development. These studies include many obscure and/or unpublished reports/datasets 

that are difficult to locate. 

The results of our review are provided in Table 1 as a chronological listing. For each study, we 

provide information on the first year of the study, the study year(s), the primary study methods, the 

funding source, the name of the Primary Investigator (PI)/Point of Contact (POC), the research team 

name, the project title, a general description of the study, the study location, the seasonal or monthly 

timeframe, and a list of the some of the publications and reports generated though the study. The 

information is meant to provide a base from which interested parties can search for more detailed 

information regarding the research conducted.
5 

Table 1. -- List of systematic scientific studies of bowhead whales conducted in the U.S. Beaufort and Chukchi Seas 1975-2008 and some 

studies from 20091

.

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

1975

1975, 

1976, 

1977, 

1978, 

1979, 

1980, 

1981, 

1984, 

1985, 

1986, 

1987, 

1989. 

1990, 

1991,

1992 

Aerial 

survey NMML

D. Rugh, H. 

Braham, M. 

Nerini NMML

Bowhead & 

white whale 

migration, 

distribution & 

abundance in 

the Bering, 

Chukchi, and 

Beaufort seas

Develop reliable 

technique for counting 

bowhead whales to 

determine population 

size; supported icebased censuses during 

same years

Vicinity of Pt. 

Barrow, 

Bering, 

Chukchi, 

Beaufort seas Spring

Braham et al. 1977, 

1978, 1979a,b, 

1980a,b, 1981, 1984;

Krogman 1980;

Krogman et al. 1989, 

Braham and 

Krogman 1978; 

Everitt and Krogman 

1979; George et al. 

2005

1976

1976,

1977,

1978, 

1979,

1980,

1981,

1982,

1983,

1984,

1985,

1986,

1987,

1988; 

1992, 

1993, 

1999, 

2000, 

2001

Ice-based 

visual 

survey

NSB-DWM, 

NOAA-AEWC, 

BP Exploration 

AK, Ilisagvik 

College, NSF J.C. George

NMML, 

NSB/DWM

Observations 

of bowhead 

whales

during spring 

migration

Ice-based censuses of 

W Arctic stock of 

bowheads whales 

passing near Pt. 

Barrow during spring 

migration

Vicinity of Pt. 

Barrow

MidApril to 

mid-June

Braham et al. 1979a,

b; Braham et al. 

1980a,b, 1984; 

Braham and 

Krogman 1977; 

Carroll and 

Smithhisler 1980; 

Johnson et al. 1981; 

Ljungblad 1981; 

Marquette et al. 1982; 

Dronenburg et al. 

1983, 1984, 1986; 

Krogman and Rugh 

1983, Krogman et al. 

1982, 1985, 1986, 

1989; Zeh et al. 1983; 

George et al. 1995, 

2004
6 

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

1977

1977, 

1978

Shore-based 

visual 

survey NMML D. Rugh NMML

Census and 

monitoring of 

bowhead whale 

migration from 

Pt. Hope & 

Cape Lisburne

Shore-based visual 

survey

Pt. Hope & 

Cape 

Lisburne

April 

through 

midJuneRugh 1979; Rugh and 

Cubbage 1980

1978 1978

Vessel 

survey NMML

M. 

Dahlheim NMML

Vessel survey 

for bowhead 

whales in the 

Bering and 

Chukchi Seas See Project Title

Chukchi & 

Bering seas June-July Dahlheim et al. 1980

1978

1978,

1979,

1980,

1981,

1982,

1983,

1984,

1985,

1986,

1987,

1988, 

1992, 

1993, 

2000, 

2001

Acoustic 

including 

arrays & 

pop-up 

buoys

NOAA, State of 

AK through the 

Department of 

Natural 

Resources to 

NSB

C. Clark, 

J.C. George

NMML, NSB, 

AEWC, 

NMML, 

NOSC, Cornell 

University

Acoustic 

censusing of 

spring 

bowhead 

migration

Part of effort to census 

bowhead population 

from ice-based sites 

off Pt. Barrow in 

spring Pt. Barrow

MidApril 

through 

May

Braham et al. 1977, 

1979a,b; Cummings 

and Holliday 1985; 

Ko et al. 1986; 

Sonntag et al. 1986; 

Clark 1983a,b; Clark 

et al. 1986a,b, 1996; 

Clark and Ellison 

1985, 1988, 1989, 

2000; Clark and 

Johnson 1984;

George et al. 1989, 

2004; Zeh et al. 

1988a,b; Philo et al. 

1990 
7 

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

1979

Annually 

1979 - 

2009

Aerial 

survey 

(systematic 

& nonsystematic) 

& acoustics MMS

J. Clarke, S. 

Moore, C. 

Monnett, J. 

Montague, 

S. Treacy, C. 

Cowles, D. 

Ljungblad

NOSC, MMS, 

NMML

Bowhead 

Whale Aerial 

Survey Project 

(BWASP)

Obtain data on 

distribution, migration, 

and abundance and 

monitor late-summer 

and fall migration of 

bowheads in Beaufort 

& Chukchi seas

relative to oil & gas 

exploration; acoustic 

data obtained from 

sonobuoys launched 

from aircraft

W Beaufort & 

NE Chukchi 

seas

Mid-June 

through 

mid-Nov 

(varied 

by year)

Ljungblad 1981; 

Ljungblad et al. 1980, 

1981, 1982, 1983, 

1984a,b,c, 1985a,b,c, 

1986a,b,c, 1987a,b, 

1988a,b; Moore et al. 

1986, 1989a,b, 2000; 

Treacy 1988a, b, 

1989, 1990a,b, 1991, 

1992, 1993, 1994, 

1995, 1996, 1997, 

1998, 2000, 2002a,b; 

Treacy et al. 2006; 

Moore and Clarke 

1991, 1992a,b, 1993; 

Moore 1990, 1992, 

2000; Landino et al. 

1994, Clarke et al. 

2010a,b, Monnett and 

Treacy 2005, 

Richardson 1990; 

Griffeth 1993; 

Reeves et al. 1983, 

1984; Moore and 

DeMaster 1998, 

Richardson and 

Finley 1989, Moore 

1997, George et al. 

2008, Wartzok 1990, 

Wartzok et al. 1990

1979

1979, 

1980, 

1982

Vessel 

survey

NMML&

Russia

U.S.- U.S.S.R. 

Marine 

Mammal 

Project

Document summerfall distribution of 

bowheads in the

Chukchi sea Chukchi sea

Oct 

1979; 

Sept-Oct 

1980; 

July-Aug 

1982

Miller and Burns 

1979, Miller et al. 

1986 
8 

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

1980

1980, 

1981, 

1982, 

1983, 

1984, 

1985

Aerial, 

acoustic, 

vessel MMS

W.J. 

Richardson LGL

Monitoring 

bowhead whale 

behavior in 

presence & 

absence of 

industrial 

stimuli, 

including 

playbacks

Baseline & exposure 

studies assessing 

importance of E 

Alaskan Beaufort Sea 

to feeding bowhead 

whales & effects of 

industrial activities

including overflights; 

included systematic 

aerial surveys

E Beaufort 

sea July-Sept

Richardson 1982, 

1983, 1984, 1985, 

1986, 1987; 

Richardson et al. 

1985, 1986, 1990, 

1991a,b; Würsig et al. 

1984, 1985, 1986, 

1989, Fraker and 

Richardson 1980; 

Dorsey et al. 1989; 

Fraker et al. 1985; 

Miles et al. 1987

1981 1981 Aerial

Dome 

Petroleum Ltd. 

and SOHIO AK 

Petrol Co.

R. Davis & 

W.J. 

Richardson LGL

Distribution, 

numbers and 

productivity of 

the W Arctic 

stock of 

bowhead 

whales in the E

Beaufort Sea 

and Amundsen 

Gulf, summer 

1981

Distribution, relative 

abundance and 

movements

of bowheads on their 

summer range in the E 

Beaufort Sea; 

determine the length 

composition of the 

population.

E Beaufort & 

Amundsen 

Gulf, 

Canadian 

Beaufort

Summer 

& fall Davis et al. 1982a,b
9 

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

1981

1981, 

1982, 

1983, 

1984, 

1985, 

1986, 

1987, 

1989, 

1990, 

1991, 

1992, 

1994, 

1998, 

1999, 

2000, 

2003, 

2004, 

2005

Aerial 

photogrammetry 

& photo ID

BP, CIAP, 

DIAMD & 

DSS, MMS, 

NMML-NMFS, 

NSB-DWS, 

SOHIO, 

SWEPI

D. Rugh, W. 

Koski

NMMLNMFS, LGL, 

University of 

Washington, 

Cascadia 

Research 

Collective, 

NSB

Bowhead 

whale 

abundance 

through 

photographic 

analysis using 

resighting 

rates; photos 

are also used to 

estimate 

calving 

intervals and 

adult survival 

rates

Analyses include 

photos taken from 

1976-2005 during 

aerial surveys by 

NMML & LGL

Entire 

Beaufort sea, 

especially 

near Pt. 

Barrow

Spring & 

fall

Cubbage and Rugh 

1981, 1982; Cubbage 

et al. 1984a,b; 

Cubbage and 

Calambokidis 1987; 

Nerini and Rugh 

1986; Nerini et al. 

1987; Richardson et 

al. 1987, 1990, 

1991a,b, 1995; 

Withrow and GoebelDiaz 1989; Rugh 

1990, 2008; Miller et 

al. 1991, 1992, 2005; 

Rugh et al. 1992, 

2009; Da Silva et al. 

2000; Angliss et al. 

1995; Zeh et al. 2002; 

Schweder 2003; 

Schweder et al. 2009, 

2010; Brandon et al.

2005, 2007; Koski et 

al. 2005. 2006a,b, 

2007a,b, 2010; Rugh 

and Wade 2005; 

Brandon and Wade 

2004, 2006; Rugh 

and Koski 2007; 

Sadykova and

Schweder 2009, 

2010; Schweder and 

Sadykova 2009; 

Rugh et al. 1998

1985 1985

Vessel, 

acoustic, 

aerial UNOCAL P. McLaren LGL

Bowhead 

whales and 

underwater 

noise near a 

drillship 

operation in the 

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea, See project title

Alaskan 

Beaufort sea

Summer

& fall McLaren et al. 1986
10

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

1985.

1986 1986 Aerial

Shell Western 

E&P Inc. LGL

Bowhead 

whale feeding 

in the E

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea

Systematic aerial 

surveys as part of 

study to investigate 

responses of migrating 

bowheads to an 

exploratory offshore 

drilling operation

Near 

Hammerhead 

& Corona 

drill sites in 

Camden Bay,

Beaufort Sea

2 Sept9 Oct

Richardson and 

Thomson 2002; LGL 

and Greeneridge 

1987, Johnson et al. 

1986

1989

1989, 

1990, 

1991, 

1994

Aerial, 

visual &

acoustic icebased 

monitoring 

(ice edge & 

pack ice) MMS

W.J. 

Richardson LGL

Acoustic 

effects of oil 

production 

activities on 

bowhead and 

white whales 

visible during 

spring 

migration near 

Pt. Barrow, AK

Monitor distribution & 

behavior of bowheads, 

belugas, and seals to 

playback of industrial 

sounds from ice edge 

& pack ice; ice-based 

visual & acoustic 

monitoring; sonobuoy 

drops from Twin Otter

Near Pt. 

Barrow, 

Beaufort Sea Spring

Richardson et al. 

1990, 1991a,b, 1995; 

Patenaude et al. 2002

1990

1990, 

1991

Aerial, 

vessel & 

acoustic 

monitoring

Shell Western 

E&P Inc. & 

Chevron USA, 

Inc.

J. 

Brueggeman

Ebasco 

Environmental

Chukchi Sea 

1990 & 1991 

Marine 

Mammal 

Monitoring 

Programs

Monitored effects of 

offshore drilling and 

icebreaker activities on 

marine mammals Chukchi Sea

29 June – 

5 Oct

Brueggeman et al. 

1991a, 1992

1991 1991

Vessel 

monitoring

Western 

Geophysical

J. 

Brueggeman

Ebasco 

Environmental

Marine 

Mammal 

monitoring 

program 

relative to 

seismic vessel 

operations in 

the Beaufort 

Sea, 1991

Vessel-based 

monitoring for marine 

mammals during 

seismic operations Beaufort Sea Summer

Brueggeman et al. 

1991b
11

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

1992 1992 Satellite tag MMS B. Mate

Oregon State 

University

Satellitemonitored 

movements of 

radio-tagged 

bowhead 

whales in the 

Beaufort & 

Chukchi seas 

during the latesummer 

feeding season 

and fall 

migration See project title

Tagged 12 

juvenile 

bowheads in 

Canadian 

Beaufort off 

Mackenzie 

River Delta

30 Aug – 

6 Sept

Krutzikowsky and 

Mate 2000; Mate et 

al. 2000

1992

1992, 

1993, 

1994, 

1995, 

1996

Vessel 

surveys NSF S. Moore

Joint JapaneseRussianAmerican 

(SAIC, NSB, 

University AK 

Fairbanks) 

Marine 

mammal 

surveys in & 

near Chukotka 

Peninsula and 

Chukchi Sea

Vessel-based surveys 

conducted during 

Japanese-RussianAmerican Chukchi Sea 

Circulation Study 

Cruises Chukchi Sea Fall

Melnikov et al. 

1998a,b; Melnikov 

and Zeh 2007; Moore 

1992; Moore et al. 

1995

1992

1992, 

1993

Aerial, 

vessel, 

acoustic 

ARCO Alaska, 

Inc.

J. Hall, K. 

Brewer

Coastal & 

Offshore 

Pacific Corp. 

(COPAC)

Marine 

mammal 

monitoring for 

Kuvlum 

drilling site

Systematic aerial line 

surveys focused 

around the drilling site 

to study distribution & 

abundance of 

bowheads relative to 

exploratory offshore 

drilling operation

Kuvlum in 

Camden Bay 

area

Mid-Aug 

- Sept

Brewer et al. 1993;

Hall et al. 1994; Hall 

and Francine 1990; 

Gallagher et al. 

1992a,b; Hall et al. 

1991

1996

1996, 

1997, 

1998, 

1999, 

2000, 

2001, 

2002, 

2003

Aerial, 

vesselbased, & 

acoustic 

monitoring 

& ice-based 

seal 

monitoring 

of lair use

BP Exploration 

(Alaska) Inc.

W.J. 

Richardson LGL

Marine 

mammal & 

acoustical 

monitoring of 

BPXA's 

seismic 

program in the 

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea, 

1997

Intensive localized 

monitoring of 

distribution & 

behavior of bowheads 

over small geographic 

area focused on 

seismic surveys

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea

Richardson 1998; 

Richardson and 

Williams 2004; 

Manly et al. 2007
12

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

1996

1996, 

1997, 

1999, 

2000, 

2001, 

2002, 

2003, 

2004, 

2005, 

2006, 

2007, 

2008, 

2009

Aerial, 

vessel, 

acoustic BP Alaska

B.Streever, 

L.A.M. 

Aerts, W.J. 

Richardson

LGL, 

Greeneridge 

Sciences Inc., 

Applied 

Sociocultural 

Research

Monitoring 

marine 

mammals 

relative to BP's 

Northstar oil 

development & 

operations, 

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea

Monitoring 

distribution & 

behavior of bowheads, 

belugas, & seals 

relative to BP's 

Northstar oil 

production 

construction, 

development & 

operations, including 

monitoring of 

industrial sounds, 

seals, and whale calls

Northstar 

Alaskan 

Beaufort

Richardson 1997, 

1998, 1999, 2000, 

2006a,b, 2007, 2008; 

Richardson and 

Williams 2001, 2002, 

2003a,b, 2004, 2005; 

Aerts & Richardson 

2008,2009,2010; 

LGL Ecological 

Research and 

Greeneridge 

Sciences, Inc. 1996

1997

1997, 

1998

Aerial & 

vesselbased visual 

& acoustic 

monitoring

Western 

Geophysical

W.J. 

Richardson

LGL, 

Greeneridge 

Sciences

Marine 

mammal &

acoustic 

monitoring of 

Western 

Geophysical's 

open-water 

seismic 

program in the 

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea

Monitor effects of 

open-water seismic on 

marine mammals

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea

24 July - 

11 Oct

Richardson 1998, 

1999

1998

1998, 

1999, 

2000 Aerial MMS

W.J. 

Richardson LGL

Aerial surveys 

during feeding 

study

Systematic aerial 

surveys to assess 

importance of E 

Alaskan Beaufort Sea 

to bowheads.

E Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea Sept

Richardson and 

Thomson 2002

2001 2001

Vessel, 

aerial

WesternGeco, 

BP

W.J. 

Richardson LGL

Marine 

mammal 

monitoring of 

WesternGeco's 

open-water 

seismic 

program in the 

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea, 

2001. See Project Title

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea

Richardson and 

Lawson 2002
13

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

2002

2002, 

2003 Vessel

EnCana Oil & 

Gas (USA) Inc., 

and Lynx 

Enterprises G. Green

Foster Wheeler 

Environmental

Corp.

Marine 

mammal 

monitoring 

program 

McCovey 

exploration 

prospect

Objective: document 

presence & behavior 

of marine mammals in 

vicinity of steel 

drilling caisson; 

incidental sightings of 

bowheads

McCovey 

Prospect, US 

Beaufort Sea

Summer/ 

fall/ 

winter

Green and Hall 2003, 

Green et al. 2003

2005 2005

Vesselbased 

monitoring NSF

B. Haley, 

W.J. 

Richardson LGL

Marine 

mammal 

monitoring 

during 

University AK 

Fairbanks’ 

marine 

Geophysical 

survey across

Arctic Ocean, 

Aug–Sep 2005

Marine mammal 

monitoring during 

seismic geophysical 

survey

Transarctic 

from Barrow 

to Norway

5 Aug - 

26 Sept

LGL 2005; Haley and 

Ireland 2006

2005

2005,

2006

Aerial 

surveys and 

oceanograp

hy NSF

S. Moore, C. 

Ashjian NOAA, WHOI

Study of 

Northern 

Alaska Coastal 

System

(SNACS)

Study of vulnerability 

of natural, human, and 

living systems of the 

coastal zone to current 

and future 

environmental changes 

in the Arctic

Near Pt. 

Barrow

Late 

summer Moore et al. 2010

2005

2005, 

2006, 

2007

Vesselbased 

monitoring

ASRC Lynx 

Enterprises, 

Inc., & FEX 

L.P. G. Green

Tetra Tech EC, 

Inc.

Marine 

mammal 

monitoring 

program FEX 

barging project 

2005, 2007

Vessel-based 

monitoring for marine 

mammals from two 

supply barges in 

conjunction with 

barging operations 

supporting onshore oil 

& gas exploration 

involving 

transportation of 

equipment. 

Opportunistic 

sightings of bowheads

Cape 

Simpson to 

Prudhoe Bay, 

US Beaufort 

Sea

31 July24 Aug 

2007

Green and Negri 

2005, 2006; Green et 

al. 2007
14

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

2006 2006

Vesselbased 

monitoring NSF

B. Haley, 

W.J. 

Richardson LGL

Marine 

geophysical 

survey by the 

USGC Healey 

of the Western 

Canada Basin, 

Chukchi 

Borderland, 

and Mendeleev 

Ridge, Arctic 

Ocean, JulyAugust 2006

Marine mammal 

monitoring during 

seismic geophysical 

survey

Crossed 

Chukchi & 

Beaufort to 

Arctic Ocean

July-Aug 

2006 LGL 2006

2006

2006 

(see also 

2007, 

2008)

Vessel, 

acoustic 

aerial GX Technology D. Ireland LGL

Marine 

mammal 

monitoring and 

mitigation 

during openwater seismic 

exploration by 

GX 

Technology in 

the Chukchi 

Sea, OctoberNovember 

2006 See project title Chukchi Sea

Oct-Nov 

2006 Ireland et al. 2007a

2006 2006

Vessel, 

aerial, 

acoustic

NSF, Conoco 

Phillips Alaska, 

Inc., & GX 

Technology D. Funk

LGL, 

Greeneridge 

Sciences Inc., 

Applied 

Sociocultural 

Research

Joint 

monitoring 

program in the 

Chukchi & 

Beaufort seas, 

July-November 

2006

Aerial surveys 

conducted E of 

Barrow as part of 

Study of Northern 

Alaska Coastal System 

(SNACS) 

"Environmental 

Variability, Bowhead 

Whale Distributions 

and Inupiat 

Subsistence Whaling". 

Aerial surveys 

conducted in 

collaboration with C. 

Monnett (MMS)

Chukchi & 

Beaufort seas

July-Nov 

2006 Funk et al. 2007
15

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

2006

2006, 

2008

Aerial, 

vessel, 

acoustic

Shell Offshore 

Inc.

M. 

Macrander, 

D. Funk, H. 

Patterson

LGL, 

Greeneridge 

Sciences Inc.

Baseline & 

seismic marine 

mammal 

monitoring and 

mitigation 

during openwater seismic 

exploration by 

Shell Offshore 

Inc. in the 

Chukchi & 

Beaufort seas

Aerial & vessel 

surveys & 35 acoustic 

recorders (DASARs) 

Beaufort & 

Chukchi seas, 

Chukchi Sea: 

0-25 mi from 

coast

July-Sept 

2006, 

July-Nov 

2007

Patterson et al. 2007; 

Funk et al. 2008;

Ireland et al. 2009a,b; 

Funk et al. 2010; 

Christie et al. 2009;

Thomas et al. 2010; 

Blackwell et al. 2007

2006 2006 Vessel

ConocoPhillips 

Alaska, Inc. D. Ireland LGL

Marine 

mammal 

monitoring and 

mitigation 

during openwater seismic 

exploration by 

ConocoPhillips 

Alaska Inc. in 

the Chukchi 

Sea, JulyOctober 2006 See Project Title Chukchi Sea

July-Oct 

2006 Ireland et al. 2007b

2007

2007, 

2008, 

2009

Satellite 

tagging MMS

L. 

Quakenbush ADFG

Satellite 

tagging of the 

BeringChukchiBeaufort 

bowhead 

whales See project title

Bering, 

Chukchi, 

Beaufort Sea 

US & Canada

Quakenbush and 

George 2008, 

Quakenbush and 

Small 2005; 

Quakenbush 2007, 

Quakenbush et al. 

2009
16

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

2007

2007, 

2008, 

2009

Aerial, 

vessel & 

acoustic 

monitoring

and 

oceanograp

hy MMS D. Rugh

Interagency 

agreement: 

MMS & 

NMML/NMFS

Bowhead 

whale feeding 

ecology study 

(BOWFEST) 

Multi-year focused on 

late-summer 

oceanography and 

prey densities relative 

to whale distribution 

over continental shelf 

waters. Goal is 

increased 

understanding of 

bowhead behavior and 

distribution to 

minimize potential 

impacts from 

petroleum 

development activities

<100 miles N 

& E of Pt. 

Barrow 

Late 

summer

NMML 2008, 

2009a,b, 2010; Goetz 

et al. 2008a,b, 

2009a,b; Smultea et 

al. 2010; Rugh et al. 

2010; Mocklin 2009; 

Mocklin et al. 2009,

2010

2007

2007, 

2008 Vessel Japan K. Sekiguchi

Cetacean 

sighting 

records in the 

Chukchi Sea 

during T/S 

Oshoro Maru 

2007 and 2008 

IPY cruises

Marine mammal 

monitoring during 

vessel surveys Chukchi Sea August Sekiguchi et al. 2007

2008 2008

Unmanned 

aircraft Shell/ JIP

J. Kendrick, 

W. Koski, 

M. 

Macrander, 

P. Smith, R. 

Lee LGL

Unmanned 

aircraft

Compare UAV

surveys to manned 

surveys Chukchi Sea August Koski et al. 2009b,c 

2008

2008, 

2009

Acoustic, 

vessel BP 

L.A.M.

Aerts

LGL, 

Greeneridge 

Sciences, 

JASCO

Marine 

mammal 

monitoring and 

mitigation 

during BP 

Liberty OBC 

seismic survey 

in Foggy Island 

Bay, Beaufort 

Sea, JulyAugust 2008

Acoustic recorders, 

visual monitoring from 

seismic vessels

Liberty, 

Foggy Island 

Bay, Beaufort 

Sea July-Aug

Aerts et al. 2008, 

2009; Koski et al. 

2009a ; Delarue et al. 

2009a,b 
17

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

2008 2008 Acoustic NOPP C. Ashjian 

Episodic 

upwelling of 

zooplankton

2 recorders/Stafford; 

assoc. w/ BOWFEST Near Barrow 

Late Aug 

- early 

Sep

Ashjian et al. 2009, 

Ashjian and 

Baumgartner 2009

2008 2008 Acoustic NOPP

K. Stafford, 

R. Pickart, 

T. 

Weingartner, 

C. Ashjian, 

S. Okkonen

Circulation and 

cross-shelf 

exchange

2 recorders, CTD 

surveys

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea 

shelf

Early 

Aug., 

early 

Oct. (2 

cruises) Okkonen 2010

2008 2008

Acoustic, 

AUV NOPP

A. 

Pluedemann, 

T. 

Weingartner, 

R. Pickart 

Circulation and 

cross-shelf 

exchange

CTD and AUV 

surveys

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea 

shelf

Early 

August

Weingartner et al. 

2008

2008 2008 Acoustic State of Alaska R. Small

ADFG acoustic 

survey

2 recorders; SIO 

HARPS NE Chukchi

Roth et al. 2010, 

Alaska CIAP 2009

2008 2008

Vessel, 

acoustic

Eni US 

Operating Co. 

Inc., PGS 

Onshore, Inc.

D.D.W. 

Hauser LGL, JASCO

Marine 

mammal and 

acoustical 

monitoring of 

the ENI/PGS 

open-water 

seismic 

program near 

Thetis, Spy and 

Levitt islands, 

Alaskan 

Beaufort Sea, 

Monitoring from 

seismic vessels during 

ocean bottom 

cable/transition zone 

seismic surveys. Saw 

total of 3 whales, all 

unidentified

mysticetes 

Near Thetis, 

Spy & Levitt 

Islands, 

Beaufort Sea Aug-Sept Hauser et al. 2008

2008 2008 Vessel 

Conoco Phillips 

Alaska, Inc.

C. Rea, J. 

Brueggeman

Canyon Creek 

Consulting

Seismic 

monitoring Research cruise Chukchi Sea Summer Brueggeman 2009
18

First 

Yr. of 

Study1

Study 

Years Method

Funding 

Source PI / POC

Research 

Team

Project 

Title Description

General 

Location

TimeframeReports and 

Publications

2008

2008, 

2009 Aerial MMS

J. Clarke, M. 

Ferguson

Interagency 

agreement: 

MMS & 

NMML/NMFS

Chukchi 

Offshore 

Monitoring In 

Development 

Area 

(COMIDA) 

Distribution and 

abundance of marine 

mammals in CSPA. 

Results to facilitate 

mitigation-related to 

oil and gas 

development 

Chukchi Sea 

Planning Area 

(CSPA) NE 

Chukchi Sea

Mid June 

to mid 

Nov

Clarke 2009, Clarke 

et al. 2010a,b; MBC 

Applied 

Environmental 

Sciences 2007 1

Only 7 studies are included from 2009 as the contract ended in early 2009

Table acronyms in alphabetical order: ADFG = Alaska Department of Fish and Game, AEWC = Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, AK= 

Alaska, ARCO= Atlantic Richfield Company (now ConocoPhillips), ASRC= Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, AUV = Autonomous 

Underwater Vehicle, BOWFEST =Bowhead Whale Feeding Ecology Study , BP = British Petroleum, BPXA= British Petroleum Exploration 

Alaska, BWASP= Bowhead Whale Aerial Survey Project, CIAP= Coastal Impact Assistance Program, COMIDA = Chukchi Offshore 

Monitoring in Drilling Area , COPAC= Coastal and Offshore Pacific Corporation, CSPA= Chukchi Sea Planning Area, CTD= Coiled Tubing 

Drilling, DASAR= Directional Autonomous Seafloor Acoustic Recorder, DIAMD= Diamond Shamrock Corporation, DSS= Department of 

Supply and Services, DWM = Department of Wildlife Management, FEX= FEX L.P., HARP= High Frequency Acoustic Recording Package, 

IPY= International Polar Year, JASCO= JASCO Research, JIP = Joint Industry Program, LGL= LGL Limited Environmental Research 

Associates, MD= Maryland, MMS = Minerals Management Service, (now the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management [BOEM]), NMFS = 

National Marine Fisheries Service, NMML = National Marine Mammal Laboratory , NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, NOPP = National Ocean Partnership Program , NOSC = Naval Ocean Systems Center, NSB = North Slope Borough, NSF = 

National Science Foundation, OBC= Ocean-bottom cable, Photo ID= Photo Identification, PI= Primary Investigator, POC= Point of Contact, 

SAIC= Science Applications International Corporation, SIO = Scripps Institution of Oceanography, SNACS= Study of Northern Alaska Coastal 

System, SOHIO= Standard Oil of Ohio, SWEPI= Shell Western Exploration and Production, UAV= Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, UNOCAL= 

Union Oil Company of California, USA= United States of America, U.S.S.R. = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, WHOI = Woods Hole 

Oceanographic Institute.
19

SUMMARY

Our review provides a comprehensive resource to serve as a foundation for the integration of past 

and ongoing bowhead studies relative to industrial activities, mitigation, and management. This review is 

meant to assist and improve the flow of scientific information between interested entities and the public, 

leading eventually to an integration of research on bowhead whales. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank BOEM (formerly known as MMS) for financially supporting BOWFEST and to Chuck 

Monnett for his encouragement. We are especially grateful to the many scientists who took the time to 

provide information on their studies, Bill Koski, John Richardson, Charles Greene, Jr., Robert Suydam,

Susanna Blackwell, Greg Green, Chris Clark, Don Ljungblad, Jay Brueggeman, Tom Jefferson, Janet 

Clarke, Sue Moore, and Craig George. We thank Linda Vate Brattström for GIS work. Many thanks to 

Kim Shelden for being supportive of publishing this technical memorandum and recognizing the value of 

such a list. Thanks to the Marine Mammal Commission, North Slope Borough, and the International 

Whaling Commission for providing reports. We also thank Sonja Kromann, Steve Pomes, and David 

Janiger for their assistance in locating literature. 

21

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24

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25

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bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, based on analysis of acoustic data collected during 

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Clarke, J. 2009. Chukchi Offshore Monitoring in Drilling Area (COMIDA) aerial survey, 2008. 

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Laboratory, Seattle, WA. 

Clarke, C., C. Christman, M. Ferguson, and L. Morse. 2010a. Bowhead Whale Aerial Survey 

Project (BWASP) Status Update in 2009. [Abstracts]. Alaska Marine Science 

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Clarke, C., M. Ferguson, L. Morse, G. Friedrichsen, B. Rone, and C. Christman. 2010b. Aerial 

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