1 st Annual 

PEACE 

CORPS 

Report 
CONTENTS 

LET US BEGIN 4 

Introduction 4 

The Idea 4 

The Flrst Days 5 

The Flrst Problems 6 

Baslc Decislon5 7 

SELECTION AND TRAINING 8 

Select~on 8 

Trdlnlng 12 

The Peace Corp5 and the Un1ver51tles 16 

The Peace Corps and Internat~onal Agenc~es 18 

The Peace Corps and U S Pr~vate Organ~zdt~onc 18 

THE VOLUNTEERS 20 

OPERATIONS 

THE PROJECT 

Chlle 

Coiornbla 

Ghana 

N~gerla 

Ph~llpplnes 

East Pahlstan 

West Pahlstan 

\t Lucla 

Slerra Leone 
Page 

THE PROJECT, 11 5 0 

Summer Schedules 5 2 

Med~cal Program 5 4 

The Three Incidents 5 5 

Evali~atton and Research 5 7 

THROUGH OTHERS' EYES 5 8 

The Peace Corps and the Arner~can Press 58 

The Peace Corps and the Forelgn Press 60 

The Peace Corps and the Communists 6 1 

BUDGET . ... .. .-- ~. ~ ~ . --.~~.~. . 64 

The Cost . . . . .~ ~~ -~ .. 64 

PUBLIC SUPPORT 67 

Peace Corps and the Publlc 67 

Amer~ca Responds 68 

APPENDIX .. .. ~ --------... ~ ---. . 70 

Talent Search ..... ~~ ----- ~...~ ...------- ~ ..... .~ ---.---. . . -.. 70 

Volunteers Overseas .. . . .. 76 

. . Volunteers in Tra~n~ng .. . .. 77 

. . Medical Stat~st~cs -.-----.-.. ~.~---~---~.. .. . . 78 

Marriages, Births and Deaths . .. .. 79 

The Washington Staff .~ --~~ . ~~~--~~~ ~~--~--~~- ~ 

80 

30 June 1962 
LET US BEGIN . . . 

In it\ finr year, the Peace Corpb i:rew from an idea into an efcctive 

overwa, proslam. 

In 51,1rcl1. 1961, the Peace Gorp\ had no Volunteers. little staff, no application .orrrl lo tests or testlng certtelc, no selection proces, no training 

PI-ogr-an. no projects, no evaluation ,,yatem, and no agrt:ement\ with natlons 

wanting I'eacc Corps Volunteers. 

There v. as intense interest ( 30-JO.000 letten following thc Pre\iilcnt's 

specchej oullining the idea for a Peace Corps), there was authority (the 

\larch I Prr\ dential Executive Order), and there war research (the 5tudy 

for Congress conducted by Colorado Stitte). 

There werv also criticism, skepticisrr~, disbelief ar~d fear. 

It uas between the horizons of hope and fear that the Peace Corps took 

root. 

THE IDEA 

The idea for a Peace Corps is not unique. 

What is unique is that in 1960 ancl 1961 the idea was joirled with the 

power and he desire to implement it. 

It hi\ btler, suggested that its ph~losophical underpinning may go hack to 

Williarri Jarne,;' "The Moral Equivalent of War," with its suggestion for an 

"army cnli\tt:d against Nature." hfore recently, there have been many voluntary ag~:ncie,; and mission groups which have carried on programs similar to 

the work proposed for the Peace Corps. 

Out of juth experiences as these came the proposals of Representative 

Reu,s for a Pcl~nt Four Youth Corps, and of Senator Humphrey for a Pcace 

Corps. They led to enactment of Section 103(c) of the Mutual Security Act 

of 1960 which authorized expenditure o'f not more than $10,000 to help pay 

for a study of a Point Four Youth Corps by a non-governmental organization. The contract for this study went to the Color;~do State Univcr-sity 

Research Foulidation. 

In late .lar~uary, 1961, the Presiden~. set up a Task Force under Sargent 

Shriver President of the Chicago Board of Education, to study the feasibility of a Peace Corps. This task force had the benefit of a report by Dr. 

Max Millikan. Director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center 

for 1ntc:rnational Studies, and the preli~ninary report of the Color~tdo State 

Univer5ity R.e,;earch Foundation. Another comprehensive statement ~~til~zed 

by the 1:roup was a study by Professor !;amuel P. Hayes of the Univera~ty of 

Michig;~n. 

ISxecutive Order 10924, creating the Peace Corps, was signed on Llztrch 

1: 1961. 

It was foll13wed on September 22, 1961 by the Peace Corps Act in which 

Congrejs es~.al,lished the Peace Corps to promote world peace and friend- 
ship by making available to interested countries Americans willing to serve 

overseas who would: 

1. Help the people of these countries meet their needs for trained 

manpower; 

2. Help promote a better understanding of the American people on the 

part of peoples served; and 

3. To promote a better understanding of other peoples on the part of 

the American people. 

THE FIRST DAYS 

On November 2, 1960, the then Senator John F. Kennedy outlined his 

ideas for a Peace Corps in a presidential campaign speech at the Cow Palace 

in San Francisco. 

Newspapers took up the idea and prominently featured comments on it. 

Mail about the Peace Corps reached flood proportions in the interval 

between the campaign and the inauguration. 

During February, using a two-room su~te at a Washington hotel, Shriver 

discussed the idea with people in and out of government and, with the help 

of Presidential Aides Harris Wofford and Richard Goodwin (now a Deputy 

Assistant Secretary of State), prepared a report for the President. 

On March 1, 196 1, the Executive Order was issued. 

As his first step in implementing the report, Shriver enlisted the help of 

talented people from all across the country. 

One of his most significant "finds" came during the early formative 

period. One night, reading through reports submitted to him, he came across 

one from ICA. Considering it one of the clearest expositions of the Peace 

Corps idea, Shriver immediately asked for its author. 

Warren Wiggins, now Peace Corps Associate Director for Program 

Development and Operations, appeared the next morning. An experienced 
Government hand, Wiggirls broughl to the Peace Corps the Government 

know-how lo ~mplement the idea. 

!jhr~ver also recruited Eldwin Bayley, Executive Assistant to the Governor 

of Wisc:onsin. Bradley H. Patterson, Jr., Assistant Secretary of the Eisenhower Cabiner, became the Peace Corps Executive Secretary. Gordon Boyce, 

now President of the Experiment in 1nl.ernational Living, took !leave to join 

the Peace (101-ps. Bill D. Moyers, Vice President Johr~son's Administrative 

Assista.11, also joined. 

Lawrence E. Dennis left his post as Vice President of Pennsylvania State 

University (n~ne colleges, a graduate school, and 2,3,000 students) to join. 

William Haddad, a newspaper reporter and former assistant to Robert Kennedy and E.:;tes Kefauver, joined the February meetings and came aboard in 

March. W~lliam Josephson, a brilliant young lawyer, came from ICA to draft 

Peace (30173s legislation. 

Atl,~nta lawyer Morris Abram and Al Sims, Vice President of the International Instilute of Education, took leaves of absence to assist. Psychologist Dr. Nicholas Hobbs and state government executive Thomas Quimby 

interru~ted important tasks to join. John D. Young came on loan from 

NASA, as did William P. Kelly from Kavy. 

Others included Padraic Kennedy. a teaching fellow at the University of 

Wiscortsin; Louis Martin, Chicago newspaperman; and Tom Mathews, from 

the Sar~ Francisco Chronicle. 

These and many other men and women from Government, the universities, Ihe foundations, business, and labor left their jobs to respond to an 

urgent phone call from Shriver to "help set up the Peace Corps." 

None h;ad time to bring their families or move to Washington. The 

Clatidge Hott:I, with its inexpensive rooms, and its location next door to the 

Peace (Llorp:;, served as a barracks. 

It was from this beginning that the Peace Corps grew 

THE FIRST PROBLEMS 

Seven major problems faced the Peace Corps in bdarch 1961: 

(1) Were there enough qualified and talented Americans willing to 

respond to the Peace Corps invitation to service? 

(2) Would foreign governments request these Volunteers to fill their 

middle-level manpower needs? 

(3) Coulcl the right Volunteers be :,elected? 

(4) CoulcL they be adequately trained to avoid the pitfalls of Americans 

who had failed overseas before? 

(5) Would they have the stamina to stay on the job? 

(6) Coultl the Peace Corps undc:rtake its mission independently or 

would it be entangled in existing red tape? 

(7) Would Congress approve the Corps at all, and even if it did, would 

enoul:h money be appropriated for a new world-wide undertaking 

involving thousands of Americiins in difficult, new roles abroad? 

There were others problems, too. How would the Communists react to 

Americans fanning out through the backlands of the world? How would 

our own foreign service view the sudden influx of Americans without 

diplomatic training? Would the private agencies and religious missions 

througllout the world resent the Peace Corps, feeling their work would be 
usurped by government'? What about sickness overseas? Who would assume 

responsibility for Peace Corps health? 

The largest hurdle, of course, was the cynicism with which many important professionals and experts viewed the idea. This was compounded by a 

fear that this nation had gone soft and coiild no longer produce people to 

meet the standards and goals set by the Peace Corps. This undercurrent of 

doubt, a people's uneasy lack of faith in themselves, was perhaps the most 

serious of the early problems facing the Peace Corps. 

BASIC DECISIONS 

In the early days of 1961, the experts had concluded that a Peace Corps 

of 300 to 500 Volunteers would be a realistic and worthwhile pilot program. 

The estimate was revised when Shriver and a Peace Corps "team" 

(Presidential Assistant Harris WoRord and Peace Corps Assistants Franklin 

H. Williams and Edwin Bayley) returned from a trip to Africa and Asia in 

May of 1961. Requests from world leaders for Peace Corps Volunteers, plus 

demonstrated interest at home, led to a revised estimate of 500 to 1,000 

Volunteers by December 31, 1961, and 2.400 by June 30. 1962, the end 

of the Pea'ce Corps' first fiscal year. 

The governments of Ghana, Nigeria, Tanganyika, India. Pakistan, 

Malaya, Thailand, Colombia, Chile, St. Lucia and the Philippines were the 

first to request Volunteers. 

These requests covered much of what has now come to be considered 

the Peace Corps spectrum: teachers, nurses, medical assistants, community 

development workers, agriculturists, home economists, surveyors, engineers, 

lawyers, journalists, mechanics, bricklayers, plumbers, carpenters, electricians, and the wide variety of skills above that of common labor and 

generally below that of the expert. 

In the period of March to June 1961, Peace Corps policies were set. 

Experience has shown that these early basic policies were well-conceived. 

They have worked. 
I-~rst, ~t W:LS decided that the Peace Corps woulcl go only where ~nv~ted. 

Second, 'Volunteers overseas would work for the host government or for 

a priva~e al::rcy or organ~zation within the foreign country, serving under 

ho\t country supervisors, and working with host country co-workers 

wherever poss~ble. 

Thil.d, \'olunteers would not he "advisers" but "doer?." 

I-ourth, V~~lunteers would serve for two years, without salary or draft 

exempt on 

I-ifth. Vol.~nteers would be procided a living alloviance enabl~ng them 

to live In :i modest manner comparible to the cir(:umstances of their 

co-wori.cr5. 

Sixth, \/(olunteers wou1.d enjoy no diplomatic privileges or immunities, 

have: no PX or commissai:y rights, receive no "hardship" or cost-of-living 

allowar.ces a.nd five no vehicles unless needed for their job. 

Seventh, Volunteers would learn to speak the langu~~ge of the host country, learn to a,spreciate its customs, be able to discuss adequately and intelligently the Ln~ted States when questioned, refrain from political or religious 

proselytizing, and set as the standard of their success how well the requested 

job was fulfil1t:d. 

Eighth, a termination allowance of $75 for each month of satisfactory 

service was established to help the 'Volunteer get started again in this 

countrq. 

Ninth, the Peace Corps would be olJen to all qualified. single Americans 

above 18 and for married couples with no dependents under 18, where each 

had a needed skill. 

Tenth. a college degree would ncmt be a requirement for service. A 

special effort was made to attract farmers and craftsrner~ who possessed skills 

and experienc: but no degrees. 

Elegenth, the highest medical, ps)~chological, .and character standards 

were established and it was determined that final selection would be made 

at the concl~lsion of training. 

Twt:lfth, i~. was decided that the hardships of Peace Corps life would be 

featured in recruitment so no candidate would misjudge the terms and conditions under which he volunteered to serve. 

Finally, candidates, trainees, and Volunteers would be told they could 

resign from the Peace Corps at any time. The Peace Corps wanted only 

those who served freely, a decision now made each day by each Volunteer. 

With the 1:oal of 500 to 1,000 by December 1961, with these standards, 

the Pexe Corps was ready for the selection process to begin. 

SELECTION AND TRAINING 

SELIC'I'ION 

Tht: Peace Corps stands or falls on the Volunteers ~t selects W~thout 

proper y motlvated, well adjusted, and talented candid.ltes, the entlre Peace 

Corps operation would have been doomed to early l'a~lure 

8 
In March 1961, in developing a way to find the right Volunteer for the 

right job, there was no margin for error. The Peace Corps was a highly 

visible, well reported operation of the United States Government. A considerable body of public opinion was already convinced that the Peace Corps 

would not work. Any individual failure, spread across the front pages of 

newspapers throughout the world, would reinforce such doubts. 

The Peace Corps was also fully aware of the "failures" of other Americans abroad in previous years, a fact so well reported that "The Ugly 

American" became a household phrase. 

How, then, could the best candidates be identified among the thousands 

who applied? 

Development of the Peace Corps selection process began on March 22, 

1961, with the appointment of Dr. Nicholas Hobbs as Director of Selection. 

Dr. Hobbs, who took leave from his position as Chairman of the Division of Human Development at the George Peabody College for Teachers, 

was exceptionally well qualified to undertake this difficult job. During World 

War 11, he helped to establish the Air Force selection process. He has been 

Chairman of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association. And he combined this experience with a quick grasp 

and understanding of what a successful Volunteer would have to do overseas. Most important, he believed in the idea of the Peace Corps and was 

willing to commit his professional reputation to its fulfillment. 

Dr. Hobbs quickly rallied the support of the leading authorities in the 

selection field. 

On Tuesday, March 28, 1961, a conference of advisers with experience 

in problems of selection was convened. Representatives from the International Cooperation Administration, several voluntary agencies, the Army, 

Navy, and Air Force, the National Institutes of Health, the United States 

Information Agency, and several professional associations attended. 
112 all. 2;! top (and busy) professionals were invited to attend. Telegrams 

inv~ting therri went out on the Thursday and Friday preceding the Tuesday 

rnretlng Twer~ty-one people cancelled their calendars and appeared for the 

conierer~ce. 'The other person was overseas. 

'This ~nit~al conference, which helpecl establish the gtneral guidelines for 

the developrr~e~it of a selection program. was followed in quick succession by 

several others directed toward specific projects. 

By April 25, leading p~,ychologists had arrived at t'qe specifications for 

the first Peace Corps Entrance Test. 

'The project was presented to the non-profit Educational Testing Service 

of F'rincetor~. New Jersey. 

Despite heavy commitments, ETS responded irnmediately, enthusiastically, and imaginatively to the challerlge of developir~g a test along the 

guideline5 estaalished. Within a matter csf weeks, a model of the Peace Corps 

Entrance Test was ready. 

Special tests were suddenly needed because of the urgent demand for 

secondary school teachers in Ghana, a requirement that had not been anticipated at the time of the initial planning for the tests. Again ETS responded 

to the tight deadlines demanded by the situation. 

The American Institute for Research dropped other work and developed 

a biographical data blank and a personal inventory to assess personality 

variables not touched upon by the other tests. 

l'he United States Civil Service Commission and its corps of skilled 

examiners (cntployees of the Post Office Department) undertook administration (of the tests at 500 centers throughout the country. 

Special arrangements were made to (examine U. S. candidates all over the 

world t9rough the cooperation of the lJnited States Ernbassies following a 

plan developetl by the Civil Service Conimission. 

Every person who had volunteered as of midnight, Thursday, May 25, 

was notified to appear at a specified ex.3mination on the following Saturday 

mornin;:. May 27, the date of the first test. A second itest for teachers followed cn June 5, 1961. A total of 5,210 tests were given on those two days. 

In 1961, 1 1,269 tests were given on four separate dates; through June 

1962, all add,itional 9,163 were given. 

SELECTION I1 

The test battery is only one phase of the selection process. 

Selection begins when an applicant fills out the questionnaire and returns 

it to the Peace Corps. This process c~f volunteering represents a kind of 

"self-selection" and is in no small part responsible for the generally high 

calibre of Pteace Corps applicants. Further "self-selection" occurs when an 

applicant is oRered an,invitation to train for a specific project and is free 

to accept or decline the invitation. 

Each Volunteer lists various references on his questionnaire and these 

are contacted. Key persons who have txught or employed the Volunteer are 

also mailed a reference form. 

Most referents have reacted to this check by providling information that 

is both thoughtful and candid. The attention which the reference form 

receiver; has surprised the Peace Corps selection staff and provided a 

valuable tool for selection. 
But no matter how scientific the pre-selection process, it is still a secondhand view of the candidate. The Peace Corps therefore decided to continue 

selection througholct the training program. This enabled the Peace Corps to 

form a first-hand opinion of the candidate's qualification to serve overseas. 

Selection is also aided by the full background check of each Volunteer 

conducted by the Civil Service Commission. 

The first 750 background checks were conducted for the Peace Corps by 

the Federal Bureau of Investigation. These were given top priority by the 

Bureau and enabled the Peace Corps to move ahead quickly. Without this 

cooperation by the F.B.I. the Peace Corps operation could have been considerably delayed, and possibly endangered. 

As a result of this continuing assessment throughout training, an average 

of 15 percent of all Trainees are not finally selected for overseas service. 

Some of the reasons are medical, some psychological, some academic, and 

some personal. 

By June 15, 1962, a total of 1,247 candidates entered training and, of 

these, 1,05 1 were selected as Volunteers. 

Two underlying factors guide the entire selection process. The candidate's personality characteristics niust be such that he can make a successful 

adjustment to Peace Corps ovefseas standards and his technical skill must 

be matched with the technical requirements of the job to be performed 

overseas. 

Among the important personality characteristics assessed are emotional 

maturity, effectiveness in inter-personal relations, character, motivation, and 

the absence of ethnocentric attitudes. 

Judgments regarding skill characteristics are based on education, work 

experience, participation in volunteer activities in one's community, language 

facility or aptitude, outdoor activities, knowledge of United States history 

and institutions and, where possible, experience abroad. 

Medical selection standards are exceptionally high, but not so inflexible 

as to rule out automatically a person with one arm or one eye as a possible 

Volunteer. In all cases, medical judgments are binding. 

There will be no relaxation either of the selection or of medical standards. The training period will continue to be used for its contribution to the 

selection process. 
I'c.ai:c ((~1-ps growth has nect:s\itatt:d autom;~tic~n c~f one phasc (11 the 

s, Iccrion prc8cc:ss. 

(.ode,I .nforniation coincerning the q~~alificat~or~s cf each :andid.rti~ is 

17.3~ rc~:o~-ileil on a computer tape. i\ s~milar tape li,t ,pecific requlrenients 

to]- 'ill I'cace Corps position\. The tv.0 tapes :Ire electronically nla~chctl, 

prc~v~diig c~ntinual comparisoll o'f t,very candidate for every job. rhi, 

e?,~t~les cuch (:andidate to be consid~:rej for ;ill job,;. 

'lhe bac:h&round folders of cdnclid,~te\ whose qual~fications ni.~tch johs 

are rcn~ovecl l'rom the file and are inilividually r~assessed in relat~on to the 

job. 

Thii bli:~idlng of "macl?ine" and "hlnd" classificatic~n was developed for 

the Pcrce Corps by Dr. E. Lowell Kelly, who became Director of Selection 

aftcr Dr. Hobbs. Dr. Kelly is a past President of the American F'sychological 

Associatlor. He is on leave from his position us Chairman of the Department of Psychology at the University of hlichigan. 

TRAINING 

Orclinary Americans have rarely been trained systematically for service 

overseas. As Assistant Secretary of State Harlan Cleveland points out in his 

study "The Overseas American," attempts at orienting Americans to overseas 

service hake ~~sually been casual and totally inadequate. As a result many 

Americans living abroad, whether privately or as officials, have not had a 

real understanding of the society in which they found themselves. Fewer 

still hzve learned the local language. These were errors the Pence Corps 

resolved to avoid. 

Wben the Peace Corps was established on March 1, 1961, there were few 

guidelines on how to train Peace Corps Volunteers efft:ctively for service in 

the les:; developed areas of the world. 

Faced wilh this dearth of precedents, Associate Director Lawrence E. 

Dennis sponsored a series of Peace Corps Institutes which brought people 

together frorn Government agencies, universities, foundations, business, 

labor and prc~fessional and academic societies. 

Thsse people brought their expericnce to bear on the general~zed problems of training for overseas service. 

Conferences were next convened to discuss how tc~ train Volunteer\ for 

service in particular nalions of Asla, the Far Ea:,t, Africa and Latin 

America. 

Special conferences were also held to gather advice on how to train Volunteers in foreign languages, area studies, health orientation, physical conditioning, American studies, internati~~nal affairs, community development 

and certain specified technical shills. 

The resptJnse was overwhelming. Just as with the selection program, 

busy men and women cancelled longstanding engagements to rush to the 

Peace Corps on short notice and to spend week-ends and nights in discussions about how the best possible training could be compressed into the 

shortest period of time. 

Fcr sorne projects (such as those ir~ Ghana and Tar~ganyika), most, ~f not 

all, of the arza specialists in the United States attended the general meeting, 
breaking up into night-long subcommittees to discuss particular points, and 

convening again to write outlines of suggested study programs. 

At the same time, the Training Division catalogued the capabilities of all 

American universities. Training officers asked themselves, for example, what 

university or college would be best suited for training Volunteers headed for 

Thailand? 

The ideal university for this project would need facilities for training 

teachers of English as a second language, technical and trade-industrial 

school instructors, university instructors in scientific and professional fields 

as well as entomologists and laboratory technicians; would have to be able to 

teach the difficult Thai language, provide an atmosphere conducive to the 

study of Thai culture, and have a strong American studies department. 

Such an ideal place was located: The University of Michigan at Ann 

Arbor. This University has had long and close ties with Asia dating back 

more than a century. Its campus includes the center for Southern Asian 

Studies as well as the English Language Institute, the pioneer center for 

study and instruction in the teaching of English as a foreign language. 

Approximately 40 Thai citizens live in Ann Arbor- the great majority of 

them students at the University - with whom the trainees were able to talk 

and to exchange ideas about each other's cultures. 

Training demands were fully met. This illustration was repeated with 

variations at institutions all over the country. 

Throughout the first summer of the Peace Corps, universities assisted the 

new agency on a crash basis. They not only helped to devise the academic 

and technical programs. they undertook to administer some of them overseas. Without this kind of partnership, the Peace Corps effort would have 

had great difficulties in getting off the ground. 

As a result, the Peace Corps quickly adopted a policy of making full 

use of the training capabilities of American colleges and universities, as well 

as voluntary agencies, as one method for quickly and adequately training the 

needed Volunteers. 
f:nrolleci ir, a training program, prospective Volunteers are scheduled for 

60 or more hours a week in addition to expected outside reading and discussion periodli. The goal of a Peace Corps training program can be s~mply 

stated. It i', t,2 prepare the Volunteer for effective service oversea. Each 

training program is therefore specifically tailored to the needs of the overseas pr,~jec~:. It seeks to enhance the skills required by the \'olunteer to 

carry out the job ahead, to give the Volunteer a kr~owledge of and recpect 

for the histor), culture ant1 sensitivities of the people with whom he will be 

working, to teach him to communicate in the language of the host country, 

and to briri:: to him an a~dvanced understanding of his own sountry and 

heritage. Fin;tlly, the training period i,i used to observe whether the limits 

of the trainee's physical and emotional strength are sufficient to sustain a 

desire to serve for two years in a difficult job under "new" conditions. 

Language instruction is of paramount importance. Volunteers around 

the world arc: now speaking Thai, Swahili, Portuguese, Spanish, Malay, 

French, Bengali, Urdu, Hindi, Twi -- to name only a few of the languages they :are called on to use every day. Almost all language and 

area studies programs have utilized the presence of host country nationals to 

serve as lan,guage models, to offer info.rmal instruction in folk songs, native 

dances, games, sports and the like. In this way, significant numbers of foreign students have been able to participate in a meaningful way in the 

success of the training programs. 

The language proficiencies of the Volunteers have had a good impact 

in marly nations. In Malaya, for example. the language abilities marked 

the Volunteers as unusual visitors from the moment they stepped off the 

plane. On June 1, 1962, the Associated Press reported under a Kuala 

Lumpur dateline: 

"A grclup of American Peace Corps Volunteers ;istonished Malayans toda,y by speaking Malay as soon as they arrived for a two-year 

stint in this multiracial Asian co~~ntry. Some Miilayans confessed 

they coultjn't speak the language as well as the Americans. The 

go\ernrnent, with an English heritage, has been trying to make %lalay 

the national tongue." 

Thl: Volunteers had learned the lar~guage at Northern Illinois University 

where h1alay;ln students had participated in the training:. 

After completing the sessions at a U. S. college, university or private 

agency, training programs-as many of them as .~ccommodations will 

permit - are continued with field training activities in Puerto Rico, the 

Rocky Mounl.ains or other appropriate locales. The programs conclude with 

orientation in the host country. 

Host country training varies from nation to nation but usually includes 

further inten~ive language study, instruction concerning the governmental or 

private structure under which the Volunteers will work and an initial introductioll to their co-workers and supervisors. 

The Puerto Rican Field Training Center, located ir, the mountains south 

of Arecibo, i!; one of a number of training innovations which developed out 

of Peace Corps research. 

In February and March of 1961, the director reviewed the British 

Voluntary Service Overseas program. It was noted that some of the most 

successful mtmbers of this program had undergone training at what the 

Britisl. call Cutward Bound Schools. 

The\e schools stress n devotion tc~ an ideal of community and hervice. 

They expose their students to ~~nexpected challenges and the student.; are 

14 
judged by how they react to new situations. This kind of training is meant 

to generate self confidence and erase unreasonable fears of the unknown. 

The method was developed during World War I1 and was later adopted by 

British industry as a technique for training potential leaders. 

The Peace Corps contacted the Outward Bound Trust, governing body of 

the schools, and through the assistance of an American private foundation, 

succeeded in bringing two of its members to the United States to assist the 

Peace Corps to incorporate their experience into its training programs. They 

were Sir Spencer Summers, chairman of the Trust and a member of Parliament, and Captain Frederick Fuller, Headmaster of the oldest Outward 

Bound School at Aberdovey, Wales. 

The Britishers met with Puerto Rico's Governor Luis Munoz Marin, who 

was also interested in the Outward Bound philosophy, and then conducted 

an aerial search of the island until a proper site for a camp was found. This 

was made available to the Peace Corps without charge, and through the 

cooperation of the Commonwealth and the efforts of the Governor's Protocol Officer, Rafael Sancho-Bonet, the camp was established, outfitted and 

set in operation at a minimum cost to the United States Government. Much 

of this was accomplished through a "beg, borrow and steal" campaign initiated by Mr. Sancho-Bonet, who is now coordinator of Peace Corps 

activities in Puerto Rico. 

Captain Fuller remained six months to assist in setting up the camp. 

There in the mountains of Puerto Rico, most trainees have their first 

exposure to another culture, the tropical life of the Caribbean. They are 

made familiar with the Commonwealth Government's extensive and successful work in community education and are given opportunities to live briefly 

in Puerto Rican communities and households. Language study is continued. 

The trainees are also exposed to a thorough physical fitness program of 

mountain climbing, swimming (including rescue work and "drownproofing"), a four-day survival trek and mastering an obstacle course. This 

program - individually adjusted to age and abilities - is aimed as much at 

the mind as the body. It is intended as a means of strengthening self confidence through challenge and revealing to the trainees their own unex- 
pt:cled ~:.tpac.~ties. In addition, trhscrva~ion of thc trainees as they pri~ceeJ 

tbro~lgh :hc vlrious stress cituations in the camp training program ;~ffclrd\ 

t1.x I'caie ('crps an excellent opportunity for the total evalu,~~ror~ inLl 

stlecrioi of ..h: individual 'Volunteer. 

s:corlcl camp is now being built and othcrs are contemplatcil. It is 

hoped th,~t all Volunteers will eventuallq have field trairing incl~~dcd In their 

prcp;iratlon for work overTeas. 

Other- tr-riling innovat~ons are beirg tried at various placer ~rith~n the 

continental L lited States. A publicly owned busin8ess firm, the Caterp~llar 

.lr:ic:tor Company, has already assisted in the training of dicstl rneih;~nic\ 

for I'url~\ia. 7-he Experiment in Intrrn:ltional L~ving has turned 0111 Voiunfi:erz at ~tc ht:.idquarters ir Putney, 'Vt, for service in East Pakist;~n, Vcncz~cl:~ and Chile. Plans halie been formulated to train Volunteers hcadccl for 

t!le high Hinlilayas of Nepal at a site in the Rocky hlountains. r'hc Tcnre\>ee Vullcy Authority has been enll5ted to train Volunteers ior ;t projcct 

corr~pal.ablt to TVA in thmz Sao Francisco Valle;: of Brazil. 

t;v~.luatior~s of the first training programs have revealed .ncakn~,\se\ 

whlch i;~vt been corrected in later pro:;ram\. A body of \peciF~c cxper~cncc 

about how to train Peace Corps Volunteers is rapidly developing and will 

serve as th~: solid foundation of training: proSrams yet to come. 

While the Peace Corps is making: an extensive el'fori in the proper preparation of Vollnteers for overseas servil:e, it realizes that it still ha\ much to 

learn. Yet the entire training operation promises to yield rich dicidends of 

procedure ani experience in this hitherto untracked E.rea, dividends which 

can al5.o m.ake effective contributions to higher edocat on in general and to 

other Government agencies as well. 

THE PELACE CORPS AND THE UNIVERSITIES 

The b0n.d.) between the American universities and the Peace Corps go 

deeper than the individual training programs. 

At t7e Peace Corps headquarters in Washington today, we are trying to 

develol~ a crc:ative union between Government service and academic life. 

l'here are 3 1 Ph.D.'s, 42 M.A.'s. and 20 LL.B.', on the Washington execntive and advi:.ory staff. Among Peace C'orps Representative5 in Liltin America alone, there are eight tloctorates from institutiorls such as Harvard. Stanford. Yale, Columbia, and the University of Chicago. In less than ;i vear, 

Peace Corps training contracts have been signed with 36 institutions of 

higher learning, ranging from the Ivy Leag~re in the East through the MidWestern universities and on the Universities of the Far West. 13y September 

1962, ;iImost 50 univer~iti~es will have trained Peace Corps Volunteers. 

Thc ur,ivt:rsity training programs are all "firsts" in American education. 

They are the first short-range educational programs de>igned to train Americans in the I;tnguage, history, econom!i, culture, and government of cpecific 

nationi. 

George Washington University can now give a c:omplete area 5tudies 

program on Nepal; Georgetown Unversity can do it for Ethiopia: the 

University of Hawaii can accompl~!;h the same for Nc~rth Borr~eo and Sarawak, and Texas Western College for Tanganyika. 

To date. five educational institutions have entelred into contracts for the 

administration of Peace Corps project:, overseas. and several other contracts 

are expected to be negotiated shortly. The Chile project is administered by 

Uatre Ilarne University on behalf of the Indiana Conferenze of Higher 
Education, and the West Pakistan project is administered by Colorado State 

University. In addition, Michigan State University, Harvard University, and 

the University of California at Los Angeles are assisting the Peace Corps 

in administering projects in Nigeria. 

Of the first 1,150 Volunteers, more than two-thirds had Bachelor's 

degrees; one in 10 has an advanced degree - an M.A. or Ph.D. 

The Peace Corps has already placed 10 teachers on the faculty of 

Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok; five teachers on the faculty of the 

University of the East in Venezuela; 25 on the faculty of the University of 

Nigeria. Soon we shall have eight teachers at the University of Huamanga 

in Peru, 10 teachers at the University of Ife in Nigeria, 25 teachers at the 

University of the Philippines in Quezon City and Los Banos. And, by 

September 1, with up to 300 secondary school teachers in Ethiopia, we shall 

have added 50 to 75 percent to the total staff of the Ethiopian secondary 

school system. To date, of all the occupations, teachers have been most in 

demand by host countries. 

Wesleyan University recently asked if the Peace Corps could coordinate 

its training with their program for the Master of Arts in Teaching degree so 

that each of their graduates would receive a certificate as a Peace Corps 

teacher as well as the Wesleyan M.A. in teaching. 

In Washington, D. C., seven universities in a consortium (Howard University, Georgetown University, Catholic University, American University, 

George Washington University,' University of Maryland, and Johns Hopkins 

I University's School of Advanced International Studies) are pooling their 

faculties and resources to train up to 600 Volunteers this summer. There 

are 11 projects involved at this time - ranging from fishermen for Togo to 

teachers for Nepal. This Peace Corps training program is the first to bring 

together all of the District of Columbia institutions of higher learning in a 

cooperative program, and is duplicated only by another similar Peace Corps 

undertaking in Puerto Rico where the University of Puerto Rico, the InterAmerican university, and the Catholic University of Puerto Rico jointly 

administer a Peace Corps program to train Volunteers going to Latin 

America. 
'I'here wa\ one need ovt:rseas which the American ~~niversities cot~lti not 

f~iltill, anti tha~ was for community development workers. 

I he I'eace Corps, through the assist;tnce of the Commonwealth (;overnnierlt. and the Puerto Ricarl university consortium. established it:, own training prol:r,in-I for community developmer~t workers. taking liberal arts graduate\, b1.1~ collar workers, and farmer:, and training them as comniunity 

dcvclopment viorkers for Latin Americ,~. This innovation will be of major 

i~~lportance asprograms of land reform are expandedl. 

THE PESA.CE CORPS AND 

INTERNPiTIONAI, AGENCIES 

1-he Peace Corps will shortly announce its first project in cooperation 

with a Cniteti Nations agency, the Food and Agriculture Organization 

(FAO) 

Thi: project was authorized by the Peace Corps Act, which provided for 

the assignment of up to 125 Volunteer5 to serve with international organizations. 

The legisl;itive authority is related to the United States proposal to 

the United P'Jations in August. 1961, at which time the I5conomic and Social 

Council (ECOSOC) authorized experimental use of volunteer workers to 

be included in on-going assistance programs. At the ECOSOC debates, only 

the Soviet Blo: voted against the Unitecl States proposal. 

The first project will utilize twenty IPeace Corps Volunteers req~~ested by

the Ciovernrnent of Pakistan to serve w~th the Food andl Agriculture Organization. Theie Americans will bring to the local farmers along the Ganges 

ancl Kc~badak Rivers the benefits of several years' heavy investment by the 

United States and the Uni~ed Nations in dams and other irrigation facilities. 

The prc:sence of these twenty Americans with a United Nations organization 

will help to change and improve farming procedures in East Pakistan by 

enahling farmers to grow 21 \econd crop each year. 

In thi.; first Peace Corps international agency program, the Peace Corps 

provides adm~nistrative. logistical and medical 5upport for the Volunteers; 

FAO provide$, the professional guidan;e for the project similar to the job 

supervijion provided by the host country in hi-lateral programs. In the 

immed ate fu':ure, Peace Corpc programs with other international agencies 

will probably follow the terms of the agreement with the Food and Agriculture 0rgani.ration. 

THE PEACE CORPS AN11 

U.S. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS 

Frc,m i:~; ~nception, thv Peace Corps recognized the desirability of uorkins clcsely with interested private orfanization\. It has drawn upon their 

contacl.; ard experience arld received support from them in planning, recruitink:. selection. training and over\t.a\ project administrat~on. 

In Jl~ne 01' 1961. there were only two project\ administered For the Peace 

Corpb by nrigate agenciek, - CAKE in Colombia and Heifer Project. Inc., 

on the i\land of St. Lucia in the We,,t Indies. 

-To#d;~y tht,re are 17 project\ adrnin stered by private organi.ration\ ~~nder 

contra,rt\ wit11 the Peace ('orps. 

-1 h: Agl-ic:ultural Teck~nical A\sistance Foundation is admini.;trr-ing agri- 
cultural extension projects in Thailand and North Borneo; CARE is sponsoring community development and urban development programs in Colombia and a rural development project in Sierra Leone; the Experiment in International Living is administering the multi-purpose Peace Corps project in 

East Pakistan; Heifer Project, Inc., has undertaken our agricultural and rural 

development work in Bolivia and Ecuador; International Voluntary Services 

is administering an elementary education project in Liberia; National 

Farmers Union is administering a rural community development project in 

Bolivia; the National 4-H Foundation is under contract to administer the 

Peace Corps Volunteers developing rural youth 4-H programs in Brazil and 

Venezuela; the Near East Foundation is responsible for the direction of our 

rural education project in Iran; the United States YWCA is administering an 

urban social welfare project in Chile; and the Venezuelan YMCA is administering a youth recreation project for the Peace Corps in Caracas. 

As a matter of administrative policy, the Peace Corps has refrained from 

negotiating contracts with ecclesiastical or church organizations - i.e., those 

primarily or exclusively under clerical control or authority. Church groups, 

however, have provided invaluable support to our programs - particularly 

in increasing the understanding of the Peace Corps and its needs throughout 

the nation. Among the religious groups supporting the Peace Corps in this 

manner have been those representatives of virtually every major faith, 

including the Catholic Relief Services, National Catholic Welfare Conference, the National Council of Churches of Christ. the National Jewish Welfare Board, and the National Council of Jewish Women. 

The National Advisory Committee of the Peace Corps includes several 

leaders of private organizations: Joseph Beirne, President, Communications 

Workers of America; Leroy Collins, President, National Association of 

Broadcasters; Rev. John J. Considine, Director, Latin American Bureau, 

National Catholic Welfare Conference; Cornelius 1. Haggerty, President, 

Building Trades Council, AFL-CIO; Murray D. Lincoln, Chairman, CARE, 

Inc.; Mrs. E. Lee Ozbirn, International President, General Federation of 

Women's Clubs; Rev. Clarence E. Pickett, former Executive Secretary, 

American Friends Service Committee; Rev. James Robinson, Director, 

Operation Crossroads Africa. 
THE 'VOLUNTEERS 

THE \ O [ ,UNTEEF: : 

TH£i !5 T(-)ICY OF 1WE PIZPiCE CORPS 

On JIII~~ 1-1 1961, the fir51 I2 Peazc Corps trainees were selec:tcci 

tj!i .I1 nc :\I, 1962. 1,077 \ioiun:cei., were already at work in Iti co~lnll-~t:\, 

and ;i,riothcr 2,339 were in ir-;lining or hcheduletl for training during the 

surirncr. 

E8y .June 30. 1962, agreerncnts or \'olunteers had betn reached ~i.1111 37 

countries. 

( I he ,~ppellilix table gives the hreahd~~wn.) 

'I ~LIS in 1,s first full fiscal year, the I'cace Corps recruitecl, selected. :tlril 

tr;lincd \'olurteers at the rate of approximately 230 per month and reachecl 

agrecmerlts at the rate of approximately rhree per month. 

Projected plans call for approximately 5,000 Volunteers for \ome 

40 countries by December ?I, 1962-all requested by the local !:overn 

ments. 

Yet the story of the Peace Corps cannot be told only in numbers. The 

individuz.1 Volunteer, what he or she hac done and is doing, is the story of 

the Pcact: Corpr. 

Each of t'he Volunteers described on the following pages was Ic ,I d' In& a 

private life and pursuing a personal career last June. Now each is on thc 

iob ' ovel-sea:;." Some have been there sirice last September. 

These Vol~~nteers were not especially chosen to he featured in thi\ 

report. 'Theirs were among the few photographs avail;ible at Wa\hinpton 

headqua -ters. 

[)e\pite tb,e random selection, they tell the story of the Peace Gorp\ in it\ 

first year of spt:ration. 
KENNETH BAER Baer, 24, from Beverly Hills, CaliLast year, Kenneth Baer received fornia, got his B.A. in history from 

his master's degree in history from Yak in 1959 and has worked as 

the University of California, in an expediter, laborer, and wareBerkeley. This year, Kenneth is houseman. He has traveled in the 

teaching history at the Ebeneezer Netherlands, Spain, Germany, AusSecondary School in Accra, Ghana. tria, France, and Italy. 

JAMES RICHARD BELISLE 

Last year, James Richard Belisle 

was an electrical engineer at the 

China Lake, California, Naval Ordnance Test Station. This year, Belisle is working on a survey crew 

staking out the routes for farmto-market roads in Tanganyika. He 

is also training Tanganyikans to 

continue this work. Belisle, 23, 

holds a B.S. degree in engineering 

from the University of California. 

He is a mountain climber, an experienced camper, and has worked 

as a carpenter and automobile 

mechanic. His work in Tanganyika 

keeps him far out in the "bush" 

where he moves his camp to keep 

up with his work. 
FRANCES ELLEN BFUNDLE 

Last ye[ r. I:rances Ellen Brindle 

was ,a :ocial worker in Detroit, 

Mich~gar~. This year, she teache\ 

Englic>h and \rorks with children 

in the Philipp~ns2s. Miss Brindle. 23, 

is from Madison, Wisconsin, ;~nd 

graduated from the Ur~iversity ot 

Michigan in 1960 with an .l.I3 in 

English. She: his worked in ;I lay 

camp for ~~lnde -privilegt:d rchilclicn 

in Detroir and ;IS a hospital voli~nteer. 

JU13ITH MARIE 

HLTNF.KE HElN 

Last year, Judith Marie HuneLt 

Hein had just graduated from the 

University of Redlands, Kcdland\. 

Californi;~, with a B.S. in 1)iology 

This year, she ,lssists in opcrntlon\ 

and trains nursing assistant. in clin 

ical practice. She met her Ai~\hi~nci 

during Peace Corps tr;~inlng. and 

they were married in M;I)/. Xlrh 

Hein, 23. is from Hanforcl. ('.~li 

forni;~. She has worked as ,I rnlcro 

biologist and nl~rse's aide irl King', 

County Hospital in her ;home town. 

She has also wc~rked as a coun\elor 

in a YWCA tee nage camp and ha\ 

traveled in Merico. 
WILLIAM FRANCIS HEIN 

Last year, William Francis Hein 

was a Civil Engineer with the 

Bridge Department of the City of 

Santa Clara, California-his home 

town. This year, he is the District 

Engineer in Rajshahi, East Pakistan. He designs dams, bridges and 

other public works and supervises 

the office staff. He also teaches 

Civil Engineering at Rajshahi University. Hein, 27, got his B.S. in 

Civil Engineering from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 

1958. He served as a Second Lieutenant in the U. S. Corps of Engineers and worked as a carpenter 

during his school years. He married 

Volunteer Judy Huneke in Teggaon, East Pakistan on May 12, 

1962. 

EDWARD GOULD 

ROWLAND CHALKER 

Last year, Edward Could Rowland 

Chalker of Chester, Connecticut, 

was working as an engineer for the 

Hartford firm of Van Zelm, Heywood and Shadford. This year, he 

is doing community development 

work in Titiribi, Antioquia, Colombia. Chalker. 23, received his B.S. 

degree in engineering from Trinity 

College in Hartford, Connecticut. 

During his summer vacations, he 

worked 21s ;I surveyor, auto mechanic, plumber, electrician, and 

mason. 
54\r'E1' FITR'V HANNEMAN 

I.ast yea-, J;intt Fern Hanncman 

wa:. \voi-king .I\ a pbychi~itric nurse. 

This yeai-. ~hc i5working in the 

Covcrnment N'cntal Hospit;il in 

1-al-lore, 'rl/e\l P~ikistan. She is the 

only nur*c the1.c with psychiatric 

training. hliss Hannernan, 25, i, 

!\RIIIUH GENE Ell\ l1.K 

I.;i\t year, Arthur Gene k11,111~*1 .w,i\ 

;I grc~dli.ite st~iclent of fo,-c\ri\ .it 

North ( .ircblina State ( o1lci.c I'hl\ 

year. he i\ helping in a progr.lrl! 1,) 

improve aj;ric.lltural ~netboti\ or1 

the i\land of St. I.ucia in i~c. I4'e.t 

Indic\. I~l~inter. 21, fr-or* li;rIeigP, 

North ( arolinl, receiveil 111, Ii 5. 

degree in forec.try frol-I l oul\i.in.i 

Polytechn~c lnstit~ltc: ,111d /I,:\ 

wor-Led .IS ;I fore5tc.r iri I.t,ui\i.:na. 

M/a\hington. NI:~ hlexico. ~ntl .41:1- 

ban~;i. tli\ stutliea includc~l gcrter 

ics, plant pathology, t)ot;inb, and 

bacteriolog!~. His work in Sr. I ~ici,~ 

inclucies nicthods of ircl-c:i\ins 

vegetable production thro~~gh LIW 

of irl-igiition, improving soil conservation, and poultry ant1 \i\ ine 

ruislng. He al:.o ;!dvi\c\ .I nr:\\'ly 

organized 4-H Club. 

from Junction ('ity, K;iri,;l\ 111 

1958, she rt:ceivcJ her B.S. dcgr-ec 

in n~irsirig from the IJni\,t~-\it\ of 

Kans~s, then wsnt to New ;!c:~l~ind 

a5 ;I Rotary F;ellow ant1 st~itiieti 

psychology at Victoria Cnivcr-\it) 

She has also ~orked as a psqihl 

atric nurse in L.ondon. 
JOHN MARTIN year, he teaches English in the 

LAGOMARSINO Philippines. Lagomarsino, 23, is 

from Sacramento, California. He 

Last year, John Martin Lagomar- has worked as a salesman, a 

sino got his B.A. in history from cashier, and has done volunteer 

Sacramento State College. This work with the Red Cross. 

JAMES DALE LEWIS 

Last year, James Dale L.ewis was 

working as a medical laboratory 

technician for a pathologist who 

served the laboratories of eight 

different hospitals. This year, he is 

working on the East Coast of Malaya as a medical laboratory technician. Mr. Lewis, 24. is from 

McFarland, Wisconsin. Before becoming a medical laboratory technician, he worked for two years 

with a printing company and a 

paint company. He is a skilled tennis player and musician 
k:I.C+REI\;C'E EI.IZABE'I'F1 

Rlc(lAKTHY 

[.at \ear, F-Iorence Elizab4:th McCanhy receivc,J her U.A. in hi\to~-y 

from the Ur~i\,ersity of C;~liforn~;i 

at Hcrh~:ley. This year, hhi: i\ doing ayri:~llt~iral extension work at 

the /\ca.lcmq l'or Village I)cvelopment in Cornilla, Ea\t P;thi\t.ln 

hli\s McCarthy, 22, is from Sol 

vans, Californi;~. Shc ~vas t~ro~ight 

up on a farm and ha., I I )c.+r\' 

experience in 3-H Club wo~-l\. Shc 

has traveled in England, Ilelg~um. 

Holl;~nd, Germany, Austria, SN itzcrland, Italy, and France. 

DAVID MICHAELS 

Last year, David Michaels taught 

English to foreign students 'it a 

New York City language institute. 

This year, he, and his wife, teach 

English at a school in Yala, in Thailand. Michaels, 26, met and rnarried another Volunteer, the former 

Marianne Spaulding, during Peace 

Corp5 training. He is frorn New 

York City and received his H A. 

degree in Ehglish literature from 

the Unicersity of Minnesota. Michaels also did graduate wor-h at 

New York University. 
EUGENE JOSEPH SCHREIBER 

Last year. Eugene Joseph Schreiber 

was the Assistant Editor of the 

Construction Methods and Equipment magazine in New York City 

and a night student at Columbia 

University. This year, he is an assistant resident civil engineer on 

constn~ction sites in Tanganyika. 

Schreiber, 23; is a civil engineer 

from University City. Missouri. 

After graduating from Purdue University in 1959, he worked for the 

District of Columbia Highway Department in Washington, D. C. He 

then served six months' in the Corps 

of Engineers of the United States 

Army. 

GEORGE KROON a Colombia co-worker in leading 

Last year, George Kroon was a residents of a remote village to costudent at Clarement Men's College operate in such projects as building 

in California, studying business ad- roads and a community health cenministration. This year he is doing ter. The first road will cut in half 

Community Development work in the distance from the village to the 

Colombia. Kroon, 22, works with nearest market center. 
MADGE ISLVIRA SHIPP 

Last year, Madge Elvira Shipp 

taught school in Detroit-just as she 

had done for 16 years previotlsly. 

This year, Miss Shipp is doing inservice teacher training, on the island of St. Lucia. She :dso teaches 

adult education classes two nights 

a week and ,speaks to women's 

clubs and organizations. Miss 

Shipp is 55 years old, from Detroit, 

Michigan, and is a graduate of 

Eastern Michigan University in 

Ypsilanti, Michigan. In 1960, Miss 

Shipp earned a master's degree in 

education from Wayne University, 

in Detroit. 

ERNEST AlJGUSTUS PHILLIF'S working as a road surveyor on 

Last yea-, Enlest Augustus Phillips rural roads in the state of Pahang. 

was a p,arty chief in charge of a Mr. Phillips, 25, is from Foresthighway survey party for the con- ville, Conn. He attended the Unisulting engineering firm of P. W. versity of Hartford and NortheastGenovest: in New Haven. Con- ern University. He has had four 

necticut. This y'zar, he is in Malaya years of experience as a surveyor. 
MICHAEL JOSEPH SHEA 

Last year, Michael Joseph Shea 

had just received his B.S. degree 

from Marquette University. This 

year, Mike can be reached in care 

of Mr. Ofori-Ata, the Headmaster 

of Akim-Abuakwa State Secondary 

School in Kibi, Ghana, where he is 

the physics teacher. Shea, 22, from 

Eau Claire, Wisconsin, was in the 

upper 10 percent of his class and 

was the first string quarterback on 

the football team. He has worked 

at a variety of summer jobs during 

high school and college and can 

double as a plumber. 

ROBERT WILLIAM TAYLOR 

Last year, Robert William Taylor 

had just graduated with a degree 

in agriculture from California State 

Polytechnic College. This year, he 

is putting his agricultural knowledge and experience to use in Cornilla, East Pakistan, in agricultural 

extension work. Robert. 24, is from 

Oakdale, California, and has 

worked in agriculture and as a mechanic during his school years and 

summer vacations. When he arrived at the Academy for Village 

Development, he tackled the problem of parboiling rice with a fuel 

other than wood and in large 

enough quantities to make the effort profitable. Taylor now has a 

machine in operation which uses 

the rice husks as fuel and has a 

capacity of 400 pounds an hour. 

The old village method yielded 

only about 40 pounds an hour. 
DOROITH'Y DEE WLLENGA 

Last year, Dorothy Dee Vellenga 

was a house mother and taught 

che1nist1-y an~d biology at Foxcroft 

School, a private girls' boarding 

school in Middleburg, Virginia. 

This year, :she teaches the same 

subiects, but ill a secondary school 

in Ghana. Miss Vellenga, 24, is 

from New Concord, Ohio. She has 

a B.S. in blology from Monmouth 

College, Illi~lois. She worhed 

throughout her college career but 

took off enough time to travel to 

Turkey with The Experiment In International Living. 

WILLZAhI FREDERICK 

WOUDENBERG 

Last year, 7Nilliam Frederick 

Woudenberg was the office manager and chief draftsman for the 

American Art Stone Company, in 

Cliffside Park, New Jersey. This 

year, Bill is doing cornmunity development work in Buenaventura 

Valley, Colombia. Bill, 32, nttended Rulgers University, is from 

Paterson, New Jersey, and has been 

employed by the same company 

since 194% taking time out to work 

for three months in .a kibbuts in 

Israel and serve two years in the 

Marine Corps. In Colombii~, Woudenberg develc~ped a newr method 

of construction. On a special loom 

he designed and built, long strips 

of hamboo are woven into a mat. 

Two mats, wired about. three inches 

apart, forrn wall sections which are 

then filled wilh concrete. 
RICHARD EUGENE 

VAN LOENEN 

Last year, Richard Eugene Van 

Loenen got his B.S. in geology 

from Kansas State University in 

Lawrence, Kansas. This year, he 

is a geologist in Tanganyika. Most 

of his time is spent on safari in 

the bush, collecting ore samples, 

making geologic surveys and maps, 

and training Tanganyikans to do 

this work. Van Loenen, 24, is from 

Boque, Kansas. He has worked on 

a farm, with a drilling company, 

and in construction. He operates 

tractors, bulldozers, and chemical 

equipment and has also worked 

as a carpenter, plumber, surveyor, 

and electrician. 

JAMES ROY WELCOME munity development. Among other 

things, he has helped organize 4-H 

Last year, James Roy Welcome clubs and build schools. Welcome, 

was at the University of Illinois 21, is from Bloomington, Illinois. 

majoring in agronomy and agri- He has worked as a salesman and 

cultural economics. This year, he surveyor and can operate farm mais in Colombia working in corn- chinery. He is also an ardent skier. 
THE, PR.C)JECT 

Hy Juiie 30. 1962, project\ callin!: for almo\t 5.000 \'olunteel-\ had l~cen 

reqrit:\teJ h) 3 1 countrie\. 

",dd tlonal countries have heen told that the~r requc\t\ cannot he mct 

in the nl:;tr 111ll~re. 

Ilie tin \tep in determining the sotentla1 dernand for Peace (o1-p 

project\ \+a<, 1;1ken when Sargent Shr~\:r made his vi\~t\ to world leaiiel-\ 

\\ha hail expre\sed interest in Peace Corps work. 

It is \ignifi:ant to note that both the \o-called ',ne~ trali\t" nation\ ,tnil 

tho\t: more ;ornmonly called our "allie\" requested L'olunteer progrilm\. 

At t~c tirni. of Shriver'\ trip. Africar~ nations c\pecialy here under communi\t propaganda pressure to di,a\5o:iate themselves from Peitcc Corps 

~rork. 

I)esl>itc this. Julius Nyerere, then President of the Tanganyika African 

National Union; Kwarne Nkrumah. Pre.ident of the Rep~lblic of Ghana; and 

the leader\ ~f Nigeria- His E.rcellenm:y the Rt. Honorable Ilr. Nnamdi 

Azihiwe, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief; Alhaji the Kt. Honorable Sir Abubahar Tafawa Balewa. Prime hlinister; and Alhaji the Honorable Sr. P~hmadu-Bello, Sardauna of Sohoto. Premier of the Northern 

Region - requested projects for their cc~untries. 

In those first days, India, Pakistan, klalaya. Thailand. and the Philippine,. St. Luci3, Colombia, and Chile alio invited Volunteers. 

The he\t c~escription of; the uork in particular projects came from the 

Volunteers themselves. The following letters (nor collected for purpo\e\ of 

ths annual report) have appeared in thc Volunteera' 0x.n publication\, were 

letters written to Washington, or general letters to friends. The letters provide ar in1t:rc:sting insight not only of the work Volunteers dc) but of 

Peace Corps training and of Volunteer reaction to their new situat~on\. 

Fxcerpt, flom the\e letter\ follow. 

The little town of Rio Negro is loca~ed in Southern Chile - an area very 

similar in cllntate to that of Western Oregon and Washington. We are now 

in the rainy :,eason and this means cold, damp weather until September. 

Rio Negro shows evidence of the 1960 $earthquake with the remains of some 

public Ibuildincs and the still unrepa~red houses oec~lpied by families unable 

to meet the cc'sts of rebuilding. 

The house is small and modest, but because it is new and clean we find it 

ideal. 'The tuo Chilean girls and I have taken over the task of furni5hing 

the twct little houses with as little cost as possible, making feed sack curtains 

and combin;: :he town for bargain pricr:~. The boys have built a wood shed, 

tables "rom s'Jgar boxes, and shelves. One of the Chilean bovs is making 

chairs out of the local bamboo. We cook our own meals. . . . 

1-he: delc~,~ridos for the Institute of Rural Education are ccrnlpe\irl(~.r. 

They'vt: had only nine months of training for their work, and only one of 
them in our group here has gone past the 5th grade in school. But they are 

young and they are eager, and despite our vast cultural differences we form 

quite a good team as we live and work together. 

Each of the girls or delegadas has formed what she calls "c,errtros." A 

c.errtro is a natural community of about 20 or 30 houses whether it be a 

frrrltlo, where the irlqrrilinos work for a large land holder or putrdn, or a 

group of small property owners who live somewhat close to each other. In 

each cer~rro the ilelearrda has formed a type of Mothers Club and it is here 

that our work begins. 

Each day I go to one of these club meetings armed with a flannel board, 

pictures, sewing equipment and a talk composed with the aid of almost every 

publication and pamphlet put out by USDA. HEW and the University of 

California Extension service. . . . In some communities our program is basic 

health and nutrition, how to wash and use beer bottles for babies formula, 

how to mix powdered milk. the prevention of childhood diseases, pre-natal 

care and a little family finance. After each talk or demonstration the ladies 

hew. We teach them how to make patterns. how to knit, to make curtains 

and bedspreads. and how to operate a sewing machine. . . . To raise money for a machine in one cerrtro the women are making children's clothes to sell; another group is planning to organize a fair with a 

raffle. cake walk, and other money-making booths. 

I'm working in one community that is especially isolated. In a month or 

so we'll have to go by horseback in order to enter. A group of Indians 

living high in the coastal mountains live only by the lumber they cut and 

sell. Tom is working here to start a cooperative whereby they may sell their 

lumber together. In this community the people are entirely without milk, 

fruit and vegetables. The babies are thin-faced with large sunken eyes. They 

are fed only the sugar, rice water and tea formula. Ill-clothed children run 

barefoot in the mud. Washing is down near the riverbank on wooden paddles. The homes are of wood planks. Some are lucky enough to have a 

wood stove. others only a fire of coals. Here our classes will center around 

how to buy more good food with the little cash they have and how to cook 

it preserving the vitamins and nutrients. Here, too, we'll start a health 

campaign. 

But meetings are not enough. Periodically we visit each house in the 

community. From these visits I can gain a better idea of the needs of the 

women in each area. 

This Easter Sunday was one of the happiest I have ever known. Tom 

and 1 went with the delegudos to a little community of about 40 houses high 

LIP in mountains. The back of the jeep was loaded with a sewing machine. 

carpentry kit, garden tools, and a first aid kit - all from CARE. The week 

before we'd worked to organize the fiesta. And they came, men on horseback and families in their oxcarts, some walking almost 10 kn The women 

brought pastries, cakes and cookies. The men moved benches from the little 

chapel into the one-room schoolhouse. Together they opened the kits from 

CARE.. . . 

For entertainment we haven't much to do. Sometimes Tom and I will 

go 30 km. to Osorno to see a show, talk to the North American priests there 

or go shopping. Osorno is a lovely town and has a very German atmosphere. Southern Chile has been settled by them. Bcause I am tall and 

blonde the shopkeepers began their business by greeting me in German and 

seemed surprised that I speak only English and Spanish. Sometimes on 

Sunday I will go to the German Lutheran church in Osorno but because the 

whole service is in German I usually feel rather lost. 

33 
Our uorl in C'hile is not only with the country people. l'om ancl I have 

mailc it ;I point to visit with each of the leaders iin Rio Negro from thr 

ma!(>!- oli il~\rn. We keep in contact wth the Chilean !bl~ni\try of Agrlcul~ 

t~~re drill thc National Health Scrvice. The Ministry of Agricu1l111-e ha\ 

hclpcd oor \\o~-k ;I great de;tl giving demon\trations in several of our centroa 

ant1 givins advice of an agr~cultural nature. 

I oftell f:cl ~t 3 mistake to speak of tle Peace Corps ;I\ if it wcre the onlv 

01-g;rni/at~or c83ncerncd with the underdeveloped peopl6:s. Chili: hits many 

such ~r;~~n~/;itions. many <,uch people. Here in the South the minister of 

agricult~~~e ~prefcr\ to work uith the co~~;~tle\s small farmers who own only 

third of the luld while to raiw productic~n it would he much simpler to work 

with thl: Sen large land ouners who t:ontrol two-~hirtls of the land; the 

National Hcalth Service has e\tabl~she'J rural clinics for part-time health 

service n the (:ountry; the Catholic Church has many dedicated priests and 

lay workers ~ho al-c concerned irith the welfare of the country people; and 

finally, the Institute of Rural Educatior w~th whom we work i\ attempting 

to educ;~te tl~e country people through ~t\ jchoolj and community clevelopment proeram,7. Then there are the rural teachers, poo:-ly paid and lacking 

equipmt:nt. v;ho take an intere\t in the people, and this past year a group of 

80 L1ni\crsity of Chile student\ v,orl\e~l for 3 weeks in several comm~~nities 

north of her-c. . . . 

I belicvr our greatest succc\a will h: in the fact th;.t the North Americans came and in their coming they bring to the public eye the prohlems at 

hand. The \imple fact that the gr-ingos clon't mind getting their \hoes muddy 

and their hands dirty, and that they can live without the comforts of town in 

ordcr tc~ %ark on a job that need\ to hl: done - if we $:an encourage more 

of the naticlnals to do ancl support the same - then vje will havt heen a 

sLIcc:css. 

COLOMBIA from TOM MULLINS 

On 4ugu\t 25. 1961, sixty-two Peace Gorp\ Volunt~:ers gracluated C~om 

a nine-\reek t~aining program at Rutger\ University and were acccpteil to 

serve as community development workers in Colombia. The project was the 

fint I'ei~cc ('01 ps program to he admini,,tered by a private agency --('Auk. 

After a c!a.i-long trip to Wa\hington for State Department briefinps.iincl 

an intcrvieu uith Prmident Kennedy, ue departed from New York on September 7 for So~~th America. After arrivinp in Bogoti, the capital of 

Colombia, the group went to .I-ihaitat~ Experimental Farm \ome tuenty 

kilomct(:rs from the capital. U'e \tayt.d at this farm, cstahli\hcd hy the 

liockcftllcr I-c~undation, for ahout five week\. 

\\)bile a1 the farm we attencieii rcgl~lar Iect~~re\ in Spanish by tht vul-ious 

department\ of government. Colombia', I're\rdent I.ler.l\ came out to offer 

hi4 ::ratit~iiIc to the Peace Corp4 and outlined some of the prohlcm\ we 

WOLIIC~ cncollnter. These briefing\ were held to inform 11, about the \itu;~tions 

in whicll we NOLII~ he working -- N'ater. roads, schools, health. Along with 

the CC~LII-~\. lie Vol~rnteer\ took ficld trip\ to observe pueblo lift ;inti it\ 

prohlerr~\. One such trip was to the ,mall town of liutatenzt: uhcrc we 

obscrvcj a tra~ning school for yoltng C'slomhian\ in vil ape work \~milai to 

the Peacc ('o~ps. The pec~ple from th~. town threw a grand fi(:\ta for the 

ho)s w !h fireworks and rlancing. AI\J. uhrle ~t T~h.litata. the ~~'\ti-luo 

\'ol:~ntecrs participated in \\ark \es\ion\ in a small community (11- har~icl 

ncar Rc~gota cllled 1.0s [.aches. The hob helpeil the people to heyin thelr 

new \ctool by making the cement hlocL.\, iiigsinf the foundatio.1 nil crcct- 
ing a storage building for curing the blocks. All this done with the people 

who lived in Los Laches. After five weeks at Tibaitata the work sites were 

personally selected with approval by President Lleras. The Peace Corps 

Volunteers were assigned to three groups. 

The National Federation of Coffee Growers received thirty-eight Volunteers to work in the coffee-growing areas of the country. The Cauca Valley 

Corporation received six boys to help in their work. The remaining twelve 

were assigned to Accion Comunal, a government agency formed to help 

improve the pueblos in the central regions of Colombia. The Volunteers 

were placed in nine departments (states) and twenty-nine teams of two each 

were formed. Each of the four Volunteer Leaders delivers supplies to the 

Volunteers. Each team received a Colombian to work with them so each 

group was made up of two North Americans and one Colombian. 

The projects now under way in each site are very similar. The village 

people feel that water, roads, schools and general health and sanitation are 

their most urgent needs. Here is a sample of sites and projects as of 

January 1962: 

I. La Union, Narino. Aqueduct now ~~nder way and also two roads and 

bridges. 

2. Minca, Magdalena. Projects now under con\truction: aqueduct. road. 

park, public health center, school, electrification program. 

3. Tunia, Cauca. Building private home for widow and six children. 

building latrines, sports facilities. school. 

4. Candelaria, Valle. Sports facilities, pure water. soccer field, electrification program, class in simple wiring. English. roadbuilding. 

There have been a couple of side projects completed thus far. One Volunteer has designed some prefabricated furniture and another has built a 

bamboo-weaving machine for making mats for construction. 
K~g~on,tl inccting\ - at \\hieti the \ olunteer\ colnparc anci cli\c.~~,\ their 

rnuti~;tl ~~~ohlcr~\ are heltt ever) three or four month\ in the foul rcg~o~lal 

\itc\ ir h,!i c tt~t, leader\ are loc;tted. 

I llc rcceprisn of the 1'e;tc.e Co~p\ in ~:'olomh~a ha,, hetn very ::ooii. I cu. 

if sr~y ~nciiicnt\ have dimini\hecl the C'olon~hiar~ people\' enthu\~;i\nl in 

b\o~hing \\it11 the Volunteer, in the small villages. 

'qvhat', a d.iy l~he fol- tt~c I'eace ('orp\men in Colon.hi~t'.' Aris~n): ;it \I\ 

in the riiornlny. George k.roon I\?',tllingford. I'enn\ylvanla) \~a\he\ ,tnd 

\ha\c\ in col~l water gettirig read! <or another iiay in I-~~qucr~e, (t~rlil~n 

amari.,!. Hr~:,ibfa\t at a loc:il c~~r~irir~o ~~>ually con\i\t\ of a couple of frietl 

egp. \om? fr~:d meat. friit iuice. hreid and. of caul-\e. hot Colonih~;tn 

coll~:,:. ~.)ut lor a tour of hi\ uorb ;~re;t. George travel,, by hone u~th h~\ 

Colornh .tn 71-csmotor %lorale\. They inc,pect the \ite\ C two \chool\ hc~ny 

conk,tr~~ctcd anJ al\o the neu aqueduct. Hack in the x~~llage they have ;I 

lunch ol ho~ \011p. meat, potittoe\. l-ice. fruit and coffee. In the afternoon. 

George .r~ld hi., partner wol-k in the two pla/a\ ~ith the people who live in 

Fuql~cne ancl ,urrounding area\. 'I'hc\ \pcncI their time making cement 

block\ ft3r th,: nev p~~hl~c health center that I\ heing huilt with fund!, raiwd 

rece~;tly at a fi~:sta. Everyone. from the mayor to the sn~alle\t k~d\. is helping out In the nuilding. At the d<i)'\ end. George Foe\ to a farmer‘\ hot~se 

for \upper. tic~t soup again \tarts the nit:al. folloued hy meat, potatoe\. rice 

beet, or onion,. bread and ti~lto -a \ nall cup of coffee. After a hit of 

singing and learning a Colombian dance or two. George returns to hi.; living 

quarter\ He I ves in a \mall building u.ith one roorn for sleeping, anothelfor an office and there i\ a hathroom uith running wat-r. After rnab~ng a 

few notcs of the day's happenings. Geor,;e has time for ,I letter to hi\ folhs. 

The electricity is made available hy a generator that operates from dark to 

about ten p.m. If George \$ant\ to rt:;id after the gener.ltor stopc. he light\ 

a lantcrr~ in the room. 

This is qliite typical of many of the Volunteer\ in Colon~bia. The uorb 

is now heg~nnir~g to roll along to \~~cce\\ful advance\ in community development. The fir\t few month> have hecn ]perhaps the mo\t difficult In gettlng 

things o-ganired. Almo.;t all the \\orb Iias heen in tho~ight and word.;. hut 

no\+ the,,e al-c Iieing reprod~.~ced in bridge\. \chool\. roads and puhlic health 

center.;. Colowhia has a great future So doe\ the Peace Gorp\ in Colombia. 

GHANA fr.orn JOHN DEMOS 

Acccrding 10 the telegrams \rhicli \tarled it all, wc had been selected 

for ".I I'cace Corps trachin~r project i.1 C'hina." That was la\t June, and we 

were \cattcrcJ over a huge area fl-om Idaho to Iran. Some of u,, wondered 

hriefl) if the C)irector'\ enthu\ia\m had not for once got the best of him. 

hut fi~rtl~er ir~formation from Washington put LI\ right. Our de\tin;ition ua\ 

to hs tht: \mall hut important Wr.\t Afr~can country of $Ghana. 

We oegan with a seven-weel, train~ng program at the Univer\ity of 

California at Bcrbeley. The pace of thc program wa\ fa\t. and the atrnojphere ornewhat ten\e, hut all in all. mo\t of LI\ fot~nd it stim~ilating, and 

even enjoyable. In the morning\. ue were treated to a wide variety of 

intellect~~al fodder-language le\\on\ alrno\t before OLI- eyes were open; 

Dr. Stiles' horror movie., on Health. soher \ociological comment from 

Profe\sor Apter and collea:ue\ ("Area Studie\" ); and occa\ional dose\ of 

American Histm~ry and "lnternat~onal Studies" a\ well. In the afternoon. 

many of us ~ried valiantly to learn how to play \occe-. In the evenings. 
we were psychologized. or instructed in such exotic arts as "high-life" 

dancing. At the time, these various parts of our training program seemed 

somewhat diffuse and chaotic; but looking back later on, we knew that we 

had learned a great deal about Africa in general, and Ghana in particular. 

From the very start. the question of motives was raised. i.e., "why did 

you join the Peace Corps?" Everyone seemed to want to know - newspapermen, psychologists, politicians, and even the people you met at parties. 

Invariably, we gave these queries an ~~nfriendly response - partly because 

they soon acq~~ired the hollow ring of a cliche; partly because the reasons 

were complex, profound, and personal; and partly, perhaps, because we 

weren't quite sure of the answer ourselves. 

In general, though, we held to a sharply restricted view of our role as 

Peace Corps teachers. Indeed, this soon became a source of pride, and 

around it there developed a remarkable kind of group loyalty. Probably 

we were sensitive to public criticism of the Peace Corps as opening the 

floodgate to youthful, naive idealism. In any case, we struck the exact 

opposite pose. We were "hard-headed." We were "realistic." First and last, 

we aimed to succeed simply as teachers. Such was the basis of our own 

special esprit de corps. 

In the last week of the training period, as we labored over our "workbooks." the matter of official selection obliterated all other concerns. Rumors 

flew from one person to the next, and grew prodigiously in the passage. 

In the end. though. only a few had to be left behind. Altogether, some fifty 

were chosen (plus two added later on). We finished with a gala celebration. at which many libations were poured and the program faculty accepted 

cigarette lighters inscribed with the heaviest pt~n of the year: "Here today, 

Ghana tomorrow." 

We had a last, brief spell of home leave. receptions at the White House 

and Ghana Embassy, and on the afternoon of September first. we were set 

down in Accra. Our first impressions were nearly all favorable: the mild 

(rather than hot) weather; the spacious handsome compound of the University of Ghana (where we spent two weeks in further "orientation"): and 

the warm welcome of Ghanaians in every place we visited. We were greeted 

by the Minister of Education. the local council, the American Ambassador. 

and an assemblage of local chiefs. The ministry arranged bus tours to some 

of the interesting sites in and around Accra: to markets. hospitals, and 

schools; to old slaving castles along the coast (now museums). and impressive new construction projects such as the Volta Dam.' It was hard to 

reduce all this to any sort of pattern. What struck us most, perhaps, was 

the incredible mixture of the old and the new, the traditional and the modern. We had our first taste of Ghanaian food. And on the beach at Winneba 

we had a mild object-lesson in the possible discrepancy between intentions 

and results. Spying some fishermen ponderously hauling in their nets from 

the sea, a group of us rushed to help out. Our most strenuous efforts 

succeeded only in breaking the lines. 

In mid-September, the period of our preparation came to an end, and we 

went to our various posts throughout the country. As expected, we were 

all assigned to secondary schools (roughly comparable to American high 

schools, but modeled on the British system in most essentials). In a few 

cases, they were Ghana's oldest and most distinguished schools; but more 

often they were brand-new, or nearly so - the spearhead of a great drive 

to increase educational facilities in all parts of the country. They are alike 

only in accommodations for staff; these, we found, are almost embarrassingly plush. Classroom facilities are generally ample, laboratory supplies 

37 
very thii, students intense and eager. Most of us have s~lbstantial cla,,\roomload:, and hc~~~iemaster (omistress) responsibilities. There are also extracurricular activities (coaching sports, 2nd "societie:;"); and a few Volunteers dc 5orne adult education as well. In nearly every instance we have 

been rece~vetl with the greatest courtesy and warmth, by students and fellowteachers :il~l.e. 

1-here is 11ltle time to get bored or lonely, or to loaf, but occa,iionally 

on a weekend some of us contrive to ride in from ,the backcountry to one 

of the larger cities (Accra or Kumasi). Some come to do errand\, some 

to perfect th'eil- high-life, and some to 1:et married. There have been three 

weddings within our group since last October (we must iurely lead all other 

projects in :his, department); and there is a rumor ths,t the next rnember 

of the I'eace (Corps staff In Accra will have a background in marriapecounselling. 

It wi~uld be premature to attempt an estimate of our success in our jobs; 

but so far rr~oit of the signs are heartening. There remain, though, some 

puzzling questions about the whole itjea of Peace Corps service. For 

example: are we "different" from other "expatriates" in Ghana'? (There 

are many of ti-em teaching alongside us in the schools.) If so, how are we 

different? And in what way should \be express this? The old question "why 

did you join the Peace Corps" has been somewhat a13tered to "what will 

you make of it now that you are her#:?" This is something which each 

of us must work out for himself. 

NIGERIA from ROGER LANDRUM 

The thirty people in our group assembled at hlichigan State in early 

September to Ibegin the long trek through eight weeks of intellectual and 

physical trainir~g. We spent five weeks on the MSU campus in an extensive 

program adrninistered by MSU's African Studies staff and by visiting 

experts. Then we moved to a biological research station at Hickory Corners. 

Michigan, for ;I more secluded but just .IS intensive thre,: weeks of study. 

After home leave, we reassembled or1 November 24 at Idlewild. Moving 

out over the Atlantic, a certain sense of common purpose and anticipation 

of Africa turned our thoughts ahead. We came in off the coast of West 

Africa in the half-light that precedes the dawn, and landed at Dakar, 

Senegal, in time to watch the hot sun rise out across the African hinterland. 

We continued a spectacular flight along the West African coast, where dense 

rain-forests and rivers come out to the Atlantic shores and thatch and 

wattle roofs of traditional villages, metal roofs of growing industrial towns, 

and an occasic~nal metropolitan town dot the land. We landed briefly in 

Liberia and Ghana, and then landed at noon in Lagos, Nigeria. In one 

short nif:ht all1 the pictures, thoughts, and plans since we had first filled out 

a Peace Corps application were becoming real. 

We spent four days in Lagos, welcomed by Sir Abubakar Balewa, 

Prime klinister, and by other officials of both the Nigerian and American 

Governnlents. We were given further orientation, and spent many hours 

wandering about the town, through the open markets of grains, fruits, vegetables, meats, lumber. We walked along the streets looking at the new 

skyscrapers; ,wt: visited the National Museum of Antiquities which is just 

beginning to collect the art of the ancient kingdoms and of the tribal craftsmen of Nigeria; we swam one moonlit r~ight in the warrn tropical surf; and 

everywhere we shook hands and exchenged greetings with the very hospitable people of Nigeria. 
On November 29 we left on a two-day, 500-mile bus ride to the 

University at Nsukka. Our road cut through the dense rainforest belt, into 

the bush. and finally into the savannah land; it took us through the cities 

of Ibadan. Benin City, over the great Niger River, through Onitsh, and 

on to Nsukka. From the bus windows, we saw banana and pawpaw trees, 

looked for monkeys, wiped the dust from our faces, and waved back to 

villagers who greeted us with nctn onyu ocku: welcome, white man. During 

our overnight stay, the town called Akure showed us a fine evening at the 

Princess Hotel. where we made our first bouncing, bungling attempt to 

learn the supple African Highlife dance and laughed with the Nigerians 

at our clumsiness. 

We arrived at the University the next day, just when the dry season 

began, and when the Hdrmurtun, the famous "doctor" wind, blows down 

from the Sahara, bringing fine particles of dust that create a haze which 

obscures vision, cools the evening, dries the colds of animals and people. 

The University rests in a small valley surrounded by miles of undulating 

ridges and dome hills. They remind one of the hills in Alan Paton's 

Cry the Beloved Country that are "lovely beyond all singing of them." The 

hills rise above scattered areas of bush and plain. During the rainy season 

a covering of long, wavy grass grows on them. But by the time we had 

come, the villagers had begun their annual task of setting fire to the grass 

to clear the land for a good fresh growth and to flush out animals for 

hunters. This blackened and charred the hills surrounding the University. 

The University itself now consists of some twenty buildings, with others 

under construction and with areas being cleared for more. Faculty and 

staff quarters skirt the campus on two sides. Now, during the dry season, 

the campus is barren. stripped of grass and vegetation by the processes of 

construction. But over one thousand students and a hundred and fifty 

faculty members and staff are working hard, organizing the University, 

molding its spirit, and conducting full-time classes at the same time. For 

much of the hope of building this nation rests with its universities, and with 

the carefully selected students who are studying here and elsewhere to 

become the teachers, scientists, businessmen. and artists of a new generation. 

Now, after three months on campus, we are all busy with teaching or 

research assignments. Some are lecturing in history, sociology, political 

science, English, economics, and music; some are assisting in sociological 

studies of the surrounding villages; our agronomist is helping to plan an 

experimental farm; our veterinarian is given extension lectures in animal 

husbandry and conducting research on animal death at the Eastern Region 

cattle ranch; some are teaching secretarial courses and office management 

to federal employees; two are helping the local district officer take a census; 

and over twenty are conducting night classes in English language and 

literature, economics, geography, and mathematics for the University junior 

staff. We are all becoming involved in the informal work and enjoyment 

which helps discipline and organize a functioning university. 

Since our arrival, we have participated in a number of special events. 

Some sang at the installation of the first Chancellor of the University, 

Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, one of the great leaders of Nigerian independence 

and the present Governor-General of Nigeria. The Indian community on 

campus invited us all to a reception and cultural program in celebration of 

Indian Independence Day. 

Occasionally we make trips away from !he University. One group of 

five went on an insect-collecting trip to the rainforest area for the biology 

3 9 
departm'tnt. There they visited several Forest and river villages where they 

were given cocoanuts and a live rooster as symbols of friendship. The district 

officer invitecl them to a Christmas dance as guests of honor. 

Another group was invited by the social welfare officer to make a tour 

of Port Harcourt, a large waterfront town. They visited local industrial 

and shipping facilities, visited a rubber plantation, a palm-oil estate, and 

homes of U~niversity students from the area. Several groups have been 

invited to atrend mask-and-drum dances in celebration of the harvest season. 

Two Volunteers spent a week-end in a student's home as guests of honor 

for a farn~ly wrdding. 

13ut now our work has mostly settled into the rhythms of class schedules. 

with the patieit work of assembling lectures, correcting papers. holding 

conferences with students, talking late into the nights in bull sessions. 

Our three months here have given us some background for asse\sing 

our commitment. We feel certain about the importance of our work: to 

offer aid in the: development of a stable: and healthy nation by working in 

this Un~versity, to establish bonds of friendship by working with the 

students, and to enrich our individual lives by cross-cultural experience. 

As I sit here writing this report, orle of the last unburnt hills ih afire 

in the distance. Students are studying in the dormitories and professors 

are worlcing ir~ their offices. I can hear the band from a student dance 

akross c;mpus. The Harmattan has begun to blow itself out, and each day 

our vision of the surrounding hills is clearer. Most of us feel very much 

at home now and are busy with our work. We are wondering if the winter 

is hard or mild at home. And we are waiting to see what the rainv sea\on 

will be like. When the new growth will come to the burnt hills. the grass 

will grow on campus, and we will be able to look back over a term of 

completc:d work. 

There were two new faces here in Pulupandan recently; in fact there 

were 11 new faces in all spread throug.hout the province of Negros Occidental. Eleven Volunteers from the newly arrived grollp of 50 have heen 

assigned here in the established households of Volunleers from the first 

group. "The old timers" of the PCV's in the Philippines had been looking 

forward to the arrival of the newcomers anxious to question them aboi~t 

training, travel, and personalities, and eclually anxioi~s to help them beccme 

oriented. 

This was a;? important part of the 1-0s Banos training program for the 

new Volunteers and they had been here in the Philippines for one week 

and were now being required to put to use many of the aspects of Filipino 

culture and the Filipino way of life they newly learned .while at Penn State. 

\'/hat better orientation could they have had'? They lived and worked 

with their fellow Volunteers - perhaps .for only one week, but as one of the 

new Volunteers stated, "That week spent in the field with you was 

worth all of the weeks we have spent or will spend in formal training." 

That seems tc~ be a pretty rash judgment, but after observing Harvey 

Novemt~er ancl Dave Szanton, two of the new men, moving around the 

schools and community with two of the established Volunteers -- Pat Kowe 

and Jim Turner, I am inclined to say that there was more truth than rash 

judgmer~t in that statement. Their movement into the schools and the 

commur~itie:; was a very simple affair without any fanfare or community 
hoopla. This can be a very important thing to them, especially since they 

were taking part in an orientation program, and this came out because 

of their association with the established Volunteers. 

Of course, when they move out to their own areas, they will have to 

spend some time in setting up their households, and in becoming acquainted 

in their respective schools and communities as the first group did. but they 

will carry with them some of the experience of the first group, they will be 

familiar with some of the pitfalls we have met and will be able to avoid 

them. They will be much more efficient in setting up and moving into 

action because of their new experiences in the field, but we hope that they 

will experience (and we know that they will) the warmth and the friendliness that we have. 

In the three months that we have been here the smiles have not waned, 

the kindness of the people is as magnanimous as it 'was during the very 

first hour of our arrival. and the friendships have taken root and are 

beginning to grow. Only one thing has disappeared from the faces of the 

people- the skepticism that greeted us when we informed them that we 

would be living in the rural areas: this now has been replaced by neighborly 

greetings and smiles. 

Peace Corps in the Philippines has come of age. the growing pains are 

on the way out, and the unsteady step forward has been replaced by a firm 

stride in the right direction. To be sure, there has been no overnight change 

anywhere; to be perfectly frank. there has been no specific accomplishment 

that has been so big that I can point to it in reference to the success of the 

project here, but I can say that there have been many small accornplishments by the PCVs that have put this project over, just little things like 

attending the local barrio elections, and showing interest in the barrio 

council meetings, playing ball in the town plaza with the kids, and numerous 

other small things going on in all of the provinces where the PCVs are 

found. 
This is the pulse beat of the Philippine project, ancl it grows stronger 

with the passing of time. In Pulupandarl our neighbors no longer greet us 

with "Hi, Joe"; rather, they call us by olJr first names now. To be sure we 

are still PCVs lo them, but what's more important we are also their neighbors now. And, come the town fiesta in February, we are going to be 

adopted sons of the commur~ity - after we dance a native dance in the town 

plaza of course. 

EAST PPJLISTAN from BILL REDER 

Chce again I find myself sitting doj~n to write you, to tell you what 

the Peacte Corps is doing in East Pakistan and what life is like here. I feel 

the nece:ssary compulsion tto do this each month so I can keep in touch 

with you anti bring to you through my eyes and thoughts a people that is 

13,000 miles away. 

Before I came to Pakistan it was just a place on th,e map. I am sure 

many of you have experienced the same lack of interest or care. The time 

has finally come when we all must care about all of those countries "just 

on the map." For those countries are living, alive with flesh and blood, emotions, wants, fec:lings, etc. The day has come when small nations can plunge 

the great nations of the world into the perils of war and destruction. 

Make no mistake, the Kashmir, Rhodesia, Kenya, and Algerian problems 

are problems, and we had all better have concern as to their outcomes. 

Many countrie:; are looking to the United States for leadership as the 

stronghold of democracy. We must take a strong stancl for democracy in 

all areas and see to it that all disputes are recognized and dealt with in 

the interests of peace. 

If on(: takes the time out from daily endeavors of life and looks around 

beyond the edges of good living and indulgence one can see that many 

nations, large and small, are rapidly being pulled down by some form of 

despotism. 

I did not .write to explicitly discuss politics or world affairs, but I hope 

I have managedl to create a little thinking and perhaps a fire or two under 

a few seats of the people who are in the position to do something about 

world cc~nditions - whether it's just being more conscious about world 

affairs, making their students more coriscious, their children, or perhaps 

their Cor~gressrr~en. 

Now to more pleasant thoughts. I am finally settled and living at 

4 Bakshi Baz.ar Lane. We have rentecl a large house in Old Dacca to 

accommc~date eight to ten Volunteers. 13acca is the capital of East Pakistan and quite crowded. It's very difficullt to get separate living accommodations for ei,ght people so we are living together until we are able to find 

other housing. 

We are all deep into the adventures, challenges and frustrations of our 

assignments. The Mirpur project of eight Volunteers ir; busy working on 

the development of a housing colony. They are repairing and maintaining 

heavy construction machinery, bulldozers, cranes, etc., laying bricks, building storage buildings, and making sociological surveys. They are also running a fil-st-aid clinic and medical dispensary for the people now living in 

Mirpur. 

The Ilajshahi groups are busy teachin~g and lecturing in various fields - 

radio enl;inee,ring, American history, international relations, physical edu- 
cation. Our two nurses are busy teaching, assisting with operations and 

running clinics. 

The Comilla group is working at the Academy for village Development 

under the guidance of Director Aktar Ahmeed Khan (one of the greatest 

men in Asia). The girls are busy teaching health and home economics to 

the village women. The men are working on irrigation and flood control, 

agricultural extension, educational films for villages and youth clubs. 

The Dacca group is busy in their respective fields. The audio-visual 

team is busy preparing for East Pakistan Educational Week, the physics 

teacher is busy with his formulas, our doctor has been devoting tireless 

hours to the Research Department at Dacca Medical College, and the 

physical education team has been busy teaching tennis, coaching track and 

field, instructing in weight training, body building and gymnastics. 

Since January 1, 1962 I think we have had 92,000 meetings and cups 

of tea. That's how you get things done in Pakistan - over tea. There was 

a great deal of ground work and selling that had to be done before implementing a program. At present we are reaching about fifty to sixty students 

a week with our program. It's a slow process here. 

Since we moved into our new house we have been paid visits every 

night by students, neighbors, or just people that know we are residing here. 

Everytime we leave or return to our house the neighborhood children 

scream, "Lo Kit". I guess the English used to say "hello Kid" and they 

interpreted in their best English as "Lo Kit." We always know beforehand 

if an American is approaching our house by the screams of "Lo Kit." . . . 

The Peace Corps is really making a tremendous impact in East Pakistan 

and in nearly all areas of specialization; the government has put in a request 

for double and triple the number of Volunteers for the next project. 

I hope this letter finds you all healthy and happy. 

Regards to all. 

WEST PAKISTAN from ADDIS PALMER 

My job is a little overwhelming at this point. I have been working on 

a syllabus for the Anatomy and Physiology course I'll be teaching. Now 

that it is ready, I have to start on the others. The program looks pretty 

good so far, but like many things here, until you put it into actual practice 

you don't see the flaws. 

I have had a tour of the city health clinics and the leper colony. After 

my trip to the latter, all of us here in Lyallpur are planning to adopt the 

leper colony as our pet project. The guys have a movie projector and some 

selected short subjects from USIS and now we have to find a generator. 

We are all going out with some food and material Tor clothes that we 

appropriated, and have alittle show for them: We hope to learn some Punjabi songs and maybe even put on a little variety show. There are forty-four 

lepers, men, women, and children, all living together in one old Hindu 

temple. It is situated about ten miles out of town in a barren, God-forsaken 

strip of unproductive land. There are no houses for miles, and the lepers 

seem to be a forgotten people . . . The nuns and missionaries go out regularly with food and bring a little change of scene into their lives. They 

have a few chickens and a plot of land to farm, but it still seems too little 

and a rather sad and futile existence. It will be the one project that we will all be working on together in our free time, and everyone is quite 
en!h~l\i,i.~~; .it.o~it it. Even the t"~ct that \\e \\ill have to hicy~:lc the ten 

mi cs, 'lLi,>i,'t \:~med to di~n \pirit\ ,in!. 

Ihcr~: I\ \c. much to do. M'hcrc do you \tart? I feel jo snit~ll <ind 

in+ignific;ii~t. \Ye all have our I~mil;it~on\. kern em be^ the q~jolation h) 

John I>ol~ne'.' "No man ij .in itlarid. entire of itjelf; . . . Any man',, cic,ith 

climinish~:\ mc, becaute 1 L.m involvt:il In hlankind." 'r'o~r can't help l)ul 

bct.crmc ~n\ol\cd. hut you can \onleho\+ find \ol:i~e in the little th~ng\ ]OII 

du ;~ncl I-~cnd wth the rest. Some of the Volunteers are finding it very h:<rd 

to kl:':p l~oni recoming depre\\ed ui:h the enormity of it all. I\lone of u\ 

say how \\e 1-c.11ly feel. Ws- gripe and r:omplain, laugh and poke f~ir~. iind 

yet each of (I,, ha\ another side tacrt:d only to him\elf. Wh) ;ire we 

emh,.irra,\\eil lo cxpre\\ hou uc really feel? For fear we might touncl corny 

and po\tihly hr. laughed ;it? M'e are c,uch a cold culture outwardlq. .ind yet 

we are thc \oftc:\t on the inc,~dr. Ho\v ur should hatt: eker being found out. 

YOLI ;i\kcd me for my irnpret\ioni on the Puerto Rice training program 

thcre. I think I fpeak for the group v.hen I say that In our cax it was 

the mohl important part of our training. At you :a11 may renieniber, kc 

werc a pretty <;own-trodden hunch when ue arrived thcre. We didn't tl-utt 

a soul! Thii was good in one respect, as it made 11s turn to each other 

and, a\ a re\ult, we are probably one of the closest groups in the field. 

All of ~~JLI, without exception. treated 11s like twenty-eight individuals, with 

respect for our opinions and judgment\. You were the fir\t to realize that 

we had our own personal reasons for joining the Peace Corps and respected 

our reason\. Prior to Puerto Rico. i\e werc pu\heti and herded like children. and g~~ided every step of the wn!. You madc LI.. stand on our own 

feet and to think for ourselves. If ue )urn out to be one of the better or 

more cf'ectibe groups of Volunteer<, it will be mainly because all )our 

contribution5 have made it .;o. If this is the case, then you, too, will deterve 

part of the i:rs:dit, as you all are as much a part of the We5t Pakitten 

project ;I\ wt: are. We don't feel that we have left you all bchind ti\ in 

Puel-to Elico, hut rather that you ;ire still with US here. 1 think yoti all i'ecl 

that way too. at lea5t I hope you do. 

ST. LUCI,4 from ROBERTA NAPIER 

Early last summer the Peace Corps and Heifer Project, Inc., inaugurated a progran at lowa State University to prepare fifteen Volunteers for 

work on the Caribbean island of St. L.ucia. 

After one month's training at lowa State be departed for St. Aug~i\tine. 

Trinidad, whe-e we continued training at the University College of the 

West Indies. Here, working with \tudelits from Jamaica, Fiji Islands, Rritish Guiana and many of the Windward Islands, as well as Trinidadians, we 

became morc ifamiliar with the people with whom we iconld live and work 

during the corning months. 

On (3ctoher IS, fifteen Volunteer\ were greeted at Vigie Airport by 

St. Lucian government officials, the police band and tqe men and women 

who were to b'zcome our co-workers, ail flanked by many interested citilens 

of the iilantd. We realized that here at last was St. L~~cia - the i\land we 

had htu(died from so greal. a di\tance with cuch intensity. We would no 

longer be able to look at his place objectively; we were now :a part of it. 

On the jot1 now, we live and breathe our work. We are working in 

most instance? on established projects -- in extension work, adult educa- 
tion, teacher training, youth programs, home economics, forestry and health 

education. The extension workers are helping local farmers raise livestock 

provided by Heifer Project, Inc. 

Our interest in St. Lucia, its people and our work is always increasing 

and we look forward eagerly to the remaining year-and-a-half of our Peace 

Corps assignments. 

Carlos Naranjo, working in Castries, the island's capital, has this to say 

about his work which ir similar to that of five other teachers on St. Lucia: 

"My job assignment is that of teacher-training. We are concerned with 

the in-service training of the Island's teachers. This includes Friday night 

and Saturday morning classes, vacation classes and bi-weekly assignments. 

There are 52 elementary schools and approximately 500 school teachers. 

Of these, about 150 are beginning reading and writing class two nights a 

week." 

Malinda DuBose, one of the two Volunteers working on health 

problems, reports: 

"Our long-range goal is to institute some uniformity in the clinic service 

in the south of the island. I am now working on the health promotion 

program, and typhoid prevention, as well as teaching the Red Cross first 

aid course. We have had four showings of Walt Disney health films to 

audiences of 300 to 500 people. These have been in the country. one showing in an open field, one by a rum shop, another near a church and still 

another at the health center. The medical department seems to feel that 

results have been good. We are also working with three experimental Rural 

Clinics at which we have distributed vermifuge medicine to 320 children. 

The clinics have been held in the open, using two folding tables and tacking 

posters on nearby trees. Mothers bring the children, some walking several 

miles." 

The other Volunteers are working in agriculture. Here. Bill Hundley 

describes his activities: 

"Soil conservation is the main area of work. With 160 inches of rain 

per year and most of the peasant holdings on steep hillsides, a considerable 

part of our program consists of supervising the construction of contour 

drainage ditches. Also, we provide instruction on banana cultivation, the 

main crop of St. Lucia. Our work includes instruction to farmers on cacao 

trimming, vegetable gardening, establishing citrus trees, grafting of mangoes, 

etc. Later a considerable part of our time will be devoted to instruction on 

care of poultry and swine." 

SIERRA LEONE by GEORGE C. LAVELLE 

I'm the only PCV in Makeni . . . The school is quite young - in its 

fourth year, but it's been advancing at the rate of one form per year and 

so this year we have a form IV and next year a form V. 

Makeni is a town of an estimated 10,000 population, the largest town, 

and capital of the Northern Province. St. Francis', however, is the only 

secondary school in Makeni, and the only secondary school in the province, 

outside of Magburaka, that goes as far as form 1V. We have about 180 

students, of which half are boarders. 

The students come from all types of backgrounds. Many are from very 

small outlying villages. having illiterate parents, very poor. These usually 

have an uncle or some other benefactor who pays the boys' school fees. 
A larg,: nun~ber come from hlakeni itself. Some 01' these have l~terate 

parents L\~D :ire very concerned with the boys' education; others h:tvc poor 

I:alcnt\, not \o concerned. The usual case with the litter is that the boy 

r.i~~\t work ..it home at his usual chore*, or very often must spend evenings 

if1 the market selling cigarettes ;and other things in order to get hi5 fees. 

11 ~:2n hc i:cnerally stated that the\e I-boys do less well in their stud~es, as 

;I ilirect re\ult of their home life. th;rn the boarders. Boarding i.; much 

prcfvl-rxl. -1-i-e only other condition horse than this i\ the case of the boy 

corrllnf from another town or v~llagc aha lives with people other than his 

i~nmed ate family and must work for them in return for the boarding they 

give him. /I typical boy i\ one in the boarding who comes from another 

tou,n and \\hme father is a "well-to-do" lorry driver or other laborer with 

3 \tr~l~l> job and who faithfully pay,, the boy's fee.. for him. having a 

moiler; tc interest in his education. 

,A\ f,rr a\ my job in the cla\\room is concerned, thc adjustment to this 

typc of ;In ~td~~cutional sy\tem was no1 too easy; I can best illustrate what 

I ncar by weans of my first form algebra class. I have orle period on 

\Ionday. then two days without algebra, then one period on Thursday, 

one on F-'ri~la!,, then two more clays w~thout algebra until the next hlonday. 

It I< extremely difficult to maintain any continuity in the subject matterdifliculi fol- the students, which makes it doubly difficult for the teacher 

who is trying to get through to the students. Progress moves very slowly 

this \vay -- tf~e boys take algebra as tone continuous course, three days a 

week, for the whole five years of the secondary school . . . But that is only 

algebra. They do this for all their classes which mean: that they are taking 

eight, nine, sometimes ten courses in each year, but only a few days a 

week for each. 

1 have heard a couple of other \'olunteers comment about discipline 

problcrn\. In the majority of the schotols flogging ((whipping or beating) is 

standard pr;ictice. But I'm very happy to say that I have no such problems. 

hly \cttool does not flog. Boys will be boys, but they behave ar~d obey well. 

S1) clastes liave not yet ceased to amaze me. These boys want to learn so 

badly that rnktny times 1 have had to ).ell individuals that it is not pos\ible 

for me to piwr them extra lesson\ outside of class, which is true. My work 

load wo~~ld not allow it. With a few exceptions they do their homework 

faithfully. ,would rather spend a Sunday studying or reading than out playing. It's almost as if they felt a solemrt obligation to their studies; in fact. I 

think they do. This more than makes up for the handicaps ant3 is stimulating for the teacher. Success in a particular lesson is very rewarding because 

there i:, no ~icubthat the material is much more diffict.~lt for them than for 

an Am:rican counterpart. 

hly work load is heavy but not as heavy as borne clthers. I have a total 

of 24 class hours a week in the folloviing distribution: Algebra Form 1, 3 

hours; Arithmetic Form 11. 3 hours; Biology Form 111. 3 hours; Health 

Science Form IV. 5 hour$; Latin Forni 11, 4 hours. (Forms I and I1 have 

two stream:, io that doubles the arithmetic and algebra hours listed.) I 

don't want to depress anyone. but after looking at my :schedule consider the 

fact that I wa'i the only Chemistry teacher in our group here. 

The majority of my after-school hours are taken up with class preparation. At first I was spending hours upon hours prepaxing classes (all new 

classes for rne) but now I feel in complete command of my curriculum and 

I can e.stimate about one hour's preparation per class hour and that estimate 

is probably a little on the long side. I have the unusual task of beginning a 

biology department; that subject has never been taught here at St. Francis' 
before . . . St. Francis' has a fairly good lab for general science but there 

is nothing for biology as a special subject other than one good microscope, 

a few small magnifying glasses, and two sets of wall charts. Specimens are 

hard to purchase so I've been making my own slides, reconstructing a few 

skeletons, and getting some rabbits and guinea pigs from a veterinary station about 10 miles away (something I couldn't do without my jeep). 

Improvisation is the order of the day. 

Some of my best friends in Makeni are Sierra Leoneans. These include 

some very nice and intelligent young clerks in the bank with whom I spend 

several evenings a week either at my house or theirs; a couple of lorry 

drivers . . . who have sons in my school and who are often doing things for 

me; Mr. Sesay, a clerk in the native administration with whom I lived for 

the first two months here; Dr. Wilson, a Creole educated in the U. S. and 

Switzerland and who has an American wife. My willingness to associate 

with these people has given me a good reputation in Makeni. Everywhere I 

go people greet me and I'm anything but lonesome or bored. 

TANGANYIKA from EUGENE SCHREIBER 

Since the inception of the Tanganyika project on June 25th of last year, 

thirty-five engineers, surveyors and geologists have undergone four distinct 

Peace Corps stages. 

Starting out with eight weeks in El Paso, Texas, we received a detailed 

background of Tanganyika, brushed up on American history and institutions, and got our first dose of Swahili. After El Paso we headed for Washington to meet the President, bussed up to New York to visit the United 

Nations and Adlai Stevenson, and then flew to San Juan. Puerto Rico. There 
wc Ihrcarne tht first Trainees to confront the Peace Corps Field 'l'rain~ng 

Ccn~cl- and l~rcd our hands at mount;~in climbing, two-mile runs, endurance 

s\\i111rni11p. tlircc-day hikes, rope-\winging, and Tarzan-like obstacle courses. 

Aft~,r amonth of this, we wer-e off to Africa. Enroute from Nairobi. Kenya, 

inio l',i~~g,in\~ha, it was a mere sign of a golf course fairway -- reud~ng 

"He\\ar-r of I.ion\" - that startled 11s into the realization that ;it long last 

wc r-t.ill!~ haJ riade it. 

101- ,,ever1 \$eehs, we lived as a group in Tengeru, at the foot of hlount 

Kilirri,~njaro. where we ~1ndr:rwent intensve Swahili at thl: Natural Kr\ources 

School. I hi, was our thircl phase in the Peace Corps. Then, after nearly 

five month\ o'f training, we were handed our assignment,; and dihpersed into 

thc field. 

I-oda) th~r thirty-five of LIS are scattered throughout Tanganyika. Our 

johs vdr]! con\iderably. The five geologists are mapping the country for the 

locrction of economic minerals. The twenty-one surveyors are maling an 

inventor, of the present rural road network and laying out and supervising 

thc con\ir~iction of feeder, farm-to-market dirt roads. 'These feeder roads, 

\\hi;h I',ing:inqika vitally needs to transport cash crops to market, are being 

huilt prilnarily by hand labor. Most of our twenty-one :iurveyors are worhing in pairs, nased in towns hut spending the majority of time on safari in 

the Iilish. Included in their partie5, besi(des the normal complement of rodmen and chal~rrnen, are African trainees who are being taught surveying on 

the lob. Eisht of our nine civil engineers are serving a\ assistant resident 

engineer, on construction sites of major trunk roads and bridge cro~\ing\. 

Thr ninth i\ teaching math. English and roadbuilding at the Public Worhs 

Dcpnrtmcnt ?;chool in Dar es Salaam, the capital. 

Now a little: on our happenings to date. Beyond a doubt, the highlight 

of our- tsJur took place during Tanganyiha's Uhuru celebrations. when the 

formcr -lru\i Territory became the 22nd independent African nation since 

U'or-Id War 11. It's a rarity indeed wher~ one witnesses the birth of a country. and to edct~ of us it waj. aside from the color and gaiety, a sobering and 

injpiring event. 

Now that we're old hands in the way of jungle lore, we try to he nonchalant \*hen we stumble across any rhino, hippo, lion, giraffe, zebra or 

other nild ar~irnals. For Tanganyika is the heart of the world's big game 

coilntry. iXone:heless, you can bet that each of us has his camera handy on 

safari inio the t~ush. 

We feel ne're fortunate serving here in Tanganyika. The work ih up our 

alley, th: people have been wonderful, and perhaps most of all ae can't 

exape the fecl~ng that we're at the rigtit place at the right time. As Tanganyiha',, Chief Engineer of Roads and Airdrome\ told uh back in El Paso, 

"I can a,\ur(: you, you won't have been taught what you will learn, and it 

won't he four~d in textbooks . . . You're jolly lucky." We agree. 

TH,4ILA'VD from JACK REYNOLDS 

t:ort~l-four (of us stepped off the plar~e at the Bangkok airport. We had 

hecn at the L'r~iversity of Michigan for thirteen weeks of intense st~idy of 

Thai language, Thai history and culture. English language teaching. American cult~~re, malaria contrtrl procedurej, technical and vocational training 

and hun,.ired\ c~f other rpecial lect~ires covering everything from the use of 

an overkead projector to the firjt aid trcatment of chock.. (Whether there's 

a relationship or not is yet to he seen.' Two of our group who had met 
during training. David Michaels and Marianne Spaulding, got married just 

before we left. It was u happy surprihe for all of us. 

The training in Michigan had been good, but it had been in hl~chigan. 

In Thailand the \iti~ation si~ddenly became real. Things are different half 

way around the world. We had been told thi\ in Ann Arbor. hut we realired 

it in Bangkok. 

We soon learned that our mo3t valuable training had been in Thai language and we had occasion to ilbe it right from the start. Art Cri\fiel~i and 

Peggy Bruton responded to the welcome at the Bangkok airport in Thai. 

Bob Pitts and Ann Flanagan were interviewed on TV in Thai and Bob 

Johnson spoke on the radio. The Thai people accepted LI\ readily when 

they found we spoke their language. That's not to say we are fluent yet. A 

trip to a Thai barber shop can still be a di\astrou\ experience. 

Thailand is more than we expected. The people were friendly. receptive. 

kind and helpful from the start. Wherever we've gone. whether in the 

capital city or the oi~tlying di\tricts. whether in the homes of generou\ Thai 

officials or in the market place, we have been warmly received. And. 

naturally enough. the children are our favorites. 

Not everyone is completely sold on our coming. however. The concept 

of the Peace Corps is still vague in most areas, e\pecially out\ide the capital. 

Even in Bonghoh our purpose was misunder\tood by at least one very elite 

jewelry firm that sent us special invitations to purcha\e come of the "fine\t 

jewelry in Thailand." 

There have been a few adjustment problem\: most of the doorway\ are 

too short for 11s. and the restrooms are a real puzzle. But these \ituation\ 

are ~~sually more funny than they are trying. The Thais, we feel certain, 

are puzzled by us. One evening we found ourselves on a \tage at n buffet 

dinner and were confronted with requests for American songs. We picked 

up a Thai mandolin -the most familiar looking instrument - and \tarted 

to sing an American folk song. Thai musical instruments, i~nfort~inately, are 

not made to play American folk songs and we finished as we started - in a 

completely different key than the mandolin. We suspect that some of the 

Thais now have a strange concept of American music. 

In a few more weeks we'll be in our assigned areas preparing to teach or 

to help fight malaria. The Thais seem delighted to learn that so many of 

us, 35. will be working in the provinces away from the capital city. The 

few who will stay in Bangkok will teach at the Chulalongkorn University. 

The rest of the teachers will be in teacher training colleges, trade schools 

and technical institutes. Those technicians working in malaria eradication 

will be in labs, and the entomologists will be out in the field. We will be 

spread from the southern border, near Malaya, to the northern and northeastern borders, near Burma and Laos. 

We've been through a relatively long training program and we're anxious 

to get to work. We want the Thai people to know that we are sincere about 

helping in any way we can. We hope Thailand will ask another group of 

Peace Corps Volunteers to come to this beautiful and interesting country. 

We're very glad they asked for us. 

PROJECT I1 

Figures can't summarize what Peace Corps Volunteers are accomplishing overseas, and accomplishments that can be measured or counted are not 

the standards of success or failure. Building a bridge is no more important 

than building a friendship in Peace Corps work. 
Nevc,rthele.s some figures convey special meaning against thc hackground 01 the lob of development to be done. For inst.dnce, it is est~matcd 

that the 5 1 'Volunteers teaching in Ghar~a come into contact with a total of 

8.000 se:ontf.dry school stutlents. In Gh,ina this is a1rno.t half (~15~; ) of all 

the \tud~:nts currently attending secondal-y school\. 

/Inec:dotc:i -ecounting outstanding achievements of ir~dividual Volunteer? 

cannot he presented as evi'dence of overall achievement. But the effect of 

the 'Jol~nteers teaching elforts in Ghana could not he asses:,cd without 

Lnow~ng that a Volunteer IS developing a school farm to ,timulate intel-est 

in vocational agriculture --an important new element in Ghanaian jccondary education. 

Thus the report on projects is a mixt~~re of figures and individual :~chicvernents which indicate progress. Here arc some examples 

GHANA, -- In addition to the information mentioned above: At five of 

the 30 schools where Peace Corps teachers are located the Vol~inteers have 

organized sports programs, including telching game:;, coaching and hclp~ng 

layout and build tracks, courts, pits, etc. 

The Volunteers' projects for the summer vaca1.ion include: collecting 

biologic;il specimens for the University, social welfare work in home\ and 

hospitals; teacher training programs; and assisting irl an NIH research 

program. 

COLOMBIA -One hundred Volunteers now engaged in community 

self-help programs at 55 locations. DUI-ing the first six months of the program, 60 Voluliteers working out of 29 locations contacted the people in 11 5 

villages. The killages and Volunteers st,lrted work on 27 two-room school\. 

have 21 molre planned. They are building 20 aqueducts (ranging from 

%-inch pipes a few hundred yards to 4-inch pipes several miles) and have 

10 more to start. They have built five health centers. Started two more. 

They have built or started ten sports fields, seven bridge!, and 16 road\. The 

Voluntet:rs have started five libraries an8d are teaching nine course\ (in such 

subjects as community action, agriculture or health) arld have helped with 

three parks, i!hree telephone systems, five cooperatives and two well\. They 

have helped to build houses in three areas, worked in literacy program\ in 

four areas, helped with 4-H in five areas, and are engaged in reforestation. 

agricultural Iprograms, electrification, firm pond construction, and health 

programs. Thcy have fought a plague of red ants in one instance and have 

saved two 1ivt:s through first aid. All the projects were done with the 

cooperation 01' local villagers and gcvernment and private agencies in 

Colombia. 

NIGERIA -The 109 Volunteers in Nigeria are teaching between 8.000 

and 10,000 s1:condary school students and about 500 college students. 

Special activities outside regular classroom teaching include: Coaching 

and teaczhing sports; organizing science and art clubs, singing groups; and 

library clevelopment. At Nsukka the Volunteers teach after work classes in 

math, English, geography for the Cnivsersity's junior staff (clerks, janitors, 

etc.). Clne Volunteer teaches a night course in American history and government for a class of about 100 teachers. government workers and other 

professional ,people. Although all are teachers, the Nigeria Volunteers have 

helped build a water tower, a dining hall at a school, latrines and a swimming pool. 

TANGANYIKA -The Volunteers in Tanganyika, engineers and geologists, have full-time jobs running surveys and helping with on-the-job training of their Ta~nganyikan fellow workers. In addition to these responsibili- 
ties they have engaged in the following activities: three run English classes 

at night; several have tutored students in engineering; one teaches a course 

in mathematics; several are getting books from organizations in the U.S. and 

distributing them to schools; one helped organize a youth club and helped 

it with community development activities. In the bush the Volunteers are 

called upon to perform first-aid in local villages. 

INDIA -There are 26 Volunteers in the agricultural training program 

in the Punjab. A poultry raising training program run by two Volunteers is 

reaching 200 trainees. who will. in turn. teach poultry raising in 8 - 10 villages each. Seven of the Volunteers are teaching special informal classes in 

\beet metal work, English. welding and workshop methods. Two are organizing youth groups with a total of 600 boys. Five show educational or recreational movies after hours for audiences of from 500 to 1,000. One 

Volunteer has made several improvements for efficiency and safety in a local 

peanut oil plant. 

MALAYA -A mixed group of teachers, nurses and surveyors is working for a variety of agencies and institutions. The teachers teach from five 

to eight subjects each. Two road surveyors also supervise clearing the routes 

through virgin jungle. Some of the medical technicians are the only trained 

technicians in laboratories where they are working and are helping to train 

several co-workers. 

Ten Volunteers are teaching more than 1,000 Malayan students in biology, mathematics, general science, commercial subjects and vocational 

trades. Nurses. in addition to general duty, are working in a leprosarium, 

surgery. rural health centers, and public health education. 

SIERRA LEONE - The Volunteer teachers in Sierra Leone are teaching 

in new schools with 80 to 100 students, and established schools with up to 

600 students. In the smaller schools they have daily contact with all the 

students; in the larger schools their classes total about 180 students. 

Probably the two most important contributions the Volunteers have 

made is a remarkable record of attendance to their duties and out-of-school 

contact with students - both healthy innovations. 

Outside activities include: library development; an adult discussion 

group studying African literature; a weekend math class; boys club work; 

and helping in a school for the blind. In community work the Volunteers 

have organized a swimming and life saving class; helped build a new school; 

worked in a hospital; started a community garden; served on a government 

adviscry board for educational TV; helped organize a fund raising auction 

for a school for crippled children; and started a school newspaper. Socially 

the Volunteers sing in a choral group; have judged beauty contests and 

played in a local jazz band. One Volunteer was the first white person to join 

an African tennis club. 

ST. LUClA - The 15 Volunteers on this tiny West Indian island can 

report they have contacted "everybody." One of the teachers states: "I 

consider that 1 have indirectly taught every 12-13-year-old girl on the island 

through the weekly lesson guide I wrote (for home economics)." In special 

Saturday and vacation classes a Volunteer has taught a total of 286 teachers. 

The 12 agricultural workers have projects in every part of the island. 

The Volunteers teach adult education classes in the evenings and participate in all St. Lucia's public affairs. Several Volunteers were members of 

the band that won the "band of the year" award at a recent festival. Volunteers served on the refreshment committee during the Windward Islands 

5 1 
G;ini~-\. I he!/ participate in the literacy program ant1 the nutrition I?rogl..ini 

in cooptr,~ti~~n with local .~nd international agencies. They participate in 

\pol t,. pal tic~il.lrly baskatbs.ll. 

I-HE I'HIL.IPPINES - The large51 \ingle Peace Corps program inclutlc\ 

272 Vol~inteer\ teaching in Philippine \chool>. It is estimated that the Vol~ 

untcer\ ;ire 1t~a':hing over 35.000 t7ilipino \tudent\. Uearly all are tciichlng 

Engli\h liid \cience. 

I'he extensive comm~~nity \enice and social activities of thi., g~oup ;ire 

de5crihed elsewhere in this Ireport. 

Program (Jevelopment and operation\ were the resporsihility of Awxiute 

Director Warren Wiggins. 

SUMR4ER SCHEDULES 

F'~:ac(: Cc~l-pj activities e.utend beyond the specific job assignments of the 

hoit !:ovt.rnmerlt. 

1-he 'ollo\~ing report was printed in the June i\sue of The Volunteer. the 

Pedcc Corph newsletter, concerning the Philippines surnrner project. It i\ 

indicative of ,what Volunteers are doing Ihroughout the ~,orld: 

"Philippine elementary school\ closird in mid-April for summer vasation\. T!ie Peace Corps' 172 teachers' aides are now worhing on 52 different 

project\ ranging from camp counsellin and agr~cultur;il work to forc\trp 

and \Llmrner ~.hsatre. 

"The Volurteers in the Philippines \elected their summer activities with 

a vie^ to achieving several objectives. They felt their work sho~~ld contrihUte in some way to Philippine developm~snt, lead to the promotic~n of better 

Philippir~e-Anierican relations. stimulate self-help anlong host countr) 

national!. and -- when possible - to serve as a pilot experience for po\\ihlc 

Peace Corps work in the future. 

"Among th~: Volunteers' summer projects i\ Camp Brotherhood. established b), 18 telchers' aides in the province of Negros Occidental. A piece 

of government-owned land at Manbucal was donated to the Volunteer\ for 

the sumrner 1'0 set up a boys' camp. Thcy have enrolled about 600 camper\ 

represenling all areas of the province. Camp Brotherhood, staffed hy Volunteers. Filipino co-workers and senior students from Negros Occidental 

College, will offer instruction in arts ancl crafts, classes in English, opport~lnitics for discussion, and athletic activities. 

"[.as1 month Volunteer Judy Conway commented on its progres\: 

" 'Lei] Paaitore. Jim Turner and John Bossany have taken care of the 

finances and ;jdministrative matters. Funds and supplies have been .;elicited 

from various profit and non-profit organization5 In the Province. . . . The 

Sugarcar,e Plar~ters and Growers Association seemed enthusiastic about a 

place mat I made for the arts and crafty course that I'll be teaching. It'\ 

made of waste products of the sugar cane and they could train worker\ on 

the hacirndas to do this during the slack 5eason5 in sugar production. . . . 

We're all busy working on specialized tdlents for the camp. We will have 

seven days instruction for all Volunteer\ one week prior to the camp 

opening.' 

"In I-aguna. I1 Volunteers are as\i,,ting with a special project of the 

Universily of the Philippine\ College of Forestry. Philippine fore\t\ are 

being de,\troyed at a rate fa5ter than that of any other country. Some Volun- 
teers are collecting, organizing and preparing for distribution information 

for a public forestry education program. Some are planting trees. Others 

are fire fighters. 

"Former medical technologist Pat Nash, one-time receptionist Linda 

Egan, and ex-secretary Phyllis Smith are working at the CARE hospital in 

Banaue, Mountain Province. The ten-bed hospital was opened in 1959 to 

provide medical facilities in a portion of Mountain Province where no such 

facilities before existed. One doctor, one nurse and several attendants presently service the bed-ridden patients as well as the hospital's large out-patient 

clinic. The three Volunteers are working as nurses' aides and in the X-ray 

laboratory." 

Some of the 225 Filipino teachers studying at the Peace Corps Summer 

Institute at La Salle College published a newsletter, Negros Horizon, which 

commented editorially on the summer projects. 

The editorial on Camp Brotherhood concluded: 

"This project holds much challenge and promise for the future, but will 

remain a challenge and a promise unless we set our hearts to its fulfillment. 

Let it stand as our enduring legacy for the generation yet unborn. . . . Let it 

not be said of the people of Negros that we are ill-equipped to continue the 

task that the Peace Corps Volunteers have thus far so nobly advanced." 

Of the La Salle Summer Institute itself. Negros Horizon said in part: 

"The Peace Corps has many projects all over the country, all of them 

worthwhile and valuable. We deem the project at LaSalle the most needed, 

most helpful and most far reaching in its benefits. For whatever benefits the 

teachers get from this institute will be passed on to their students as long as 

they are teachers. . . . 

"Let us appreciate what our American friends are doing for us. . . . But 

let us not stop there. Let us translate appreciation into action. . . . Above 

all, let us, in the coming school year, revitalize our classroom work by 

carrying out what we have learned in the Institute." 
IV1E:D ICPLI, PROGRAM 

(One of the earliest concerns at?o~ithe Pt'itce C'orp'~ wa\ how thc Volunteer\ woiild hold tip under health cond~tion\ \o va\tly Jlffercnt fl-c~m thaw 

in most place\ in the United State\. It wa\ I-ecognized !hat. in many of the 

countrie\ whew the Peace Gorp wou d be working, the potentla1 heitlth 

hazard\ are ,wrious. Thus, a comprehen5ive health program naj developed 

~81th the 'tin1 of minimizing the effect of thew problem\. 

One of the first and mo\t 1rnport;lnt deci\ion\ made by the I'e'ice C'orpj 

was to ieek and obtain the assi\lancc of the United 5,tates Pi~blic Heiilth 

Service .n staff,ng and admin~\teririg the health and rned~cal prograni for the 

Peace Corp:,. 

Followircg his agreement, the Surgeon Generdl in Rlarch 1961 a\\~gned 

Dr. 1x0 Gehrig to the Peace Corps. Dl.. Gehrig ha:, sirice continued a\ the 

Peace Corp:, hlledical Director. He has established a cornprehenk,ive medical 

program, htr'ongly emphasizing preventive health measul-es de\igned to keep 

the Volunteers well. 

Sincc: the beginning of the Peace Corps, over 3.000 medical examinations 

have been processed. Most of these examinations wepe given at Federal 

medical facilities (Veterans Administration, Department of Defense, Public 

Health Service) near the candidate's home. Over-all, approxiniately six 

percent of all candidates were found no: to be medically qualified for Peace 

Corps service. 

An essential aspect of the Peace Corps' medical program is the mandatory, adliance medical survey of locations where Volunteers will serve overseas. Such surveys have been made for approximately .36 countries by personnel f-om .the Public Health Service, litate Department. Agency for International Development, the Department of Defense, and members of the 

Peace Cmsrps medical staff. 

Every trainee receives about 30 hour5 of health inhtruction, ten hours of 

which is devoted to a First-Aid Course taught by the staff of the National 

Red Cross. TIiis preparation is supplemented by further insti-uction and 

counseling d~iring their work abroad. 

Because of the nature of the Peace Corps program, arrangements mu3t 

be made for V~,lunteers to receive most of their medical care overseas from 

host-country practitioners and facilities. In addition, a Peace Corps Physician has beer] ~ssigned in rnost countries to carry out ;in active preventive 

medicine program and to organize and oversee the medical care program. 

The Physician also contributes a portior~ of his time to a health activity of 

the host country. This work has included such functions as teaching medical 

students and 1;aboratory technicians an8d assisting in hospital and clinical 

services. By ~h': end of the summer, about 30 Public Health Service medical 

officers will be on these assignments. 

l'he major illnesses experienced to date by the Vc~lunteers have been 

infectious hepatitis, malaria, appendicitis, and dyseritery. There have also 

been a ls.rge number of cases of upper respiratory infections, skin complaints 

and gastrointestinal disorders; however, only a few of these patients have 

required hospitalization. The Volunteers overseas have been involved in a 

small number of accidents \o far; only a few have I-eqi~ired major medical 

attenlion. 

l'he reported incidence of illness ant1 injury among I'eace Corps Volunteers over\ea>, from September 1, 1951, through April 30, 1962, is included 

in the appendix; while this report doe!, not reflect all the illnesses experienced by t.le Vol~lnteers, it does indicate the major health problerns. 
In its first year of operation, there have been three Peace Corps deaths, 

two in a Colombian airplane crash and the third in the Philippines of a liver 

abscess resulting from amoebic dysentery. 

Before going overseas, all of the Volunteers receive vaccinations against 

smallpox. typhoid-paratyphoid, tetanus-diptheria, poliomyelitis, yellow fever 

and influenza. Also inoculations against typhus, cholera. plague, rabies and 

tuberculosis are given as indicated. In an effort to curtail the number of 

cases of infectious hepatitis. immune serum globulin is now being used as a 

prophylactic measure in all Peace Corps projects overseas. The health experience reported to date indicates the need to continue to reemphasize to the 

Volunteers the importances of following basic health protection measures, 

such as boiling water, controlling food intake and utilizing mosquito netting. The Peace Corps physicians are repeating these instructions in their 

health co~~nselling during visits to the Volunteers' residences and work 

places. In addition. other Peace Corps staff members - both traveling from 

Washington and stationed overseas - are pointing out again and again to 

the Volunteers the wisdom of practicing sound health measures so they will 

be able to do their jobs. 

THE THREE INCIDENTS 

The Peace Corps makes mistakes. Here's a letter received from Psace 

Corps Volunteer Virginia D. Eck: 

"Your letter requesting me, as a Spanish teacher, to complete the Peace 

Corps questionnaire and examinations for possible assignment in Latin 

America. reached me here in Nigeria. I am in my fifth month of Peace 

Corps duty teaching English as a second language." 

And there are minor incidents which go unreported in the press. A college professor sent the Peace Corps this note about a former student, Miss 

Anne LaBarre, serving in the Philippines: 

"May I share with you the kick I got out of the following lines from a 

letter received today from a member of the Peace Corps? 

" 'I think we are generally accepted now. While in the market last week 

a man threw a dead fish at me which hit me in the back of the neck, at the 

same time calling me a white -. The people around grabbed him and 

he was arrested immediately. I had him released right away and surprised 

everyone when I shook his hand and congratulated him on his individuality. 

I prefer this type to those who hate silently.' " 

Most of what the Peace Corps does, however, is still "good" newspaper 

copy. Because of this, three incidents were reported beyond the true scope 

of their importance. 

The first involved a Peace Corps trainee, Charles Kamen, who allegedly 

applauded the House Un-American Activities film "Operation Abolition" in 

the wrong places while attending a Rotary Club meeting in Miami, Florida. 

Extraordinary pressures were brought to bear on the Peace Corps to 

summarily drop Mr. Kamen. The Director decided, however, to continue him 

in training and to permit him to be evaluated on the basis of all the facts in 

the same manner as all other trainees. The integrity of the selection process 

was at stake. Under these circumstances, the Peace Corps took the firm 

position that if it reacted to pressures or pressure groups in the determination of who should or should not be a Volunteer, the fundamental selection 

concept of the Peace Corps- that of selection based on merit - would be 

destroyed with disastrous consequences. 
I lie \cco ?i' incident in\ol\ed \lar~ery blichelmore, a Peace C orp \ olur~tcc:r- in N1i:crin. A po5tcarcl she wrot: home w;is usell to arollsc .,t~~tlrnts 

at the Cn~vcl-s~ty College at Ih,tdan, Piif-ria. 

l.uarn~n~.t~cn revealed tlie\c fact\ 

\list \lich~lmore did &rite the portcard. T-he po~.tcard wa\ Io\t .inti 

camc into tht. hands of certain <tudent\ who rrprintell and dlstrrh~~tcil it

through(~~~t I hc University. 

3, \tutlerlt rally wa\ ca led and the Peace Gorp\ denounced. .I lie r,illy 

atlractecl on11 150.700 stuclents, not the. 1.000 repoi-ted by the pre\s hls 

error in report ng made the hlichelrnore incident ,I worldwide story 

The mo1ivt.s of those \h.ho took tht: trouble to duplicate anci ii~-~~~l;ite 

cop!?\ cf the 1io5tcard ma), never be completely revealed; in any c.:tsc the 

long range po\:tive effects outweighed the temporary negative ones. '1 he l;~ck 

of s~~hst,tnce arid malice in \li\s hlichelnore'\ indi\creet comment\ \+as won 

appa1.cn.. as i+c:re her sincerity and hone\ty. 

The pea^:,: :'orps, till then a generalized concept. hecame per,on,rli/eil in 

Xlis~, %lichelniore whose ;tcadernic q~~,tlification\ and other qual~r~e\ forPcat:c Cor-p. sc,rvlce were obviou\. 0tht:r Peace C'orps \/oluntetrs throughout the uor il were also alerted to their vulncrah~lity in a way mu:h nlore 

eficitive thai a lecture or a written warning. 

(In I-esponbe to reque$t\ hv the Nig8:rian Goverr~ment, the I'eace Corps 

will hav- 110 more Volunteer\ slnted for Nigeria by thi: end of June 1967, 

to adtl 11) tht: 1 .I8 already there. The government haa also requested ;tn ~iddltiondl 11$0 to arrive in the fall of 1962. There were only 40 Vol~~nteer-\ in 

Nigrtria at the time of the incident.) 

The thirJ Incident involved Mrs. Janie Fletcher, a 65-year-old trainee 

with coriiderahle field experience in home economics who did not rneet the 

requirements for Peace Corps service in Brazil and was separated from 

training. 

While the unanimous S,:lection Board decision was based orr other reasons, she, attributed her release from Peace Corps training to her inability to 

master tie phy',~cal aspects of Puerto Kic:an training. 

14s bas heen pointed out, a trainec at Puerto Ric.3 is not judged by 

these standards. Approximltely 370 trainee5 completed the coursc by June 

30. '1,962, a ti.llf dozen of them in their \irct~e\. Each of the older Volunteers 

folloued a ph) ,ical exercise cchedule corlsistent with his own cap;ibilit~e\. 

It is fort~unate, however. that these three incident,, were of such a minor 

nature. The Peace Corps fullv expects. and the American people mu\t be 

prepared to ur~derstand, incidents in which the Peace Corps or a 1'e;icc 

Gorp,;. Voluntetrr is clearly in the wrorg. With a growing program. such 

incident. are hound to OC~LII~, no matter how well the Vo!unteers :Ire selected 

and trained. 

An L nus~.~al amount of luck, and the good sense of Volunteer.;, expl~~in 

thc abbeice. (,o far, of niajor incidents v,hich might have serio~lsly damaged 

thc Peace Corps. 

EVAL.UAL1'ION AND RESE;ARCH 

A m;tjor problem in June 1961 wa\ how to cnpil.alize q~~ickly on Peilce 

Corpq, experience and avoid repeating mistakes. To do this, the Peace Corps 

has enip'oyed a unique system of edaluation and research. 

A .\mall ttvaluation staff wa5 organized hy Ajsociate Director William 

Haddad and as.-igned the re\pon\ibility of examining Peace Corps field opcr- 
ations and reporting to the Director the progress of each project. Information and recommendations from these reports are also disseminated to those 

designing training programs and preparing future overseas operations. 

Direct reporting techniques are used in gathering information. A major 

source of information is the Volunteer himself. 

The reports begin with projects entering training and continue as the 

Volunteers go overseas to apply their training to jobs in the field. 

Overseas, all possible sources of information are tapped. People who 

have worked with, or observed the work of Peace Corps groups, are contacted and their views incorporated in the reports. These include not only 

Americans, but host country supervisors, co-workers, newspaper reporters, 

and government officials. 

This method of evaluation provided a margin of safety for Peace Corps 

operations and enabled a quick feedback of valuable experience from the 

pilot projects to the overall Peace Corps operation. Use of objective newspaper techniques also provided an easily applied evaluation methodology. 

Research, to determine the validity of the original operating assumptions 

and techniques, was also begun early in Peace Corps history. The aim of 

the research effort is to provide answers to the practical questions which 

arise in the attempt to do something new. The effort includes both shortand long-range studies, emphasizing careful analytical design and quantitative measurement of selection, training, and operational activities. 

The Peace Corps research program, first under the direction of Dr. 

Nicholas Hobbs and now headed by Dr. Joseph G. Colmen, has enlisted the 

assistance of some of the nation's top scholars. They include: 

Dr. Brewster Smith, of the Department of Psychology, University of 

California (Berkeley), appraising effectiveness of individual Volunteers, and 

of the group in Ghana, in their teaching assignments and in developing 

mutual understanding with their Ghanaian colleagues; appraising the effect 

of Peace Corps service on the Volunteers; and analyzing factors that contribute to effective adjustments. 

Dr. Wayne Holtzman, Professor of Psychology at the University of 

Texas and Associate Director, Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. He is 

leading a team of Brazilian psychologists and social scientists in undertaking 

a study of Peace Corps activities in Brazil. They will measure and evaluate 

the changes that take place in the Volunteers, the social and technological 

impact of their wcrk, and validate the Peace Corps' selection and training 

methods. This will be one of the first American social research programs to 

employ a large number of host country scientists in research about the effects 

of, and on, Americans at work in their country. 

Dr. Morris Stein, Professor of Psychology, New York University and 

recent recipient of the National Institutes of Health Career Science Award, 

is working with the Volunteers in Colombia. He is studying their effectiveness in community development and the impact of the Volunteers on Colombians, in terms of increasing their understanding and appreciation of the 

United States. 

Albert Gollin, Associate of the Bureau of Applied Social Research, 

Columbia University, is working on methods of evaluating and increasing 

the predictability of the performance of Volunteers in overseas work. 

Dr. Elliott McGinnies, Professor of Psychology, University of Maryland, 

is reviewing literature on selection programs to determine whether other 

organizations have successfully applied procedures which would increase the 

effectiveness of those used by the Peace Corps. 

57 
Dr. Harley Preston, Director of the lnstit~~te of Intelmational Services, is 

dcter.mi111ng the validity of current selection instrun~ents and procedcres in 

compariwn *w~th performance in tra~ning, and developing improved instrument\ wh~ch rriay be mbre effective for creening. 

Add~t~oral research will be aimed at 

1. Flow recruiting can be directed toward people who will work best in 

ovcrs'zas assignments. 

?. Improving train~ng methods 

3 Eleterrn~n~ng the effezt~veness of rralnlng methods agalnst me,trure\ of 

p-rforrnance overseas 

The research program is carried on in close coordination with host governrncnt officials utilizing local researchers whenever possible. 

The Peace Corps has heen aware from the start that a scientific third 

party evaluaticn of its effectiveness is an essential guide to planning operations and rrieasuring success in its mis:sion. These studies will serve as a 

clear guide ro the eventual size and scope of Peace Corps operations. 

THIP:OUGH OTHERS' EYES 

THE IPEACE CORPS AND THE AMERICAN PRESS 

The Ameri8:an press has shown a close and continuing interest in the 

Peace Corps. Nearly every group of Volunteers has been visited overseas 

or in training by representatives of the press, radio or television. 

While press comment on the Peace (Corps has been generally favorable, 

it has in recenl months become overwhelmingly so. Indeed, the significant 

element in recent press reaction has ken an about-face in opinion by a 

steady sl~ccessic~n of journals which had originally doubted the feasibility of 

the idea. Here are some excerpts from 1962 editorial comment: 

The Enquirer, Philadelphia, June 5: "When President Kennedy, as one 

of his first oflicial acts, asked Congress to establish the Peace Corps, we, like 

many ot'her P~n~ericans, had our misgivings. 

"Looking back over the Peace Corp:i' attainment to date, we are happy 

to note that we may well have underestin~ated the young people of America." 

Los .4ngele.s Times, June 6: "There is reason to study the Peace Corps 

carefully, to arialyze the reasons for its success in improving the American 

image overseas. The lessons of the Peace Corps should become guideposts 

for the rest of our foreign aid program." 

The New! I'ork Herald Tribune. March I: "When first proposed the 

Corps met w~~tt~ a lot of understandable cynicism. Pitfalls aplenty were inherent ir~ any such plan. That its hopes have been so largely realized while 

its dangers werc: avoided is a credit to those who have run it. . . . 

"The Peace Corps is proving itself' an impressive, and inspiring, example 

of American idealism in action. Yet its benefits flow both ways. Backward 

countrier arc: petting help that they need. At the ,;arne time, the United 

States is builtling a pool of experienced manpower which can be a valuable 

national resc8un:e. . . ." 
The New York Tirnes, June 17: "As the Peace Corps enters its second 

year . . . the idea of service to mankind without thought of personal gain 

has retained its initial tlan. Experience in the field has tempered extravagant expectations. It has also muted the voices of alarm and ridicule." 

The Cirtcinnati Enqrrirer, June 5: "The Peace Corps, to be sure, has had 

its rough days. . . . These incidents, however, do not becloud the fact that 

a vast majority of Peace Corps members have deported themselves admirably, that their spirit of self-sacrifice has reflected real credit on their country and that many parts of the world have been materially served by their 

work." 

Nens Orlearls Stutes ltern, June 11 : "Few altruistic movements directed 

abroad have caught fire as has the Kennedy Administration's Peace Corps. 

More surprising than domestic acceptance of the Corps is the esteem that 

has been showered upon it by those countries which have clasped its helping 

hand." 

The Surl Francisco Examiner, April 6: "Corps Director Sargent Shriver 

is to be congratulated for his leadership of an experiment undertaken in the 

face of considerable skepticism. . . . As it fulfills its function of aid to the 

underprivileged, this army of good will ambassadors serves to enhance the 

image of the United States abroad." 

The Detroit Free Prc~.ss, April 9: "We, like Congress and the majority of 

the people, had our doubts about the Agency a year ago. Now, having seen 

first hand reports and heard the enthusiasm of foreign governments, we are 

delighted to report that the skepticism was ill-founded. . . . Here is one 

Agency where not knowing it couldn't work was a distinct advantage." 
l IIO I ,111c \, 7'1-enton, N J.. i-ebrua~-\ 28: ". . ;:loon~v propt~t.\ic~ II.I.,I 

ni,t heel1 ful'illed. Instead the Peace I.'orps ha, j~1stifii.d ?very I)/.~II>~I~.~Is. 

e\pt.t:t;itlc>r~ Its memhera, arefu fully chore11 and Ihoro~~ghly tralncc! rc1 .c~:lti 

ith. art: ill~,l~i;.iyiny a apiri!: of dedic;~tion and n *,urpri\lng capacit) lo1 rht, 

di!fic.~,lt.~\k\ 1~1th which they must cortend Thi,y are heins well lccr.~\,c\l 

b) Ihc lpt'oplc and are prc'ving to he iffectlve f,tctors in Ilnprovlrl? Ii\lng 

ccntlir~onh i,l the lands in which they 1,ibor. Thrre are persistin? (leniaicl\ 

for lncjrl: of them." . . 

"tot all p.ipcrs are ;IS enthusi;i\tic fo,. the I'eaie (~'orlis. \onit: we 11 .I\ .I 

pc~~~.ibly ctfevrlve idea but one not fully tested. 1-hi? feeling is u\uali> ,.<Inbiit'ii %ith arguments that the Peace ('orp\ \hould he Lept \mall fo~ rtlc 

tiinr. l>eing. :tidt otherwise it will becorn? ineffective or "n~lrea~lcratli ." 

/ill. 1)~rilv t'rogress. Charlotte.vil'ie. Va., April 5: "Thi\ new enthu\i.ism 

fcr the Pracc: Corps co~~ld yettoo far and lead II., to expect too n111ch 01 i~. 

. . . Ilt uoul(i he a mistale to attempt ro push it too rap~dly, at a sa.:rlf.~cc, 111 

the persona' qualities and ,the preparati<~n of the young voluntetrs l.\ho ;ire 

sent abroad " 

/./I(, I'o.\t-l~~trlligrr~(~~~~', Scrrttl<~. March 6. "hlr. Kennedy'\ me\.,agc (to 

Congre5s1 ~letlares that the Peace Corps' early 'succ:e\\e\ have fultilleii 

espl:ctalions.' Whose expectations? . . . Congress, we believe, should .~nd 

w:ll demanci a further testing period-.. much more time -before it I<tvi\he\ 

mort: spending on a fractionally-tried sc'leme." 

.lome pclpers are still skeptical: 

7/10 ('lrictr>!o Tt.ihiir~e. April 6: "FoI. final comment on the corl>,, uc find 

no more fittin!: words than those voicecl a year ago hy Rep. John (-. I>,ivi\, 

a C;cor:;ian and a Democrat. At a Hou\e hearing: . . . he tolcl Shr-~ver: 

"Wc.'ve seer1 a great many agencieb like yours tart on a modest sc;~lc. Once 

they're estat.li*,hed, they grow like a mushroom on a l&arni, fc~gg!, night'" 

Tire ,I~/,,~t,~.ti.sc,~., klontgomery. Alahama, April 10: "T-hougb \+I: ionfc\\ 

to rr~lld \urpri\e that the Corps hasn't \eriou\ly iniped-d the national pilrpow, nothir~~ that ha been stid in the Corps' favor add\ up to mu;h mole 

than oLlr ot>,,ervation of several morlth,, ago that ~t ha. \inipl> nianaged to 

a\/o14.i tl01lt7l~~.'~ 

1'1 A('k ( ORPS A.ND TI-ll: FOREIGN PRESS 

I t1c !lc\i\::ipcrs have i:ret.te~l rti~: ;rrri\,~l ol' l'cacc (-01-11.. Lo~iintr~ I. ,I- 

\,;I! irt ., .o~l.I,:i.\ il~ir~ng the p.i,r ??ar \\irI-. \\h.tt ll;~\ I~cc;.. .In !~.I!.II~~. :! 

cni:l~.oa ,I I. ho\p!f:thlr \\clcc-ine \'.'rt'i rt~t~ ~~ir-ptiin L:i n:ip., i 1- 

i ,,t7:-1%11 I$, p~!r\~~c~l he :tr111-.4n~~r1c,t1i '~nc the p .<,\, ,I> l~o',) -08 ,\$ I, , 

1. iL .. III -,,<!I Vr~t!n(Il) ui111~ I~!\:II I#!;$ I~~~!~I~~~:I!I 
(From the "Malayan Times." March 29): 

" Before the first batch of the American Peace Corps Volunteer5 arrived 

in Malaya. people here were speculating on the motive of the U.S. Government in sending young Americans to underdeveloped countries. The majority thought they were hotgospellers for the American way of life. 

"Now that they are here and working in remote areas among the rural 

people. Malayans are beginning to admire them for their self-sacrifice. They 

are setting an example to young Malayans. many of whom dislike to venture 

out of their own home towns to work even some distance away. They also. 

we hope, have given Malayan parents, too prone to mollycoddle their own 

children. m~~ch food for thought.'' 

(From "Phim Thai" [Thailand]. April 26, editorial commenting on U.S. 

efforts to correct misunderstanding of American foreign policy aims): 

". . . Some results can already be seen now, but if they are not seen 

clearly and properly understood by all peoples in other countries it will be 

of very little use to send American leaders abroad to give explanations and 

to try and correct mistaken views regarding the U.S. It is the U.S. Peace 

Corps units which will be able to give good advice soon on how to correct 

misunderstandings and mistaken views." 

(From the "Philippines Free Press," April 1 : 

". . . For the United States cannot live alone. and if it would live with 

other nations it must understand their people, and what better way is there 

to understand others than by living as they live and working with them? 

And this is just what the Peace Corps is doing. The Philippines is independent, but with the Peace Corps around. Filipinos and Americans have never 

been closer to each other." 

(From "Ngrumo." Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika): 

". . . Therefore, these guests (Peace Corps Volunteers). who are accustomed to a comfortable life - if they are willing to offer their services for 

our benefit. why shouldn't our young men also go into the villages and into 

the fields and volunteer for service in national projects?" 

( From the "Times," Lagos. Nigeria. April 7) : 

Writer Tai Solarin suggested converting the Nigerian Army into a peace 

corps and commented on the American Peace Corps. ". . . which has led the 

world by reorientating . . . its young men into teachers and technicians to 

help self and world." 

There was also evidence of a sympathetic press in the handling of some 

incidents which could have been used for anti-American propaganda had 

the papers been so inclined. Two such incidents were the false accusation of 

assault against a Tanganyikan Volunteer and a jeep accident involving 

Volunteers in Manila. In both cases the local press treated the incidents 

fairly and with restraint. 

THE PEACE CORPS AND THE COMMUNISTS 

Since its inception, the Communists have waged a propaganda campaign 

against the Peace Corps. 

In March 1961, the campaign was vitriolic. but not intensive. In broadcasts to Southeast Asia. the Communists flatly predicted that no nation 

there would accept Volunteers and developed the theme that the Peace 

Corps was an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency. Some of the propaganda came from Communist China. some from Moscow. 
In rr~crrt rnonths, the c:irnp;ilgn h,l\ heen \Ir.ppccl (up. (.III~LI'\ :it~'t.h\ 

h. 1,: hc;i t,oti \brill and infen\i.ve kl;iv;in,i K,idrc cl.iim\ that 11,. f'~.iic, 

( .)ip ib, lot orrl) an ;irm .)I' the ('IA. 'lut I, pl-cpaliny the MA! 1( I .I ,i.\. 

ir~v,:~.ior; )r ( irhrl. Shriv~r I\ iJerrtifie,i ;t\ ;I 'hli~c)d~hir,,ty ( hii..igi) I.II~.~IL~- 

arc! , i~~,>,~yc 11 ih~r." 

( ,I~II~ILIIII%~ Chine\e ;rtt,ich\ riot oril) r~::icti South,:'i\t .A\i;i. I)i~t . 1\11 

i~~clticlc ,\II- (..I h'h~le R~~\>i;irr pr~.~pi~~~~ icl'i II~~I:IIIL :itt;~,:k\ the l'e,~c ~, ( tlr.p\ 

a\ ~'~~lir~,~~~~ti<:.i fro111 the \.'oli~ntce~-, ttic ( Iiir-e\e ;ittiick thc in!egr~t\ ot th: 

il.,ii\iilua: 11, ~nterl-. 

f'ii.rirvr- Ktiru\hchev jo ned th~: a,t;i,h on the I'e.ice C'orl>\ \rhe.i 11; .;II,~ 

or' '\lcly 10, tJf17 

' I ht: I : n~:~:il \late\ Gc,>\crnrnent ~~r'ietitl! f~rniecl the \o-called 1'c~;ii;. 

C'orpL.. \rhc..~.c \oldier\ art: cng1net.r.. \ur-geon\ trachi:r\. \tu~l~nt\ Ihi. 

ilr\pci~;iI~\t\ ~~r~cie~-\tanci uell that nr\r they cannot he~:p ttic11- L~~>I~~II).IIIC)~I 

ofll\ ,4i h 1t1,. iclp of the Hihle ai~cl 11-t)op\. Along \\it11 force. tle ~npcri;lli\!\ ~,!ri\'c lo p~e\erve thei~ il(7mlnror1 ~r: the fornicr coion~al countr-~e\ with 

ttlr ;ii~I ol ttic ~cleolo~icul ~neioctina~:iorr of the population. the LI\V ol c\:ononilc Incan\ of en\lavemcnt Hut thew tactic\ w11I not \ave thvni fror-11 

failiirc. 1-01. it I\ clear th:.t the \o-call8:d Peace Corps or- the 4ll1;tnce for 

Proc~e\,. in I stin America ;ire weapon\ of iniperi;~li\ni." 

l:.;amplcs. of other ;rttach\ incli~clt: 

1IVt:RC;Ht:EN -A magazine 0'- (hinc\e Yl>~lth sncl \tlriient.. No --, 

196 1 

". . In v~cw of the failure of l'~\t%nhower'\ hi!!-\tlch policy, Kerir~~~cl>. 

u'h~l,: c;irryIri!: on a policy of arm\ t:spansion. war prepar-ation. ant1 ,irr!~eil 

suppre\,,icin. \tch\ to push ~ihead hi\ pol~t~cal rnai:hinati3n\ with tht. help (IT 

\~iy,lr-coatcdinnon on balls hearing \uch lahcl\ 'peace:.' 'coopt.-r.ition' .~ncl 

';:\\i\larce ' Here lie\ the real reason for Krnneily'.. fervent rn!ele\t In thc 

'Pt.;~cc ('oryk' " 

t1A'k14?.1A IN SPANI'5H TO THI. Ak1EKIC'A.S 72 \lay 0: 

". . It h,l\ heen \aid with re;l\on that the Pe:iLx ~:'orp\ mernhel\ corns to 

thc clrffc:rent csuntrie\ to mahe inventories ot the national wealth 15 :I s,tep 

prio~ to the \L le of the col.lntry to the I!nited St;itcs." 

ZlOi('0'W IN HINDI 1'0 INDIA 30 Slarch 67: 

. . So;ne facts published in the United States al\o I-eveal the .m:sl .rim\ 

or the I'eact Corps. The plan to organize the ('orp\ ,An\ prep>irccl hv the 

I;. S. State Department, Pentagon. and CIA. The Di,-ector of tht. ( orp\, 

Shriver. i\ an old ernploy~ze of the ('[A. The chief of \t;rff c~f the I'. 5. 

Army. l>ecle~, \aid that the Pentagon intends to serd troop,, to fo~-t>lgn 

countrit.\ ~~ndir the Peace Gorp label. Accordiri~ to h m. thi\ will he tlorie 

In the cven: of \eriou\ unre\t in fore~pn countrir\. Another imporfar11 f:ict 

is al\o uor-th mentioning here: In hi. address to the Congrcs,h, F'rc\~dent 

Kennedy erl-piatically ~tated thdl the I!. S. Peace C'orp\rnen are accordeci 

warrn. f~icr~lJly uclcornes in the unde.dcveloped countriej. hut ebcn ticre 

the colrl fait\ clo not tally with the IJ. S. Prc\ident'\ jtatement." 

lr10SC'OLV IN HAUSA 1'0 Al-KI'C'A I8 June 1962: 

'. . . . It\ dcrnon\trated activities reveal the purrme for wh~cli rt i\ 

sen):. It I\ \:rt only to cc~llect ir1form;rtion iiholrt the\e countrie\ in orcler 

to revi\e coloniali\rn throt~gh e\t.ihli\hnen~ of rnilitarq haw\. There i\ no 

do~iht ~4ho~;t this hecau\c ~t w;i\ Ji\clo*,ed hq an American rnilit:~ry offici.ii 
. . . He said members of the Peace Corps are military men . . . There is 

no peace in the aid of the Peace Corps; it is a political agent of the colonialists. Beware of the Peace Corps, for those countries which accepted it 

have btarted to regret. Send it away from your country." 

PEKING TO ASIA 7 April 1962: 

". . . The press al\o quotes a statement by Sargent Shriver, leader of 

the U. S. Peace Corps, saying that the 75-member corps will work together 

with the U. S. (sic) 'Andec mission' in Ecuador. This U. S. (sic) mission, 

a secret military agents organization, has been conducting conspiratorial 

activities for the si~ppression of the Indians in Ecuador." 

PRAGUE RUDE PRAVO 5 April 1962: 

". . . The 'Peace Corps' headed by CIA agent Shriver, President 

Kennedy's brother-in-law. is to assemble espionage data in underdeveloped 

countries, organize a struggle against the national liberation movement, and 

prepare the soil for the capital expansion of American monopolies. The 

majority of the countriec that were offered these 'services' declined them." 
ItIE COST 

l tit. IJc.~i{' Gorp\ appropliatlun 'or the ti\c,ii year cniling J~inc .;(I. i0112, 

:, ? 50 ii~illiori By Junc 110. 1962. -111 except ai-'out $I million of thi, \urn 

',i..l I3ccti i~,nl~nitted. and thc. rcm:iinJ:i- i\ needed to finance contl-;ii.t\ and 

c~rli:r ol lip,itlon,, before tlic ~.n~i of thc fi\c;il ye':l-. F~I-eign a\\istar~ce Itinds 

101% lin,: YI.h:~-l.OC)O here i~\cct to finarlcc thc. I'c.ac8;. Gorp\ during thr, four 

rio ith,, \~f if.,cui\tence in t1\;;i1 Year 961 

1 ht: Lo,[ per Voluntcsi- e,~ch !,t~ir of \el-\Ice is 2pproximatc ,i $Ll.OOO. 

or CiF.000 '~r the t\~o-)c..ir pcricl(1. While co\ts from proje.:t IO projcct 

\v~ll he ~nfl~~cnceci by \uch variable\ a\ tran\port;ition to and fronl thc ~oun11-) ;ind thc: 1vin9 allo\varice\ e\t;ii.lished for thi: Volunteel-\ in LL riart~iular 

colirllr,. the totdl tv.o-)"~i- i(j\l cori\i\t\ of the fctlloainp ;iprro\rm;!te 

; nloilnt. io - t'ach coniponcnt: ,JZf,! ( <,?I! 

AIIIOIII'I ,I) 7 O~II/ 

I ri.ining S 2.500 13 '9 

l'ri.n\pi~~-tiition 2.600 14.4 

I.ivin: *\'lo\+ance 00 17 

('lc~tliir;! Allowance ZOO) 

Iiou\ing 800) ) 8.9 

\ledleal 1:xamination 2nd C are 600) 

I'rojcct Equipment and \laterial\ 1.000 5 h 

l~el-niination Payment 1.800 10 1) 

I'rograii S~ipport 2.14li I l 6 

Admrn \tration 7.951 16.4 

l ot:,l for 2 Year\ J 18.000 100.0 

C.O\,I per Year 9,000 

i h.: c0.t per Volunteer i\ higher during the fir\t yedr of service than 

dur~ng the \e(:ond for ievt:ral reasorli. The total training cost\, for example. 

occur during the first year: cost\ of tr;~n\porting the Volunteer to .ind from 

training \i!c\ male the fir\t year'\ transportation cost\ higher ant1 medical 

e\aniination\ and inquiry into the Volunteer's suitability occur [luring the 

fir,,t yl:ar of service. Even the termination payment ii not exclus~vely a 

second-yeas charge - it is accrued and set a5ide at the end of each month 

of the Vol!~rteer'\ \ervicc. ('oniprt~ition of the co~t per Volunteer thereior-#- rri~l\t t;il,e into consideration the full tho-!:ear ptriod of service 

Ihc. co,l of a Peace Corpk Lol~inteer. it m~ght be not~:d, conilxire\ 

iiii,oi-ably \'.ith the co\t of mi\sic>niirie\ and of ptrwnnt.1 of voluntai-) \elvice 

org;inir;ition\ \el-ving over\e.is. Kcpol t\ av;iilable fronl rel~gious org;iniza- 

~ioii\ ~nJ~i.;ilt: annil;il coit\ ranying f-on1 $6.000 to $9,000 per !;e:ir. ;inti 

:h,:\c .ire \omerime\ exclu\ive of oar,rhrad cojts. .I/,' oi.c,i.!i,,ci 1 co\i, iiri, 

#I:, /td ,I,' ,if i,ic COY/! I 11rl1 ~/III\,P !,I!- l',?i~(~, (orp\ L'o/II'!!I,~~I \. 

\~pr-oiiniately 70 per cent of tht. cost\ of the I1cace (-il:.r\ yr[)cr;im, 

.t\ ind~;~it~~il above, i\ fo! d~re~c expense\ c~i the Vol~!nteer, - tilcii :rain- 

'112. travel. >~~h\rstence a,iJ meclicai <arc, and terminatioli payri-~cnt, Ihe 

-vrii;lirlcirr i, divided betu,et-rl adni~nl\lration an$.l program \11p1-1or: ,\i!min- 

\tr;~ti\e co\r,, inclucie co\t\ for ;idm~ni\trative or \upervisory rieril,:n:!cl ;\nil 

:)f!iie ,11111 ti-;~vcl expen\e\ in Wa\hington and abroad, I'rogram su[)l,~). L co\t\ 

.ir: thaw \4t11ch al\o coilld be cl,~\~~ilieri a\ di-ecl, expen\e\ of 'voli:ritecr.; 

:LLI! arr. r~ot \o cataloyucd kine:, the) art- rlot ,:ttrihutable to ,,pr::.:fic I'eace 

6 4 
Corps projects). The cost of examinations by the U. S. Civil Service Commission into the backgrounds of Peace Corps Volunteer applicants, for 

example, amounted to over $1 million in Fiscal Year 1962. This is included 

in the program support category, as is the cost of the training camps 

operated by the Peace Corps in Puerto Kico. 

The costs of Peace Corps programs by countries from inception through 

May 31, 1962. and total obligation projections as to the end of the 1962 

Fiscal Year on June 30, are shown on the accompanying chart. Among other 

things, this Exhibit indicates that approximately $10 million, or one-third 

of the Peace Corps appropriation, is committed in June, the last month of 

the fiscal year. This is not the result of "June buying,'' to use up the 

amounts remaining in an appropriation. It is the result of the operation of 

the Peace Corps "natural year" (discussed in Congressional presentations) 

in which the greatest input of Volunteers occurs during the late spring and 

summer months when Americans are changing jobs and making new commitments for fall and winter employment. The universities are able to 

accommodate more Peace Corps training programs in the summer months 

when facilities and housing are not fully in use, and faculty members can 

devote intensive effort to the accelerated programs. Moreover, summer entry 

into Peace Corps training permits arrival of the Volunteers for September or 

October entrance on duty in schools, hospitals, and clinics abroad. Thus 

contracts for training, and occasionally for project participation overseas, are 

negotiated in May and June. and become objects of financial notice and 

obligation in June. 

The Peace Corps is not a "giveaway" program. except in the sense that 

each Peace Corps Volunteer freely contributes his services in an orderly 

way for some 21 months in an overseas job where he is needed. All Peace 

Corps expenditures, with the minor exception (less than one per cent of the 

total budget) of salaries paid to indigenous personnel in Peace Corps offices 

overseas, are made for or on behalf of an American citizen. 

In every country overseas where Peace Corps projects are in operation, 

the host country is making some contribution toward the Volunteers' support. In Ghana. Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. for example, furnished housing 

is provided, and Ghana and Liberia provide all or part of the living allowance of the Volunteers. These contributions emphasize the host country's 

involvement in and responsibility for the Peace Corps programs, and extend 

the effectiveness of each U. S. dollar expended. 

The number of persons permanently employed in Washington to administer the Peace Corps has been kept within the 275 limitation set by Congress for the Fiscal Year 1961-1962. In addition to these. the Peace Corps 

has employed, on a temporary basis. a substantial number of persons to 

handle "peak loads." especially in selection and training. 

Overseas the Peace Corps gets some of its administrative support, on a 

cost reimbursable basis. from already established U. S. agencies, such as 

Embassies and AID missions, thus minimizing the number of Peace Corps 

staff required overseas. Normally the Peace Corps staff in a country consists of a Representative. a doctor, an American secretary, and from one 

to five Associate Representatives a5 are warranted by the number and 

geographical dispersal of the Volunteers. On June 1. 1962. 59 U. S. citizens 

were serving as Peace Corps administrative staff overseas. This staff receives 

no post differentials, no PX privileges, and no diplomatic privileges or 

immunities, except from certain taxes and duties. Their housing is modest, 

and they are expected to associate a\ much as possible with citizens of the 

host country. 

65 
In -111 rr\l)ects the Pexe Corps attrmptc to iorlduit a lean, cconornical 

i.~rograln. .A,ir travel in the Peace Corps, for ex:imple, is by ec,onorny ~la\s, 

. ntl Peaie ('orpa vehicles .ire rugged utility typej. 

Iht: $3 1 ,634,000 of L. S. Governlnent funds involved in Pcacc ( urpa 

L-peration\ 11-om their inception in hlarch, 1961, through June 30 1967. has 

fn.lnced tht organization of the Peace Carps programs in 3 1 cc~unll-lcj (21r1d 

IW co~i\iciei-;it~o~~ of programs in others), and most importantly. the entry 

iito \er\lcl:. ctf approximately 5,I)OC Volunteers, many of whom .ire IO he 

I -;tined ~n the firbt quarter of fiscal year '63. 

?rlan,igt:~~snt and finar~cial affairs have been the responsibility of ,4\\oci3te Ilirector John Corcoran. 

PEACE CORPS OBLIGA,TI ONS 

B,y Regions, Countries, and United States 

FISCAL YEAR 1961 AND FISCAL YEAK 1961 (TO MAY 11) 

AND PROJECTED REQUIREMENTS FOR JUNE. 1962 

REGION AND COUNTRY 

FY 1962 

RESIOI\I AND COUNTRY FY 1961 (To MAY 71 ) 

A fr~cu Operutrons 

Cameroons $ - $ 323,851 72 

Eth~op~,~ - 20,698 68 

C;h,ina 78.680 90 763,892 10 

Ivo-y co<rst -- - 

L ~bsr~a - 28.869 27 

Nlgerld 5,500 00 1.502.288 7h 

\~errd L eone - 7 77,173 9f) 

ionldl~,~ - 397,OH 1 90 

7 drlganylba 141,372 71 284.292 87 

1 unl\la - 1'37,770 67 - - - - 

Tot~l 4fr1ca $ 225.5 13 dl S 3.4'36.079 52 

Near Eu.sierrr -- Sorrth As~an Opercrtior,~ 

Afghani&,t,~n $ 

C eqlon 

1 nd la 

l ran 

Uepal 

Pah~\tan 

Tot~l Near Eastern - 

!iouth Asian X 

FN* Eo\i Opriatrons 

Malaya $ - $ 458,iSX 79 

No1 th Elorneo/Sarawdh -- 40 1.137 00 

Phli~pp~ne, $ 31,42574 1,606,l 58 15 

7 ha~lancl - - - 

515 102 97 -- - - 

Total Far East $ 31,425 74 $ 3.010,086 51 
Latin American Operations . . Boliv~a .............................................. $ - 

Brazil ............................................... - 

British Honduras .............................. 

he .............................................. 86,494.00 

Colombia ........................................ 179,838.30 

Dominican Republic ........................ - 

Ecuador .......................................... - 

El Salvador .................................... - 

Guatemala ...................................... - 

Honduras ....................................... - 

Jamaica .......................................... - 

Peru ............................................... - Venezuela .......................................... A 

West Indies ..................................... 18,432,00 

Total Latin American ................ $ 284,764.30 

Total All Regions .................................. $ 546.8 17.95 

Total Administrative Expenses ............ $1,087,272.54 

Total Obligations, May 31 .................... $1,634,090.49 

Commitments in June 1962 

(through June 20) .......................... 

Other known requirements for 

June (payrolls, fixed expenses) ...... 

Total .......................................... 

PUBLIC SUPPORT 

THE PEACE CORPS AND THE PUBLIC 

Response to the Peace Corps from the "private sector" of American 

life has accelerated from the first day the program was established. 

Within one year a large number of significant national organizations 

endorsed the Peace Corps by resolution. Among them are the American 

Federation of Teachers, the American Association of School Administrators, 

the American Council on Higher Education, the Methodist Board of Missions, the Executive Board of the Allied Industrial Workers of the AFLCIO, the YWCA, the 4-H Foundation, the Student National Education 

Association, and the American Personnel and Guidance Association. 

The Commander in Chief of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the 

United States sent a telegram to the President stating: "On behalf of the 

Veterans of Foreign Wars, I wish to congratulate you upon the establishment of the Peace Corps. This far-sighted step in constructive Americanism 

will, we are sure, serve the cause of freedom and understanding among men 

everywhere. I pledge you our full support in this great cause." 

Expressions of support have been translated into action. Major companies, for example, are granting leaves of absence to employees who want 

to serve two years in the Peace Corps. Among these are International 

Business Machines, American Telephone and Telegraph, and Owens-Illinois. 
\!CII, t 1.111 -150 pr~I'e\~.~o~~:il. tc.cl~n.;;il. i.i\ic and fr:itern:il II~!:,IIII/ it10:1\ 

i-;i;c \\:illt11 tllc. l'eacc ( 01-p\ to otter 1/1c1r \erVlct'\. 

In I .;. I. ig~lc\ the Hu~lii~ni: I I,:L~;.\ C'ouni I ha\ ar~anyeil ii?p~c~~t~ic- 

,+i' t.~-~..!~t tor ,I plumher riou ,i:r\ r!b In the I'ixacts ('orp\ 

\Ic1i1iici\ ol the Arne~ii:rn I td~r;irion ot l~.~i.her\ 21-e r-cc:i\i~~g lc,i\e\ 

2i ,~i\c.~i~c I.occil\ of rhc i-~rcn~cn ;:il t'nyinclner~'\ I.'nion, tl~c flotl ~:',irri~u, ('c~il\tr-il,.r~on Un~on, the C'.,nntr) ;\nil M;~rchou\eliien I-ooil I'~-o~c\\ors 

L,I~I[III. ~iic tl~,:i\~ (.on\tr~~ct~on I.:it~c>r [L'I~I!)II, :i:~d the 1<et:11l ('IL>IL,\ [ tiion 

!-a\ : ;or~triI~ntcd Vol~~nteer\. 

lht, I r~tti.tl Ailto Worker\ ard the AC Spark T'lilg I>ivi\ioii oi (;cricral 

\lo1111-\ ric!:oti,ited :I jpec~fic contrac:t i:l:~u\e protectin? the right\ of union 

r?ic.~-i~Iicr-. tntering the Peace Cory\. 

\el\ Yorl, C~ty and Ph~l;l~lelphi;i arc among Arner~c~in citics y~ving 

Icu\c\ ni ;~h\cnce to local te;icher\ ~,ho volunteer for the f'ecice ( orp\. 

Ory,ini/inji and coordinating colnn~l~nit) \upport. iilong bith reel-~~iting 

;inJ ('r!nyr~:,\ onal affair\. ha\ been thr: respon\~bility of A\\ociate D~rector 

Bill \li)>cr,> 

AMERI(3.4 RESPONDS 

Could tk~e United State\ produce erlough Americans, of high ql~iflity and 

character to make the Peace Corps \~lcces\ful'? 

Thi, M;I~ one of the mo\t import;int early question\ asked ahout the 

Peace ('orp\. It can now tle anshered. 

,4rnc1-ic;in\ began rejponding to the Peace Corps ided in Noveniher 1960. 

after Pre\iclent Kennedy's San Franci\i:o \peech outlining the Peace Corps 

idea. 

Hetl~een Iblarch I and June 1, l'~h1, after Peace Corps preliminary 

policies here set, approxi~nately 10,000 Americans actually filled out and 

mailed in Peace Corps applications. 

From June to December 3 1. 196 1, Americans volunteered at the rate 

of 1,0011 pel- month. At that time, mot people regarded this re\ponse as 

"extraordinar),." 

In thow tarly month\. the Peace Corps made little effort to attract 

Volunteers, preferring to wait ~~ntil it had a clear mandate from the Congress both in lerrns of authorization and appropriation. The mandate came 

on September 22, 1961. 

Wit1 bipartisan national endorsement, the Peace Corps took the initiative in t:xpl;iining its progr;im and the opportunities for Peace Corps \ervice. 

October and November 1961 were taken up in preparing an adeq~~ate 

public information and public affairs program for 1962.. 

The reb~llt, of this planning are now apparent. Month by month. the 

total nunibc?r ,sf Peace Corps applicant,, ha risen. In <,ome week\ in 1061. 

almost a\ rnany people voslunteered a\ in an entire month of 1961. 

In one week in March 1962. 7114 people volunteeVed; in one ~l'eek in 

May, 8'18; ir one week in June, 965. 

Since rriid-February I!j62. Americans applied at more than ci~.ici, the 

1961 rate, clear evidence that the natior is re\ponding. 

But the F'eice Corps is not only intererted in numbel-s. 

Who are these people'' How gooc are the)'? Wkat are theil- q(lcllifications: 
The Volunteers came from the cross-section of American life. They are 

of every race. creed, and religion. (In the first Peace Corps project. 35 surveyors and engineers for Tanganyika, the Volunteers were named DeSimone 

and Van Loenen. Lum and Young, O'Hara and Feldman, Quattlebaum and 

Parson. ) 

Before they joined the Peace Corps. they lived in every state of the 

Union and Puerto Rico. They were truck drivers and college professors, 

plumbers and scientists, nurses and students. 

They are old and young. grandparents and teenagers. They are physically strong and mentally alert. 

Those already selected. trained, and accepted as Volunteers have. during 

their fir,( year of overseas service, been the "proof of the pudding." 

What about the new applicants? 

By scientifically established standards, a greater number of new applicants are qualified for selection for training than those applying earlier. 

There are a number of rea\ons for this. 

First. not as many are automatically disqualified, since Peace Corps 

entrance 5tandards are now better known (for instance. married applicants 

niust both volunteer and each have a needed skill). 

Second, the number of applicants with personality problems severe 

enough to warrant exclusion has dropped sharply (in the first 5,000, there 

were 216 such cases; in the second 5,000, 127). 

Third. a greater proportion of persons with usable skills are applying 

(approximately 53 percent in the first 5,000; approximately 80 percent in the 

last 5.000). 

Fourth, an ever increasing number of applicants fall into the top rating 

brackets as a result of preliminary screening. These and other factors lead 

the Peace Corps to the conclusion that the quality of the individual applicant 

is keeping pace with the increased numbers. 
APPENDIX 

1'ALI:N T SEARCH 

111 P,pr~l. 1961, the Pea:e Col-ph lau.iched a quiet "t.alent hearch" to flnd 

the tick Ic.a8Jc~, for its over.\ea\ operations. 

1 he over-was job was o~itlined a\ a difficult one. 

I ir.,t, the Pc.ace Corps F:c.presentarivc. mujt have much the qame niotlvation a\ the i'olunteers in order to provide the personal leadersh~p neces\ary 

in a I'ezice ('orps project. 

~SL,L~JI (1. Ihe Representalive mu\t have had a succt\sful career in the 

United Statt:\ which he was uilling to Imve to serve in rhe Peace Carp$. 

7-ilir.lI. he must have the capacity tc~ be responsible to the Ambassador, 

wrle as 3 rnis,ion director and at the \ame time seek his friends and associate\ oiltsict: {he American community as well as within. 

I-o~ri.ril, I-~e must forego all diplomatic privileges ancl immunities, except 

certain (c~lstoms and tax exemptionh, al hardship allowances, all PX privilege? and like at a standard usually helow that associated with the diplomatic 

community. 

Fiftli, he must have the diplomatic s,lills to deal with host governments 

even at the presidential and cabinet leves. 

Si.rrlr, he must have the administrative qualities needed for difficult and 

complex ope]-ations and the creative ability to mahe ths most effective use 

of Volunteer:; requested by the host government. 

Sr~,eirth, he must know the language of the country to which he is sent 

(or learn it :iocln). 

Eighth, he must exemplify. mentally and physically, the dynamic image 

of the United States. 

The probleln in April. 1961, was thi:,: "Where do you find these men'?" 

And once you find them, how do you interest them in serving the Peace 

Corps8? 

After the 1960 Presidential elections. Sargent Shriver established a 

nationwide ta~lent search reaching into every conceivable community to find 

qualified people to serve at the top levels of government. On his "contacts" 

list were ovelV 100 names of people throughout the country who were in a 

position to recclgnize highly qualified men and women. 

This liht was made available to the P8:ace Corps and expanded to include 

two hundred Ley business, university. foundation, government and other 

"talent searchel-s." Each was told what the Peace Corps needed, asked ,101 

to suggest nanies from within their own organizations, and not to consult 

those they rt:c'ommended. The response was overwhelming. The names 

brought forward represented an exciting cross section of America. In all. 

a thousand names were made available to the Peace Corps and name\ 

continue to arrive from these sources. 

Internally, the Peace Corps established an interview system to cover all 

eight points :onsidered as essential in a Representative. If a candidate met 

these htaldards he was scheduled for a personal interview with the Director. 

Those cindicla,.es passing this test were referred to the Civil Service 

Comrnivion for a full-field investigation. 
Of the first 200 interviewed in Washington, only I I met Peace Corps 

requirements. 

From June 15, 1961. until May 31, 1962, a total of 528 candidates were 

routed through the talent search process, each had interviews, and each was 

evaluated. 

Of this number, 46 were approved and are now on board; 9 are just 

about to come aboard; 30 are approved and in the process of completing 

their medical and security examinations. 

The talent search process was (and is) extremely time-consuming for 

members of the Peace Corps senior staff. Every one of the applicants, for 

example, has been interviewed by the Director himself, who has likewise 

interviewed every doctor and even every secretary sent abroad. But it was 

decided that the interviews must be conducted at this level and enjoy the 

highest operational priority. There are no positions in the Peace Corps 

more important than these staff jobs overseas. 

The first director of the "talent search" was William Haddad, at that time 

a special assistant to the Director. He was followed in the job by Glenn 

Ferguson. now Peace Corps Representative in Thailand. and since Ferguson, 

three special assistants to the Director have continued the talent search. first 

Frank Williams, then William Warner, and now John D. Rockefeller IV. 

A sample of those selected include: 

Arctic explorer and mountain climber. ROBERT BATES. 51. He has 

explored the Yukon, Alaska, and the Chilean desert and participated in two 

attempts to climb K2 (in Pakistan). He has co-authored two books and 

numerous articles. A magna cum laude graduate of Harvard, he received 

his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. In recent years he has 

acquired facility in the Nepali language. Mrs. Bates has a degree in social 

work, was overseas with the Red Cross in World War I1 and has been secretary of the American Alpine Club. He will serve in Nepal. 

Dr. Bates will be joined by a mountain climbing professor of philosophy 

and religion, DR. WILLIAM UNSOELD, 35. With degrees in physics. geology. 

theology and philosophy. Dr. Unsoeld lectures at Oregon State. has climbed 

in the Alps and Himalayas. speaks German and Hindustani and has worked 

as a section hand, smoke jumper. foundry pourer and seaman. Mrs. Unsoeld 

was once a guide in the Grand Teton National Park. 

Anthropolgist DR. JOHN LANDGRAF. 48, is returning as Peace Corps Representative to North Borneo and Sarawak where he lived two years doing 

research. He was an associate professor of anthropology at New York University in charge of its Southeast Asia research program. He speaks the 

Malay-Indonesian dialects of North Borneo and French. Mrs. Landgraf has 

worked as a teacher and school nurse. 

One of the outstanding American students of Southeast Asia, J. NORMAN 

PARMER. 36, left his position as profesgor and chairman of the department 

of history at Northern Illinois University to serve in Malaya. He holds 

degrees from Indiana University. University of Connecticut and Cornell 

University. He has lived in Malaya and Singapore, visited Indonesia. Thailand. and India. He and his wife speak fluent Malay. Mrs. Parmer taught 

high school in Singapore. 

LEWIS BUTLER, 34, graduate of Princeton and Stanford Law School, was 

a partner in one of San Francisco's leading corporate law firms when he 

joined the Peace Corps. He has been chairman of the state and city Bar 

Legal Aid Committees, active in Boys' club work, and President of the Stanford Alumni. Mrs. Butler is fluent in Spanish. They are serving with Mr. 

Parmer in Malaya. 

7 1 
tl \I:HI~ \Col-I OKL), 36. \*;I\ bpecial A\\l\tanr to tht: I're\iJcnt 6r Ir<tr !~e 

i.c,i(lt.d lo come full tlme ~\~tll the 1'~ai.e Gorp.. Woflor-el, or1 Icc\c. Iroin 

'rotri. I) inlr ILaw School, *;I\ onc or' tl-me "~orkir~g gro~~p" that liclr~eii t~\l,~h- 

: \It ~llc 1'cai.c Corps and 9-rved ;I\ it\ I~ai\on uitt~ the White Hou\t. tie \b<i\ 

;II\II th,: 1'1-t\i~ient'\ asjistrnt for civil right\. Wofford iind hi\ ultc. ( I,ire. 

I~:i\e t~,~ielt,il uldely and uorked in Ind~a. I\r;~el and turop~:. I1ic.i LO- 

;i~lrl-)~,~-t~i thc hook. 111drcl ,+lfirc.. He I\ going to %idmini\ter the ?()'! t~,:~,:h~:r 

prc.1ji.i-l 111 l.thiopia anif alx to \L.I-\~. a,, the I'e;tii. ('orln \pec~al !tl)rc~~cril.r1 \t, lor \file: 

'WII I IA:L (:.\>HY. JR.. :iO. \bill join 'A'otfor-d III t.thiopi:i. I-ormt.rl\ LIL,IL. 

lo '>lipreme ('3~1rt Justice 'Whlttai..er, <;inhq i\ a ,unima cum 1:111de gr;tila;ite 

c~f 1 ale ~n.i tir\t in hi\ cia\\ in the I nivel-\ity of Xli?ne\ota L;i\r School. 

AII ('alibq \v,I\ a partner In J. St. Paul. hllnnecota law firni and \\.I\ ;li.tive 

in rhe '\.4r\Cl'. He speak5 French. Xlr\. ('anhq i'; a jchool tca~lier. sooil 

i>:iil.,~rouni~ for the Ethiopilin project where Volunteer,, \bill \el-vt: a\ \r'con- 

~121) \chooI teachers. 

1i01-I KI POOLF, 30, u;i\ a l~i\torq tei~chel- anJ footb;ill ;id h~i\t.h;ill 

co,~ih at thi: -raft School. M,'ntertown. Connecticut. v,hcn he joinec! the I'c;iee 

Col-1". i\ cilni Ia~lde graduate ol Yale. Rlr. I'oole recc:ntly u8a\ \t,lcctc~l ;I\ 

one of the ~\ro most \ucce\ful and re(>pecteil teacher\ of 'raft School ,111d 

gi\itn the X'I,lrlliard prize. He traveleti and jtudled in Africa and u~ll \t.l-\e In 

Ifthiopi'i uhel-e one of the large\t Peace Gorp\ projt:c.t\ uill he loc;itt.~i. 

Xlr,. Poole ha\ participated In the Expcrinient in Internation'il I-lving .~ncl 

tl-it. F ronrie- blur\ing Servi:e. 

I:\-'LLiv~~ otficer and student of ,.he Near E;I\~. D:\\.ro WI I.<\I.\IL. 23. i\ 

going ts 1~1.11-Ley. He speak\ French and 7urbi\h and hold\ dcgrce\ iron: 

i4rnhrr.t C'ollcge (B.A.) and Irlich~gan Unlversiry (h1.A. and 1-1. 13 HI\ 

bvifj-, \~l\,innali, is an experienced social worker. 

1<1 L 131 N \III\IONS. 47, i\ \erving in Tuni\~a. He speak\ both FI-encl~ ;!nil 

Ar,:h~c. I-01- ,~x years, hi: \+as Agr-~cult~lral Credit Advi\or with I< :\ In 

I.~h>a, hcfore then, a credi': special~jt for the Fal-rne1.s Home Adni~nl\tr.ition. 

M1a\h~n!lon. lie i\ a grad~ate of L.incoln L'niverkity. i~1i.j. Sirnmon\ \bo~!-,cii 

for L.NKK/\ in Germ-lny and IC.4 in I ~hqa. 

Kolil KI >II INI K, JK.. -11. 01' Vermont. I\ going to P,fgh:inl\tan. Horli In 

Iran. ht, \pc:.jh\ Perjian. He i\ ;i partncr in ,i conipan!I engaged in poultry 

farming. re,il :state manapernent an(! r,-cre~itlon facilities and wa\ ior-nlcrl) 

cult~lral officc~' at the U.S. Emha\\) In Teheran antd Clirector of Arnerlcan 

f-rienci\ of thc Xliddle Ea\t. He hold\ clegl.ee\ fro,~i \Voo\ter College and 

Columtlia Uni~erjity. 

DR. Ct1~1s1o~1i1.u B. SIII LIIOK. 76. \cr\e\ in Colombia. With ilegree\ 

iron-I L nivt:r\ ty of San \larco\ ( Lim;i) ( XI..-\.). P1.1nceton 7hi:ologic;il 

Scniinal-1 ( 3.1).), and I:ni.ve~-\it) of \ladr~d (Ph I>.) (he defended his the\i\ 

in Spani\h). Dr. Sheldon foiinded the Ocean Ac;idi:rny. L-td., LI pr<,par;irorq 

school lor I-)o)\ on hoard thc ianio~l\ \:i l~ng \hip "Albatro\\." 

111r OI)OKI HI*KS. JK.. 37 i\ \cr\lng uith Dr. Shedor1 in ('~lc~rnh~,~. Mhen 

hi: oint.cl 111': I'c;lce Gorp\ he u;i\ tilc \11per\i\01. of tr.iining for 1)elt;r Air 

I.:nc\ -lc \rit. LA\ both French and Sparii\h arld ha\ tr;i\,eled wirlely in l 'itln 

Anr~ 1-lc i\ a Phi E:ct;~ Kappa ~ruduate of Emory Univi.1-,,it\.' and 

<;eor:l; I cch, and taught !ip:inl\h at Frnory. 

[In. >\\I LI L Puor I~OK. 10. Prc\id:.nt of North Cirolina Agriculrilr,il and 

l'zchnical College, is the Peace <'orp\ Hepre\ent:ttivi! in Nigeria. ,\ rnilii\tt,r 

of the Rapti.>t Church. Dr. Proctor holil\ degree\ from Virginia L'ri~on I:nivcr\ity, ('ro.rer Theological Seminary in~i Ro\ton I2niversity (D.K.). tie 

-, 12 
was formerly President and professor of religion and ethic\ at Virginia 

Union. 

ANDRES HERNANDEZ, 49, of New Mexico, serves in the Dominican 

Republic. A crew chief in the CCC. foreman in the Forest Service. Hernandez studied at Bradley University, University of New Mexico, University 

of Edinburgh and New Mexico Highlands University. He speaks Spanish 

with the fluency of English. He has been advisor to the Government of 

Guatemala where he helped in rural development, housing and homesteading. Mrs. Hernandez has taught primary school and home economics. She 

is also fluent in Spanish. 

A partner in a Cleveland law firm when he joined the Peace Corps, 

E. ROBERT HELLAWELL. 34, is now Peace Corps Representative in Tanganyika. A cum laude graduate of Williams College and magna cum laude at 

Columbia Law School. he was active in the Bar Association and the discussion group leader in a u,orld politics program. Mrs. Hellawell was active in 

the League of Women Voters and speaks French. 

G~ORGE CARTER. 37, is an authority on African religion. philosophy and 

intercultural relations. Holding degrees from Lincoln and Harvard Universities. Mr. Carter has been a full-time consultant to the American Society 

of African Culture. He has traveled extensively in Africa and Asia. He 

represents the Peace Corps in Ghana, which he had visited a dozen times 

before joining the Peace Corps. 

RAYMOND PARROTT, 33, an economist and formerly Assistant to the 

President of the Norfolk and Western Railway, was recruited through the 

National Association of Manufacturers. Holding degrees from Trinity College and Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Mr. Parrott has done 

economic studies for several U.S. counties and states and in Jamaica, Honduras and Puerto Rico. He serves in Ghana with Mr. Carter. 

RODERIC BULLER, 35, former Rockefeller Foundation agronomist in 

Mexico, is Peace Corps Representative in Venezuela. A graduate of Lafayette College and a Ph.D. from Penn State, Dr. Buller is a specialist in agronomy and statistics. In Mexico he trained technicians in pasture improvement and livestock production. Mrs. Buller, an anthropologist, did village 

work in Mexico and taught social anthropology at the University of Mexico. 

Both are fluent in Spanish. 

Beverly Hills lawyer FRANK MANKIEWICZ, 38, is a graduate of University 

of California Law School, Columbia School of Journalism and UCLA. He 

has been a staff member of the Los Angeles Anti-Defamation League and 

a legal intern for League of California Cities. A former newspaper editor, 

he will represent the Peace Corps in Peru. He is fluent in Spanish. 

WILLIAM MANGIN, 39, an associate professor of sociology and anthropology at Syracuse University, will return to Peru with Mankiewicz. Mr. 

Mangin was formerly field director of the noted Cornell project at Vicos. 

Fluent in Spanish. he also knows French, German, and Italian. He holds 

degrees from Yale and Syracuse. Mrs. Mangin, a primary school teacher, 

is also f uent in Spanish. 

W4l.i~~ CARRINGTON, 35, was a Boston lawyer and a member of the 

Massachusetts Commission against Discrimination. A graduate of Harvard 

Law School, he has been a leader in inter-group relations. Mr. and Mrs. 

Carrington led a group to Nigeria for the Experiment in International 

Living and have traveled widely in Europe, Africa, the Near and Far East. 

Mrs. Carrington, a musician, speaks German, Italian and French. They are 

in Sierra Leone. 

73 
!<an Fru,icirco stevedorl: superintl:ntient ILl~c.~l,ir I. McCo~t. 28. I\ \c.r-vir,: vb~th \I!- 1: .lrrlngton in 5icrra l eons:. A graclii;ile of Yale. he tiLi\ hcer~ 

a rlcycr 1'1 \,'tlre/uel:i and logger in Orc-on. \lr\ \IcC'onc is ;i gr,i.i~~.~rc of 

\t iriCoriI L'r~vt,~r\ity. 

I )K M II I r \\I J. Col51>\. 38. I., a yr,lduate of Yale and trsk I'nr~c~-\~tic\. 

a~il lholil\ a l'I1.11, in \ociolog> from \'ale. \ince 1961. tie ha\ ban ( h~ef 

or thc I r.iirlln,! and Resource\ HI-anch 21 All). Dr. <'ou\ln\ h:,\ \i.r\c.d ~ri 

II~LI~~I nilI'.~h~\tan ;I\ :i C'ornn~unity Development Proje~:t Aclvlsor ;~iiJ i~rth 

thc !rrnc~~c,~li t r~t.n~i\ Cornmiltee. Llr> Cu~l\ins. born ancl ra~\cd in Incl~,~. 

is ;I rr.~tl ~-.ili.r~! American citiz.cn. The\ arc \cr\ing in Ir ~n. 

I \\ O\v \ 41. leaves a clerical position to \ewe the I'eace ('orp\ 111 

J;~ni~~~ca 51 ict 1954, he ha\ been the \linister for the \Ne\trnin.,ter f'rc\h)- 

tcl-i'ln ('t111rc.i in Charlotte>ville, \'irsin~a. Rlr. 0wt.n ir a graduate of the 

Un~l.crs~t\ oi leva and the Au\tin Pre5hqterian and Union 'I~hcological 

Sern~naricr. 2lrs. Owen, also a graduate of the Uliiver\ity of leva\. ha\ 

he2r1 ;icti\e ill c.~vic affairs in C'harlottesville. 

1:11 KI h Slnt,~~. 33, was on the original Peace Corp, task force ant1 ha\ 

ser>r~l \ince Ft:hruary. 1961, on the Wt\hington \taff 5pecializing in 1 atin 

Amcl-lean altairs. Previously he \erved with both CARE and the IC,4 in 

Lat~n Amer~ca. Fluent in Spanish, and re\ponsihle fclr developing many 

I'eaci: Carps programs in 1 atin America. he will serve :is Kcpresentative in 

Bollvia. Ylr. '3inger is a graduate of New York Urriversity and Johns 

Hophins. 

Jo~h S~II~I~, 36, a M~nrlesota farmer, is a gradua1.e in agronomy ;.it lowa 

State and former vocational agricult~~r~s in5tructor for the Tri.lh I>~\trict, 

Pacific I~,lands. He and Mrs. Smith are going to Ecuador. 

Kr!ss~r I. 'TI.RSHY. 40, is going to Bolivia. He waGi the National L)irector 

of Training !ichools for Young Christian Workers, a rlovement operating 

within the framework of the Roman Catholic Church to develop young 

adult le:iderihip in labor unions through social action. While with the 

Army. ilr. Tershy received Special Training at Stanford University ir~ Far 

Eastern Stuclie.. He speak:, Chinese well, understands Arabic and w1I1 be 

prepared in Spanish before raking up hic post in Bolivia. 

Dear of F'azulty of Brarldeis Univers~ty when he join,sd the Peace Gorp\, 

DR. L.AM,KI >(-I: FLCHS, 35, has written two book\ and numerous ;~rticle\ on 

politic\, a\ well as having been an active p~~blic $peaher on foreign affiiirj. 

He is a zraduate of NYU and HarvarJ. Mr\. Fuchs, holder of an h1.A in 

psycholc~gy, is presently a psychotherap~st. They art: serving in thc I'h~lippine\. 

Sociologist ~LFXANDLK HARF. JR.. 39. i\ serving in the Philippine.. With 

degrees from Swarthmore College. Loui\iana State, lowa State, 1-he L:niver 

sity of Penn\!il~~aniand tht: Univer5rty of Chicago, Dr. Hare was A\soci:ite 

Professor of tjociology at Haverfor-d College. He ha,, conducted research at 

Yale ant1 Hiirvard and is the author of numerous publications on hum:in 

rel~tlons He commanded an engineering battalion during World Wal- II 

<;I I Fih \$'. FERGUSON, 33, is ii graduate of C'ornell University with a 

B.A. In I~corrornics, and M.B.A. in Personnel Administration, and arl I 1..B 

from the University of Pittsburgh Law '~chool. He servtd a\ adinini\l~-:~t~ve 

assist:int to the Chancellor of the University of Pitt5burgh and a a manage 

ment con\ult.art. Mr. Ferguson worhed on the R'ahington \tat1 before 

goin!: overseas as Peace Corps Represerltative in Thailand. Mr. .. tergu\on 

grad1.iatem.l from Mary Washington College of the L'niverkity of Virginia w~th 

honors in t-ngli\h. 

7 4 
JOHN WHITE, 36, holds an M.S. in agronomy from the University of 

Massachusetts and previously served as an AID agronomy advisor in Laos 

and Thailand. Returning to Thailand for the Peace Corps, Mr. White 

speaks French, Lao, and Thai. His wife, Eleanor, taught English in Bangkok, is familiar with Thai. 

BRUCE MACKENZIE, 37, is a graduate of West Point and student of 

French and German literature. A specialist in technical publications and 

displays for Bell Labs and IBM, Mr. Mackenzie has helped devise new 

teaching systems. Both he and his wife Dorothy, a medical technician, are 

fluent in French. They are going to the Ivory Coast. 

Forty-four-year-old Marine LT. COL. WILLIAM WILKES is retiring early 

to represent the Peace Corps in Gabon. A 1939 graduate of Arkansas State 

College, Wilkes is fluent in French. His wife also speaks French and has 

been an elementary school teacher. 

In Tanganyika is JOHN PETER HOHL, 37, formerly a licensed professional 

hunter in Kenya. Originally from Ohio, Mr. Hohl was sales-service coordinator for Owens-Illinois Glass Company in Toledo. He speaks German and 

Swahili. 

California Assemblyman BERT DELOTTO, 43, from Fresno. Active in 

politics and civic affairs, a real estate broker and developer, and director 

of a savings and loan association, Mr. Delotto is going to Somalia. He 

studied electrical engineering in night school and graduated with a degree 

in business administration from Fresno State. 

7 5 
VOLLJNTEE RS OVERSEAS 

( I kc\c li~s \rere compiled atlout Ji~nr 20. M'htn rrintecl and ilel~vcrcJ, 

\i)i~lc \'c~luntzer\ will hav.: finished tr'iining and been sent over\c.;i\: othcr 

\ ol~.~ntl:~r\ \ill al\o have i:nttred training.) 

Ghana 

Nigcria 

I ATIY AZIERICA 

Bol~\~a I 

Bra111 

Ch~le 

NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA 

[nd~d :I6 10'1 61 12,22161 10 63 

Pah~stan - t 1st 29 8 30 61 11/1/61 X 63 

Pdhl\tan - West 1' 8 9 IS 61 12'10!61 0 63 
VOLUNTEERS IN TRAINING 

Number of Began 

Region/Country Volunteers Training 

AFRICA 

Somalia ........................................ 47 . . Tun~s~a ....................................... 77 

ha I ...................................... 94 

Ivory Coast .................................. 47 . . L~ber~a ......................................... 107 

Niger ......................................... 7 . . N~ger~a .......................................... 110 

Senegal ........................................ 6 

Sierra Leone I1 ............................ 60 

Tanganyika .................................. 32 

Togo ............................................. 30 

FAR EAST 

Philippines IV. V. & VI .............. 282 6/21/62 

6/ 15/62 

North Borneo/Sarawak ............. 8 1 6/ 15/62 

Thailand I1 ........................... 64 6/ 19/62 

LATIN AMERICA 

Honduras ...................................... 27 . . Bolva 11 .................................... 53 

British Honduras ........................ 35 

Dominican Republic .................. 2 1 

Venezuela .................................... 4 1 

Ecuador ........................................ 128 

Peru .............................................. 180 

NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA 

Afghanistan .................................. 13 6/9/62 

Ceylon .......................................... 49 6/4/62 

ran .............................................. 5 1 6/8/62 

Nepal ............................................ 73 6/ 13/62 

Cyprus .......................................... 24 6/25/62 

India ............................................ 52 6/26/62 

Trey .......................................... 47 6/25/62 

TOTAL .................................. 1838 

TOTAL OVERSEAS AND 

IN TRAINING ............. 2889 

Beginning 

of Dury 

Due 

Home 
REPORTED [NCIDENCE OF 

ILLNESS AND INJURY AMONG 

PI!,ACE CORPS VO1,UNTEERS OVERSEAS 

September 1, 196 1 - April 30, 1962 

iyphold 

I'ardtypho~d 

I>y\entery 

I-ood Polson~ng 

',trep Throat 

Ivleasles 

lclumps 

13engue 

Infectlous Hepatltls 

lvlalarla 

llermatophytos~s 

Other Infectlous D~seases 

14llerg1c Disorders 

I'urpura 

Anx~ety Reactron 

(lonjunct~vitl\ 

Ear Infect~ons 

'iascular Dlsease 

14emorrho1ds 

Acute Upper Respiratory Infection 

l nfluenza 

I'neumon~a 

13ronchltls 

I'leurlsy 

l3ental Problems 

Ulcer 

(3d5trltls 

Appendiclt~s 

Gastroenterltls and Other Disorders of Intestines 

I<~dney Infect~ons 

1315easec of Uteruj 

Other D~sease\ of Genlto-Urlnary Sy5terr~ 

lnfect~ons of \Lln 

liheumatold Arthrltlz 

l_umbago 

(Other Dlseases of Bone and Muscle 

111-defined D~seases 

4rm Fracture 

'>pra~ns 

dead Injur~es 

I_acerat~ons 

'>uperfic~al Inj~lr~eq 

13urns 

'3rug React~on.. 

'jnake R~te\ 
MARRIAGES, BIRTHS, DEATHS 

As might have been expected, Volunteers found each other attractive 

so attractive that marriages have already taken place in eight countries. 

One child was born to a Peace Corps Volunteer Leader couple married 

prior to Peace Corps service. 

There have been three deaths, two in Colombia and one in the 

Philippines. 

The details: 

Marriages 

GHANA 

George Hamilton and Carol Armstrong in Half Assini, November I I. 

Arnold Zeitlin and Marian Frank in Accra on December 16. 

Thomas Miller (non-PCV) and Lucille Carmichael in Accra, October 7. 

Ophelia DeLaine and Amos G. Gona (Indian National) in Kumasi, 

April 6. 

WEST PAKISTAN 

Dell Christianson and Charlotte Larson during training at Colorado State 

University. 

EAST PAKISTAN 

William Hein and Judith Huneke in Dacca, May 19. 

NIGERIA 

Charles Polcyn and Yvette Burgess in Lagos, January 30. 

Hershel Herzberg (Nigeria UCLA) and Dorothy Crews (Nigeria Harvard), end of May. 

Dave Pibel and Marie Doyle in Nsukka on April 25. 

Robert Scheppler and Vicenette Sparacio in Nsukka, June 8. 

THAILAND 

William Davis and Sally Maclay in Bangkok, February 16. 

David Michaels and Marianne Spalding in training at University of 

Michigan. 

COLOMBIA 

Mathew DeForest and Ana Elvia Flores Castellanos (Host Country 

national) in Bogota, February 8. 

MALAYA 

Mary Jo Bray and William Weinhold in Kuala Lumpur, April 14. 

PHILIPPINES I 

Margo Heineman and Pera Daniels in Daet, Camarines Norte, April 28. 

TANGANYIKA 

James O'Hara and a nurse from Ireland, Margaret Marie Roche in Dares-Salaam, June 16. 

Births 

David Danielson (Peace Corps Volunteer Leader) and wife, Judith, 

Nigeria, a girl, Robin, May 16. 
13 3\ id 5 ~rozier (Colornbia) 

1.a~ rerlc,? Radley (Colombia) 

Djvid 5lulholland (P'hilippines) 

r'3 rn;tkt the Peace Corps an effective organizatior, to put into action the 

id8:a of a I'race Corp3, the best po,isit>le men had to l-~e found for the Washirlgto17 stz~lf. 

M'hcrc u,ere they? 

M'ould they work for the Peace C'srps? 

Sztrgent Shriver set out to find mt.n and women with ability, experience, 

cncrgy. and dedication. 

L'ont'i\ of work were compressc:d into a few weeks. Day and night 

Shrivtr put questions to people with exceptional training and experience in 

the field3 of management, medicine, overseas operations, education, public 

affair\. law, journalism, husine.;~ and government. 

Early in June, speaking to the Peace Corps Washington staff,, President 

Kennedy >,aid: "You have set a new ].one for government service." 

Here arc sketches of some of those people. 

TIM ADAMS began his career 111 

journalirm in 1949 with the San Francisco 

Cl~ron cle . . . continued it In the Arm:. 

a', reporter for Stars and Stripes In 

Tokyo . . . later a combat correspondent 

on the Ko~eart front . . . returned to thc: 

Chroncle, then moved to the San Francisco 13xaminer as a staff wrlter . . . ~n 

Junc c.f 1961, he became assistant to the 

Ilirect~~r of Information and later Actinji Lli rector 

.IOHh' 1%'. ALEXANDER, JR., Director of African Operations . . . 15 

year\ (overseas experience with American 

opcrat ons in Korea, the Philippines. 

Ldos, and Germany . . . Headed Nigerian 

Ilesk. Agency for International Development, hcfort joining Peace Corps. Graduate Gfmrge 15'nshington University . . . IV12rld \Val I1 service in Philipp~nes . . . n.atlon,il ranking collegiate boxer. 

!jAhll;EI. F. BABBITT, Director. Unibersity I iai,on . . . formerly dean of men, 

VnndePhllt tlntvcrsity . . . B.A. and M.A.. 

Yale. where for four years he was assl\t.int to the dean . . . Infantry platoon 

sergeant in I<c,rea . . . extensive travel in 

Furopt:. 

JOSEPH G. COLMEN, Director o" 

Kewarch . . . Associate Profcs~or of Psy 

chology at George Washington University 

. . Ph.1). from American University, 

undergraduate work at C~ty College of 

New York and Columbia . . . Received 

two Superior Achievement Awards for 

service as Director personnel research 

activlty fol- Ur~ited States Air Force . . . Member two Presidential committees 

studying personnel problems . . . Author 

of many publications . . . Naval Communications Oficer, WW 11. 

JOHN 1). CORCORAN, Associate Director for Management . . . formerly 

a\sociate direclor of Public Services Administration . . . Consulted on special 

projects for governments ol Israel, Iceland, El S:llvaclor, Thailand, and Afghanistan . . . Former consultant Bureau of 

the Budget . . . Helped formulate present 

Adm~n~stration's foreign aid policies . . . Prepared 1reorj:anization study for U.S. 

Ofice 11f Education . . . Served in India 

and North Afr-~ca in World War 11. 

WILLIAM A. DELANO, General 

Counsel . . . Y.lle graduate . . . 7 wo years 

in Berlin with American Friends Service 

Committee . . China-Burma-India Theater as Chinese interpreter during World 

War 11 . . . Chairman, New York City 

Bar Association Committee on the Bill 
of Rights . . . A director of American 

Civil Liberties Union, Morningside Community Center, and South Brooklyn 

Neighborhood . . . President, Yale Law 

School Alumni Association of New York 

City. 

LAWRENCE E. DENNIS, Associate 

Director for Peace Corps Volunteers . . . Formerly Vice President for Academic 

Affairs, Pennsylvania State University 

. . . Editorial writer, Des Moines Register . . . Special Assistant to US.. Commissioner of Education . . . Graduate, 

Iowa State Teachers College and University of Minnesota . . . Communications Officer, U.S. Navy, in World War 

11. 

ROGERS B. FINCH, Director of University Relations . . . Formerly Director, 

Research Division, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . . . Associate professor, 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

. . . Director, Special Technical and 

Economic Mission to Burma, Point IV 

. . . special consultant on engineering 

education for Burma, Indonesia, and 

Japan . . . Adviser to Ford Foundation 

for engineering education in Latin America . . . Major, Army Quartermaster 

Corps, World War 11. 

LEO J. GEHRIG, Medical Director . . . Graduate, University of Minnesota 

Medical School . . . Formerly deputy 

chief of surgery, United States Public 

Health Service Hospital, Seattle . . . Assistant chief, Division of Hospitals, 

USPHS . . . Ship's physician, USS Eagle . . . Served in Northern Alaska in cam- paign against tuberculosis . . . Specialist 

in handling of illness and injury where 

professional medical facilities not available. 

JAMES GIBSON, a Mississippian, got 

his B.A. from Duke University in 1934 

. . . graduate work at George Washington 

and American Universities . . . worked 

with the National Archives and the Army 

Pictorial Service . . . then to Department 

of Agriculture . . . served as their Chief 

of the Motion Picture Service . . . came to the Peace Corps in May, 1961 . . . serves as Chief of Division of Agricultural Affairs. 

ALICE GILBERT, Director of International Programs . . . Graduate, Radcliffe and Yale Law School . . . Associated 

with Cahill, Gordon, Reindel & Ohl . . . Conducted youth programs for Experiment in International Living in England, 

France, and Sweden. 

RICHARD A. GRAHAM, Director of 

Recruitment . . . Graduate in engineering, 

Cornell University .. . . Co-founder of 

electronic controls company and sales 

manager and development engineer for a power transmission manufacturing company . . . Inventor of electrical control 

devices and mechanical variable speed 

devices . . . project officer, ground controlled missiles, United States Army . . . Served in Iran as project officer in charge 

of power and water svstem construction. 

WILLIAM F. HADDAD, Associate 

Director for Planning and Evaluation . . . Graduate work in journalism, Columbia University . . . Russian and Chinese 

studies at Georgetown . . . Formerly 

special assistant to Senator Estes Kefauver and Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency . . . Since 1957 

investigative reporter for New York Post, 

receiving eight major journalism awards . . . Formerly assistant to Robert Kennedy. 

ODIE HOWELL . . . born in the District of Columbia . . . worked in the 

Offices of the Inspector General and the 

Comptroller, Department of State, before 

coming to the Peace Corps in May, 1961 

. . . serves as Director of Administrative 

Services. 

DOROTHY MEAD JACOBSEN, Di- rector of Personnel . . . Career personnel 

administrator . . . helped set up Rural 

Electrification Administration and Federal Works Agency in 30s . . . Chief 

of Navy civilian employment in Washington area . . . Organized Navy's career 

intern program (largest in government) . . . Served as member and chairman of 

interagency committee directing overall career intern program for Federal Gov- ernment. 

WILLIAM JOSEPHSON, Deputy General Counsel . . . Graduate in Law, University of Chicago, Columbia Law School. 

where he was an editor of the Columbia 

Law Review . . . Formerly Far East 

Regional Counsel, ICA . . . Experience 

in court and corporation law with Paul, 

Weiss, Rifkind, Whartdh & Garrison, 

N. Y. . . . Helped author initial Peace 

Corps policy documents . . . principal 

author of Presidential Executive Order 

establishing the Peace Corps. 

JOSEPH F. KAUFFMAN, Director 

of Training . . . Formerly Executive Vice 

President, Jewish Theological Seminary 

of America . . . B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. 

(later from Boston University) . . . Regional Director, Anti-Defamation League 

in Omaha and Denver . . . Assistant to the President asd Dean of Students, Brandeis University . . . Army service in 

North Africa and Italy, World War 11. 

E. LOWELL KELLY, Director of Selection . . . Chairman, Department of 

Psychology, University of Michigan (on 

leave) . . . Formerly president. Ameri- can Psychological Association . . . Ph.D., 

Stanford, graduate work at Universities 

of Berlin and Vienna . . . Developed 
biograpt ical ~nvrntory for selectlnl: Navy 

pilots. Worlc M'ar 11 . . . Staff member. 

Senate \Vdr lnv'sstigating Cornnittee conducting hearing: on legislation setting up 

Nationa Science Foundation . . . 111- 

rected \'eter:lm'r Administration program 

for cllnical p!;y(.hologists . . . Author of 

numerous te~:linical papers . . . Extensive 

srudy of problelns of pilot training. 

W. F KELLY, JR., Director of Contracts and I.og~stics . . . Career public 

servant . . F:CII-merly chief, Procurement 

and Logl\tic Assistance Branch, NASA 

. . . Chief, Services Branch, Aeronautical 

Syrtems Center, Air Force . . Graduate, 

Ohlo St.ate . . . European Theater, World 

War 11, U.S. Army. 

CASS KENTIZIE, was the State Department's Depilty Executive Director of 

the Bur8:au of Far Eastern Affairs, when 

he transferre'd to the Peace Corps in 

March. 1961 . . . born in Poland. . . A.B. 

from Wayne Univ.ersity . . . hlasters in 

Public Adlninistration from University of 

Michigan . . . worked for the Navy before 

State . . . serbed overseas for State in 

Vietnam and Ccylon . . . now Dlrector ol 

Divisiov of Volunteer Administration. 

PADICAIC KENNEDY . . . A.B. from 

Columbia College . . . M.A. in Hlstor) 

from the University of Wisconsin where 

he also taught American History . . . served two years in the Army, stationed 

in Eurcmpe . . . serves as Chief of thc 

Divisior~ of Volunteer Field Support. 

TOM MATHEWS . . . born in Salt 

Lake C ty, 192l' . . . B.A. from the Uni- 

\ersity of Utah . . . served as reconnalssance olficer wiih 10th Mountain Div~sion 

in World War 11 . . . reporter and Sunda! 

Editor of the Salt Lake City Trlbune from 

1945 until 1952 . . . rrslgned to join the 

San Frilncisco (Chronicle as a general assignmert reporter and feature wrlter . . . came to Peace Corps in March 1961, late] 

becoming Director of Public Inlormat~on 

. . . left the Peace Corps in Apr~l 1962 to 

become Deputy Assistant Secretary o! 

Stale for Congress~onal Affairs. 

BILL MOYERS, Associate Director 

for Putmlic Afiairs . . . Formerly personal 

assistant to Vice President Lyndon B. 

Johnson . . . Kotary International Fellow, 1956-57. 

CHARLES J. NELSON, Director, Program Development and Coordination . . . 1;ormer y Research Fellow, New York 

University, on Mayor's Commlttee on 

Admini>tration and Citizens' Budget 

Cornmi:,s~on . . . Helped reorganize New 

York State Civil Service and Department of Education . . . Formerly chief, 

Latln i\merll:a and Africa Branch, ICA 

Comm~~nlty Dt:velopment Division . . . 

Served in Philippines and Iran with ICA 

. . . A-nly C'a~~tain. World Mrar 11. 

JULES PAGANO. D1rl:ctor of Profes- 

\ional, Techn~cal and Labor I)lv~\ion 

I<ecipient of Fulbright Fellowsh~p in 

Adult Educat~orl to study in United Kingdom . . . Director of Trainlng Program 

for Latln American communitv leader?. 

1959-1960 . . . Member of Adv15or) ('r,mmlttee of the University of (llic.tpo . . . Member of Executive Board of U.ilional 

lnstltute of Labor Education . '1r;ivele~I 

throughout South America and F.urope In 

various capacltes for State I)ep.lrtment 

and internation.11 organization$ . . . Former Director of Education, Cornmun~cation Workers or' America 

BRADLEIY H. PATTERSON. JR, 

Executive Secretary . . . Formerly asristant cab~net secretary to President Eisenhower . . . Senior member. Comm~ttee 

Secretariat Staff, State Department . . . Secretary to the Wriston Commlttee . . . Associate Prof~:ssional Lecturer. George 

Washington Univers~ty . . . Kece~ved 

Arthur S. Flemrning Award as one of outstanding young men in Federal ser\lce. 

1960. 

CHARLES Ci. PETERS, JR., Director 

of Evaluation . . . Educated at Columbia 

University and University of Viry~n~a . . . Formerly memher of West Virglnla Legislature where he successfully sponsored 

the State's Civil Service Law and a bill 

setting up a State Human Rights Commission . . . Has visited fourteen Peace 

Corps training programs and nlne overseas projects. 

LEE ST. LAWRENCE. Director of 

Far East Operations . . . Earned Meritorious Service Award for personal heroism in Congo and Laos while serving 

with International Cooperat~on Admlnistration . . . Fc~rmerly program officer in 

Yugoslavia for Point IV . . . Studied at 

Oxford. Trinit:y College in Duhlin. Institut de Science Politque in Paris, and 

Johns Hopkins School for Advanced Internat~onal Studies . . . European Theater. 

World War 11. 

EDWARD SCHIFFMAN, Director of 

Near East and South East Asia Operations . . . Ph.11.. Harvard . . . Formerly 

director, U.S. Foreign assistance program 

in Iranian province of lsfahan . . . Economic adv~sor in Ethiopa . . . Libya desk 

officer, ICA . . . Assistant director. U.S. 

aid mission in Thailand . . . Agricultural 

expert assigned to American Military 

Government in Germany. 

MELVIN S(:HUWEII.EK . . . Deputy 

Associ'ite L)ireztor for Program Development and Operations . . . born and ra~aed 

In Stevens Polnt, Wisc. . . . interrupted 

law studie!; at University of Wisconsin to 

serve In World War I1 . awarded 

Silver Star and Purple Heart with C'lu\ters 

. . . studied at Cambridge in England . . . received H.A. in lnternat~onal Kclations 

at American Unlversitv . . . \er\ed as 
Planning Officer with the U.S. M~l~tary 

Governinent in Germany . . . then as a 

spectallst on prlvate overseas Investment 

for the State Department . . . ~n 1954. 

moved to the Forelgn Operat~ons Adminlstrat~on as an investment and economlc development spec~al~st for Lat~n 

Amerlca . . . left government for prlvate 

enterprrse, becom~ng the natlonal sales 

dlrector ulth the Ortho-Vent Shoe Company. 

JACK H. VAUGHN, D~rector of Lat~n 

American Operations . . . Formerly director, USIA centers in Bollv~a and Costa 

Rlca . . . USOM program officer and dlrector, Cooperat~ve Serblce for Economic 

Development. Panama . . . Program officer, Europe and Afr~ca, ICA . . . USOM 

D~rector, Senegal . . . Instructor in languages. Universit~es of Pennsylvan~a and 

M~chigan . . Faculty associate, Johns 

Hopkins School of Advanced Internat~onal Studies . . . Company commander 

In Marines . . . Former boxlng coach. 

WILLIAM WARNER . . . A.B. ai 

Princeton . . . graduate work at Columb~a 

Un~verslty . . Naval officer dur~ng the 

WW11 . . . extensive experlence In prlvate 

employment In Ch~le, Guatemala, and 

elseuhere In Latln Arner~ca . . . went to 

United States lnformat~on Agency in 1958 

as an advisor on Latin American Affairs 

. . . came to the Peace Corps In February 

of 1961 . . . serves as speclal assistant lo 

the Director. 

WARREN W. WIGGINS, Associate 

Director for Program Development and 

Operat~ons . . . B.A., University of Colorado . . . Graduate work. Harvard . . . Served as a senlor economist and program 

officer. Marshall Plan mission to Norway 

. . . Coordinated economic programs for 

14 natlons of Western Europe . . . Senior 

U.S. economic adviser to Philippine Government . . . Acting director, U.S. aid 

m~sslon In Bolivia . . . Asslstant Deputy 

D~rector, ICA . . . Won Arthur S. Flemmlng Award as one of outstanding young 

men In Federal Government, 1962 . . . 

Awarded AI~ Medal and DFC for flying 

"The Hump" in World War 11. 

FRANKLIN H. WILLIAMS, Director 

of Pr~vate Organizat~ons . . . Formerly 

assistant counsel, NAACP . . . Director. 

NAACP activities in several western states 

and Alaska . . . Asslstant Attorney General for California, establishrng state's 

first Const~tutional Rights Section . . . Graduate. Lincoln University and Fordham L.aw School. 

L LOYD WRIGHT, Director of Public 

Affa~rs Support . . . Former Marine . . . D~rector of Publ~c Relat~ons, Baptlst General Convention of Texas . . . Twelve 

years' experlence in rad~o, telev~sion, pubIlc information, and public relal~ons. 
PEACE 

CORPS