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# Document

Number: 

# 11) 11-1-25

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# /?-£?- < P. 2

TH E RELATIONSHI P O F LOWLEVE L LEA D EXPOSUR E AN

D LANGUAG E DEVELOPMENT IN TH E PRESCHOO L YEAR S

M

. Morrow-Tlucak* , C.B

. Ernhart* § ABSTRAC T

I t wa s hypothesize d tha t languag e developmen t woul d be adversel y affecte d b

ylowleve l lead exposur e i n th e prenata l an

d earl ypreschoo l periods

. A s par t o f a prospectiv e stud yo f developmenta l ris k factors , bloo d lea

d (PbB ) determination s wer e mad e a t birt h(materna l an d cord) , 6 months , 2 year s an d 3 year s o f age . Thes e measure s wer e relate d t o expressiv e an

d receptiv e languag e a t age s one , two an d thre e an

d t o productiv e speec ha t ag e two

.
Du e t o the larg e numbe r o f non-independen t tests , alpha wa s se t a t .01

. Multivariat e F test s o r multipl e regressio n analyses , incorporating appropriat e covariat e control , reveale d tha t PbB wa s no t relate d sig

nificantl yor i n a consisten t manne r t o an yo f ch

e languag e measures .
INTRODUCTIONAND METHO D
Thi s repor t i s on e o f th e firs t relating lowleve l lea d exposur e t o languag e development

. Report s o f developmenta l effect s o f lowleve l lea d exposur e hav e bee n inconsistent

. However , mos t previou s studie s have use d the BayleyScale s whic hprimaril ymeasur e sensorimoto r devel

opraent

. Possibl e effect s o f 1 < a d exposur e o n th

e developmen t o f earl y linguisti c skill s i s an importan t are a o f concern . The purpos e o f thi s repor t i s t o describ e the relationshi p o f prenata l an d earl ypreschoo l ag e lea d exposur e t o speech/languag e developmen t i n a cohor t o f 35 9 childre n being followe d prospectivel yi n a stud yo f ris k factor s i n childhoo d development

. The mother s o f th

e childre n i n thi s stud ywer e recruite d a t thei r firs t prenata l visit

. Recruitmen t wa s designe d t o maximiz e inclusio n o f childre n a t ris k fo r developmenta l defici t du e t o prenata l alcoho l exposure . Othe r teratologica l an d sociocultura l ris k factor s wer e als o assessed , bot ht o contro l fo r confounding an d t o examin e the relation

shi p o f thes e ris k factor s an d chil d development

. Demographi c informa

tion wa s obtaine d an d antenata l ris k factor s assesse d during the cours e o f prenata l care . Additiona l materna l measure s wer e obtaine d post

partum

. The sampl e include d i n on e o r mor e o f the lead analyse s (N=284 ) di d no t diffe r i n an yrespec t fromthe origina l cohort

. Th e sampl e ha s been describe d elsewher e (re f 1)

. Briefly , almos t withou t exception , thi s cohor t wa s fro mthe lowes t two socioeconomi c level s (Hollingshead 2-facto r Index)

. Mea n materna l ag e an d educationa l leve l a t recruitmen t wer e 21. 9 an d 10. 7 year s respectively

. 34.5 % o f th e sampl e wa s black ; 51.8 % o f the childre n wer e male

. Follow-u

p examination s wer e mad e during home visit s b ytraine d exam
iner s blin

d t o al l ris k factors

. In-home testing wa s used i n orde r t o minimiz e attritio n an d facilitat e measuremen t o f the home environment

. *Departmen t o f Psychiatry , Clevelan d Metropolita n Genera l Hospital , 339 5 Scranto n Road , Cleveland , OH 4410 9 (Addres s fo r correspondence)

. §Department s o f Psychiatryan d Reproductiv e Biology , Cas e Wester n Reserv e University , Cleveland , OH , USA

. 

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RESULT S AND DISCUSSION
Firs t orde r correlation s betwee nthe lea d measure s an

d speech/languag e measure s wer e generall y(but no t always ) i nthe hypothesize d direction

. Onl y4 correlation s wer e significan t a t the .0 1 level

. Cord Pb B wa s negativel yrelate d t o ML U( £ • -.2 7 £ = .003) ; 2 yea r Pb B wa s nega
tivel yrelate d t o receptiv e languag e a t ag e 2 ( r = -.2 2 £ = .004) ; an d 3 yea r PbB wa s negativel yrelate d t o 3 yea r expressiv e languag e ( r • -.2 0 £ = .011)

. 2 yea r Pb B wa s positivel yrelate d t o intelligi

bility ; a s lead leve l increased , partiall yintelligibl e utterance s increase d ( r * +.2 0 £ • .014 ) an d unintelligibl e utterance s decrease d ( £ = -.3 2 £ = .0001)

. Wit hinclusio no f the covariate s non e o f the relationship s reache d significance

. Fo r the 8 multivariat e F test s relating the PbB measure s t o communicativ e inten t an d t o intelligibility , non e reache d eve nthe .0 5 leve l o f significance

. Fo r the 3 6 multipl e regressio nanalyse s relating eac ho f th e PbB measure s t o expressiv e language , receptiv e language , mea nlengt ho f utterance , vocabulary , an d amoun t o f speech , non e reache d significanc e a t the .0 1 level

. Onl yone , cord Pb B an d mea nlengt ho f utteranc e reache d the .0 5 leve l (_ t = -2. 2 £ = .03)

. Further , wit hcontro l o f confounding , the directio no f the relation

ship s wa s no t consistent , tha t is , i nslightl ymor e thanhal f the analyse s lead wa s no t relate d i nth e hypothesize d direction

. Confirmatorybackward eliminatio nregressio nanalyse s wer e conducte d fo r al l measures . Lead remaine d i nthe model , i nthe hypothesize d direction , a t the .0 5 leve l fo r onl y2 analyses : cord lea d remaine d i nth e analysi s o f mea nlengt ho f utterance ; cord lead remaine d i nthe mode l fo r on e o f th e thre e communicativ e inten t measure s (expande d repetitions)

. Additionally , 2 yea r lead remaine d i nth e mode l fo r on e o f the intelligibilit ymeasure s (unintelligibl e utterances)

. However , thi s relationshi p wa s no t i nthe hypothesize d direction

. Thes e result s d o no t suppor t the hypothesi s o f a detrimenta l effec t o f lo wleve l lead exposur e i nthe prenata l o r earl ypreschoo l perio d o n languag e development

. Further , the inconsistenc yi nth e directio n o f the relationshi p reflect s wha t woul d ten d t o be foun

d i f ther e wa s no effec t o r i f th

e effec t wa s quit e smal l an d therefor e verydifficul t t o detect

. REFERENCE S

C B Ernhart , MMorrow-Tlucak , MRMarler , AWWolf , NeurobehavTo x Terat , i npress , 1987

. Thi s researc hwa s supported , i npart , b ythe Internationa l Lead Zin c Researc hOrganization , the Marc ho f Dime s Birt hDefect s Foundation , an d b ythe U S Nationa l Institut e o f Alcoho l Abus e an d Alcoholism

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