Filed 12/21/15 Cal. Alliance of Acupuncture Medicine v. Wong CA2/7

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SEVEN

CALIFORNIA ALLIANCE OF 

ACUPUNCTURE MEDICINE et al.,

Plaintiffs and Respondents,

v.

IRENE LI WONG,

Defendant and Appellant.

 B261970

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. EC063206)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, William D. 

Stewart, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

Law Offices of Steve Luan, Steve Luan, for Defendant and Appellant.

The Liu Law Firm, Long Z. Liu, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

____________________________
2

Irene Wong appeals the denial of her motion to strike under Code of Civil 

Procedure section 425.16. While Wong ultimately was successful in her demurrers to the 

claims asserted against her, we find the trial court did not err in finding she had failed to 

make the necessary showing under the statute. We affirm the denial of the motion to 

strike, but reverse the attorney’s fee award.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs California Alliance of Acupuncture Medicine and related individuals 

(collectively CAAM) sued former member Irene Wong in October, 2014. The complaint 

alleged five causes of action: defamation; intentional interference with contractual 

relations; interference with prospective business advantage; negligent interference with 

prospective business advantage; and breach of fiduciary duty.

As alleged in the complaint, Wong was the Executive Director of CAAM from 

January 1, 2008, until December 31, 2010. In 2011, Wong criticized the leadership of the 

organization in statements, articles and emails, asserting that members of the leadership 

were embezzling organization funds and were “thugs.” Wong met with members, urging 

them to resign; she sought refund of her fees and other funds, and urged others to do the

same. Fourteen other members sought refunds; some resigned and joined a rival 

organization created by Wong’s friend. Wong ultimately sued CAAM, and urged others 

to join that litigation; that litigation remained pending at the time the complaint in this

action was filed.

On November 19, 2014, Wong filed a motion to strike under Code of Civil 

Procedure section 425.16.1 Her primary assertion in that motion was that a single 

communication, a letter to members dated August 19, 2011, and sent in connection with 

litigation, formed the basis for all of the claims. Accordingly, she asserted the letter was 

both protected by the litigation privilege (Civ. Code, § 47, subd. (b)), and had been 

 

1 All further statutory references, unless otherwise noted, are to the Code of Civil 

Procedure.
3

published, albeit by others, in a public forum of a public association; on those bases, she 

asserted the action was subject to section 425.16. Wong also demurred to the complaint. 

The trial court heard the motion and the demurrer on January 6, 2015, after 

receiving opposition from plaintiffs. In a lengthy tentative ruling which became the order 

of the court, the trial court denied the motion to strike, awarded attorney’s fees to CAAM, 

and sustained the demurrer with leave to amend. After plaintiffs filed an amended 

complaint, and after Wong filed this appeal, the court sustained Wong’s demurrer without 

leave to amend on statute of limitations grounds on April 24, 2015. Wong appealed the 

denial of her motion to strike; plaintiffs did not cross-appeal.2

DISCUSSION

“Section 425.16, subdivision (b)(1), provides: ‘A cause of action against a person 

arising from any act of that person in furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free 

speech under the United States or the California Constitution in connection with a public 

issue shall be subject to a special motion to strike, unless the court determines that the 

plaintiff has established that there is a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the 

claim.’ The analysis of an anti-SLAPP motion thus involves two steps. ‘First, the court 

decides whether the defendant has made a threshold showing that the challenged cause of 

action is one “arising from” protected activity. (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1).) If the court finds 

such a showing has been made, it then must consider whether the plaintiff has 

demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the claim.’ [Citation.] ‘Only a cause of 

action that satisfies both prongs of the anti-SLAPP statute—i.e., that arises from 

protected speech or petitioning and lacks even minimal merit—is a SLAPP, subject to 

 

2 The record does not contain a dismissal order following the April, 2015 ruling. 

While CAAM does not challenge any portion of the trial court’s rulings, it does move to 

dismiss the appeal as frivolous. In connection with that motion, Wong filed a motion to 

augment. We deny the motion to dismiss, as we do not find the appeal frivolous, 

applying the standards set forth in In re Marriage of Flaherty (1982) 31 Cal.3d 637, 646-

651. The motion to augment is moot in light of that ruling.
4

being stricken under the statute.’ [Citation.]” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman 

(2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 819-820; accord, DeCambre v. Rady Children’s Hospital-San 

Diego (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 1, 12-13.) The defendant has the burden of proof on the 

first issue; the plaintiff has the burden on the second issue. (JSJ Limited Partnership v. 

Mehrban (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 1512, 1520.) We review an order granting a special 

motion to strike under section 425.16 de novo, “applying the same two-step procedure as 

the trial court.” (Kenne v. Stennis (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 953, 963.)

A. Wong Did Not Demonstrate That The Complaint Arose From Protected 

Activity

1. Wong Has Not Demonstrated That Her Actions Were Taken

 in Contemplation of Litigation

In its ruling, the trial court found that Wong had not met her burden under the first 

prong of the statute, and that her motion had mischaracterized the allegations of the 

complaint. The trial court therefore determined that plaintiffs were not required to make 

a showing on the second prong. We agree.

Section 425.16 requires the moving party to demonstrate an “act in furtherance of 

the person’s right of petition or free speech...in connection with a public issue.” 

(§425.16, subd. (b)(1).) Such an act includes: “(1) any written or oral statement or 

writing made before a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding, or any other official 

proceeding authorized by law, (2) any written or oral statement or writing made in 

connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or 

judicial body, or any other official proceeding authorized by law, (3) any written or oral 

statement or writing made in a place open to the public or a public forum in connection 

with an issue of public interest, or (4) any other conduct in furtherance of the exercise of 

the constitutional right of petition or the constitutional right of free speech in connection 

with a public issue or an issue of public interest.” (§ 425.16, subd. (e).)

In this case, the pleadings and record, taken together, demonstrate that the 

complaint relied on statements in addition to the letter which Wong asserts was the only 

communication. We consider the entirety of the pleadings and record in determining 
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what speech and conduct is at issue and whether they meet the test imposed by the first 

prong. “The sole inquiry under the first prong of the anti-SLAPP statute is whether the 

plaintiff’s claims arise from protected speech or petitioning activity. [Citation.] Our 

focus is on the principal thrust or gravamen of the causes of action, i.e., the allegedly 

wrongful and injury-producing conduct that provides the foundation for the claims.” 

(Castleman v. Sagaser (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 481, 490-491 (Castleman).) 

Wong’s letter of August 19, 2011, as attached to her motion to strike, concerned 

her request for a refund of association fees, and for payment of a share of funds carried 

over from the previous association that had merged with CAAM. It contained no 

reference to elections; embezzlement, thugs, or entreaties to other members to resign. In 

contrast to Wong’s assertions, the complaint sought relief for defamation based on claims 

of embezzlement in the first cause of action; interference with contractual relations and 

prospective business advantage by inducing members to resign and to join another 

association in the second, third and fourth causes of action; and breach of fiduciary duty 

by using her position to obtain contact with information to make defamatory statements 

in the fifth cause of action. Her own request for refund, in this context, played only a 

minor role in the chain of events at issue.

Wong’s characterization of the facts in this court continues to be incomplete, 

ignoring critical allegations of the complaint while insisting that we focus only on the 

letter, which she asserts was sent in contemplation of litigation, satisfying her prong one 

burden. If that were correct, she would have made the prong one showing. (Briggs v. 

Eden Council for Hope & Opportunity (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1106, 1115 [statement made in 

connection with an official proceeding, including in contemplation of litigation, need not 

be in connection with an issue of public significance to come within the statute].) 

However, the majority of the communications alleged in fact involved statements made 

to a limited group of people, characterizing CAAM’s leadership as embezzlers and thugs, 

in an alleged attempt to induce others to try to recover funds and to resign from the 

organization. This body of statements and acts, in context, form the gravamen of the 
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causes of action; this is the principal focus of our analysis, and Wong has failed to show 

that the primary focus of her speech and actions was in contemplation of litigation.

2. Wong Has Not Demonstrated Statements Regarding An Issue 

of Public Interest

Wong also argues the allegations detail statements regarding an issue of public 

interest, and her actions were thus protected under section 425.16, subdivision (e)(4). 

This argument is inconsistent with the law. While these matters appear to be of great 

concern to her, and arguably to a relatively small, and specific audience, they are not 

matters that reach more broadly than the membership of this professional organization. 

As such, they do not fall within the statute’s reach.

To fall within this section of the statute, the conduct and speech must “include 

attributes that make it one of public, rather than merely private, interest”; “a matter of 

concern to the speaker and a relatively small, specific audience is not a matter of public 

interest.” (Grenier v. Taylor (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 471, 481; see also Hall v. Time

Warner, Inc. (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1337, 1347; DuCharme v. International

Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 107, 118 [issue limited to a 

“definable portion of the public” must relate to an “ongoing controversy” such that it 

warrants protection by a statute that embodies encouragement of participation in matters 

of public significance]; Rivero v. American Federation of State, County and Municipal 

Employees, AFL-CIO (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 913, 924 [if the challenged statements do 

not concern an issue of widespread interest, the conduct which they concern must affect a 

large number of people beyond the direct participants].) Where an issue is not one of 

widespread public interest, as in this case, but concerns only a limited group, section 

425.16, subdivision (e)(4) has been found applicable to only large organizations or

conduct that impacts the relevant community in a manner similar to a governmental 

entity. (DuCharme, supra, 110 Cal.App.4th at pp. 115, 118.) These tests are not met by

a letter sent by one member to the association, or by private communications with a

limited group of members in a small organization, about issues pertaining only to the 
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governance and finance of that organization. Wong did not meet her burden under the 

first prong. 

B. The Trial Court Abused Its Discretion in Awarding Attorney’s Fees to

 Plaintiffs 

Section 425.16, subdivision (c) permits an award of costs and reasonable 

attorney’s fees to a prevailing plaintiff if the court finds the motion was frivolous or 

intended to cause unnecessary delay. The trial court found grounds for the award, based 

on Wong’s failure to fully address the allegations of the complaint.

The statute incorporates the sanctions requirements of section 128.5 in making this 

determination. Under that section, to be found frivolous, the motion must be one that a 

reasonable attorney would find devoid of merit. (Moore v. Shaw (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 

182, 199.) The alternative finding of unreasonable delay is more subjective; it concerns 

the motivation of the moving party rather than the objective evaluation of counsel. We 

review a determination under either standard for abuse of discretion. (Chitsazzadeh v. 

Kramer & Kaslow (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 676, 684-685.)

We find an abuse of discretion in this case. Wong did fail to address the 

allegations of the complaint in total, rather insisting that they were based on a single 

written communication. The trial court concluded from this that the attempt to 

mislead it fairly reflected an acknowledgment by counsel that the motion could not 

otherwise succeed. However, the trial court ignored the arguments concerning the 

public interest which, although unsuccessful, are not so completely devoid of merit 

as to meet the objective test. As the cases discussed above clarify, what is 

sufficient to satisfy the test for public interest has been heavily litigated over a 

period of time, with cases making fine distinctions based on factual differences. 

(See, e.g., the primary case relied on by respondents, Moore v. Shaw, supra,

116 Cal.App.4th at p. 199 [determination of frivolous nature of motion based 

on factual record before the court.]) Considering the entire record, while we 

agree with the trial court’s application of the law on the substantive issues, we 

cannot say that the record establishes that no reasonable lawyer would find 
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arguable merit in the claim. As to delay, a demurrer—a successful demurrer—was filed 

and heard at the same time; there was no delay. This record does not support the award 

of attorney’s fees.

DISPOSITION

The order denying the motion to strike is affirmed the award of costs is reversed. 

Each party shall bear their own costs on appeal.

ZELON, J.

We concur:

PERLUSS, P. J.

SEGAL, J.