NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JHAMPIERRE STEVEN GARCIA SOTO, 

AKA Sebastian Patino Gonzales, 

Petitioner, 

 v. 

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General, 

Respondent.

No. 17-72395 

Agency No. A209-867-807 

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted October 5, 2023**

San Francisco, California

Before: McKEOWN, TALLMAN and LEE, Circuit Judges.

Jhampierre Garcia Soto, a native and citizen of Peru, seeks review of an order 

by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing his appeal from an 

Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of his applications for asylum, withholding of 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). 

FILED

OCT 13 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We have 

jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C § 1252(a)(1), and we deny the petition.

Garcia Soto attempted to enter the United States by furnishing a fraudulent 

passport card and misrepresenting himself as a U.S. citizen. The Department of 

Homeland Security (DHS) initiated removal proceedings, charging him with 

inadmissibility. Garcia Soto conceded the charge but then filed applications for 

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under CAT. The IJ denied all three 

applications. Garcia Soto appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA, which dismissed his 

appeal.

1. Asylum: The BIA did not err when it upheld the IJ’s denial of asylum. To 

establish asylum eligibility, an applicant must show that he is unable or unwilling to 

return to his country of nationality “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of 

persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular 

social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Evidence of past 

persecution raises a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of future 

persecution. Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1062 (9th Cir. 2017)

(en banc). And to demonstrate past persecution, the petitioner must establish that 

“(1) his treatment rises to the level of persecution; (2) the persecution was on 

account of one or more protected grounds; and (3) the persecution was committed 

by the government, or by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to 
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control.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). Whether a particular social 

group is cognizable is ultimately a legal question, but social distinction is a factual 

issue reviewed for substantial evidence. Conde Quevedo v. Barr, 947 F.3d 1238, 

1242 (9th Cir. 2020). 

The BIA did not err by finding that Garcia Soto failed to establish membership 

in a particular social group. Garcia Soto relies on Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 

F.3d 1081, 1092 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc), in which we held that witnesses who 

testified in court against gang members in El Salvador may constitute a cognizable 

particular social group. Because he filed a police report following his attack at the 

hands of Los Malditos de Bayovar (LMB), Garcia Soto contends that he is a member 

of an analogous group of witnesses and informants against gang members in Peru. 

Although Henriquez-Rivas instructs that “witnesses who testify against gang 

members” may be a cognizable social group, the agency reasonably determined that 

Garcia Soto’s actions did not, in fact, make him a member of this group. On the 

contrary, Garcia Soto merely filed a police report which failed to identify any of his 

assailants. See Conde Quevedo, 947 F.3d at 1243. Garcia Soto fails to adduce any 

evidence that Peruvian society views individuals who report gang activity to the 

police as a socially distinct group or affords them special protection under Peruvian 

law. See id. at 1243–44.
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Finally, substantial evidence supports the agency’s conclusion that Garcia 

Soto’s past harm—and any potential future harm—would not be owed to his being 

a witness or informant, but rather his refusal to peddle contraband on behalf of LMB. 

Garcia Soto’s only proffered evidence that he would be persecuted on account of his 

police report is a speculative conclusion that the police informed LMB that he had 

filed the report against them. Such speculation is insufficient to compel a contrary 

conclusion.

2. Withholding of removal. The agency did not err in denying Garcia Soto’s 

application for withholding of removal. To warrant withholding of removal, an 

applicant must establish a “clear probability” that he will experience persecution 

upon his return. Singh v. Garland, 57 F.4th 643, 658 (9th Cir. 2022). 

“Withholding’s ‘clear probability’ standard is more stringent than asylum’s wellfounded-fear standard . . . .” Id. (citation omitted). Because Garcia Soto cannot 

establish eligibility for asylum, he likewise cannot establish eligibility for 

withholding. Id.

1

1

In a footnote, the BIA appeared to apply the “one central reason” standard

in assessing past and future harm. For withholding of removal, however, the 

protected ground need only be “a reason” for harm. Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 

F.3d 351, 360 (9th Cir. 2017). Any error is harmless because the BIA determined 

that Garcia Soto failed to establish any nexus between his harm and his proposed 

particular social group. See Singh v. Barr, 935 F.3d 822, 827 (9th Cir. 2019) 

(holding that a finding of no nexus between harm and a protected ground fails to 

satisfy the asylum standard and the lower withholding standard).
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3. CAT. “To establish entitlement to protection under CAT, an applicant 

must show ‘it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to 

the proposed country of removal.’” Plancarte Sauceda v. Garland, 23 F.4th 824, 

834 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2)). “The torture must be 

‘inflicted by, or at the instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of, a public 

official acting in an official capacity or other person acting in an official capacity.’” 

Id. (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1)). 

Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of Garcia Soto’s CAT claim 

on the grounds that he failed to establish that it is likely that he would be tortured in 

Peru and that the Peruvian government would acquiesce in such conduct. None of 

the evidence offered by Garcia Soto undermines the agency’s conclusion. Although 

the country-condition report documents generalized corruption among the police, it 

does not establish collaboration between the police and the LMB. The agency also 

cited evidence that the Peruvian government has undertaken efforts to combat gangs. 

PETITION DENIED.