## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2009 1 

# Electric Power Industry 2009:

Year in Review

Highlights

Generation. Elect ricity markets in 2009 were

keenly affected by economic and environmental

developments. Electricity generation was down

4.1 percent, reaching its lowest level since 2003;

this was the largest decline in 6 decades 1 

## and

follows a 0.9

- percent decline in 2008. The drop

in power demand reflects a 2.6

- percent decline in

economic activity (GDP) during 2009. 2



## Summer temperatures during 2009 were

relatively mild

, resulting in a 1.1 percent decline

in residential electricity sales between 2008 and

2009.

A 9.1

- perc ent decline in industrial demand for

electricity, which fell to the lowest level since

1987, accounted for most of the decline in

overall electricity consumption. The drop in

industrial electricity demand reflected the 9.3

- percent drop in industrial outpu t, as measured by

the Federal Reserve Bank’s index of industrial

production. 3



## Emissions. Environmental developments played

an important role in electricity markets in 2009.

**•** The policy debate over greenhouse gas

legislation continued throughout 2009.

El ectric power plant investment and

operation decisions made during 2009 may

have been affected by expectations that

some form of future cap on carbon dioxide

(CO 2 

## ) loomed on the horizon

.

**•** CO 2 

## , nitrogen oxides (NO

x 

## ,) and sulfur

dioxide (SO 2 

## ) emissions poste d the largest

declines on record. 4 

## Total CO 2 

## emissions

were 8.6

- percent lower in 2009. Emissions

from coal

- fired plants fell 11.0 percent,

largely attributable to a 10.3

- percent decline

in coal consumption.

1 The U.S. Energy Information Administration’s historic electricity

generation data goes back to 1949.

2 U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis, News

Release : Gross Domestic Product: Second Quarter 2010 (Third

Estimate) , Table 1.

3 U.S. Federal Reserve B ank, Industrial Production and Capacity

Utilization

, ( Table 11 ).

4 The U.S. Energy Information Ad ministration has been estimating

CO 2 , NO X, and SO 2 emissions since 1989. 

## • NO

x 

## and SO 2 

## emissions from electric power

pl ants declined 2 8.1 and 2 3.8 percent,

respectively (Table 3.9) in 2009. For coal

fired generation, the declines in NO

x 

## and

SO 2 

## emissions were even greater, at 3 4.0

percent and 24. 7 percent, respectively.

Fuel costs. The price of natural gas delivered to

electric power plants fell in 2009 to roughly half

the 2008 level. In 2009, annual average natural

gas wellhead prices reached their lowest level

in 7 years. Increased supply due to the

availability of shale gas, coupled with mild

winter temperatures and higher production,

and storage levels, and significant expansions

of pipelines capacity also worked to put

downward pressure on natural gas prices. 5



## At the same time, the cost of coal rose 6.8

percent (Table 3.8), largely due to long

- term

contracts signed prior to the recent recession. 6

, 7



## Between 2000 and 2009, coal prices to electric

power plants rose 84 percent.

Coal

- to

- gas switching. The increase in

delivered coal prices and the decrease in

delivered natural gas price s , combined with

surplus capaci ty at highly

- efficient gas

- fired

combined

- cycle plants resulted in coal

- to

- gas

fuel switching This occurred particularly in

the Southeast (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,

Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina) and

also Pennsylvania. Nationwide, coal

- fired

electric power generation declined 11.6 percent

from 2008 to 2009, bringing coal’s share of the

electricity power output to 44.5 percent, the

lowest level since 1978. Coal consumption at

U.S. power plants paralleled the decline in

generation, dropping 10 .3 percent from 2008.

In sharp contrast, natural gas

- fired generation

increased 4.3 percent in 2009, despite the 4.1

- percent decline in overall electric generation.

The natural gas share of generation increased to

23.3 percent

— the highest level since 19 70.

Electricity’s share of the total U.S. natural gas

consumption has also risen rapidly, growing

5 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Year

- in

Review, 200 9

6 U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Coal Supply and

Demand: 2009 ”Coal Prices”, p. 12

7 The Southern Company (a large consumer of coal for electricity

production ), reported: “While coal prices reached unprecedented high

levels in 2008, the recessionary economy pushed prices downward in

2009. However, the lower prices did not fully offset the higher priced

coal already in inventory and under long

- term contract.” Southern

Company 2009 10

- K , p. II

- 16.

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 200 9 2 

## from 17 percent in 1996 to over 30 percent in

2009. 8



## Wind development. Wind power has been the

fastest

- growing source of new electric power

generation for s everal years. In 2009, generation

from wind power increased 33.5 percent over

2008, bringing the share of total generation to

1.9 percent. This followed year

- over

- year

generation gains of 60.7 percent in 2008, 29.6

percent in 2007, and 49.3 percent in 20 06 (Table

ES.1). Wind capacity in 2009 totaled 34,296

megawatts (MW), as compared to 24,651 MW in

2008.

In 2009 (and 2010), win d generators were

eligible for Federal production and investment

tax credits or a cash grant in lieu of those tax

credits. 9 

## Sin ce passage of the 2005 Energy Policy

Act (EPACT2005), interest

- free financing via

Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs) has

been available to government entities investing

in wind. Section 9006, under Title IX of the

2002 and 2008 Farm Bills, also contains grant

and loan guarantee provisions for wind projects

for farmers, ranchers, and other rural businesses.

Renewable generation is fostered by both

Federal incentives and State renewable portfolio

standards . As of October 2010, 29 States, the

District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have

legislated renewable energy portfolio standards,

and 7 more States have adopted renewable

portfolio goals. 10



# Generation

Net generation of electric power fell 4.1 percent

in 2009, to 3,950 million megawatthours (MWh)

fro m 4,119 million MWh in 2008 (Figure ES1 ).

This is the largest decline in electricity

generation in at least 60 years. Electricity

generation also declined 0.9 percent in 2008. The

years 2008 and 2009 represent only the third and

fourth instances that gene ration has dropped year

over year since 1949 (the first two occurrences

8 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review,

2009, Table 6.5.

9 The grant program arose out of Sectio n 1603 of the American

Economic Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) and was

intended to allow investors who could not take advantage of tax

credits to fund these projects with an equivalent government grants

. This program expires December 31, 201 0. See the Database of State

Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE) at

http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=U

S53F&re=1&ee=1

10 See the DSIRE database at http://www.dsireusa.org/

. 

## were during recessions in 1982 and 2001).

Additionally, this is the first time over the last 6

decades that generation has declined in two

consecutive years.

Coal, natural gas, and nuclear generation

accounted for 88.0 percent of total net generation

in 2009, and between 85 and 90 percent during

the period 1997 through 2009. However, the

relative contribution of these energy sources has

been shifting; natural gas generation has see n the

fastest growth in recent years.

Figure ES 1. U.S. Electric Power Industry

Net Generation, 2009

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form

EIA

- 923, "Power Plant Operations Report.”



## Coal. C oal

- fired electric generation declined

11.6 percent between 2008 and 2009. With this

decline, coal’s share of electricity generation

reached its lowest level since 1978: 44.5 percent

of electricity generation in 2009, down from 48.2

percent in 2008.

Several factors have worked to erode the

advant age that coal

- fired generation has

historically derived from its lower fuel costs.

These factors include lower natural gas prices

and higher coal prices; surplus capacity at

efficient natural gas plants, and the cost of

compliance with current environment al

regulations.

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 200 9 3 

## Production at the Nation’s coal mines in 2009

reflected the weakened state of coal demand for

electricity generation. Appalachian coal

production fell 13.0 percent in 2009 from the

previous year. Even Western (Powder River

Basin) coal production, which has a significant

price advantage, showed a n 8.1

- percent decline

in 2009

. 11



## Natural gas

- fired power generation increased

by 4.3 percent in 2009, raising natural gas’s

share of the electricity market to 23.3 percent

— its highest share sin ce 1970. Natural gas’s share

of the electricity market has been greater than the

nuclear share since 2006. New capacity, as well

as the increased utilization of existing generators

(see Table 5.2 on capacity factors), account for

the increase in share.

Nuclear power generation accounted for 20.2

percent of the electricity generated in 2009, a

0.9

- percent decrease from the prior year. The

decline in nuclear generation in 2009 is the

result of scheduled and unscheduled plant

outages and derates.

Hydroel ectric power generation fluctuates

perennially with precipitation levels and snow

accumulation. Overall, generation from

conventional hydro plants (exclusive of pumped

storage) increased 7.3 percent from 2008 to 2009

(Table ES.1). The western States were still

suffering from a prolonged drought during 2009.

The Bonneville Power Administration, which is

the largest producer of hydroelectric power in the

west, reported reduced runoff for the January

through July 2009 period as compared to the

same period i n 2008. 12 

## In contrast, many eastern

States experienced record rainfall: Alabama,

Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and

Tennessee all reported substantial gains in hydro

generation in 2009. The Tennessee Valley

Authority cited better water conditions, res ulting

in a 71

- percent increase in hydropower during

2009. 13



## Renewables . Total non

- hydro renewable

generation increased 14.4 percent in 2009,

following a 19.8

- percent increase in 2008. The

11 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Coal Report, 2008

and 2009, Table 6.

12 Bonneville Power Administration, 2009 Annual Report, (10

- K),

p. 9. Melting snow creates much of BPA’s runoff. Snowpack in the

mountains accumulates from December to February (approximately),

and significant runoff, and therefore peak hydro prod uction, occurs

March through July (approximately).

13 Tennessee Valley Authority, 2009 Annual Report (10

- K) , p.12. 

## fastest

- growing component was wind power

(33.5

- percent increase) . Solar generation

increased 3.1 percent. Since 1998, generation

from non

- hydro renewables has increased 87.2

percent.

In 2009, renewable generation made up 10.6

percent of total generation. The largest three

contributors were hydro (6.9 percent), wind (1.9

percent), followed by wood and wood

- derived

fuels (0.9 percent). Discounting the hydro

portion, renewable generation made up 3.6

percent of total generation.

Petroleum’s contribution to U.S. net electricity

generation peaked in 1973 at 17 percent , but has

fallen steadily since to almost insignificant

levels. Petroleum’s share of power output fell

below one percent in 2009, reflecting a 15.8

- percent decrease in petroleum

- fired power

generation between 2008 and 2009.

Nuclear and f ossil c apacity factors . The

capacity factor is a measure of how consistently

a generator is producing power: it represents the

ratio of actual generation during a time period

(typically a year) to the maximum possible

generation assuming continuous full

- load output.

B aseload plants, which have high utilization

rates due primarily to low variable operating

costs, typically operate at capacity factors of 70

percent or higher. I ntermediate plants , which

have higher variable operating costs, typically

vary their output du ring the day to meet changes

in load. The most expensive peaking plants may

operate rarely and only to meet the highest

peaks, usually in the summer or winter.

Due to decreased demand for electricity, the

average capacity factor for many fuels fell in

20 09 (Table 5.2). Nuclear power plants (which

in the United States are universally operated as

baseload units because of their very low fuel

costs) maintained a high capacity factor (90.3 in

2009). The capacity factor for coal plants, which

make up the bul k of U.S. baseload capacity but

can also operate in load

- following mode, 14



## dropped sharply (8.4 percentage points) in 2009,

from 72.2 percent to 63.8 percent

.

The vast majority of natural gas capacity in the

United States operates as load

- following or

pe aking units. In 2009, coal

- to

- gas switching

14 D espite representing only three quarters of t he capacity of natural

gas plants, coal plants account for approximately twice the amount of

electricity produced by natural gas plants (Table ES.1)

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 200 9 4 

## increased the usage of combined

- cycle natural

gas generators; the capacity factor for these units

increased from 40.6 percent in 2008 to 42.5

percent in 2009.



# Capacity

Total U.S. net summer generating capacit y grew

by 1.5 percent between 2008 and 2009 to 1,025

gigawatts (GW; Figure ES 2). Both in absolute

and percentage terms, wind generating capacity

showed the strongest gains: the 9,645 MW of

wind capacity additions were more than double

that of natural gas, which had the second

- largest

increase in capacity at 3,812 MW. Coal, nuclear,

and hydroelectric capacity experienced marginal

gains.

During 2009, 382 new generators were

connected to the grid, 51 fewer than in 2008

(Table 1.11). These new units added 23 ,144

MW of capacity, 50.1 percent of which were

added by independent power producers (IPPs;

11,590 MW), with nearly all of the remainder

added by electric utilities (10,939 MW).

Wind capacity additions accounted for 63.3

percent of all capacity gains in 2009,

increasing the amount of installed wind

capacity by 39.1 percent. With 34.3 GW of

total capacity, wind now accounts for 3.3

percent of total U.S. capacity, up from less

than 3 tenths of a percent 10 years earlier.

Four States account ed for 51 perce nt of total

U.S. wind capacity: Texas (9.4 GW), 15 

## Iowa

(3.4 GW), California (2.7 GW), and

Washington (2.0 GW).

Natural gas capacity. In 2009, natural gas

capacity increased by 1.0 percent, led by

installations in California, Florida and Texas.

About 72 p erce nt of all natural gas plant

capacity additions during 2009 were highly

efficient combined

- cycle units. In 2009,

combined

- cycle units accounted for 50 percent

of total natural

- gas

- f ired electricity capacity

versus 2 percent of natural gas

- fired capa city

two decades ago.

15 As of the end of 2009 Texas had 76 wind plants comprising 9.1

percent of overall Texas electricity capa city

. I n 2005, Texas

adopted a RPS which required the state to have 5,880 MW of total

renewable capacity in place by 2015, and 10,000 MW by 2025. Texas

is very close to meeting the 2025 standard with its wind capacity

alone. 

## Coal capacity. Coal

- fired electric capacity

increased by 0.3 percent between 2008 and

2009 to 314,294 MW. A total of 13 new coal

fired generators came on line in 2009, notably

the 682

- MW Nebraska City 2 unit (Omaha

Public Power Dist rict) and the 415

- MW

Springerville 4 unit (Salt River Project). Both

East Kentucky Power Cooperative and Archer

Daniels Midland installed generators capable

of co

- firing coal with biomass.

Figure ES2. U.S. Electric Power

IndustrySummer Capacity,

2009

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form

EIA

- 860, “Annual Electric Generator Report.”



## Coal retirements in 2009 totaled 529 MW.

Further retirements are planned. For example,

i n December 2009, Progress Energy announced

that it planned to retire 11 generators (1,500

MW ) at four of its North Carolina coal plants

that lacked desulfurization equipment, and

replace the lost c apacity with natural gas units.

Progress Energy’s remaining units are all

equipped with scrubbers. 16



## S olar capacity. So lar power is a rapidly

growing source of new capacity, albeit from a

relatively small base. Solar power producers

added 83 MW of capacity in 2009, a 15.5

- percent increase over 2008. California, with

450 MW of existing (utility

- scale) solar

capacity, accoun ted for 72.8 percent of total

capacity, followed by Nevada, with 14.3

percent of capacity. Two large plants were

16 “ Progress Energy Plans to Retire Remaining Unscrubbed Coal

Plants in NC ,” December 1, 2009.

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 200 9 5 

## brought on line in 2009: FPL’s 25 MW

DeSoto Solar Energy Plant in Florida,

described as the largest photovoltaic solar

plant in the world (at t he time), 17 

## and NRG

Energy’s 21

- MW facility in Blythe, California,

which was constructed in just 3 months.

The 20 MW scale of recent solar power plant

additions far exceeds the average size of the

current fleet of solar units, but is in turn dwarfed

by the scale of units in the planning stage

. 18 

## For

example, b y 201 3

, BrightSource Energy is

scheduled to bring on line all three units of its

390

- MW Ivanpah concentrated t hermal power

plant in California.

Nuclear uprates. Since 1998, the re have been

104 ope rable units in the United States

. 19 

## In

2009, nuclear capacity increased 249 MW, due

to a combination of uprates (technical

modifications of existing units) and other net

capacity adjustments. Through such uprates to

existing capacity, rather than new buil ds, 3. 6

GW of nuclear capacity have been added to the

system over the past decade (Table 1.1),

representing over 3 percent of total U.S. nuclear

capacity in 2009. This added capacity is the

equivalent of building several new reactors.

Prospects for ne w nuclear reactors. Currently,

there is one nuclear power unit under

construction, TVA’s 1,150 MW Watts Bar 2,

which is scheduled to be in operation in 2012.

Initial construction of Watts Bar 2, which began

in 1973, was suspended in 1988 and resumed in

20 07. TVA may also complete Unit 1 at its

Bellefonte site, which would enter operation in

the 2018

- 2019 time frame

. TVA suspended

construction of Bellefonte in 1988.

During 2009, one application was submitted to

the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for

the construction of two nuclear units at FPL’s

existing Turkey Point facility. This compares to

applications for 16 units during 2008 and 8 units

in 2007. The NRC also granted an Early Site

Permit to Southern Company’s/Georgia Power’s

Vogtle nuclear powe r units 3 and 4 (August,

17 FPL. http://www.fpl.com/environment/solar /desoto.shtml

. 18 Todd Woody, “ Solar Power Projects Face Potential Hurdles ,” The

New York Times , October 28, 2010,

http://www.nytimes.com /2010/10/29/business/energy

environment/29solar.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=ivanpah&st=cse

. 19 TVA’s Brown Ferry 1 was offline for many years but was officially

classified as “operable” because it retained a Nuclear Regulatory

Commission operating license. The uni t actually returned to service

in 2007. 

## 2009) and preliminary site preparation has

begun. 20



# Planned Capacity

Capacity plans are constantly evolving as electric

power producers navigate a dynamic, rapidly

changing market. Each year, EIA asks electric

power producer s for a snapshot of their plans as

of the end of the previous year. The information

below, and in Table 1.4, represents capacity

plans as of December 31, 2009, as reported to

EIA during the spring of 2010. EIA also collects

monthly data on the status of proposed

generators. 21



## Capacity additions by fuel type

. As of the end

of 2009 e lectric power producers plan ned to add

72

, 15 7 MW of capacity between 2010 and 2014.

Of this, 48.3 percent wa s planned to be fired by

natural gas (3 4

, 828 MW) and 23. 1 percent fr om

coal (16, 685 MW) (Figure ES 3).

Figure ES3. Planned Summer Capacity

Additions, 2010

- 2014

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form

EIA

- 860, “Annual Electric Generator Report.”



## For the period 2010

- 2014, planned wind

additions total ed 11

, 560 MW, or 16. 0 percent of

total reported planned additions. W ind plants

have a much shorter planning horizon and are

built more quickly than fossil fuel

- fired plants;

only 6. 2 percent of the reported new wind

20 Other investors include Oglethorpe Power (30 percent) and the

Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (22.7 percent). Source:

World Nuclear News, “ Georgia Power Accepts Vogtle Loan

Guarantee ,” June 21, 2010.

21 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly

, Table ES3, New and Planned U.S. Electric Generating Units

.

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 200 9 6 

## capacity additions were planned to occur aft er

2012.

Solar additions were expected to add 4, 087 MW

of capacity by 2014. The planned completion of

Watts Bar 2 in 2012 would add 1,1 22 MW of

nuclear capacity

. The construction of new coal

plants has been discouraged by increasing costs

for capital

- in tensive projects, concerns over

possible future CO 2 

## and other environmental

restrictions, and the prospect that natural gas

prices will remain low over the long

- term.



# Electricity Sales and Prices

In 2009, retail sales of electricity fell to 3, 597

billi on kilowatthours, a 3.7

- percent decline from

the prior year and the lowest level of sales since

2004 (Table 7.2) . Industrial demand experienced

the greatest decline, falling 9.1 percent from

2008, to levels unseen since 1987. The

r esidential and commerci al sectors reported

declines of 1.1 percent and 2.2 percent,

respectively.

Retail sales to industrial customers

. The

Federal Reserve Bank’ s index of industrial

production fell 9.2 percent in 2009, driven by 41

and 42 percent decreases in the automobile and

iron and steel components, respectively. 22 

## In the

East North Central Census Division, which

contains some of the Nation’s most

industrialized States (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,

Ohio, and Wisconsin), overall electricity demand

declined 6.9 percent (Fi gure ES 4), led by a 12.3

- percent decline in industrial demand. The East

South Central States (Alabama, Kentucky,

Mississippi, and Tennessee) saw the next largest

decline at 6.8 percent

.

Weather and Retail Sales to Residential

Customers. Year

- over

- year ( i.e., short term)

changes in residential electricity sales largely

reflect changes in the weather. Summer

temperatures during 2009 were relatively mild in

the contiguous states

. 23 

## This dampened air

conditioning demand; for the June through

August summer pe riod, residential electricity

sales declined 3.3 percent between 2008 and

2009.

22 IHS Global Insight, “U.S. Economic Outlook,” April 2010, p. 92.

23 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National D ata

Climate Center, State of the Climate National Overview Annual 2009 

## Figure ES4. Annual Change in Retail

S ales to B undl ed and

Unbundled C ustomers, 2008

to 2009 (Percent C hange)

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration,

Form EIA

- 86 1, “Annual Electric Power Industry

Report.”



## Prices

. Overall re tail electricity prices rose 0.8

percent between 2008 and 2009 (from 9.74 cents

to 9.82 cents per kWh). The overall 25.8

- percent

decline in fossil fuel prices as delivered to

electric plants had little immediate impact on

electric power prices to the end user; the lag in

changes between fuel prices and power prices

can be a year or two, as changes in retail

electricity rates are dependent on each State’s

utility regulatory review process.



# E lectric Trade

Wholesale Markets . Wholesale power

purchases in 2009 totaled 5,029 million MWh. 24



## This represents a decrease of 10.4 percent

between 2008 and 2009, following an increase of

3.7 percent from 2007 to 2008 (Table 6.1) and a

peak in 2002 at 8,755 million MWh. Electric

utilities and energy

- only providers (power

marke ters ) each account for roughly half of

wholesale purchases. The power marketers’

share of the wholesale market dropped from 69.1

percent in 2002 to 51.0 percent in 2009, as a

consequen ce of the financial failure of many

marketers and contraction of trade following the

collapse of Enron. Electric utilities’ wholesale

purchases have generally remained stable over

the last decade, but in a shrinking market their

market share has risen from 29.9 percent in 2002

to 47.0 percent in 2009.

24 A single “block” of electricity can be sold multiple times, with each

purchas e appearing in the data reported to EIA. Consequently, total

wholesale purchases exceed total supply of electricity (3,950 million

MWh in 2009).

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 200 9 7 

## Electricity sales for resale (wholesale power

sales) fell similarly in 2009, down 10.8 percent

from 2008 to 5,065 million MWh. Energy

- only

providers made up 44.2 percent of the market in

2009. Electric uti lities comprised 29.5 percent of

the market in 2009, IPPs 25.6 percent, and

combined heat and power plants less than one

percent.

International trade. The U.S. buys from and

sells electricity to Canada and, to a much smaller

degree, Mexico

. Although th e U.S. imported

slightly less than 1 percent of its electricity

consumption in 2009, Canadian exports account

for roughly 8 percent of Canada’s production of

electricity (Table 6.3). 25 

## Canada is the second

largest exporter of electricity in the world,

prima rily generated by hydro electric plants in

Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. 26



## Canadian and U.S. electricity markets are highly

integrated with multiple transmission lines

crossing the international border.

Electricity trade with Mexico is much small er.

Net purchases from Mexico in 2009 constituted

0.01 percent of total U.S. supply.



# Fossil Fuels

Stocks at Electric Power Plants. End

- of

- year

coal stocks rose 17.3 percent between 2008 and

2009 to reach their highest levels in at least 60

years. At 189 million tons, coal stocks have

almost doubled since 2005 (Table 3.4), probably

due to the sharp decline in coal

- fired generation

combined with limited flexibility in coal supply

contracts to reduce deliveries. 27 

## In some cases,

this involuntary invent ory accumulation has

prompted utilities to attempt to renegotiate their

coal contracts or to petition their PUCs for

ameliorative actions. 28

25 U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy

Statistics,

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid

=2&aid=12 . Note: The ratio of Canadian electricity exports to

domestic generation is for the year 2008.

26 North America Energy W orking Group, Security and Prosperity

Partnership, Energy Picture Experts Group, “ North America

— The

Energy Picture II ,” January 2006.



### 27 In its 2009 annual report, the large coal

- fired generation company,

AEP Corp, cited “an increase in coal inventory reflecting decreased

customer demand for electricity” AEP 2009 Annual Report , p. 20.

28 Duke E nergy Carolinas, Docket No. E

- 7 , Sub 909, and Indiana

Utility Regulatory Commission , Caus e No. 38707 FAC 83, Approved

March 24, 2010,

http://www.in.gov/iurc/files/38707_83order_032410.pdf

. 

## Fossil Fuel Costs. The average delivered

cost of fossil fuels to electric power plants fell

26.0 percent in 2009, from $ 4.11 per MMBtu in

2008 to $ 3.0 4 per MMBtu (Table 3.5). Most of

this decline relates to natural gas prices; in 2009

natural gas prices fell to about half their 2008

levels (Figure ES 5). Annual average costs of

natural gas to the electric power indust ry

peaked in 2008 at $ 9.02 per million Btu

— the

highest nominal dollar level in at least two

decades

— before falling to $ 4.74 per MMBtu in

2009. The average cost of coal actually rose

between 2008 and 2009 from $ 2.07 to $ 2. 21 per

MMBtu, due to the prevalenc e of long

- term

contracts and the relatively small role of the

coal spot market.



# Emiss ions

Decreases in all emissions. Estimated emissions

of carbon dioxide (CO 2 

## ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 

## ),

and nitrogen oxide (NO

x 

## ) all declined in 2009

compared to 2008 (Table 3.9). This was due in

part to reduced coal

- fired generation. Coal

produces far more emissions per kWh of

electricity than other major fuels. SO 2 

## and NO

x 

## emissions were further reduced by installations

of new emission control devices.

SO 2 

## emissions fell 23.8 percent between 2008

and 2009, from 7,830 thousand metric tons to

5

, 970 thousan d metric tons (Table 3.9). This is

the largest year

- over

- year decline since 1989 (the Figure ES5. Fossil Fuel Costs for

Electricity Generation,

1998

- 2009

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration,

Form EIA

- 923, "Power Plant Operations Report.”

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 200 9 8 

## first year in EIA’s data series) . Nationwide, the

count of generators with SO 2 

## control systems

increased from 327 in 2008 to 384 in 2009

(Table 3

- 10), contributing to the reduction in

SO 2 

## emissions.

Data for 2009 also show significant reductions in

NO

x 

## emissions, which dropped 28.1 percent

from 2008, from 3,330 to 2, 395 thousand metric

tons

— also the largest decline on record. Since

1998, sulfur dioxide and nitroge n oxide

emissions have been reduced by 5 5.7 percent and

62. 9 percent, respectively, largely due to the

implementation of the Clean Air Act

Amendments of 1990.

Estimated CO 2 

## emissions by U.S. electric

generators and combined heat and power

facilities fell by 8.6 percent from 2008 to 2009 (from 2, 484 million metric tons to 2,2 70 million

metric tons), largely due to decreased coal

consumption. Emissions from coal

- fired power

plants typically account for four fifths of CO 2 

## emissions produced by the electric power sector.

The estimated CO 2 

## , SO 2 

## , and NO

x 

## emissions are

determined by the type and quantity of fossil

fuels consumed by power plants. In the case of

SO 2 

## and NO

x, 

## boiler configurations and the

presence of, or absence of, pollution abatement

equipmen t play a major role. The methodology

used to estimate emissions is described in the

Technical Notes and Tables A1, A2, and A3.

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2009 9 

# Table ES1. Summary Statistics for the United States, 1998 through 2009

Description 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998

Net Generation (thousand megawatthours)

Coal 1 1,755,904

................................ ............................ 1,985,801 2,016,456 1,990,511 2,012,873 1,978,301 1,973,737 1,933,130 1,903,956 1,966,265 1,881,087 1,873,516

Petroleum 2

................................ .................... 38,937 46,243 65,739 64,166 122,225 121,145 119,406 94,567 124,880 111,221 118,061 128,800

Natural Gas 3

................................ ................. 920,979 882,981 896,590 816,441 760,960 710,100 649,908 691,006 639,129 601,038 556,396 531,257

Other Gases 4

................................ ................. 10,632 11,707 13,453 14,177 13,464 15,252 15,600 11,463 9,039 13,955 14,126 13,492

Nuclear

................................ ......................... 798,855 806,208 806,425 787,219 781,986 788,528 763,733 780,064 768,826 753,893 728,254 673,702

Hydroelectric Conventional 5

......................... 273,445 254,831 247,510 289,246 270,321 268,417 275,806 264,329 216,961 275,573 319,536 323,336

Other Renewable s 6

................................ ....... 144,279 126,101 R 105,238 96,525 87,329 83,067 79,487 79,109 70,769 80,906 79,423 77,088

Wind

................................ ........................ 73,886 55,363 34,450 26,589 17,811 14,144 11,187 10,354 6,737 5,593 4,488 3,026

Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic

............... 891 864 612 508 550 575 534 555 543 493 495 502

Wood and Wood Derived Fuels 7

.............. 36,050 37,300 39,014 38,762 38,856 38,117 37,529 38,665 35,200 37,595 37,041 36,338

Geothermal

................................ .............. 15,009 14,840 R 14,637 14,568 14,692 14,811 14,424 14,491 13,741 14,093 14,827 14,774

Other Biomass 8

................................ ........ 18,443 17,734 16,525 1 6,099 15,420 15,421 15,812 15,044 14,548 23,131 22,572 22,448

Pumped Storage 9

................................ .......... - 4,627

- 6,288

- 6,896

- 6,558

- 6,558

- 8,488

- 8,535

- 8,743

- 8,823

- 5,539

- 6,097

- 4,467

Other 10

................................ .......................... 11,928 11,804 R 12,231 12,974 12,821 14,232 14,045 13,527 11,906 4,794 4,024 3,571

All Energy Sources

................................ ..... 3,950,331 4,119,388 4,156,745 4,064,702 4,055,423 3,970,555 3,883,185 3,858,452 3,736,644 3,802,105 3,694,810 3,620,295



### Net Summer Generating Capacity (megawatts)

Coal 1

................................ ............................. 314,294 313,322 312,738 312,956 313,380 313,020 313, 019 315,350 314,230 315,114 315,496 315,786

Petroleum 2

................................ .................... 56,781 57,445 56,068 58,097 58,548 59,119 60,730 59,651 66,162 61,837 60,069 66,282

Natural Gas 3

................................ ................. 401,272 397,460 R 392,876 388,294 383,061 371,011 355,442 312,512 252,832 219,590 195,119 180,288

Ot her Gases 4

................................ ................. 1,932 1,995 2,313 2,256 2,063 2,296 1,994 2,008 1,670 2,342 1,909 1,520

Nuclear

................................ ......................... 101,004 100,755 100,266 100,334 99,988 99,628 99,209 98,657 98,159 97,860 97,411 97,070

Hydroelectric Conventional 5

......................... 78,518 77,930 77,885 77,821 77,541 77,641 78 ,694 79,356 78,916 79,359 79,393 79,151

Other Renewables 6

................................ ....... 48,552 38,466 R 30,069 24,113 21,205 18,717 18,153 16,710 16,101 15,572 15,942 15,444

Wind

................................ ........................ 34,296 24,651 16,515 11,329 8,706 6,456 5,995 4,417 3,864 2,377 2,252 1,720

Solar Thermal and Photovolt aic

............... 619 536 502 411 411 398 397 397 392 386 389 335

Wood and Wood Derived Fuels 7

.............. 6,939 6,864 6,704 6,372 6,193 6,182 5,871 5,844 5,882 6,147 6,795 6,802

Geothermal

................................ .............. 2,382 2,229 R 2,214 2,274 2,285 2,152 2,133 2,252 2,216 2,793 2,846 2,893

Other Biomass 11

................................ ....... 4,317 4,186 4,134 3,727 3,609 3,529 3,758 3,800 3,748 3,869 3,660 3,694

Pumped Storage 9

................................ .......... 22,160 21,858 21,886 21,461 21,347 20,764 20,522 20,371 19,664 19,522 19,565 19,518

Other 12

................................ .......................... 888 942 788 882 887 746 684 686 519 523 1,023 810

All Energy Sources

................................ ..... 1,025,400 1,010,171 994,888 986,215 978,020 962,942 948,446 905,301 848,254 811,719 785,927 775,868



### Demand, Capacity Resources, and Capacity Margins

– Summer

Net Internal Demand (megawatts)

................ 713,106 744,151 R 766,786 R 776,479 746,470 692,908 696,752 696,376 674,833 680,941 653,857 638,086

Capacity Resources (megawatts)

.................. 916,449 909,504 R 914,397 R 891,226 882,125 875,870 856,131 833,380 788,990 808,054 765,744 744,670

Capacity Margins (percent)

........................... 22.2 18.2 16.1 12.9 15.4 20.9 18.6 16.4 14.5 15. 7 14.6 14.3



### Fuel

Consumption of Fossil Fuels for Electricity Generation

Coal 

### (thousand tons) 1

............................. 934,683 1,042,335 1,046,795 1,030,556 1,041,448 1,020,523 1,014,058 987,583 972,691 994,933 949,802 946,295

Petroleum 

### (thousand bar rels) 2

................ 67,668 80,932 112,615 110,634 206,785 203,494 206,653 168,597 216,672 195,228 207,871 222,640

Natural Gas 

### (millions of cubic feet) 3

..... 7,121,069 6,895,843 7,089,342 6,461,615 6,036,370 5,674,580 5,616,135 6,126,062 5,832,305 5,691,481 5,321,984 5,08 1,384

Other Gases 

### (millions of Btu) 4

............... 83,593 96,757 114,904 114,665 109,916 135,144 156,306 131,230 97,308 125,971 126,387 124,988



### Consumption of Fossil Fuels for Thermal Output in Combined Heat and Power Facilities

Coal 

### (thousand tons) 1

............................. 20 ,507 22,168 22,810 23,227 23,833 24,275 17,720 17,561 18,944 20,466 20,373 20,320

Petroleum 

### (thousand barrels) 2

................ 13,161 12,016 19,775 20,371 24,408 25,870 17,939 14,811 18,268 22,266 26,822 28,845

Natural Gas 

### (millions of cubic feet) 3

..... 816,787 793,537 87 2,579 942,817 984,340 1,052,100 721,267 860,019 898,286 985,263 982,958 949,106

Other Gases 

### (millions of Btu) 4

............... 175,671 203,236 214,321 226,464 238,396 218,295 137,837 146,882 166,161 230,082 223,713 208,828



### Consumption of Fossil Fuels for Electricity Ge neration and Useful Thermal Output

Coal 

### (thousand tons) 1

............................. 955,190 1,064,503 1,069,606 1,053,783 1,065,281 1,044,798 1,031,778 1,005,144 991,635 1,015,398 970,175 966,615

Petroleum 

### (thousand barrels) 2

................ 80,830 92,948 132,389 131,005 231,193 229 ,364 224,593 183,408 234,940 217,494 234,694 251,486

Natural Gas 

### (millions of cubic feet) 3

..... 7,937,856 7,689,380 7,961,922 7,404,432 7,020,709 6,726,679 6,337,402 6,986,081 6,730,591 6,676,744 6,304,942 6,030,490

Other Gases 

### (millions of Btu) 4

............... 259,265 29 9,993 329,225 341,129 348,312 353,438 294,143 278,111 263,469 356,053 350,100 333,816



### Stocks at Electric Power Sector Facilities (year end)

Coal 

### (thousand tons) 13

............................ 189,467 161,589 151,221 140,964 101,137 106,669 121,567 141,714 138,496 102,296 141,604 120,501

Petroleum 

### (thousand barrels) 14

............... 46,181 44,498 47,203 51,583 50,062 51,434 53,170 52,490 57,031 40,932 54,109 56,591



### Receipts of Fuel at Electricity Generators 15

Coal 

### (thousand tons) 1

............................. 981,477 1,069,709 1,054,664 1,079,943 1,02 1,437 1,002,032 986,026 884,287 762,815 790,274 908,232 929,448

Petroleum 

### (thousand barrels) 2

................ 88,951 96,341 88,347 100,965 194,733 186,655 185,567 120,851 124,618 108,272 145,939 181,276

Natural Gas 

### (millions of cubic feet) 16

.... 8,118,550 7,879,046 7,200,3 16 6,675,246 6,181,717 5,734,054 5,500,704 5,607,737 2,148,924 2,629,986 2,809,455 2,922,957



### Cost of Fuel at Electricity Generators (cents per million Btu) 15

Coal 1

................................ ........................ 221 207 177 169 154 136 128 125 123 120 122 125

Petroleum 2

................................ ............... 702 1,087 717 62 3 644 429 433 334 369 418 236 202

Natural Gas 16

................................ ........... 474 902 711 694 821 596 539 356 449 430 257 238



### Emissions (thousand metric tons)

Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )

................................ .. 2,269,508 2,484,012 R 2,547,032 R 2,488,918 R 2,543,838 R 2,486,982 R 2,445,094 R 2,423,963 R 2, 418,607 R 2,470,834 R 2,366,302 R 2,351,600 R

Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 )

................................ .... 5,970 7,830 9,042 9,524 10,340 10,309 10,646 10,881 11,174 11,963 12,843 13,464

Nitrogen Oxides (NO X )

................................ . 2,395 3,330 3,650 3,799 3,961 4,143 4,532 5,194 5,290 5,638 5,955 6,459



### Trade (millio n megawatthours)

Purchases

................................ ...................... 5,029 5,613 5,411 5,503 6,092 6,999 6,980 8,755 7,555 2,346 2,040 2,021

Sales for Resale

................................ ............ 5,065 5,681 5,479 5,493 6,072 6,759 6,921 8,569 7,345 2,355 1,998 1,922



### Electricity Imports and Exports (thousand megawatth ours)

Imports

................................ ......................... 52,191 57,019 R 51,396 42,691 43,929 R 34,210 30,395 36,779 38,500 48,592 43,215 39,513

Exports

................................ ......................... 18,138 24,198 R 20,144 24,271 19,151 R 22,898 23,975 15,796 16,473 14,829 14,222 13,656



### See end of table for Notes a nd Sources.

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2009 10 

# Table ES1. Summary Statistics for the United States, 1998 through 2009

(Continued)

Description 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998

Retail Sales and Revenue Data

– Bundled and Unbundled

Number of Ultima te Customers (thousands)

Residential

................................ .................... 125,177 124,937 123,950 122,471 120,761 118,764 117,280 116,622 114,890 111,718 110,383 109,048

Commercial

................................ .................. 17,562 17,563 17,377 17,172 16,872 16,607 16,550 15,334 14,867 14,349 14,074 13,887

Industrial

................................ ...................... 758 775 794 760 734 748 713 602 571 527 553 540

Transportation

................................ .............. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA NA

Other

................................ ............................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1,067 1,030 974 935 933

All Sectors

................................ .................... 143,497 143,276 142,122 140,404 138,367 136,119 134,544 133,624 131,359 127,568 125,945 124,40 8



### Sales to Ultimate Customers (thousand megawatthours)

Residential

................................ .................... 1,364,474 1,379,981 1,392,241 1,351,520 1,359,227 1,291,982 1,275,824 1,265,180 1,201,607 1,192,446 1,144,923 1,130,109

Commercial

................................ .................. 1,307,168 1,335,981 1,336,315 1,299,744 1 ,275,079 1,230,425 1,198,728 1,104,497 1,083,069 1,055,232 1,001,996 979,401

Industrial

................................ ...................... 917,442 1,009,300 1,027,832 1,011,298 1,019,156 1,017,850 1,012,373 990,238 996,609 1,064,239 1,058,217 1,051,203

Transportation

................................ .............. 7,781 7,700 8,173 7,358 7,506 7,224 6,810 NA NA NA NA NA

Other

................................ ............................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 105,552 113,174 109,496 106,952 103,518

All Sectors

................................ .................... 3,596,865 3,732,962 3,764,561 3,669,919 3,660,969 3,547,479 3,493,734 3,465,466 3,394,458 3,421,414 3,312,087 3,264,231

Direct Use

................................ ..................... 126,938 132,197 R 1 25,670 R 146,927 150,016 168,470 168,295 166,184 162,649 170,943 171,629 160,866

Total Disposition

................................ .......... 3,723,803 3,865,159 R 3,890,231 R 3,816,845 3,810,984 3,715,949 3,662,029 3,631,650 3,557,107 3,592,357 3,483,716 3,425,097



### Revenue From Ultimate Customers ( million dollars)

Residential

................................ .................... 157,008 155,433 148,295 140,582 128,393 115,577 111,249 106,834 103,158 98,209 93,483 93,360

Commercial

................................ .................. 132,940 138,469 128,903 122,914 110,522 100,546 96,263 87,117 85,741 78,405 72,771 72,575

Industrial

................................ ...................... 6 2,504 68,920 65,712 62,308 58,445 53,477 51,741 48,336 50,293 49,369 46,846 47,050

Transportation

................................ .............. 828 827 792 702 643 519 514 NA NA NA NA NA

Other

................................ ............................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7,124 8,151 7,179 6,796 6,863

All Sectors

................................ .................... 353,280 363,650 343,703 326,506 298,003 270,119 259,767 249,411 247,343 233,163 219,896 219,848



### Average Retail Price (cents per kilowatthour)

Residential

................................ .................... 11.51 11.26 10.65 10.40 9.45 8.95 8.72 8.44 8.58 8.24 8.16 8.26

Commercial

................................ .................. 10.17 10.36 9.65 9.46 8.67 8.17 8.03 7.89 7.92 7.4 3 7.26 7.41

Industrial

................................ ...................... 6.81 6.83 6.39 6.16 5.73 5.25 5.11 4.88 5.05 4.64 4.43 4.48

Transportation

................................ .............. 10.65 10.74 9.70 9.54 8.57 7.18 7.54 NA NA NA NA NA

Other

................................ ............................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.75 7.20 6.56 6.35 6.63

All Sectors

................................ .................... 9.82 9.74 9.13 8.90 8.14 7.61 7.44 7.20 7.29 6.81 6.64 6.74



### Revenue and Expense Statistics (million dollars)

Major Investor Owned

Utility Operating Revenues

........................... 276,124 298,962 270,964 R 275,501 265,652 238,759 230,151 219,609 267,276 233,915 213,090 214,849

Utili ty Operating Expenses

............................ 244,243 267,263 241,198 R 245,589 236,786 206,960 201,057 189,062 234,910 210,250 180,467 183,954

Net Utility Operating Income

........................ 31,881 31,699 29,766 R 29,912 28,866 31,799 29,094 30,548 32,366 23,665 32,623 30,896



### Major Publicly Owne d (with Generation Facilities)

Operating Revenues

................................ ...... NA NA NA NA NA NA 33,906 32,776 38,028 31,843 26,767 26,155

Operating Expenses

................................ ....... NA NA NA NA NA NA 29,637 28,638 32,789 26,244 21,274 20,880

Net Electric Operating Income

...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA 4 ,268 4,138 5,238 5,598 5,493 5,275



### Major Publicly Owned (without Generation Facilities)

Operating Revenues

................................ ...... NA NA NA NA NA NA 12,454 11,546 10,417 9,904 9,354 8,790

Operating Expenses

................................ ....... NA NA NA NA NA NA 11,481 10,703 9,820 9,355 8,737 8,245

Net Electric Operating Income

...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA 974 843 597 549 617 545



### Major Federally Owned

Operating Revenues

................................ ...... NA NA NA NA NA NA 11,798 11,470 12,458 10,685 10,186 9,780

Operating Expenses

................................ ....... NA NA NA NA NA NA 8,763 8,665 10,013 8,139 7,7 75 7,099

Net Electric Operating Income

...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA 3,035 2,805 2,445 2,546 2,411 2,681



### Major Cooperative Borrower Owned

Operating Revenues

................................ ...... 42,189 42,087 R 38,208 36,723 34,088 30,650 29,228 27,458 26,458 25,629 23,824 23,988

Operatin g Expenses

................................ ....... 38,337 38,511 R 34,843 33,550 31,209 27,828 26,361 24,561 23,763 22,982 21,283 21,223

Net Electric Operating Income

...................... 3,852 3,576 R 3,365 3,173 2,879 2,822 2,867 2,897 2,696 2,647 2,541 2,764



### Demand

- Side Management (DSM) Data 17



### Act ual Peak Load Reductions (megawatts)

Total Actual Peak Load Reduction

................ 31,682 31,735 R 30,253 27,240 25,710 23,532 22,904 22,936 24,955 22,901 26,455 27,231



### DSM Energy Savings (thousand megawatthours)

Energy Efficiency

................................ .......... 76,891 74, 861 R 67,134 62,951 58,891 52,662 48,245 52,285 52,946 52,827 49,691 48,775

Load Management

................................ ......... 1,015 1,813 R 1,857 865 1,006 2,047 2,020 1,790 990 875 872 392



### DSM Cost (million dollars)

Total Cost

................................ ................... 3,594 3,175 R 2,523 2,051 1,921 1,557 1,297 1,62 6 1,630 1,565 1,424 1,421

1 Includes anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous and lignite coal. Waste and synthetic coal are included starting in 2002.

2 Distilla te fuel oil (all diesel and No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils), residual fuel oil (No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils and bunker C fue l oil), jet fuel, kerosene, petroleum coke (converted to liquid

petroleum, see Technical Notes for conversion methodology) and wast e oil.

3 Includes a small number of generators for which waste heat is the primary energy source.

4 Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.

5 Conventional hydroelectric power excluding pumped storag e facilities.

6 Other renewables represents the summation of the sub

- categories of Wind, Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic, Wood and Wood Derived Fuels, Geothermal, and Other Biomass.

7 Wood/wood waste solids (including paper pellets, railroad ties, utility p oles, wood chips, bark, and wood waste solids), wood waste liquids (red liquor, sludge wood, spent sulfite liquor,

and other wood

- based liquids), and black liquor.

8 Biogenic municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, other biomass solids, other biomass liquids, and other biomass gases (including digester gases,

methane, and other biomass gases).

9 Pumped storage is the capacity to generate electricity from water previously pumped to an elevated reservoir and then release d t hrough a conduit to turbine generators located at a lower

level. The generation from a hydroelectric pumped storage facility is the net value of production minus the energy used for pumping..

10 Non

- biogenic municipal solid waste, batteries, chemicals, hyd rogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, tire

- derived fuels and miscellaneous technologies.

11 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, other biomass solids, other biomass liquids, and other biomass gases (including digester gases, methane, and

other biomass gases).

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2009 11 12 Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, tire

- derived fuels and miscellaneous technologies.

13 Anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite, and synthetic coal; excludes waste coal.

14 Dis tillate fuel oil (all diesel and No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils), residual fuel oil (No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils and bunker C fuel oil), jet fuel, kerosene, petroleum coke (converted to

liquid petroleum, see Technical Notes for conversion methodology). Data prior to 2004 includes small quantities of waste oil.

15 For 2002 through 2007, includes data from the Form EIA

- 423 for independent power producers, and commercial and industrial power

- producing facilities. Beginning in 2008, data are

collected on the Form EIA

- 923 for utilities, independent power producers, and commercial and industrial power

- producing facilities. Receipts, cost, and quality data are collected from

plants above a 50 MW threshold, and imputed for plants between 1 and 50 MW. Therefore, th ere may be a notable increase in fuel receipts beginning with 2008 data. Receipts of coal

include imported coal.

16 Natural gas, including a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels that cannot be identified separately.

17 Data presented are reflective of large utilities.

NA = Not available.

R = Revised.

Note: ·See Glossary reference for definitions.·See Technical Notes Table A5 for conversion to different units of measure.·Cap acity by energy source is based on the capacity associated

with the en ergy source reported as the most predominant (primary) one, where more than one energy source is associated with a generator. ·Dual

- fired capacity returned to respective fuel

categories for current and all historical years. New fuel switchable capacity tab les have replaced dual

- fired breakouts.·Totals may not equal sum of components because of ind

Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration Form EIA

- 411, "Coordinated Bulk Power Supply Program Report;" Form EIA

- 412, "Annual Electric Industry Financial Report" The

Form EIA

- 412 was terminated in 2003; Form EIA

- 767, "Steam

- Electric Plant Operation and Design Report" was suspended; Form EIA

- 860, "Annual Electric Generator Report;" Form

EIA

- 861, "Annual Electric Power Industry Report;" Form EIA

- 923, "Power P lant Operations Report" replaces several form(s) including: Form EIA

- 906, "Power Plant Report;" Form EIA

920 "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report;" Form EIA

- 423, "Monthly Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Plants Report; and FERC Form 423, "Monthly Re port of Cost and Quality

of Fuels for Electric Plants," and their predecessor forms. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, FERC Form 1, "Annual Report of Major Utilities, Licensees and Others;" FERC Form

1

- F, "Annual Report for Nonmajor Public Utilities a nd Licensees;" Rural Utilities Service (RUS) Form 7, "Operating Report;" RUS Form 12, "Operating Report;" Imports and Exports :

DOE, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Form OE

- 781R, " Annual Report of International Electric Export/Import Data," predecessor forms, and National Energy Board

of Canada. For 2001 forward, data from the California Independent System Operator are used in combination with the Form OE

- 781R values to estimate electricity trade with Mexico.

## U.S. Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2009 12 

# Table ES2. Supply and Disposition of Electricity, 1998 through 2009

(Million Megawatthours)

Category 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998

Supply

Generation

................................ .......................... Electric Utilities

................................ .......... 2,373 2,475 2,504 2,484 2,475 2,505 2,462 2,549 2,630 3,015 3,174 3,212

Independent Power Producers

..................... 1,278 1,332 1,324 1,259 1,247 1,119 1,063 955 781 458 201 91

Combined Heat and Power, Electric

............ 159 167 1 77 165 180 184 196 194 170 165 155 154

Electric Power Sector Generation Subtotal

....... 3,810 3,974 4,005 3,908 3,902 3,808 3,721 3,698 3,580 3,638 3,530 3,457

Combined Heat and Power, Commercial

..... 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 8 9 9

Combined Heat and Po wer, Industrial

......... 132 137 143 148 145 154 155 153 149 157 156 154

Industrial and Commercial Generation Subtotal 140 145 151 157 153 162 162 160 157 165 165 163

Total Net Generation

................................ .......... 3,950 4,119 4,157 4,065 4,055 3,971 3,883 3,858 3,737 3,802 3,695 3,62 0

Total Imports

................................ ...................... 52 57 51 43 44 R 34 30 37 39 49 43 40

Total Supply

................................ ...................... 4,003 4,176 4,208 4,107 4,099 R 4,005 3,914 3,895 3,775 3,851 3,738 3,660

Disposition

Retail Sales

................................ ....................... Full

- Service Providers

................................ . 3,289 3,434 3,468 3,438 3, 413 3,318 3,285 3,324 3,297 3,310 3,236 3,240

Energy

- Only Providers

................................ 295 286 283 219 237 222 189 141 98 112 76 24

Facility Direct Retail Sales

.......................... 13 14 14 12 11 8 20 NA NA NA NA NA

Total Electric Industry Retail Sales

..................... 3,597 3,733 3,765 3, 670 3,661 3,547 3,494 3,465 3,394 3,421 3,312 3,264

Direct Use

................................ ........................... 127 132 R 126 R 147 150 168 168 166 163 171 172 161

Total Exports

................................ ...................... 18 24 20 24 19 R 23 24 16 16 15 14 14

Losses and Unaccounted For

.............................. 261 287 R 298 R 266 269 266 228 248 202 244 240 221

Total Di sposition

................................ ............... 4,003 4,176 4,208 4,107 4,099 R 4,005 3,914 3,895 3,775 3,851 3,738 3,660

NA = Not available.

R = Revised.

Notes: • Facility Direct Retail Sales typically represent bilateral electric power sales between industrial and commercial ge nerating facilities. • Direct Use represents commercial and

industrial facility use of onsite net electricity ge neration; electricity sales or transfers to adjacent or co

- located facilities; and barter transactions. Losses and Unaccounted For includes: (1)

reporting by utilities and power marketers that represent losses incurred in transmission and distribution, as well as volumes unaccounted for in their own energy balance; and (2)

discrepancies among the differing categories upon balancing the table. • Totals may not equal sum of components because of in dependent rounding.

Sources: U.S. Energy Information Admini stration, Form EIA

- 923, "Power Plant Operations Report" and predecessor form(s) including U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form

EIA

- 906, "Power Plant Report;" and Form EIA

- 920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report;" Form EIA

- 861, "Annual Electric P ower Industry Report;" and predecessor forms. Imports

and Exports: Mexico data

- DOE, Fossil Fuels, Office of Fuels Programs, Form OE

- 781R, "Annual Report of International Electrical Export/Import Data:" Canada data

- National Energy

Board of Canada (mete red energy firm and interruptible).