¡ U.S. DEPARTMENÍ OF AGRtCULTÜRE • AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE • AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 493

't-S t

r Response of Selected

Woody Plants In

the United States

to Herbicides

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Response of

Selected

Woody Plants

in the

United States

to Herbicides

By

Rodney W. Bovey

Research Leader

USDA, ARS

Department of Range Science

Texas A&M University

College Station, Texas 77843

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $1.75

Stock Number 001-000-03492-8
CONTENTS

Page

Environmental Protection

Common name and chemical name of

herbicides included in this handbook

Acknowledgements 1

Introduction 2

General __^ 2

Effects of herbicides 2

Application methods 4

General 4

Calibration of sprayer 4

Foliage sprays 5

Drench 5

Low-volume 5

Basal sprays 6

Injection/cut-surface treatment __ 7

Soil treatments 8

Precautions 3

Characteristics of the herbicides 11

2,3,6-TBA (see Benzoic Acids) — 11

2,4-D (see Phenoxy Compounds) - 11

2^4-DB (see Phenoxy Compounds)

2,4-DP (see Dichlorprop) 11

2,4,5-T (see Phenoxy Compounds)

2,4,5-TP (see Silvex) 11

Amitrole 11

Ammonium sulfamate (AMS) -_. 11

Benzoic Acids 11

Bromacil (see Substituted Ureas,

Uracils, and Carbamates) 12

Cacodylic Acid (see Organic Arsenicals) 12

Dicamba (see Benzoic Acids) 12

Dichlorprop (see Phenoxy Compounds) -, . 12

DSMA (see Organic Arsenicals) _

Fenuron (see Substituted Ureas,

Uracils, and Carbamates) 12

Fenuron-TCA (see Substituted

Ureas, Uracils, and Carbamates)

Glyphosate 13

Karbutilate (see Substituted

Ureas, Uracils and Carbamates)

Page

MCPA (see Phenoxy Compounds)

Monuron (see Substituted Ureas,

Uracils, and Carbamates) 13

Monuron-TCA (see Substituted

Ureas, Uracils, and Carbamates)

MSMA (see Organic Arsenicals)

Organic Arsenicals 13

Paraquat 13

Phenoxy Compounds 14

Picloram 15

Silvex (see Phenoxy Compounds)

Substituted Ureas, Uracils, and

Carbamates 16

Selection and preparation of herbicides for treatments 16

General ^ 16

Basal sprays 17

Foliage sprays 17

Drench 17

Low-volume 17

Injection/cut-surface treatments

Soil treatments 18

Cleaning spray equipment 26

Summary of control methods 27

SusceptiJbility of plants to herbicide

treatments 28

Susceptibility table, Table 4__ 29

Additional references 29

Contributors 98

Tables:

1. Guide for preparing sprays __ 17

2. Formulation requirements and

application rates 20

3. Common U.S. measures of

small quantities and their

approximate metric system

equivalents 22

4. Susceptibility of common woody

plants to herbicide treatments. 28

11
This handbook reports current research

finding's on the response of brush and trees

to the most promising herbicides available.

It is not intended as a list of recommended

herbicides. The herbicides listed in this

handbook include older, well established

herbicides such as the phenoxy compounds,

as well as several new materials. Research

in chemical control of brush and trees is

conducted by scientists in private industry

and in State and Federal agencies. As research continues, new herbicides and methods of application are being developed.

Consult your local County Agent or Extension Specialist, State Agricultural Experiment Station, or the U.S. Department of

Agriculture for the latest recommended and

approved herbicides for woody plant control.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

NOTE : Some States have restrictions on

the use of certain pesticides. Check your

State and local regulations. Also, because

registrations of pesticides are under constant review by the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA), consult your

County Agricultural Agent or State Extension Specialist to be sure the intended use

is still registered.

Ill
COMMON NAME AND CHEMICAL

NAME OF HERBICIDES INCLUDED

The herbicides included in this handbook

are:

COMMON NAME CHEMICAL NAME

2,3,6-TBA 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic

acid

2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)

acetic acid

2,4-DB 4-( 2,4-dichlorophenoxy)

butyric acid

2,4-DP see dichlorprop

2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)

acetic acid

2,4,5-TP see silvex

Amitrole 3-amino-s-triazole

AMS ammonium sulfamate

Benzoic Acids

See 2,3,6-TBA

See Dicamba

Bromacil 5-bromo-3-5^c-butyl-6-

methyluracil

Cacodylic Acid hydroxydimethylarsine

oxide

Dicamba 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid

Dichlorprop 2- (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)

propionic acid

DSMA disodium methanearsonate

Fenuron 1,l-dimethyl-3-phenylurea

Fenuron-TCA l,l-dimethyl-3-phenylurea mono ( trichloroacetic acid)

Glyphosate N- (phosphonomethyl)

glycine

Karbutilate ¿eri-butylcarbamic acid

ester with 3-(m-hydroxyphenyl) -1,1-dimethylurea

MCPA [(4-chloro-o-tolyl)

oxy] acetic acid

Monuron 3- (p-chlorophenyl) -1,1-

dimethylurea

Monuron-TCA 3- (^^-clorophenyl) -1,1-

dimethylurea

mono (trichloroacetic

acid)

MSMA monosodium methanearsonate

Organic Arsenicals

see Cacodylic Acid

see DSMA

see MSMA

Paraquat l,l^-dimethyl-4,4^-

bipyridinium ion

IV
Phenoxy Compounds

see 2,4-D

see 2,4-DB

see 2,4,5-T

see Dichlorprop

see MCPA

see silvex

Picloram 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid

Silvex 2-(2,4,5-trich.lorophenoxy)propionic acid

Substituted Ureas, Uracils and Carbamates

see Bromacil

see Fenuron

see Fenuron-TCA

see Karbutilate

see Monuron

see Monuron-TCA

Mention of any trademark or proprietary

product in this handbook does not constitute a warranty or guarantee of the

product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply approval of that

product to the exclusion of any other product that may also be suitable.
Response of

Selected

Woody Plants

in the

United States

to Herbicides

By Rodney W. Bovey, Southern Region, Agricultural Research Service

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This handbook is a cooperative study by

the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, and the Texas

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Contributors to this publication are individually listed on page 98. They include

colleages from the Federal Government

as well as scientists from private companies and State universities. All contributors may be contacted for information

on specific woody plant problems in their

area. Without the assistance of these many

contributors, the scope and usefulness of

this handbook for the American public

would not be as wide and as general as

planned.
INTRODUCTION

General

Herbicides are effective and economical

for controlling unwanted brush and trees.

They can be used to—

• Improve pastures, rangelands, forests,

recreational areas, and orchards.

• Maintain fence rows, drainage ways,

roadsides, and right-of-ways.

• Kill poisonous plants or noxious weeds.

• Destroy alternate hosts of plant diseases and insects that could harm crops or

carry pathogens harmful to animals or humans.

If herbicides are applied carefully, they

can save money and labor. If applied carelessly, they can kill crops and other desirable plants.

In general—

• Those effective in small amounts are

more economical to use.

• Those effective only in large amounts

are safer on vegetation since there is less

likelihood of accidentally damaging desirable plants with spray-drift.

Effects of Herbicides

Herbicides differ from each other in how

they kill plants, in the kinds of plants they

kill, and in the amounts needed to kill

plants.

Some herbicides can kill plants by translocation—by movement or systemic transport within the plant from the roots to

foliage or from foliage to roots as a result

of soil or foliar application. Some herbicides

are contact herbicides. They kill plant tissue

by direct exposure of the herbicide from

foliar application rather than as a result of

translocation. Contact herbicides are usually

nonselective, and usually not as effective on

woody plants as translocated-type herbicides. However, some translocated (systemic) and contact herbicides can be very

effective when injected into the sapwood of

the tree. The particular species, environmental conditions, and cost usually determine

which herbicide and application technique

will be used.

Some herbicides are selective and kill

only certain plants, but have little or no

effect on others. Some plants may be killed

by very small amounts of one herbicide,

while almost unaffected by large amounts of

another. Other herbicides are non-selective

and kill all kinds of plants. Most of the

selective herbicides used for control of

brush, weeds, trees, and broadleaf plants do

little harm to grasses. However, some herbicides classed as selective may become nonselective if applied during the wrong season

or at concentrations or rates higher than

recommended.

In addition, vapors from some ester formulations can kill desirable, susceptible

plants growing near the area to which the

formulation is applied. Heat causes ester

formulations to release vapors. Low-volatile

esters vaporize at much slower rates than

high-volatile esters. At temperatures below

90""F, there may be significant hazard from

vapors of high-volatile esters, but only

slight hazard from low-volatile ones.

At temperatures above 90°F, vapors from

low-volatile esters may also be a hazard to
susceptible plants growing nearby. Nevertheless, the low-volatile esters maintain a

relative margin of safety at higher temperatures.

The chart on page 30 lists the susceptibility of many common woody plants to

various herbicides and herbicide treatments.

Everytime you use a herbicide, double

check and follow all precautions in this

handbook and on container label regarding

vapors, spray drift, and cleanliness of equipment. Pesticides used improperly can be

injurious to man, animals, and plants.
APPLICATION METHODS

General

Woody plants can be killed with herbicides in different ways. Herbicides can be

applied by—

• Spraying onto foliage.

• Spraying basal bark or stumps.

• Injection into the sapwood of trees by

mechanical devices or through frills or

notches cut into the tree.

• Soil application.

Basal sprays and injection/cut-surface

treatments on woody plants usually are

more effective than foliage sprays. Foliage

sprays, however, are easier to apply and are

often more economical. Soil applications

with granules or sprays of certain herbicides around and under woody plants can

also effectively control them by root uptake

of the herbicide. This method is useful on

plants resistant to foliar sprays, or in areas

where foliar sprays may damage surrounding vegetation by spray drift.

Sometimes foliage sprays and basal

sprays are both used. For instance: dense

stands of brush are difficult to basal spray

because of the large number of stems to be

treated. At the same time, a foliage spray

would be only partially effective. The

methods to use would be a fohage spray to

thin the stand, and the next year or two kill

the remaining plants with a basal spray.

Mechanically cleared or burned-over

brush areas, less than 2 years old, often

yield sprouts resistant to brush control

methods. These sprouts should be allowed

to grow for 3 or 4 years before they are

treated with herbicides. There are exceptions to this; some sprouts can be treated

sooner. Check with local agricultural authorities if questions arise.

Use management practices that favor

the establishment and maintenance of desirable vegetation. After controlling brush

and trees in an area, treat the area periodically to control sprouts and seedlings. They

are less costly to control as soon as they appear than after they form a thicket.

Calibration of Sprayer

Accurate application of herbicides is extremely important to obtain the desired

weed control and prevent environmental

damage. A typical field-type boom sprayer

may be calibrated by several methods. However, the most accurate method is to actually

spray an area of known size as follows:

• Fill the spray tank with a known quantity of spray solution (water).

• Refill the tank after spraying an area

of known size.

• Calculate the gallons used and determine sprayer output in gallons per acre.

For example: If swath width of the

sprayer is 20 feet, and 2 gallons of spray is

used after traveling 218 feet, then 20 X

218 ^ 4,360, the number of square feet

sprayed (1/10 of an acre), and sprayer output would be 20 gallons per acre (43,560

square fçet = 1 acre). Spray volume per

acre will vary according to the speed of the

spray vehicle, spray pressure, type of nozzles, or width of booms. Hand-carried or
aerial sprayers can be calibrated in a similar

manner.

Foliage Sprays

The best time to apply growth-regulator

herbicides is soon after the leaves reach

their full size in the spring. However, satisfactory results may be obtained with some

herbicides if foliage is sprayed during the

summer when there is active growth.

Herbicides may be applied to foliage as a

drench or as a low-volume spray. A large

amount of dilute herbicidal spray is needed

for applying foliage spray as a drench. A

small amount of herbicide spray—usually

between 1 and 10 gallons per acre—is used

in applying a low-volume spray.

Drench

All foliage, twigs, and terminal limbs

should be wetted thoroughly. Drenching is

used to kill brush along roads, rights-of-way,

and fence rows.

Drenches are usually applied to foliage

with power equipment. The power sprayer

should be capable of maintaining pressures

up to 100 pounds per square inch. This

pressure is enough to force the spray

through the foliage and to the tops of taller

trees. Pressure higher than 100 pounds

tends to form fine spray droplets that may

drift and damage susceptible crops nearby.

Adjustable hand operated sprayers are

suitable for applying drenches to low-growing brush. Best coverage is obtained with a

fan- or cone-type nozzle that has a spray

angle of about 40 degrees. The nozzle should

be attached at a 45-degree angle to an extension tube generally about 24 to 36 inches

long. To reach the tops of tall trees or brush

too far away for a wide-angle spray, adjust

the gun to deliver a narrow-angle stream.

Adequate pressures for hand-operated

equipment vary from 25 to 40 pounds per

square inch.

Because of the large volume of spray

necessary for this method, it is impractical

for treating areas where water supply is

limited, large areas, or areas where truckor tractor-mounted spray tanks cannot be

taken.

Low-Volume Sprays

A small amount of herbicide spray—

usually between 1 and 10 gallons per acre—

is used in applying a low-volume spray. The

application is quicker and easier than

drench application. It can be used where

drench is impractical.

Ground equipment is practical for applying low-volume sprays to low-growing

brush on uncleared land, and for regrowth

on land that was cleared mechanically.

Low-volume sprays applied in swaths up

to 50 feet wide with either a spray boom
with several nozzles or a large, boomless

nozzle have produced satisfactory coverage

of plant foliage.

Spray boom or ground sprayers should

be mounted to clear the tallest brush by 2

to 3 feet. Use an operating pressure of 30

to 40 pounds per square inch.

Boomless nozzles should be mounted to

clear all brush by 3 or 4 feet. Use spray

pressures from 30 to 60 pounds.

Aerial spraying is best for treating large

areas or tall and dense stands of brush on

rough terrain. Aircraft, both fixed wing

(airplanes) and rotary winged (helicopters)

are used for aerial spraying. Helicopters are

particularly useful for spraying rough terrain and small, irregular areas. They often

are used for rights-of-way spraying.

Aerial spraying can give good coverage of

the area being treated because much of the

spray will cover upper foliage layers. However, the spray that penetrates to the lower

levels often is inadequate to kill understory

plants. A second aerial spraying may be

necessary a year or two after the first.

When applying spray by aircraft, instruct

the pilot to fly as close to the top of the

brush as safety allow. Use experienced flag

men or guides on the ground to mark individual flight swaths for the pilot's guidance.

Proper swath width should not exceed 1%

times the wingspan or bladespan of the aircraft.

WARNING

Be extremely careful when spraying herbicides from the air. Spray may drift and

harm desirable plants^ downwind of the area

being treated. Apply spray in droplet sizes

large enough to minimize drift. Do not treat

when wind velocity exceeds 6 miles per hour

or when strong inversion layers of air exist.

Basal Sprays

Basal sprays are used to treat the bark

at the base of individual plants. Commonly

used basal sprays are prepared by mixing

esters of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T or Silvex with diesel

oil or kerosene.

Basal sprays can be used to kill brush and

trees up to 5 inches in diameter, and obtain

good results throughout the year. However,

W¿^^

/
if the bark or soil is wet, effectiveness is

usually lost. Thorough wetting of the base

of the plant with the spray is necessary.

Apply basal sprays to the lower 18 inches

of the plants you want to kill. Wet the bark

thoroughly all around the stem. Apply spray

material until it runs down the stem of the

plant and into the soil at the base.

One gallon of spray material is enough to

treat about 50 trees, 2 inches in diameter or

33 trees, 3 inches in diameter.

Apply the herbicide mixture with compressed air sprayers, knapsack sprayers, or

power sprayers. Pressures from 10 to 100

pounds are adequate. Equipment for basal

spraying should have hoses and gaskets

that are oil resistant. A 15- to 20-degree

fan-type nozzle is preferred.

Injection/Cut-Surface Treatments

Trees larger than about 5 inches in diameter often have bark too thick for basal

sprays to penetrate. Herbicide can be applied to the sapVood of such trees through

frills or notches cut into the bark, or it can

be injected mechanically into the tree.

Frills are cuts made into the sapwood.

They encircle the tree and act as cups to

hold the herbicide. Make the frill by ringing

the trunk of the tree with over-lapping ax

cuts that penetrate sapwood at least % of

an inch. The frill can be filled with the same

type of solution as is used for basal sprays.

Undiluted herbicide can also be used.

The same spray equipment can be used

for frills and notches as is used for basal

sprays. The solution also can be applied

with a plastic squeeze bottle such as dish

washing soap containers or a small can that

has a pouring spout or lip. This is a good

idea, particularly with ammonium sulfamate solution because it corrodes equipment

badly. It is better to use a container that

can be discarded after use.

Injection treatments are very effective in

killing unwanted woody plants, but are expensive due to labor requirements. Also, to

be effective, correct amounts of liquid herbicide must be placed in properly spaced cuts.

In winter months, resistant species may need

higher concentrations or closer spacings of

herbicide. Follow the directions on the container label.

There are mechanical injection tools available that make a cut in tree bark and inject

the herbicide in one operation. Directions

for using these tools are furnished by manufacturers.

Mechanical injection equipment should

be well constructed of corrosion-resistant

materials. The blade should be heavy and

hardened so that it can be driven into trees

repeatedly without becoming dull, and so

that it can be resharpened successfully.

If trees are felled, the freshly cut surface

of the stump should be treated with herbicide to prevent sprouting of certain species.
It is more efficient to prevent sprouting than

to try to kill the sprouts. Use a solution such

as the ester of 2,4,5-T; 2,4^D + 2,4,5-T in

oil, as for basal sprays; an undiluted herbicide applied directly on the fresh cuts; a

solution of 2 to 4 pounds of ammonium

sulfamate per gallon of water; or amonium

sulfamate crystals.

If oil solutions are used, apply spray to the

cut surface and also drench the bark thoroughly from the cut to the ground.

Soil Treatments

Certain herbicides applied to the soil

around and under woody plants as dry

granules or as solutions can very effectively

and efficiently kill woody plants. The soil

should be moistened either by rainfall or

irrigation shortly after granule application

for best results, and in some cases must be

moist before application. There is usually a

reduced kill during hot, dry seasons.

Granules may be broadcast around the

base of a plant. They may also be placed in

small, strategically placed piles around the

base of the plant and over apparent root

systems, distributed in grid patterns around

the base of the plant, spread in narrowwidth bands encircling the plant, or any

other suitable design or placement that will

maximize brush control and minimize damage to desirable grasses, plants, etc., growing under or near the plant to be killed.

Refer to herbicide container label for specific application directions.

^mmmmf^^^^
PRECAUTIONS

Use herbicides only as recommended.

Graze animals on treated pastures and

ranges in accordance with recommendations

on herbicide label.

2,4-D, May injure desirable plants

2,4,5-T: near area being treated.

Wind velocity should be less

than 6 miles per hour blowing away from sensitive

crops. Air temperature

should be less than 90°F.

AMS: Will kill or suppress forage

plants. Corrosive to equipment.

Bromacil: May persist in soil several

months. Injurious to forage

plants.

Cacodylic May injure desirable plants

Acid: if sprayed.

Dicamba: Spray drift to sensitive

crops, conifers, certain

woody plants and ornamentals should be prevented.

DSMA: May injure desirable plants

if sprayed.

Glyphosate: Sprays will injure desirable

forage plants.

Karbutilate: May persist in soil several

months. Injurious to forage

plants.

MSMA: May injure desirable plants

if sprayed.

Paraquat: HIGHLY TOXIC. Do not ingest, breathe in spray mist,

or spill concentrate on skin.

Use protective clothing.

Picloram: Persists in soil. Prevent

movement into irrigation

water for broadleaf crop

plants. Do not use if it can

be leached or moved to adjacent areas by rainfall.

Silvex: May injure desirable plants

near area being treated.

Wind velocity should be less

than 6 miles per hour blowing away from sensitive

crops. Air temperature

should be less than 90"^.

2,4-D + As above.

2,4,5-T

(1:1)

2,4-D + As above.

Picloram

(4:1):

2,4,5-T + As above,

Picloram

(1:1):

Some crops and ornamental plants are extremely sensitive to some herbicides. They

are severely injured or killed by even small

traces of the herbicides, such as spray drift

or vapors.

Sensitive crops and ornamental plants include, cotton, grapes, tomatoes, cucumber,

tobacco, mimosa, roses, and dogwood. For

Before using any herbicide, always double

check precautions on the herbicide container

label and in this publication.
more information about sensitivity of your

crops to any herbicide, always double check

the container label and ask your county or

agricultural extension agent.

For safe and effective control of woody

plants—

o Get professional advice before applying

herbicides—ask the county agricultural

agent, State extension specialist, or other

agricultural authorities for control recommendations.

• Use herbicides wisely—follow label precautions.

• Do not apply herbicides for any use for

which they are not registered.

• Do not spray with ground equipment or

from airplanes when the wind velocity is

more than 6 miles per hour or wind direction is toward sensitive crops.

• Do not apply ester formulations when

the temperature is above 90°F.

• Use low pressures—no more than 35

pounds per square inch for boom sprayers,

100 pounds for spray guns.

• To reduce drift hazards, use special

spray adjuvants, formulations, or application equipment designed to reduce drift near

sensitive areas. Get professional advice before using these.

• Use a low-volatile formulation.

• Use a coarse spray.

• Check sprayer output frequently to prevent over-application of herbicides. Adjust

as necessary.

• Avoid sprayer skips or overlapping of

swaths.

• Clean spray equipment immediately

after use.

• Before using any spray equipment for

applying insecticides or fungicides to crops,

test it for injurious traces of herbicides.

Some herbicides are highly toxic. They

should be applied only by experienced persons familiar with the hazards involved—

and wilhng to take responsibility for use of

the herbicide.

Masks and protective clothing are required when using some herbicides. They

are recommended when using any herbicide

where there is danger of prolonged inhalation or contact with the skin.

Some herbicides can remain active in the

soil for long periods of time. They should

not be used in areas where there is danger

of surface runoff into water sources, crop

areas, or leaching into ground water.

Precautions pertaining to specific herbicides are included in the "characteristics of

the herbicides" section of this handbook.

Always double check these precautions and

precautions listed on herbicide container before using any herbicide.

10
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE

HERBICIDES

2,3,6-TBA

See Benzoic Adds

2,4-D

See Phenoxy Compounds

2,4-DB

See Phenoxy Compounds

2,4-DP

See dichlorprop

2A5-T

See Phenoxy Compounds

2,4,5-TP

See silvex

Amitrole

Amitrole is more effective for poison ivy

and for poison oak than it is for many other

plants. If sprays directed at poison ivy accidentally get on desirable plants, the plants

are less likely to be severely injured by

amitrole than by 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, or silvex.

Amitrole is available asa powder that

contains 50 percent active ingredient. It is

also available asa liquid formulation. Another formulation is Amitrole-T, which contains

2 pounds per gallon ammonium thicyanate in addition to 2 pounds per gallon of

3-amino-s-triazole. Amitrole is effective

through the roots and aerial parts of plants.

PRECAUTION: Amitrole cannot be used

where there is any possibility of residues on

food or feed crops. It must be used strictly

in accordance with instructions on the Federal approved label. SEE PRECAUTIONS

SECTION.

Ammonium Sulfamate (AMS)

Ammonium Sulfamate (AMS) isa nonselective herbicide. It is used extensively to

kill all plants growing on rights-of-way..

AMS may be used to kill trees. It can be^

used asa foliage spray or in cuts through

the bark. When applied to stumps it prevents sprouting.

AMS is not poisonous to animals when

used as recommended on the label. It is safe

to use near crops because it does not vaporize and because large amounts are needed'

to injure plants.

PRECAUTION: However, AMS is nota

desirable chemical to use on grazing lands

because it kills or suppresses forage plants

as readily as it kills woody plants. If used, be'

careful to treat only the undesirable plants.

It is corrosive. Spray equipment should be

cleaned immediately and coated with diesel

oil or similar light oils after use. SEE PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

Benzoic Acids

The Benzoic Acids include:

2,3,6-TBA, and

Dicamba.

11
2,3,6-TBA is primarily a nonselective

chemical to control certain woody plants and

vines.

High rates are required to control woody

plants. Foliag-e and root absorption contribute to killing plants. This herbicide may

be applied in water when sprayed. It is noncorrosive.

PRECAUTION: Spray drift will injure

susceptible crops and ornamentals. High

rates may result in a relatively long residual

in the soil. The compound has a low order of

toxicity and is moderately persistent in soil.

SEE PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

Dicamba is a selective translocated herbicide. It can be used to control many broadleaf weed and brush species.

It is similar to the phenoxy herbicides in

use except that it is absorbed through roots

as well as foliage. Dicamba may be applied

by either ground or aerial sprays or as

granules, depending upon the plants to be

treated and their proximity to susceptible

crops. Dicamba may be applied in mixtures

with 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T to enhance its effectiveness. It is available in an oil-soluble acid

formulation in addition to the water-soluble

amines. It does not accumulate in the environment.

PRECAUTION: Spray drift to sensitive

crops, conifers, certain woody plants, and

ornamentals should be prevented. Granules

may be preferred where drift from spray

would be hazardous to crops. Dicamba has

a low order of toxicity to wildlife, fish, Uvestock, and humans. Follow safety precautions of other herbicides with which

dicamba might be mixed. Dicamba has a

low order of corrosion to spray equipment.

SEE PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

Bromacil

See Substituted Ureas, Uracils, and

Carbamates.

Cacodylic Acid

See Organic Arsenicals.

Dicamba

See Benzoic Acids.

Dichlorprop

See Phenoxy Compounds.

DSMA

See Organic Arsenicals.

Fenuron

See Substituted Ureas, Uracils, and

Carbamates.

FenuronTCA

See Substituted Ureas, Uracils, and

Carbamates.

12
Glyphosate

Glyphosate isa recently developed compound under study for weed and brush control. It is nonselective, and found effective

against grasses and broadleaf weeds.

Glyphosate will translocate from foliage

and stems to roots resulting ina high degree

of kill on many species. It is essentially inactivated by contact with the soil. It will not

leave residue in the soil to injure plants.

Glyphosate is sprayed in water solution. It

is also showing promise as an injection/cutsurface treatment herbicide. It is not corrosive to equipment.

PRECAUTION: Broadcast sprays over

woody species will injure desirable forage

plants. Applications should be limited to

noncrop areas or areas to be renovated.

Glyphosate hasa very low order of mammalian toxicity. SEE PRECAUTIONS

SECTION.

Karbutilate

See Substituted Ureas, Uracils, and

Carbamates.

MCPA

See Phenoxy Compounds.

Monuron

See Substituted Ureas, Uracils, and

Carbamates.

Monuron-TCA

See Substituted

Carbamates.

Ureas, Uracils, and

MSMA

See Organic Arsenicals.

Organic Arsenicals

The Organic Arsenicals include :

DSMA,

MSMA, and

Cacodylic Acid.

They are nonselective herbicides that can

be used for quick dieback of herbaceous and

woody species.

The organic arsenicals are applied in

water sprays. Complete coverage by spray

is required for best results. Nevertheless,

woody plants tend to recover from foliage

sprays. The organic arsenicals are useful as

injection treatments for killing unwanted

trees. They are inactivated by soil contact.

PRECAUTION: These materials may

injure desirable plants if sprayed. By directed spraying, desirable plants can be

avoided. Organic arsenicals havea moderate

to low mammalian toxicity. They are mildly

corrosive to spray equipment. SEE PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

Paraquat

Paraquat isa desiccant (drying agent)

and defoliant herbicide used for general

contact activity against weeds and brush.

In some situations paraquat may be used as a selective herbicide, in other situations it

13
cannot. Study container label instructions

carefully before using this compound.

Woody species will usually resprout from

foliar sprays of paraquat. Paraquat may be

more effective against undesirable trees as

an injection/cut-surface treatment herbicide. Paraquat is water soluble. It is inactivated by soil contact.

PRECAUTION: PARAQUAT IS HIGHLY TOXIC WHEN INGESTED, Care must

be taken to avoid breathing the spray mist

or getting the concentrate on the skin. Use

protective clothing when preparing formulations and when making applications. Get

immediate medical care in the event of accidental spills. SEE PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

Phenoxy Compounds

Phenoxy Compounds include:

2.4-D,

2,4-DB,

2,4,5-T,

Dichlorprop,

MCPA, and

Silvex.

They are selective herbicides. Small doses

of these herbicides can be effective on many

kinds of broadleaf plants.

The Phenoxy Compounds are absorbed

readily by the leaves of most plants. The oil

soluble formulations applied in kerosene or

diesel oil will penetrate the bark of most

woody plants. These herbicides should be

sprayed on above-ground parts and foliage

of plants. They are not effective as soil applied herbicides.

These compounds are inexpensive and

easy to use. At the rates used for brush control they are not poisonous to humans,

domestic animals, or game. They do not

accumulate in the soil and have no unfavorable effects on soil organisms. They do not

corrode equipment.

The Phenoxy Compounds are usually

marketed as salts and esters that differ

somewhat in their ability to kill plants.

Types of phenoxy herbicides commonly

available are:

SALTS, such as:

Amine (derived from ammonia) (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, and isopropanolamine)

Ammonium

Potassium

Sodium

ESTERS

High-Volatile, such as:

Amyl

Butyl

Ethyl

Isopropyl

Low-Volatile, such as:

Butoxyethanol

Butoxyethoxypropanol

Isoöctyl

Propylene glycol butyl ether

Salt and ester formulations usually are

supplied as liquid concentrates, and the

buyer dilutes them before use.

The salt concentrates form liquid solutions when mixed with water. When mixed

with water, the ester solutions form a

milky-white emulsion. The esters are soluble

14
in oil, whereas the salt formulations are not.

However, special oil-soluble amine salt formulations of the phenoxy herbicides are

commercially available.

To providea uniform basis for describing the concentration of the active ingredient, the **acid equivalent*' is indicated on

the label as pounds-per-gallon. For example,

if an ester concentrate has an acid equivalent of 2 pounds per gallon, then 1 gallon of

the concentrate contains2 pounds by weight

of the parent herbicidal acid, regardless of

formulation. Usually the strongest concentrates are the most economical to use; they

usually cost less per pound of acid equivalent than weaker concentrates.

The esters are vsvMly best as foliage

sprays for killing brush and trees. Lowvolatile esters are preferable over highvolatile esters to minimize evaporation and

vapor drift during and after application.

Also, ester formulations in oils remain in

moist contact on foliage longer and may

penetrate betterthan salts mixed with water.

Since they are oily, asters are less likely

than salts to be washed off foliage if rain

falls soon after application. Amine formulations, however, are usually more effective

than esters for injection/cut-surface treatments.

Silvex and 2,4,5-T cost more than 2,4-D.

Therefore, it is frequently more economical

to use 2,4-D, when appropriate. See Susceptibility Table, page 30, for specific information.

PEECAUTIION : Wind-carried spray

droplets or vapors of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, or silvex may injure desirable plants growing

near the areas being treated. SEE PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PIcloram

Picloram isa selective, translocated herbicide that effectively controls many weed

and brush species on grasslands. It is effective in soil or foliage application, and can

also be applied by injection/cut-surface

treatments.

Picloram can be applied in liquid sprays

and as granules to brush species in spring

or fall months, depending upon the species

to be controlled. It is both foliar and root

absorbed. Most perennial grasses are resistant. It can be sprayed in mixtures with

2,4-D or 2,4,5-T to reduce picloram rates

and sometimes broaden the spectrum of

species controlled. Its high activity against

many woody plants at moderate rates makes

piclorama desirable brush killer.

PRECAUTION: Care must be taken to

prevent drift of picloram to desirable plants

and water sources. Picloram is relatively

persistent in soil and is water soluble. Care

should be taken to prevent its movement

into water sources used in irrigating broadleaf crop plants. It should not be applied

where it can be leached or moved in significant amounts to adjacent areas by rainfall.

Picloram hasa low mammalian toxicity. It is

only slightly corrosive. When used with

other compounds, follow safety precautions

indicated for them. SEE PRECAUTIONS

SECTION,

Silvex

See Phenoxy Compounds

15
Substituted Ureas, Uracils, and

Carbamates

These compounds include :

Bromacil,

Fenuron,

Fenuron-TCA,

Karbutilate,

Monuron, and

Monuron-TCA.

They are nonselective and are usually formulated as wettable powders and g'ranules

for liquid sprays and pellet application.

These herbicides are used primarily for

weed and brush control on industrial sites,

rights-of-way, and noncrop farm areas.

Bromacil will control a wide variety of

woody species.

Fenuron is no longer produced commercially. But, Fenuron-TCA (trichloroacetic

acid) combination is commercially available.

Karbutilate is a relatively new herbicide

found effective on a large number of plant

species.

Monuron and Monuron-TCA combination

are both commercially available, but have

limited use since high rates are usually required for effectiveness.

These materials are absorbed primarily

through the roots. They may be applied in

spring or fall when weeds and brush are

actively growing. They may kill trees a

great distance from the point of application,

depending upon the size of the root system

and whether it extends into the treated zone.

The compounds are nonvolatile. They do

not corrode equipment.

PRECAUTION : These herbicides are injurious to forage plants of pastures and

rangeland. New methods of application are

being investigated to reduce damage to forage species. They may persist in the soil for

several months, but are very low in acute

oral toxicity to warm blooded animals. SEE

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF

HERBICIDES FOR TREATMENTS

General

Herbicide preparations can be made with

selective or nonselective herbicides. Table 1

shows the amount of herbicide concentrate

that should be applied for various applications. See table 4 for susceptibility of specific species to specific herbicides and treatments. Follow directions on the herbicide

16
label. If questions arise, contact the nearest

agricultural authority.

Basâl Spra/s

Basal sprays are prepared by mixing

esters of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, silvex, or similar

herbicides with oil ; either kerosene or diesel

fuel. For most species, 2,4,5-T is best. However, 2,4-D alone or mixed with 2,4,5-T is

better on some kinds of brush. Mix basal

sprays in the proportions in table 1.

Foliage Sprays

Drench (high-volume) or Low-VolumeSpray preparations can be made with selective or nonselective herbicides. Always

double check label instructions.

Drench

To prepare a drench containing 2,4-D,

mix spray concentrate with water in the

proportions shown in table 1.

To prepare a drench containing:

Amitrole, mix 1^ pounds of 50 percent

amitrole powder with each 25 gallons of

water.

Ammonium sulfamate (AMS), mix 0.6 to

1 pound of the chemical with each gallon of

water.

Other wettable powders such as bromacil,

or karbutilate, prepare similar to amitrole.

If increased wetting and penetration of

the spray is desired, add 4 ounces of surfactant (surface active agent) to each 100

gallons of solution.

Table 1.—Guide for preparing sprays

Amount (fluid measure) of concentrate to use for:

Acid equivalent of

concentrate in pounds

per gallon is:

Basal Spray: Mix

with 1 gallon of

kerosene or diesel

fuel:

^,^,-Z) Drench:

Add to each 10

gallons of water:

Low-Volume Spray:

To use for 2 pounds

per acre application:

2.0 - 10 ounces

8 ounces

6 ounces

5 ounces

1 pint

12 ounces

10 ounces

8 ounces

1 gallon

2.6 3 quarts

3.3 5 pints

4.0 ---- 2 quarts

17
Low-Volume-Sprays

Low-volume-spray preparations are made

with 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, dicamba, picloram, silvex, or certain mixtures of these herbicides.

Table 1 shows the amount of various herbicide concentrates that should be used for a

2-pounds per acre application.

To prepare the spray, mix the concentration with the carrier (water, oil, oil-inwater, wâter-in-oil) in the proper proportions. Since rate of treatment is 2 pounds

per acre, the per acre discharge rate of the

sprayer must be known. For example: if the

sprayer discharges at the rate of 10 gallons

per acre, and if the acid equivalent of the

concentrate is 2 pounds per gallon, then

mix 1 gallon of concentrate with enough

carrier to make 10 gallons of spray. See the

Calibration of Sprayer section on page 4.

Oil-in-Water Emulsions

When preparing oil-in-water emulsions

for low-volume spraying:

• Use an ester formulation whose label

specifies compatibility with oil-in-water

emulsion carriers.

• Add about i/2 ^f the required volume of

water to a clean, dry spray tank.

• In a separate tank, mix the required

volumes of herbicide and oil with agitation.

• Add the herbicide-oil mixture while

agitating the water.

• With continued agitation, add the remaining water.

• During use, agitate the emulsion frequently to prevent separation of the oil and

water.

Water-in-Oil Emulsions

Water-in-oil emulsions—invert emulsions

—are usually viscous and thick with the

consistency of mayonnaise. They were developed to reduce drift in spraying weeds

because of the larger spray droplets produced. Invert emulsion sprays require

special handling, equipment, and experienced personnel to be successful.

Injection/Cut-Surface Treatments

Preparations for inj ection/cut-surface

treatments can be made from amines and

esters of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, silvex, or other

herbicides. Treatments can be made with

concentrated formulations of the herbicides.

For best results follow the directions on the

herbicide label. See table 4 for specific

herbicides and species controlled by injection/cut-surface treatments.

Ammonium sulfamate, in solution or as

crystals, can be used for cut-surface treatments. The solution is prepared by mixing

2 to 4 pounds of AMS into 1 gallon of water.

Research has shown that the amine salts

of the phenoxy herbicides are more readily

translocated from injection/cut-surface

treatments than are the esters. The amines

can be applied undiluted or diluted in water.

The esters can be diluted in oil. They can

be mixed with kerosene or diesel fuel in the

same proportions as for basal or cut-stump

sprays. See table 1, page 17.

Soil Treatments

Some herbicides are formulated as granules or small pellets, or as wettable powders,

for application to the soil. Granules

18
and small pellets may be spread by hand,

tractor-drawn, or aerial equipment. Wettable powders are usually mixed with water

and sprayed on soil beneath woody plants.

Uniform coverage of the soil is essential

for best results from soil treatments. If individual plant treatment is made, the

amount of chemical needed will depend on

the size and kind of plant to be killed. Consult the herbicide label and latest suggestions from the nearest extension specialists

or research personnel of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations. Do not apply

within 50 to 100 feet of desirable vegetation.

The herbicide concentration is indicated on

the label asa percent of the active agent in

the formulation.

The granule or powder formulations of

different herbicides vary in percent of active

ingredient, from 2, 4,10, 50 or more percent.

Therefore, the required amount of formulation to use per acre must be determined.

For instance, ifa 2-pound per acre of herbicide application is desired with a formulation containing a 10-percent herbicide concentration, the required amount of formulation to use per acre would be 20 pounds.

Table2 indicates various required

amounts of formulation to use per pound

of application rate desired at different percents of herbicide concentration. Read the

row across from the herbicide concentration

percentage to the column under the pounds

of herbicide desired to be applied per acre

to find the required—or necessary—pounds

of formulation to apply per acre. For instance, a 2-pound per acre application rate

is desired witha formulation containinga

herbicide concentration of 10 percent: the

required amount of formulation to use per

acre would be 20 pounds.

For application rates over3 pounds,

simply add the additional required amount

of formulation per half pound inm^ease in

application rate indicated in the last column

in table2 to the figure in the 3-pound

column.

Example :

Fora 5-pound per acre application rate

desired ofa 10-percent herbicide concentration formulation:

50 pounds of formulation would be required.

1) Note inS Pounds Column of the 10 percent concentration row: 30 pounds forquired.

2) The last column of table2 indicates

that each additional i/^ pound of herbicides requires 5 more pounds of formulation.

3) An additional2 pounds equals4 halves.

4) 4x5 pounds equals 20 additional pounds

required.

5) 30 pounds plus 20 pounds totals 50

pounds of formulation required to be

used per acre at the desired application

rate. A method to calculate other unlisted required amounts is included in table 2.

Often it is necessary to prepare only

small quantities of formulations for use.

Table3 may be useful in preparing such

small quantities. It also includes Metric

System equivalents of the same and other

common U.S. measures that are more and

more frequently found on container labels.

19
O Table 2.—Formulation requirements and application rates

NOTE:

0.1 pound (1/10

of a pound) is

slightly over

13^ ounces. 1.0

(P)

1.5

Pounds

2.0

of herl

2.5

Dicide d

3.0

esired to be applied per acre

For each additional }4 pound of herbicide desired to be applied per acre,

ADD an additional:

2 50 75 100 125 150 25 pounds of formulation.

4 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 12 pounds, 8 ounces of formulation.

5 20 30 40 50 60 10 pounds of formulation.

10 10 15 20 25 30 5 "

15 6.7 10 13.3 16.7 20 3 pounds, 5 ounces of formulation.

20 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 2 pounds, 8 ounces of formulation.

25 4 6 8 10 12 2 pounds of formulation.

30 3.3 5 6.7 8.3 10 1 pound, 10 J^ ounces of formulation.

35 2.9 4.3 5.7 7.1 8.6 1 " 6K " "

40 2.5 3.75 5 6.25 7.5 -\ << A " " "

Herbicide 45 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.6 6.7 1 1X2

concentration

percentage 50 2 3 4 5

4.5

6 1 pound of formulation.

55 1.8 2.7 3.6 5.4 14^ ounces of formulation.

60 1.7 2.5 3.3 4.2 5 13 ounces of formulation.

65 1.5 2.3 3.1 3.9 4.7 13

70 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.6 4.3 -I-1 i( a i(
75 1.3 2 2.7 3.3 4 11 " "

80 1.3 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.7 9^ " •'

85 1.2 1.8 2.4 3 3.6 9y2 " "

90 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 81^ " "

95 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.2 8 " "

(R) Required pounds of formulation to use per acre

Use the following calculation to determine unlisted required amounts of formulation to use

per acre:

R = 100 X P -Î- H.

This means merely to multiply the pounds of herbicide desired to be applied per acre

(P) by 100.

Then, simply assume the herbicide concentration percentage (H) to be a whole number

(i.e., 10% = 10, 25% - 25, etc.).

Finally, divide to find the required pounds of formulation to be applied per acre to obtain

the desired herbicide application rate.

For example:

Pounds desired to be applied is 2, and Herbicide Concentration is 10 percent.

Therefore, P = 2, and

H = 10. (10% = 10)

Now, if R = 100 X P -^ H, then

R = 100 X 2 -- 10, or

R = 200 4- 10. Since 200 -f- 10 = 20, then

R = 20.

Or, the required amount of formulation to apply per acre is 20 pounds. Always double

check the figures before applying any formulation, AS WELL AS REVIEW THE CALIBRATION OF EQUIPMENT SECTION ON PAGE 4.

Often it is necessary to prepare only small quantities of formulations for use. The following table may be useful in preparing such small quantities. It also includes Metric System equivalents of the same and other common U.S. measures that are more and more frequently found on container labels.

to
f^ Table 3.—Common measures and their approximate metric equivalents

3 liquid teaspoons = 1 liquid tablespoon

2 liquid teaspoons = 1 liquid ounce

8 liquid ounces = 1 liquid cup

2 liquid cups = 1 liquid pint

2 liquid pints = 1 liquid quart

3 teaspoons, dry = 1 tablespoon, dry

2 tablespoons, dry = 1 ounce, dry

16 tablespoons, dry = 8 ounces, dry = 1 cup, dry

2 cups, dry = 1 pint, dry

Common measure Metric equivalent

Teaspoon, liq. -_____--_ 5.0 milliliters (ml)

Tablespoon, liq 15 ml

Ounce, liq 30 ml

Gup, liq 24 liter (1)

Pint, liq 0.471

Quart, liq 0.9463 I

Gallon, liq., U.S 3,7854 1

Teaspoon, dry (level full) 4.66 grams (g or gm)

Tablespoon, dry (level full) 14 gm

Ounce, dry 28 gm

Gup, dry 224 gm

Pint, dry 448 gm

Quart, dry 1.101 1

Peck, U.S 8.10 1

Bushel, U.S --_- 35.24 1

Grain 0.0648 gm (or 65 milligrams (mg))

437.5 grains = 1 ounce, avoirdupois

Ounce, avoirdupois _-_ 28.35 gm

Pound, avoirdupois 0.4536 kilogram (kg or kilo)

Inch 2.54 centimeters (cm)

Foot -__--_ 0.3048 meter (m)

Yard 0.9144 m

Mile 1.6093 kilometers (km)

Square inch 6.452 square centimeters (sq cm or cm^)

Square foot 0.0929 square meter (sq m or m^)

Square yard 0.836 m^

Acre 0.4047 hectare (ha)

Square mile 259 ha

Gubic inch 16.39 cubic centimeters (cu cm, cm^, or cc)

Gubicfoot -_ 0.0283 cubic meter (m«)

Gubic yard 0.7646 m^

Gord 3.625 stères (s)

Ton, long 1.0160 metric tons (MT or t)

Ton, short 0.9072 MT
480 grains = one (1) troy ounce

Ounce, troy 31.103 gm

Pound, troy 0.3732 kilo

The Metric System is a decimal (numbered or progressing by tens) system of weights and

measures. Basic and derived quantities are in terms of three basic units: grams, liters, and meters.

MASS AND WEIGHTS

One (1) grain = 0.648 gram.

BASIC UNIT: grams (g or gm) for mass and weights

10 milligrams = 1 centigram

10 centigrams = 1 decigram

10 decigrams = 1 gram

1,000 grams = 1 kilogram

1,000 kilogram = 1 metric ton

Unit and Number of Approximate

abbreviation grams U.S. equivalent

milligram (mg) 0.001 0.015 grain

centigram (eg) 0.01 0.154 grain

decigram (dg) 0.10 1.543 grains

gi^am (gorgm) BASIC UNIT 0.035 ounce

kilogram (k or kilo) 1,000 2.2046 pounds

metric ton (MT or t) 1,000,000 1.1 tons

to
K Table 3.—Continued

CAPACITIES

One (1) liter == 1,000 cubic centimeters.

BASIC UNIT: liters (1) for capacities

10 milliliters = 1 centiliter

10 centiliters = 1 deciliter

10 deciliters = 1 liter

1,000 liters = 1 kiloliter

Unit and Number of Approximate U.S. equivalent

abbreviation liters Cubic Dry Liquid

milliliter (ml) 0.001 0.06 cubic inch 0.27 liquid drams

centiliter (cl) 0.01 0.6 cubic inch 0.338 liquid ounce

deciliter (dl) 0.10 6.1 cubic inches 0.18 pint 0.21 pint

liter (1) BASIC UNIT-.61.Q2 cubic inches__0.908 qt 1.057 quarts

decaliter (dkl) 10 0.35 cubic foot 1.14 pecks____2,64 gallons

hectoliter (hi) 100 3.53 cubic feet 2.84 bushels

kiloliter (kl or stere(s))-_1000 1.31 cubic yards

LENGTH

One meter = 1,000 millimeters

BASIC UNIT: meters (m) for lengths, areas, and volumes

10 millimeters = 1 centimeter

10 centimeters = 1 decimeter

10 decimeters = 1 meter

1,000 meters = 1 kilometer

Unit and Number of Approximate

abbreviation meters U.S. equivalent

millimeter (mm) 0,001 0.04 inch

centimeter (cm) 0.01 0.39 inch

decimeter (dm) 0.1 3.94 inches

meter (m)__ BASIC UNIT 39.37 inches

kilometer 1,000 0.62 mile
AREA

One (1) square meter = 1,000,000 square millimeters

100 square millimeters

100 square centimeters

100 square decimeters

100 centaires

100 ares

100 hectares

1 square centimeter

1 square decimeter

1 square meter

1 are

1 hectare

1 square kilometer

Unit and

abbreviation

Number of

square meters

Approximate

U.S. equivalent

square millimeter (sq mm or mm^) 0.000,001 0.00155 square inch

square centimeter (sq cm or cm^) 0.0001 0.155 square inch

square decimeter (sq dm or dm^) 0.01 15.499 square inches

square meter (sq m or m^) BASIC UNIT 1,549.9 square inches or 1.196

square yards

are (a) 100 119.60 square yards

hectare (ha) 10,000 2.47 acres

square kilometer (sq km or km^) 1,000,000 247.1 acres or 0.386 square

mile

VOLUME

One (1) cubic meter = 1,000,000,000 cubic millimeters

One (1) cubic meter = 1,000,000 cubic centimeters

1,000 cubic millimeters =

1,000 cubic centimeters =

1 cubic decimeter =

10 decisteres =

1 stere =

10 stere =

1 cubic centimeter

1 cubic decimeter

1 decistere

1 stere

1 cubic meter

1 decastere

Unit and

abbreviation

Number of

cubic meters

Approximate

U.S. equivalent

cubic millimeter (cu mm or mm^) 0.000,000,001

cubic centimeter (cu cm, cm^ or cc) 0.000,001 0.0610 cubic inch

cubic decimeter (cu dm or dm^ 0.001 61.023 cubic inches or

0.0353 cubic feet

decistere (ds) 0.10 3.53 cubic feet

cubic meter (cu m or m^) BASIC UNIT 1.31 cubic yards

decastere (dks) 10 13.10 cubic yards

to

en
CLEANING SPRAY EQUIPMENT

Clean spray equipment immediately after

use for applying herbicides.

If the sprayer used for herbicides is also

to be used to apply insecticides or fungicides, special cleaning and care is required.

Use a suspension of activated carbon in at

least Va of a tank of water. For each 10

gallons of water, add ^4 pound of activated

carbon and % to 14 pound of laundry detergent. Agitate this mixture vigorously to

distribute it through the water.

Wash the equipment for at least 2 minutes by swirling the liquid around in the

tank so that it reaches all parts of the tank.

Pump the liquid through the hose and nozzles. Drain the tank and rinse the equipment with clean water.

Spray equipment also can be cleaned with

household ammonia. First, rinse the sprayer

thoroughly with clean water. If an ester

formulation has been used, rinse with a

small quantity of kerosene or diesel oil. Follow this by a rinse with clean water to

which has been added about 1 teaspoon of

laundry detergent per gallon of water.

After rinsing the sprayer, fill it with a

solution of 1 part household ammonia to 99

parts water (1 quart ammonia to 25 gallons

of water). Leave the solution in the tank,

booms, and hoses for 12 to 14 hours. Then,

empty the ammonia solution and rinse the

equipment with clean water. Other commercial preparations are also available for

cleaning spray equipment. Information on

their availability and use is available from

local agricultural authorities. SEE PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

WARNING

Even after thorough cleaning, spray

equipment may contain traces of herbicide

that can kill highly susceptible crops. To

determine whether crops can be sprayed

safely with equipment that has been used for

herbicides, test the equipment for herbicide

traces. Fill the tank with water and spray

a few crop plants. Sensitive plants such as

tomato, cotton, and tobacco are good test

plants.

Wait several days after spraying, and if

the plants show no distorted growth, the

equipment can be used safely for spraying

the crop. If the plants are distorted, clean

the spray equipment again and retest before using on crops. FOR ADDED SAFETY,

DO NOT USE SPRAY EQUIPMENT FOR

ANY OTHER MATERIALS AFTER USING IT FOR HERBICIDES.

26
SUMMARY OF CONTROL METHODS A summary of methods that can be used

for brush control is as follows : • Basal Spraying.—Usually the most

effective way to kill brush and small trees.

Can be applied at any time of the year. Safe

because spray is confined to individual

plants, but more laborious than foliage

spraying. • Foliage Spraying.—For best results,

spray should be applied as soon as leaves

are fully grown and when plants are actively growing. Drench applications are

used for control of brush along rights-ofway and fence rows. Low-volume applications are used to kill broadleaf plants on

pastures and rangeland, and, with special

precautions, on some rights-of-ways. Spray

drift and fumes from foliage sprays may injure crops in adjoining areas. SEE PRECAUTIONS SECTION. • Injection/Cut-Surface Treatments.—

Most effective method of killing large trees.

Can be used any time of the year. Used to

prevent sprouting from stumps of felled

trees. Herbicide should be applied to freshly

cut surface. • Soil Treatments.—Consists of application to the soil of granules or sprays of herbicides effective through root absorption.

May be harmful to desirable plants through

drift or root uptake. SEE PRECAUTIONS

SECTION.

27
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLANTS TO

HERBICIDE TREATMENTS

Brush and tree species vary in their reaction to herbicides and the method of herbicide apphcation.

For instance, most kinds of brush and

trees are more susceptible to 2,4,5-T than

to 2,4-D, though a few kinds are more

susceptible to 2,4-D, For treating a mixture

of these species, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D can be

mixed together. Silvex is about equal to

2,4,5-T on some woody plants. It is the most

effective herbicide on some species of oak,

but is less effective on others.

The control ratings of the herbicides in

the susceptibility table. Table 4, are as follows:

Intermediate to Resistant (I-R)

The species is INTERMEDIATE TO

RESISTANT (I-R) in its response to a herbicide if the tops and sprouts of a species

can be killed, but the roots continue to

sprout—even after repeated application of

the herbicide.

Resistant (R)

Species virtually unaffected by a herbicide.

Susceptible (S)

Brush and tree species are considered

SUSCEPTIBLE (S) to a herbicide if one

application of the herbicide kills more than

70 percent of a stand.

Susceptible to Intermediate (S-I)

The species is considered SUSCEPTIBLE

TO INTERMEDIATE (S-I) in its response

to a herbicide if two applications of the herbicide are needed to kill at least 70 percent

of a stand.

Intermediate (I)

Species considered INTERMEDIATE (I)

in their response to a herbicide generally

are top-killed by one or two treatments, but

several more treatments are usually required to kill plants.

28
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Farmers' Bulletin No. 2183, Using Phervoxy Herbicides Effectively, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Farmers' Bulletin No. 2223, Power Sprayers and Dusters, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Local Extension Agent or Specialist,

State Agricultural Experiment Stations, or

the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Write directly to any of the contributors

to this bulletin listed on page 98. Bulletins

may also be obtained by writing Office of

Communication, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250.

SUSCEPTIBILITY TABLE—TABLE4

The Susceptibility Table, table 4, lists the

reactions ofa number of common brush

species to herbicides and methods of applications. The table can be used to determine

which combination of material and method

of application is best suited for each woody

species. The phenoxy herbicides are usually

the ester formulations in the table, unless

otherwise indicated. If any reader has self-developed, or has

knowledge of,a "home recipe" type of herbicide formulation, herbicide combinations,

or application method that has proven useful, the reader is invited to submit pertinent

information on it to any contributor listed

on page 98, or the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

Washington, D.C. 20250 or the Texas

Agricultural Experiment Station, College

Station, Tex 77843 for evaluation and possible publication for general public use.

29
Table 4.—Susceptîblity of common woody

APPLICATION METHODS

BS =^ Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS == Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Acacia (Acacia spp.)

blackbrush (A. rigidula)

catclaw (A. greggii)

guajillo (A. berlandieri)

huisache {A. farnesiana)

twisted (A. tortuosa)

Agarito {Berberís trifoliolata)

Alder {Alnus spp.)

common {A. serrulata)

red (A. rubra)

Sitka (A, sinuata)

R

S-I

S-I

R

R

R

R

S-I

S-I

S

S

s

S-I

R

R

S

R

R

R

S-I

S-I

R

I

S-I

R

S-I

S-I

I-S

S

S

I-R R

R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I — Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

tAlways check and double check précautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

30
plants to herbicide treatments*

R

S

R

R

R

S-I

S

R

R

S-I

S-I

I-R

S

S-I

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Spray after Apjil and when adequate soil moisture.

Reduced granule kill during hot, dry months.

Apply granules to individual plants. Apply when

adequate soil moisture.

S to monuron by ST. BS effective with oil or

2,Jf,5'T in oil. Spray after April. Reduced granule kill during hot, dry months.

Spray before fruit forms.

^,4-D amine growing season only. I/CS effective

August-October. R to amitrole by FS. S to

2A-Di-24>5-T(l:l) by BS.

31
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS »= Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Aider (Continued)

speckled (A. rugosa)

Apple {Malus spp.)

common (M. sylvestris)

crab (M. ioensis)

Ash (Fraxinus spp.)

blue (F. quadrangulaia)

green (F. pennsylvanica)

Oregon {F. oregona)

white (F. americana)

Aspen, quaking {Populus tremuloides)

I-R

R

R

S-I

I-R

R

S

R

S-I

S

I-R

S

I-R

S

I-R

S-I

S

S

S

S-I S-R S-I

R

S-R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I ^ Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

32
I to 2,J^,5-T-\-picloram(2:l) by FS. Treat summer

foliage.

I/CS effective August-October. Wide range of

response to bromadla dicamba, and picloram by

FS according to location, and suggest consult

local authorities before such use.

Wide range of response to picloram by FS according to location, and suggest consult local authorities before such use.

33
APPLICATION METHODS

BS == Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS =» Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Azalea (Rhododendron spp.)

piedmont (R. canescens)

western (R, occidentale)

Baccharis (Baccharis spp,)

kidneywort (B. pilularis)

willow (B, salicina)

Barberry (Berhens spp.)

Basswood, American linden (Tilia

americana)

Bayberry (Myrica spp.)

northern (M. pensylvanica)

southern (M. cerifera)

Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

Bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa)

S-I

I-R

S

S

I

R

S

I-R

I-R

S-I

S

I

S

I-R

S

R

I-R

S

I-R

S

I-R

S

I-R

I

S-I

R

S-I

S

R

R

S-I

S

I

I-R

S-R R

I-R

S

R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R == Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

34
Wide range of response to bromacil by BS according to location, and suggest consult local authorities before such use.

Regrowth following a fire is easily killed with the

herbicides indicated. Old growth is much more

difficult to kill.

35
APPIICATION METHODS

BS — Basal Spray

FS - Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

BeauLyberry, American (CaUicarpa

americana)

Bee^h, American (Fagus grandi folia)

Birch (Betula spp.)

paper {B, papyrifera)

yellow (B. alleghaniensis)

Blackberry (Rubus spp.)

Biackgnm (Nyssa sylvatica)

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)

Boxeider {Acer negundo)

Broom, Scotch (Cytisus scoparius)

Buckbrush {Symphoricarpos orhiculatus)

S-I

S-I

R

R

S-I

S

S-I

R

R

S-I

S

S-I

R

R

I-R

S-^I

I

S

I-R S-I

S

S-I

S-I

s

S

s

R

I-R

s

S-I

s

S-I

I

I

S-I

I

I-R

S-I

S-I

I

S-I

I

S-I

S-I

S-I

I-R

S-I

I

I-R

I-R

S S-I S-R

S

S-I

S-I

S-R

S-I

I-R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I ^ Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

jAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

36
I-R

I-R

S

I-R

S

S

S-I

I-R

I-R

I-R

I-R

I-R

S

S

s

s

s

s

s

s

S-I

s

s

s

s

S-I S-I

s

s

s

S-I

S-I

S-I

R

I-R

S-I

S-I

I-R

S

s

S-I

I-R

I

I-R

I-R

R

I

I

S-I

X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X

X X

Wide range of response to dicamba by FS according to location, and suggest consult local authorities before such use.

Wide range of response to dicamba by FS according to location, and suggest consult local authorities before such use.

do

Must use 2,Jt-D ester formulation.

37
Buckeye {Aesculus spp.)

California (A, californica)

Buckthorn (Rhammus spp.)

California {R, californica var. ursina)

comrnon (R, caihartica)

hollyleaf {R. crocea var. ilicifolia)

Bumelia, gum {Bumelia lanuginosa)

Bunchberry {Cornus canadensis)

Bushhoneysuckle, dwarf {Diervilla

lonicera)

Buttonbush, common (Cephalanthus

occidentalis)

Cactus {Opuntia spp.)

Cholla (Opuniia spp.)

S-R R

I-R

I

I

R

I-R

I-R

I-R

S-I

S

I-R

I-S

R

R

R

R

R

S-I

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R i= Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label hefore using any herbicide.

38
I-R

I-R X

Wide range of response to 2,I^-D by BS according

to location, and suggest consult local authorities

before such use.

Picloram most effective by I/CS.

Spray sprouts after burning. Usually killed by two

repeat treatments with ^jU-D.

Spray sprouts after burning.

Small plants most susceptible. S to MSMA by FS.

39
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Cactus (Continued)

pricklypear (Opuntia spp.)

Tasajillo (0. leptocauUs)

California-holly (See Christmasberry)

Camelthorn (Alhagi camelorum)

Catalpa (Catalpa spp.)

Ceanothus (Ceanothus spp.)

blueblossom (C thyrsiflorus)

chaparral whitethorn (C leucodermis)

deerbrush (C. integerrimus)

desert (C greggii)

R

R

S-I

I-R

S-I

S-I

S-I

S

S-I

s

s

S

S-I

S

s

S

s

s

R

R

R

R

R

R

S-I I-R

*S — Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R == Intermediate to Resistant R =* Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

40
<*^/í^/4í4^ REMARKS

I-R

S-I

I-R

Wet plants. Bruise before spraying with phenox^s

during rapid growth. I-S to silvex on 0. polyncantha in Wyoming when sprayed late la ^-eaaon.

Repeat treatment necessary. S to ^ySß-TBA hy

FS.

Spray when soil moisture is plentiful and ¡j'ant

actively growing.

S-I to amitrole and I to 2fI^-DB amine by Yi

41
APPLICATION METHODS

BS « Basal Spray

FS ^ Foliar Spray

I/CS = Iixjection/Cut Surface

TreatmentST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Ceanothus (Continued)

mountain whitethorn (C cordulatus)

redstem (C. sanguineus)

snowbrush (C. velutinus)

varnishleaf (C. velutinus var.

laevigatus)

wedgeleaf (C. cuneatus)

Cedar, incense {Lihocedrus decurrens)

Cedar, northern-white {Thuja

occidentalis)

Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum)

S-I

S-I

R

S-I

S^I

S

I

S-I

I-R

I

S-I

I-R

S

S-I

S

S

s

s

I-R

I

S-I S-R

S-I

S-R

S

S-R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R == Resistant.

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

42
I to amitrole by FS.

S-I X I to ^flf.-DB amine by FS. Retreatment may be

needed. R to amitrole by FS.

Retreatment may be needed.

Trees 1-4 years old show little if any injury with

1-4 pounds per acre ^,^,5-T, while brush is controlled.

R S-I

I-R S-I S-I

I

I-R S-I

With AMS: drench foliage.

Wide range of response to AMS by BS or FS and

dicamha by FS according to location, and suggest

consult local authorities before such use. Foliage

treatment: early spring. Spray sprouts after

burning or mechanical top removal. Old growth

readily removed by picloram or other soil treatments.

43
AFFLTi VTION METHODS

Bi" - Basal Spray

Fi? - Foliar Spray

Î/C;: ~ Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

flT ^ Soil Treatment

^ ,'b : ; 4 y (Prunus spp.)

'.' Her (P. emarginata)

b?i/^lv (F. serótina)

Ch. In ut, American (Castanea dentata)

Ch'vnherry (Melia azedarach)

Clifnkapin

AUe^heny (Castanea pumila)

golden (Castanopsis ckrysophylla)

;oîden evergreen (Castanopsis

ckrysophylla var. minor)

.^'<?rra evergreen (Castanopsis

sempervirens)

Chokeberry, black (Pyrus melanocarpa)

Oh ;l.echerry, common (Prunus

virginiana)

I-R

I-R

S-I

I-R

S-I

R

I-R

R

S-I

I-R

S

R

S-I

S-I

S-I

I

S-I

R

S-I

S-I

S-I S-I

s

S-I

': ' -- Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

t Vv>ays check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

44
S-I S-I s

s

S-I

s

s

s

R

X

Effective August-October.

S

I-R

S-I X

X I to amiirole and 2jl^-DB aminé by FS.

I to 2,3,6-TBAy 2yJt-DB amine, and amitrole by FS.

Spray early summer after leaves fully expand.

Repeat treatment in 1 or 2 years.

45
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS « Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Christmasberry (Phot ¿nia arhutifolia)

Cofifeetree, Kentucky (Gymnocladus

dioicus)

Condalia (Condalia spp.)

lotebush (C ohtusifolia)

southwestern (C. lycioides)

Cottonwood {Popultcs spp.)

eastern (P. deltoides)

plains (P. sargenta)

Rio Grande (P. fremontii var.

wislizenii)

Coyotillo {Karwinskia humboldtiana)

Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.)

S-I

I-R

S-I

I-R

R

S-R

S-I

S

S-I

S-I

R

S-I

R

S-R S

S-I

S-I I-R

S-I I-R

S

R

I-R

R

*S =^ Susceptible S-I - Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R =^ Intermediate to Resistant R ^Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

46
s

s

X

X

Treat sprouts after burning. Plants killed by retreatment.

R S-I I-R R S to monuron by ST.

Spray at same time as creosotebush or tarbush.

Aerial spray with 13^ to 2 pounds per acre in

successive years; or 3 to 4 pounds per acre in a

single application.

R R Wide range of response to ^yl^-D and 2,Uy5-T by FS

according to location, and suggest consult local

authorities before such use.

Spray base during period of rapid growth.

47
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS « Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST ^ Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Creosotebush (Larrea tridentata)

Currant (Ribes spp.)

gooseberry (R. montigenum)

nutmeg {R. glutinosum)

prickly (R, lacustre)

Sierra (R, nevadense)

sticky (R. viscosissimun)

stink (R, bracteosurn)

trailing black (R. laxiflorum)

wax (ß. cereum)

western black (R, petiolare)

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I -Intermediate R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide,

48
R S-I R S-I to 2,3,6-TBA by FS. S-I to monuron by ST.

Treat in successive years with dicamba for best

results. Spray 30 to 50 days after signiñcant

summer rain. Apply granules prior to ex{:f t^tcd

rainfall.

<S S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S X Soil treatment in spring; uniform, complete co, í rage necessary.

49
APPLICATION METHODS

BS « Basal Spray

FS « Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Currant (Continued)

winter {R, sanguineUm)

Cypress {Taxodium dlstichum)

Dangleberry (Gaylussacia frondosa)

Deervetch, broom (Lotus scoparius)

Devirs-walking-stick (Aralia spinosa)

Dewberry (Rubus spp.)

grapeleaf {R. unsinus)

Dogwood (Cornus spp.)

bunchberry (C canadensis)

flowering (C. florida)

roughleaf (C. drummondii)

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Eastern redeedar (Juniperus

virginiana)

S S S

R

S I I

I

S

s

I I

S

I I I

I

I

I

S

s

S R S S-I S s s

I-R

I-R

I-R S

S-I

S-I

S-I

I-R I-R s

S-I S-I

R

I-R

S-I

S-I

S-I

R

S-I S-I

I-R

I-R

S-I

S

S-I

S-I S-I

R R R I-R R R S I s

S-I

I

S-I

S-I I-R

R

S-I

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R -Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

50
R S to 2,3,6-TBA by FS.

S

I-R

R

S

I

R

R

S-I

S

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S

S-I S-I

S-I

S-I

I-R

S-I S-I

R

I-R

R R

X

X

X X

X

Most S during growing season, least S in spring

(pre-bud-burst). S to picloram anytime.

S to 2,S,6-TBA by FS. Spray entire plant. S to

paraquat by I/CS.

51
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS ^ Foliar Spray

I/CS - Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Elder (Sambucus spp.)

American (S. canadensîs)

Pacific red {S. callicarpa)

Elm (Ulmus spp.)

American {U. americana)

Chinese (U. parvifoUa)

Siberian {U. pumila)

slippery red (U, fulva)

winged (?7. alata)

Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus spp.)

Fern-bush (Chamaehatiaria

millefoUum)

Fir (Abies spp.)

balsam (A. balsamea)

S-I

S-I

I

S-I

S-I

R

S-I

S-I

R

S-I

S-I

I

I

R

S-I

I

I

I

S

s

S-I

I

R

S-I

I

I-R

S-I

S-I

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R -Resistant.

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

52
s I

R

s s s

s

S s

s

S-I

R

X

X

X

S-I I

S-I

S-I S s s

s

s S-I S-I s S-I

S-I

s s

s

R I

I

I

R

I

X

X

X

S-I R S S s

s

S-I s s

S-I

S

S-I

s

s

s I-R I-R I-R S-I X

X

I to amitroïe-T by FS.

Foliage application of phenoxy herbicides generally ineffective because of root sprouting.

Very S to picloram by I/CS.

53
APPLICATION METHODS

BS == Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Fir (Continued)

Douglas (See Douglas-fir)

white (A. concolor)

Goldenweed, fleece (Haplopappus

arborescens)

Gooseberry {Rihes spp.)

California {R. californicum)

Canada (R, oxyacanthoides)

desert {R. velutinum)

Hupa {R. marshalli)

Lobbs (R, lohhii)

Menzies {R. menziesii)

Sierra {R, roezlii)

Siskiyou (R, hinominatum)

Tulare {R, tularense)

S-I S-I

*S = Susceptible S-I == Susceptible to Intermediate I =T= Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

54
55
APPLICATION METHODS

BS « Basal Spray

FS ^ Foliar Spray

I/CS == Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST == Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Gooseberry (Continued)

whitestem (JR. inerme)

Gorse, common (Ulex europaeits)

Grape {Vitis spp.)

riverbank (V, vulpina)

Greasewood, black (Sarcobatits

vermiculatus)

Greenbrier (Smilax spp.)

Guayacan (porlieria angustifolia)

Hackberry (Celtis spp.)

netleaf (C. reticulata)

spiney (granjeno) (C pallida)

Hawthorn (Craiaegus spp.)

black (C dauglasii)

S-I

S

R

R

I-R

R

I-R

S-I

R

S-I

S

I-R

R

S-I

R

R

S-I

R

S-I

R

I-R R R R

S-R R

R

S-R

I-R

S

R

R

I

R

R

R

S-I

R

*S = Susceptible S-I ^Susceptible to Intermediate I == Intermediate I-R -Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant,

jAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

56
S-I S-I S-I

After burn, spray regrowth when 2 feet tall. Wide

range of S to AMS by FS according to location,

and suggest consult local authorities before such

R

R

I-R

S-R R R

S

S

S

R

R

S-I

I-R

S

I-R

R

S-I

S-I

I S-I

R

S

s

s

s

s

R

S-I

X Spray during rapid growth.

S-R R

I-R

I-R

S-I

X

X Wide range of response to hromacil by ST, and

dicambay dichlorprop, and silvex by BS, and suggest consult local authorities before such use.

57
APPLICATION METHODS

BS ~ Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Hawthorn (Continued)

little-hip (C, spathulata) s

parsley (C marshallii) S-I

Hazel (Corylus spp.)

American (C. americana) S S

beaked (C. cornuta) S-I S S S I I s s

California (C. cornuta var. californica) S-I S-I S-I s I I s s I I-R

Hemlock {Tsuga spp.)

eastern (T. canadensis)

S-R I-R

R

I I-R S s s

I

s s

western (T. heterophylla) I-R R I-R s S

Hickory (Carya spp.)

black (C. texana)

I-R I-R S-I

S-I

S S-I S-I

S-I

s S-I s s s s

I-R

S-I I-R I

mockernut (C. tomentosa) S-I s

Hogplum (Coluhrina texensis)

Holly, American (Ilex opaca) I I

*S — Susceptible S^I - Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R == Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

58
I

s

S-I

S

I-R

S

S

s

s

s

s

s

s

I

S-I

s

s

s

S-I S-I

s

I

I-R

S-I I-R

X

X

Spray in May and June.

Spray in May and June.

Spray entire plant. R to phenoxy herbicides when

dormant. Wide range of S to ^,^-Z) by BS, and

suggest consult local authorities before such use.

I-R

59
HERBICIDEt

APPLICATION METHODS

BS « Basal Spray

FS « Foliar Spray

I/CS - Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST ~ Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Honeylocust, common {Gleditsia

triacanthos)

Honeysuckle {Lonicera spp.)

Hophornbeam, eastern (Ostrya

virginiana)

Hornbeam, American {Carpinus

caroliniana)

Horsebrush {Tetradymia spp.)

littleleaf (T. glahrata)

Huckleberry, black {Gaylussacia

baccata)

Hydrangea, smooth {Hydrangea

arborescens)

Inkberry, gallberry {Ilex glabra)

Javelinabrush {Microrhamnus ericoides)

Juniper (Juniperus spp.)

I

S

S-I

I-R

S-I

S-I

S

I-R

S

I

R

R

S-I

S

S

S-I

S

S-I

S-I

I-R

S

s

R

I-R

S-I

R

S-I

S

I

S-I

S-I

I

S-I

S

I-R

S

I-R

I-R

S-I

I

*S ^Susceptible S-I ^Susceptible to Intermediate I ^Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R-Resistant,

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

60
I

S-I

s

s

s

S-I

I

S-I

X

X

S-I S-I X

I-R S-I

Treat individual plants.

Treat individual plants in spring.

S-I

I-R

S-I

I-R

S

R

S-I

S-I

I-R

S-I

I-R

X Treat in August.

S to 2,3,6-TBA by FS and ST. High spray volume

and complete coverage needed.

61
APPLICATION METHODS

BS - Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Juniper (Continued)

oneseeded (J. monsperma)

redberry (J. pinchotU)

Kalmia (Kalmia spp.)

lambkill (See sheeplaurel)

mountainlaurel (K. latifolia)

sheeplaurel (K. angustifolia)

Larch {Larix spp.)

Laurel, California (Umhellularia

californica)

Leatherstem {Jatropha dioica)

Leatherwood, Atlantic {Dirca paltistris)

Lilac, common (Syringa vulgaris)

Locust, black (Robinia pseudoacacia)

water (Gleditsia aquatica)

R

I-R

R

R

S

I-R

S-I

R

I-R

R

R

S

S-I

S-I

I

s

I-R S-I

R

R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant,

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

62
s to 2,S,6'TBA by FS. Apply karhutilate in grid

pattern only.

63
APPLICATION METHODS

BS «= Basal SprayFS « Foliar Spray

I/CS » Injection/Cut Sxirface

Treatment

ST « Soil Treatment

SPECIES ^^A'/<^/4'/^/4'AV4^.

Lotebush (See Condalia)

Madrone, Pacific {Arbutus menziesn)

Magnolia {Magnolia spp.)

cucumbertree (M. dcuminatá)

sweetbay {M. virginiana)

Mahonia, red {Mahonia haematocarpa)

Manzanita {Arctostaphylos spp.)

Del Norte (A. cinérea)

greenleaf {A, patula)

hairy {A, columbiana)

hoary (A. canescens)

Howell {A. hispidula)

I

SR

S-I

I

R

I

S-R

S-I

S-I

I-R

S

S

s

I

s

s

s

S-I

R

R

R

S

I-R

R

S-I

s^^/

*S == Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I =* Intermediate I-R =- Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

NOTES

64
65
HERBICIDEt

APPLICATION METHODS

BS =« Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS « Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Manzanita (Continued)

pine (A. parryana var. pinetorum)

pointleaf {A. pungens)

pringle (A. pringlei)

Maple (Acer spp.)

bigleaf (A. rnacrophyllum)

mountain (A. spicatum)

red (A. rubrum)

silver (A. saccharinum)

sugar (A. saccharum)

vine (A. circinatum)

R

I-R

I-R

R

I-R

I-R

R

I-R

R

S

S-I

S-I

I-R

I

I-R

S-I

S-R

S-I

R

R

I-R

S-I

S-I

I-R

I-R

R

S-I

R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

Always check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

66
S-I

S-I

More S to 2,J^-D than 24,5-T.

Spray during active growth.

Spray during active growth.

R R

S-I

S-R

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

R

I

I-R

I

I-R

I

R

I-R R R

Use water/oil carrier in March.

Requires 2,Jf-D-\-2,Jf.,5-Til:l) for fair control.

Wide range of response to MSMA according to

location and suggest consult local authorities

before such use.

Wide range of S to ^,^,5-r by FS according to

location and suggest consult local authorities

before such use.

Spray in May and June.

67
APPLICATION METHODS X"^

BS = Basal Spray

FS ^ Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment.

ST == Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora)

honey mesquite (P. juliflora var.

glandulosa)

Mountainmahogany (Cercocarpus

montanus)

birchleaf (C. betuloides)

hairy (C. breviflorus)

Mulberry, red (Morus mbra)

Ninebark {Physocarpus opulifolius)

Oak {Quercus spp.)

bigelow (bigleaf shin) (Q, durandii

var. breviloha)

black (Q. velutina)

blackjack (Q. marilandica)

I I-R S s R R R R S-I s R

S-I S-I S s S-I S R s s s

I I

I-R

I-R

I

I-R I-R I I

S

I I-R I I s S-I

S-I I-R R s S-I S-I S S-I S s S s s S-I

I I-R S s S-I s s s s s I S s I-R s R

*S == Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I == Intermediate I-R == Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precaiUions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

68
R S-I R R S-I S-I S to monuron by ST, Apply before expected rainfall. Foliar retreatment necessary in New Mexico

and Arizona. S to 2yJff5~Ti-picloramU:!) by BS.

S-I R S-I R to most soil applied herbicides. Killed by basal

treatment with diesel oil or kerosene.

I-R I-R

S-I

I

S-I I-R

S-I

I-R

I-R

I-R

R

X

X

X

X

I-R to 2,3,6-TBA,

S-I

S-I

S

I-R

I

S

S

s

S-I

s

S-I

I

S

S-I

S-I

I

S

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

X

X X

Regrowth highly S to retreatment.

S to silvex by I/CS.

S-I to paraquat by I/CS.

69
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS =* Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Oak (Continued)

blue (Q. douglasii) S R S S S-I S S I

bur (Q. macrocarpa) I I S S-I S s s

California black (Q. kelloggii) S S I s I R

California live (Q. agrifolia) S

California scrub (Q. dumosa) I I s I s S-I s

canyon live (Q. ckrysolepis) I S-I I I

chestnut (Q. prinus) S-I I-R I-R S I S-I s s s

Emory (Q. emoryi) I-R I-R

Gambel (Q. gamhelii) I-R s I I s

S-I

R

S-I

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

fAlways cheek and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

70
S-I S-I S-R S-I S-I

S-I

Wide range of response to picloram and fenuron by

BS and ST according to location, and suggest

consult local authorities before such use. S-I to

karhutilate by ST in sandy soils. S to silvex by

I/CS. Picloram effective at lower dosage than

^,^-I> or 2fJfy5-T, Amines better than esters.

Spray when growth most active and repeat in 2

years.

Use 2,It.-D amine. Killed by retreatment with

2,Jff5-T or silvex.

S-I I-R S

S

S-I S-I

I

S-I

I-R

I-R

I

S-I

X

X

X

Burn, then spray sprouts annually. Usually killed

by two retreatments.

Killed by retreatment.

I-R to 2,3,6-'TBA.

S to silvex-\~picloram by FS. Repeat treatments.

71
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS - Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST == Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Oak (Continued)

interior live (Q. wislizenii)

leather (Q. durata)

live (Q. nrginiana)

northern red {Q, rubra)

Oregon white (Q. garryana)

overcup (Q. lyrata)

Palmer (Q. Chrysolepis var. palmeri)

pin (Q. palustris)

post {Q. stellata)

red (See northern red)

*S — Susceptible S-I == Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant 11 = Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label hejore using any herbicide.

72
I-R

I-R

R

I-R

R

S-I

S

S

I-R

S-I

R

S-I

I

R

R

S

S-I R

S-I

I-R

I-R

I

R

I-R

X

X

Readily killed with retreatment.

Readily killed with retreatment.

Most S to picloram and bromacil.

Badly damaged in northwest by ^,4-D or 2,li.,5-T,

and cannot be used silviculturally (in forest

management).

Use ^4-D amine. Stump spray.

R

S-I

I-R

S-I

S-I

s

S

S-I

I S-I S-I

R

S

I-R

I-R

S-I

X

X

X X X

I-R to 2,3,6-TBA,

S-I to paraquat by I/CS.

73
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS ^ Foliar Spray

I/CS « Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Oak (Continued)

sand shinnery (Q. kavardii)

scarlet (Q. coccínea)

shrub live (Q. turhinella)

Spanish (Q. shumardii var. texana)

swamp white (Q. bicolor)

turkey (Q. laevis)

valley {Q. lobato)

Vasey shin {Q. pungens var, vaseyana)

water {Q. nigra)

white {Q. alba)

S-I

I-R

I

S-I

I-R

I-R

I-R

I

I

R

I-R

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

I

I

I

S-I

S-I

s

I-R

S-I

S-I

S-I

s

S-I

s

S-I

R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I ^ Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = ResistanttAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label bejore using any herbicide.

74
I-R S-I S-I S-R S-I Wide range of S to picloram by ST according to

location, and suggest consult local authorities

before such use. Spray during rapid growth.

Repeat treatment as necessary.

S-I I-R

S-I

S-I S-I X

X X Spray during rapid growth. Repeat treatment

following year.

I-R X

X

Regrowth highly S to retreatment.

S-I I

S-I

S S-I

S-I

S-I S-R

S

I-R

I

X

X

X X Regrowth highly S to retreatment.

Wide range of S to sitvex by BS according to location, and suggest consult local authorities before

such use.

75
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS « Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Osageorange (Madura pomífera)

Pecan (Carya illinoensis)

Pecan, bitter (Carya X lecontei)

Persimmon (Diospyros spp.)

common (eastern) (D. virginiana)

texas (D. texana)

Pinchot Juniper (See Redberry Juniper)

Pine (Pinus spp.)

digger iP> sabiniana)

eastern white (P. strobus)

loblolly (P. taeda)

lodgepole (P, contorta)

I

I

I-R

I-R

I-R

I

R

R

R

S-I

S-I

S

S

I

S-I

S

I-R

I

R

R

R

S

S

I-R

I

I

S-I

R

I-R

I

R

I-R

S

S-I

S-I

R

*S = Susceptible S-I =^ Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

76
s to 2,3,6-TBA by FS. S to paraquat by I/CS.

S to stump treatment.

R R R I-R S to 2,3,6-TBA by FS. S to fenuron by BS. S to

monuron by ST. Some defoliation but will recover from phenoxy herbicides.

2,JII,-D and picloram equivalent in effectiveness.

S-I R Some defoliation but will recover from phenoxy

herbicides.

77
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

PS ^ Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST == Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Pine (Continued)

iongleaf (P. palustris)

pinyon (P. edulis)

ponderosa {P, ponderosa)

shortleaf (P. echinata)

sugar (P. lamhertiana)

western white (P. monticola)

Plum, wild (Prunus spp.)

Poison ivy, common (Rhus radicans)

Poison oak (Rhus toxicodendron)

*S ^ Susceptible S-I ^Susceptible to Intermediate I -Intermediate I-R -Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

78
S-I S-I

R S-I

More sensitive than many pines but effectiveness

minimized if treated after shoot growth, or by

using lower dosages.

Some defoliation but will recover from phenoxy

herbicides.

S in spring and summer.

S-III

S-R

S

S-I S

I

S-I

S-I

I-RSI

XX

S to amitrole by FS.

S-I to amitrole by FS. Amitrole and glyphosate are

most effective when spraying is delayed until

shoot elongation is slowed. Wide range ofS to

AMS and dichlorprop by FS, and suggest consult local authorities before such use.

79
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS « Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Poison oak (Continued)

Pacific poison oak {R. diversiloha)

Poplar, balsam (Popuhis balsamifera)

Prickly-ash, common (Zanihoxyliim

americanum)

lime (Z, fagara)

Privet, swamp (Foresiiera acuminata)

Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.)

big (rubber) (C. nauseQSiis)

Douglas (C. viscidiflorns)

little (small) (C. viscidifiorus var.

stenophyllus)

Raspberry, red {Rubus idaeus)

Redbud, eastern {Cercis canadensis)

*S =^ Susceptible S-I =^ Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant,

j-Always check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

80
s to 24-D^picloram(6:l) 2 pounds+J pound

per acre. Treat in spring when new growth is 3

incheslong with ^,^-Z).

81
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS - Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST == Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.)

rosebay (great laurel) (R. maximum)

Rhodora (R. canadense)

Rose (Rosa spp.)

Arkansas (R, arkansana)

California (R. californica)

Cherokee (R, laevigata)

Macartney (R, bracteata)

multiflora (R. muliiflora)

sunshine (R. arkansan var. suffulta)

wild (R, pisocarpa)

woods (R. woodsii)

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herUcide.

82
R I-R R R

R R

S-I

S to 24-D+picloramU:l) by FS. S to 2,3,6-TBA

by BS. Spray from full leaf to bud stage with

2,U-D- Picloram sprays effective in spring and

fall, granules most months.

Spray from full leaf to bud stage. Repeat treatment when necessary.

S to 2,3,6-TBA and to 2,I,-D+2,S,6~TBA{1:1) by

FS.

X Make two foliage treatments per growing season.

83
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment.

ST =' Soil Treatment

SPECIES

^W4'/4'/w^/4'AA/^/^^

NOTES

Russian-olive {Elaeagnus angustifolia)

Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)

big (A. tridentata)

California {A. califormca)

fringed (A. frígida)

low (A. arbuscula)

sand (A. filifolia)

silver (A, cana)

threetip (A. tripartita)

Salai (Gaultheria shallon) R R

R

R

R

R

R

*S = Susceptible S-I=Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R — Intermediate to Resistant R —Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

84
Repeat treatment following year for complete

control.

R

X

R

R

R

XX

S to glyphosate by BS.

Spray during rapid growth.

Soil moisture and timing critical with phenoxy

herbicides. Spray when new growth is2 inches

or more tall.

Spray during rapid growth.

Spray during rapid growth and when 6-8 inches

new twig growth. Repeat if necessary.

Spray after 3-4 inches new growth and when

growing rapidly.

Soil moisture and timing critical with phenoxy

herbicides.

MoreS to 2,k,5-T and silvex applied in diesel or

fuel oil at bud break.

85
APPLICATION METHODS

BS « Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Salmonberry {Ruhus spedahilis)

Saltcedar (five-stamen tamarisk)

(Tamarix pentandra)

Sassafras {Sassafras albidum)

Saw-palmetto {Serenoa repens)

Serviceberry {Amelanchier spp.)

saskatoon {A, alnifoUa)

shadblow (A. canadensis)

Silktassel {Garrya spp.)

Wright (G. wrigUii)

S-I

I-R

s-r

s-i

s-i

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

I-R

S-I S-I

S-I

R

R

R R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R == Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

86
R S-I S-I S-I X S-I to amiirole by FS. Treat in midsummer.

R S-I R S-I R X

S to monuron by ST. More effective on young than

old plants. Mechanical removal followed by

treatment of regrowth more effective than herbicide alone. S to phenoxy herbicides when

sprayed with }^ to 34 pound per acre twice a

year for 2 years.

S-R S S-I S-I S to 2,3,6-TBA by FS.

S to kerosene by FS. Spray in summer months.

S-I to 2,J^-DB amine by FS. R to 2,S,6-TBA and

amitrole by FS.

S-I S-I

I-R

Treat regrowth in spring after burning.

87
APPLICATION METHODS

BS - Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS « Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST » Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Silktassel (Continued)

yellowleaf {G, flavescens)

Silverberry {Elaeagnus commutata)

Snakeweed, broom (Gutierrezia

sarothrae)

Snowberry, western (Symphoricarpos

occidentalis)

Soapweed, small (Yucca glauca)

Sourwood {Oxydendrum arhoreum)

Spicebush {Lindera benzoin)

Spirea {Spiraea spp.)

hardback (S. tomentosa)

narrowleaf meadowsweet {S, alba)

S-I

S-I

S-R

I

S-I

S

R

I-R

I

R

I

S-I

S-I

s

s

S

I-R

S

I-R

I-R

I-R

I

S-I

S-I

R

S

S-I

S-I

S-I

R

s

S-I

S-I

S-I

R

R

I-R

S

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R — Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant,

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label beíore using any herbicide.

88
89
APPLICATION METHODS

BS == Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST ^ Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Spruce (Picea spp.)

Sitka (P. sitchensis)

Sumac (Rhus spp.)

laurel (R. laurina)

littleleaf {R. microphylla)

shining (R, copallina)

skunkbush (R, trilobata)

sugar (R. ovata)

Sweet-fern (Comptonia peregrina)

Sweetgum (Liquidainbar styraciflua)

Sycamore, American (Platanus

occidentalis)

Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus)

scrub (L. densiflorus var. echinoides)

R

S-I

I

I-R

S-I

S

s

S-I

S-I

I

I-R

I-R

1

S-I

S

s

S-I

R

S

S-I

s

S

S-I

s

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

I-R

I

S-I

s

R

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I s

S

s

s

s

I-R

S-I

S-I

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

90
R R

R

S-I

I-R I-R

I

S-I

R

S

S

S-I

s

s

s

s

S-I

R

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I S-I

X

X

X

Most R when dormant.

Top kill only—spray annually.

S to 2,3,6-TBA by FS.

Spray during rapid growth. Repeat as necessary.

S-I S-I

X

X

More than one treatment needed.

91
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS ^ Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment.

ST ^ Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Tarbush {Flourensia cernua)

Thimbleberry, western (Rubus

parviflorus)

Toyon (See Christmasberry)

Tree-of-heaven {Ailanthus altissima)

Tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca)

Tuliptree (See Yellow-poplar)

Viburnum {Viburnum spp.)

nannyberry (F. lentago)

rusty blackhaw (V. rufidulum)

southern arrowwood (V, dentatum)

S-R

S-I

I-R

S-I

R

I-R

I

I-R

S-I

S-I

S-I

I-R

I

S-I

S-I

S-I

S-I

s

R I-R I-R

S-I

*S = Susceptible S-I ^ Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R = Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide

92
S-I

R

R

S-I

X

S to fenuron-TCAj monuron, and monuron-TCA

by ST. S-I to 2,U-I>+dicamha{U:l) by FS. Spray

in pre-bud or bud stage. ST before expected

rainfall.

I-R I-R I-R S-I X I-R to amitrole by FS. Treat in mid-summer.

S-I S-I S-I S-I X Wide range of S to 2fJ(.-D by BS according to location, and suggest consult local authorities before

such use.

93
APPLICATION METHODS

BS = Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS = Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

NOTES

Virginia creeper {Parthenocisstis

quinquefolio)

Wait-a-minute-bush {Mimosa

hiuncifera)

Walnut (Juglans spp.)

Waterlocust (Gleditsia aquatica)

Waxmyrtle, southern (Myrica cerifera)

Weaversbroom (Spartium junceum)

Whitebrush (Aloysia lycioides)

Willow {Salix spp.)

black (S. nigra)

coyote {S, exigua)

peachleaf {S, amygdaloides)

sandbar (S. interior)

R

I-R

S

I

S

s

s

s

s

I-R

S

R

S-I

S

s

s

s

R

R

R

S-I

S

S

s

S

R

S

R

S-I

R

S-I

R

*S - Susceptible S-I ^ Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R -Resistant.

fAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and on container label before using any herbicide.

94
R R I-R Apply to mmvidual plants when adequate soil

moisture.

I-R S-I I-R R

R

S-I

S

X

X

I to MCPA by FS.

Retreatment often necessary.

Retreatment often necessary.

95
APPLICATION METHODS

BS == Basal Spray

FS = Foliar Spray

I/CS - Injection/Cut Surface

Treatment

ST = Soil Treatment

SPECIES

Willow (Continued)

whiplash {S. caudaia)

Witchhazel, common (Hamamelis

virginiana)

Wolfberry {Lycium trifoliolata)

Wormwood, common {Artemisia

absinthium)

Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria)

Yellow-poplar {Liriodendron tulipifera)

Yerbasanta (Eriodictyon spp.)

California (E, californicum)

narrowleaf (E, angusHfolium)

Yucca (Yucca spp.)

S-I

R

S-I

R

S-I

S-I

S-I

S

R

S

I-R

S-I

S-I S-I

s

S-I S-I

s

S-I

R

R

*S = Susceptible S-I = Susceptible to Intermediate I = Intermediate I-R = Intermediate to Resistant R — Resistant,

tAlways check and double check precautions in this publication and pn container label before iising any herbicide.

96
More sensitive to 2j^-D within 2 years after burning, or new plants 2 years old.

97
CONTRIBUTORS

Harold P. Alley

Professor^ Weed Science

Plant Science Division

The University of Wyoming

Laramie, Wyo. 82071

R. W. Bovey

Research Leader

USDA, ARS

Dept. of Range Science

Texas A&M University

Colleg:e Station, Tex. 77843

Homer A. Brady

Research Soil Scientist

USDA, Forest Service

Southern Forest Experiment Station

2500 Shreveport Highway

Pineville, La. 71360

W. E. Chappell

Professor, Plant Physiolo^

Dept. of Plant Pathologry and Physiology

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Blacksburg, Va. 24061

H. O. Coble

Assistant Professor, Extension

Dept. of Crop Science

Weed Science Center

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, N,C. 27607

E. H. Cronin

Plant Physiologist

USDA, ARS

Dept. of Range Science

Utah State University

Logan, Utah 84322

Bill E. Dahl

Professor

Dept. of Range & Wildlife Management

Texas Tech University

Lubbock, Tex. 79409

Robert A, Darrow

Research Leader

USDA, ARS

Weed Physiology and Growth Regulator Research

Frederick, Md. 21701

E. A. Davis

Plant Physiologist

USDA, Forest Service

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station

Forest Hydrology Laboratory

Arizona State University

Temple, Ariz, 85281

Harry M. Eiwell (Retired)

Research Agronomist

USDA, ARS

Dept. of Agronomy

Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, Okla. 74074

Lambert C. Erickson (Retired)

Professor & Agronomist

Dept. of Plant and Soil Sciences

University of Idaho

Moscow, Idaho 83843

C. E. Fisher (Retired)

Professor, Brush Control

Texas A&M University

Agricultural Research and Extension Center

Lubbock, Tex. 79401

Walter L. Gould

Associate Professor

Dept. of Agronomy

New Mexico State University

Las Cruces, N. Mex. 88003

H. J. Gratkowski

Research Forester

USÙAj Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station

Portland, Oreg. 97208

98
Carlton H. Herbei

Research Leader

USDA, ARS

Dept. of Animal, Range& Wildlife Sciences

New Mexico State University

Las Cruces, N. Mex. 88008

T. J. Hernandez

Product Manager

Agrichemicals& Biochemicals Dept.

EJ, duPont de Nemours& Company

Wilmington, Del. 19898

Oliver A. Leonard (Deceased)

Lecturer& Professor of Botany

Dept. of Botany

University of California

Davis, Calif. 95616

M. K. McCarty

Research Agronomist

USDA, ARS

Dept. of Agronomy

University of Nebraska

Lincoln, Nebr. 68503

Robert E. Higgins

Extension Agronomist

University of Idaho

634 Addison Ave. W.

Twin Falls, Idaho 83301

E. H. Mcllvain

Research Leader

USDA, ARS

U.S. Southern Great Plains Field Station

Woodward, Okla. 73801

G. O, Hoffman

Range Brush& Weed Control Specialist

Texas Agricultural Extension Service

Dept. of Range Science

Texas A&M University

College Station, Tex. 77843

Harvey A. Holt

Assistant Professor

Dept. of Horticulture& Forestry

University of Arkansas

Fayetteville, Ark. 72701

Dayton L. Klingman

Chief, Turfgrass Laboratory

Plant Genetics& Germplasm Institute

USDA, ARS

Beltsville, Md. 20705

E. F. Koldenhoven

Project Manager—Herbicides

FMC Corporation

Agricultural Chemical Division

100 Niagara Street

Middleport, N.Y. 14015

R. E. Meyer

Plant Physiologist

USDA, ARS

Dept. of Range Science

Texas A&M University

College Station, Tex. 77843

Robert C. Moreau

Project Manager

Velsicol Chemical Corporation

341 East Ohio Street

Chicago, III. 60611

Howard L. Morton

Research Leader

USDA, ARS

2000 East Allen Road

Tucson, Ariz. 85719

Michael Newton

Associate Professor, Forest Ecology

School of Forestry

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oreg. 97331

99
Fred. A. Peevy

Eesearch Forester

USDA, Forest Service

Southern Forest Experiment Station

2500 Shreveport Highway

Pineville, La. 71360

E. J. Peters

Research Agronomist

USDA, ARS

Dept. of Agronomy

University of Missouri

Columbia, Mo, 65201

W. C. Kobocker

Research Agronomist

USDA, ARS

Dept. of Agronomy & Soils

Washington State University

Pullman, Wash. 99163

Ronald Stewart

Project Leader

USDA, Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Experiment

Station

Portland, Oreg. 97208

Jim Stritzke

Associate Professor

Dept. of Agronomy

Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, Okla. 74074

John F. Vallentine

Professor of Range Science

Dept. of Range Science

Brigham Young University

Provo, Utah 84601

Robert M. Romancier

Assistant Director

USDA, Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Experiment

Station

Portland, Oreg. 97208

J, L. Schuster

Professor & Head

Dept. of Range Science

Texas A&M University

College Station, Tex. 77843

C. J. Scifres

Associate Professor

Dept. of Range Science

Texas A&M University

College Station, Tex. 77843

John P. Sterrett

Plant Physiologist

USDA, ARS

Weed Physiology and Growth Regulator Research

Frederick, Md. 21701

100
WARNING

Herbicides are safe when stored, handled,

mixed, and used in accordance with label instructions and sound agricultural practices.

Most herbicides are low in toxicity. However, some are poisonous to man, many domestic animals, and fish and wildlife.

Keep herbicides away from children, livestock, and pets. Store herbicides in closed,

well-labeled containers in a dry place where

they cannot contaminate food, feed, seed,

plant material or water. Follow the directions and heed all precautions on labels.

When handling herbicides, wear clean,

dry clothing. Launder clothing after each

spraying operation before wearing it again.

Do not inhale herbicides and avoid contact with spray mist and drift. Avoid repeated or prolonged contact of herbicides

with the skin. Avoid spilling herbicides on

any part of the body—especially the eyes,

nose and mouth. If there is a herbicide spill

on any part of the body, wash with soap

and water immediately and remove contaminated clothing.

To protect fish, wildlife, and livestock, do

not spray, clean spray equipment of dump

excess spray material in or near lakes,

streams, or ponds.

Dispose of empty pesticide containers at

a sanitary land-fill dump, or crush and bury

them at least 18 inches deep in a level, isolated place where they will not contaminate

water supplies. Do not burn herbicide containers.

Eligibility for participation in all programs administered by the Department of

Agriculture is established by law without

regard to race, color, national origin, sex,

or religion. If you feel you have been denied

the benefits of any USDA programs on any

of these grounds, write directly to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

20250.

-iX U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977 O—593-430 101