Filed 10/29/13 P. v. Nguyen CA4/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

 Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

RICHARD VU NGUYEN,

 Defendant and Appellant.

 G047341

 (Super. Ct. No. 11WF0913)

 O P I N I O N

Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, James 

Edward Rogan, Judge. Affirmed.

Nancy S. Brandt, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant 

Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Scott Taylor and Eric A. 

Swenson, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

* * *
2

A jury convicted defendant, Richard Vu Nguyen, of felony dependent adult 

abuse (Pen. Code, § 368, subd. (b)(1); all further statutory references are to this code). 

He was sentenced to two years in prison and assessed $240 in both restitution and parole 

revocation restitution fines. 

Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence to prove dependent 

adult abuse, and in the alternative, the abuse amounted to a misdemeanor rather than a 

felony. In addition, he argues the court‟s assessment of the $240 restitution fines violated 

ex post facto principles and should be reduced to $200 each. We conclude there was 

sufficient evidence dependent adult abuse occurred and that such abuse amounted to a 

felony. Furthermore, defendant‟s ex post facto claim was waived when he failed to 

object in the trial court. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.

FACTS

Loan Do (Loan) is severely impaired and suffers from severe Down 

syndrome, leaving her unable to care for herself. Her primary form of communication is 

through grunting noises. At the time of the incident, Loan lived with her father Thuc Do 

(Thuc), her sister Mai Do (Mai), Mai‟s nephew Huy Nguyen (Huy) ,

1 and defendant. 

Mai, Loan‟s primary caretaker, is defendant‟s girlfriend. 

When defendant moved into the residence, both Huy and a longtime family 

friend, Kenneth Griffith, noticed Loan‟s demeanor changed. After Griffith witnessed a 

suspicious incident between Loan and defendant in which he heard Loan screaming and 

crying followed by defendant running from her room, he and Huy installed a “nanny 

cam” in Loan‟s bedroom. 

 

1 No relation to defendant.
3

In April 2011, Huy heard Loan make a “frightening scream” while in her 

bedroom, which he described as different from her “daily screams.” Upon investigating 

Huy found Thuc arguing with defendant outside of Loan‟s room. Thuc was demanding 

to know “why [his] daughter was screaming,” and “what [defendant was] doing in that 

area.” Suspicious, Huy reviewed the video recording to check for any wrongdoing. Huy 

and a police officer later testified the recording showed defendant running into Loan‟s 

bedroom, kicking her in the head causing her to fall backwards, and then running back 

out. 

Later that same day, Huy and Thuc checked on Loan once again after 

hearing her crying and found her in the corner of the room, teary eyed, and surrounded by 

shoes. The video recording from just prior shows a series of shoes being thrown into 

Loan‟s room in her direction. While the person throwing the shoes is outside the 

camera‟s field of view and thus unidentifiable, defendant can be seen walking into the 

room soon after the shoes had been thrown. 

Shortly thereafter, defendant was arrested and charged with dependent adult 

abuse. In an interview with police defendant was asked if he remembered kicking Loan, 

to which he answered, “I don‟t really remember. I kicked her[;] I tried to get her to shut 

up or something.” He also stated in the interview he “used [his] foot to get her to shut 

up,” and he may have kicked her because he was “drunk” or “mad because of [Thuc] 

yelling at [him] all the time.” 

DISCUSSION 

1. Substantial Evidence

Defendant argues there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction 

for dependent adult abuse. Or in the alternative, the dependent adult abuse did not rise to 

the level of a felony, and instead should be deemed a misdemeanor. 
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When evaluating a claim for insufficient evidence we are required to accept 

all evidence which supports the successful party, disregard the conflicting evidence, and 

draw all reasonable inferences to uphold the verdict. (People v. Lopez (2013) 56 Cal.4th

1028, 1069.) Substantial evidence may consist of circumstantial evidence as well as 

direct evidence. (Ibid.) We may reverse for lack of substantial evidence only if “„“upon 

no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support”‟” the 

conviction. (People v. Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th 327, 357.) 

a. Dependent Adult Abuse

Dependent adult abuse occurs if a person “willfully causes or permits any 

elder or dependent adult to suffer, or inflicts thereon unjustifiable physical pain or mental 

suffering.” (§ 368, subd. (b)(1).)

Defendant‟s primary argument is there is no substantial evidence to 

conclude he willfully inflicted unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering on Loan. 

More specifically, he claims the kicking incident recorded on the “nanny cam” was 

insufficient to prove his guilt because he did not actually kick Loan and because there 

was no evidence she suffered any physical or mental pain from the incident. We 

disagree.

Defendant‟s contention that he never actually kicked Loan in the head is a 

meritless argument for purposes of an insufficient evidence appeal. During the police 

interview defendant claimed he could not remember if he had kicked Loan or not, but 

then went on to explain why he had kicked her, saying he “used [his] foot to get her to 

shut up” and “[he] kicked her[; he] tried to get her to shut up or something.” Further, the 

jurors were able to watch the video for themselves and draw the reasonable inference 

from it. This court “must accept logical inferences that the jury might have drawn from 

the circumstantial evidence. [Citation.]” (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 396.) 
5

The logical inference from defendant‟s admissions and the video recording is that 

defendant did actually kick Loan in the head.

Defendant argues Loan‟s reaction to the alleged kick as well as the lack of 

visible injuries on her shows he never actually kicked her. This amounts to nothing more 

than contradictory evidence, which we are not in a position to reweigh. (People v. Xiong 

(2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1259, 1268.) Consequently, we are required to accept the jury‟s 

inference that defendant did kick Loan in the head, leaving the sole question as to 

whether there was sufficient evidence that such a kick caused Loan unjustifiable physical 

or mental pain. (Ibid.)

While Loan may be unable to communicate, making it difficult to prove or 

quantify her suffering, Huy testified stating the scream Loan let out just after the kicking 

incident was “frightening” and different from her daily screams. It was reasonable for 

the jury to infer being kicked in the head would result in physical or mental anguish to 

Loan. 

Finally, the infliction of physical pain or mental suffering is considered 

unjustifiable “when it is not warranted by the circumstances.” (People v. Whitehurst

(1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 1045, 1050.) Defendant stated that he kicked Loan “to get her to 

shut up or something.” The involuntary noises of a mentally disabled person do not 

justify kicking her in the head. Accordingly, there was sufficient evidence that defendant 

kicked Loan, that she suffered mental or physical pain from the kick, and that the kick 

was unjustified. 

b. Felony vs. Misdemeanor

Defendant argues in the alternative the jury erred in deeming the dependent 

adult abuse a felony rather than a misdemeanor. We are not persuaded.

Dependent adult abuse amounts to a felony when the abuse takes place 

under circumstances or conditions likely to produce great bodily harm. (§ 368, subd. 
6

(b)(1).) Should the abuse occur under circumstances or conditions unlikely to produce 

great bodily harm the crime is deemed a misdemeanor. (§ 368, subd. (c).) Moreover, 

courts have held there is no requirement the victim actually suffer great bodily injury. 

(People v. Cortes (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 62, 80.) 

While defendant maintains Loan suffered no great bodily injury, he 

concedes we must consider not just the actual injury sustained, but also on the likelihood 

the abuse could have caused great bodily injury. In determining the likelihood of great 

bodily injury, a jury is permitted to look at not just the force or nature of the abuse 

inflicted, but at the surrounding circumstances as well. (People v. Racy (2007) 148 

Cal.App.4th 1327, 1333.) These include: “(1) the characteristics of the victim and the 

defendant, (2) the characteristics of the location where the abuse took place, (3) the 

potential response or resistance by the victim to the abuse, (4) any injuries actually 

inflicted, (5) any pain sustained by the victim, and (6) the nature of and amount of force 

used by the defendant.” (People v. Clark (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 235, 245, fn. omitted.)

Defendant‟s entire argument is predicated upon the fact he never actually 

struck Loan but instead only made a “stomping” motion in her vicinity. As previously 

discussed, it was reasonable for the jury to determine that what defendant describes as a 

“stomping” motion was in fact a kick to Loan‟s head. Defendant‟s description of the 

motion as a “stomp” gives insight into the velocity and forcefulness of the act. One 

rarely lightly stomps with hopes to intimidate someone into being quiet. Certainly being 

kicked in the head with a stomping motion by an adult male would be likely to inflict 

great bodily injury on nearly anyone, much less a four-foot-tall, 75-pound woman such as 

Loan.

Moreover, had the jury concluded, as defendant claims, that he did not 

strike Loan, but instead only used his foot to frighten her into being quiet, it could still 

find those circumstances likely to produce great bodily injury. There is no requirement 

for actual injury to occur, but instead only a requirement that the incident be likely to 
7

produce great bodily harm. (§ 368, subd. (b)(1); Roman v. Superior Court (2003) 113 

Cal.App.4th 27, 35.) 

In People v. Wilson (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 1197, the court found a 

mother‟s intentional hitting of a wall next to her child‟s head was likely to produce great 

bodily injury. In reaching this conclusion, the court pointed to the size disparity between 

the mother and her son as well as the close proximity between where she hit the wall and 

her son‟s head. (Id. at p. 1205.) At issue in Wilson was section 273a, felony child abuse, 

rather than dependent adult abuse under section 368. (People v. Wilson, supra, 138 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1205.) But the statutory language describing the type of abuse that 

amounts to a felony in section 273a is identical to that of section 368. Accordingly, our 

Supreme Court has held it is appropriate to rely on decisions interpreting section 273a in 

addressing issues concerning the scope of section 368. (People v. Heitzman (1994) 9 

Cal.4th 189, 204-205.)

If it was determined defendant never actually struck Loan, the facts mirror 

those in Wilson, and thus still justify the jury‟s finding. The victim in Wilson was a 

young boy, drastically smaller in stature to the assailant, his mother. Loan is a four-foottall, 75-pound woman, and while we do not know the size of defendant it is reasonable to 

conclude an adult male is significantly larger, resulting in a similar size disparity between 

victim and assailant. Additionally, as was the case in Wilson where the victim was never 

physically struck but had a broom strike close to his head, so too was the stomping 

motion close in proximity to Loan‟s head. Accordingly, even if defendant did not kick 

Loan, there was enough circumstantial evidence to warrant the jury‟s finding the incident 

was likely to produce great bodily harm.

We reject defendant‟s reliance upon People v. Racy, supra, 148 

Cal.App.4th 1327. The issue in Racy was the trial court‟s refusal to give jury instructions 

regarding misdemeanor dependent adult abuse. In contrast, the jurors here were 

instructed with the misdemeanor dependent adult abuse instructions. Therefore, we will 
8

not disturb the finding that the dependent adult abuse amounted to a felony rather than a 

misdemeanor.

2. Restitution Fines

Defendant argues the trial court‟s assessment of $240 restitution fines 

violated ex post facto principles and thus should be reduced to the minimum fines the 

statute authorized at the time the crime was committed, $200. Defendant did not object 

to the fines at the time of sentencing.

An unauthorized sentence may be corrected at any time whether or not 

there was an objection in the trial court. (People v. Smith (2001) 24 Cal.4th 849, 854.) 

But “„[t]he unauthorized sentence exception is “a narrow exception” to the waiver 

doctrine that normally applies where the sentence “could not lawfully be imposed under 

any circumstance in the particular case.”‟” (People v. Turrin (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 

1200, 1205.) We conclude the sentence was authorized and thus defendant‟s argument is 

forfeited on appeal.

“The restitution fine shall be set at the discretion of the court and 

commensurate with the seriousness of the offense. If the person is convicted of a felony, 

the fine shall not be less than two hundred forty dollars ($240) starting on January 1, 

2012.” (§ 1202.4, subd. (b)(1), italics added.) At the time defendant committed the 

crime the statute provided for a $200 minimum fine. (Former § 1202.4, subd. (b)(1).) 

Defendant argues that the $240 fines demonstrate the trial court improperly 

relied on the newer version of the statute. There is no evidence in the record to support 

this claim. But even if the court did rely on the amended statute, assessing a fine $40 

above the minimum at the time the crime was committed was within the court‟s

discretion. In other words, regardless of which version of the statute the trial court 

applied, the sentence was proper within the bounds of the applicable section 1202.4. 

Thus, it was not a sentence which “„“could not lawfully be imposed under any 
9

circumstance in the particular case.”‟” (People v. Turrin, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 

1205.) Therefore the assessment of the $240 was not an unauthorized sentence and 

cannot be reviewed on appeal absent an objection in the trial court. (Ibid.)

Furthermore, even on the merits, we still find no error. In support of his 

argument defendant cites a trio of cases, all of which were concerned with different ex 

post facto issues than the one presently before us. They deal not with the increase in the 

minimum punishment, but instead with an increase in the maximum punishment. (Miller 

v. Florida2 (1987) 482 U.S. 423; Weaver v. Graham (1981) 450 U.S. 24; Lindsey v. State 

of Washington (1937) 301 U.S. 397.) These do not assist defendant. 

The ex post facto clauses of the state and federal Constitutions prohibit the 

imposition of increased punishment after the commission of a crime. (U.S. Const., art. I, 

§ 10; Cal. Const., art. I, § 9.) Accordingly, “one of the primary purposes” of the ex post 

facto clause is “to prevent unforeseeable punishment.” (People v. Snook (1997) 16 

Cal.4th 1210, 1221.) For this reason an increase of the minimum fine is fundamentally 

different than an increase in the maximum fine. An increase in the maximum punishment 

makes possible a sentence that was unforeseeable at the time the crime was committed. 

But an increase in the minimum punishment, as long as it remains below the previously 

established maximum, still leaves the range of punishment in which any sentence within 

its bounds was foreseeable at the time the crime was committed. Therefore, regardless of 

whether the argument was forfeited, we find no merit in defendant‟s argument.

 

2 Defendant incorrectly cites to this case as People v. Miller. 
10

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

THOMPSON, J.

WE CONCUR:

MOORE, ACTING P. J.

ARONSON, J.