99–006 

111TH CONGRESS REPT. 111–679 " ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2d Session Part 1 

WARTIME TREATMENT STUDY ACT 

DECEMBER 13, 2010.—Ordered to be printed 

Mr. CONYERS, from the Committee on the Judiciary, 

submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

together with 

DISSENTING VIEWS 

[To accompany H.R. 1425] 

[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] 

The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill 

(H.R. 1425) to establish commissions to review the facts and circumstances surrounding injustices suffered by European Americans, European Latin Americans, and Jewish refugees during 

World War II, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended 

do pass. 

CONTENTS 

Page 

The Amendment ...................................................................................................... 2 

Purpose and Summary ............................................................................................ 7 

Background and Need for the Legislation ............................................................. 7 

Hearings ................................................................................................................... 8 

Committee Consideration ........................................................................................ 8 

Committee Votes ...................................................................................................... 9 

Committee Oversight Findings ............................................................................... 10 

New Budget Authority and Tax Expenditures ...................................................... 10 

Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate .......................................................... 11 

Performance Goals and Objectives ......................................................................... 12 

Constitutional Authority Statement ...................................................................... 12 

Advisory on Earmarks ............................................................................................. 12 

Section-by-Section Analysis .................................................................................... 12 

Dissenting Views ..................................................................................................... 15 

Appendix ................................................................................................................... 17 

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THE AMENDMENT

The amendment is as follows: 

Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the following: 

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Wartime Treatment Study Act’’. 

SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

Congress makes the following findings: 

(1) During World War II, the United States Government deemed as ‘‘enemy 

aliens’’ more than 600,000 Italian-born and 300,000 German-born United States 

resident aliens and their families, requiring them to carry Certificates of Identification and limiting their travel and personal property rights. At that time, 

these groups were the two largest foreign-born groups in the United States. 

(2) During World War II, the United States Government arrested, interned, 

or otherwise detained thousands of European Americans, some remaining in 

custody for years after cessation of World War II hostilities, and repatriated, exchanged, or deported European Americans, including American-born children, to 

European Axis nations, many to be exchanged for Americans held in those nations. 

(3) Pursuant to a policy coordinated by the United States with Latin American nations, thousands of European Latin Americans, including German and 

Austrian Jews, were arrested, relocated to the United States, and interned. 

Many were later repatriated or deported to European Axis nations during World 

War II and exchanged for Americans and Latin Americans held in those nations. 

(4) Millions of European Americans served in the armed forces and thousands sacrificed their lives in defense of the United States. 

(5) The wartime policies of the United States Government were devastating 

to the German American and Italian American communities, individuals, and 

families. The detrimental effects are still being experienced. 

(6) Prior to and during World War II, the United States restricted the entry 

of Jewish refugees who were fleeing persecution or genocide and sought safety 

in the United States. During the 1930s and 1940s, the quota system, immigration regulations, visa requirements, and the time required to process visa applications affected the number of Jewish refugees, particularly those from Germany and Austria, who could gain admittance to the United States. 

(7) The United States Government should conduct an independent review 

to fully assess and acknowledge these actions. Congress has previously reviewed 

the United States Government’s wartime treatment of Japanese Americans 

through the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. 

An independent review of the treatment of German Americans and Italian 

Americans and of Jewish refugees fleeing persecution and genocide has not yet 

been undertaken. 

(8) Time is of the essence for the establishment of commissions, because of 

the increasing danger of destruction and loss of relevant documents, the advanced age of potential witnesses and, most importantly, the advanced age of 

those affected by the United States Government’s policies. Many who suffered 

have already passed away and will never know of this effort. 

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. 

In this Act: 

(1) DURING WORLD WAR II.—The term ‘‘during World War II’’ refers to the 

period beginning September 1, 1939, and ending December 31, 1948. 

(2) EUROPEAN AMERICANS.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘European Americans’’ refers to United 

States citizens and resident aliens of European ancestry, including Italian 

Americans, German Americans, Hungarian Americans, Romanian Americans, and Bulgarian Americans. 

(B) GERMAN AMERICANS.—The term ‘‘German Americans’’ refers to 

United States citizens and resident aliens of German ancestry. 

(C) ITALIAN AMERICANS.—The term ‘‘Italian Americans’’ refers to United 

States citizens and resident aliens of Italian ancestry. 

(3) EUROPEAN LATIN AMERICANS.—The term ‘‘European Latin Americans’’ 

refers to persons of European ancestry, including German or Italian ancestry, 

residing in a Latin American nation during World War II. 

(4) LATIN AMERICAN NATION.—The term ‘‘Latin American nation’’ refers to 

any nation in Central America, South America, or the Caribbean. 

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TITLE I—COMMISSION ON WARTIME 

TREATMENT OF EUROPEAN AMERICANS 

SEC. 101. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF EUROPEAN AMERICANS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—There is established the Commission on Wartime Treatment 

of European Americans (referred to in this title as the ‘‘European American Commission’’). 

(b) MEMBERSHIP.—The European American Commission shall be composed of 7 

members, who shall be appointed not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act as follows: 

(1) 3 members shall be appointed by the President. 

(2) 2 members shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, in consultation with the minority leader. 

(3) 2 members shall be appointed by the majority leader of the Senate, in 

consultation with the minority leader. 

The selections of the members of the European American Commission shall be done 

to ensure that all of the members are fully able to adequately and fairly review the 

facts and discharge the duties of the commission without bias. 

(c) TERMS.—The term of office for members shall be for the life of the European 

American Commission. A vacancy in the European American Commission shall not 

affect its powers, and shall be filled in the same manner in which the original appointment was made. 

(d) REPRESENTATION.—The European American Commission shall include two 

members with professional expertise relating to the treatment of Italian Americans 

and two members with professional expertise relating to the treatment of German 

Americans. 

(e) FIRST MEETING.—The President shall call the first meeting of the European 

American Commission not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of 

this Act. 

(f) QUORUM.—Four members of the European American Commission shall constitute a quorum, but a lesser number may hold hearings. 

(g) CHAIRS.—The European American Commission shall elect a Chairperson and 

Vice Chairperson from among its members. The term of office of each shall be for 

the life of the European American Commission. 

(h) COMPENSATION.— 

(1) IN GENERAL.—Members of the European American Commission shall 

serve without pay. 

(2) REIMBURSEMENT OF EXPENSES.—All members of the European American 

Commission shall be reimbursed for reasonable travel and subsistence, and 

other reasonable and necessary expenses incurred by them in the performance 

of their duties. 

SEC. 102. DUTIES OF THE EUROPEAN AMERICAN COMMISSION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The European American Commission shall review the United 

States Government’s wartime treatment of European Americans and European 

Latin Americans, as provided in subsection (b). 

(b) SCOPE OF REVIEW.—The European American Commission’s review shall include the following: 

(1) A comprehensive review of the facts and circumstances surrounding action by the United States Government during World War II with respect to European Americans and European Latin Americans pursuant to United States 

laws and directives, including the Alien Enemies Acts (50 U.S.C. 21 et seq.), 

Presidential Proclamations 2526, 2527, 2655, 2662, and 2685, Executive Orders 

9066 and 9095, and any directive of the United States Government pursuant 

to these and other pertinent laws, proclamations, or executive orders, including 

registration requirements, travel and property restrictions, establishment of restricted areas, raids, arrests, internment, exclusion, policies relating to the families and property that excludees and internees were forced to abandon, internee 

employment by American companies (including a list of such companies and the 

terms and type of employment), exchange, repatriation, and deportation, and 

the immediate and long-term effect of such actions, particularly internment, on 

the lives of those affected. This review shall also include a list of— 

(A) all temporary detention and long-term internment facilities in the 

United States and Latin American nations that were used to detain or intern European Americans and European Latin Americans during World 

War II (in this paragraph referred to as ‘‘World War II detention facilities’’); 

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(B) the names of European Americans and European Latin Americans 

who died while in World War II detention facilities and where they were 

buried; 

(C) the names of children of European Americans and European Latin 

Americans who were born in World War II detention facilities and where 

they were born; and 

(D) the nations from which European Latin Americans were brought to 

the United States, the ships that transported them to the United States 

and their departure and disembarkation ports, the locations where European Americans and European Latin Americans were exchanged for persons held in European Axis nations, and the ships that transported them 

to Europe and their departure and disembarkation ports. 

(2) An assessment of the underlying rationale of the decision of the United 

States Government to develop the programs and policies described in paragraph 

(1), the information the United States Government received or acquired suggesting these programs and policies were necessary, the perceived benefit of implementing such programs and policies, and the immediate and long-term impact of such programs and policies on European Americans and European Latin 

Americans and their communities. 

(3) A brief review of the participation by European Americans in the United 

States Armed Forces, including the participation of European Americans whose 

families were excluded, interned, repatriated, or exchanged. 

(4) A recommendation of appropriate remedies, including public education 

programs and the creation of a comprehensive online database by the National 

Archives and Records Administration of documents related to the United States 

Government’s wartime treatment of European Americans and European Latin 

Americans during World War II. 

(c) FIELD HEARINGS.—The European American Commission shall hold public 

hearings in such cities in the United States as it considers appropriate. 

(d) REPORT.—The European American Commission shall submit a written report of its findings and recommendations to the Congress not later than 18 months 

after the date of the first meeting called pursuant to section 101(e). 

SEC. 103. POWERS OF THE EUROPEAN AMERICAN COMMISSION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The European American Commission or, on the authorization 

of the Commission, any subcommittee or member thereof, may, for the purpose of 

carrying out the provisions of this title, hold such hearings and sit and act at such 

times and places, and request the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and 

the production of such books, records, correspondence, memorandum, papers, and 

documents as the Commission or such subcommittee or member considers advisable. 

The European American Commission may request the Attorney General to invoke 

the aid of an appropriate United States district court to require, by subpoena or otherwise, such attendance, testimony, or production. 

(b) GOVERNMENT INFORMATION AND COOPERATION.—The European American 

Commission may acquire directly from the head of any department, agency, independent instrumentality, or other authority of the executive branch of the Government, available information that the European American Commission considers useful in the discharge of its duties. All departments, agencies, and independent instrumentalities, or other authorities of the executive branch of the Government shall cooperate with the European American Commission and furnish all information requested by the European American Commission to the extent permitted by law, including information collected under the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Act (Public Law 96–317; 50 U.S.C. App. 1981 note) and the 

Wartime Violation of Italian Americans Civil Liberties Act (Public Law 106–451; 50 

U.S.C. App. 1981 note). For purposes of section 552a(b)(9) of title 5, United States 

Code (commonly known as the ‘‘Privacy Act of 1974’’), the European American Commission shall be deemed to be a committee of jurisdiction. 

SEC. 104. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS. 

The European American Commission may— 

(1) appoint and fix the compensation of such personnel as may be necessary, without regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive service, and without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to 

classification and General Schedule pay rates, except that the compensation of 

any employee of the Commission may not exceed a rate equivalent to the rate 

payable under GS–15 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of such title; 

(2) obtain the services of experts and consultants in accordance with the 

provisions of section 3109 of such title; 

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(3) obtain the detail of any Federal Government employee, and such detail 

shall be without reimbursement or interruption or loss of civil service status or 

privilege; 

(4) enter into agreements with the Administrator of General Services for 

the procurement of necessary financial and administrative services, for which 

payment shall be made by reimbursement from funds of the Commission in 

such amounts as may be agreed upon by the Chairperson of the Commission 

and the Administrator; 

(5) procure supplies, services, and property by contract in accordance with 

applicable laws and regulations and to the extent or in such amounts as are 

provided in appropriation Acts; and 

(6) enter into contracts with Federal or State agencies, private firms, institutions, and agencies for the conduct of research or surveys, the preparation of 

reports, and other activities necessary to the discharge of the duties of the Commission, to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts. 

SEC. 105. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

There is authorized to be appropriated $600,000 to carry out this title. 

SEC. 106. SUNSET. 

The European American Commission shall terminate 60 days after it submits 

its report to the Congress under section 102(d). 

TITLE II—COMMISSION ON WARTIME 

TREATMENT OF JEWISH REFUGEES 

SEC. 201. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF JEWISH REFUGEES. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—There is established the Commission on Wartime Treatment 

of Jewish Refugees (referred to in this title as the ‘‘Jewish Refugee Commission’’). 

(b) MEMBERSHIP.—The Jewish Refugee Commission shall be composed of 7 

members, who shall be appointed not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act as follows: 

(1) 3 members shall be appointed by the President. 

(2) 2 members shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, in consultation with the minority leader. 

(3) 2 members shall be appointed by the majority leader of the Senate, in 

consultation with the minority leader. 

The selections of the members of the Jewish Refugee Commission shall be done to 

ensure that all of the members are fully able to adequately and fairly review the 

facts and discharge the duties of the commission without bias. 

(c) TERMS.—The term of office for members shall be for the life of the Jewish 

Refugee Commission. A vacancy in the Jewish Refugee Commission shall not affect 

its powers, and shall be filled in the same manner in which the original appointment was made. 

(d) REPRESENTATION.—The Jewish Refugee Commission shall include two members with professional expertise relating to the treatment of Jewish refugees. 

(e) FIRST MEETING.—The President shall call the first meeting of the Jewish 

Refugee Commission not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this 

Act. 

(f) QUORUM.—Four members of the Jewish Refugee Commission shall constitute 

a quorum, but a lesser number may hold hearings. 

(g) CHAIRS.—The Jewish Refugee Commission shall elect a Chairperson and 

Vice Chairperson from among its members. The term of office of each shall be for 

the life of the Jewish Refugee Commission. 

(h) COMPENSATION.— 

(1) IN GENERAL.—Members of the Jewish Refugee Commission shall serve 

without pay. 

(2) REIMBURSEMENT OF EXPENSES.—All members of the Jewish Refugee 

Commission shall be reimbursed for reasonable travel and subsistence, and 

other reasonable and necessary expenses incurred by them in the performance 

of their duties. 

SEC. 202. DUTIES OF THE JEWISH REFUGEE COMMISSION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Jewish Refugee Commission shall review the United 

States Government’s refusal to allow Jewish and other refugees fleeing persecution 

or genocide in Europe entry to the United States, as provided in subsection (b). 

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(b) SCOPE OF REVIEW.—The Jewish Refugee Commission’s review shall cover 

the period beginning January 1, 1933, and ending December 31, 1945, and shall include, to the greatest extent practicable, the following: 

(1) A review of the United States Government’s decision to deny Jewish and 

other refugees fleeing persecution or genocide in Europe entry to the United 

States, including a review of the underlying rationale of the United States Government’s decision to refuse the Jewish and other refugees entry, the information the United States Government received or acquired suggesting such refusal 

was necessary, the perceived benefit of such refusal, and the impact of such refusal on the refugees. 

(2) A review of Federal refugee law and policy relating to those fleeing persecution or genocide, including recommendations for making it easier in the future for victims of persecution or genocide to obtain refuge in the United States. 

(c) FIELD HEARINGS.—The Jewish Refugee Commission shall hold public hearings in such cities in the United States as it considers appropriate. 

(d) REPORT.—The Jewish Refugee Commission shall submit a written report of 

its findings and recommendations to the Congress not later than 18 months after 

the date of the first meeting called pursuant to section 201(e). 

SEC. 203. POWERS OF THE JEWISH REFUGEE COMMISSION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Jewish Refugee Commission or, on the authorization of 

the Commission, any subcommittee or member thereof, may, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this title, hold such hearings and sit and act at such 

times and places, and request the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and 

the production of such books, records, correspondence, memorandum, papers, and 

documents as the Commission or such subcommittee or member considers advisable. 

The Jewish Refugee Commission may request the Attorney General to invoke the 

aid of an appropriate United States district court to require, by subpoena or otherwise, such attendance, testimony, or production. 

(b) GOVERNMENT INFORMATION AND COOPERATION.—The Jewish Refugee Commission may acquire directly from the head of any department, agency, independent 

instrumentality, or other authority of the executive branch of the Government, 

available information that the Jewish Refugee Commission considers useful in the 

discharge of its duties. All departments, agencies, and independent instrumentalities, or other authorities of the executive branch of the Government shall cooperate 

with the Jewish Refugee Commission and furnish all information requested by the 

Jewish Refugee Commission to the extent permitted by law. For purposes of section 

552a(b)(9) of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the ‘‘Privacy Act of 

1974’’), the Jewish Refugee Commission shall be deemed to be a committee of jurisdiction. 

SEC. 204. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS. 

The Jewish Refugee Commission may— 

(1) appoint and fix the compensation of such personnel as may be necessary, without regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive service, and without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to 

classification and General Schedule pay rates, except that the compensation of 

any employee of the Commission may not exceed a rate equivalent to the rate 

payable under GS–15 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of such title; 

(2) obtain the services of experts and consultants in accordance with the 

provisions of section 3109 of such title; 

(3) obtain the detail of any Federal Government employee, and such detail 

shall be without reimbursement or interruption or loss of civil service status or 

privilege; 

(4) enter into agreements with the Administrator of General Services for 

the procurement of necessary financial and administrative services, for which 

payment shall be made by reimbursement from funds of the Commission in 

such amounts as may be agreed upon by the Chairman of the Commission and 

the Administrator; 

(5) procure supplies, services, and property by contract in accordance with 

applicable laws and regulations and to the extent or in such amounts as are 

provided in appropriation Acts; and 

(6) enter into contracts with Federal or State agencies, private firms, institutions, and agencies for the conduct of research or surveys, the preparation of 

reports, and other activities necessary to the discharge of the duties of the Commission, to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts. 

SEC. 205. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

There is authorized to be appropriated $600,000 to carry out this title. 

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1Pub. L. No. 96–317, 94 Stat. 964 (1980). 

2The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied (U.S. Government Printing Office 1983). 3 Id. at 305–14. 

4 Id. at 305. 

5 Id. at 308 

SEC. 206. SUNSET. 

The Jewish Refugee Commission shall terminate 60 days after it submits its report to the Congress under section 202(d). 

PURPOSE AND SUMMARY

H.R. 1425, the ‘‘Wartime Treatment Study Act,’’ creates one commission to review the United States Government’s treatment of European Americans and European Latin Americans during World 

War II, and a second commission to review the United States Government’s refusal to allow refugees fleeing persecution or genocide 

in Europe entry to the United States during that same period. 

BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR THE LEGISLATION

The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Act established a commission to review the history of the internment and relocation of Japanese Americans and legal permanent residents and to recommend appropriate remedies.1 In 1983, 

the Commission produced an extensive report of its findings, and 

made a series of recommendations ranging from a formal apology 

to restitution payments.2 While the Commission’s report consisted 

of a thorough examination of the World War II internment of 

120,000 Japanese Americans, the treatment of other populations 

during the same time period was either insufficiently examined, or 

not addressed at all. 

European Latin Americans, European Americans, and Jewish 

refugees were among the populations that were not thoroughly addressed by the Commission’s report. Although the Commission detailed the treatment of German and Italian Latin Americans during World War II, it did so only in the appendix of its report.3 The 

report observes that ‘‘approximately 3,000 residents of Latin America were deported to the United States for internment to secure the 

Western Hemisphere from internal threats and to supply exchanges for American citizens held by the Axis. Most of these deportees were citizens, or their families, of Japan, Germany and 

Italy.’’ 4

The appendix states that: 

[n]ormal legal proceedings were ignored. . . . On entering 

the United States, officials of Axis nations were placed in 

State Department custody and private citizens were sent 

to INS internment camps in Texas. In most cases passports had been confiscated before landing, and the State 

Department ordered American consuls . . . to issue no 

visas prior to departure. Despite their involuntary arrival, 

deportees were treated by INS as having illegally entered 

this country. Thus the deportees became illegal aliens in 

U.S. custody who were subject to deportation proceedings, 

i.e., repatriation.5

In addition to the appendix on European Latin Americans, the 

Commission included one chapter detailing the treatment of GerWReier-Aviles on DSKGBLS3C1PROD with REPORTS

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6 Id. at 284. 

man and Italian Americans in the U.S. In this single chapter on 

German and Italian Americans, the Commission noted that ‘‘[b]y 

February 16, 1942, the Justice Department had interned 2,192 Japanese; 1,393 Germans and 264 Italians.’’ 6

The German and Italian American and Latin American communities have long advocated for a study similar to the one completed 

by the Commission in 1983. These communities argue that their 

experiences were never given a proper and thorough review by the 

Federal Government. 

The treatment of the Italian American community during WWII 

was the subject of the Italian American Civil Liberties Act in 2000 

and a subsequent report by the Department of Justice. However, 

many Italian Americans believe they received less with an Act requiring a Department of Justice report—but no recommendations 

for follow up action—than the Japanese American community received through an Act that established a Federal commission and 

resulted in the production of a report and recommendations. 

Additionally, the Commission did not report on the treatment of 

Jewish refugees seeking safe haven in the U.S. from genocide and 

persecution in Europe during World War II. The Jewish community 

has advocated for a Federal commission to study this history and 

report to Congress with findings and recommendations. 

HEARINGS

The Committee’s Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, 

Refugees, Border Security, and International Law held 1 day of 

hearings on ‘‘The Treatment of Latin Americans of Japanese Descent, European Americans, and Jewish Refugees During World 

War II’’ on March 19, 2009. Testimony was received from Daniel 

M. Masterson, Professor of Latin American History, U.S. Naval 

Academy; Grace Shimizu, Director, Japanese Peruvian Oral History Project; Libia Yamamoto, former Japanese of Latin American 

Descent Internee; John Christgau, author of Enemies: World War 

II Alien Internment; Karen E. Ebel, President, German American 

Internee Coalition; Heidi Gurcke Donald, Board and Founding 

Member, German American Internee Coalition; John Fonte, Director, Center for American Common Culture and Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute; David A. Harris, Executive Director, American Jewish Committee; Leo Bretholz, author of Leap Into Darkness; Valery 

Bazarov, Director, Location and Family History Service, Hebrew 

Immigrant Aid Society; and Michael Horowitz, Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute. Additional materials were submitted for the hearing 

and may be found in the Appendix to the Committee’s report. 

COMMITTEE CONSIDERATION

On July 23, 2009, the Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law met in 

open session and ordered the bill H.R. 1425 favorably reported with 

an amendment by a vote of 9 to 1, a quorum being present. On October 21, 2009, the Committee met in open session and ordered the 

bill H.R. 1425 favorably reported with an amendment by a rollcall 

vote of 19 to 7, a quorum being present. 

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COMMITTEE VOTES

In compliance with clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, the Committee advises that the following 

rollcall votes occurred during the Committee’s consideration of H.R. 

1425: 

1. An amendment by Mr. King to limit the ability of commissioners to consider all appropriate remedies by barring them from 

recommending monetary compensation. Defeated 10 to 17. 

ROLLCALL NO. 1 

Ayes Nays Present 

Mr. Conyers, Jr., Chairman ............................................................................... X 

Mr. Berman .......................................................................................................

Mr. Boucher .......................................................................................................

Mr. Nadler ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Scott ........................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Watt ............................................................................................................ X 

Ms. Lofgren .......................................................................................................

Ms. Jackson Lee ................................................................................................

Ms. Waters ........................................................................................................ X 

Mr. Delahunt ..................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Wexler ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Cohen .......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Johnson ....................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Pierluisi ....................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Quigley ........................................................................................................ X 

Ms. Chu ............................................................................................................. X 

Mr. Gutierrez .....................................................................................................

Ms. Baldwin ...................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Gonzalez ......................................................................................................

Mr. Weiner ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Schiff .......................................................................................................... X 

Ms. Sa ́nchez ...................................................................................................... X 

Ms. Wasserman Schultz ....................................................................................

Mr. Maffei ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Smith, Ranking Member ............................................................................. X 

Mr. Sensenbrenner, Jr. ......................................................................................

Mr. Coble ........................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Gallegly .......................................................................................................

Mr. Goodlatte .................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Lungren .......................................................................................................

Mr. Issa ............................................................................................................. X 

Mr. Forbes ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. King ............................................................................................................ X 

Mr. Franks .........................................................................................................

Mr. Gohmert ...................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Jordan .........................................................................................................

Mr. Poe .............................................................................................................. X 

Mr. Chaffetz ......................................................................................................

Mr. Rooney ........................................................................................................ X 

Mr. Harper ......................................................................................................... X 

Total ................................................................................................ 10 17 

2. Motion to report H.R. 1425 favorably, as amended. Passed 19 

to 7. 

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ROLLCALL NO. 2 

Ayes Nays Present 

Mr. Conyers, Jr., Chairman ............................................................................... X 

Mr. Berman .......................................................................................................

Mr. Boucher ....................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Nadler ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Scott ........................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Watt ............................................................................................................ X 

Ms. Lofgren .......................................................................................................

Ms. Jackson Lee ................................................................................................

Ms. Waters ........................................................................................................ X 

Mr. Delahunt .....................................................................................................

Mr. Wexler ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Cohen .......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Johnson ....................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Pierluisi ....................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Quigley ........................................................................................................ X 

Ms. Chu ............................................................................................................. X 

Mr. Gutierrez .....................................................................................................

Ms. Baldwin ...................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Gonzalez ......................................................................................................

Mr. Weiner ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Schiff .......................................................................................................... X 

Ms. Sa ́nchez ...................................................................................................... X 

Ms. Wasserman Schultz ....................................................................................

Mr. Maffei ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Smith, Ranking Member ............................................................................. X 

Mr. Sensenbrenner, Jr. ......................................................................................

Mr. Coble ........................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Gallegly .......................................................................................................

Mr. Goodlatte .................................................................................................... X 

Mr. Lungren .......................................................................................................

Mr. Issa ............................................................................................................. X 

Mr. Forbes ......................................................................................................... X 

Mr. King ............................................................................................................ X 

Mr. Franks .........................................................................................................

Mr. Gohmert ......................................................................................................

Mr. Jordan .........................................................................................................

Mr. Poe .............................................................................................................. X 

Mr. Chaffetz ......................................................................................................

Mr. Rooney ........................................................................................................ X 

Mr. Harper ......................................................................................................... X 

Total ................................................................................................ 19 7 

COMMITTEE OVERSIGHT FINDINGS

In compliance with clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, the Committee advises that the findings 

and recommendations of the Committee, based on oversight activities under clause 2(b)(1) of rule X of the Rules of the House of 

Representatives, are incorporated in the descriptive portions of this 

report. 

NEW BUDGET AUTHORITY AND TAX EXPENDITURES

Clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives is inapplicable because this legislation does not provide new 

budgetary authority or increased tax expenditures. 

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CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE COST ESTIMATE

In compliance with clause 3(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, the Committee sets forth, with respect to 

the bill, H.R. 1425, the following estimate and comparison prepared 

by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office under section 

402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974: 

U.S. CONGRESS, 

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE, 

Washington, DC, November 18, 2009. 

Hon. JOHN CONYERS, Jr., Chairman, 

Committee on the Judiciary, 

House of Representatives, Washington, DC. 

DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: The Congressional Budget Office has prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 1425, the ‘‘Wartime 

Treatment Study Act.’’ 

If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased 

to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Matthew Pickford, who 

can be reached at 226–2860. 

Sincerely, 

DOUGLAS W. ELMENDORF, 

DIRECTOR. 

Enclosure 

cc: Honorable Lamar S. Smith. 

Ranking Member 

H.R. 1425—Wartime Treatment Study Act. 

H.R. 1425 would establish the Commission on Wartime Treatment of European Americans and the Commission on Wartime 

Treatment of Jewish Refugees. The first commission would review 

the conduct of the United States government during World War II 

towards European Americans and European Latin Americans. The 

second commission would focus on the government’s treatment of 

Jewish refugees during World War II. 

Each commission, consisting of seven members, would have 18 

months to report on its findings and recommendations. Members 

would serve without pay, but would be reimbursed for travel expenses. In addition, the commissions could hire staff or use personnel from other agencies. Each commission would terminate 60 

days after submitting its final report. To fund the costs of the commissions, the bill would authorize the appropriation of $1.2 million 

($600,000 per commission). 

Assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 1425 would cost about $1 million 

over the 2010–2012 period. Enacting the bill would not affect direct 

spending or revenues. The legislation does not authorize any payment of restitution; such authority would require a separate act of 

Congress. 

H.R. 1425 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would 

not affect the budgets of State, local, or tribal governments. 

The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Matthew Pickford, who 

can be reached at 226–2860. This estimate was approved by Theresa Gullo, Deputy Assistant Director for Budget Analysis. 

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PERFORMANCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The Committee states that pursuant to clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII 

of the Rules of the House of Representatives, H.R. 1425 will establish a Commission to review the United States Government’s treatment of European Americans and European Latin Americans during World War II, and a second Commission to review the United 

States Government’s refusal to allow Jewish and other refugees 

fleeing persecution or genocide in Europe entry to the United 

States during that same period. Each commission shall submit a 

written report of its findings and recommendations to Congress not 

later than 18 months after the date of its first meeting. 

CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY STATEMENT

Pursuant to clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House 

of Representatives, the Committee finds the authority for this legislation in article I, section 8 of the Constitution. 

ADVISORY ON EARMARKS

In accordance with clause 9 of rule XXI of the Rules of the House 

of Representatives, H.R. 1425 does not contain any congressional 

earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits as defined 

in clause 9 of rule XXI. 

SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS

The following discussion describes the bill as reported by the 

Committee. 

Sec. 1. Short title. Section 1 sets forth the short title of the bill 

as the ‘‘Wartime Treatment Study Act.’’ 

Sec. 2. Findings. Section 2 sets forth several findings of Congress. Congress finds that during WWII, more than 600,000 

Italian-born and 300,000 German-born United States resident 

aliens and their families were deemed ‘‘enemy aliens.’’ Thousands 

of these European Americans were detained in the United States— 

sometimes for years—and some were returned to European Axis 

countries for the purpose of prisoner exchanges. Congress also finds 

that thousands of European Latin Americans, including German 

and Austrian Jews, were brought to the United States, detained or 

interned, and later repatriated or deported to European Axis countries in exchange for Americans and Latin Americans held in those 

countries. Congress also finds that prior to and during WWII, Jewish refugees fleeing persecution and genocide—particularly from 

Germany and Austria—were unable to gain entry to the United 

States. 

Sec. 3. Definitions. Section 3 provides basic definitions. 

TITLE I—COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF

EUROPEAN AMERICANS

Sec. 101. Establishment of Commission on Wartime Treatment of 

European Americans. Establishes a European American Commission composed of seven members, who shall be appointed not later 

than 90 days after the date of enactment of the Act as follows: (1) 

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tives, in consultation with the minority leader; and (3) two members shall be appointed by the majority leader of the Senate, in 

consultation with the minority leader. The European American 

Commission shall include two members with professional expertise 

relating to the treatment of Italian Americans and two members 

with professional expertise relating to the treatment of German 

Americans. Members shall be selected so that they may adequately 

and fairly review the facts and discharge the duties of the commission without bias. Four members shall constitute a quorum, but 

fewer members may hold hearings. Members of the European 

American Commission shall serve without pay. 

Sec. 102. Duties of the European American Commission. Directs 

the European American Commission to review the United States 

Government’s wartime treatment of European Americans and European Latin Americans during World War II. The Commission 

shall assemble a list of temporary detention and long-term internment facilities, a list of European Americans and European Latin 

Americans who were born in, or who died in, such camps, and a 

complete accounting of how European Latin Americans were 

brought to the United States and how European Americans and 

European Latin Americans were transported to European Axis 

countries. The review shall include a consideration of the United 

States Government’s underlying rationale for this treatment, and 

make appropriate recommendations, including public education 

programs and the creation of a comprehensive online database by 

the National Archives and Records Administration of relevant documents. The European American Commission shall hold public 

hearings in such cities of the United States as it deems appropriate. The European American Commission shall submit a written 

report of its findings and recommendations to Congress not later 

than 18 months after the date of the first meeting. 

Sec. 103. Powers of the European American Commission. Authorizes the European American Commission to hold hearings and to 

require attendance or testimony by subpoena or otherwise. Authorizes the European American Commission to acquire relevant information directly from the executive branch. 

Sec. 104. Administrative Provisions. Authorizes the European 

American Commission to take certain administrative actions, including setting pay rates for Commission employees, obtain the 

services of experts and Federal Government detailees, and enter 

into agreements to obtain necessary services and supplies. 

Sec. 105. Authorization of Appropriations. Authorizes $600,000 to 

be appropriated to carry out Title I. 

Sec. 106. Sunset. The European American Commission shall terminate 60 days after it submits its report to Congress. 

TITLE II—COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF

JEWISH REFUGEES

Sec. 201. Establishment of Commission on Wartime Treatment of 

Jewish Refugees. Establishes a Jewish Refugee Commission composed of seven members, who shall be appointed not later than 90 

days after the date of enactment of the Act as follows: (1) three 

members shall be appointed by the President; (2) two members 

shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 

in consultation with the minority leader; and (3) two members 

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shall be appointed by the majority leader of the Senate, in consultation with the minority leader. The Jewish Refugee Commission shall include two members with professional expertise relating 

to the treatment of Jewish refugees. Members shall be selected so 

that they may adequately and fairly review the facts and discharge 

the duties of the commission without bias. Four members shall constitute a quorum, but fewer members may hold hearings. Members 

of the Jewish Refugee Commission shall serve without pay. 

Sec. 202. Duties of the Jewish Refugee Commission. Directs the 

Jewish Refugee Commission to review the United States Government’s refusal to allow Jewish and other refugees fleeing persecution or genocide in Europe entry to the United States between January 1, 1933, through December 31, 1945. The review shall include, 

to the greatest extent possible, consideration of the rationale underlying the decision to refuse entry to Jewish and other refugees 

and all relevant Federal laws and policies relating to persons fleeing persecution or genocide. The Jewish Refugee Commission shall 

hold public hearings in such cities of the United States as it deems 

appropriate. The Jewish Refugee Commission shall submit a written report of its findings and recommendations to Congress not 

later than 18 months after the date of the first meeting. 

Sec. 203. Powers of the Jewish Refugee Commission. Authorizes 

the Jewish Refugee Commission to hold hearings and receive testimony and evidence. The Commission is also authorized to request 

the Attorney General to invoke judicial intervention to require, by 

subpoenas or otherwise, attendance, testimony, or production of 

records. The Jewish Refugee Commission may acquire relevant information directly from the Executive Branch. 

Sec. 204. Administrative Provisions. Authorizes the Jewish Refugee Commission to take certain administrative actions, including 

setting pay rates for Commission employees, obtaining the services 

of experts and Federal Government detailees, and entering into 

agreements to obtain necessary services and supplies. 

Sec. 205. Authorization of Appropriations. Authorizes $600,000 to 

be appropriated to carry out Title II. 

Sec. 206. Sunset. The Jewish Refugee Commission shall terminate 60 days after it submits its report to Congress. 

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1 H.R. 1425, Wartime Treatment Study Act. 

2 H.R. 1425, Wartime Treatment Study Act, § 102(b). 

3Pub. L. No. 96–317, 94 Stat. 964 (1980). 

4 Id. 

5 U.S. COMMISSION ON WARTIME RELOCATION AND INTERNMENT OF CIVILIANS: PERSONAL JUS- TICE DENIED 462–63 (University of Washington Press 1997) (1983). 6Pub. L. No. 100–383, 102 Stat. 903 (1988). 

7Statement of Congressman Daniel Lungren, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration. Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security and International Law, ‘‘Treatment of Latin Americans of Japanese Descent, European Americans, and Jewish Refugees During World War II,’’ 

111th Congress, Mar. 19, 2009. 

DISSENTING VIEWS

We oppose H.R. 1425, which creates a seven-member Commission to ‘‘review the United States Government’s wartime treatment 

of European Americans and European Latin Americans . . .’’ and 

of Jewish refugees, during World War II.1

Section 102(b)(4) requires the Commission, as one of its duties, 

to recommend ‘‘appropriate remedies’’ based on the Commission’s 

review of facts and circumstances surrounding the U.S. government’s actions during WWII.2 Because there is no specific definition of ‘‘remedies,’’ such remedies can include reparations. During 

both Subcommittee and Full Committee markup of the bill, Subcommittee Ranking Member King offered an amendment to prevent 

‘‘remedies’’ from including ‘‘monetary compensation.’’ The amendment was defeated both times despite assurances from many Members of the Majority, including the bill’s author, that the bill was 

not intended as a conduit for monetary compensation for those affected. 

Our concern is well warranted. The ‘‘Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Act’’ 3 enacted in 1980, established a commission to review the history of the internment and relocation of 120,000 Japanese Americans and legal permanent residents during World War II and to recommend appropriate remedies.4 One of the Commission’s recommended remedies was for 

Congress to establish a fund which would provide a one-time per 

capita compensatory payment of $20,000 to each of the approximately 60,000 surviving persons interned.5 Congress did so with 

the Civil Liberties Act of 1988.6

As noted by Rep. Dan Lungren, current Member of this Committee, and a member of the original Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, concerns were raised during debate on the bill to create the Commission on Wartime Relocation 

and Internment of Civilians that the Commission would recommend reparations. During a March 19, 2009, Immigration Subcommittee hearing, Rep. Lungren stated, ‘‘I do recall at the very 

first meeting that we had of the commission, one of the commissioners turned to us assembled and said, ‘Okay, how much money 

are we talking about?’ which, frankly, put off alarm bells in my 

head because I had promised Members [of Congress] that was not 

the purpose of it. Rather, I had thought it was important for us to 

investigate that period of time, since it was fairly well unknown 

about the treatment of fellow citizens and people who were here legally at that time.’’ 7

Our concerns about future reparations are justified. It is one 

thing to require a Commission to investigate and report on U.S. 

government activities, and quite another to expect U.S. taxpayers 

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8 145 CONG. REC. H11904 (1999); 146 CONG. REC. H10627 (2000). 9WARTIME VIOLATION OF ITALIAN-AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES ACT, 50 U.S.C. app. 1981 note, 

Pub. L. No. 106–451, 114 Stat. 1947 (2000). 10WARTIME VIOLATION OF ITALIAN-AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES ACT, 50 U.S.C. app. 1981 note, 

Pub. L. No. 106–451, § 3, 114 Stat. 1947, 1947 (2000). 

to hand over perhaps millions of dollars to the people who felt that 

they were victims of injustice. 

Proponents of the bill claim they simply want to be recognized, 

and for the government to acknowledge its actions. However, much 

of this issue has been previously studied by a commission, Congress and the U.S. Department of Justice. 

In its report, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians included one chapter, of thirteen, on mistreatment of German and Italian Americans in the U.S. 

The House Judiciary Committee held hearings in 1999 and 2000, 

to study the issue as it relates to Italian Americans.8 As a result, 

the Wartime Violation of Italian-American Civil Liberties Act was 

enacted.9 The Italian-American Civil Liberties Act required the Attorney General, 

‘‘to conduct a comprehensive review of the treatment by the 

United States Government of Italian Americans during World 

War II (between September 1, 1939, and December 31, 1945) 

and to submit to Congress a report that documents the findings of such review.’’ 10

The Attorney General issued its Report on November 7, 2001. No 

further action was taken by the Administration or the Congress. 

So the story has been told and the actions of the U.S. government have been acknowledged. We should not rehash the issue— 

especially when it makes the possibility of reparations more likely. 

In addition to the basic belief that we should not have to re-evaluate decisions made by Administrations nearly sixty years ago for 

national security reasons during a period of grave peril to our country, we oppose this bill because it may very well lead to reparations. 

STEVE KING. GREGG HARPER. 

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APPENDIX

The Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law received the following additional materials in conjunction with the March 19, 2009, hearing 

entitled: ‘‘The Treatment of Latin Americans of Japanese Descent, 

European Americans, and Jewish Refugees During World War II.’’ 

Signatories to Scholars’ Letter of Support: Lane Hirabayashi, 

University of California, Los Angeles; Jerry Kang, University of 

California, Los Angeles; Tetsuden Kashima, University of Washington; Daniel Masterson, Naval Academy; Valerie Matsumoto, 

University of California, Los Angeles; Don T. Nakanishi, University 

of California, Los Angeles; Natsu Taylor Saito, Georgia State University; Robert L. Tsai, American University; Greg Robinson, 

Universite ́ du Que ́bec A` Montre ́al; Frank H. Wu, University of 

Maryland; Sumi Cho, DePaul University; Louis Fiset, University of 

Washington; Cynthia Lee, George Washington University; Judy 

Yung (Professor Emerita), University of California, Santa Cruz; 

Hiroshi Motomura, University of California, Los Angeles; Robert S. 

Chang, Seattle University School of Law; Lisa C. Ikemoto, University of California, Davis; Gerald P. Lopez, University of California, 

Los Angeles; Carol Izumi, George Washington University; Jeffrey 

A. Ow, Arizona State University; Roger Daniels (Professor Emeritus), University of Cincinnati; Craig D. Uchida, George Mason 

University; Rita Takahashi, San Francisco State University; Stephen Mastrofski, George Mason University; Tazuko Shibusawa, 

New York University; Jere Takahashi, University of California, 

Berkeley; Eric Yamamoto, University of Hawaii; Karen J. Leong, 

Arizona State University; Wayne H. Maeda, California State University, Sacramento; Roshni Rustomji-Kerns (Professor Emerita), 

Sonoma State University; R. Benedito Ferrao, Birkbeck College, 

University of London; Hatem Bazian, University of California, 

Berkeley; Satsuki Ina (Professor Emeritus), California State University, Sacramento; Roger B. Parks, Indiana University; Emily S. 

Ihara, George Mason University; Max Paul Friedman, American 

University; John E. Eck, University of Cincinnati; Bill Ong Hing, 

University of California, Davis; Jonathan Y. Okamura, University 

of Hawaii; David K. Yoo, Claremont McKenna College; Paul G. 

Clark, George Mason University; Stephen S. Fugita, Santa Clara 

University; Felix F. Gutierrez, University of Southern California; 

Sudarat Musikawong, Willamette University; Brad Yamauchi, 

Golden Gate University School of Law; Nelson Nagai, San Joaquin 

Delta College; C. Keith Wingate, University of California, Hastings 

College of the Law; Naomi Roht-Arriaza, University of California, 

Hastings College of the Law; Josephine Lee, University of Minnesota; Priscilla Wegars, University of Idaho; Joanne Doi, Franciscan School of Theology; Viet Thanh Nguyen, University of Southern 

California; Thomas Kim, Scripps College; Jane H. Yamashiro, Sophia University; Sue Chan, University of California, San Francisco; 

Janelle Wong, University of Southern California; Wayne H. Cole, 

Cape Breton University, Sierra Nevada College; Alan Nishio, California State University, Long Beach; Akemi Matsumoto, Bellevue 

Community College; Takeyuki (Gaku) Tsuda, Arizona State University; Bill Carpenter, City College of San Francisco; Sabrina 

Alimahomed, University of California, Riverside; Rebecca Alvarez, 

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University of California, Riverside; Meghan Andrew, University of 

California, Riverside; Suzel Bozada-Deas, University of Southern 

California; Scott Brooks, University of California, Riverside; 

Amalia Cabezas, University of California, Riverside; Toi Carter, 

East Los Angeles College; Piya Chatterjee, University of California, 

Riverside; Mike Chavez, California State University, Los Angeles; 

Brianne Davila, University of California, Santa Barbara; Daniel 

Diaz, University of California, Riverside; Jesse Diaz, University of 

California, Riverside; Glenda Flores, University of Southern California; Linda Kim, University of California, Riverside; Zack Knorr, 

East Los Angeles College; Patrick Linder, University of California, 

Riverside; Alfredo Mirande, University of California, Riverside; 

Robert Perez, University of California, Riverside; Christine Petit, 

University of California, Riverside; Ellen Reese, University of California, Riverside; James Thing, University of Southern California; 

Shigueru Tsuha, University of California, Riverside; Jake Wilson, 

California State University, Long Beach; James McKeever, University of Southern California; Shinji Sakai-Egi, University of California, Riverside; Ming Tu, California State University, Fullerton; 

Dolores Ortiz, University of California, Riverside; Juan Pitones, 

University of California, Riverside; Jose Lopez, University of California, Riverside; Erika Gutierrez, University of California, Riverside; Roy Kwon, University of California, Riverside; Dennis Egi, 

Norte De Namur University; Henry Neiderneier, Colorado University, Boulder; Ruth Sison, San Jose State University; Vu Pham, 

University of California, Los Angeles; Paul Von Blum, University 

of California, Los Angeles; Steve On, University of California, Los 

Angeles; Pamela Hobbs, University of California, Los Angeles; 

Susumu Ito, Harvard University; Erin Hashimoto-Martell, Boston 

College; Christopher Martell, Boston University; Rick Bonus, University of Washington; Ben Kobashigawa, San Francisco State University; Wesley Ueunten, San Francisco State University; Linda 

Vo, University of California, Irvine; Claire Jean Kim, University of 

California, Irvine; Glen Mimura, University of California, Irvine; 

Sarah Park, College of St. Catherine; Ruben Rumbaut, University 

of California, Irvine; Russell Jeung, San Francisco State University; Eiichiro Azuma, University of Pennsylvania; Dana Nakano, 

University of California, Irvine; Dean Adachi, Claremont Graduate 

School; Diana Pan, University of California, Irvine; Kathy Rim, 

University of California, Irvine; Rose Cuison Villazor, Southern 

Methodist University Dedman School of Law; Donna H. Lee, City 

University of New York School of Law; Thomas W. Joo, University 

of California, Davis School of Law; Keith H. Hirokawa, Texas Wesleyan School of Law; Wendy Ho, University of California, Davis; 

Andrew Chin, University of North Carolina School of Law; Isao 

Fujimoto, University of California, Davis; Taunya Lovell Banks, 

University of Maryland School of Law; Carwina Weng, Indiana 

University Maurer (Bloomington) School of Law; Cecilia M. Tsu, 

University of California, Davis; Roy Yoshio Myose, Wichita State 

University; Song Richardson, DePaul University; Gabriel ‘‘Jack’’ 

Chin, University of Arizona; James E. Rogers College of Law; Jan 

Ting, Temple University Beasley School of Law; Mark A. Chinen, 

Seattle University School of Law; Margaret Chon, University of 

Michigan Law School. 

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Signatories to Organizational Letters of Support: American 

Friends Service Committee; American Jewish Committee; American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee; Anti-Defamation League; 

Asian American Bar Association of the Greater Bay Area; Asian 

American Justice Center; German American National Congress; 

Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund; Asian Law Alliance; Asian Pacific American Bar Association of Los Angeles 

County; Asian Pacific American Bar Association of South Florida; 

Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance; AFL-CIO; Association of 

Humanitarian Lawyers; Berkeley Fellowship of Unitarian Universalist; Campaign For Justice: Redress Now For Japanese Latin 

Americans!; Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus; Council 

on American-Islamic Relations; Friends Committee on National 

Legislation; Global Rights; Human Rights First; International Association of Official Human Rights Agencies; Japanese American 

Bar Association; Japanese American Citizens League—Berkeley 

Chapter; Japanese American Citizens League—Honolulu Chapter; 

Japanese American Citizens League—National; Japanese American 

Citizens League—Pacific Southwest District; Japanese American 

Citizens League—San Diego Chapter; Japanese American Citizens 

League—Seattle Chapter; Japanese American Citizens League— 

SELANOCO Chapter; Japanese American Citizens League—Ventura County Chapter; Japanese American Living Legacy; Japanese 

Peruvian Oral History Project; Korean American Bar Association of 

Southern California; Korean American Coalition—DC Chapter; Korean American Resource & Cultural Center; Korean Resource Center; Leadership Conference on Civil Rights; League of United Latin 

American Citizens; Manzanar Committee; Mennonite Central Committee Washington Office; Mexican American Legal Defense and 

Education Fund; National Advocacy Center of the Sisters of the 

Good Shepherd; National Asian Pacific American Bar Association; 

National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum; National Association of Japanese Canadians; National Coalition for Redress/Reparations—San Francisco; National Council of La Raza; National 

Korean American Service & Education Consortium; NETWORK: A 

National Catholic Social Justice Lobby; Nihonmachi Outreach Committee; Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress; Orange County Korean 

American Bar Association; Organization of Chinese Americans; 

Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Washington Office; Sikh American 

Legal Defense and Education Fund; South Asian Americans Leading Together; Southern California Chinese Lawyers Association; 

The Episcopal Church; The United Church of Christ; Justice and 

Witness Ministries; Union for Reform Judaism; Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations; United Methodist Church; General Board of Church and Society; Washington Office on Latin 

America; Young Korean American Service and Education Center; 

Asian Pacific Islander Justice Coalition; Asian American Recovery 

Services; Asian American Women’s Alliance; Asian Law Alliance; 

Asian Pacific American Leadership Institute; Asian Pacific Bar Association; Cambodian American Resource Agency; Contemporary 

Asian Theatre Scene; Filipino National History Society; Santa 

Clara Chapter; Filipino Youth Coalition; Japanese American Citizens League of San Jose; Japantown Community Congress of San 

Jose; Korean American Bar Association of Northern California; Korean American Community Services, Inc.; Maitri; MALAYA; OrgaWReier-Aviles on DSKGBLS3C1PROD with REPORTS

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nization of Chinese Americans; Silicon Valley; South Bay First 

Thursdays; Southeast Asia Community Center; Vision New America; Vietnamese Voluntary Foundation; Yu-Ai-Kai; International 

Children Assistance Network; Akbayan; Vietnamese American Bar 

Association of Northern California; NETWORK: A National Catholic Social Justice Lobby; Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations; The United Church of Christ; Justice and Witness Ministries; Union for Reform Judaism; United Methodist Church; General Board of Church and Society; National Advocacy Center of the 

Sisters of the Good Shepherd; Mennonite Central Committee 

Washington Office; The Episcopal Church; Friends Committee on 

National Legislation; Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Washington Office. 

Stories: Ursula V. Potter, Searching for Erich Braemer—Interned 

Father of Fred Braemer, Jimmy Doolittle’s Navigator; Paul 

Grayber, The Grayber Family Story; Guther Graber with assistance 

from Karen Ebel, The Graber Family Story; Arthur D. Jacobs, 

Major, USAF Retired, The Prison Called Hohenasperg: An American Boy Betrayed By His Government During World War II; Max 

Paul Friedman, Department of History, American University, The 

Deportation and Internment of Germans, Japanese, and Italians 

from Latin America During World War II; John Heitmann, Ph.D., 

World War II German Enemy Alien Case Study: Alfred and Caroline Heitmann; Deborah McCarty Smith, Internment: German 

Americans; John Eric Schmitz, Enemies Among Us: The Relocation, 

Internment, and Repatriation of German, Italian, and Japanese 

Americans During the Second World War; John Schmitz, The 

Schmitz Family Story; Kimberly Contag, Ph.D., The Relocation of 

a German-Ecuadorian Family in World War II: The Americans 

Clean House; Rudy A. Dimmling; The Reseneder Family Internment 

Story; Lawrence DiStasi, Project Director, Una Storia Segreta: 

When Italian Americans Were ‘‘Enemy Aliens;’’ Gertrude Anna 

Schneider and Paul Schneider, as told to Vilma Schneider Ralston, 

A Mother Interned, A Family Left Behind; Jo Anna Wartemann, 

The Internment of Wilhelm and Anna Wartemann and Family; Bob 

Wilbanks, Last Man Out: Glenn McDole, USMC, Survivor of the 

Palawan Massacre in World War II; Heidi Gurcke Donald, author 

of We Were Not the Enemy: Remembering the United States’ LatinAmerican Civilian Internment Program of World War II; Anneliese 

‘‘Lee’’ Krauter, From the Heart’s Closet: A Young Girl’s World War 

II Story; David D. Lowman, Magic: The Untold Story of U.S. Intelligence and the Evacuation of Japanese Residents from the West 

Coast during WWII; John Christgau, Enemies: World War II Alien 

Internment. 

Testimonies: Josef Baumgartner; Hildegard Maria Mantel Gordon; Theodore A. Eckardt; Frieda Ahrens; Shirley A. Weiss; Eileen 

P. Kelly; Lothar Eiserloh; Helga (Renner) Emde; Jose ́ Antonio 

Go ́mez Iturralde; Pietro Tosi. 

Editorials and Op-Eds: Hon. Xavier Becerra and Hon. Dan Lungren, Justice for the Forgotten, WASHINGTON POST, Feb. 19, 2007 at 

A19; Japanese Latinos: The Forgotten Internees, LOS ANGELES

TIMES, Mar. 18, 2007. 

Æ 

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