Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the 

U.S. Government

This map was printed on an electronic plotter directly from digital files. Dimensional calibration may vary between electronic plotters 

and between X and Y directions on the same plotter, and paper may change size due to atmospheric conditions; therefore, scale and 

proportions may not be true on plots of this map.

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, 1–888–ASK–USGS

Digital files available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3225/

Suggested Citation: Golden, N.E., Cochrane, G.R., Dartnell, P., and Krigsman, L.M., 2012, Ground-truth studies, Hueneme Canyon and 

vicinity, California, sheet 6 in Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Cochrane, G.R., Golden, N.E., Phillips, E.L., Ritchie, A.C., Kvitek, R.G., Greene, 

H.G., Krigsman, L.M., Endris, C.A., Clahan, K.B., Sliter, R.W., Wong, F.L., Yoklavich, M.M., and Normark, W.R. (S.Y. Johnson, ed.), 

California State Waters Map Series—Hueneme Canyon and vicinity, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 

3225, pamphlet 41 p., 12 sheets, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3225/.

Figure 6. USGS-designed camera sled being launched off research vessel for ground-truth studies. Components onboard sled 

include four digital video camcorders, one 8-megapixel digital SLR camera, lasers for scale, and various strobe and video 

lights, as well as telemetry instrumentation that recorded depth, altitude, and compass heading.

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DISCUSSION

Between 2006 and 2007, the seafloor in the Hueneme Canyon and vicinity map area in southern California was 

mapped by California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), using both 

multibeam echosounders and bathymetric sidescan-sonar units (see sheets 1–3). These mapping missions combined to 

collect bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter data from about the 10-m isobath to out beyond the 3-nautical-mile limit 

of California’s State Waters. In order to characterize the bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter data into geologically 

and biologically useful information, the USGS ground-truth-surveyed the data by towing camera sleds (fig. 6) over 

specific locations throughout the map area. 

The ground-truth-surveys occurred on two separate cruises over a two-year period. The camera sleds were towed 

1 to 2 m over the seafloor, at speeds of between 1 and 2 nautical miles/hour. During the 2007 ground-truth cruise, a 

smaller USGS camera sled was used that housed two video cameras; one was forward looking, and the other was 

downward looking. The video was relayed in real time to the research vessel, where USGS and National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric (NOAA) scientists recorded both the geologic and biologic character of the seafloor once every minute, 

using programmable keypads. During the 2008 ground-truth cruise, a larger camera sled was used that housed two 

video cameras (one forward looking, the other downward looking), a high-definition video camera, and an 

8-megapixel digital still camera, which captured a digital still photograph once every 30 seconds. The location and 

directions of the camera-sled tracklines were chosen in order to visually inspect areas thought to represent the full 

range of bottom hardness and rugosity in the map area.

In the context of marine-fisheries management, benthic-habitat complexity can be divided into abiotic (geologic) 

and biotic (biologic) components. Benthic-habitat complexity refers to the visual classification of local abiotic and 

biotic vertical relief and structure that may provide potential refuge for both juvenile and adult forms of various 

species. Only abiotic attributes were used in the production of the seafloor-character map on sheet 5. Of these abiotic 

attributes, two components (primary- and secondary-substrate composition) are shown as a series of colored dots. 

Classifications of primary and secondary substrate are based on the Wentworth scale of sediment grain-size categories, 

except that the granule and pebble sizes have been grouped together into a class called "gravel,” and the clay and silt 

sizes have been grouped into a class called “mud." Primary and secondary substrate constitute greater than 50 and 20 

percent of the seafloor during an observation, respectively. Only primary and secondary substrate are reported, 

although individual photographs may show more substrate types. 

This sheet contains a smaller, generalized version of the seafloor-character map on sheet 5 that shows the 

camera-sled tracklines (indicated by aligned colored dots) used to ground-truth the sonar data. The map also shows the 

locations of the detailed views of seafloor character along some of the tracklines (Boxes A–E) that are highlighted on 

this sheet (figs. 1A–5A, respectively). Also shown are locations of samples (triangles) from usSEABED (Reid and 

others, 2006) and by Barnard and others (2009) that were used to supplement the ground-truth surveys. The seafloorcharacter map shows that this area is mostly covered with sediment, and its dominant feature is the large submarine 

Hueneme Canyon.

Each detailed view (figs. 1A–5A) shows the locations of camera-sled tracklines (aligned colored dots), as well as 

of the photographs (stars) taken along the tracklines. These photographs, which are representative of the seafloor, are 

displayed with a description of the observed seafloor characteristics recorded by USGS and NOAA scientists (figs. 

1B–1E, 2B–2C, 3B–3I, 4B–4E, 5B–5E). Organisms, when present, are labeled on the photographs.

Ground-truth surveys in the map area include approximately 18.39 trackline kilometers of video and 479 still 

photographs, in addition to 545 seafloor observations of abiotic and biotic attributes. A visual estimate of slope also 

was recorded.

GLOSSARY

Rugosity—A GIS-derived characterization of seafloor roughness, calculated as the ratio of the three-dimensional 

surface area of seafloor to the two-dimensional planar-base area, for each cell in the bathymetry grid.

Backscatter intensity—The amplitude of the reflected sonar signal (see sheet 3) used to infer the hardness of the 

bottom, determined after sonar-data processing has removed (as much as possible) the effects of water depth, angle of 

reflection, and bottom roughness.

Biocomplexity—The assessment of the presence or absence of biological structures that have the potential of 

providing shelter for fauna, determined by estimating the scale, the amount, and the morphology of biological relief 

(as described by Tissot and others, 2006).

Biocover—The visual estimate of the proportion of biologic cover by encrusting organisms: high, greater than 50 

percent; moderate, between 50 percent and 10 percent; low, less than 10 percent.

REFERENCES CITED 

Barnard, P.L., Revell, D.L., Hoover, D., Warrick, J., Brocatus, J., Draut, A.E., Dartnell, P., Elias, E., Mustain, N., Hart, 

P.E., and Ryan, H.F., 2009, Coastal processes study of Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties, California: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009–1029, 926 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1029/.

Reid, J.A., Reid, J.M., Jenkins, C.J., Zimmerman, M., Williams, S.J., and Field, M.E., 2006, usSEABED—Pacific 

Coast (California, Oregon, Washington) offshore surficial-sediment data release: U.S. Geological Survey Data 

Series 182, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/182/.

Tissot, B.N., Yoklavich, M.M., Love, M.S., York, K., and Amend, M., 2006, Benthic invertebrates that form habitat on 

deep banks off southern California, with special reference to deep sea coral: Fishery Bulletin, v. 104, p. 167–181.

EXPLANATION

Substrate class

Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment—Low backscatter, low rugosity; typically mud to 

medium-grained sand; often rippled and (or) burrowed

Mixed smooth sediment and rock—Moderate to very high backscatter, low rugosity; typically 

coarse-grained sand, gravel, cobble, and bedrock

Rock and boulder, rugose—High backscatter, high rugosity; typically boulder and rugose bedrock

Anthropogenic material—Related to development by humans

Location of real-time video observation and interpreted substrate class of seafloor

Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment—Low backscatter, low rugosity; typically mud to 

medium-grained sand; often rippled and (or) burrowed

Mixed smooth sediment and rock—Moderate to very high backscatter, low rugosity; typically 

coarse-grained sand, gravel, cobble, and bedrock

Location of digital still photograph and interpreted substrate class of seafloor

Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment—Low backscatter, low rugosity; typically mud to 

medium-grained sand; often rippled and (or) burrowed

Interpreted substrate class depicted in digital still photograph—Indicated by colored frame around 

photograph (not shown on map; shown in figures only)

Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment—Low backscatter, low rugosity; typically mud to 

medium-grained sand; often rippled and (or) burrowed 

Sample localities

From usSEABED (Reid and others, 2006)

From Barnard and others (2009)

Area of “no data”—Areas from shoreline (defined as Mean Higher High Water) out to 10-m water depth 

not mapped owing to difficulties in ship-based surveying caused by sea state (for example, waves, 

wind, or currents); areas beyond 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters were not mapped as 

part of California Seafloor Mapping Program

3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters

120° 119°40' 119°20' 119°

34°

34°20'

Kilometers 0 5 10

0 4 8 Nautical Miles

Santa Barbara Channel

Santa Barbara

Ventura

CALIF.

MAP LOCATION

Limit of California’s

 State Waters

Santa Cruz Island Santa Rosa Island

Area of

 Map

Anacapa

 Island

1

U.S. Geological Survey;

2

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service

Ground-Truth Studies, Hueneme Canyon and Vicinity, California

By

Nadine E. Golden,1 Guy R. Cochrane,1 Peter Dartnell,1 and Lisa M. Krigsman2

2012

Cam38_Tape35 Image 4623 -20m 4 15 cm

Figure 5E. Digital still photograph no. E4 (see fig. 5A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested, oscillatory ripples (132 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, 

biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes sand star 

(sst). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

sst

Cam38_Tape35 Image 4602 -21m 3 15 cm

Figure 5D. Digital still photograph no. E3 (see fig. 5A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested, oscillatory ripples (21 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, 

biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes algae (a). 

Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

a

Cam38_Tape35 Image 4593 -22m 2 15 cm

Figure 5C. Digital still photograph no. E2 (see fig. 5A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested, symmetrical wave ripples (22 m water depth). Abiotic complexity 

is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes algae 

(a), drift weed (dw), and crab (c). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

dw

a

c

1 Cam38_Tape35 Image 4566 -26m 15 cm

Figure 5B. Digital still photograph no. E1 (see fig. 5A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested, symmetrical wave ripples (26 m water depth). Abiotic complexity 

is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes drift 

weed (dw), sand star (sas), and bryozoan (bry). Distance between lasers (red 

dots) is 15 cm.

bry

sas

dw

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E1

Figure 5A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped east of Hueneme Canyon, 

approximately 1 km offshore of Port of Hueneme (see Box E, on map, for location), showing 

locations of periodic real-time video observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; 

see figs. 5B–5E) from camera line CAM38, cruise S1C08SC.

Box E

4 Cam41_Tape38 Image 4659 -36m 15 cm

Figure 4E. Digital still photograph no. D4 (see fig. 4A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested ripples in a confused pattern (36 m water depth). Abiotic 

complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is moderate. 

Biocover includes bryozoan (bry), crab (c), and brittle star (bs). Distance 

between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

bs

c

bry Cam41_Tape38 Image 4627 -36m 3 15 cm

Figure 4D. Digital still photograph no. D3 (see fig. 4A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested ripples in a confused pattern (36 m water depth). Abiotic 

complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover 

includes bryozoan (bry). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

bry

Cam41_Tape38 Image 4603 -35m 2 15 cm

Figure 4C. Digital still photograph no. D2 (see fig. 4A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested ripples in a confused pattern (35 m water depth). Abiotic 

complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover 

includes drift weed (dw). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

dw

Cam41_Tape38 Image 4599 -35m 1 15 cm

Figure 4B. Digital still photograph no. D1 (see fig. 4A for location). Fine sand with 

degraded ripples in a confused pattern (35 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is 

low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes 

bryozoan (bry) and brittle star (bs). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 

cm.Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

bry

bs 

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D1

Box D Figure 4A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped southeast of Hueneme Canyon, 

approximately 4 km offshore of Port of Hueneme (see Box D, on map, for location), showing 

locations of periodic real-time video observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; see 

figs. 4B–4E) from camera line CAM41, cruise S1C08SC. 

15 cm 8Cam34_Tape31 Image 4387 -140m

Figure 3I. Digital still photograph no. C8 (see fig. 3A for location). Mud and sand 

(140 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and 

biocover is low. Biocover includes shrimp (shr), tracks (tr), and trails (tt). 

Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm

shr

tr, tt

15 cm 7 Cam34_Tape31 Image 4379 -133m

Figure 3H. Digital still photograph no. C7 (see fig. 3A for location). Mud and sand 

(133 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and 

biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows (br), crab (c), flatfish (ff), tracks (tr), 

and trails (tt). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

ff

c

br

tr, tt

15 cm 6 Cam34_Tape31 Image 4371 -104m

Figure 3G. Digital still photograph no. C6 (see fig. 3A for location). Mud and sand 

(104 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and 

biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows (br), tracks (tr), and trails (tt). 

Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

br

tr, tt

15 cm 5 Cam34_Tape31 Image 4361 -85m

Figure 3F. Digital still photograph no. C5 (see fig. 3A for location). Mud and sand 

(85 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and 

biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows (br), tracks (tr), trails (tt), and sand 

star (sas). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

sas

tr, tt

br

4 15 cm Cam34_Tape31 Image 4323 -46m

Figure 3E. Digital still photograph no. C4 (see fig. 3A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested interference ripples (46 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is 

low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes sea 

anemone (sa) and brittle star (bs). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

sa

bs

3Cam34_Tape31 Image 4322 -45m 15 cm

Figure 3D. Digital still photograph no. C3 (see fig. 3A for location). Fine- to 

medium-grained sand with sharp-crested interference ripples (45 m water 

depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is 

low. Biocover includes flatfish (ff). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

ff

2 Cam34_Tape31 Image 4304 -44m 15 cm

Figure 3C. Digital still photograph no. C2 (see fig. 3A for location). Fine sand with 

degraded wave ripples (44 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic 

complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes sea hare (sh), 

flatfish (ff), and brittle star (bs). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

bs

sh

ff

15 cm 1Cam34_Tape31 Image 4297 -47m

Figure 3B. Digital still photograph no. C1 (see fig. 3A for location). Fine sand with 

degraded wave ripples in a confused pattern (47 m water depth). Abiotic 

complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover 

includes small burrows (br) and sea pen (sp). Distance between lasers (red 

dots) is 15 cm.

sp

br

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Box C Figure 3A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped west of Hueneme Canyon, 

approximately 6 km offshore of Port of Hueneme (see Box C, on map, for location), showing 

locations of periodic real-time video observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; 

see figs. 3B–3I) from camera line CAM34, cruise S1C08SC. 

2 Cam35_Tape32 Image 4435 -19m 15 cm

Figure 2C. Digital still photograph no. B2 (see fig. 2A for location). Fine- to 

medium-grained sand with sharp-crested, asymmetrical interference ripples in 

a confused pattern (19 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic 

complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Distance between lasers (red dots) is 

15 cm.

1 Cam35_Tape32 Image 4410 -19m 15 cm

Figure 2B. Digital still photograph no. B1 (see fig. 2A for location). Fine- to 

medium-grained sand with mostly sharp-crested, symmetrical wave ripples (19 

m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and 

biocover is low. Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

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Box B Figure 2A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped northwest of Hueneme Canyon, 

approximately 6 km offshore of Port of Hueneme (see Box B, on map, for location), showing 

locations of periodic real-time video observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; 

see figs. 2B,2C) from camera line CAM35, cruise S1C08SC. 

4Cam37_Tape34 Image 4504 -17m 15 cm

Figure 1E. Digital still photograph no. A4 (see fig. 1A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested, symmetrical interference ripples (17 m water depth). Abiotic 

complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Distance 

between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

3 Cam37_Tape34 Image 4504 -18m 15 cm

Figure 1D. Digital still photograph no. A3 (see fig. 1A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested wave and interference ripples (18 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes 

algae (a) and drift weed (dw). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

dw

a

2 Cam37_Tape34 Image 4492 -20m 15 cm

Figure 1C. Digital still photograph no. A2 (see fig. 1A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested interference ripples, which indicate bottom currents of different orientations (20 m water depth). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes algae (a). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

a

1Cam37_Tape34 Image 4474 -18m 15 cm

Figure 1B. Digital still photograph no. A1 (see fig. 1A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp-crested, symmetrical wave ripples (18 m water depth). Abiotic complexity 

is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes algae 

(a) and sea star (sst). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm. 

a

sst

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Box A

Figure 1A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped north of Hueneme Canyon, 

approximately 1 km offshore of Port of Hueneme (see Box A, on map, for location), showing 

locations of periodic real-time video observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; 

see figs. 1B–1E) from camera line CAM37, cruise S1C08SC. 

SCALE 1:50 000

ONE MILE = 0.869 NAUTICAL MILES

1 0.5 0 1 KILOMETER

7000 3500 0 7000 FEET

2 1 0 2 MILES

APPROXIMATE MEAN

DECLINATION, 2012

13°

MAGNETIC NORTH

TRUE NORTH

Seafloor-character map generalized from map on sheet 5, this 

report. Video observations recorded and digital still photographs taken in 2007-2008. Sample localities from usSEABED 

(Reid and others, 2006) and from Barnard and others (2009)

GIS database and digital cartography by Nadine E. Golden 

and Eleyne L. Phillips

Edited by Taryn A. Lindquist

Manuscript approved for publication July 25, 2012

Onshore elevation data from NOAA Coastal Services Center 

(data collected by EarthData International in 2002-2003) and 

from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (data collected by Fugro 

Pelagos in 2009). Offshore shaded-relief bathymetry from 

map on sheet 2, this report. California's State Waters limit 

from NOAA Office of Coast Survey

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 11N

NOT INTENDED FOR NAVIGATIONAL USE

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Hueneme Canyon

Oxnard

Port of Hueneme

Channel Islands Harbor

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Scientific Investigations Map 3225

Sheet 6 of 12

Pamphlet accompanies map

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey