NASA/TP-2010-216116 

Development of Graphical User Interface for 

ARRBOD 

(Acute Radiation Risk and BRYNTRN Organ Dose 

Projection) 

Myung-Hee Y. Kim,1

 Shaowen Hu,1 Hatem N. Nounu,1 and Francis A. Cucinotta2 

1

Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA 

2

NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA 

February 2010
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NASA/TP-2010-216116 

Development of Graphical User Interface for 

ARRBOD 

(Acute Radiation Risk and BRYNTRN Organ Dose 

Projection) 

Myung-Hee Y. Kim,1

 Shaowen Hu,1 Hatem N. Nounu,1 and Francis A. Cucinotta2 

1

Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA 

2

NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA 

February 2010
Available from: 

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information National Technical Information Service 

7115 Standard Drive 5285 Port Royal Road 

Hanover, MD 21076-1320 Springfield, VA 22161 

301-621-0390 703-605-6000 

This report is also available in electronic form at http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/ 
i 

Abstract 

The space radiation environment, particularly solar particle events (SPEs), poses the risk 

of acute radiation sickness (ARS) to humans; and organ doses from SPE exposure may 

reach critical levels during EVAs or within lightly shielded spacecraft. NASA has 

developed an organ dose projection model using the BRYNTRN with SUMDOSE 

computer algorithms, and a probabilistic model of Acute Radiation Risk (ARR). 

BRYNTRN and SUMDOSE are written in FORTRAN, and are a Baryon transport 

computation and an output formatting program, respectively. The ARR model is written 

in C. The risk projection models of organ doses and ARR take the output from 

BRYNTRN as an input to their calculations, but BRYNTRN requires extensive input 

preparation. With a graphical user interface (GUI) to handle input and output for 

BRYNTRN, the response models can be connected easily and correctly to BRYNTRN in 

a user-friendly way. A GUI for the Acute Radiation Risk and BRYNTRN Organ Dose 

(ARRBOD) projection code provides seamless integration of input and output 

manipulations, which are required for operations of the ARRBOD modules: BRYNTRN, 

SUMDOSE, and the ARR probabilistic response model. The ARRBOD GUI is intended 

for mission planners, radiation shield designers, space operations in the mission 

operations directorate (MOD), and space biophysics researchers. The ARRBOD GUI will 

serve as a proof-of-concept example for future integration of other human space 

applications risk projection models. The current version of the ARRBOD GUI is a new 

self-contained product and will have follow-on versions, as these options are added: (1) 

Human geometries of MAX/FAX in addition to CAM/CAF; (2) Shielding distributions 

for spacecraft, Mars surface and atmosphere; (3) Various space environmental and 

biophysical models; and (4) Other response models to be connected to the BRYNTRN. 

The major components of the overall system, the subsystem interconnections, and 

external interfaces are described in this report; and the ARRBOD GUI product is 

explained step by step in order to serve as a tutorial. 
ii 

Table of Contents 

Abstract ....................................................................................................................... i

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1

2. Measures of Radiation Exposure, NASA Limits, and Acute Severity 

Levels ............................................................................................................... 2

3. Stimulus and Response Sequences of SPE/Whole Body Exposure ..................... 4

3.1 Input Control Parameters of BRYNTRN.INP ......................................................... 7

3.2 Input Control Parameters of ARR.INP .................................................................... 8

3.3 Overall I/O Sequences for ARR .............................................................................. 9

4. Overview of ARRBOD GUI .............................................................................. 10

4.1 Option for SPE Exposure ....................................................................................... 12

4.1.1 Preparing of BRYNTRN Inputs to Generate the Physical Dose .................... 12

4.1.2 Viewing Options for Physical Quantities from SPE ....................................... 13

4.1.3 Viewing Organ Dose for Male or Female....................................................... 15

4.1.4 Preparing of ARR Inputs ................................................................................ 18

4.2 Option for Whole Body Exposure ......................................................................... 20

5. Illustration of Sample Results for the Protection of Astronauts in Space 

Missions ......................................................................................................... 23

5.1 Organ Doses from Pre-defined Scenario of SPE Exposure and Implication to 

Exposure Limits .................................................................................................... 23

5.2 ARS from SPE or Whole Body Exposure ............................................................. 24

5.2.1 ARS from SPE Exposure during EVA ........................................................... 24

5.2.2 ARS from Acute/Protracted Exposure ............................................................ 26

6. Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 29

References ................................................................................................................ 30
iii 

Tables 

Table 1. Measures of Exposure. ......................................................................................... 3

Table 2. Exposure Limit by NASA for Deterministic and Prodromal Effect. ................... 3

Table 3. ARR Sickness at Severity Level. ......................................................................... 4

Table 4. Default Variables in Pre-defined Scenario .......................................................... 7

Table 5. Input Parameters of BRYNTRN.INP .................................................................. 7

Table 6. Input Parameters of ARR.INP ............................................................................. 8

 
iv 

Figures

Figure 1. Flow chart of physical dose calculations using the BRYNTRN and SUMDOSE 

modules for SPE exposure (path 1). For the whole body exposure (path 2), go directly to 

the next step for the calculation of ARR. ............................................................................ 5

Figure 2. Flow chart of the ARR module. ......................................................................... 6

Figure 3. Overall input/output sequences of ARR calculations for three types of 

exposure: ............................................................................................................................. 9

Figure 4. Main task screen or user interface (UI) ............................................................ 11

Figure 5. Input control screen of SPE .............................................................................. 12

Figure 6. Task screen for the selection of physical quantities viewing options, or for the 

next application flow......................................................................................................... 13

Figure 7. Graph and Output window for physical quantities ........................................... 14

Figure 8. Task UI for the selection of viewing options of organ doses, or for the next 

application flow. ............................................................................................................... 15

Figure 9. Graph and Output window for physical quantities and organ doses. ............... 16

Figure 10. Graph and Output window of organ dose comparisons to the NASA limits at 

various thicknesses, which is displayed by clicking “View NASA Organ Dose Limits”. 17

Figure 11. Input control screen of ARR for the selection of gender, EVA time, and 

spacecraft thickness. ......................................................................................................... 18

Figure 12. Graph and Output window for physical quantities, organ doses, and ARR. 

The tabulated information of ARR sickness of upper gastrointestinal distress (UG) and 

fatigability and weakness (FW) are added in this window and viewed by clicking “View 

ARR Sickness Severity Level Table”. .............................................................................. 19

Figure 13. Input control screen of ARR for the selection of exposure types for acute and 

protracted doses of radiation. ............................................................................................ 21

Figure 14. Graph and Output window of the ARR for the option of acute/protracted 

doses of radiation exposure. The tabulated information of ARR sickness of upper 

gastrointestinal distress (UG) and fatigability and weakness (FW) is viewed by clicking 

“View ARR Sickness Severity Level Table” in this window. .......................................... 22

Figure 15. A sample result of the organ dose calculation for the pre-defined scenario for 

male (the same graph as in Figure 10 as the one of the Graph and Output window). ...... 23

Figure 16. Input selection of ARR analysis in the case for a male astronaut who conducts 

3 hours of EVA and stays the remainder of 7 hours inside a spacecraft of 5 g/cm2

thickness in the pre-defined scenario of SPE exposure. ................................................... 24

Figure 17. Time profile of BFO dose accumulation of a male astronaut after 3-hr EVA. 25

Figure 18. The resultant sickness levels for UG and FW of a male astronaut after 3-hr 

EVA. ................................................................................................................................. 25

Figure 19. Acute radiation risk for the acute exposure to a given BFO dose: (a) Upper GI 

distress (UG); and (b) Fatigability and weakness (FW). .................................................. 27

Figure 20. Acute radiation risk from the uniform exposure to a given BFO dose for a 10- 

hour period: (a) Upper GI distress (UG); and (b) Fatigability and weakness (FW). ........ 28
v 

ACRONYMS 

ARR acute radiation risk 

ARS acute radiation sickness 

ARRBOD acute radiation risk and BRYNTRN organ dose projection 

BFO blood forming organ 

BRYNTRN baryon transport computer code 

CAF computerized anatomical female 

CAM computerized anatomical male 

EVA extra vehicular activity 

FAX female adult voxel (volumetric and pixel) 

FW fatigability and weakness

GCR galactic cosmic radiation 

GUI graphical user interface 

GERM GCR event-based risk model 

Gy Gray 

Gy-Eq Gray-Equivalent 

HZE high-charge and -energy nuclei 

HZETRN high-charge and -energy transport computer program 

ICRP International Commission on Radiological Protection 

ISS International Space Station 

JSC Johnson Space Center 

J Joule 

LEO low Earth orbit 

LET linear energy transfer 

MAX male adult voxel (volumetric and pixel) 

MOD mission operations directorate 

NASCA NASA study of cataracts in astronauts 

NCRP National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements 

NSRL NASA Space Radiation Laboratory 

PEL permissible exposure limit 

PRA probabilistic risk assessment 

Q radiation quality factor 

RBE relative biological effectiveness 

SPE solar particle event 

SRPE Space Radiation Program Element 

SUMDOSE summation of dose 

Sv Sievert 

UG upper gastrointestinal distress 

UI user interface 
1 

1. Introduction 

The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) is a major concern during 

extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar surface and during Earth-to-Lunar or 

Earth-to-Mars transit. This includes the acute radiation syndrome from exposure to an 

intense SPE during an EVA or in a lightly shielded vehicle (< 5 g cm-2), as well as the 

increased risk of radiation induced cancers and degenerative diseases due to the 

cumulative organ doses from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and multiple SPEs with intense 

particle flux and high energy levels (Cucinotta, 1999; Cucinotta et al. 2001; Cucinotta 

and Durante 2006). Most SPEs would lead to small crew doses, although even a small 

SPE can disrupt mission operations and lead to higher costs. A real concern for the 

health risk to astronauts would be from SPEs with large proton fluences and effective 

doses exceeding 50 mSv. The development of operational strategies and capabilities for 

the protection of astronauts from SPEs is an important consideration for the planning of 

future lunar surface scenarios, exploration of near Earth objects, and missions to Mars. 

In NASA’s operational radiation protection program, career doses are monitored for 

individual astronauts, who engage in the space shuttle missions and/or the International 

Space Station (ISS), and best efforts are used to keep the risk as low as reasonably 

achievable (NCRP, 2000 and 2003). Radiation exposures for astronauts corresponding to 

a 3% risk of exposure-induced death (NCRP, 2000, 2003, Cucinotta et al., 2006), as well 

as short-term limits to avoid detrimental effects (NRC/NAS, 2008) are given as dose 

limits in radiation protection practices for space missions. 

NASA’s space radiation transport model of organ dose projection, which includes the 

baryon transport code BRYNTRN (Cucinotta et al., 1994; Wilson et al., 1989) and output 

data processing code SUMDOSE, has been used to estimate the whole body effective 

dose for astronauts. The radiation shielding by body tissue at specific organ sites was 

accounted for by using ray tracing in the human phantom models of the Computerized 

Anatomical Male (CAM), (Kase et al., 1970; Billings and Yucker, 1973) and the 

Computerized Anatomical Female (CAF), (Yucker and Huston, 1990; Yucker, 1992). 

For human exposure, the dose-equivalent is defined by the product of the absorbed dose 

and the radiation quality factor Q, which compares the biological damage incurred from 

any ionizing radiation to the damage produced by γ-rays. In general, Q is a function of 

linear energy transfer (LET). For dose equivalent calculations (in Sv), the quality factors 

used are those defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection in 

1990 (ICRP 60). The whole body effective dose, E, is defined as a weighted sum of 

organ dose equivalents over major sites for radiation cancer risks (ICRP, 2007; NCRP, 

2000, 2003) using the tissue weighting factors, wT (ICRP, 1991 & 2007). 

 

For space missions beyond LEO, the clinically significant deterministic health effects, 

including performance degradation in-flight, from the exposure to large SPEs must be 

prevented. For the deterministic acute effects, the National Council for Radiological 

Protection (NCRP, 2000) has recommended that individual organ doses be made in terms 
2 

of an alternate dose quantity denoted as the Gray-Equivalent (Gy-Eq), using the relative 

biological effectiveness (RBE), which is radiation-field dependent. Because biological 

effects are expected to increase significantly for dose-rates above 0.05 Gy/hr, the current 

30-day permissible exposure limits (PELs) have been approved by NASA for skin, eye, 

and blood forming organ (BFO) as 1.5, 1.0, and 0.25 Gy-Eq (NCRP 2000, 2006), 

respectively. For the estimation of deterministic acute effects from the intense SPEs 

during transition between and on the surface of the Moon or Mars missions, the new 

dosimetric quantity of organ dose (in Gy-Eq), was calculated using BRYNTRN with 

SUMDOSE by implementing the NCRP’s RBE together with the full definition of 

neutron RBE suggested by (Wilson et al. 2002). The resultant early radiation risks were 

assessed for the BFO dose by using a NASA-developed probabilistic model of acute 

radiation risk (ARR) (Anno et al. 1996; Hu et al. 2009). 

The purpose of the graphical user interface (GUI) development for ARRBOD is to 

provide seamless integration of input and output manipulations for the operations of 

projection modules (BRYNTRN, SUMDOSE, and the ARR probabilistic response 

model) in assessing the acute risk and the organ doses of significant SPEs. The 

ARRBOD GUI product will serve as a proof-of-concept for future integration of other 

risk projection models for human space applications. Future capabilities will include the 

ability of the user to supply a shield file of detailed geometry and SPE spectral 

measurement data of the radiation environment. Also, the blood kinetics and the cataract 

risk projections based on data from NASCA (NASA study of cataracts in astronauts) and 

NSRL (NASA Space Radiation Laboratory) will be added into the acute risk model. The 

probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) approach using hazard functions will be added for 

SPE protection purposes. Eventually, the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) event-based risk 

model (GERM) (Cucinotta et. al. 2010) will be developed in order to provide stochasticbased estimates for GCR and SPE exposures. 

2. Measures of Radiation Exposure, NASA Limits, and 

Acute Severity Levels 

Quantities used to describe radiation include the absorbed dose (D), dose equivalent (H), 

quality factor (Q), linear energy transfer (L), gray equivalent (Gy-Eq), effective dose (E), 

and relative biological effectiveness (RBE). The absorbed dose is measured in Grays 

(Gy), energy absorbed per unit mass of material (1 Gy = 1 J per kg). Dose equivalent is 

measured in Sieverts (Sv), H =DxQ = Q(L) D(L) dL, where Q is the quality factor which 

represents the relative weighting of different types of radiation to produce stochastic 

biological effects compared to gamma-rays. Gray equivalent is calculated as Gy-Eq = Σ

(RBE)i Di , where RBEi is the relative biological effectiveness factor for deterministic 

effects produced as a result of exposure to type i particles, and Di is the dose due to type i

particles. The effective dose is measured in Sieverts (Sv), E = Σ wT HT , where wT is a 

weighting factor for tissue or organ type T, and HT is the dose equivalent averaged over 

tissue type T. Measures of radiation exposure quantity are summarized in Table 1. 

 
3 

Table 1. Measures of Exposure. 

Physical dose

Dosimetric quantity for 

deterministic effects 

(typically acute response) 

Dosimetric quantity for 

stochastic (probabilistic) 

effects (typically cancer) 

Point Absorbed 

dose (D) 

Absorbed dose (D) or 

2

Gray-Equivalent (Gy-Eq) 

1

Dose equivalent (H)

Organ/tissue

Mean 

absorbed 

dose (DT) 

2

Gray-Equivalent (Gy-Eq) 

1

Organ dose equivalent (ܪ் തതതത) 

or 

2

Equivalent dose (HT)

Body 3Effective dose (E)

1

Absorbed dose is weighted by a quality factor that is a function of particle LET. 

2

Absorbed dose is weighted by a radiation weighting factor that is a function of particle 

type. 

3

Absorbed dose is also weighted by type of tissue or organ. 

The possibility of acute risk exists for a BFO dose over 500 mGy-Eq. Dose limits for 

non-cancer radiation effects at BFOs occur at doses below the threshold for prodromal 

effects. The current NASA 30-day limits to BFO, lens, and skin for deterministic effects 

from space radiation and the minimum BFO dose for ARR are given in Table 2. 

Symptoms of the early radiation effects at each severity level are listed in Table 3 for the 

NASA-developed probabilistic model of acute radiation risk (Anno et al. 1996; Hu et al. 

2009). 

Table 2. Exposure Limit by NASA for Deterministic and Prodromal Effect. 

Exposure limit Organ dose, Gy-Eq

30-day limit to Skin 1.5 

30-day limit to Lens 1.0 

30-day limit to BFO 0.25 

BFO dose limit without ARR 0.5 

 
4 

Table 3. ARR Sickness at Severity Level. 

Severity Upper Gastrointestinal Distress 

(UG)

Fatigability and Weakness 

(FW)

1 No effect No effect

2 Upset stomach, clammy and sweaty, 

mouth waters

Somewhat tired with mild 

weakness

3 Nauseated, considerable sweating, 

swallows frequently to avoid vomiting

Tired with moderate 

weakness

4 Vomited once or twice, nauseated, and 

may vomit again Very tired and weak

5

Vomited several times, including the 

dry heaves, severely nauseated, and 

will soon vomit again

Exhausted with almost no 

strength

3. Stimulus and Response Sequences of SPE/Whole Body 

Exposure 

The sequences of user actions and system responses that stimulate the behavior defined in 

the GUI feature are illustrated in Figure.1. Shown is a flow chart of the calculation of 

physical dose from SPE exposure (path 1 in Figure 1) using BRYNTRN and SUMDOSE 

modules. There are three major control components: Input File Control, BRYNTRN 

Execution Control, and SUMDOSE Execution Control. For whole body exposure (path 2 

in Figure 1), those steps are entirely skipped to calculate directly ARR in the next step. 

Figure 2 shows the flow chart in the calculation of severity of sickness for upper 

gastrointestinal distress (UG) and fatigability and weakness (FW) under ARR Execution 

Control. 
5 

Figure 1. Flow chart of physical dose calculations using the BRYNTRN and SUMDOSE modules for 

SPE exposure (path 1). For the whole body exposure (path 2), go directly to the next step for the 

calculation of ARR. 

BRYNTRN

Execution Control

BRYNTRN.EXE SUMDOSE.EXE

Dosimetry Output

Organ Dose Outputs

Input files:

Cafdists_NEW.dat

Camdists_HIP.dat

Input file:

Atomic.dat

Pop-up inputs:

ILOC

IDIST

ISPEC

IMAT

Generation of Input 

control file: 

BRYNTRN.INP

Input File Control

Input file

Physics Outputs

SUMDOSE

Print, View,

or

Save

Another BRYNTRN

Y

N

Y

Print, View,

or

Save

SUMDOSE

Execution Control

1. Physical 

dose of SPE?

Or

2. ARR? 

1

ARR

2

N
6 

Figure 2. Flow chart of the ARR module. 

Input:

Acute dose, Protracted dose, or Organ 

dose rate profile

Generation of Input control 

file: ARR.INP

FW.exe UGD.exe

Output:

Severity of sicknesses

Post-process:

View, print or save

ARR Execution Control
7 

3.1 Input Control Parameters of BRYNTRN.INP 

Input control parameters of BRYNTRN.INP are location, radiation field, fluence 

distribution of historical SPEs, and shield material. Default values of input variables are 

listed in Table 4 for the pre-defined scenario. Possible values for the selection of each 

variable are listed in Table 5. 

Table 4. Default Variables in Pre-defined Scenario 

Location Radiation 

Field 

Fluence Distribution 

of Historical SPE 

Shield 

Material 

Interplanetary 

Space SPE Exponential Spectra Aug 1972 King Aluminum 

Table 5. Input Parameters of BRYNTRN.INP 

Location Radiation 

Field Fluence Distribution of Historical SPEs Shield Material 

Interplanetary 

Space 

Or 

Lunar Surface 

SPE 

Exponential Spectra 

Feb 1956 

Aluminum, 

Polyethylene, 

CO2, 

Water, 

or 

Graphite 

Carbon 

Nov 1960 

Aug 1972 King 

Aug 1989 

Sep 1989 

Oct 1989 

Weibull Spectra 

Feb 1956 

Nov 1960 

Aug 1972 

Oct 1989 

Jul 2000 

Oct 2003 

Nov 2001 

Nov 2000 

Mar 1991 

Aug 1989 

Sep 1989 
8 

3.2 Input Control Parameters of ARR.INP 

There are 3 exposure types available for the calculation of ARR: 

 

(1) Acute dose exposure, 

(2) Protracted dose exposures of radiation, and 

(3) SPE exposure during EVA. 

Input control parameters for ARR.INP are: total BFO dose in acute dose exposure; 

total BFO dose and exposure time in protracted dose exposure; and EVA duration, 

gender of astronaut, and choice of spacecraft thickness with organ doses calculated 

from the selected SPE exposure. 

Table 6 summarizes the input control parameters of ARR for the 3 exposure types and 

the ranges of variables. 

Table 6. Input Parameters of ARR.INP 

ARR Application Directly

due to the Exposure from Acute/Protracted Dose 

Defined by User 

ARR Application with 

BRYNTRN+SUMDOSE

due to the Exposure from a 

Historically Large SPE 

(1) Acute 

Exposure 

(2) Protracted 

Exposure (3) SPE Exposure 

Acute dose in Gy-eq: 

[0.47* - 28.17] 

Protracted dose in Gy-eq: 

[0.47* - 28.17] 

Male or Female: 

 Gender-specific total BFO 

dose inside spacesuit from the 

selected SPE exposure to be used. 

Exposure time in hr: 

[0.1 – 168.0] 

EVA time in hr: 

[0.0 – 10.0] 

Shielding thickness: 

[0.3, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 g/cm2] 

 Gender-specific BFO dose 

inside spacecraft at specified 

shielding thickness from the 

selected SPE exposure to be used. 

*No acute radiation risk if total BFO dose < 0.47 Gy-Eq. 
9 

3.3 Overall I/O Sequences for ARR 

Overall input/output sequences of ARR calculations are illustrated in Figure 3 for the 

three exposure types. 

Figure 3. Overall input/output sequences of ARR calculations for three types of exposure: 

1) Acute dose; 2) Protracted dose; and 3) SPE exposure during EVA. 

 

ARR directly?

y

Total BFO dose in Gy-Eq?

Exposure time, hr?

Go to Main

ARR

More ARR y

End

2) Protracted dose

ARR directly

or 

Organ dose

y

n

n

Exposure type

1) Acute dose

Total BFO dose in

Gy-Eq?

directly

n BRYNTRN+SUMDOSE

3) SPE exposure

EVA duration in hr?

BFOMale(x) from SUMDOSE_CAM.dat 

BFOFemale(x) from SUMDOSE_CAF.dat

BFOMale(EVA) 

Pull down menu

for Spacecraft:

BFOcraft= BFOMale(x) 

SPE Organ dose

Gender

BFOFemale(EVA) 

EVA duration in hr?

Pull down menu

for Spacecraft:

BFOcraft= BFOFemale(x) 

Male Female

organ dose

Start
10 

4. Overview of ARRBOD GUI 

As an application of ARRBOD GUI starts, it launches the banner below for a brief time 

period. It says that ARRBOD v 1.0 is developed at the NASA Johnson Space Center, 

Space Radiation Program Element (SRPE), in 2009. 

 
11 

The next screen is the main task screen or user interface (UI) of the ARRBOD 

application flow (Figure 4). From this main task UI, the user has two options for the 

selection of either: (1) Evaluation of physics and organ doses from historically large 

SPEs; or (2) Do the acute risk analysis directly. 

Figure 4. Main task screen or user interface (UI) 
12 

4.1 Option for SPE Exposure 

4.1.1 Preparing of BRYNTRN Inputs to Generate the Physical Dose 

For the selection of the first option on the main task screen for the evaluation of physics 

and organ doses from historically large SPEs, the following input control screen of SPE 

(Figure 5) appears. On this screen, the user can make either the selection of the default 

scenario of the August 1972 SPE (Table 4) or the manual selection for the input 

parameters listed in Table 5 to generate the BRYNTRN.INP file. By clicking “Physics 

Dose”, the BRYNTRN code is executed with the input variables selected by the user. 

Figure 5. Input control screen of SPE 
13 

4.1.2 Viewing Options for Physical Quantities from SPE 

Physical quantities generated from the execution of BRYNTRN code can be viewed for 

(1) Physical dosimetry (D, G, H), or (2) LET spectra, by selecting the viewing option 

from the task screen in Figure 6. 

Figure 6. Task screen for the selection of physical quantities viewing options, or for the next 

application flow. 

 
14 

In the selection of viewing option “Physical Dosimetry” (Figure 7), outputs of absorbed 

dose of physical dose (D), Gray-equivalent adjusted for acute risk (G), and doseequivalent adjusted for long-term risk (H) are viewed as a function of tissue thickness at a 

given shielding thickness (x = 0.3, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30 g/cm2). In the “View Data” 

window, those output data are tabulated also in text format. 

Linear energy transfer (LET) spectra at various shielding thicknesses can be viewed by 

clicking the corresponding tab “LET Spectra” in the same output window (in Figure 7) or 

by clicking “Show Tasks” to go back to the previous task screen (Figure 6), and then 

selecting the viewing option for LET in that task screen. In the current viewing option of 

“LET Spectra”, data of LET spectra are viewed by clicking “View Data” and saving them 

as a text file. The graph can be printed directly and also can be saved separately in a 

working directory. The ARRBOD application for SPE is continued by clicking “Show 

Tasks” to go back to the task screen (Figure 6) and then clicking “Generate Organ Dose” 

in the task screen for the next application flow of step three. 

 Figure 7. Graph and Output window for physical quantities 
15 

4.1.3 Viewing Organ Dose for Male or Female 

Organ dose quantities for male or female can be viewed by selecting organ dose output 

for male or female in the SUMDOSE task screen in Figure 8. 

 Figure 8. Task UI for the selection of viewing options of organ doses, or for the next application 

flow. 

 
16 

Organ doses at various organ/tissue sites, whole body effective dose, and point dose 

without body shielding are viewed in terms of absorbed dose (D), Gray-equivalent dose 

(G), and dose-equivalent (H) at a given shielding thickness. The result data are viewed 

and saved as text files for male or female. The graph can be printed directly and also 

saved in a separate working directory. 

Figure 9. Graph and Output window for physical quantities and organ doses. 

 
17 

In the graph and output window for physical quantities and organ doses, an added feature 

is “View NASA Organ Dose Limits”. By clicking it, the organ doses of male or female 

for skin, eye, and blood forming organ (BFO) at each shielding thickness are easily 

compared to the color-coded parallel lines, which are NASA exposure limits for 

deterministic and prodromal effects (Table 2), as shown in Figure 10. 

Figure 10. Graph and Output window of organ dose comparisons to the NASA limits at various 

thicknesses, which is displayed by clicking “View NASA Organ Dose Limits”. 

The ARRBOD application for SPE is performed by clicking “Show Tasks” and then 

clicking “Start Acute Radiation Risk” in the task screen (Figure 8), the next application in 

the flow of step four. 
18 

4.1.4 Preparing of ARR Inputs 

Using the SPE exposure calculated from the previous three steps, gender-specific total 

BFO dose inside the spacesuit is assigned automatically to “BFO EVA dose” for the 

calculation of ARR, once the astronaut’s gender is specified by the user. Additional input 

variables required are: (1) EVA duration, which ranges from 0 to 10 hours; and (2) The 

selection of a spacecraft shielding thickness to be used as a shelter against the SPE 

exposure during EVA far from the surface habitat. By the selection of a spacecraft 

thickness, gender-specific BFO dose inside a spacecraft of specified thickness is assigned 

for the calculation of ARR. BFO dose rates during the EVA and inside the spacecraft are 

assumed to be those at the peak fluence of the SPE for the 10-hour duration. 

 

Figure 11. Input control screen of ARR for the selection of gender, EVA time, and spacecraft 

thickness. 

 
19 

By clicking “Generate Acute Radiation Risk” in the input control UI of ARR (Figure 11), 

two outputs: “Exposure Summary” and “Acute Radiation Risk” are generated and added 

into the Graphs and Output window. The ARR results are represented as severity levels 

ranging from 1 to 5 for upper gastrointestinal distress (UG) and fatigability and weakness 

(FW), which are tabulated and added into the Graphs and Output window as “View ARR 

Sickness Severity Level Table”. 

Figure 12. Graph and Output window for physical quantities, organ doses, and ARR. The tabulated 

information of ARR sickness of upper gastrointestinal distress (UG) and fatigability and weakness 

(FW) are added in this window and viewed by clicking “View ARR Sickness Severity Level Table”. 

Once all the results have been viewed in each step of the application flow after the 

execution of each module of BRYNTRN, SUMDOSE, and ARR, they are accumulated in 

the Graphs and Output window to be viewed/printed/saved at the end of the ARRBOD 

application flow. These result tabs are “LET Spectra” and “Physical Dosimetry” from 

the BRYNTRN module; “NASA Organ Dose Limits” and “Organ Dose” from the 

SUMDOSE module; “Exposure Summary” and “Acute Radiation Risk” from the ARR 

module; and “View ARR Sickness Severity Level Table” for the symptoms of quantified 

ARR severity level. 

By clicking “Show Tasks”, the ARRBOD application for SPE can be continued by 

returning to the previous flow, or the entire application can be started over. 
20 

4.2 Option for Whole Body Exposure

The second option of the ARRBOD application is the direct analysis of ARR. This 

option determines the calculation of ARR from the user-defined radiation dose. It is 

selected by clicking “Run Acute Radiation analysis directly” in the main task screen of 

the ARRBOD application in Figure 4. 

 

In the input control screen of ARR, there are two options of whole body exposure type: 

acute and protracted doses of radiation (Figure 13). Total BFO doses from 0.47 to 28.17 

Gy-Eq are considered for the analysis of ARR for both acute and protracted exposure 

types. For the protracted dose exposure, possible exposure times can be inputted from 

0.1 to 168 hours. However, dose rates (ܦሶ) of protracted exposure should be less than 5 

Gy-Eq/hr from any combination of total dose (Dtotal) and exposure time (texposure). 

 

ܦሶ ൌ ஽೟೚೟ೌ೗

௧೐ೣ೛೚ೞೠೝ೐

 . ݎ/݄ݍܧ െ ݕܩ 5 ൏

In the case that the dose rate exceeds 5 Gy-Eq/hr from the combination of total dose and 

exposure time, the ARRBOD application results in an error with the dummy outputs. 

Inclusion of the correct error message is planned. By definition, acute exposure is quite 

representative for these high dose rates, and the user is advised to select “Use Acute 

Dose” from the input control screen (Figure 13) to get the appropriate ARR analysis for 

the given total BFO dose. 

 
21 

Figure 13. Input control screen of ARR for the selection of exposure types for acute and protracted 

doses of radiation. 

After execution of the ARR module, two outputs, “Exposure Summary” and “Acute 

Radiation Risk”, are displayed in the Graphs and Output window. ARR results are 

represented as severity levels ranging from 1 to 5 for upper gastrointestinal distress (UG) 

and fatigability and weakness (FW). The symptoms at each severity level are tabulated 

in the “View ARR Sickness Severity Level Table” and added into the Graphs and Output 

window. By clicking “View ARR Sickness Severity Level Table”, the table is viewed as 

in Figure 14. 
22 

Figure 14. Graph and Output window of the ARR for the option of acute/protracted doses of 

radiation exposure. The tabulated information of ARR sickness of upper gastrointestinal distress 

(UG) and fatigability and weakness (FW) is viewed by clicking “View ARR Sickness Severity Level 

Table” in this window. 

The ARR analysis of radiation exposure is continued by clicking “Execute ARR 

Directly” for acute and protracted dose exposures, or the entire application of ARRBOD 

can be started over by clicking “Show Tasks” to go back to the input control screen of 

ARR (Figure 13) and then clicking “Start Over”. 
23 

5. Illustration of Sample Results for the Protection of Astronauts in 

Space Missions 

5.1 Organ Doses from Pre-defined Scenario of SPE Exposure and 

Implication to Exposure Limits 

In the pre-defined scenario of SPE exposure in the ARRBOD application, it is assumed 

that a crew member is located inside an aluminum spacecraft in interplanetary space and 

exposed to an August 1972-type SPE, characterized by the exponential distribution of the 

1972 King spectrum. 

 

The current NASA 30-day permissible exposure limits (PELs) are 1.5, 1.0, and 0.25 GyEq (NCRP 2000, 2006) for skin, lens of the eye, and BFO, respectively. The threshold 

for prodromal effects is 0.5 Gy-Eq, because the possibility of acute risk exists for BFO 

dose over this level (Hu et al., 2009). Future research is needed to understand if 

microgravity effects modify this threshold value. 

 

The results for males in this scenario are shown in Figure 15. The resultant organ dose 

assessments are compared with the current NASA 30-day dose limits and the threshold 

for acute radiation sickness (ARS). From this figure, sufficient shielding can be 

determined to avoid ARS, and to stay within the NASA short-term limits. For example, a 

male crew member, located inside a spacecraft with 5 g/cm2 aluminum shielding during 

interplanetary transit, may not experience any ARS, because the BFO dose is determined 

to be lower than the 0.5 Gy-Eq threshold. However, organ dose assessments of skin, lens 

of the eye, and BFO exceed the current NASA 30-day dose limits of these organs. 

Therefore, more than 5 g/cm2 of aluminum shielding are required during interplanetary 

transit to protect astronauts against a large August 1972-type SPE. 

 

Figure 15. A sample result of the organ dose calculation for the pre-defined scenario for male (the 

same graph as in Figure 10 as the one of the Graph and Output window). 
24 

5.2 ARS from SPE or Whole Body Exposure 

5.2.1 ARS from SPE Exposure during EVA 

 

In the case of a male astronaut conducting 3 hours of EVA and then sheltering inside a 5 

g/cm2

 aluminum spacecraft for 7 hours in this pre-defined scenario of SPE exposure, the 

input selection of the ARS analysis is shown in Figure 16. It is assumed that the EVA 

occurs at the peak hours of the SPE, and that the total peak duration is 10 hours. 

Figure 16. Input selection of ARR analysis in the case for a male astronaut who conducts 3 hours of 

EVA and stays the remainder of 7 hours inside a spacecraft of 5 g/cm2

 thickness in the pre-defined 

scenario of SPE exposure. 

A male astronaut’s time profile of BFO dose accumulation is shown in Figure 17, which 

also provides an exposure summary. It shows that a total BFO dose of 74.03 cGy-Eq is 

accumulated at the end of the SPE, which is 10 hours after the initial exposure. 
25 

Figure 17. Time profile of BFO dose accumulation of a male astronaut after 3-hr EVA. 

The resultant sickness levels for UG and FW are shown in Figure 18 as acute radiation 

risk level. It shows that a male astronaut may not have any symptoms during the 3-hour 

EVA, however the initial ARR symptoms appear after he finds shelter. These symptoms 

include upset stomach, clammy and sweaty skin, and mouth watering (level 2 of UG 

distress). Long-lasting symptoms endure: tiredness and mild weakness (sub-level 2 of 

FW). 

Figure 18. The resultant sickness levels for UG and FW of a male astronaut after 3-hr EVA. 
26 

5.2.2 ARS from Acute/Protracted Exposure 

The input selection for ARS analysis from acute exposure is shown in Figure 13. For 

acute dose exposure, the user-supplied total BFO dose ranges from 0.47 to 28.17 Gy-Eq. 

The output results of the acute doses are summarized in Figure 19a for UG and Figure 

19b for FW, respectively. In these figures, the BFO dose ranges are 0.5 - 1.0 Gy-Eq with 

increments of 0.1 Gy-Eq and 1.0 – 3.0 Gy-Eq with an increment of 0.5 Gy-Eq. As the 

acute BFO dose increases to 3 Gy-Eq, the possible symptoms for UG level 5 include 

vomiting several times, having dry heaves, severe nausea, and vomiting again shortly 

after 7 hours following the exposure. Long-lasting symptoms of FW from the acute 

exposure dose of 3 Gy-Eq are at the levels between 2 and 4, which include being 

somewhat tired with mild weakness, to being tired with moderate weakness, and to being 

very tired and weak. 

In the protracted exposure for 10 hours of time, the results for the same doses as those of 

acute exposure are summarized in Figure 20a for UG and Figure 20b for FW, 

respectively. In this uniform exposure of 10 hour duration, dose rates vary between 0.05 

– 0.1 Gy-Eq/hr with increments of 0.01 Gy-Eq/hr, and 0.1 – 0.3 Gy-Eq/hr with 

increments of 0.05 Gy-Eq/hr. Maximum severities of UG and FW for 10-hour uniform 

exposures are similar to those of acute exposures. The delayed response is shown to be 

significantly shorter for the 10 hour uniform exposure, when the time profiles are 

compared. 

 
27 

Figure 19. Acute radiation risk for the acute exposure to a given BFO dose: (a) Upper GI distress 

(UG); and (b) Fatigability and weakness (FW). 

1

2

3

4

5

0.1 1 10 100 1000

UG severity

Time, h

3.0 Gy-Eq

2.5 Gy-Eq

2.0 Gy-Eq

1.5 Gy-Eq

1.0 Gy-Eq

0.9 Gy-Eq

0.8 Gy-Eq

0.7 Gy-Eq

0.6 Gy-Eq

0.5 Gy-Eq

BFO dose

(a)

1

2

3

4

5

0.1 1 10 100 1000

FW severity

Time, h

3.0 Gy-Eq

2.5 Gy-Eq

2.0 Gy-Eq

1.5 Gy-Eq

1.0 Gy-Eq

0.9 Gy-Eq

0.8 Gy-Eq

0.7 Gy-Eq

0.6 Gy-Eq

0.5 Gy-Eq

BFO dose

(b)
28 

Figure 20. Acute radiation risk from the uniform exposure to a given BFO dose for a 10- hour 

period: (a) Upper GI distress (UG); and (b) Fatigability and weakness (FW). 

(a)

1

2

3

4

5

0.1 1 10 100 1000

UG severity

Time, h

3.0 Gy-Eq

2.5 Gy-Eq

2.0 Gy-Eq

1.5 Gy-Eq

1.0 Gy-Eq

0.9 Gy-Eq

0.8 Gy-Eq

0.7 Gy-Eq

0.6 Gy-Eq

0.5 Gy-Eq

BFO dose

1

2

3

4

5

0.1 1 10 100 1000

FW severity

Time, h

3.0 Gy-Eq

2.5 Gy-Eq

2.0 Gy-Eq

1.5 Gy-Eq

1.0 Gy-Eq

0.9 Gy-Eq

0.8 Gy-Eq

0.7 Gy-Eq

0.6 Gy-Eq

0.5 Gy-Eq

BFO dose

(b)
29 

 

6. Conclusions 

The assessment of astronauts’ radiation risk from SPE is an important goal in support of 

mission design and operational planning to manage radiation risks in future space 

missions. The first version of the ARRBOD GUI is developed for the purpose of NASA 

trade studies of mission scenarios, including studies of shielding materials, masses and 

topologies from exposure to historically recorded large SPEs. In the current ARRBOD 

version, proper shielding solutions can be identified from the gender-specific organ dose 

assessments to avoid ARR symptoms, and to stay within the current NASA short-term 

dose limits. Furthermore, the quantified evaluation of ARR severities based on any given 

shielding configuration and a specified EVA or other mission scenario can be made to 

guide alternative solutions for attaining determined objectives set by mission planners. 

 
30 

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Reducing Space Radiation Cancer Risks. Radiation Measurements. 41,1173-1185, 

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Space Radiation Risk Limits and Earth-Moon-Mars Environmental Models. 

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Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration, the National Academies 

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March 1992.
 
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 February 2010 NASA Technical Paper 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Development of Graphical User Interface for ARRBOD (Accute Radiation Risk and 

BRYNTRN Organ Dose Projection

 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Myung-Hee Y. Kim, Shaowen Hu, Hatem N. Nounu, Francis A. Cucinotta 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

REPORT NUMBERS

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 

Houston, Texas 77058 

S-1061 

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AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Washington, DC 20546-0001 

TP-2010-216116 

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12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

Available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)

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13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The space radiation environment, particularly solar particle events (SPEs), poses the risk of acute radiation sickness (ARS) to humans; 

and organ doses from SPE exposure may reach critical levels during EVAs or within lightly shielded spacecraft. NASA has 

developed an organ dose projection model using the BRYNTRN with SUMDOSE computer algorithms, and a probabilistic model of 

Acute Radiation Risk (ARR). The risk projection models of organ doses and ARR take the output from BRYNTRN as an input to 

their calculations, but BRYNTRN requires extensive input preparation. With a graphical user interface (GUI) to handle input and 

output for BRYNTRN, the response models can be connected easily and correctly to BRYNTRN in a user-friendly way. A GUI for 

the Acute Radiation Risk and BRYNTRN Organ Dose (ARRBOD) projection code provides seamless integration of input and output 

manipulations, which are required for operations of the ARRBOD modules. The ARRBOD GUI is intended for mission planners, 

radiation shield designers, space operations in the mission operations directorate (MOD), and space biophysics researchers. The

ARRBOD GUI will serve as a proof-of-concept example for future integration of other human space applications risk projection 

models. This version of the ARRBOD GUI is a new self-contained product and will have follow-on versions The major components 

of the overall system, the subsystem interconnections, and external interfaces are described in this report; and the ARRBOD GUI

product is explained step by step in order to serve as a tutorial. 

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF 

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16. PRICE CODE 

ARRBOD, Radiation, Acute Radiation Risk, BRYNTRN, SUMDOSE, organ dose, SPE 44 

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