Protocol for the Application of the 

CALPUFF Model for BART Analyses 

at TVA Paradise Fossil Plant

July 28, 2006

Tennessee Valley Authority
2

Table of Contents

I. Introduction

II. BART Analysis Methodology

III. Locations of Paradise Fossil Plant and Nearby Class I Areas

IV. Paradise Fossil Plant (PAF) Stack Characteristics and Best Available Retrofit Technology

(BART) Emission Inventory

V. Visibility Calculations

VI. Modeling Report

VII. References

Appendix A. Recommendations for CALPUFF

Appendix B. Locations of Receptors at Mammoth Cave National Park and Mingo Wilderness 

Area

Appendix C. Default Natural Extinction and Deciview Values for Mandatory Class I Areas 

within 300 km of PAF. 
3

I. Introduction

Guidelines for Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) evaluations have been issued by the 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Federal Register (70 FR 39104-39172). A 

BART determination is required for any eligible source that “emits any air pollutant which may

reasonably be anticipated to cause or contribute to any impairment of visibility” within any of 

the 156 mandatory Class I federal areas. A source is considered to cause visibility impairment if 

it is responsible for a 1.0 deciview (dv) change in visibility; it is considered to contribute to 

visibility impairment if it is responsible for a 0.5 dv change in visibility. 

Major stationary sources are BART-eligible if they meet three criteria:

(1) Potential to emit at least 250 tons per year of a visibility-impairing pollutant.

(2) “Commenced construction” as of August 7, 1977, but not in operation more than 15 

years (August 7, 1962).

(3) Belong to one of the 26 listed source categories in the guidance. 

If an eligible source is concluded to be subject to BART, determination of the appropriate control 

alternative must consider the following statutory factors:

(1) existing controls

(2) cost

(3) energy and non-air environmental impacts

(4) remaining useful life of the source

(5) degree of visibility improvement expected from the application of controls

This protocol (hereinafter described as “the protocol”) describes the procedures that will be used 

to conduct the air quality modeling portion of the BART determination for Paradise Fossil Plant 

(PAF), an electric generating facility owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority

(TVA). 

The CALPUFF model and its meteorological model, CALMET, have been adopted by the U. S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a Guideline Model for source-receptor distances 

greater than 50 km, and for use on a case-by-case basis in complex flow situations for shorter 

distances (68 FR 18440-18482). CALPUFF is recommended for Class I impact assessments by

the Federal Land Managers Workgroup (FLAG 2000) and the Interagency Workgroup on Air 

Quality Modeling (IWAQM) (U. S. EPA, 1998).

The main components of CALPUFF include 

(1) CALMET, a diagnostic meteorological model that is used to drive CALPUFF.

(2) CALPUFF, a non-steady-state Lagrangian puff transport and dispersion model that 

advects Gaussian puffs of multiple pollutants from modeled sources.

(3) Postprocessing programs, including POSTUTIL and CALPOST. POSTUTIL 

includes options for summing contributions of individual sources or groups of 

sources to assess cumulative impacts. It also contains CALPUFF’s nitric acid-
4

nitrate chemical equilibrium module, which allows the cumulative effects of 

ammonia consumption by background sources to be assessed in the postprocessor. 

In addition, the combination of CALPUFF and POSTUTIL allows the effects of 

source emissions of ammonia to be incrementally added to background ammonia 

levels when determining nitrate formation. 

The VISTAS Regional Planning Organization (RPO) has developed a protocol for the 

application of the CALPUFF model for analysis of BART (VISTAS, 2006). Common 

procedures have been developed in the VISTAS BART protocol that are consistent with 

guidelines of the Environmental Protection Agency in 40 CFR Part 51 Appendix W and 

Appendix Y. TVA will follow the VISTAS protocol in conducting the BART analyses for PAF. 

II. BART Analysis Methodology 

A special version of CALPUFF has been developed for BART modeling for sources within the 

VISTAS region. This version, consisting of CALMET Version 5.7 and CALPUFF Version

5.754, will be used for the PAF BART evaluation. 

The general steps that will be used to conduct the PAF BART modeling are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Steps in BART determination. (Figure is taken from the VISTAS BART protocol). 

The first step is to determine if PAF is subject to BART. For the initial exemption modeling, a 

12-km grid that covers the entire VISTAS region will be used. Change in visibility across all 

receptors in the Class I area will be compared to the threshold of 0.5 dv. If the highest 24-hour 

average value is less than 0.5 dv, PAF is not subject to BART.
5

If the highest 24-hour average value is greater than 0.5 dv, refined exemption modeling will be 

conducted. This modeling will use a subregional 4-km grid (VISTAS domain #3). The change 

in visibility will be calculated for the 8th highest day in each year or the 22nd highest day in the 3-

year period, whichever is more conservative, and will be compared to the modeled results. If the 

change is greater than 0.5 dv at any receptors in the Class I area, then BART determination 

modeling will be conducted for PAF. 

Earth Tech, Inc. has produced yearly CALMET files for the 12-km and 4-km grids for the years 

2001, 2002 and 2003. These files will be used in the CALPUFF modeling for PAF. The 

domains for the two grids are shown in Figure 2. 

Specific CALPUFF options that will be used for PAF BART modeling include:

(1) As directed by KYDAQ, emissions of (sulfur dioxide) SO2 and (nitrogen oxides) 

NOX will not be modeled, since EPA has concluded that CAIR = BART for SO2

and NOX emissions from electric generating units (EGUs). 

(2) Primary PM10 and PM2.5 emissions in six size categories will be modeled. The six 

size categories are: <0.625 μm, 0.625-1.0 μm, 1.0-1.25 μm, 1.25-2.5 μm, 2.5-6.0 

μm and 6-10 μm. The details of how the emissions were calculated are presented in 

section IV of this protocol and in the accompanying spreadsheet 

PAF_CY05_BART.xls. 

(3) Emissions of SO4 will be included. Emissions of HNO3 and NO3 will not be 

included, since TVA has not been able to locate accepted emissions factors for 

these two species from EGUs. 

(4) Ammonia emissions will not be modeled since PAF is not one of the few sources in 

the VISTAS region that has ammonia emissions high enough to be considered as 

visibility-impairing.

(5) The MESOPUFF II chemical transformation scheme will be used. 

(6) In CALPUFF, ozone data can be provided by a file of ambient concentrations. 

Earth Tech, Inc. has provided yearly files of ambient ozone concentrations for the 

VISTAS region. The SUBDOMN program in CALPUFF will be used to produce 

the background ozone data files that are input into CALPUFF.

(7) A constant value of 0.5 ppb will be used for ambient ammonia concentrations. (The 

VISTAS BART protocol originally recommended that ammonia concentrations 

derived from CMAQ modeling runs be used, but this recommendation was 

changed).

(8) The Pasquill-Gifford dispersion method (MDISP=3) will be selected. (The 

VISTAS protocol originally recommended using turbulent-based dispersion 

coefficients, but VISTAS changed this recommendation at the request of EPA).

(9) Puff splitting will not be used; integrated puff sampling methodology will be used, 

as recommended in the VISTAS protocol.

(10) The ammonia-limiting method (ALM) will not be used for the initial modeling runs 

that are conducted on the 12-km grid, but will be used for the 4-km fine-grid 

modeling.
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(11) CALPOST contains several options for calculating visibility. Method 6, which uses 

monthly average RH for calculating extinction, will be used. 

(12) Visibility calculations will be computed using the original IMPROVE algorithm. 

(13) The Rayleigh scattering term in the visibility equation will not be site-specific; a 

value of 10 Mm-1 will be used at all Class I areas. 

(14) Changes in deciviews at the Class I areas will be calculated with respect to the 

annual average for each Class I area. According to comments provided KYDAQ to 

TVA, use of the annual average haze index value will be accepted by EPA and by 

KYDAQ.

Tables will be provided that show

(1) The number of receptors within a single Class I area with impact > 0.5 dv.

(2) The number of days at all receptors in the Class I area with impact > 0.5 dv.

(3) The number of Class I areas with impacts > 0.5 dv.

Visibility impacts will be calculated for the Class I areas that are located within 300 km of PAF. 
7

III. Locations of Paradise Fossil Plant and Nearby Class I Areas

Paradise Fossil Plant is located in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. Two Class I areas are located 

within 300 km: Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA) and Mingo Wilderness Area (MING). 

The locations of the PAF stacks, the two class I areas that are within 300 km, and the VISTAS 

12-km and 4-km grid for domain 3 are shown in Figure 2. Stack location and dispersion 

parameters (stack height and exit diameter, and stack-exit flue-gas velocity and temperature) as 

listed in the PAF Title V permit application were included in the BART emission inventory. 

These locations are provided in both latitude/longitude and UTM coordinates, and are shown in 

Table 1. They were converted to the Lambert Conformal grid coordinates (LCC) using the 

COORD module of CALPUFF; the LCC coordinates are also provided in Table 1. 

The locations of the Class I areas are presented in Table 2. Locations in longitude and latitude 

were taken from http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/DatawareHouse/IMPROVE/Data/ 

AEROSOL/Help/IMPROVELocTable.txt except for Joyce Kilmer – Slickrock. (JOYC). The 

location of JOYC was taken from: Table A-3 Monthly Site-Specific f(RH) Values for Each 

Mandatory Federal Class I Area, Based on the Centroid of the Area (Supplemental Information) 

from Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions Under the Regional Haze Rule. The 

CALPUFF module COORDS was used to convert the locations to Lambert Conformal 

coordinates appropriate for the VISTAS 12-km grid. Distances between the PAF stacks and the 

Class I areas were calculated from the Lambert Conformal coordinates. The distances are also 

presented in Table 2. 
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Figure 2. Location of TVA’s Paradise Fossil Plant and Class I Areas Within 300 Km

(Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA) and Mingo Wilderness Area (MING)). The red box 

shows the VISTAS 12-km domain, and the green box shows the VISTAS domain #3, the 4-km 

subdomain that will be used in BART modeling for PAF.
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Table 1. Location of Paradise Fossil Plant

Unit State Longitude Latitude UTM LCC for 12-km grid

Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing

1 KY 86.9785 37.2609 501.91 4123.61 16 880.54402 254.29429

2 KY 86.9789 37.2604 501.87 4123.56 16 880.5151 254.35314

3 KY 86.9799 37.2597 501.78 4123.48 16 880.43611 254.43979
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Table 2. Distances between Paradise Fossil Plant and Class I Areas.

Class I Area State Location of Class I Areas

Distance from PAF to

Class I Area 

Name Abbre. Longitude* Latitude* Easting Northing (km)

(LCC) (LCC) PAF1 PAF2 PAF3

Caney Creek CACR AR 94.1429 34.4543 261.28 -609.62 713.97 713.91 713.80

Cohutta Wilderness COHU TN-GA 84.6263 34.7852 1123.28 -500.44 345.70 345.68 345.67

Dolly Sods DOSO WV 79.4263 39.107 1498.40 46.59 687.22 687.27 687.38

Great Smoky 

Mountains GRSM TN 83.9417 35.6334 1171.55 -398.72 324.87 324.87 324.90

Hercules Glades HEGL MS 92.8781 36.6713 365.74 -359.83 525.51 525.47 525.37

Jefferson/

James River Face

JEFF/

JARI VA 79.5125 37.6266 1522.45 -115.51 656.73 656.77 656.87

Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock JOYC TN-NC 83.9900 35.4400 1170.30 -420.55 334.06 334.06 334.09

Linville Gorge LIGO NC 81.9331 35.9722 1344.02 -333.85 470.25 470.27 470.33

Mammoth Cave MACA KY 86.1477 37.1315 954.91 -260.13 74.60 74.62 74.69

Mingo MING MS 90.1432 36.9717 605.54 -312.03 281.00 280.96 280.87

Shenandoah SHEN VA 78.4347 38.5229 1594.90 0.1555 758.32 758.37 758.47

Shining Rock SHRO NC 82.7743 35.3937 1279.60 -409.23 428.08 428.09 428.13

Sipsey SIPS AL 87.3388 34.3433 883.30 -579.05 324.76 324.71 324.62

Upper Buffalo UPBU AR 93.2029 35.8259 340.85 -454.60 575.67 575.62 575.52

*Locations taken from: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/DatawareHouse/IMPROVE/Data/AEROSOL/Help/IMPROVELocTable.txt except for JOYC. JOYC 

location taken from: Table A-3 Monthly Site-Specific f(RH) Values for Each Mandatory Federal Class I Area, Based on the Centroid of the Area (Supplemental 

Information) from Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions Under the Regional Haze Rule.
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IV. Paradise Fossil Plant (PAF) Stack Characteristics and Best Available 

Retrofit Technology (BART) Emission Inventory

Source Description

TVA’s PAF is located on the western bank of the Green River in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. 

The plant has three cyclone-furnace coal-fired boilers (Units 1-3) that are eligible under Best 

Available Retrofit Technology (BART) requirements. The PAF Title V permit application listed 

boiler maximum heat-input capacities as 6,959 x 106 Btu/hr each for Units 1 and 2 and 11,457 x 

106 Btu/hr for Unit 3.

Venturi-type wet-limestone flue-gas-desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers reduce SO2 and 

particulate-matter (PM) emissions from PAF Units 1 and 2, and a double-contact-flow FGD 

scrubber is scheduled to begin operations on PAF Unit 3 in 2006 for SO2 removal. Unit 3 also 

has an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for PM removal, and all three units have ammonia-based 

selective-catalytic-reduction (SCR) reactors to reduce NOx emissions.

Stack location and dispersion parameters (stack height and exit diameter, and stack-exit flue-gas 

velocity and temperature) as listed in the PAF Title V permit application were included in the 

BART emission inventory. All stacks currently in service for PAF coal-fired boilers were built 

before 12-31-1970 (Title V Permit Application for Paradise Fossil Plant). Consequently, Good 

Engineering Practice (GEP) requirements do not apply to these stacks, per Section 123 of the 

Clean Air Act. 

Unit-specific stack characteristics for the units at PAF are presented in Table 3.

Emission Estimates

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) control requirements are deemed equivalent to BART for SO2

and NOx emissions from electric generating units (EGU). Consequently, the Kentucky Division 

for Air Quality (KYDAQ) agreed that the PAF BART emission inventory need only include PM 

with particle sizes less than or equal to 10 micrometers nominal aerodynamic diameter (PM10) 

(Luther, Martin, Kentucky Division for Air Quality (KYDAQ), e-mail to J.T. Waddell, TVA, 

7/3/2006).

Primary PM emissions consist of filterable PM (PM_fil) plus condensable PM (PM_cond). 

PM_fil emissions from coal-fired boilers consist mostly of fly ash plus some unburned elemental 

carbon (EC); PM_cond emissions include sulfur trioxide (SO3)/sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and organic 

components. The KYDAQ regulatory PM emission limit applicable to PAF (0.11 lb/106 Btu) is 

based on EPA Reference Method 5B (Kentucky Administrative Regulation (KAR) 61:015, Sec. 

4(1); Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A-3, Method 5B). This method 

captures filterable PM using a glass-fiber filter maintained at 320 +/- 25 degrees F, well above 

the SO3/H2SO4 dew point for most coal-fired flue gases, so PM_cond emissions pass through the 

filter in the gas phase. PM_cond emissions may be measured using impingers in the “back half” 
12

of a Method 5B sampling train, but TVA demonstrates compliance with its PM emission limit 

using standard Method 5B stack tests that exclude PM_cond emissions.

Filterable PM

BART-inventory PM_fil emissions were estimated for each PAF unit by multiplying the Title V 

maximum heat-input capacity times the average of 2001-2005 Method 5B coal-fired stack-test 

measurements (in lb/106 Btu). TVA believes that this approach best represents a 24-hour 

maximum hourly PM emission rate, which is suggested by the EPA BART Guidelines, for the 

period of meteorological data to be modeled.

PAF Unit 1 sample calculations are contained in the “calcs” worksheet of the Excel file 

“PAF_CY05_BART.xls”. Particle-size speciation of PM_fil emissions was derived from AP-42 

particle-size distributions for cyclone furnaces burning bituminous coal with ESP PM controls, 

using guidance listed on the National Park Service (NPS) website (US EPA, Compilation of Air 

Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42), Vol. I, 5th Edition, Supplement E, Section 1.1, Bituminous 

& Subbituminous Coal Combustion, 9-98; NPS website 

(http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/permits/ect/ectCoalFiredBoiler.cfm), including Excel file 

"2006FinalCycloneFurnaceESPpmSpeciationProfile.xls"). No distributions were listed for 

cyclone furnaces with FGD controls. PAF Units 1-2 are able to meet the applicable PM 

emission limits without ESP since the venturi FGD scrubbers also serve as PM control systems. 

The AP-42 particle-size distribution for cyclone furnaces with ESP PM controls is deemed to be 

most appropriate for PAF Units 1-2.

Unburned elemental carbon (EC) contained in the fly ash was presumed to constitute a nominal 

3.7% of filterable PM emissions smaller than 2.5 micrometers nominal aerodynamic diameter 

(PM2.5_fil) (US EPA, Draft "Catalog of Global Emissions Inventories and Emission Inventory

Tools for Black Carbon"). The EC component was assigned entirely to the smallest CALPUFF 

particle-size range (sub-0.625 micrometer), per NPS guidance (NPS website 

(http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/permits/ect/ ectCoalFiredBoiler.cfm), including Excel file

"2006FinalCycloneFurnaceESPpmSpeciation Profile.xls").

Condensable PM

AP-42 emission factors were used to estimate organic PM_cond emissions (US EPA, 

Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42), Vol. I, 5th Edition, Supplement E, 

Section 1.1, Bituminous & Subbituminous Coal Combustion, 9-98). The PM_cond organic 

fraction (20%) listed for coal-fired boilers without FGD was applied to units with FGD, per NPS

guidance (NPS website (http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/permits/ect/ ectCoalFiredBoiler.cfm), 

including Excel file "2006FinalCycloneFurnaceESPpm SpeciationProfile.xls"). SO3/H2SO4

PM_cond emissions for PAF Units 1-2 were estimated using annual-average emission factors 

derived from 2005 stack-test results evaluating PAF Unit 2 SO3/H2SO4 emissions with in-service 

and bypassed SCR reactors, apportioned according to CY05 SCR operations (Thompson, M. A., 

“PAF U2 Opacity Reduction Testing Final Report1.doc”).
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SO3/H2SO4 emissions from PAF Unit 3 were estimated using the Hardman-Stacy-Dismukes 

H2SO4 study (Hardman, R. Stacy and E. Dismukes, “Estimating Sulfuric Acid Aerosol 

Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants”). Details are given in the “H2SO4” worksheet of the 

Excel file “PAF_CY05_BART.xls”.

 
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Table 3. Unit-Specific Stack Characteristics of Paradise Fossil Plant

Unit Stack Height Base Elevation Diameter Gas Exit Velocity Stack Gas Exit 

Temperature

ft m ft m ft m ft/s m/s deg F deg K

1 600 182.88 422 128.63 26.0 7.92 72.6 22.12 125 324.82

2 600 182.88 422 128.63 26.0 7.92 72.6 22.12 125 324.82

3 800 243.84 422 128.63 26.79 8.17 134 40.70 327 437.04
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V. Visibility Calculations

The “old” IMPROVE algorithm for calculating light extinction is given as:

bext = 3 f(RH) [(NH4)2SO4] + 3 f(RH) [NH4NO3] + 4[OC] + 1[Soil] +

+ 0.6[Coarse Mass] + 10[EC] + bRay (1)

The concentrations, in square brackets, are in μg/m3 and bext is in units of Mm-1. The Rayleigh 

scattering term (bRay) has a value of 10 Mm-1, as recommended in EPA guidance for tracking 

reasonable progress (EPA, 2003a).

The haze index (HI) is calculated from the extinction coefficient via the following formula:

HI = 10 ln (bext/10) (2)

Various refinements have been suggested in the VISTAS BART protocol, such as adding a sea 

salt term and increasing the factor used to calculate the mass of particulate organic matter (OC) 

from organic carbon measurements. However, the methodology described in this protocol will 

not use any of the suggested refinements. 

CALPOST contains several different options for calculating visibility. Method 6, which uses 

monthly average RH for calculating extinction, will be used, as recommended in EPA’s BART 

guidance (70 FR 39162). The monthly average RH and fRH values for MACA and MING are 

presented in Table 4.

Visibility calculations will be computed using the original IMPROVE algorithm for the two 

Class I areas which are located within 300 km of PAF (MACA and MING).

The Rayleigh scattering term in the visibility equation will not be site-specific; a value of 10 

Mm

-1 will be used at both Class I areas. 

Changes in deciviews at the Class I areas will be calculated with respect to the annual average 

for each Class I area. According to comments provided KYDAQ to TVA, use of the annual 

average haze index value will be accepted by EPA and by KYDAQ. The annual averaged 

deciview data are presented in Appendix C. These data were obtained from 

http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/views/Web/IMPROVE/SummaryData.aspx.

Tables will be provided that show

(1) The number of receptors within a single Class I area with impact > 0.5 dv.

(2) The number of days at all receptors in the Class I area with impact > 0.5 dv.

(3) The number of Class I areas with impacts > 0.5 dv.
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Table 4. Monthly f(RH) Values for Class I Areas Within 300 Km of Paradise Fossil Plant. 

Class I Area State

Site

Code fRH

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Mammoth Cave KY MACA 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.2 3.5

Mingo MO MING 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.3

Source: EPA 2003, Table A-3.
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VI. Modeling Report and Quality Control of CALPUFF

The Results section of the PAF BART report will contain the following information:

1. A map of source location and Class I areas within 300 km of the source.

2. For the VISTAS 12-km CALPUFF initial exemption modeling domain, a table listing all

Class I areas in the VISTAS domain and those in neighboring states and impacts at those Class I 

areas within 300 km of the source will be provided.

3. A discussion will be included of the number of Class I areas with visibility impairment from 

the source on 98th percentile days in each year greater than 0.5 dv (total visibility impairment 

minus annual average impairment equals delta-dv, the visibility impact attributed to the source).

4. For the Class I area with the maximum impact, discussion of the number of days below the 

98th percentile that the impact of the source exceeds 0.5 dv, the number of receptors in the Class 

I area where the impact exceeds 0.5 dv, and the maximum impact.

5. For finer grid CALPUFF exemption modeling, results for those Class I areas for which

impacts of the source exceeded 0.5 dv in the 12-km initial exemption modeling. The same 

results as provided for 12-km initial exemption modeling will be reported.

6. If control option modeling is required, each control option tested will be listed in tabular format. 

For each control option and for each Class I area where the impact of the source exceeded 0.5 dv, 

the change in pollutant emissions and the change in visibility impact from the source as a result of 

the control option will be reported. The effectiveness of candidate control options will be compared 

to each other, not to a specific target improvement.

7. Copies of all input files and input data in electronic format for the CALMET, CALPUFF, 

CALPOST and POSTUTIL runs will be archived and provided to the State.

Quality assurance is an important part of the BART modeling process. The following steps will 

be taken with respect to quality assurance.

1. The locations of PAF stacks and the Class I areas will be calculated in COORDS using 

the same datum as specified in the BART setup file provided by Earth Tech, Inc. 

2. The values of CALPUFF input variables will be checked against the recommended 

values that are provided in Appendix B of the IWAQM report. 

3. The following CALPOST inputs will be carefully checked: 

A. Visibility technique (Method 6 in the common VISTAS protocol).

B. Monthly Class I-specific relative humidity factors for Method 6.

C. Background light extinction values.

D. Inclusion of all appropriate species from modeled sources (e.g., sulfate, nitrate, organics, 

(as SOA), coarse and fine particulate matter and elemental carbon.

E. Appropriate species names for coarse PM used.

F. Extinction efficiencies for each species.

G. Appropriate Rayleigh scattering term (10 Mm-1 ).

H. Screen to select appropriate Class I receptors for each CALPOST simulation.
18

VI. References

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A-3, Method 5B.

FLAG, 2000. Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG). Phase I 

Report. U. S. Forest Service, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Hardman, R. Stacy and E. Dismukes, "Estimating Sulfuric Acid Aerosol Emissions from Coal-Fired 

Power Plants". Paper presented at US DOE-FETC Conference on Formation, Distribution, Impact, 

& Fate of Sulfur Trioxide in Utility Flue Gas Streams, Pittsburgh, PA, 3-98; latest update by K.E. 

Harrison, L.S. Monroe, and J.E. Cichanowicz, 10-05 (renamed "Estimating Total Sulfuric Acid 

Emissions from Stationary Power Plants: Revision 3 (2005)").

Kentucky Administrative Regulation (KAR) 61:015, Sec. 4(1).

Luther, Martin, Kentucky Division for Air Quality (KYDAQ), e-mail to J.T. Waddell, TVA, 

7/3/2006.

Markham, W.C., Excel file "Current Particulate Test Reports Updated 02032006.xls" in 2-8-06 email to J.D. Lokey.

National Park Service website (http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/permits/ect/ ectCoalFiredBoiler.cfm), 

including Excel file "2006FinalCycloneFurnace ESPpmSpeciationProfile.xls".

Thompson, M. S., "PAF U2 Opacity Reduction Testing Final Report1.doc," 4-8-05, Word file 

downloaded 5-25-05 from TVA Fossil Power Group (FPG) Air, Gas, Water, & Yard (AGWY) 

Systems' SO3 Mitigation website (TVA Intranet).

Title V permit application for Paradise Fossil Plant, submitted to KYDAQ 12-3-1996.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Guidelines for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions 

Under the Regional Haze Rule”, Sept. 2003, EPA-454/B-03-005. U. S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft "Catalog of Global Emissions Inventories and 

Emission Inventory Tools for Black Carbon", Jan. 2002, as cited in "Particulate Speciation Profiles 

for Selected Source Types" posted 3-16-06 on VISTAS website and in NPS website (note 7).

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998: Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for 

Modeling Long Range Transport and Impacts. Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling 

(IWAQM). EPA-454/R-98-019, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42), 

Vol. I, 5th Edition, Supplement E, Section 1.1, Bituminous & Subbituminous Coal Combustion, 9-

98.
19

Visibility Improvement State and Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS), 2006: Protocol for 

the Application of the CALPUFF Model for Analyses of Best Available Retrofit Technology

(BART), Revision 2, http://vistas-sesarm.org/BART/BART ModelingProtocol_rev2_9Mar2006.pdf.
20

Appendix A. Recommendations for CALPUFF

(Taken from Appendix B, Environmental Protection Agency, 1998: Phase 2 Summary Report 

and Recommendations for Modeling Long Range Transport and Impacts. Interagency

Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM). EPA-454/R-98-019, U. S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, RTP, NC).

Variable Description Value

METFM Format of input meteorology (1 = CALMET) 1

AVET Averaging time lateral dispersion parameters 60 (minutes)

MGAUSS Near-field vertical distribution (1 = Gaussian) 1

MCTADJ Terrain adjustments to plume path (3 = Plume path) 3

MCTSG Do we have subgrid hills? (0 = No), allows

CTDM-like treatment for subgrid scale hills

0

MSLUG Near-field puff treatment (0 = No slugs) 0

MTRANS Model transitional plume rise? (1 = Yes) 1

MTIP Treat stack tip downwash? (1 = Yes) 1

MSHEAR Treat vertical wind shear? (0 = No) 0

MSPLIT Allow puffs to split? (0 = No) 0

MCHEM MESOPUFF-II Chemistry? (1 = Yes) 1

MWET Model wet deposition? (1 = Yes) 1

MDRY Model dry deposition? (1 = Yes) 1

MDISP Method for dispersion coefficients (3 = PG & MP) 3

MTURBVW Turbulence characterization? (Only if MDISP = 1 3 

or 5)

MDISP2 Backup coefficients (Only if MDISP = 1 or 5) 3

MROUGH Adjust PG for surface roughness? (0 = No) 0

MPARTL Model partial plume penetration? (0 = No) 1

MTINV Elevated inversion strength (0 = compute from 0 

data)

MPDF Use PDF for convective dispersion? (0 = No) 0

MSGTIBL Use TIBL module? (0 = No) allows treatment of 0 

subgrid scale coastal areas

MREG Regulatory default checks? (1 = Yes) 1

LSAMP Use gridded receptors? (T = Yes) F

MESHDN Gridded recpetor spacing = DGRIDKM/MESHDN 1

ICON Output concentrations? (1 = Yes) 1

IDRY Output dry deposition flux? (1 = Yes) 1

IWET Output west deposition flux? (1 = Yes) 1

IVIS Output RH for visibility calculations (1 = Yes) 1

LCOMPRS Use compression option in output? (T = Yes) T

ICPRT Print concentrations? (0 = No) 0
21

IDPRT Print dry deposition fluxes (0 = No) 0

IWPRT Print wet deposition fluxes (0 = No) 0

ICFRQ Concentration print interval (1 = hourly) 1

IDFRQ Dry deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) 1

IWFRQ West deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) 1

IPRTU Print output units (1 = g/m**3; g/m**2/s) 1

IMESG Status messages to screen? (1 = Yes) 1

LDEBUG Turn on debug tracking? (F = No) F

RCUTR Reference cuticle resistance (s/cm) 30.

RGR Reference ground resistance (s/cm) 10.

REACTR Reference reactivity 8

NINT Number of particle-size intervals 9

IVEG Vegetative state (1 = active and unstressed) 1

MOZ Ozone background? (1 = read from ozone.dat) 1

BCKO3 Ozone default (ppb) (Use only for missing data) 80

BCKNH3 Ammonia background (ppb) 10

RNITE1 Nighttime SO2 loss rate (%/hr) 0.2

RNITE2 Nighttime NOx loss rate (%/hr) 2

RNITE3 Nighttime HNO3 loss rate (%/hr) 2

SYTDEP Horizontal size (m) to switch to time dependence 550.

MHFTSE Use Heffter for vertical dispersion? (0 = No) 0

JSUP PG Stability class above mixed layer 5

CONK1 Stable dispersion constant (Eq 2.7-3) 0.01

CONK2 Neutral dispersion constant (Eq 2.7-4) 0.1

TBD Transition for downwash algorithms (0.5 = ISC) 0.5

IURB1 Beginning urban landuse type 10

IURB2 Ending urban landuse type 19

XMXLEN Maximum slug length in units of DGRIDKM 1

XSAMLEN Maximum puff travel distance per sampling step 1 (units of 

DGRIDKM)

MXNEW Maximum number of puffs per hour 99

MXSAM Maximum sampling steps per hour 99

SL2PF Maximum Sy/puff length 10

PLX0 Wind speed power-law exponents 0.07,0.07,0.10,0.

15,0.35,0.55

WSCAT Upper bounds 1st 5 wind speed classes (m/s) 1.54,3.09,5.14,8.

23.10.8

PGGO Potential temperature gradients PG E and F 0.020, 0.035

(deg/km)

SYMIN Minimum lateral dispersion of new puff (m) 1.0

SZMIN Minimum vertical dispersion of new puff (m) 1.0

SVMIN Array of minimum lateral turbulence (m/s) 6*0.50
22

SWMIN Array of minimum vertical turbulence (m/s) 0.20, 0.12, 0.08,

0.06, 0.03, 0.016

CDIV Divergence criterion for dw/dz (1/s) 0.01

WSCALM Minimum non-calm wind speed (m/s) 0.5

XMAXZI Maximum mixing height (m) 3000

XMINZI Minimum mixing height (m) 50

PPC Plume path coefficients (only if MCTADJ = 3) 0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.

35,0.35

NSPLIT Number of puffs when puffs split 3

ZISPLIT Previous hour’s mixing height (minimum), (m) 100

ROLDMAX Previous Max mixing height/current mixing 

height ratio, must be less then this value to

allow puff split

0.25

EPSSLUG Convergence criterion for slug sampling integration 1.0E-04

EPSAREA Convergence criterion for area source integration 1.0E-06

IPTU Units of emission rates (1 = g/s) 1

NSPT1 Number of point source-species combinations 0

NPT2 Number of point sources with fully variable 

emission rates

0
23

Appendix B. Locations of Receptors at Mammoth Cave National Park 

and Mingo Wilderness Area

Locations of Receptors at Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA)

Longitude Latitude Easting Northing Elevation

(LCC) (LCC) (m)

1 -86.1375 37.12917 955.8382 -260.274 183

2 -86.1292 37.12917 956.568 -260.187 213

3 -86.1125 37.12917 958.0275 -260.011 244

4 -86.1042 37.12917 958.7573 -259.923 244

5 -86.0958 37.12917 959.487 -259.835 243

6 -86.0875 37.12917 960.2168 -259.747 244

7 -86.0792 37.12917 960.9465 -259.659 224

8 -86.0708 37.12917 961.6762 -259.571 244

9 -86.1542 37.1375 954.2688 -259.534 212

10 -86.1458 37.1375 954.9985 -259.447 214

11 -86.1375 37.1375 955.7282 -259.359 198

12 -86.1292 37.1375 956.4579 -259.271 231

13 -86.1208 37.1375 957.1876 -259.184 215

14 -86.1125 37.1375 957.9173 -259.096 213

15 -86.1042 37.1375 958.647 -259.008 244

16 -86.0958 37.1375 959.3767 -258.92 216

17 -86.0875 37.1375 960.1063 -258.832 244

18 -86.0792 37.1375 960.836 -258.744 244

19 -86.0708 37.1375 961.5656 -258.656 244

20 -86.0625 37.1375 962.2953 -258.568 213

21 -86.0542 37.1375 963.0249 -258.479 213

22 -86.1542 37.14583 954.159 -258.619 181

23 -86.1458 37.14583 954.8887 -258.531 189

24 -86.1375 37.14583 955.6183 -258.444 210

25 -86.1292 37.14583 956.3479 -258.356 183

26 -86.1208 37.14583 957.0775 -258.268 184

27 -86.1125 37.14583 957.8071 -258.181 185

28 -86.1042 37.14583 958.5367 -258.093 244

29 -86.0958 37.14583 959.2663 -258.005 239

30 -86.0875 37.14583 959.9959 -257.917 244

31 -86.0792 37.14583 960.7255 -257.829 215

32 -86.0708 37.14583 961.455 -257.741 244

33 -86.0625 37.14583 962.1846 -257.652 213

34 -86.0542 37.14583 962.9141 -257.564 213

35 -86.1542 37.15417 954.0493 -257.703 182

36 -86.1458 37.15417 954.7788 -257.616 182

37 -86.1375 37.15417 955.5084 -257.528 213

38 -86.1292 37.15417 956.2379 -257.441 184

39 -86.1208 37.15417 956.9674 -257.353 231

40 -86.1125 37.15417 957.6969 -257.265 229

41 -86.1042 37.15417 958.4265 -257.177 228

42 -86.0958 37.15417 959.156 -257.089 237

43 -86.0875 37.15417 959.8855 -257.001 213

44 -86.0792 37.15417 960.6149 -256.913 213

45 -86.0708 37.15417 961.3444 -256.825 226
24

46

-86.0625 37.15417 962.0739-256.737 246

47

-86.0542 37.15417 962.8033-256.649 271

48-86.0458 37.15417 963.5328-256.561 271

49

-86.1625 37.1625 953.21-256.876 151

50

-86.1542 37.1625 953.9395-256.788 185

51

-86.1458 37.1625954.669-256.701 214

52-86.1375 37.1625 955.3984-256.613 219

53

-86.1292 37.1625 956.1279-256.525 224

54

-86.1208 37.1625 956.8573-256.438 214

55

-86.1125 37.1625 957.5868-256.35 156

56-86.1042 37.1625 958.3162-256.262 216

57

-86.0958 37.1625959.0456-256.174 198

58

-86.0875 37.1625 959.775-256.086 213

59

-86.0792 37.1625 960.5044-255.998 244

60-86.0708 37.1625 961.2338-255.91 244

61

-86.0625 37.1625 961.9632-255.822 237

62

-86.0542 37.1625 962.6926-255.734 219

63

-86.0458 37.1625963.4219-255.645 261

64-86.1875 37.17083 950.9121-256.222 196

65

-86.1792 37.17083 951.6415-256.135 215

66

-86.1708 37.17083 952.371-256.048 213

67

-86.1625 37.17083 953.1003-255.96 154

68-86.1542 37.17083 953.8297-255.873 179

69

-86.1458 37.17083 954.5591-255.785 186

70

-86.1375 37.17083 955.2885-255.698 215

71

-86.1292 37.17083 956.0179-255.61 222

72-86.1208 37.17083 956.7472-255.522 183

73

-86.1125 37.17083 957.4766-255.435 214

74

-86.1042 37.17083 958.2059-255.347 213

75

-86.0958 37.17083 958.9352-255.259 234

76-86.0875 37.17083 959.6646-255.171 244

77

-86.0792 37.17083 960.3939-255.083 242

78

-86.0708 37.17083 961.1232-254.995 213

79

-86.0625 37.17083 961.8525-254.907 227

80-86.0542 37.17083 962.5818-254.818 211

81

-86.0458 37.17083 963.3111-254.73 244

82

-86.1875 37.17917 950.8027-255.307 205

83

-86.1792 37.17917 951.532-255.219 153

84-86.1708 37.17917 952.2614-255.132 192

85

-86.1625 37.17917 952.9907-255.045 153

86

-86.1542 37.17917 953.72-254.957 152

87

-86.1458 37.17917 954.4493-254.87 213

88-86.1375 37.17917 955.1786-254.782 203

89

-86.1292 37.17917 955.9078-254.695 215

90

-86.1208 37.17917 956.6371-254.607 152

91

-86.1125 37.17917 957.3664-254.519 152

92-86.1042 37.17917 958.0956-254.431 183

93

-86.0958 37.17917 958.8249-254.344 219

94

-86.0875 37.17917 959.5541-254.256 226

95

-86.0792 37.17917 960.2834-254.168 214

96-86.0708 37.17917 961.0126-254.08 225

97

-86.0625 37.17917 961.7418-253.991 188

98

-86.0542 37.17917 962.471-253.903 217

99

-86.2125 37.1875 948.5055-254.653 198
25

100

-86.2042 37.1875 949.2348-254.566 213

101

-86.1958 37.1875 949.964-254.478 175

102-86.1875 37.1875 950.6933-254.391 161

103

-86.1792 37.1875 951.4225-254.304 153

104

-86.1708 37.1875952.1518-254.217 157

105

-86.1625 37.1875 952.881-254.129 174

106-86.1542 37.1875 953.6102-254.042 199

107

-86.1458 37.1875 954.3394-253.955 152

108

-86.1375 37.1875 955.0686-253.867 152

109

-86.1292 37.1875 955.7978-253.779 152

110-86.1208 37.1875 956.527-253.692 182

111

-86.1125 37.1875 957.2562-253.604 168

112

-86.1042 37.1875 957.9854-253.516 202

113

-86.0958 37.1875 958.7145-253.428 183

114-86.0875 37.1875 959.4437-253.34 183

115

-86.0792 37.1875 960.1729-253.252 195

116

-86.0708 37.1875 960.902-253.164 213

117

-86.0625 37.1875 961.6311-253.076 243

118-86.0542 37.1875 962.3603-252.988 244

119

-86.2458 37.19583 945.4795-254.084 213

120

-86.2375 37.19583 946.2087-253.998 202

121

-86.2292 37.19583 946.9379-253.911 158

122-86.2208 37.19583 947.6671-253.824 183

123

-86.2125 37.19583 948.3963-253.737 215

124

-86.2042 37.19583 949.1255-253.65 198

125

-86.1958 37.19583 949.8547-253.563 187

126-86.1875 37.19583 950.5838-253.476 177

127

-86.1792 37.19583 951.313-253.389 167

128

-86.1708 37.19583 952.0422-253.301 221

129

-86.1625 37.19583 952.7713-253.214 244

130-86.1542 37.19583 953.5004-253.127 243

131

-86.1458 37.19583 954.2296-253.039 185

132

-86.1375 37.19583 954.9587-252.952 213

133

-86.1292 37.19583 955.6878-252.864 183

134-86.1208 37.19583 956.4169-252.776 225

135

-86.1125 37.19583 957.146-252.689 213

136

-86.1042 37.19583 957.8751-252.601 152

137

-86.0958 37.19583 958.6042-252.513 193

138-86.0875 37.19583 959.3333-252.425 244

139

-86.0792 37.19583 960.0623-252.337 244

140

-86.0708 37.19583 960.7914-252.249 244

141

-86.0625 37.19583 961.5204-252.161 244

142-86.0542 37.19583 962.2495-252.073 247

143

-86.0458 37.19583 962.9785-251.984 244

144

-86.2542 37.20417 944.6415-253.256 183

145

-86.2458 37.20417 945.3706-253.169 150

146-86.2375 37.20417 946.0998-253.082 153

147

-86.2292 37.20417 946.8289-252.996 185

148

-86.2208 37.20417 947.558-252.909 213

149

-86.2125 37.20417 948.2871-252.822 152

150-86.2042 37.20417949.0162-252.735 152

151

-86.1958 37.20417 949.7453-252.648 152

152

-86.1875 37.20417 950.4744-252.561 152

153

-86.1792 37.20417 951.2035-252.473 213
26

154

-86.1708 37.20417 951.9326-252.386 213

155

-86.1625 37.20417 952.6616-252.299 214

156-86.1542 37.20417 953.3907-252.211 244

157

-86.1458 37.20417 954.1197-252.124 230

158

-86.1375 37.20417 954.8488-252.036 232

159

-86.1292 37.20417 955.5778-251.949 213

160-86.1208 37.20417 956.3068-251.861 223

161

-86.1125 37.20417 957.0358-251.773 156

162

-86.1042 37.20417 957.7648-251.686 191

163

-86.0958 37.20417 958.4938-251.598 223

164-86.0875 37.20417 959.2228-251.51 226

165

-86.0792 37.20417 959.9518-251.422 228

166

-86.0708 37.20417 960.6808-251.334 224

167

-86.0625 37.20417 961.4098-251.246 214

168-86.0542 37.20417 962.1387-251.157 239

169

-86.0458 37.20417 962.8677-251.069 244

170

-86.0375 37.20417 963.5966 250.981- 181

171

-86.0292 37.20417 964.3255-250.893 190

172-86.2625 37.2125 943.8037-252.427 168

173

-86.254237.2125 944.5327-252.34 177

174

-86.2458 37.2125 945.2618-252.254 140

175

-86.2375 37.2125 945.9908-252.167 189

176-86.2292 37.2125 946.7199-252.08 152

177

-86.2208 37.2125 947.4489-251.993 152

178

-86.2125 37.2125 948.178-251.906 187

179

-86.2042 37.2125 948.907-251.819 186

180-86.1958 37.2125 949.636-251.732 177

181

-86.1875 37.2125 950.365-251.645 183

182

-86.1792 37.2125 951.094-251.558 170

183

-86.1708 37.2125 951.823-251.471 152

184-86.1625 37.2125 952.5519-251.383 197

185

-86.1542 37.2125 953.2809-251.296 183

186

-86.1458 37.2125 954.0099-251.209 213

187

-86.1375 37.2125 954.7388-251.121 213

188-86.1292 37.2125 955.4678-251.034 237

189

-86.1208 37.2125 956.1967-250.946 201

190

-86.1125 37.2125 956.9257-250.858 178

191

-86.1042 37.2125 957.6546-250.77 179

192-86.0958 37.2125 958.3835-250.683 215

193

-86.0875 37.2125 959.1124-250.595 219

194

-86.0792 37.2125 959.8413-250.507 215

195

-86.0708 37.2125 960.5702-250.419 187

196-86.0625 37.2125 961.2991-250.33 181

197

-86.0542 37.2125 962.0279-250.242 189

198

-86.0458 37.2125 962.7568-250.154 208

199

-86.0375 37.2125 963.4857-250.066 223

200-86.0292 37.2125 964.2145-249.977 244

201

-86.2458 37.22083 945.153-251.338 148

202

-86.2375 37.22083 945.8819-251.251 167

203

-86.2292 37.22083 946.6109-251.165 184

204-86.2208 37.22083 947.3398-251.078 242

205

-86.2125 37.22083 948.0688-250.991 239

206

-86.2042 37.22083 948.7977-250.904 243

207

-86.1958 37.22083 949.5266-250.817 244
27

208

-86.187537.22083 950.2556-250.73 153

209

-86.1792 37.22083 950.9845-250.643 213

210-86.1708 37.22083 951.7134-250.555 231

211

-86.1625 37.22083 952.4423-250.468 212

212

-86.1542 37.22083 953.1712-250.381 187

213

-86.1458 37.22083 953.9-250.293 216

214-86.1375 37.22083 954.6289-250.206 244

215

-86.1292 37.22083 955.3578-250.118 218

216

-86.1208 37.22083 956.0866-250.031 219

217

-86.1125 37.22083 956.8155-249.943 215

218-86.1042 37.22083 957.5443-249.855 152

219

-86.0958 37.22083 958.2731-249.767 153

220

-86.0875 37.22083 959.002-249.679 152

221

-86.0792 37.22083 959.7308-249.591 152

222-86.0708 37.22083 960.4596-249.503 164

223

-86.0625 37.22083 961.1884-249.415 152

224

-86.0542 37.22083 961.9172-249.327 213

225

-86.0458 37.22083 962.646-249.239 155

226-86.0375 37.22083 963.3747-249.151 194

227

-86.0292 37.22083 964.1035-249.062 244

228

-86.2458 37.22917 945.0441-250.423 188

229

-86.2375 37.22917 945.773-250.336 152

230-86.2292 37.22917 946.5019-250.249 166

231

-86.2208 37.22917 947.2307-250.162 183

232

-86.2125 37.22917 947.9596-250.076 215

233

-86.2042 37.22917 948.6885-249.989 182

234-86.1958 37.22917 949.4173-249.902 244

235

-86.1875 37.22917 950.1461-249.814 213

236

-86.1792 37.22917 950.875-249.727 186

237

-86.1708 37.22917 951.6038-249.64 194

238-86.1625 37.22917 952.3326-249.553 213

239

-86.1542 37.22917 953.0614-249.465 226

240

-86.1458 37.22917 953.7902-249.378 183

241

-86.1375 37.22917 954.519-249.291 239

242-86.1292 37.22917 955.2478-249.203 245

243

-86.1208 37.22917 955.9765-249.115 218

244

-86.1125 37.22917 956.7053-249.028 185

245

-86.1042 37.22917 957.434-248.94 152

246-86.0958 37.22917 958.1628-248.852 187

247

-86.0875 37.22917 958.8915-248.764 213

248

-86.0792 37.22917 959.6203-248.676 196

249

-86.0708 37.22917 960.349-248.588 182

250-86.0625 37.22917 961.0777-248.5 196

251

-86.0542 37.22917 961.8064-248.412 244

252

-86.0458 37.22917 962.5351-248.324 193

253

-86.0375 37.22917 963.2638-248.235 162

254-86.2542 37.2375 944.2065-249.594 154

255

-86.2458 37.2375 944.9353-249.507 152

256

-86.2375 37.2375 945.6641-249.421 152

257

-86.2292 37.2375 946.3929-249.334 152

258-86.2208 37.2375 947.1217-249.247 243

259

-86.2125 37.2375 947.8504-249.16 244

260

-86.2042 37.2375 948.5792-249.073 245

261

-86.1958 37.2375 949.308-248.986 184
28

262 -86.1875 37.2375 950.0367 -248.899 247

263 -86.1792 37.2375 950.7654 -248.812 221

264 -86.1708 37.2375 951.4942 -248.725 198

265 -86.1625 37.2375 952.2229 -248.637 244

266 -86.1542 37.2375 952.9516 -248.55 240

267 -86.1458 37.2375 953.6803 -248.463 221

268 -86.1208 37.2375 955.8664 -248.2 230

269 -86.1125 37.2375 956.5951 -248.112 213

270 -86.0708 37.2375 960.2384 -247.673 229

271 -86.0625 37.2375 960.967 -247.585 251

272 -86.0542 37.2375 961.6956 -247.497 244

273 -86.0458 37.2375 962.4242 -247.408 217

274 -86.0375 37.2375 963.1529 -247.32 152

275 -86.2542 37.24583 944.0977 -248.678 152

276 -86.2458 37.24583 944.8264 -248.592 165

277 -86.2375 37.24583 945.5552 -248.505 224

278 -86.2292 37.24583 946.2839 -248.418 215

279 -86.1875 37.24583 949.9273 -247.984 244

280 -86.1792 37.24583 950.6559 -247.897 238

281 -86.1708 37.24583 951.3846 -247.809 212

282 -86.1542 37.24583 952.8419 -247.635 242

283 -86.0625 37.24583 960.8563 -246.67 246

284 -86.0542 37.24583 961.5849 -246.581 213

285 -86.0458 37.24583 962.3134 -246.493 242

286 -86.0375 37.24583 963.0419 -246.405 213

287 -86.0292 37.24583 963.7704 -246.317 146

288 -86.2458 37.25417 944.7176 -247.676 152

289 -86.2375 37.25417 945.4462 -247.59 195

290 -86.2292 37.25417 946.1749 -247.503 244

291 -86.1708 37.25417 951.275 -246.894 244

292 -86.1542 37.25417 952.7321 -246.719 244

293 -86.0542 37.25417 961.4741 -245.666 240

294 -86.0458 37.25417 962.2025 -245.578 244

295 -86.0375 37.25417 962.931 -245.49 243

296 -86.0292 37.25417 963.6594 -245.401 142

297 -86.2458 37.2625 944.6088 -246.761 180

298 -86.2375 37.2625 945.3373 -246.674 180

299 -86.2292 37.2625 946.0659 -246.588 171

300 -86.0458 37.2625 962.0917 -244.663 217

301 -86.0375 37.2625 962.82 -244.575 183

302 -86.0292 37.2625 963.5484 -244.486 194
29

Locations of Receptors at Mingo Wilderness Area (MING)

Longitude Latitude Easting Northing Elevation

(LCC) (LCC) (m)

1 -90.2458 36.94583 596.7036 -315.567 106

2 -90.2292 36.94583 598.1734 -315.458 102

3 -90.2375 36.95417 597.37 -314.593 105

4 -90.2292 36.95417 598.1047 -314.538 102

5 -90.2208 36.95417 598.8395 -314.484 102

6 -90.2375 36.9625 597.3014 -313.674 114

7 -90.2292 36.9625 598.0361 -313.619 104

8 -90.2208 36.9625 598.7708 -313.564 102

9 -90.2125 36.9625 599.5054 -313.509 102

10 -90.2042 36.9625 600.2401 -313.454 102

11 -90.1958 36.9625 600.9748 -313.399 103

12 -90.2292 36.97083 597.9675 -312.699 108

13 -90.2208 36.97083 598.7021 -312.645 105

14 -90.2125 36.97083 599.4366 -312.59 102

15 -90.2042 36.97083 600.1712 -312.535 102

16 -90.1958 36.97083 600.9058 -312.48 102

17 -90.1875 36.97083 601.6404 -312.424 102

18 -90.1792 36.97083 602.375 -312.369 102

19 -90.1708 36.97083 603.1095 -312.314 102

20 -90.2208 36.97917 598.6333 -311.725 121

21 -90.2125 36.97917 599.3678 -311.67 104

22 -90.2042 36.97917 600.1023 -311.615 102

23 -90.1958 36.97917 600.8368 -311.56 102

24 -90.1875 36.97917 601.5713 -311.505 102

25 -90.1792 36.97917 602.3058 -311.45 102

26 -90.1708 36.97917 603.0403 -311.395 102

27 -90.2125 36.9875 599.299 -310.751 121

28 -90.2042 36.9875 600.0335 -310.696 105

29 -90.1958 36.9875 600.7679 -310.641 102

30 -90.1875 36.9875 601.5023 -310.586 102

31 -90.1792 36.9875 602.2367 -310.53 102

32 -90.1708 36.9875 602.9711 -310.475 101

33 -90.2042 36.99583 599.9646 -309.776 117

34 -90.1958 36.99583 600.6989 -309.721 101

35 -90.1875 36.99583 601.4332 -309.666 101

36 -90.1792 36.99583 602.1675 -309.611 102

37 -90.1708 36.99583 602.9019 -309.556 101

38 -90.1958 37.00417 600.6299 -308.802 106

39 -90.1875 37.00417 601.3642 -308.747 102

40 -90.1792 37.00417 602.0984 -308.692 102

41 -90.1708 37.00417 602.8326 -308.636 102

42 -90.1875 37.0125 601.2951 -307.827 103

43 -90.1792 37.0125 602.0293 -307.772 102

44 -90.1708 37.0125 602.7634 -307.717 102

45 -90.1792 37.02083 601.9601 -306.853 103

46 -90.1708 37.02083 602.6942 -306.798 102

47 -90.1708 37.02917 602.625 -305.878 103
30

Appendix C. Default Natural Extinction and Deciview Values for 

Mandatory Class I Areas within 300 km of PAF.

Annual Averaged Bext and DV for Natural 

Conditions at Class I Areas within 300 km of 

PAF.

Bext DV

(Mm-1)

MACA 21.58 7.69

MING 21.03 7.43

Source: EPA 2003, Appendix B.