-,

SURVEY OF FEDERALLY-FUNDED

MARINE MM1MAL RESEARCH AND STUDIES

FY70 - FY80

George H. Waring

Southern Illinois University

Carbondale, Illinois

July 1981

PB8l-242059

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Technical Information Service
Report No. MMC-81jOl

SURVEY OF FEDERF~LY-FUNDED

MARINE MP~~ RESEARCH AND STUDIES

FY70 - FY80

George H. Waring

Department of Zoology

Southern Illinois University

Carbondale, Illinois 62901

Published July 1981

Final Report to U.S. Marine Mammal Commission

in Fulfillment of Contract MM1801196-8

Availability Unlimited

Prepared for

U.S. Marine Mammal Commission

1625 I Street, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20006

RfPRODUCED BY

NATIONAL TECHNICAL

INFORMATION SERVICE

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

SPRINGflElD, VA. 22161

P8'31-242C5 C
50272-101

REPORT DOCUMENTATION I'· REPORT NO. I~ 3. Recipient's Accuslon No.

PAGE MMC-81jOl PB81-2420,9 04. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date

Survey of Federally-Funded Marine Manunal Research July 1981

and Studies, FY70-FY80 .. 7. Author(s) a. ~rlorminl Orcanl.zatlon Rept. No.

George H. Waring

9. Performlna: OflCanizatlon Nam. and Add,". 10. Projeet/T..k/Work Unit No.

Dr. George H. Waring

Department of Zoology 11. Cont,.ct(C) or Grant(G) No.

Southern Illinois University (el MM1801196-8

Carbondale, Illinois 62901 (Gl

12. Sponsorina: Of"l:lIInizatlon Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered

U. S. Marine Manunal Conunission Final Report

1625 I Street r ~LN'.

Washington, D.C. 20006 14.

15. Supplementary Not••

The data and information contained in this report were given, in final

form, to the involved agencies for review and conunent. The agencies

consider the contents of this report to be accurate.

15. Abstract (Umit: 200 words)

17. Document Anel~ls e. Descriptors

b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms

c. COSATI Field/Group

lL Availability Stateme"~ 19. security Cl..... ('ThIs Aeport) 21. No. of P:aces

Unclassified 50

Availability Unlimited 20. security Class (ThIs Pace) 22. Price

TT,,~l?~~'i'i~" (S.. ANSI-ZJ9.18) OPT10~.lL FORM 212 (04-77)

(Formerty NTI~3S)

Department of Commerce
PREFACE

The following review of federally-f~~ded marine mammal research and studies

is a reference document presented in tabular form rather ~~an as a continuous

text. It is an update ~f previous surveys compiled by the author. l These

surveys have been initiated by the Marine Mammal Commission which by direction

of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 is to conduct a continuing review

of research programs conducted or proposed to be conducted under the authority

of the Act and to undertake or cause to be undertaken such other studies as

it deems necessary or desirable in connection with its assigned duties as to the

protection and conservation of marine mammals [202 (a)2,3]. Under Sec. 205 of

the Act, the Commission is provided access to all studies and data compiled

by federal agencies regarding marine mammals so as to ensure that unnecessarj

duplication of research is avoided and to carry out the purposes of the Act.

The user of this document will find the Table of Contents especially helpful

for locating specific information and for understanding the organization and

breadth of the material. The first section is an overview of all federallyfunded research involving marine manunals. The second section focuses upon research and studies conducted under authority of the Act. The last section list

all research projects identified in the FY80 survey.

The data came from two major sources: (1) directly from agency officials at

the request of the Marine Mammal Commission and (2) from the Smithsonian Science

Information Exchange. More than two dozen U.S. government agency offices were

surveyed by the Commission. Principal investigators have on a few occasions

supplemented information on their projects. Appendix A is a listing of publications identfied by the agencies as sources (or pending sources) of marine

mammal information resulting from federally-funded research. Unless otherNise

noted, the tables and figures summarize data supplied directly to the Commission

by each agency. Appendix B is a listing of all FY80 projects that were identified by the sources.

Agencies vary in their ability to identify and retrieve information on special

projects. From year to year, both intra-and interagency variability occurs reducing the accuracy of the data for comparative purposes. Inherent also in such

a stUdy is the difficulty of separating administrative costs from costs specifically for data collection and analyses. Generally the f~,ds reported included

both cost and must be viewed accordingly.

22 Barch 1981

George H. Waring, Ph.D.

Carbondale, IL

1

See Waring, G.H. 1981. Survey of federally-funded marine mammal research and studies, FY70-FY79. Final report for MMC contract MMI533588-3.

U.S. Dept. Commerce, National Technical Information Service PB8l-l74336. 235p.

iii Preceding page blank
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE ...............•...•.....•...............•.•..

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................•...

LIST OF TABLES .

iii

vi

vii

I. OVERVIEl'l OF FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAHS.......... 1

Federal Agencies Funding Harine Hammal Research 2

Number of Harine Hammal Research Projects

Supported by Federal Agencies (FY70-FY80) as

Reported by the Smithsonian Science Information

Exchange. . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . • . . . 5

Number of Harine Mammal Research Projects

Supported by Federal Agencies in FY74-80,

Comparing Smithsonian Science Information

Exchange Data to Information Provided Directly

to the Harine Mammal Commission by Each Agency 6

Trends of Federal Support of Marine Hammal

Research (FY70-FY80)........................... 7

Federal Funding of Marine Mammal Research

(FY74-FY80) :

--By Agency.................................. 8

--By Geographical Region..................... 10

--By Taxonomic Group.. ..•.................... 11

--By Research Issue.......................... 12

II. RESEARCH .~~D STUDIES UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE HARINE ~~~ PROTECTION ACT OF 1972..... 16

Research Responsibilities of Federal Agencies

Under the Act.................................. 17

Federal Funding Authorized, Requested and

Appropriated Under the Act..... . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . 19

iv
Funds Expended on Marine Mammal Research Other

than Appropriated under Authority of the Act

(NOAA/NMFS and FWS) , FY73-FY80................. 20

Funds Expended on Marine Mammal Research by

the National Marine Fisheries Service and

the Fish and Wildlife Service, FY73-FY80....... 22

Number of Personnel Assigned to Marine Mammal

Administration and Research Activities in the

National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish

and wildlife Service, FY73-FY80................ 23

III. APPENDIX A

Publications Identified by Agencies as Sources

or Pending Sources of Marine Mammal Information

from Federally-Funded Research................. 24

IV. APPENDIX B

Listing of Marine Mammal Research Projects;

Principal Investigators and Funding Level for

FY80 " '" . . . .. . .. . ..•. . .. . 27

--Department of Agriculture.................. 28

--Department of Commerce......... ...•........ 28

--Department of Defense...................... 31

--Department of Energy....... ...•.... 33

--Department of Health and Human Services.... 33

--Department of the Interior................. 34

--Department of State........................ 40

--Department of Transportation............... 40

--Environmental Protection Agency............ 40

--Marine Mammal Commission................... 40

--National Aeronautics and Space Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .. 42

--National Science Foundation................ 42

--Smithsonian Institution.................... 43

--Veterans Administration.................... 43

v
Figure

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

1. Trends of federal support of marine mammal research: Total number of marine mammal projects

as reported by the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, FY70-Fy80, and to the Marine

Mammal Commission by each agency, FY74-FY80.. ..... 7

2. Funds expended on marine mammal research by the

National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish

and Wildlife Service, FY73-FY80................... 22

vi
Table

LIST OF TABLES

Page

1. Number of marine mammal research projects supported

by federal agencies as reported by Smithsonian

Science Information Exchange... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2. Number of marine mammal research projects supported

by federal agencies in FY74-S0, comparing Smithsonian Science Information Exchange data to information provided directly to the Marine Mammal Commission by each agency ;.................... 6

3. Federal funding of marine mammal research.. 8

4. Regionally oriented marine mammal research in

waters adjacent to the United States 10

5. Taxonomic summary of federally-funded marine

mammal research.................................... 11

6. Federal funding of marine mammal research by research issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12

7. Federal funding under the Marine Mammal Protection

Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8. Funds expended on marine mammal research other than

those appropriated under authority of the Marine

Mammal Protection Act .........•.................... 20

9. Number of personnel assigned to marine mammal

activities in the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and wildlife Service, FY73-FY80 .. 23

vii
1

I. OVERVIEW OF FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGR&~S

INVOLVING MARINE ~1Jl1'!.MALS

Fourteen departmental-level federal agencies participated in

funding marine mammal research and studies from FY70 through FY80.

Some agencies funded projects in all years, whereas others supported

studies during only part of the period. 0ften more than one

agency within the larger departments particpated in funding research. The Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE) reported an average of 46.5 projects Were funded with federal monies

in each of the eleven years (Table 1); nevertheless with .the 11arine

Mammal Commission (l1l1C) information solicited directly from each

agency, the average annual number of projects for FY74-FY80 rose

to 142 (Table 2). The trends of these data are depicted in Figure

1. Data for year 76 include the 12-month fiscal year plus a transition quarter (TQ76=July to S·=ptelnber 1976) when the first day of

the federal fiscal year was shifted from 1 July to 1 October.

Total funds expended by each agency for marine mammal research

are shown in Table 3. Funding by geographic region, taxonomic

group, and research issue are listed in Tables 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
2

£EDERAL AGENCIES FUNDING MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH

Department of Agriculture (USDA)

The Department of Agriculture has conducted studies related

to contagious disease organisms associated with marine mammals.

The San Miguel sea lion virus has been of special interest. Clinically, the sea lion virus infection resembles the lesions of footand-mouth disease in ruminants.

Department of Commerce (DOC)

The Department of Commerce, through the National Marine

Fisheries Service (NMFS) , conducts marine mammal and fisheries

research with emphasis on resource surveys, biological and ecological

investigations, and resource management for the use and conservation of living marine resources. The cetaceans and pinnipeds

(exclusive of the walrus) are among the responsibilities of this

Department. Research funding has been concentrated on the northern

fur seal, the incidental take of porpoise in the yellow-fin tuna

purse-seine fishery, and whale assessment. In addition, the National

Sea Grant Program and other offices in the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have supported stUdies on marine

mammals. OCSEAP (the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment

Program managed by NOAA) was created through interagency agreement

between the Bureau of Land Management (Bu~) and NOAA; it is responsible for most Alaska OCS research funded by BLM.

Department of Defense (DOD)

The Department of Defense conducts marine mammal research

through the Headquarters Space Division of the Air Force, the Corps

of Engineers of the Army, and through the Navy. Units of the Navy

conducting this research inclUde the Naval Ocean Systems Center

(formerly Naval Undersea Center) and the Office of Naval Research.

DOD research varies from basic environmental impact research to

applied military research. Differentiating marine mammals from

military targets, furthering the understanding of the undersea environment, and the utilization of marine mammals with specific behavioral traits for applied research are the major thrusts of the Navy

program; studies on behavior modification, husbandry, bioacoustics,

migration and distribution, and sensory perception are supported.

Navy research also includes studies of the bacterial, viral, fungal

and parasitic diseases of marine mammals with particular emphasis

on those diseases that can be transmitted.
3

pepartment of Energy (DOE)

The Department of Energy (formerly the Atomic Energy Commission of the Energy Research and Development Administration) has

occasionally supported marine mammal research. The thrust of the

research has been directed at the behavioral ecology of sea otters, especially at Amchitka Island in the area of the CANNIK~~

Shot, and also on problems associated with censusing marine mammals.

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

The Department of Health and Human Services, formerly the

Department of Health, Education and Welfare--(HEW), through the

National Institutes of Health, funds some research related to marine

mammals; the research is basically oriented toward an understanding

of human health and physiology. It consists primarily of research

on physiological mechanisms and adaptations. Marine mammals are

often one of several vertebrates used in the research projects.

Department of the Interior (DOI)

The Department of the Interior, through the Bureau of Land

Management, supports environmental assessment studies involving

the effects of outer continental shelf development on marine

mammals and their habitats. Special studies such as the effects

of hydrocarbons and other disturbances from oil and gas activities

are also supported. The Fish and Wildlife Service (~'S) supports

management related research on the biology and population ecology

of walrus, sea otter, polar bear, and sirenians (manatees and

dugong). Additional studies are conducted on tissue contaminant

levels in marine mammals, marine mammal tagging, and population

assessment of the Hawaiian monk seal in the Hawaiian Islands

National Wildlife Refuge. The Geological Survey conducts research

in marine mammal paleontology and the National Park Service supports some marine mammal studies relative to national park and

monument development.

Department of State (DOS)

The Department of State has supported studies of the Antarctic

krill resource (a major food resource of Southern Ocean marine

mammals) in consideration of the prospect of international commercial exploitation or krill in waters adjacent to Antarctica.

Funds have also been provided to further cetacean research of the

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission and the International Whaling Commission.

Department of Transportation (DOT)

The Department of Transportation, through the Coast Guard, has

supported research to identify potential applied uses of the perception and capabilities of animals, including marine mammals.
4

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The Environmental Protection Agency has indirectly supported

marine mammal research through the study and monitoring of pollutant levels in coastal and pelagic marine organisms.

Marine Mammal Commission (!1!1C)

The Marine Mammal Commission supports research and studies

pertaining to the conservation and protection of marine mammals

to improve the operation of the Marine Mammal Protection Act.

Policy studies; methodological research; information overviews;

issue-specific research on population assessment, critical

habitats, taking, man-induced hazards, ecological inter-relationships, and socio-economic/legal aspects of marine mammal conservation; and reviews of agency actions and research under the Act

are integrated into the directed research program of the Commission.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration develops

and provides. technological support for marine mammal research and

studies of user agencies. Telemetric and remote sensing capabilities through aircraft and satellite support are provided.

National Science Foundation (NSF)

Through its various divisions, the National Science Foundation supports marine mammal research; however, there is no directed

effort on marine mammals per se. The studies of Antarctic marine

mammals have been supported through this agency in accordance with

the Antarctic Treaty.

Smithsonian Institution (SI)

The Smithsonian Institution, through the Department of Vertebrate Zoology and the Department of Paleobiology of the Museum of

Natural History, supports their staff on marine mammal research

in evolution and general biology. The Scientific Event Alert

Network gathers information on beached and stranded marine mammals.

Veterans Administration (VA)

The Veterans Administration has supported a few projects on

the physiological characteristics of marine mammals. Among these

has been an electroencephalographic study of sleep in the pilot

whale.
5

TABLE 1

NUMBER OF MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH PROJECTS

SUPPORTED BY FEDERAL AGENCIES AS REPORTED

BY SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE*

Fiscal Year

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Department of Agriculture 2 1 3 3 1 1

Department of Commerce 2 6 4 12 8 14 3 15

Department of Defense 8 13 16 17 5 18 10 1 12 10 15

Department of Energy

(formerly AEC and ERDA) 1 1 1 1 1 1

Department of Health and

Human Services (formerly

HEW) 6 9 7 8 5 16 15 7 2 3 4

Department of the

Interior 2 1 1 9 1 1 7 3 3

Department of State

Department of TransporOta tion

Environmental Protection

Agency 1 1 1

Marine Mammal Commission 22 18 12 6

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration 1 1 1 1 1

National Science

Foundation 9 8 17 5 8 13 13 6 12 9 8

Smithsonian Institution 1 2 2 2 2

Veterans Administration 2 1 2 2 1 2 2

TOTAL 28 36 51 50 35 64 82 46 60 28 32

*Not an all inclusive listing of federally-funded marine mammal research
6

TABLE 2

NUMBER OF MARINE ,~ RESEARCH PROJECTS SUPPORTED BY

FEDERAL AGENCIES IN FY74-80, COMPARING SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE

INFORMATION EXCHANGE DATA (A) TO INFORMATION PROVIDED DIRECTLY

TO THE MARINE ,~ C011MISSION BY EACH AGENCY (B)

Department of State

Veterans Administration

Marine Mammal Commission

National Science Foundation

FY74 FY75 FY76 IT?? FY78 I

FY79 FY80

A B A B A B A B A B A 8 A B

3 2 3 1 1 - - - 1 - - 2 - 1

9 13 7 8 10 9 - 13 15 14 - 14 - 34

3 4 1 2 4 1 3 1 - 2 - 2 - 2

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

- - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1

- - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2

2 16 8 8 3 7 - 14 2 17 2 8 3 12

- - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 3 10 10 6 7 6 1 7 10 7 8 11 12 8

1 - 1 1 - 1 - 2 1 2 - - 1 1

5 20 16 26 15 17 7 13 2 12 3 8 4 9

- - - 1 - 4 - 3 - 4 - 7 2 12

- - - 3 - 16 - 11 - 11 - 6 - 7

- 15 - 20 - 27 5 40 2 43 - 52 , 44 • - - 1 - 1 - - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1

- 1 - 1 - 2 2 3 - 5 - 2 - 2

- - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 - 1

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

- 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - -

- 14 - 32 22 30 18 29 12 34 6 7 - 21

1 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 - 2 - - 1 -

8 12 13 7 13 10 6 10 12 8 9 11 8 12

- 4 2 4 2 2 3 2 - 2 - 2 - 2

- - 1 - 2 - - 2 2 2 - - - -

35 64 82 46 60 28 2

113 122 133 153 168 137 17.+

SSIE Data

t1J.\1C Data

Department of T~ansportation

Department of Interior

Bureau of Land Mgrrlt.

BLM/NOAA/OCSEAP

Fish & Wildlife Service

Geological Survey

National Park Service

Department of Energy

Department of Health and

Human Services

Department of Commerce

National Marine Fisheries

service

Sea Grant

NOAA/OCSEAP (see below)

North Pacific Fishery

Management Council

Department of Defense

Air Force

Anny

Naval Ocean Systems Ctr.

(NNC)

Naval Research Laboratory

Office of Naval Research

Department of Agriculture

National Aeronautics &

Space Administration

Environmental Protection

Agency

Smithsonian Institution

TOTJ'.L
FIGURE 1

'J'RENDS OF FEDERAL SUPPORT OF MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH

'I'otal Number of Marine Mammal Projects as Reported:

By the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE) and

To the Harine Mammal Commission (HHC) by Each Agency.

"

SSIE ~~

HHC

....,

80

. 0

70 n 72 73 74 75 76'" 77 78 79

200-

Q 180-

[il

p:; E-' 160-

0

p,

I:] 140-

Ul 120- E-!

u

"-1 lOO- t-:>

0

p:;

p. 80-

l'<

0 60-

p:;

[it 40-

::>

z 20-

0-

FISCAL YEARS

*Includes Transitional Quarter (July-September 1976)
~'ABLE 3

FEDERAL FUNDING OF ~IARINE'MAMMAL RESEARCII

(Thousands of Dollars)

I'Y74 FY75 FY/'1'Q76 FY77 FY78 FY79 ""Y80

Department of Agriculture 37.2 9.3 --- --- --- 209

Department of Commerce

National Harine r'isheries

Service 1218.7 1386.6 1456.4 2313.8 3603.2 4425.9 5156.7

National Sea Grant Programs 77.2 82.3 19.8 25.8 49.7 68 59.7

North Pacific Fishery Mgmt.

Council --- --- --- --- --- --- 97.2

Department of Defense

Air Force --- --- --- --- --- 40 15

Army --- --- --- --- --- 44 122

Naval Ocean Systems Ctr. 658 425 361 718 545 717 2133

Naval Research Laboratory --- --- _.-- --- --- 20

Office of Naval Research 485.4 270 260.1 414 430 538.4 462.8

00

Department of Energy --- 18.3 28 80 80 --- 30

Department of Health and

Human Services 916.9 1573.5 1078.5 781 772 392.8 602.5

Department of Interior

Bureau of Land Management --- 706.7 2046.4 2242 2519.8 7457.3 6006.3

Fish & Wildlife Service 706 734.2 933 933 1042.7 1452.5 1418.9

Geological Survey --- --- --- 31.2 30.5 20 30

National Park Service 6 6 17.2 16.5 64.8 45.8 66

Department of State --- --- --- --- 51 500 592.9

Department of '.rransportation --- --- --- --- --- --- 95

Environmental Protection Agency 47 49.8

Marine Mallunal Conmlission 258.8 446.7 561. 7 420.3 376.1 152.6 358.7

National Aeronautics & Space

Administration 45 100 194 50 65 --- 12
TABLE 3 (continued)

Federal Funding of Harine Nammal Research

FY74 FY75 FY/TQ76 FY77 FY78 FY79 FY80

National Science Foundation

Smithsonian Institution

Veterans Administration

515.6 292.8

68.5 80.1

690.4

102

718.9

106.1

102.6

334.2 479.3

101.1 133.4

98.9

677 .6

142.8

TOTAL $5013.3K $6181.3K $7748.5K $8953.2K $10,164K $16,696K $18,079.1

'"
'J'ABLE 4

REGIONALLY ORIEN~'ED MARINE: HAflMAL RESEARCH

IN WATEl~ ADJACENT TO THE UNITED STATES

(Thousands of Dollars; Number of Projects in Parentheses)

Geographical FISCAL YEAR

Region 74 75 76* 77 78 79 80

Hawaii --- 5 ( 1) 51.5 ( 2) 102.6 ( 8) 118.2 ( 6) 71.4 ( 2) 411.1 (11)

Alaska 780.4 (22) 1,670.5 (31) 2,451.5 (36) 2,861.7 (39) 3,336.8 (46) 3,746.7 (17) 5,407.4 (34)

Oregon/

Washington 17 ( 1) 87.3 ( 6) 81.6 ( 6) 43.5 ( 2) 60.3 ( 4) 68 ( 2) 229.9 ( 2)

California 102.5 ( 4) 805.4 ( 9) 1,370 (18) 1,132 (11) 317.2 (12) 1,675.2 (11) 3,234.9 (19)

Gulf of Hexico 7.9 ( 1) --- 6 ( 1) --- 2,4 ( 2) 144.3 ( 1) 200 ( 1)

Florida 121. 3 ( 4) 187.5 ( 6) 139.9 ( 9) 1"11.2 (10) 269 (12) 656.3 ( 4) 858.2 (21)

Georgia, South

Carolina and

North Carolina --- --- --- 199.9 ( 1) --- --- 200 ( 2)

NE Coastal States 31. 9 ( 3) 43.3 ( 3) 56.2 ( 5) 29.3 ( 3) 1,484 ( 4) 2,762.9 (1) 292.7 (14)

*Includes Transition Quarter (July-September 1976)

I-'

o
TABLE 5

~'AXONmlIC SUHHARY OF

FEDERALLY-FUNDED ~IARINE t1AMJolAL RESEARCH

(Thousands of Dollars)

.....

.....

..~~ . ConUl1

~~"M'" ---

Def . ---DOE DBBS _....- ---001* .,-- DOS ---DOT --

EPA.. ._.- l1MC NASA NSF SI VA--- 'rOTAL

60 60

119.2 119.2

173.8 173.8

190.2 50 240.2

267.1 15 282.9

44 580.5 0.8 624.5

122 328.7 109 559.7

90 90

18.3 27.3 375 15.3 435.9

28 629.3 103.2 760.5

30 587.3 40.6 657.9

30 717.7 49.9 797.6

59.7 809.4 22.6 891. 7

71 30 718 36.3 855.3

37.2 586.8 90 56.3 6 56.2 268 49.5 1150

9.3 752.7 140 210.7 171 154.9 156.6 51.8 1647

760.5 147 116.2 684.6 54.3 268.3 59.2 2090.1

783.8 274 141. 3 763.5 64.8 131.1 56.1 102.6 2317.2

858.7 325 664.6 33.7 141. 5 45 2068.5

200 956.7 246 76.6 589 59.1 243.2 47.4 2418

1454.7 353 43.5 467.7 106 240.7 2665.6 -

695.5 344 294.2 77 .9 170.1 19 1600.7

675 250.5 365.1 190.9 61 28.3 1570.8

709.7 263.1 114.3 126.2 262.8 275.2 42.8 1794.1

1555.8 527 144.6 253.4 124.9 213.1 2818.8

2794.2 446 149.6 278 169.7 163.1 4000.6

3326.3 746.4 74.1 2937.5 500 81 187.9 7853.2

3542.8 1737.8 167.1 2060.9 592.9 133.7 380.8 8616.0

13.6 682.4 566.4 556 47 124.7 45 77.5 2112.6

41. 2 304.5 970.4 781. 7 49.8 85.6 100 75.2 2408.4

6 211 848 1382.7 141.4 146.9 2736

331 50 495.1 1428.3 190 374.7 50 2919.1

204 50 622.4 1730.4 51 122 50 29.6 56.1 98.9 3014.4

9 210.9 323 242.1 3999.5 12.5 25.6 86 4908.6

245.1 520 391. 9 3945.9 95 10 19.8 142.8 5370.5

Agr

Cetacea 74

(l~hales and 75

Porpoises) 76

77

78

79

80

Carnivora 74

(Polar Bear 75

and Sea 76

Otter) 77

78

79

80

Sirenia 74

(f1anatees 75

and Dugong) 76

77

78

79

80

Pinnipedia 74

(Seals, Sea 75

Lions and 76

Walrus) 77

78

79

80

Mi.xed Species 74

or General 75

Studies 76

77

78

79

80

*Budget information not available on all individual projects
12

TABLE 6

FEDERAL FUNDING OF MARINE MAMMAL

RESEARCH BY RESEARCH ISSUE

(Thousands of Dollars)

FUNDING

78 79 80 AGENCY

FISCAL YEAR

711 75 76 77

SPECIAL RESEARCH

ISSUE -

Tuna/Porpoise:

Population Assessment 85.1 108 81 516.5 524.5 462.7 676.9 Nl'.FS

2 MMC

500 592.9 DOS

~4ortality Reduction 167.4 140.2 120 299.6 487.6 512.9 433.1 NMFS

178 67.4 MMC

119.6 97.1 NSF

48 NaV"Y

Assessment of Taking 179 189.6 318.7 329.5 346.9 NME'S

3.5 9.8 12.4 ~.MC

Biology 271. 3 342.9 136 138.1 220.4 705.3 382.4 NMFS

26

I

Navy

12.5 10 MMC

31.6 NSF

International Whaling

Convention:

Assessment of stocks 32 (33',6) (38.7)' (52.8) (103) 340.5 NMFS

and Taking (overvierH 26.3 33.5 19.8 70.9 65 MMC

studies) 21.5 NSF

Marine Mammal/Fisheries

Conflicts:

Southern Ocean Krill 10 14.5 4 MMC

51 DOS

25.6 NSF

Fin Fish/Pinniped 19.8 25.8 49.7 68 Sea Grant

Interactions 17.7 59.3 4.9 MMC

70 604.6 NMFS

Shell Fish/Sea Otter 6 Sea Grant

Interactions 4.5 FWS

Fin Fish/Porpoise

Interactions 2 ~'1MC

Effects of oil on

~·larine Mammals:

Physiological Studies 91.5 59 65 1097.8 394.1 BLe'!

2.8 MMC

Marine Mammal

Strandings:

Biological Studies 15 25 32.3 15 MJ."1C

(6.4) (18.3) (42.8), (11. 9) (14.6) (15) SI

6 3.5 20 NMFS

,~~, 4 /18.7' '151

BLe'!

'"0' FI'iS
13

FUNDING

78 79 80 AGENCY

FISCAL YEAR

75 76 77

SPECIAL RESEARCH

ISSUES (Cant) -

Bowhead Whales:

Assessment of Stocks

and Taking 16 (20.6) (38.7) 201 724 871.1 737.2 NMFS

(44.1) (42.5) (167.2) 274 BLe'!

6.7 HMC

Biology 600 Navy

590 BLe'!

Humpback "hale:

Population Assessment (38.7) (52.8) (103) 15 39.1 NMFS

25.1 21.4 15 MMC

Biology 11.2 10 31. 3 39.8 63 MFS

39.7 40.2 42.3 NSF

48 24 Navv

Gray "hale:

Population Assessment 31. 4 (32.7) (38.8) (52.8) (103) 25.7 NMFS

37 Navy

Assessment of HumanInduced Impact 14.7 16.5 9.8 20.6 MMC

Bioloqv 364.8 BLe'!

Killer Whale:

Population Assessment 17 (17.6) (38.8) (52.7) 3 NMFS

37.9. 7.9 MMC

(15.3) NSF

Pilot Whales:

Population Assessment 10 Navy

(15.3) NSF

BioloO"V (6.3) (5) SI

Belukha:

Population Assessment: (44) (42.5) (17.2) BLe'!

Bioloqy 20 10 25 350 Navy

Harbor Porpoise

Population Assessment: 45 NMFS

Dall Porpoise:

Poculation Assessment 210 6.9 264 NMFS

Bottlenose Dolphin:

Population Assessment 55 68.3 1.9 1"U1C

180.8 219.9 NMFS

Biology 211 100 133 ~70 168 467 903.9 Navy

38.1 HEW

54.3 55.6 20 86.7 92.8 85.3 90.1 NSF

15.8 31. 8 0.5 MMC

9 NMFS
14

FUNDING

78 79 80 i\.GENCY

FISCAL YEAR

74 75 76 77

SPECIAL RESEARCH

TSSUES (Cant ) - .

Northern Fur Seal:

Population Assessment 395.2 339.5 354.4 352 (367) 430.2 246 NMFS

and Monitoring

Biology 145.5 330.9 330.2 366 384 269.3 410.9 NMFS

32.2 MMC

70 96 88 Navv

Guadalupe Fur Seal:

Population Studies (13.3) (13.3) (16.7) NMFS

Antarctic Seals:

Population St~dies 125.8 115.5 50.3 97 NSF

Bio1oqy 64.3 15.2 241.1 172.7 89 70.4 171.7 NSF

Arctic Seals:

Population Studies 18.3 (20.6) NMFS

9.7 Sea Grant

78 57 85 B1.l1

Biology ·7 ~1MC

55 Sea Grant

136 01.1 237.6 212 BLM

38.8 NSF

Hawaiian Monk Seal: 60.9 MMC

Population Assessment 55 38.2 52.3 52 31.2 50.9 F1'IS

(13.3) (13.3) (16.7) 3 138.3 ~lMFS

Bio1oev 34.1 25.8 34.9 MMC

Gray Seal:

Population Studies (5.2) 10.2 MJ.'1C

2.3 NNFS

Bio1oQY 90 110 10 30 Navv

Harbor Seal: 53.7 Sea Grant

Population Studies (5.3) 27 33.5 17.7 5.2 MMC

6 6 6 6 31 6 NPS

3 11.5 39.4 NMFS

Biology 2.3 8.6 2.8 HMC

65 60 (50) 50 B1.l1

. . 25 Navy

Northern Elephant Seal:

Population Studies (13.3) (13.3) (16.7) 4.1 NMFS

Biology 27.9 25.9 27.2 33.1 31.8 41. 2 30.2 NSF

10 5.3 MMc

43.5 DHHS

California Sea Lion:

Population Studies 7 82.5 NMFS

Biology 37.2 9.3 200 USDA
IS

FUNDING

78 79 80 AGENCY

FISCAL YEAR

74 75 76 77

SPECIAL RESEARCi

ISSUES (Contd.)

California Sea Lion: 40 35 37 74 110 247 Navy Biology (cant. ) 29.3 64.7 HF;'1

SO NSF

2 12.2 MMC

Steller Sea Lion:

Population Studies 157.1 145.5 ISS 148 95 Br.'!

Walrus:

Population Studies (160) 112.8 141.6 52 141.8 231.8 F'IIS

5 MMC

Biology 17.6 27.3 Sea Grant

38.7 48.4 20 MMC

Manatees & Ougong:

Population Studies (60) 100 (143.8) 159.7 (236.6) (290.3) (265.7) rns

SO NASA

0.5 3 NPS

0.8 109 MMC

144.3' sr.'!

Siology 19.2 (30) (30) (30) (127.2) 45 rns

44 122 Annv

Polar Bear:

Population Studies (45) 214.3 401) (303.1) (223.1) 251 (140.8) F'IIS

Biology 35.7 (SO) (SO) (SO) (SO) FWS

(ISO) 22.6 36.3 NSF

Sea Otter:

Population Studies (45) (125) 157.2 151.9 352.1 (530.4) (400) rns

21.1 SLe'!

BiolOgy 13.5 27.3 HEI'1

15.3 103.2 40.6 49.9 MMC

18.3 28 30 30 30 DOE

23.3 27.5 ( 28) (189.8) rns

59 Br.'!

Amounts indicated in parentheses are estimated subunits of totals

reported by agencies under more general categories.

*Pilot study: Only 5-10% Was for stUdy of manatees.
16

II. RESEARCH AND STUDIES UNDER AUTHORITY

OF THE MARINE r~~ PROTECTION ACT OF 1972

The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA) established the

Marine Mammal Commission and distributed marine mammal protection

and conservation responsibilities to the Secretary of Commerce and

the Secretary of the Interior, including the agencies under their

purview. The Act acknowledged the need for further information

and encouraged research; some responsibilities for research and

its implementation were designated in Sections 108, 109, 111, 112,

202, and 205. Table 7 is a list of annual funding authorized under

the various sections of the Act, the amounts requested by agencies

pursuant to the Act, and amounts appropriated by Congress. Additional federal funds have been spent in activities related to marine

mammals; the additional sources and amounts of research funding

are shown in Table 8 and Figure 2. The number of personnel assigned

to marine mammal research verses administrative responsibilities

within the National Marine FiSheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service from FY73 through Fy80 are listed in Table 9.
17

RESEARCH RESPONSIBILITIES OF FEDERAL

AGENCIES UNDER THE MARINE MA}ll1AL PROTECTION ACT

Congress, in developing the Marine Mammal Protection Act,

recognized that there was inadequate knOWledge of the ecology

and population dynamics of marine mammals as well as of other

factors important for marine mammal protection and conservation.

The Act, therefore, specified certain research and study responsibilities for the Department of Commerce, Department of Interior,

and the Marine Mammal Commission.

The Secretary of Commerce was directed to undertake, in consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission, a study of the North

Pacific fur seals to determine whether herds of such seals, subject

to the jurisdiction of the United States, are presently at their

optimum sustainable popUlation and what population trends are evident. The Secretary was also to undertake a comprehensive study

in consultation with the Secretary of State, to determine what

modifications, if any, should be made to the provisions of the

North Pacific Fur Seal Convention, or of the Marine 11ammal Protection Act, or both, to make the Convention and the Act consistent wi th each other. These studies were to be completed by 21

October 1973 [Sec. 108 (b) (1)].

The Secretary of Commerce was also directed to immediately

undertake a program of research and development for the purpose

of devising improved fishing methods and gear so as to reduce to

the maximum extent practicable the incidental taking of marine

mammals in connection with commercial fishing. For purposes of

this research, Congress authorized the Sum of $1,000,000 to be

appropriated for both FY 73 and FY 74. Funds appropriated for this

research remain available until expended [Sec. lll(a)].

Both the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Interior

are authorized by the Act to make grants to each state whose laws

and regulations relating to protection and management of marine

mammals which primarily inhabit waters or lands within the boundaries

of that state are found to be consistent with the purposes and policies of the Act. The purpose of such grants shall be to assist

such states in developing and implementing state programs for the

protection and management of such marine mammals. Such grants are

not to exceed 50 per centum of the costs of a particular program's

development and implementation [Sec. 109(b)].

The Secretaries are also authorized to make, after review by

the Marine Mammal Commission, grants to any federal or state agency,
18

public or private institution, or other person to enable research

on topics relevant to the protection and conservation of marine

mammals. Authorized to be appropriated for these grants in FY73

and for each of the next four fiscal years was an amount not to

exceed $2,5000,000--one-third of the sum to be available to the

Secretary of Interior and two-thirds of the Secretary of Commerce

[Sec. 110 (a) (b) (c)].

The Secretaries, as appropriate, are directed to review

annually the operation of each program in which the united States

participates involving the taking of marine mammals on land [Sec.

112 (d)]. The secretaries are required by the Act to report annually to the public and to the Congress on the current status of

all marine mammal species and population stocks subject to the

provision of the Act [Sec. 103 (f)].

The Marine Mammal Commission established under Section 201 of

the Act was directed in Section 202(a) to:

1. Undertake a review and study of the activities of the

United States pursuant to existing laws and international conventions relating to marine mammals, including, but not limited to, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, the Whaling

Convention Act of 1949, the Interim Convention on

the Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals, and the

Fur Seal Act of 1966;

2. Conduct a continuing review of the condition of the

stocks of marine mammals, of methods for their

protection and conservation, of humane means of

taking marine mammals, of research programs conducted under authority of the Act, and of all applications for permits; and

3. Undertake or cause to be undertaken such other studies

as it deems necessary or desirable in connection with

its assigned duties as to the protection and conservation of marine mammals.

The Act gave the Commission access to all studies and data

compiled by federal agencies regarding marine mammals. With the

consent of the appropriate Secretary or agency head, the Commission may also utilize the facilities or services of any federal

agency and shall take every feasible step to avoid duplication of

research and to carry out the purposes of the Act [Sec. 205].

20

TABLE 8

FUNDS EXPENDED ON /1ARINE MAM¥AL RESEARCH

OTHER THAN THOSE APPROPRIATED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE

~~RINE ~YffiL PROTECTION ACT

(Thousands of Dollars)

NOAA/National Marine

Fisheries Service Source

FY73 NMFS Reprogramming

NOAA Reserve

Fur Seal Act Authorization

FY74 Fur Seal Act Authorization

Reprogramming and Reserve

FY75 Fur Seal Act Authorization

NOAA Reserve

FY76 Fur Seal Act Authorization N~~S Reprogramming

TQ76 Fur Seal Act Authorization

FY77 Fur Seal Act Authorization

Endangered Species Act

Authorization

Saltonstall-Kennedy Reserve

FY78 Fur Seal Act Authorization

-Endangered Species Act

Authorization

FY79 Endangered Species Act

Authorization

Fur Seal Act Authorization

FY80 Endangered Species Act

Authorization

Fur Seal Act Authorization

Amount

300

424

309

309

295

395

442

595

59

148

595

294

78

595

294

132

595

1428.4

595

DOl/Fish and

Wildlife Service

FY73 FWS Appropriation 149

FY74 FWS Appropriation 49

FY75 FWS Appropriation 75

FY76 FWS Appropriation 67.2

TQ76 FWS Appropriation 16.1

FY77 FWS Appropriation 16

FY78 Endangered Species Act

Authorization 93.7
21

TABLE 8 (Contd.l

NOAA/National Marine

Fisheries Service Source

FY79 Endangered Species Act

Authorization

FY80 Endangered Species Act

Authorization

FWS Appropriation

Amount

213.1

162

82.2
5100 _

4800 _

4500 _

FIGUHE 2

FUNDS EXPENDED ON MARINE HAHMAL HESEARCII

BY ~'HE NN!'IONAL HARINE FISHERIES SEHVICE AND

~'I1E FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

FY73-FY80

(Thousands of Dollars)

4200 -

3900 - I;~~~~~;~~ Funds under authority of t-tMPA

3600 -

3300 - o Funds other than appropriated

under authority of MMPA

::-~;:::m:

3000 -

2700 -

2400 -

2100 - IV

IV

1800 -

III~'L: ::::::::::::::::~:::.:.:::::::::::

............... ::111111111111111'

!~~~~~~~~t~m:

I"':':'::::::::~

(:,t1t1~fj : ,

lii~I!!!i!11

1,11\111111111111\

1!··.!~I·I~t.:.:.:.:.:.:.:

I I

300 -L l--

900 -

600 -

1500 -

1200 -

NMFS PWS

FY73

NMFS FWS

FY74

NMFS PHS

FY75

NM],'S F,IS

FY76*

NMFS FWS

E'Y77

NMPS ms

FY78

NMFS P\~S

FY79

NMPS PWS

FY80

*PY76 data include transition quarter (July-September 1976)
23

TABLE 9

NUMBER OF PERSONNEL ASSIGNED TO MARINE ~~L

ADMINISTRATIVE AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN

THE NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE AND

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, FY73 - FY80*

National Marine

Fishereis Service

Personnel** 73 74 75 76 TQ76 77 78 79 80

Administrative 11 28 28 42 49 7 8 86.5

(includes

enforcement

Research 23 26 33 31 29 17 20 48.9

NMFS Total 34 54 61 73 78 24 28 135.4 166.1

Fish and Wildlife

Service Personnel***

Administrative ? 12.1 14.1 15.2   16.6 17.1 20.3 24.6

Research 2.6 6.0 11.0 11. 8 ** ** 14.8 13.2 17.2 17.4

FWS Total 2.6+ 18.1 25.1 27.0 **** 31.4 30.3 37.5 42.0

* Figures provided by the Agencies

** The National Marine Fisheries Service changed their method of reporting

at least twice--once in FY77 (to number of personnel) and again in FY79

(to permanent employee man-years) .

*** Reported in man-years

**** Man-years maintained at 24% of the FY76 level.
24

III. APPENDIX A

PUBLICATIONS IDENTIFIED BY AGENCIES AS

SOURCES OR PENDING SOURCES OF

MARINE Mfu~~L INFORMATION FROM FUNDED RESEARCH

Department of Commerce

--National Marine Fisheries Service

Administrative reports of the various fisheries centers

Marine Mammal Division - Annual Report on Fur Seal

Investigations

Fishery Bulletin (NMFS, NOAA, Department of Commerce)

Marine Fisheries Review (NMFS, NOAA, DeparL~ent of

Commerce)

Journal of Mammalogy

International Whaling Commission Annual Reports

Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada (Canadian

Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences)

Proceedings of the Second Conference on the

Biology of Marine Mammals

NOAA Technical Reports/Nl1FS Scientific Reports-Fisheries

Other journals as appropriate

--National Sea Grant College Program

Marine Mammal Information

--NOAA/OCSEAP reports (see Bureau of Land Management below)

Department of Defense

--Department of the Air Force

Headquarters Space Division Technical Report

Space Shuttle Final Environmental Impact

Statement

--Department of the Navy

Naval Ocean Systems Center Technical Reports

Marine Fisheries Review

Annals of New York Academy of Science

Fishery Bulletin

Vision Research

Cetology

Deep-Sea Research

Journal Acoustical Society of America

American JournaLof veterinary Research

Science

Arctic
25

--Department of the Navy (Cont.)

Journal of wildlife Diseases

Miscrobios Letters

Journal American Veterinary Medical Association

Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural

History

Journal of Mammalogy

Contributions of edited books

Department of Energy

Progress reports on projects

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Ecological Monographs

wildlife Society Bulletin

Environmental Conservation

Journal American Veterinary Medical Association

Department of the Interior

--Bureau of Land Management

NOAA/OCSEAP Annual Reports

NOAA/OCSEAP Final Reports

NOAA/OCSEAP Lease Area Synthesis Reports

Other reports available through National Technical"

Information Service

--Fish and wildlife Service

North America Fauna Series

U.S. Department of the Interior,

Fish and Wildlife Service

Wildlife Research Reports

U.S. Fish and wildlife Service,

National Fish and Wildlife

Laboratory Reports

--Geological Survey

Systematic Zoology

Smithsonian Institution Contributions to

Paleobiology

Geological Survey Professional Papers

Publications of the Charleston Museum

--National Park Service

Project reports to National Park Service
26

Department of State

Project reports available through National

Technical Information Service

EIS: Possible Regime for Conservation of Antarctic

Marine Living Resources

IWC Scientific Reports

Marine Mammal Commission

Reports available through the National

Technical Information Service

Smithsonian Institution

Fishery Bulletin

Journal of Mammalogy

Proceedings of the Biological Society of washington

Systematic Zoology

Smithsonian Institution Contributions to Paleobiology

Florida State Museum, Plaster Jacket

Contributions to edited books
27

IV. APPENDIX B

LISTING OF ~~INE MP~~L RESE~~CH PROJECTS,

PRINCIPAL IlWESTIGATORS, AND FUNDING LEVEL

FOR FY80*

COI1PILED FROM IvWORMATION PROVIDED

THE /1ARINE 11A/~~ CO~~ISSION

BY EACH AGENCY

AND SUPPLEllliNTED

WITH INFO~~TION FROM THE

SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE (SSIE)

*For a listing or projects for the period FY70-FY79 see

Waring, G. H., 1981, Survey of federally-funded marine mammal

research and studies, FY70~FY79. U.S. Dept. Commerce, National

Technical Information Service PB81-174336. 235p.
28

Department of Agriculture

Gelberg, H. (Plum Island Animal Disease Center)

Comparative Swine and Pinniped

Pathology of Swine Vesicular Exanthema

and San Miguel Sea Lion Viruses

Department of Commerce

1. National Marine Fisheries Service

A. Northeast Fisheries Center

$ ?

Austin, H.M. (Virginia Institute of Marine Sci.)

@istribution and Abundance of

Bottlenose Dolphins in the Nearshore

Waters of Virginia (NA80FA-D8)

Gilbert, J.R. (U. Maine)

Impact of Harbor Seal Populations

on New England Fisheries (NA80FA-C29)

Katon~, S.K. (College of the Atlantic)

Creating and Maintaining a Catalog

of Individually Identified Humpback

Whales (NA80FA-D6)

Mayo, C.A. III (Provincetown Center of

Coastal Studies)

Summary of Recent Observations from

Whale-Watching Boats off Provincetown,

Massachusetts (NA80FA-D3)

Powers, K.D. (Manomet Bird Observatory)

Development and Supervision of an

Oceanic Marine Mammal Observer Training

Program (NA80FA-D4)

Powers, K.D. (Manomet Bird Observatory)

Habitat Usage by Harbor Seals at winter

Haul-Out Site in Cape Cod Bay (NA80FA-D5)

Prescott, J.H. (New England Aquarium)

Characterization of Habitat and Distribution; an Estimate of Population Size; and

an Assessment of the Impact of Human Activities on the Harbor Porpoise (NA80FA-D9)

$ 9.9K

$36.7K

$23.4K

$ 4.9K

$24.7K

$ 9.4K

$45 K
29

Prescott, J.H. (New England Aquarium)

An Assessment of the Distribution and

Relative Abundance of Large Cetaceans in

the Western Approaches to the Bay of

Fundy (NA80FA-C48)

Prescott, J.H. (New England Aquarium)

Organize and Convene a Workshop on

Humpback Whales of the Western North

Atlantic in Fall 1980 (NA80FA-C55)

Prescott, J.H. (New England Aquarium)

Investigation of Harbor Seal Mortality

and Determination of the Infectious Agent

in the New England Region (NA80FA-H9)

Schurman, V.R. (Cape Cod Museum of Natural

History)

A Report on the Grey Seal Population

at Nantucket, Massachusetts (NA80FB-A229)

Sears, R. (Mingan Island Cetacean Study,

Falmouth)

Behavioral and Distribution of Cetaceans

on the North Shore of the Gulf of St.

Lawrence (NA80FB-A241)

Stangroom, R. (Kendall whaling Museum, Sharon)

Compilation of Biological Data from 19th

Century Whaling Logbooks and Journals

(NA80FA-D2)

B. Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center,

National Marine Mammal Laboratory

Braham, H. (N~~)

Arc·tic Whales--Bowhead (NNC-59)

DeLong, R. and R. Everitt (NMML & Wash.

Dept. of Game)

Washington-Oregon Marine Mammal/Fisheries

Interactions (NWC-53)

Fiscus, C. and R. DeLong (~_~L)

Pinnipeds (NWC-53)

Fowler, C.N. and A. Roppel (NMML)

Northern Fur Seal population

(N'RC-3 )

Gentry, R. (NMI1L)

Fur Seal Studies--St. George (mvC-51)

$20.7K

$15.7K

$30 K

$ 2.3K

$ 2.5K

$ 5 K

$737.2K

$176.2K

$ 98.5K

$246 K

$278.4K
30

Jones, L. (NMML)

Dall's Porpoise Investigations (m,C-4)

Kajimura, H. (NMML)

Marine Mammal Ecosystem

--Pelagic (m,C-57)

Keyes, M.C. (N~~L)

Veterinary Medical Services (t1l'IC-5 6)

McAlister, W.B. (NMML)

!1arine Mammal-Fishery Interactions

--Bering Sea (m,C-8)

Rice, D. et a1. (N!1ML)

Endangered Cetaceans (NWC-58)

C. Southeast Fisheries Center

Benigno, J. (SEFC)

Marine Mammals Project Management (88C4LlKB)

Benigno, J. and R. Ford (SEFC)

Tursiops Local Herd Biodynamics (88C4LlKC)

Benigno, J. and R. Ford (SEFC)

Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Stranding

and Salvage Network (88C4L1KG)

Benigno, J. and R. Gracy (SEFC)

Tursiops Population Analysis

D. Southwest Fisheries Center

Gilmartin, W. (SWFC)

Hawaiian Monk Seal

Perrin, W., D. Au, and J. Henderson (SWFC)

Assessment of Coastal Marine Mammals for

Management

(California Fish and Game)

Assessment of Conflicts Between Marine

Mammals and Fisheries in California Waters

($74K) *[Additional $65K funded by Southwest

Region of NHFS]

Perrin, W., J. Coe, and W. Stunz (S"~C)

Marion Mammal Technology, Behavior and

Physiology

Perrin, W., A. Hyrick and J. Jennings (S"~C)

Marine Mammal Biological Studies

$264K

$132.5K

$ 61. 8K

$155.5K

$340.5K

$ 51. 8K

$105 K

$ 20 K

$105 K

$138.3K

$111. 5K

$(65K)*

$433.lK

$382.4K
31

Smith, T., R. Holt and D. Au (SWFC)

Porpoise Stock Assessment

Smith, T., C. Oliver and N. Lo (SWFC)

Quantitative Analysis and Data

Management

2. NOAA/OCSEAP (See Department of Interior--BLM)

3. National Sea Grant College Program

Cicin-Sain, B. (U. California, San Diego)

Marine Mammals/Fisheries Conflicts:

Emphasis on Sea Otter/Shellfish Conflicts

in California

Mate, B. R. (Oregon State U.)

Population Growth and Feeding Habits of Harbor

Seals in an Aquacultural-Enhanced Environment

4. North Pacific Fishery Management Council

Fay, F. H. and L. F. Lowry (U. Alaska and

Alaska Department of Fishmd Game)

Seasonal Use and Feeding Habits of Walruses

in the proposed Bristol Bay Clam Fishery Area

Department of Defense

1. Air Force (Headquarters Space Division)

Jehl, J. R. and R. Schreiber (Hubbs-Sea World

Research Institute)

Effects of Loud Impulse Noises in Causing

Startle Behavior and/or Panic Responses

in Pinnipeds

2. Army (Corps of Engineers)

Bengston, J. (U. Minnesota)

St. John's River Manatee Project Study

Haller, W. T. (U. Florida)

Herbicide Residues in Crystal River

3. Navy

A. Naval Ocean Systems Center

Bowers, C. A. (NOSC)

Marine Mammal capabilities (Delphinapterus)

(MM01510C)

$676.9K

346.9K

$ 6 K

$ 53.7K

$ 97.2K

$ 15 K

$ 44 K

$ 78 K

$350 K
32

Carder, D.A. and W.W. Au (NOSC)

Signal Processing in the Dolphin Brain

Stern (DN087531) SSIE $ ?

Gilmartin, W.G. (NOSC)

Captive Dolphin Breeding (Tursiops)

(MM02510B)

Gilmartin, W.G. and S.H. Ridgway (NOSC)

Marine Mammal Medical Research and

Animal Health

Hui, C.A. (NOSC)

Dolphin Bioenergetics (Delphinus)

(MM02510H)

Ljungblad, D.K. (NOSC)

Bowhead Whale Acoustics (~~25510A)

Nachtigall, P.E. (NOSC)

Dolphin Behavioral and Biosonar Research

(Tursiops) (MM01510K)

Nachtigall, P.E. (NOSC)

Tursiops Directional Hearing (c~02510D)

Ridgway, S.H. (NOSC)

Neurophysiological Research

(Tursiops) (ZS39510A)

Schusterman, R.V. (California State U.,

Hayward) _

Pinniped Behavioral Evaluation

(Zalophus) (MM02510E)

Scronce, B. (NOSC)

Sea Lion Training Evaluation:

Wild Caught vs. Captive Born

(Zalophus) (MM01510T)

Turl, C.W. and L.W. Bivens (NOSC)

Sea Lion Survey (DN087540)

B. Office of Naval Research

Altes, R. (Grincon Corp.)

Computer and Mathematical Analysis of

Dolphin Whistles)

SSIE

SSIE

$ 95 K

$405 K

$ 79 K

$154 K

$600 K

$ 60 K

$143 K

$ 27 K

$220 K

$ ?

$ 5.9K

Cummings, W.D. (U. California., San Diego)

Distribution and Identification of

Low Frequency Biological Noises in the

Ocean SSIE $ 35 K
33

Evans, W.E. (Hubbs Sea World Research Inst.)

Research on Small Pacific Ocean Cetaceans

(NR083-102-31)

Gilmartin, W.G. (NOSC)

Martin Mammal Bionosis (NR-204-008)

$ 10 K

$ 30 K

Malins, D.C. and D. Varanasi (Seattle D.)

The Biochemistry of Lipids Peculiar

to Organs and Tissue of Cetaceans and

Involved in Sound Transmission

Mate, B. (Oregan State D.)

The Distribution of Cetaceans (Gray

Whale) (NR-083-102-31)

SSIE $ 18.9K

$ 37 K

Schusterman, R. (California State D., Hayward)

Marine Mammal Acoustics (California sea

lion and northern fur seal) (NR-I04-131)

Vedros, N.A. (Naval Biosciences Lab.)

Marine Mammal Diseases and Immunity

(NR-204-001)

Wartzok, D. and G.C. Ray (Johns Hopkins D.)

Marine Mammal Behavior, Acoustics and

Ecology (spotted seal and harbor seal)

(NR-I04-676)

Watkins, W.A. and W.E. Schevill

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.)

Marine Biological Sounds (NR083-004-39)

Winn, H.E. (D. Rhode Island)

Bioacoustics and Behavior of Marine Mammals

(Humpback \'1hale) (NR-083-165-4)

Department of Energy

Tester, J.R. and D.B. Siniff (D. Minnesota)

Vertebrate Behavior and Ecology (sea otter)

(DE-ACOZ-76EV01332)

Department of Health and Human Services

National Institutes of Health

Atassi, M.Z. (Mayo Foundation)

Immunochemical Studies on Hemoglobin and Myoglobin (whales)

Bryan, W.P. (Indiana D. School of Medicine)

The Role of Water in Protein Structure and

Function (whales, human)

$ 66 K

$ 85 K

$ 25 K

$126 K

$ 24 K

$ 30 K

$ 89.1K

$ 47.4K
34

Elsner, R.W. (D. Alaska)

Comparative Pathophysiology of Myocardial

Ischemia (dog, seals)

Gurd, F.R. (Indiana D.)

Structure and Reactivity of Proteins and

Lipoproteins (human, cetaceans, etc.)

Gurd, F.R. (Indiana D.)

Specific Enrichment of Myoglobins for

Carbon 13 NMR (cetaceans)

Hawkridge, F.M. (Virginia Commonwealth D.)

Electron Transfer at Surface Electrodes

(horse, whales)

Howard, E.B. (D. Southern California)

Toxicologic, Immunologic Effect of Environmental Contamination (marine mammals)

Kooyman, G.L. (D. California, San Diego)

Physiological Basis of Pulmonary Disease:

Comparative Physiology (vertebrates)

Ortiz, C.L. (D. California, Santa Cruz)

Northern Elephant Seal in Its Natural Habitat

Department of the Interior

1. Bureau of Land Management

Albert, T. (D. Maryland)

Tissue Analysis of Endangered Whales in

the Beaufort Sea (AA851-CTO-22)

Braithwaite, L. (Brigham Young D.)

The Effect of Oil on the Feeding Mechanism

of the Bowhead Whale (AA851-CTO-55)

Dohl, T.P. (D. Calfornia, Santa Cruz)

Marine Mammal and Seabird Study of Central

and Northern California

Fraker, M. and J. Richardson (LGL Ecological

Research Associates)

Possible Effects of Acoustic and Other

Stimuli Associated with Oil and Gas Exploration/Development on the Behavior of the

Bowhead Whale (AA851-CTO-44)

$ 85.2K

$14J.3K

$ 78 K

$ 38.3K

$ 17.1K

$ 56.6K

$ 43.5K

$350 K

$ 44.1K

$2,442.8K

$ 590K
35

Fritts, T.H. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Endangered

Species Study, Year 1 (AA85l-MUO-2l)

Geraci, J.R. and D.J. St. Aubin (U. Guelph)

Study of the Effects of Oil on Marine

Mammals (AA85l-CT9-29)

Hobbs, L. (Marine Mammal Tagging Office)

Development of Large Cetacean Tagging

and Tracking Capability in OCS Lease

Areas (AA85l-IAO-32)

Linder, E., B. Gayles, S. Johnson,

P. Thompson (Naval Ocean Systems Center)

Study of the Effects of Sound on Marine

Mammals (AA85l-IAO-5)

Ljungbald, D. (Naval Ocean Systems Center)

Aerial Surveys of Bowhead Whales, North

Slope of Alaska (AA85l-IAO-l)

Mate, B. (Oregon State U.)

Monitoring the Movements of Whales in

and Adjacent to OCS Lease ~~eas (AA55l-CT9-34)

Watkins, W. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.)

Effects of Whale Monitoring System Attachment Devices on Whale Tissues (AA85l-CTO-23)

Winn, R., R. Edel and M. Hyman (U. Rhode Island)

Characterization of Marine Mammals and

Turtles in the North and Mid-Atlantic Areas

of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (AA551-

CT8-48)

2. BLi'1/NOAA/OCSEAP

Calkins, D. and K. Pitcher (Alaska Dept. Fish

& Game)

Population Assessment, Ecology and Trophic

Relationships of Steller Sea Lions in the

Gulf of Alaska (RU243)

Fay, F. (U. Alaska)

Morbidity and Mortality of Key Marine

Mammal Species (RU194)

Jones, L. and H. Braham (National Marine Mammal

Lab. )

Collection and Analysis of NMFS Marine

Mammal Platforms of Opportunity Data (RU68)

$494.9K

$ 0

$244.5K

$5l2.7K

$274 K

$202.8K

$ 74.5K

$ 0

$ 95K

$ 82K

$ 47K
36

Lowry, L., J. Burns and K. Frost (Alaska Dept.

Fish & Game)

Trophic Relationships, Habitat Use, Winter

Ecology Among Ice-Inhabiting Phocid Seals

and Functionally Related Marine Mammals in

the Arctic (RU232)

Nerini, M. and H. Braham (National Marine

~1amma1 Lab.)

Feeding Ecology of the Gray Whale in the

Norton Basin (RU593)

Rice, D. and W. Wolman (National Marine Mammal

Lab. )

Habitat Use by Humpback, Gray and Fin Whales

in the Gulf of Alaska (RU592)

Taber, A. and H. Braham (National Marine Mammal

Lab)'

Habitat Utilization by the Gray Whale of

Nelson Lagoon, Alaska (RU605)

3. Fish and Wildlife Service

--Polar Bear:

DeMaster, D. (National Fish and wildlife Lab.)

Satellite Tracking of Bears (904.02.01)

Biological Parameters of Bears of Western

Beaufort Sea (904.02.02)

Feasibility of Ecosystem-Oriented Studies

of Bears in Beaufort Sea (904.02.03)

Biology and Ecology of Bears of Arctic

.Ocean (904.02.04)

Summer Distribution and Ecology of Bears

(904.02.05)

De~1aster, D. (NFWL) and D. Siniff (D. Minnesota)

Produce Model to Simulate population Dynamics

of the Northern Alaska Polar Bear Population

(904.02.06)

Staff (NFWL)

~nnual Status Report (904.02.07)

Siniff, D.S. (D. Minnesota

Development and Field and Lab Testing of

Radio Telemetry Packages and Systems for

Polar Bears (as well as Sea Otters, Walruses,

and Manatees) ($67K)

$ 90K

$150K

$300K

$ 12K

$190.8K
37

--Sea Otters $594.2K

Jameson, R.J. (NFWL)

Biology and Management Needs for Sea Otters

in California (904.03.01)

Estes, J.A. and G.R. Vanblaricom (N~,L)

Interaction Between Sea Otters and the

Nearshore Community (904.03.02)

Johnson, A.M. (N~vL)

~nnual and Seasonal Distribution, Abundance and Composition of populations of

Sea Otters and Other Marine Mammals in

Prince William Sound, Alaska (904.03.04)

Brownell, R.L. (N~lL)

Parasites and Environmental Containments

in Sea Otters (904.03.07)

Staff (N~vL)

Annual Status Report (904.02.08)

Doyle, W. (D. California, Santa Cruz)

Kelp canopy· interactions in Monterey

Bay ($31K)

Economics of Pismo Clam Fishery ($4.5K)

San Nicolas Island (California) Survey for

Baseline Data and as Potential Sea Ot~er

Translocation Site ($133.2K)

Hardy, R.A. (California Dept. Fish & Game)

Sea Otter Mortality Rates and Causes

(E-M-2)

Interrelationship Between Sea Otters and

Their Habitat (E-M-2)

Size, Distribution and Movements of

California's Sea Otter Population

Feasibility of Translocating Sea Otters

--Walruses $23l.8K

Da~aster, D. (N~lL)

Biological Activity of Pacific and

Atlantic Walruses (904.03.06)
38

Brownell, R. (NFWL)

Parasites and Environmental Contaminants in

Walruses (904.03.07)

Staff (NFl-IL)

Annual Status Reports on Pacific and Atlantic

Walruses (904.03.08)

Doyle, W. (U. California, Santa Cruz)

Round Island Walrus Survey ($17.7K)

Alaska Regional Office, FWS

Aerial Walrus Survey

--Hawaiian Monk Seal

Johnson, A.M. ("WWL)

Biological Studies to Determine Status of

Population (904.03.05)

$ 50.9K

--Manatees $319.3K

Rathbun, G.B. (NFWL)

Distribution and Status of all Manatee Taxa

and Populations (904.01.01)

Basic Reproductive and Behavioral Characteristics of West Indian Manatees (904.01.02)

Define Ecosystem Relationships of the Manatee,

and Assess Effects of Habitat Alterations

(904.01.03)

Determine Causes of Manatee Mortality, and

Study and Salvage Stranded Manatees and

Other Marine Mammals (904.01.04)

Influence of Warm Water Effluents on Manatee

Distribution and Movements Around Selected

Powerplants (904.01.05)

Basic Sensory and Physiological Parameters

of West Indian Manatees as Related to

Technical Needs (904.01.06)

DeveloD Manatee Tagging and Tracking Technology

(904. oi. 07)

Brownell, R.L. (N~qL)

Parasites and Environmental Contaminants in

Manatees (904.01.08)
39

Staff (NFWL)

Annual Status Reports (904.01.09)

Forrester, D. (U. Florida)

Study of Parasites and Diseases

of the West Indian Manatee ($5K)

Doyle, W. (U. California, Santa Cruz)

Evaluation of Existing Manatee-Propeller

Guard Technology ($1.8K)

Siniff, D.B. (U. Minnesota)

Ecology and Behavior of the West Indian

Manatee in the St. Johns River, Florida

($40K)

--Dugong

Brownell, R.L. (NFWL)

Distribution and Status of All Dugong

Populations (904.01.01)

Parasi~es and Environmental Contaminants

in Dugongs (904.01.08)

Staff (N~1L)

Annual Status Report (904.01.09)

--Marine Mammal Tagging

Hobbs, L. (N~NL)

Serve as Clearinghouse and Information

Center for Marine Mammal Tagging Operations

(904.04.01)

Stimulate Research and Development of

Marine Mammal Tags and Techniques (904.04.02)

Archive Data From Tagging/Marking Studies

(904.04.03)

4. Geological Survey

Whitmore, F.C. (USGS)

Vertebrate Biostratigraphy and Paleogeography, Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain

5. National Park Service

$ 6.4K

$ 25.5K

$ 30.0K

Dean, F. (U. Alaska), C. & V. Jurasz (Sea Search)

Glacier Bay Humpback Whale Data Analysis

(CK9000-0-0004) $ 63.0K
40

Everglades National Park, NPS

Manatee Survey

Department of State

Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and

Scientific Affairs

Joseph, J. (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission)

Porpoise-Tuna Investigations

Department of Transporation

Coast Guard, Office of Research and Development

Naval Ocean Systems Center

Final Report on the Coast Guard Program in Biological Phenomena

Environmental Protection Agency

(No projects reported)

Marine Mammal Commission

Ainley, C. and H. Huber (Point Reyes Bird Observatory)

Analysis of Tagged Elephant Seal Data Collected

on the Farallon Islands, California (MM180ll25~6)

Cedar Creek Laboratory (U. Minnesota)

Provide Radio Transmitters for Hawaiian Monk

Seal Dive Profile (MM1800944-6)

Clark, W., (U. Washington)

Continuation of population Analysis and Research on

Stocks of Great Whales (11M18011l4-6)

Fish and Wildlife Service

Manatee Recovery Activities Coordinator

(MM1800908-6)

Pilot Program--Development of Site-Specific

Research/Management Plans for Areas of Special

Significance to the WestIndian Manatee (~lliI80l024-4)

Initiation of a Study to Assess and Characterize

Food Preference and Feeding Areas of Manatees in

the Crystal River of Florida (MMI80l025-7)

$ 3.0K

$592.9K

$ 95.0K

$ 5.3K

$ 2.8K

$ 42.0K

$ 50.0K

$ 25.0K

$ 18.0K
41

Johnson, B. & P. Johnson

Evaluation of Hawaiian Monk Seal Survey and Molt

Data Collected and Laysan Island in 1977-1979

(MM1533701-4)

Kasuya, T. (Ocean Research Institute)

The Fishery-Dolphin Conflict in the Iki Island

Area of Japan (MM1533791-7)

Mayo, C. (Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies)

Field Observations of Cetacea of the Provincetown,

Massachusetts Area: 1975-1979 (~~1800925-5)

National Academy of Science

Evaluation of Marine Ecosystem Research in the Antarctic

(MMI800913-2)

National Marine Fisheries Service

Continuation and Expansion of Monk Seal Population

Studies (MMI800911-6)

Workshop to Develop a Monk Seal Die-Off Response

Plan (MMI800967-9)

Assessment and Monitoring of Endangered Whales,

Harbor Porpoise, and Other Centaceans Along the

Northeast Coast of the United States (~tMI801023-1)

Workshop on Humpback Whales of the Western North

Atlantic (btMI801038-3)

Analyses of Data Concerning the Biology, Ecology,

Behavior and Population Dynamics of Monk Seals in

Laysan Island (MMI801102-3)

Nolan, R. (Ocean Research Consulting and Analysis,

Ltd. )

Review of Available Information Concerning the

possible Effects of a Shark Control Program on

Shark Populations and Other Components of Marine

Communities of the Vicinity of Kure Atoll or Elsewhere in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands (MMI801065-5)

Seaco (Kailua, Hawaii)

Identification and Evaluation of On-Going and Planned

Fisheries in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands

(MM1801069-7)

State of Florida Department of Natural Resources

Workshop for the Education of Florida Law Enforcement Officers Relating to Manatees (MMI800941-7)

Manatee Advisory Group (~~1800942-0)

Manatee Education and Information Program

(MJ.'118 0112 4- 3)

$ 6.9K

$ 2.0K

$ 9.7K

$ 10.OK

$ 50.0K

$ 4.0K

$ 65.0K

$ 15.0K

$ 21. OK

$ 4.2K

$ 6.9K

$ 6.8K

$ 4.2K

$ 5.0K
42

Swartzman, G. (U. Washington)

Exploring Interactions Between Fur Seal Populations

and Fisheries in the Bering Sea (MM1800969-5)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

$ 4.9K

Ray, G.C., D. Wartzok (Johns Hopkins U.) and P. Sebesta

(Ames Research Center)

Study of Predictive Ecological Models Useful for

the Management and Conservation of Bering Sea

Mammals SSIE $ 12K

National Science Foundation

Awbrey, F.T. (San Diego State U.)

Artificial Aggregating System for Tuna Purse

Seining SSIE $ o

Dawson, W.W. (U. Florida)

Physiology of Vision in Dolphins and Other

Cetaceans (79-14129)

Fay, F.H. (U. Alaska)

Energy Cost and Control of Molting in Bering Sea

Harbor and Spotted Seals (80-06957)

Hall, E.R. (U. Kansas)

A Systematic Classification of North American

Ursus (80-14252)

Herman, L.M. (U. Hawaii, Manoa)

Behaviors and Social Organization of Humpback

Whales in Hawaiian Waters (77-24943)

Dolphin Information-Processing Capabilities

(77-16882)

Jehl, J.R. and W.E. Evans (Hubbs-Sea World Institute)

Distribution and Ecology of Orcinus and Globicephala

in the Antarctic (80-22633)

Kooyman, G. L. (Scripps Inst. Oceanography)

Biology of Weddell Seals During the Austral Summer

(79-23623)

LeBoeuf, B.J. (U. California, Santa Cruz)

Biological Studies of the Northern Elephant Seal

(77-17063)

$ 99.2K

$ 38.8K

$ 36.3K

$ 42.3K

$ 43.5K

$ 33.8K

$ 95.3K

$ 30.2K
43

Morgane, P.J. (Worcester Foundation for Experimental

Biology, Inc.)

Archicortical-Limbic Formations of Dolphin Brain

(77-8660)

Norris, K.S. (U. California, Santa Cruz)

Behavior of the Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin (78-24683)

Siniff, D.E. (U. Minnesota)

The Role of the Leopard Seal in the Antarctic

Marine Ecosystem (80-17257)

The Development of Satellite Tracking and Antarctic

position/Activity Monitoring for Selected An"tarctic

Vertebrates (80-17348)

$ 46.6K

$ 83.8K

$ 76.4K

$ 19.8K

Wormuth, J. (Texas A & M University)

A Study of Feeding Relationships in Tuna and Porpoise Through the Application of Cephalopod Beak

Analysis (79-24779) SSIE $ 3l.6K

Smithsonian Institution

Mead, J. (National Museum of Natural History)

Marine Mammal Program

Ray, C. (National Museum of Natural History)

Fossil Marine Mammals

Veterans Administration

(No projects reported)

$ 93.5K

$ 49.3K