FOURTH D I VI SI ON

DI L LA RD, P. J.

, RI C KM A N and BROWN, JJ.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be

ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n

da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

http://w w w .ga a ppe a l s .us /r ule s

October 28, 2020



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A2 0 A0 88 2 . BULLY v . STATE.

R I C K M A N , J u d g e.

Fo l l owi n g t h e d en i al o f h i s m o t i o n f o r n e w t r ial

, Jeffery Bu l l y ap peal s h i s

co n vi ct i o n s o n m

u lt i pl e co u nt s o f rap e an d o t h er cri m es

, i n cl u d i n g fi v e c o u n t s o f

s ex u al as sau lt on a p ro b at io ner by an ag en t o f a p ro b at i o n o ffi ce u nd er fo rm er OCGA

§ 1 6-6 -5 .1 (b ) (2 ). O n ap p eal

, Bu l l y rai s es s e v eral en u m erat i o n s of erro r, i n cl u d i n g

t h at t h e ev i d en ce was i n su ffi ci en t t o s h o w t h at h e was th e ag en t o f a p ro b at i o n o ffi ce

f o r p urp o s es o f OCGA § 16 -6 -5 .1 (b ) (2 ), t h at t h e ev i d en ce was i n su ffi ci en t t o

s u p p ort t w o s p eci fi c co n vi ct i o n s o f rap e, t h at th e tri al co urt er red i n t ak i n g cert ai n

s afet y m eas u res an d i n a ju ry ch arg e, an d t h at h i s t ri al co u ns el p ro v i d ed i n effect i v e

as s i s tan ce. Fo r t h e reas o ns t h at fo l l o w, we rev ers e t h e co n v ict i on s o f s ex u al as s au l to n a p ro b at i o n er, affi rm t h e rem ai n i n g co n v i ct i o n s

, vacat e t h e s en ten ce, an d rem an d

t h i s cas e fo r res en t en ci n g.

“ On ap p eal fro m

a cri m in al co n v i ct i o n, t he d efen d an t i s n o l o n g er en t i t l ed to

a p res u m pt i o n o f in no cen ce an d we t h erefo re co n s t ru e t h e ev id en ce i n t h e l i g h t m o s t

fav o rab l e t o t h e ju ry ’ s g u i l ty v erd i ct .” (Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed .) Ma d d o x

v. S t a t e , 3 4 6 Ga. Ap p . 6 7 4, 6 75 (8 1 6 SE2 d 7 96 ) (2 0 1 8 ).

So co n st ru ed

, th e ev i d en ce s h o w s t h at i n 20 1 4, Bu l l y o wn ed an d o p erat ed Ri s e

Ab o v e Re co v ery (h erei n aft er “ RAR”), an i n -p at ien t d ru g reh ab i l it at io n faci l i t y

. 1

Cri m i n al d efen d an t s

, p art i cu l arl y t h os e co n v i ct ed o f d ru g cri m es

, are o ft en req u i red

t o co m p l et e a d ru g r e h a b i l i t at io n p ro g ram as a co n d i t i o n o f pro b at i o n

, an d RAR

p ro v id ed s u ch p ro g ram

. RAR w as n o t accred i t ed b y an i n d u s t ry as s o ci at i o n

, an d was

n o t o t h erwi s e l i cen s ed b y t he St at e t o p ro v i d e s u ch s erv i ces

. 2

B u l l y ro u t i n el y m ad e s ex u al ad v an ces t o ward s wo m en i n t h e RAR p ro g ra m

,

i n cl u d i n g p ro b a t i o ners

. He rep eat ed l y t h reat en ed t o ex p el o r rep o rt p ro b at i o n

v i o l at i o n s o n fem al e p ro b at io n ers u n l es s t h e p ro b at io n er ag reed t o en gag e in s ex u al

1 Bu l l y d es cri b ed RAR as a “ s o b er l i v i ng en v i ro n m en t

. ”

2 Pro g ram s can be s an ct io n ed b y t h e St at e b as ed o n t h ei r m eri ts an d ag reem en t

t o “ fo ll o w cert ai n p ro g ram m i n g g u i d el in es .” So m e co u rt s refu s e t o or d e r p r oba t i o n ers

t o at t en d u n accred i t ed p ro g ram s s u ch as RAR.

2act i vi t i es wi t h h i m

. Fo r th os e p ro b at i on ers wh o ag reed to h av e s ex u al rel at i o n s wi th

h i m

, h e wo u l d o ft en red u ce acco u n t ch arg es 3 o r o ffer s om e o t h er fi n an ci al ex ch an ge.

Ev en t u al l y s o m e o f t h e pro b at i o n ers s p o ke o u t an d an i n v e s t i g at i o n l ed t o ch arg es

ag ai n s t Bu l l y

fo r cri m es ag ai n s t s ev en v ict i m s

.

On e o f t h e v i ct im s

, M. T., t es t i fi ed th at wh i le p art i ci p at i n g i n t h e RAR p ro g ram

u n d er a co u rt o rd er, Bu l l y rap ed h er i n t h e wo o d s n ear h i s h o u s e. Sh e t es t i fi ed t h at s h e

d i d n o t s cream o u t b ecau s e s h e k n ew Bu ll y h ad t h e p o wer t o s en d h er b ack t o jai l

. M

.

T. h ad rep o rt ed t o an ot h er RAR cl i en t th at Bu l l y h el d h er d o wn an d fo rced h er h av e

s ex

. DNA t es t i ng co n fi rm ed t h at Bu l l y h ad en g ag ed i n sex u al i n terco u rs e wi t h M

. T.

Bu l ly was co n v i ct ed of rap e an d s ex ual as s au l t o f a p ro b at i on er fo r h i s act s i nv o l v i n g

M . T.

Th e s eco n d v i ct i m

, A

. D., t es t i fi ed t h at w h i l e p art i ci p at i n g i n t h e RAR p ro g ram

u n d er a co u rt o rd er, Bu l l y s ex u al l y h aras s ed h er an d h ad s ex wi t h h er ag ai n s t h er wi l l

.

Bu l ly was co n v i ct ed o f s ex ual as s au l t o f a p ro b at i o n er fo r h is act s i n v o l v in g A. D. 4

3 Th e pro bat i o n ers were p ers o nal l y res p on s i b l e f o r p ay i n g t he fees fo r t h e

p ro g ram at RAR.

4 Th e ju ry acq u i tt ed Bu l l y

o n t h e co u nt o f rap e o f A. D.

3Bu l l y ’ s t hi rd v i ct i m

, M

. F., t es t i fi ed t h at wh i l e p art ic i p a t i n g i n th e RAR

p ro g ram u n d er a co u rt o rd er, Bu l l y fo rced h er t o g i v e h i m o r a l s ex ag ai ns t h er wi l l

u p o n t h reat o f no t b ei n g a l l o w e d l eav e t o v is it h er ch i l d ren an d

, o n a s ep arat e

o ccas i o n

, fo rced her to h av e s ex wi t h hi m

. Sh e t o l d o t h e r s t h a t Bu l l y had s ex u al l y

as s au l t ed h er up o n a t h reat o f g o in g b ack t o j ai l

. Bu l l y was co nv i ct ed o f rap e,

ag g rav at ed s o d o m

y

, an d s ex u al as s au l t o f a pro b at i o ner fo r h i s co n du ct in v o l v i n g M

.

F.

Bu l l y’ s fo u rt h v i ct i m

, R. W

., t es t i fi ed t h at wh il e p art i ci p at i n g i n t h e RAR

p ro g ram u n d er a co u rt o rd er, Bu l l y o ffered t o red u ce h er p ro g ram fees i f s h e ag reed

t o p erfo rm s ex u al fav o rs fo r h i m

, th reat en ed to d is ch arg e h er fro m t h e p ro g ram i f s h e

refu sed t o p erfo rm oral s ex

, an d m ad e u nwan t ed s ex u al co n t act wi th h er b y s l ap p i n g

h er on t he b u t t o n m

u l ti p le occas i o n s

. Bu l l y was co n vi ct ed o f s e x u a l b at t ery an d

s ex u al as s au l t o f a p ro b at io n er fo r h i s co nd u ct i nv o lv i n g R. W

.

Bu l l y ’ s fi ft h v i ct im

, S. R. L., t es t i fi ed th at wh il e part i ci p at i ng i n t h e RAR

p ro g ram u n d er a co u rt o rd er, Bu l l y t wi ce fo rced h er t o h av e sex wi t h h i m o v er h er

4p ro t es t s

. Bu l ly w as co n v i ct ed o f rap e an d sex u al as s au l t o f a p ro b at i o n e r f o r h i s

co n du ct i n v o l v i n g S. R. L. 5

At t ri al

, t h e St at e i n t ro d u ced s i x wi t n es s es p u rs u an t t o OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 1 3

(“ Ru l e 4 13 ”) t o tes ti fy ab o u t si m i l ar s ex u al as s au l t s b y Bu l l y

. Th e St at e al s o o ffered

t h e t es t i m o n y o f m

ul t i p l e p ro b at i on o ffi cers fro m v ari o u s ju ri s d i ct i o n s wh o were

as s i g n ed t o s up erv i s e on e o r m o re o f t he v i ct i m s u n der t h e ab o v e

- r e f e r e n c ed co u rt

o rd ers

.

Bu l l y t es t i fi ed i n h i s o wn d efen s e an d ad m it t ed h av i n g s ex u al i nt erco u rs e wi th

M . T. an d A. D. b ut cl ai m ed t h e co n t act was co n s en s u al

.

In s u m

, Bu l l y was co n vi ct ed o n fi v e co u n t s o f s ex ual as sau l t of a p ro b at i o n er,

t h ree co u n t s o f rap e, o ne co u n t of ag g r a v a t e d s o d o m y

, an d o n e co u n t o f s ex u al

b at t ery ; t he co nv i ct i o n s i n v o l v ed fi ve v i ct im s

. Fo l l o wi n g t h e d en i al o f h i s m o t i o n fo r

n ew t ri al

, Bu l l y ap p eal s

.

1

. Bu l l y fi rs t co n t en d s t h e ev i d en ce was i n s u ffi ci en t t o co n v i ct h i m o n t h e fi v e

co u nt s o f s ex ual as s au l t on a p ro b at i o n er u n d er t he v ers io n of OCGA § 1 6 -6 -5 .1 (b )

5 Th e St at e d is m i ss ed t h e ch arg es reg ard i n g t h e rem ai n in g t wo v i ct i m s d u ri n g

t h e t ri al

.

5(2 ) i n effect at t h e t i m e o f t h e u n d erl y i n g ev en t s

. S e e G a

. L

. 2 0 1 0

, p

. 1 68

, § 2

. 6

Sp eci fi cal l y

, h e arg u es t hat t h e ev i d en ce was i n s uffi ci en t t o es t ab l i s h t h at h e was an

em pl o y ee o r ag en t o f an y

p ro b at i o n o r p aro l e o ffi ce. W e ag ree.

W h en ev al u at i ng t h e s u ffi ci en cy o f ev i d en ce, “ t h e rel ev an t q u e stion is w h et h er,

aft er v i ewi n g t h e ev i d en ce i n t h e l i g h t m o st fav o rab le t o t h e p ro s ecu t i o n

, an y rat i o n al

t ri er o f fact co u l d h av e fo u n d th e es s en t ial el em en t s o f t h e cri m e[s ] b ey o n d a

reas on ab l e d o u b t

. ” (Ci t at i o n an d em p h as i s o m i t ted .) Ja cks o n v. Vi r g in ia

, 44 3 U. S.

3 0 7 , 3 1 9 (III) (B) (9 9 SCt 2 7 8 1 , 6 1 LE2 d 5 60 ) (1 9 7 9 ).

Un d er fo rm er OCGA § 1 6 -6 -5 .1 (b ) (2 ), s ex u al co n t act wi t h a pro b at i o n er by

em pl o y ees o r ag en ts o f p ro bat i o n o r p aro l e o ffi ces was fo rb i d d en :

A p ers o n wh o h as s up erv i s ory o r d i s ci p l in ary au t h o ri t y o ver an o t h e r

i n d i vi d u al co m

m i t s s ex u al as s au l t w h en th at p ers o n

. . . [ i ] s a n emp l o

yee

o r a g en t o f a n y p r o b a t i on o r p ar o l e o

f f i ce an d en g ag es i n s ex u al co n t act

wi t h s uch o t h er i n d i v i d u al wh o t h e act o r k new o r sh o u l d h av e k n o wn i s

a p ro b at io n er o r p aro l ee u n d er t h e s u p erv is io n o f t h e s am e p ro b at i o n o r

p aro le o ffi ce.

6 Th e Co d e s ect i o n h as been rev is ed m u l t i p l e t i m es s i n ce t he t i m e o f t h e cri m es

. See OCGA § 1 6 -6 -5

. 1

.

6(Em

p h as i s s u p p li ed .) 7 T h ere i s n o ev id en ce t h at Bu l l y was an em p l o y ee of a p ro b at i o n

o ffi ce. Acco rd i n g l y

, t h e St at e was req u i red t o s h ow t h at Bu l l y was t h e ag en t o f a

p ro b at i o n o ffi ce.

Geo rg i a l aw p ro v i d es t h at “ [t ] h e rel at i o n o f pri n ci pal an d ag en t ari ses wh erev er

o n e p ers o n

, ex p res s l y o r b y i m p l i cat io n

, au t h ori zes an o t h er t o act fo r h i m o r

s u b s eq u en t l y rat i fi es t h e act s o f an ot h er i n h i s b eh al f.” OCGA § 1 0

- 6 -1 ; s ee al s o

Hu t ch en s v. S t a t e

, 1 74 Ga. Ap p

. 5 0 7

, 5 0 8 (1 ) (3 30 SE2 d 4 3 6 ) (1 9 8 5 ) ( a p p l y i n g

OCGA § 1 0

- 6 -1 i n a cri m i n al cas e). 8 “ A g en cy can be ei t h er ex p res s o r i m p l i ed an d

can ari s e fro m

, o r b e i n ferred fro m

, an y o f a n u m b er o f ci rcu m s t an ces .” Hu t ch en s

, 1 7 4

Ga. Ap p

. at 5 0 8 (1 ). “ Th e fac t o f a g e n c y m ay b e es t ab l i s hed b y p ro o f o f

ci rcu m s t an ces

, ap p aren t rel at i o n s

, an d t h e co n du ct o f t h e p a rt i es .” (Ci t at i o n an d

p u n ct u at i o n o m i t ted .) Co l l i n s v. Ma r t i n

, 1 5 7 G a

. A p p

. 4 5

, 4 6 (2 ) (2 7 6 SE2 d 1 0 2 )

(1 9 8 1). An ag en t i s au th ori zed t o act fo r an ot h er “ w hen

, ex p res s l y o r i m p l ied l y

, t h ere

h as b een a d el eg at io n wi t h m o re or l es s d i s cret io n ar y p o w e r t o act

, t o m an ag e an

7 Co ns en t o f t h e v i ct i m was n o t a d efen s e t o t h e cri m e o f s ex u al co n t act wi th

a pro b at i on er b y em

pl o y ees o r ag en t s o f p ro b at i o n o r p aro l e o ffi ces

. See OCGA § 1 6

-

6 -5 .1 (e) (2 0 1 0 ).

8 Th e t erm “ ag en t ” was n o t d efi n ed in OCGA § 16 -6 -5

. 1 at t h e t i m e, al t h o u g h

t h e s tat u t e h as s i n ce b een rev i s ed an d n o w “ ag en t” is s t at u t o ri l y d efi n ed

. See Ga. L.

2 0 1 0 , p . 1 6 8 , § 2

.

7affai r, an d t o ren der an acco u nt .” (Ci t at i on s om i t t ed

. ) Hea d r i ck v. Fo r d

h a m

, 1 5 4 Ga.

Ap p

. 4 1 5

, 4 1 7 (1 ) (2 68 SE2 d 75 3 ) (1 9 80 ). Fi n al ly

, wh en co n s t ru i n g wh at co n s t i t u t es

an a g e n t u n d er OCGA § 1 6-6 -5 .1 (b ) (2 ), we n o t e t h at “ [c] ri m in al s t at u t es are

c o n s t ru ed s t ri ct l y ag ai n s t t h e St at e, t h ey m us t b e read acco rd in g t o th e n at u ral a n d

o b v i o u s i m

p o rt o f t h ei r l an gu ag e, an d t h ei r o p erat i o n s h o u l d n o t b e l i m i t ed o r

ex t en d ed b y ap p l icat i o n o f s u b t l e an d fo rced i nt erp ret at i o n s .” (Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .)

Per ki n s v. S t a t e

, 2 7 7 Ga. 3 2 3 , 3 2 5 -3 2 6 (2 ) (5 8 8 SE2 d 7 1 9 ) (2 0 0 3 ).

Her e, t h e reco rd ev i d en ce es t ab l i s h es t h at t h ere was n o ag en cy rel at i o n s h ip

b et ween RAR an d / o r Bu l l y an d a n y p r o b a t i o n o ffi ce. Th e reco rd i s d ev o i d o f

ev i d en ce o f a wri t ten o r o ral ag reem en t b et ween RAR an d / o r Bu ll y an d an y p ro b at i o n

o ffi ce or an y s t at e ag en cy ; d ev o i d o f ev i d en ce t h at an y p ro b at i o n o ffi ce ev er ex p res s l y

req u es t ed t h at RAR an d / o r Bu l l y p erfo rm a serv i ce o r fu n ct io n o n i t s b eh al f; d ev o id

o f ev i d en ce t h at RAR an d / o r Bu l l y o perat ed acco rd i ng t o an y s t at e-i s s ued g u i d el i n es ;

an d dev o i d o f ev i den ce t h at an y p ro b at i o n o ffi ce g av e d i rect io n o r i n s t ru ct i o n t o RAR

an d /o r Bu l ly i n an y way as t o ho w t o ru n t h e d ru g r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p ro gram

, t reat t h e

p ro b at i o n ers

, o r det erm i n e wh en a p ro b at i o n vi o l at i o n h ad o ccu rred

. Rat h er, t h e o n l y

rel ev an t ev i d en ce s h owed t h e o p p o s i t e. A p ro b at i o n o ffi cer wh o s up erv i s ed t wo o f

t h e p ro b at i o n ers at R A R t es t i fi ed t h at s h e h ad n ev er v i s it ed RAR, n ev er

8co m

m u n icat ed wi t h Bu l l y

, a n d n e v e r i ns t ru ct ed RAR an d/ o r Bu l l y as t o an y

ex p ect at i o ns o f t h em

o n b eh al f o f t h e p ro b at i o n o ffi ce. No n e o f t h e o t her p ro b at i o n

o ffi cers t es t i fi ed t o t h e co n t rary

. Th u s

, t h e St at e fai l ed t o p res en t a n y e v i d e n ce t h at

RA R a n d / o r Bu l l y were au t h o ri zed t o act as an ag en t fo r an y p ro b at io n o ffi ce. See

At l a n t a Ma r

ket Cen t er Mg mt

., Co

. v. McLa n e

, 26 9 Ga. 6 0 4

, 6 0 6 (1 ) (a) (5 0 3 SE2 d

2 7 8 ) (1 9 9 8 ) (n o ag en cy rel at i on s h i p wh ere n o ev i d en ce was p res en t ed t h at pu rp o rt ed

ag en t was au t h o ri zed t o act o n p ri n ci pal ’ s b eh al f).

In s u p p o rt o f i t s p o si t i o n t h at Bu l l y was an ag en t o f a p ro b at io n offi ce s u b ject

t o O CGA § 1 6-6 -5 .1 (b ) (2 ), t h e St at e rel i ed o n t h e fact t he pro b at i o n o ffi ces recei v ed

rep o rt s fro m RAR ab ou t t h e s t at u s o f it s p ro b at i o n ers i n t h e p ro gram

, an d t h ei r

co m p l ian ce wi t h t h e RAR reco v e r y p r o g ram

. 9 T h e pro b at i o n o ffi cers t es t i fi ed t h at

t h ey r e l i e d o n a n d tru s t ed t h es e rep o rt s

. Bu t t h e St at e d i d no t p res en t an y ev i d en ce

t h at p ro b at i o n o ffi ces i n s t ru ct ed RAR t o p ro d u ce s u ch rep o rt s

, an d reg ard l es s , s u ch

rep o rt i n g al o n e d o es n o t det erm i n e ag en cy

. Cf. New S t a r Rea l t y v. Ju n g a n g PRI US

A

,

3 4 6 Ga. Ap p

. 5 4 8 , 5 5 5 (1 ) (a) (8 1 6 SE2 d 5 0 1 ) (2 0 18 ) (t hat fran ch i s ee was req u i red

t o m ak e p eri o d i c rep o r t s t o fran ch i s o r di d n o t d em an d a fi n d i n g o f an ag en cy

9 Th es e rep o rt s t y

p i cal ly i n cl u d ed v eri fi cat io n o f res i d en cy

, m o n t h l y p ro g res s

rep o rt s , d ru g t es t rep o rt s , an d d i s ch arg e rep o rt s

.

9rel at i o n s h i p b et ween fran ch i s or an d fran ch i see). M o reo ver, i n t h e ev en t t h at RAR d id

rep o rt t h at a p ro b at i o n e r h ad fai l ed t o co m p l y wi t h i ts p ro g ram

, RAR an d/ o r Bu l l y

l ack ed th e a u t h o r i t y to ad d res s t h e v i o l at i o n ou t s i d e o f RAR’ s o w n p ro g ram

req u i rem en t s

. Th e p ro b at i o n o ffi cer an d t h e co u rt

, n o t RAR o r Bu l l y, wo u ld

d et erm i n e wh at

, i f an y

, act i o n s h o u l d b e t ak en wi t h res pect t o th e p r o b at i o n er’ s

p ro b at i o n s t at u s

. As e x p l ai n ed b y a St at e wi t n es s, o n ce RAR s en t a rep o rt o f b ad

b eh av i o r t o a p ro b at i o n o ffi cer,

Th e p ro ba t i o n o f

f i cer can t hen t ak e t h at i nfo rm at i on to t h e j u d ge wh o

as s i g n ed t h is p e r s o n to b e o n p ro b at i o n an d t h e ju dg e can rev o k e t h ei r

p ro b at io n

, s ay t h at y o u’ re n o t i n co m p li an ce w i t h t h e t erm s o f y o u r

p ro b at io n , an d wh en t h e ju d g e rev ok es y o u r p ro bat i on

, y o u g o b ack t o

jai l

.

Sev eral p ro b at io n offi cers al s o t es t i fi ed t h at t h ey h av e so m e d i s cret i o n i n d et erm i n i n g

wh et h er a rep o rt ed v i o l at i o n wi l l t ri g g er t h e o ffi cer t o s eek a rev o cat io n o f p ro b at i o n.

Th u s, al th o u g h RAR an d /o r Bu l l y h ad au th ori t y t o co n t ro l t h e RAR p ro gram

, t h ere

i s n o ev i d en ce t h at RAR was req u i red

– o r au t ho ri zed

– t o en fo rce o r i m pl em en t an y

ru l es o r i n s t ru ct io n s d i ct at ed b y an y p ro b at i o n o ffi ce. 1 0

1 0 Th e St at e al s o rel i es o n cas e l aw ci t ed b y t h e t ri al co u rt i n b o th i t s ch arg e to

t h e ju ry an d i n i t s o rd er d en y i n g Bu l l y ’ s m ot io n fo r n ew tri al

. See Bel vi n v. S t a t e

, 2 2 1

Ga. Ap p

. 11 4

, 1 1 5 (4 7 0 S E 2 d 4 9 7 ) (1 9 9 6 ) (“ ‘ pro b at i o n o ffi cer’ [i s] an o ffi cer

10In s u m , t h e ev i d en ce was i ns u ffi ci en t t o es t ab li sh t h at Bu l l y was t h e ag en t o f

an y p ro b at i o n o ffi ce. See O CGA § 1 0 -6 -1

. Th u s

, t h e ev i d en ce fai l ed t o es t ab l i s h t h at

Bu l l y c o m m i t ted t h e cri m e of s ex ual as sau l t o n a p ro b at io n er by an ag en t o f a

p ro b at i o n o ffi ce u n d er fo rm er OCGA § 1 6-6 -5 .1 ( b ) ( 2 )

. See gen eral l y S t a t e v.

Ha mmo n d

s

, 3 2 5 Ga. Ap p

. 8 1 5

, 8 1 8 (7 5 5 SE2 d 2 1 4) (2 0 1 4 ) (h o l d i n g t h at u n d er

fo rm er OCGA § 1 6

- 6

- 5 .1

, th e l eg i sl at u re ch o s e to s p eci fy t h e cl as s i fi cat i o n o f

i n d i v i d u al s w h o m a y b e p ro s ecu t ed fo r s ex u al as s au l t u n d er t h e st at ut e, an d i t i s

l i m i t ed t o i t s l an g u ag e). Acco rd i n g l y

, Bu l l y ’ s co n vi ct io n s o n Co un t s 2

, 4

, 6, 9

, an d

1 2 are rev ers ed

.

2 . Bu l l y co n t en d s t h e ev i d en ce was i ns u ffi ci en t t o co n v i ct h i m o f ag g rav at ed

s o d o m y o n M

. F. He arg u es s p eci fi cal l y t h at t h ere was n o ev i d en ce o f fo rce. He d o es

n o t ch al l en g e h i s co n vi ct i o n o f rap i n g M

. F., an ev en t th at o ccu rred a n u m b er o f day s

aft er t h e ag g rav at ed s o d om y

.

ap p oi n t ed t o k eep u n der s u p erv i s i o n an d to rep ort o n a co nv i ct ed o ffen der wh o i s free

o n pro b at i o n ”) (p u n ct uat i o n om i t t ed .) B u t t h e Co urt i n Bel vi n was in t erp ret i n g an

earl ier v ers i o n o f OCGA § 1 6-6 -5 .1 wh ich defi n ed t h e cri m e as o ne co m m i t t ed b y

“ [a] p ro b at io n o r p aro l e o ffi cer.” Id

. Th o se wo rd s were n o t i n cl u d ed i n t h e v ers i o n o f

t h e s t at u t e ap p l i cab l e t o t h e cl ai m s h erei n

. See G a. L

. 2 0 1 0

, p. 1 6 8

, § 2

. Fu rt h er, t h ere

i s n o ev id en ce t h at Bu l l y

was an “ o ffi cer” o f an y

k i n d.

11“ A p e r s o n co m m i t s t h e o ffen s e o f [ag g rav at ed ] s o d o m y wh en h e o r s h e

p erfo rm s o r s u b m it s to an y s ex u al act i n vo l v i n g th e s ex o rg an s o f o n e p ers o n an d t h e

m o u t h o r a n u s o f an ot h er.

. . wi t h fo rce an d ag ai n s t t h e wi l l o f t h e o t h er p ers o n .”

OCGA § 1 6 -6 -2 (a). Th e term “ fo rce” i n t h e co n t ex t o f s ex u al o ffen s es m ean s “ act s

o f p h y s i cal fo rce, th reat s o f d eat h o r p h y s i cal b o d i ly h arm

, or m en t al co erci o n

, s u ch

as i nt i m i d at i o n ” s u ch as wo u l d b e “ s u ffi ci en t t o i n s ti l l i n t h e v i ct i m a re a s o n ab l e

ap p reh en s i o n o f b o di ly h arm

, v i o l en ce, o r o t h er d an g ero u s co ns eq uen ces t o (o n es el f)

o r o t h ers .” (Ci t at i on an d p u n ct u at i o n om i t t ed

. ) W a t s o n v. S t a t e

, 2 93 Ga. 8 1 7, 8 2 1 (2 )

(7 5 0 SE2 d 1 4 3 ) (2 0 1 3 ). “ Th e t erm ‘ ag ai n s t h er wi l l’ m ean s wi t ho u t co ns en t .” S t a t e

v. Co l l i n s

, 2 7 0 Ga. 4 2, 4 3 (5 0 8 SE2 d 3 9 0) (1 99 8 ). Fo r t h is el em en t

, “ [t ] h e q u es t i o n

i s w h e t h e r t h e [S] t at e h as p ro v ed

, b ey o n d a reas o n ab l e d ou b t

, th at t h e act s o f t h e

accu s ed were n o t freel y co n s en t ed t o b y th e al l eg ed vi ct i m .” Cl a rk v. S t a t e

, 2 6 1 Ga.

3 1 1 , 3 1 1 (4 0 4 SE2 d 78 7 ) (1 9 9 1 ).

M

. F. t es t i fi ed t h at Bu l l y t o o k h er d own a t rai l in a fi el d n ear h i s h o u se wh ere

h e as k ed h er t o g i v e h i m o ral s ex

. Bu l l y t o l d h er t h at s h e had t o d o as h e w i s hed i f s h e

wan ted t o s ee h er ch i ld ren at Th an k sg i v i n g

. Sh e b el i ev ed t h at s h e d i d n o t h av e a

ch o ice an d

, t h erefo re, acq u i es ced t o h i s d em an d s

. A wi t n es s t es t i fi ed t h at M

. F. t o ld

h i m t h at Bu l l y

h ad fo rced h er t o g i v e h i m o ral s ex

. M

. F

. t o l d h er pro b at i o n o ffi cer

12t h at s h e h ad b een s ex u al l y as s au l t ed at RAR “ un d er th reat o f

. . . ret u rn t o cu s t o d y .”

An d Bu l l y an d o t her wi t n es s es ad m i t t ed t h at i t w as Bu l l y w h o d eci d ed wh en an d i f

a p ro b at i o n er was p erm i t t ed t o l eav e t h e RAR p ro g ram

.

Th i s ev i d en ce was s uffi ci en t t o s h o w t h at M

. F. s u b m it t ed t o o ra l s ex wi th

Bu l ly as a res u l t o f m en t al co erci o n o r i nt i m i d at i o n

. See El l er v. S t at e

, 2 9 4 Ga. Ap p.

7 7

, 7 9 (2 ) (6 6 8 SE2 d 7 5 5 ) (2 0 0 8 ) (ev i den ce o f fo rce p res en t wh ere d efen d an t

t h reat en ed t o k i l l v i ct i m i f s h e d i d n o t h av e o ral s ex wi t h h im ); Da s h er v. S t a t e

, 2 8 1

Ga. A p p. 3 2 6

, 3 28 (6 3 6 SE2 d 8 3 ) (2 0 0 6 ) (l ack o f res i s t an ce wh en d efen d an t p o s ed

as a p o l i ce o ffi cer an d dro ve v i ct im s t o r e m o t e lo cat i on s wh ere ai d was u n l i k el y

au t h o ri zed a fi n d i n g o f fo rce). Acco rd in g l y

, t h e ev i d en ce was s uffi ci en t t o s us t ai n t h e

co n vi ct i o n

. See Sch n ei d

er v. S t a t e

, 2 67 Ga. Ap p

. 50 8

, 51 0 (1 ) (6 0 3 SE2 d 6 63 ) (2 0 0 4 ).

3

. Bu l l y co n t en d s t he ev i d en ce was in s u ffi ci en t t o co n v i ct h i m o f rap i n g S. R.

L. “ A pers o n co m

m i t s t h e o ffen s e o f ra p e w h e n h e h as carn al k n o wl ed g e o f.

. . [a]

fem al e fo rci b l y an d ag ai ns t h er wi l l

. ” O CGA § 1 6-6 -1 (a) (1 ). H e ag ai n co n t en d s

t h ere was n o ev i d en ce t o s u p p o rt a fi n d i ng o f fo rce.

Th e v i ct i m t es ti fi ed t h a t s h e was a reco v eri ng ad d i ct o n p ro b at i on fro m an

ei g h t -y ear sen ten ce an d t h at Bu l l y to l d h er h e co ul d do an y t h i ng h e wan ted wi t h h er

b ecau s e h e g o t h er ou t o f t h at s en t en ce. Bu l l y sen t h er t o cl ean a was h er an d d ry er in

13a t rai l er. Bu l l y arri v ed fi v e m i n u t es l at er, t o ok h er t o a s o fa an d sai d

, “ l et ’ s hav e s ex .”

Sh e t o l d h i m “ n o ” t w o o r t h ree t i m es

, an d tes t ifi ed t h at s h e d i d n o t wan t t o h av e s ex

.

Sh e n ev ert h el es s t es t i fi ed th at h e was “ v ery i n s i st e n t ,” w ou l d n o t t ak e n o fo r an

an s wer, an d p u l l ed d own h er p an t s

. At t h at p o i n t

, t he v i ct i m t es t i fi ed t h at s h e d i d n ot

feel as t h o u g h s h e co u l d av o i d i t

, an d wi t h h i s b o d y o n t o p o f h ers

, he h ad s ex wi th

h er. An o th er RAR cl i en t t es t i fi ed t h at S. R. L

. h ad t o l d her t h at Bu l l y “ pu s h e d h er

o v er t h e dry er an d had s ex w i t h h er t h ere.” Co n s t ru i n g t h e ev id en ce an d i n feren ces

ari s in g t herefro m i n t he l i g h t m os t fav o rab l e to th e j u ry ’ s fi n di n g o f g u i l t

, an y rat i o n al

t r i e r o f fact co u l d h av e fo u n d t h e es s en t i al el em en t s o f rap e b ey o n d a reas o n a b l e

d o u b t

. See R o b er t

s v. S t a t e

, 3 1 3 Ga. Ap p

. 8 49

, 8 5 0 (1 ) (7 2 3 SE2 d 73 ) (2 0 1 2 )

(ev i d en ce o f rap e su ffi ci en t w h ere d efen d an t “ hel d d o wn [v ict i m ’ s ] h an d s as s h e t ri ed

t o p u s h h i m

away

, an d h ad s ex u al i nt erco u rs e wi t h h er as s h e s cream ed

, t el l i n g h i m

‘ no ’ an d ‘ s t o p .’ ”); s ee al s o Ma ck v. S t a t e

, 3 3 8 G a. Ap p

. 8 5 4, 85 7 (1 ) (7 92 SE2 d 1 2 0 )

(2 0 1 6) (“ It was u p t o t h e j u r y, n o t [ t h e d efen dan t ] o r th i s Co u rt

, t o d et erm i n e t h e

cred i b i l i t y o f t h e v i ct i m ’ s t es t i m o n y as t o l ack o f c o n s en t an d wh et her s h e d i d n ot

res i st b ecau s e s h e was i nt im i d at ed .”).

144 . Bu l l y co n ten d s t hat t h e t ri al co u rt erred b y ad m it t i n g ex t ri n s ic ev id en ce o f

o t h er cri m es o f s ex u al as s au l t u n d er O CGA § 2 4 -4 -4 1 3 (a) (“ Ru le 4 1 3”). Th at s t at u t e

p ro v id es :

In a cri m i n al p ro ceed i n g i n wh i ch t h e accu s ed i s accu sed o f an offen s e

o f s ex u a l as sau lt

, ev i d en ce o f t h e accu sed ’ s co m m is s i o n o f an o t h er

o ffen s e of s ex u al as s au l t s h al l b e ad m i s si b l e an d m ay b e co ns i d ered fo r

i t s b eari ng o n an y

m at t er t o wh i ch i t i s rel ev an t.

Un d er th i s s t at u t e, “ a t ri al co u rt ’ s d eci s i o n t o ad m i t o t h er act s ev i d en ce wi l l b e

affi rm ed i f a ju ry co u l d fi n d b y a p rep o n d eran ce o f t h e ev i d en ce t h at t h e d efen d an t

co m m i t t ed t h e act .” (Ci t at i o n an d p u nct u at i o n o m i t t ed

. ) La t t a v. S t a te

, 3 4 1 G a. Ap p.

6 9 6 , 7 0 1 (2 ) (8 0 2 SE2 d 2 64 ) (2 0 1 7 ).

Bu l l y co n t en d s th at t h e t ri al c o u r t i m p ro p erl y ad m i t t ed t h e t es t i m o n y o f fo u r

o f s i x Ru l e 4 1 3 w i t nes ses

— K. B., C. M

. , H. S., an d A. Y.

— b ecau s e t h e ev i d en ce

p res en t ed fai led t o s h o w t h a t th es e fo u r wi t n es s es s u ffered an “ o ffen s e o f s ex u al

as s au l t ” by Bu l l y as req u i red u n d er t h e st at u t e. He p ri m ari l y as s ert s t h at t h e ev i d en ce

fai l ed t o s h o w fo rce o r l ack o f co n s en t as t o an y o f t h e s ex u al act s ab o u t wh i ch t h ey

t es t i fi ed

. 1 1

1 1 Bu l l y d o es n o t arg u e th at t h i s ev i d en ce s h o u l d hav e b e e n ex cl u d ed u n d er

OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 0 3

.

15Th e t erm “ o ffen s e of s ex u al as s au l t ” i s d efi n ed t o i n cl u d e “ a n y co n d u ct o r

at t em p t o r c o n s pi racy t o en g ag e i n ” rap e, s o d o m y an d ag g rav at ed so d om

y

, s ex u al

as s au l t on a p ro b at i o n er b y an ag en t o f a pro b at io n o ffi ce, 1 2 sex u al b at tery

, ag g rav at ed

s ex u al b at t ery

, an d an y o th er cri m e t h at i n v o lv es s ex u al co n t act wi t h o u t co n s en t

. See

OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 1 3 (d ). 1 3 So m e o f th es e cri m es req u i re bo t h a s h o wi n g o f fo rce an d

a l ack o f co n sen t ; s om e o nl y req u i re a s h o wi n g o f l ack o f co ns en t

. 1 4

(a) K. B. t es t i fi ed t h a t s he b ecam e a cl i en t o f a pred eces s o r t o RAR o p erat ed

b y Bu l l y wh en s h e was req ui red t o co m pl et e a dru g an d a l co h o l t reat m en t p ro g ram

as a p art o f a p ro b at i o n ary s en ten ce. Bu l l y

, wh o m sh e h ad n ev er m et , p i ck ed h er u p

1 2 Becau s e we h av e h el d t h at t h ere w as i ns u ffi ci en t ev i d en ce t o s h o w t h at Bu l l y

was an ag en t o f a p ro b at i on o ffi ce fo r t h e p u rp os es o f fo rm er OCGA § 1 6-6 -5 .1 (b )

(2 ), n o p ri o r act as sert i n g t h at cri m e a l o n e s ho u l d h av e b een ad m i t t ed ag ai n s t h i m

u n d er Ru l e 4 1 3

.

1 3 Th i s Co d e s ect i on b ecam e effect i v e i n 2 0 1 3

, an d i t pro v id es t h at i t “ s h al l n ot

b e t h e ex cl u s i v e m ean s t o ad m i t o r co n s i d er ev i den ce d es cri b ed i n t h i s Co d e s ect i o n.”

OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 1 3 (c).

1 4 Rap e an d ag g rav at ed s od o m y (t wo of t h e cri m es fo r wh i ch Bu l l y was

co n vi ct ed ), req u i re p ro o f t h at t h e d efen d an t act ed b o th wi t h fo rce an d ag ai n s t t h e wi l l

o f th e v ict i m

, t w o s ep arat e el em en t s

. See OCGA § § 1 6 -6 -1 (a) (1 ); 1 6 -6 -2 (a) (2 ); s ee

al s o S t a t e v. Co l l i n s

, 2 70 Ga. 42

, 4 2 (5 0 8 SE2 d 3 9 0 ) (1 9 9 8 ); Th u r mo n d v. S ta t e

, 3 5 3

Ga. Ap p

. 5 0 6

, 5 0 8 (8 3 8 SE2 d 5 9 2 ) (2 02 0 ). Sex u al b at t ery a n d ag grav at ed s ex u al

b at t ery d o n o t req u i re a s h o wi n g o f fo rce b ut d o req u i re p ro o f of l ack o f co n s en t

. See

OCGA § § 1 6-6 -2 2 .1 ; 1 6 -6 -2 2

. 2

.

16fro m t h e jai l an d t oo k h er s t rai g ht t o a ho t el ro o m

. Sh e ex pl ai ned t h at s h e “ k new wh at

was g o i n g t o h ap p en . . . I m ean , co m i n g fro m d o in g d ru g s an d b ei n g a s t ri pp er an d

b ei n g a pro s t i t u te an d s t uff l i k e t h at , y ou ju st k n o w.” At s om e p o i n t , “ [Bu l l y ] m ad e

h i s ad van ces ; h e s t art ed t o uch i n g m e an d k i s s i n g m e an d t h en i t was o ral s ex an d t h en

we h ad sex .” W h en as ked wh y s h e nev er s ai d n o, s h e rep li ed

, “ Becau s e t h i s i s t h e

m an wh o ju s t cam e an d g o t m e o u t o f jai l an d I’ m g oi n g t o h i s reh ab .” Sh e u n d ers t o o d

t h at h e h ad au t h o ri t y o v er h er an d t h at i f s h e d i d n ot co o perat e, s h e wo u ld get k i ck ed

o u t o f t h e p ro g ram an d hav e to g o b ack t o jai l. Sh e t es t i fi ed t h at “ i f y o u s ay n o

, t h en

t h i n g s are ju st go i n g t o g et real l y b ad fo r y o u .” Sh e an d Bu l l y

, wh o ad m it t ed h av i n g

s ex wi t h her, h ad s ex u al co n t act ab o u t s i x o r sev en ti m es t h ereaft er. O n on e o ccas i o n,

h e rel iev ed h er o f a d eb t i n ex ch an g e fo r s ex wi t h h i m ; o n an ot h er, h e t h reat en ed to

t ak e h er p ro p ert y

. In s u m

, th e v i ct i m tes t ifi ed t h at s he di d n o t refu s e b ecau s e s h e

k n ew Bu l l y co n t r o l l e d h e r l i fe i n th e p ro gram

. H ere, t he St at e sh o wed b y a

p rep o n d eran ce o f t h e ev i d en ce t h at Bu l ly co m m i t t ed an o ffen s e o f s ex ual as s au l t o n

K. B. as req u i red fo r ad m i s s i on o f t h e ev i d en ce un d er Ru l e 41 3

. See Da s h er

, 2 8 1 Ga.

Ap p

. at 3 2 9 (1 ) (a); cf. Co o p er v. S t a t e

, 16 3 G a. Ap p

. 4 82

, 48 3 (2 ) (2 9 5 SE2 d 1 6 1 )

(1 9 8 2) (u s e of t h reat s an d v i o l en ce t o g et v ict i m t o h av e i n t erco u rs e w as ev i d en ce o f

i n t en t t o rap e).

17(b ) C. M

. t es t i fi ed t h at s h e b ecam e a cl i en t o f a p red eces s o r t o RAR o p erat ed

b y Bu l l y wh en s h e was req ui red t o co m pl et e a dru g an d al co h o l t reat m e n t p ro g ram

as a p art o f a p ro b at io nary s en t en ce. On e d ay in th e o ffi ce at th e p ro g ram

, Bu ll y as k ed

h er to s it o n h i s lap i n a m an n er t h at s ug g es t ed s o m et h i n g s ex u al ; s h e co m p l i ed

. Sh e

t es t i fi ed t h at i n reh ab i l i b at i o n

, “ y o u d o n ’ t wan t t o m ak e th e o w n er n o t l i k e y o u .” He

fl irt ed wi t h h er, an d s h e t ri ed t o l au g h i t o ff, b u t t h en Bu ll y g rab b ed h er wri s t an d l ed

h er d o w n t h e h al l way

t o a s t o rag e area. He t h en p ut hi s h a n d a r o u n d h er t h ro at an d

p u s h ed h er i n t o a wal l

, s tu ck hi s t o n g ue “ i n [h er] t hro at ,” p u l l ed h er p an t s d o wn

, an d

fo rced h i m s el f o n t o h er fo r s ex

. Sh e at tem pt ed t o res i st bu t was un s u c c e s s fu l

. On a

s eco n d o ccas i o n

, he cam e i n t o h er b ed ro o m an d wi t h o u t warn i n g

, t urn ed h er aro u n d,

p u l l ed h er p an ts d own

, an d fo rced h i m s el f o n to h er fo r s ex

. Aft er th es e i n ci d en t s

, s h e

fel t l i k e a “ s ex s l av e fo r [Bu l l y ] .” W h i l e s h e was a cl i en t o f t he p ro g ram

, s h e l i v ed in

co n st an t fear o f b ei n g rep o rt ed t o p ro b a t i o n fo r a v i ol at io n an d po s si bl y s en t to

p ri s o n

. Sh e t es t i fi ed t hat t h e r e aft er, “ h e was t h reat en i n g m e wi th t hat ev ery o t h er

d ay .” Th i s ev i d en ce was s u ffi ci en t t o s h o w b y a p rep o n d eran ce o f t h e ev i d en ce t h at

Bu l ly co m m it t ed an o ffen s e o f s ex u al as s au l t o n C. M . as req u i red fo r ad m i s s i o n o f

t h e ev i d en ce u n der Ru l e 4 1 3

. See Fa r mer v. S t a t e

, 19 7 Ga. Ap p

. 2 6 7

, 2 67 (1 ) ( 3 9 8

SE2 d 2 3 5) (1 9 9 0) (fo rce p res en t wh ere v i ct im was fri gh t en ed b y ap p el lan t ’ s s i ze).

18(c) H. S. t es t i fi ed t hat s h e fi rs t en co u n t ered Bu l l y wh en s h e was o rd ered b y a

ju d g e t o at t en d a p red eces s o r t o RAR op erat ed b y Bu ll y i n o rd er t o recei v e as s i s t an ce

fo r a d ru g p ro b l em

. W h i l e i n t h e p ro g ram

, Bu l l y t h reat en ed t o s en d a “ b ad ” p ro b at i o n

rep o rt i f s h e wo u l d n o t h av e s ex wi t h h i m

. Sh e t es t i fi ed t h at s h e res i s t ed an y way

, d id

n o t h av e s ex wi t h Bu l l y

, an d t h at h e n ev er m ad e “ an ad v an ce p h y s i cal i n n at u re” an d

t h at “ he n ev er p h y s i cal l y fo rced m e. He ju s t wo u l d t ry t o p ers u ad e m e.” As a res u l t

o f n o t co m

p l y in g

, s h e was k i ck ed o ut o f t h e p ro gram

, ev e n t u a l l y ch arg ed wi t h a

v i o l at i o n o f p ro b at i on fo r fai l i ng t o co m p l et e t h e pro g ram

, an d serv ed 1 8 m o n t h s in

jai l

. Here t he St at e f

a i l e d t o p r es en t an y ev i d en ce o f s ex ual co nt act

, an d t h erefo re

fai l ed t o s h o w b y

a p rep o nd eran ce o f t h e ev id en ce t h at Bu l ly co m m i t ted an o ffen s e

o f s ex u al as s au l t as req u ired fo r ad m i ss i on o f th e ev i den ce u n d er OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 1 3.

Cf. Ja mes v. S t at e

, 2 6 5 Ga. Ap p

. 6 8 9

, 6 9 1 (3 ) (5 9 5 SE2 d 3 6 4) (2 0 0 4) (wh ere t h e St at e

fai l s t o p res en t an y ev id en ce o f o n e el em en t o f a cri m e, t h e co n v i ct i o n m u s t b e

rev ers ed ).

(d ) A. Y. t es t i fi ed t h at s h e b ecam e a cl i en t o f a p red eces s or t o RAR ru n by

Bu l ly w h en s h e was req u i red t o c o m p l e t e a d ru g an d al co h o l t reat m en t p ro g ram as

p art o f a p ro b at io nary s en t en ce. Bu l l y ad m it ti n g h av i n g sex wi t h A

. Y. A

. Y.

d es cri b ed t h e s ex u al co n t act as v o l u n t ary ; s h e co n si dered h i m h er b o y fri en d

. At o n e

19p o i n t

, s he was i n fo rm ed t h at Bu l l y h ad wai v ed t h e fees s h e o wed fo r t h e p ro gram

, “ s o

I co n t in u ed h av i ng s ex [wi t h h i m .] ” H e r e ag ai n

, t h e St at e fai l ed t o s h ow b y a

p rep o n d eran ce o f t h e ev i d en ce t h at Bu ll y co m m i tt ed an o ffen s e o f s ex u al as s au l t as

req u i red fo r ad m i s s i o n o f t h e ev i d en ce u n d er OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 1 3

. See W a t so n

, 2 9 3 Ga.

at 8 2 2 (2 ) (m ere fact t h at defen d an t o ccu p i ed a p o s i ti o n o f au th o ri t y wi t h res p ect t o

v i ct i m i s n o t s u ffi ci en t t o s ho w “ fo rce” g i ven t h e rel ev an t ci rcu m s t an ces ).

In s u m

, th e ab o v e ev id en ce was s u ffi ci en t t o es t ab li s h b y a p rep o n d eran ce o f

t h e ev i d en ce th at Bu l ly co m m i t t ed an o ffen s e of s ex u al as s au lt o n K. B. an d C. M

. by

i n t i m i d at i o n an d fear o f b ei n g rep o rt ed fo r a pro b at i o n v io l at i o n l ead i n g t o p o s s i b l e

i n carcerat i on

, b u t in s uffi ci en t t o s h o w t h at h e co m m i t t ed s u ch an o ffen se o n H. S. an d

A. Y.

Harm

, i n cl u di n g fo r i n effect i v e as si st an ce o f co u n s el

, m u st be m eas u red

cu m u l at i v el y an d wi l l b e ad dres s ed b el o w. See S ta t e v. La ne

, 3 08 G a. 1 0

, 1 4 (1 ) (8 3 8

SE2 d 80 8 ) (2 0 2 0 ) ( “ G eo rg i a co u rt s co n s i d eri n g wh et her a cri m i n al d efen d an t i s

en t i t l ed t o a n ew t ri al s h o u l d co n s i d er co l l ect i v el y t h e preju d ici al effect o f t ri al co u rt

erro rs an d an y

d efi ci en t p erfo rm an ce b y co u n s el

- at l eas t wh ere t h o s e erro rs b y t h e

co u rt an d co u ns el i n v o l ve ev id en t i ary i s s u es .”).

205

. Bu l l y co nt en d s t h e t ri al co urt erred b y fo rci n g h i m t o wear a s h o ck b el t at

t ri al

, wh i ch i n t erfered wi t h h i s ri g h t t o co n fer wi t h h is at t o rn ey an d p art ici p at e i n h i s

o wn d efen s e.

“ [T] h e u s e o f ex t r a o rd i n ary s ecu ri t y m eas u res t o p rev en t dan g ero u s o r

d i s ru p t i v e b eh av i o r wh i ch t h reat en s t h e co n d u ct o f a fai r an d s afe t ri al i s wi t h i n t h e

d i s cret i o n o f t h e t ri al co u r t

. ” Y o u n g v. S t a t e

, 2 69 Ga. 4 7 8

, 4 7 9 (2 ) (4 9 9 SE2 d 6 0 )

(1 9 9 8), o v erru l e d o n o t h er g ro u n d s b y W hi t eh ea d v. St a t e

, 2 8 7 Ga. 2 4 2 (6 9 5 SE2 d

2 5 5 ) (2 0 1 0 ). W e t herefo re rev i ew t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s d eci s i on fo r ab u s e o f d i s cret i o n

.

Th e St at e m o v ed p ret ri al t o co m p el Bu l l y t o wear an el ect ri fi ed sh o ck b el t aft er

Bu l ly was h e a r d o n t w o jai l p h o n e cal l s s ay in g t h at he co u l d “ p o t en t i al ly es cap e o r

ru n i n co urt o n M on d ay

m o rn i ng

. ” T h e c o urt h el d a h eari n g o n t he m at t er at wh i ch

Bu l ly s t at ed t h at i t was n o t n eces sary , an d t hat h e “ wan t s h i s d ay i n co u rt ” an d “ n ot

t o b e h an d i cap p ed o r hi n d ered

, in an y way

, wh at s oev er.” Co u n s el al s o m en t i o n ed t h at

Bu l ly was trai n ed i n karat e. Nev ert h el es s

, Bu l l y d i d no t cl earl y o bject at t h e h eari n g,

n o r at an y t im e d u ri n g t h e t ri al

. H e ad m i tt ed at t he h eari n g o n th e m o ti o n fo r new t ri al

t h at h e n ev er t o l d t h e ju d g e th at h e h ad a p ro b l em wi t h t he s h o ck b el t o r th at h e co u ld

n o t t al k t o h i s at t o rn ey wi t h i t o n

.

21“ Ob

ject i o n s s h o u l d b e m ad e wi t h s u ffi ci en t s p eci fi ci t y fo r th e t ri al c o u r t t o

i d en t i fy t h e p reci se b as i s. It i s n o t i m p ort an t i n wh at fo rm at t h e al l eg at i o n i s cas t s o

l o n g as i t i s cl ear t o th e co u rt th e s p eci fi c erro r al l eg ed t h at t h e c o u r t m a y h av e t h e

o p p o rt u ni t y t o co rrect t h em .” (Ci t at i o n s an d p un ct u at i o n o m i t t ed .) S h a r p e v. Dep t

. of

Tr a ns p

. , 2 7 0 G a. 1 0 1

, 10 2 (5 0 5 SE2 d 4 73 ) (1 9 9 8 ); s ee al s o W h a t l ey v. S ta t e

, 2 7 0 Ga.

2 9 6

, 30 2 (1 4) (5 0 9 SE2 d 4 5 ) (1 9 9 8 ) (fai l ure t o o b j ect t o s h a c k l e s a s a s ecu ri t y

m eas u re w ai v es t h e is s u e fo r ap p el l at e rev iew.) Th e reco r d s h ows t hat Bu l l y fai l ed

t o o b j ect t o t h e s h o ck bel t wi t h s u ffi ci en t s p ec i f i ci t y s o as t o al ert t h e co u rt t o t h e

s p eci fi c l eg al erro r al l eg ed an d / o r g i v e t h e co urt th e o p p o rt u n i t y t o co rrec t i t

.

Acco rd in g ly , we fi n d n o erro r.

6

. Bu l l y co n ten d s t he tri al co u r t e rred b y i n st ru ct i n g t h e ju ry o n fl i g h t

. 1 5 See

Ren ner v. S t a t e

, 2 60 Ga. 51 5, 5 1 8 (3 ) (3 9 7 SE2 d 68 3 ) (1 9 9 0) (“ H ereaft er, wh i l e t h e

[S] tat e m ay o ffer ev i d en ce o f an d arg u e fl i g h t

, it s h al l b e e r r o r f o r a tri al co u rt i n a

cri m i n al cas e t o ch arg e t h e ju ry o n fl i gh t

. ”).

Th e co u rt g av e t h e fo l l o wi n g i n s t ru ct i o n:

1 5 Ev id en ce was p res en t ed t o s ho w t hat aft er Bu l l y l earn ed ab o u t t h e

i n v es t i g at i o n h e m o v ed t o Ok lah o m a, wh ere h e was l at er ap p reh en d ed

.

22Ev i d en ce o f al leg ed fl i g h t h as been i n t ro d uced

. Su ch ev id en ce i s

g o v ern ed b y th e ru l es co n cern i n g ci rcu m st an t i al ev id en ce t hat y o u h av e

al read y b een g i v en

. Fu rt h erm o re, y ou m ay on l y co n si der i t i f y o u fi n d

m o re l i k el y t h an n o t t h at A p p el l an t act u al ly co m m i t ted s u ch act

, an d t hat

t h e reas o n was t o ev ad e t h e ch arg e n o w o n t ri al

.

Bu l ly d i d n o t o b

j ect t o t h e ch arg e. W e t h erefo re rev i ew fo r p l ai n erro r o n l y

. See

Ch ed d er s i ng h v. St at e

, 2 9 0 Ga. 6 8 0

, 6 8 2 -6 8 3 (2 ) (7 2 4 SE2 d 3 66 ) (2 0 1 2 ). U nd er t h at

s t an d ard

, Bu l l y “ m

u st es t ab l i s h n o t o n l y t h at t h e ju ry i n st ru ct io n was erro neo u s

, b ut

al s o t h at i t was o b v i o us l y so an d t h at i t l i k el y affect ed t h e o u t co m e o f t h e

p ro ceed in g s .” (Ci tat i o n o m it t ed .) Pa r ker v. S t a t e

, 3 05 G a. 1 3 6

, 1 3 9 (3 ) (8 2 3 SE2 d

3 1 3 ) (2 0 1 9 ). If each o f th os e fact o rs are m et

, w e m ay ex erci s e o u r d i s cret i o n to

rem ed y t he erro r “ i f i t seri o u s l y affect [ed ] t h e fai rn es s

, i n t eg ri t y o r p u b li c rep u t at i o n

o f t h e ju d i ci al p ro ceed in g s .” W i l l i s v. S ta t e

, 30 4 Ga. 1 2 2, 1 2 9 (2 ) (c) (8 16 SE2 d 6 5 6 )

(2 0 1 8).

W e h o l d t h at t h e ch arg e as gi v en wa s n o t ob v io u s l y erro n eo u s

. Fi rs t

, t h e

Su p rem e Co u rt h as ex p l ai ned t h at “ [t ] h e p ro h i b it ed ch arg e i s o n e t h at s t at es t h at an

i n feren ce o f g u il t m ay b e d rawn fro m t he fact o f f l i g h t

. ” S h a d r o n v. St a t e

, 2 7 5 Ga.

7 6 7

, 7 7 1 (5 ) (5 7 3 SE2 d 7 3 ) (2 0 0 2 ). Th e ch arg e g i v en i n t h i s cas e d oes no t s o s t at e.

S e c o n d

, t h e ch arg e was t ak en fro m a p at t ern ch arg e t hat co m es wi t h t h e fo l l o wi n g

23ad v is o ry n o t e q u es t i o n i n g t h e co n t i n u ed au t ho ri t y o f Ren n er aft er t h e ad o p t i o n o f t h e

n ew Ev i d en ce Co d e i n 2 0 13

, wh i ch i s b as ed on t h e Fed eral Ru l es o f Ev id en ce: “ wi th

t h e ad v en t of t h e n ew ru l es

, au t h o ri t y fro m t h e 1 1 th Ci rcu i t an d o t her pu b l i s h ed l eg al

au t h o ri t y s u g g es t th at su ch M AY n o l o n g er b e t h e cas e.” See Fl i g h t

, Geo rg i a

Su g g es t ed Pat t ern J u ry In st ru ct i o n s - Cri m i n al § 1

. 3 6 .1 0

. Th is v ery po i n t was at i s s u e

recen t l y b u t l eft u nd eci d ed i n B u r l i s o n v. S ta t e

, 3 5 3 Ga. Ap p. 3 4 1

, 3 4 4 ( 8 3 6 SE2 d

7 3 6 ) (2 0 1 9 ). Becau s e Bu l l y has fai l ed to s h o w an o b v io u s erro r, he can n o t s ho w p l ai n

erro r. See M

u rp h y v. S t a t e , 3 5 4 Ga. Ap p

. 5 6 0 , 5 6 3 (2 ) (8 41 SE2 d 1 5 3 ) (2 0 2 0 ).

7

. Bu l l y al s o arg ues t h at h i s t ri al co u n s el w as i neffect i v e i n s ev eral reg ard s

. To

s u cceed o n t hi s cl ai m

, h e m us t d em o n s t rat e b o t h t h at co un s el ’ s p erfo rm an ce was

d efi ci en t an d t h at hi s co u n s el ’ s d efi ci en t p erfo rm an ce was preju d ici al to t h e d efen s e.

See Ja cks o n v. S t a t e

, 3 0 6 Ga. 2 6 6 , 2 7 2 (5 ) (8 3 0 SE2 d 9 9 ) (2 0 1 9 ).

W h en rev i ewi n g co u n s el ’ s p erfo rm an ce, we ap p l y a s t ro n g p res u m p t i o n

t h at co u n sel ’ s rep res en t at i o n was wi t h i n t h e wi d e ran ge o f reas o n a b l e

p ro fes s io nal as s i s t an ce. As s u ch

, a t act ical d eci si o n wi l l n o t fo rm th e

b as i s f o r an i n effect iv e as s i s t an ce o f co u n s el cl ai m u n les s i t was s o

p at en t l y u n reas o n ab l e t h at n o co m p et en t at t o rn ey wo u l d h av e ch o s en i t

.

Id

. (ci t at i o n s an d p u n ct u at i on o m i t ted ). “ W e accep t t h e tri al co u rt ’ s fact u al fi n d i ng s

an d cred i b il i t y d et erm i n at i o n s un l es s cl earl y erro neo u s

, b ut we i n d ep en d en t l y ap p l y

24t h e l eg al p ri nci p l es t o th e fact s .” (Ci t at i on an d p u n c t u a t i o n om i t t ed .) S immo n s v.

S t a t e , 2 9 9 Ga. 3 70 , 3 7 5 (3 ) (7 8 8 SE2 d 4 9 4 ) (2 0 1 6 ).

(a ) Wi t h reg ard to t h ree en u m erat i o n s

, we di sag ree t h at Bu ll y ’ s t ri al co u n s el

was d efi ci en t fo r fai l i n g t o o b j e c t t o e v id en ce s h o wi n g t h at h e: (i ) “ fo cu s ed o n

ex t ract in g m o n ey fro m o t h ers an d s u b j e c t e d p eo p l e t o p o or, u n s afe, an d u n s an it ary

l i vi n g co n d i t i o n s ”; (i i ) us ed

, b o u g ht

, an d di s t ri b u t ed i l l e g a l dru g s ; an d (i i i ) t o o k a

v eh icl e fro m

o ne o f t he wo m en

.

(i ) Th e t ri al co urt h el d t h at t he ev id en ce i n tro d u ced b y t h e St at e s h o wi n g t h at

Bu l ly “ fo cu s ed o n ex t ract in g m o n ey fro m o t h ers an d s u b ject ed p eo p le to po o r, u n s afe,

an d u n s an i t ary l i v i n g co n d it i o n s ,” w a s r e le va nt to B ully ’ s i n t en t t o m ai n t ai n eco n o m i c

co n tr o l o v e r t h e wo m en i n t h e RAR p ro gram s o t h at t h ey wo ul d d o h is bi dd i n g

. At

t h e h eari n g o n t h e m o ti o n fo r n ew t ri al

, co u n s el t es t i fi ed t h at i t was n o t a p art o f h i s

s t rat eg y t o al l o w t h is t es t i m o n y

.

Th e ev i d en ce d i d p ai n t t h e p i ct u re d es cri b ed b y t h e t ri al co u rt

. Ev id en ce was

p res en t ed t o s h o w t h at t h e wo m en i n t h e p ro g ram were o ft en in d eb t to Bu l l y fo r t h e

p ro g ram fees an d t h at t h ey s o m et i m es h ad t o p erfo rm wo rk fo r th e p ro g ram t o p ay o ff

t h e d eb t s ; t h ey were n o t recei v in g p ro p er d ru g an d al co ho l reh ab il i tat i o n t reat m en t ;

t h ey were fo rced t o li v e i n po o r co n d i t i o n s ; t h e y were n ot p ai d fo r so m e w o rk t h ey

25p erfo rm ed i n t h e p ro g ram (s o m et i m es b ei n g req u i red t o p erfo rm wo rk at Bu l l y ’ s

res i den ce); an d t h ey were to l d t h at m o n ey wo u l d b e t ak en o ff th ei r “ b o o k s ” d u e t o t h e

s ex t h ey had wi t h Bu l l y . An d Bu l l y rep eat ed l y t h reat en ed t o ex p el wo m en fro m t h e

p ro g ram fo r fai l ure to p ay

. Th ere was t es t i m on y t h at s o m e o f t h e wo m en feared ev ery

d ay t h at t h ey wo u l d b e d i s ch arg ed fo r fai l ure t o p ay an d en d u p b ack i n jai l . On e o f

t h e v i ct i m s t es t i fi ed t h at Bu ll y t o l d h er t h at he co u l d do an y t h i n g he w an t ed wi t h h er

b ecau s e s h e was s u bject t o an ei g h t -y ear s en t en ce.

T h u s

, t h i s ev i d en ce d o es s h o w a p at tern b y Bu l l y o f ex erci s in g fi n an ci al

d o m i n a n ce an d co n tro l o f t hes e wo m en t h at s hed s li gh t on w h et h er t h e v i ct i m s

co n sen t ed t o h i s act i on s. See Ha r r i s

,

_ Ga.

_ at (2 ) (b ) (Cas e No

. S2 0 A0 78 6

, d eci d ed

Oct . 1 9

, 2 0 2 0 ) (h o l d i n g t h at ev i d en ce reg ard i n g wh y d efen d an t h ad t o l eav e h i s ex

g i rl fri en d ’ s h o u se, in cl u d in g t h at t h e d efen d an t b ro k e h er wi nd o wn s an d t h reat en ed

h er l ife was i n tri n s i c t o m u rd er o f t h e p ers o n wh o s e ho m e d efen d an t m o v ed i n t o ).

Acco rd in g ly

, we co n cl u d e t h at an y ob j e c t i o n wo u l d h av e b een p ro p erl y o verru l ed

.

An d

, t h erefo re, Bu l l y can n o t s h o w i n e f f e c ti v e as s i s t an ce o f co u n s el fo r fai l u re to

p rev en t i nt ro d u ct io n o f ev i d en ce o f h i s act s o f ex t ract i n g m o n ey fro m o t h er wo m en

at RAR an d s u b

j ect in g t hem

t o p o o r, u n s afe, an d u n s an i t ary l i v i ng co n d i t i o n s

.

26(i i) Bu l l y co n t en d s h i s co u n s el s h ou l d h av e m o ved to ex cl u d e t h e i n t ro d u ct i o n

o f ev i d en ce t h at h e u s ed

, b o ug h t

, an d d i s t ri b u ted i l l eg al d ru g s

. As des cri b ed i n h i s

b ri ef, an d as accu rat el y

refl ect ed i n t h e reco rd , t h e ev i d en ce s h o w s t h at

On d i rect ex am i n at io n

, t h e St at e el i ci t ed tes t im o n y fro m [S. R. L.] t hat

[Bu l ly ] “ d i d d ru g s”; fro m [K. C.] t h at [ B ul l y ] an d h is g i rl fri en d were

d o i n g d r u g s w it h cu s t o m ers at RAR, an d t h at [Bu l l y ] p u rch as ed d ru g s

fo r h i s g irl fri en d

. . .; an d fro m [an FBI ag en t ] t h at t h ere were nu m ero u s

accu s at i o n s o f n arco t i cs t raffi ck i n g at RA R

. T ri al co u n s el al s o

acci d en tal l y el ici t ed fro m [S. R. L.] t h at [Bu l l y ] “ was a dru g d eal er” wh o

“ s o l d a b u n ch o f ice an d m et h am p h et am i n es .” Co u n sel t es t i fi ed t h at i t

was n o t h i s s t rat eg y t o al l o w t h i s ev i den ce. Th e t ri al co u r t co ncl u d ed

t h at th e d ru g ev id en ce was u s ed “ t o es t ab l i s h h o w Defen d an t k ep t th e

wo m en ad d i ct ed i n o rd er t o k eep t h em i n co nt ro l .”

In fact

, s o m e ev i d en ce was p res en t ed t o s ho w t h at Bu ll y d i d d ru g s wi th

i n d i v i d u al s i n t h e p ro g ram an d t h en h ad t h em d ru g -t es ted k n o w i n g t h at t h ey wo u ld

fai l

. Th at ev i d en ce s u pp o rt ed al l eg at i o n s t hat Bu l l y ab us ed h i s p o wer o ver t he wo m en

i n t h e p ro g ram

. Th i s d ru g ev i d en ce, t h erefo re, was i n t ri n s i c t o t h e ch arg ed cri m es an d

an ob ject i o n b y co u n s el wo u l d h av e b een wi t h o u t m eri t

. A cco r d i n g l y

, t ri al co u n s el

w a s n o t i n effect i v e i n el i ci t i n g

, fai l i n g t o ob ject

, o r fai l i n g to m o v e t o s t ri k e t h i s

ev i d en ce. See Ha r r i s

,

_ Ga.

_ (2 ) (b ) (Cas e No

. S2 0 A0 7 8 6

, d eci d ed Oct . 1 9

, 2 0 2 0 );

s e e al s o Ja cks on v. S t a t e

, 3 3 0 Ga. Ap p

. 1 0 8, 1 1 7 (4 ) (e) (7 6 6 SE2 d 5 5 8 ) ( 2 0 1 4 )

27(“ Fai l u re t o m ak e a m eri t l es s o b ject i o n can no t b e ev i d en ce o f i n effect i v e as s i s t an ce.”)

(ci t at i o n an d p u nct u at io n o m i t ted ).

(i i i ) Tri al co u ns el al so fai l ed t o ob ject t o ev i d en ce t h at Bu l l y t o o k a v eh i c l e

fro m K. C., on e of t h e v i c t i m s

. 1 6 Bu t ev i d en ce s h o wed t h at h e t o o k t h e v eh i cl e as a

p ay m en t fo r a fi n e i n cu rred by K. C. fo r fai l i n g a dru g t es t

. An d t h e t ri al co u rt h el d

t h at u n der t h e fact s o f th e cas e, t h e i n ci den t ag ai n s h o wed t hat Bu l l y ex ert ed h i s wi l l

o v er th e fem al e p ro b at i o n ers fi n an ci al l y an d o t herwi s e, wh i ch was rel ev an t t o t h e

i s su e o f co n s en t to t h e cri m es at i s s u e. Th u s, fo r t h es e reas o n s an d t h o s e g i v en in

Di v is i o n 7 (a) (i ), w e h o ld th at t h e ev i d en ce was i n t ri n s i c to t h e cri m es ch arg ed

, an d

a n o b j ect i o n wo u l d h av e b een wi t ho u t m eri t

. See Ja cks o n

, 3 3 0 Ga. Ap p

. at 1 1 7 ( 4 )

(e).

(b ) Bu l l y co n t en d s t ri al co u n s el erred b y fai li n g t o ob ject t o ev i den ce t h at Bu l l y

h ad a cri m i n al h i s t o ry

, in cl u d in g t h ree fel o n y co n v i ct i on s

, o n t h e g ro u n d t h at t h e

co n vi ct i o n s w ere m ore t h an 1 0 y ears o l d an d

, t h erefo re, n ot au t o m at i cal l y ad m i s s i b l e

1 6 Th e wi t n es s cl earl y t es t i fi ed t h at Bu l l y to o k a v eh i cl e fro m h er t h at w as t i t l ed

i n h er fat her-i n -l aw’ s n am e, so l d i t t o s o m eo n e el s e, an d d i d n ot t en d er an y m o n ey in

ex ch an g e.

28u n d er O CGA § 2 4

- 6

- 6 0 9 (b ). 1 7 He fu rt h er co n t en d s t h at h i s t ri al co u n s el erred by

el i ci t i n g t h i s i n fo rm at i o n fro m Bu l l y o n d i rect ex am in at i o n

.

In co n n ect io n wi t h pres en t i n g i t s las t wi t n es s

, t h e St at e an n ou n ced t h at i t

i n t en d ed t o p l ay fo r t h e j u ry reco rd i n g s o f t h ree i n v es t i g at ory i nt erv i ews t ak en o f

Bu l ly t h a t r eferred t o Bu ll y ’ s p as t cri m i n al h i s to ry

. Bu l l y ’ s co u n s el m o v ed t o s u p p res s

t h e rel ev an t p o rt i o n s o f t h e i n t erv iews o n t h e g ro u nd t h at Bu l l y h ad n o t p u t h i s

ch aract er i n ev i d en ce. T h e p reju d i ci al s t at em en t s i n t h e tran s cri p t s were l i m i t ed t o t h e

fo l l o w i n g : t h at Bu l l y h ad a “ p ret t y ex t en s i v e ” cri m i n al h i s t o ry an d t h at h e was a

“ co n v i ct ed fel o n .” T h e St at e arg u ed

, an d aft er co n fi rm i n g t h at Bu l l y i n ten d ed to

t es t i fy , t h e t ri al co u rt ag reed t h at t h e i n fo rm at io n co u l d co m e i n fo r an i n d ep en d en t

reas on

— t o reb u t Bu l l y ’ s at t em p t s t o s ep arat e h i m s el f fro m b e i n g “ p a r t o f t h e

1 7 OCGA § 2 4 -6 -6 0 9 (b ) p ro v i d es :

Ev i d en ce o f a co n vi ct i o n u n d er t h i s Co d e sect io n s h al l n o t b e ad m i s si bl e

i f a p eri o d o f m o re t h an t en y ears h a s e l a p s ed s i n ce th e d at e o f th e

co n v i ct i o n o r o f t he rel eas e of t h e w i t n es s fro m t h e co n fi n em en t

i m p o s ed fo r s u ch co nv i ct i o n, wh i ch ev er i s t h e l at er dat e, u n l es s t h e co u rt

d et erm i nes

, in t h e i n teres t s o f ju s ti ce, t h at t h e p ro b at iv e v al u e o f th e

co n v i ct i o n s u p p o rt ed b y

s p eci fi c fact s an d ci rcu m s t an ces s u b s t an t i al l y

o u t wei g h s i t s p reju d i ci al effect

.

29au t h o ri t y

fi g ures at [RAR] ” b y as s ert in g t hat h i s w ife o wn ed t h e bu s in es s

. 1 8 Bu l l y ’ s

co u ns el n ev er o b

ject ed t o ev i d en ce o f Bu l l y ’ s cri m i n al h i s to ry o n t h e g ro u n d t h at i t

was m o re t h an ten y ears o l d

. Sh o rt l y aft er t h e i nt erv i ews were p lay ed fo r t h e ju ry

, t h e

St at e res ted

.

In co n n ect i on wi th Bu l l y t es t i fy in g i n h i s o wn d efen s e, th e St at e t h en s o u g ht

t h e ad m i ss i o n o f th ree Ok lah o m a co n v i ct i o n s fo r p u rp os e s o f i m p each m en t u n d er

Ru l e 6 0 9 (a), an d as s ert ed th at t h e p ro b at i v e v al u e o f t h e e v i d en ce o u t wei g h ed an y

p reju d i ci al effect u n d er th at Co d e s u b s ect io n. Bu l l y ’ s tri al co u n s el d i d n o t o b ject o n

an y g ro u n d ; t h us

, h e fai l ed t o rai s e t hat u n d er Ru l e 6 09 (b ) co n v ict i on s o l d er t h an t en

y ears can o n l y be ad m i t t ed fo r i m p each m en t pu rp o s es if t h e co u rt d et erm i n es “ t h at t h e

p ro b a t i v e v al u e o f th e co nv ict i o n s up p o rt ed b y s p eci fi c fact s an d ci rcu m s t an ces

s u b s t a n t i a l l

y o ut wei g h s i t s p reju d i ci al effect

. ” (Em p h as i s s up p li ed .) OCGA § 1 4 -6

-

6 0 9 (b ). O n d i rect ex am i n a t i o n o f Bu l l y

, h i s tri al co u n s el el i ci t ed fro m hi m t h at h e

h ad p r i o r co nv i ct i o n s fo r p oi n t i n g a fi rearm

, t ran s p o rt in g a l o ad ed fi rearm

,

s eco n d -d eg ree b u rg l ary

, an d fi rs t

- d e g r ee bu rg l ary

. On cro s s-ex am in at i o n

, t h e St at e

q u es ti o n ed Bu l l y ab o u t th e d et ai l s o f each i n ci d en t

, o bt ai n i n g an ad m i s si o n t h at h e

1 8 Th i s ev i d en ce ap p ears t o h av e b een ad m i t t ed i n s u p p o rt o f t h e c o u n ts o f

s ex u al as s au l t o n a p ro bat i o n er.

30p o i n t ed a fi rearm at an ot h er h u m an b ei n g wi th t h e i n t en t o f s cari n g t hat p ers o n an d

p u t t i ng t h em

(h i m o r h er) i n fear o f l o s i n g t hei r l i fe.

At t h e h eari n g o n t h e m o t i o n fo r n ew t ri al

, Bu ll y ’ s co u n s el t es ti fi ed t h at h e was

n o t aware of Ru le 6 0 9 (b ). He fu rt h er t es t i fi ed t hat h i s t ri al s trat eg y w as t o “ t ak e t h e

s t in g o u t ” of s u ch ev id en ce b y h av i n g Bu l l y t es ti fy ab o ut t h e i n fo rm at i o n o n d i rect

.

Th e t ri al co u rt h el d t h at tri al co u n s el m ad e a st rat eg ic d eci s i o n to p res en t Bu l l y as an

“ h o n es t p ers o n ” b y a d m i t t i n g t o h i s co n v i ct io n s g i v en t h at t h ey h ad b een d eem ed

ad m i s s i b l e, an d t h at t h i s s t rat eg y was “ a co m m o n p ract i ce” an d n o t “ o bject i v el y

u n reas o nab l e.”

W e fi n d t h at t ri al co u n s el ’ s fai l ure t o rai s e a Ru l e 6 0 9 (b ) o b ject i o n

, fo l l o wed

b y h i s i n t ro d u ct i o n of t h e ev i d e n c e o n d i rect ex am in at io n

, co n st i t u t es d efi ci en t

p erfo rm an ce. A t ri al s t rat eg y m u s t b e o b ject i v el y reas o nab l e, an d th i s was n o t

. See

En t wi s le v. S t a t e

, 34 0 Ga. Ap p

. 1 2 2

, 1 2 9 (1 ) (b ) (7 9 6 SE2 d 7 4 3 ) (2 0 1 7 ). No

co m p et en t co u n s el wo u l d fai l t o o b ject t o ev i d en ce o f hi s cl i en t’ s b ad ch aract er wh en

a ru l e o f ev i d en ce d i rect l y o n p o i n t g iv es a b as i s fo r ex cl u d i n g t he ev i d en ce. See i d.

By o b ject i n g b as ed o n Ru l e 6 0 9 (b ), co u n s el co u l d h av e fo rced t h e co u rt t o co n s i d er

wh et h er t h e p ro b at i v e val u e o f at t ack i n g Bu l l y ’ s cred i b il i t y wi t h o l d fel o ny

co n vi ct i o n s s u b s t an ti al l y o u t wei g h ed t h e p reju d i ci al e f fect

. T h e arg u m en t m i g h t h av e

31b een p ers u as i v e g i v en t h at t h e St at e h ad al read y at t ack ed Bu l l y ’ s cred i bi l i t y i n o t h er

way s , i n cl u d i n g a s h o wi n g t h at h e h ad l i ed t o an FBI ag en t

.

(c) Bu l l y co n t en d s h i s co u n s el was i n effect iv e b y fai l i n g t o ob

ject t o h ears ay

an d b ad ch aract er ev i d en ce 1 9 co n t a i n e d i n reco rd in g s o f p h o n e cal l s m ad e b et ween

h i m an d h i s wi fe o n t he t h ird ni g h t of t ri al

. Al th o u g h Bu l l y ’ s wi fe d i d n ot t es t i fy

, t h e

reco rd i n g was p l ay ed fo r t h e j u ry

. Th e reco rd i n g i ncl u d ed s t at em en t s by Bu l l y ’ s wi fe

t h at s t ro n g l y

refl ect ed o n h i s ch aract er. 2 0

A s h e l d i n Gl i s

p i e v. St a t e

, 3 0 0 G a. 1 2 8

, 1 31 (1 ) (7 93 SE2 d 3 8 1 ) (2 0 1 6 ),

Bu l ly ’ s o wn s t at em en t s i n th e c o n v e r sat i o n

, i

. e., t h e o u t g o in g m es s ag es

, were

ad m i s s i b l e as t h e ad m i s s i o n s o f a p art y u n d er OCGA § 24 -8 -8 01 (d ) (2 ) (A). H i s

wi fe’ s s t at em en ts

, h o wev er, d o n o t fal l u n d er t h i s h ears ay ex cep t i o n

. Gl is p i e

, 3 0 0 Ga.

at 1 3 1 (1 ). Th e St at e arg ued t h at t h e wi fe’ s s t at em en t s p ro v id ed co n t ex t fo r Bu l l y ’ s

o wn h al f o f t he co n v ers at io n an d t hat t h ey were, t herefo re, ad m i s s i b le.

1 9 Al t h o u gh Bu l l y ’ s co u n s el ap p ears t o hav e o b ject ed o n p ub l i c po l i cy g ro u n d s

,

t h ere i s n o i n d i cat i o n t h at h e o b ject ed o n t h e g ro u n d s o f h ears ay o r in ad m i s s i b l e

ev i d en ce o f b ad ch aract er.

2 0 Of t h e s t at em en t s hi g h l i g ht ed b y B u l l y o n ap peal

, o nl y t he fo l l o wi n g

co n st i t u t ed p o s s ib l e h ears ay u n d er OCGA § 24 -8 -8 0 1 (c): (1 ) “ I g u es s cau s e y o u k eep

p u t t i ng y o u r d i ck o u t t h ere fo r ev ery b o d y t o s u ck an d fo r y o u to fu ck . . . cau s e y o u.

. . can ’ t k eep i t i n y o u r p an t s . Th at ’ s wh y y ou ’ re i n t h ere.”; an d (2 ) “ Cau s e I fi n al l y

g o t t i red o f y o u r d u m

b as s m o u t h an d y o ur l i es an d y ou r b u l l s h i t .”

32In Jo h n s o n v. S t a te

, 3 4 7 G a

. A p p

. 8 3 1

, 84 0 (2 ) (8 2 1 SE2 d 7 6 ) (2 0 1 8 ), t h e

ap p el l an t arg u ed t h at t ex t m es s ag es fro m h i s cel l p h o n e s h o u l d h av e b een ex cl u d ed

as i n ad m i s s i bl e h ears ay

. Th i s Co u rt h el d t h at al t ho u g h t he o u t g o i n g m es s ag es were

ad m i s s i b l e u n d er Gl i s

p i e

, a b l an k et ad m i s s io n o f th e i n co m i n g m es s ag es o n t h e

g ro u nd s t h at t hey p ro v i d e co nt ex t fo r t h e ap p el lan t ’ s s tat em en t s was erro neo u s

. Id

.

at 8 4 3 (2 ) (b ) (i i ). Rat h er, t h e en t i re co n v ers at i o n m us t b e rev i ewed t o d et erm i n e

wh i ch o f t h e i n co m i n g m es s ag es are t ru e h ears ay an d n o t ot herwi s e ad m i ss i b l e, an d

wh i ch are ad m is s i b l e t o g iv e co n t ex t to t h e d e f e n d an t ’ s s t at em en ts

. See Id .; Un i t ed

S t a t es v. Ri ver a

, 7 8 0 F3 d 1 08 4 , 1 0 9 2-1 0 9 3 (III) (A) (2 ) (1 1 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 5).

Th e s t at em en t s by Bu l l y ’ s wi fe q u o t ed i n fo o t n o t e 2 0 h erei n were cl earl y

o ffered t o s h o w Bu l l y ’ s m o t i v e o r i n t e n t f o r co m m i t t i n g t h e cri m es o r t o at t ack h i s

ch aract er, an d t h ey were o ffered fo r t h e t ru t h o f t h e m at t er as s ert ed

. See OCGA § 2 4

-

8 -8 0 1 (c). Acco rd i n g l y

, t h ey were h ears ay

, an d Bu l l y ’ s co un s el t es t i fi ed t h at h e h ad

n o s t rat eg i c reas o n fo r n o t o bject i n g t o t h em

. No co m p et en t t ri al co u n s el s h o u l d h av e

fai l ed t o o b

ject t o t h e t ru e h ears ay st at em en t s fro m t h e p h on e cal l s

, an d Bu l l y ’ s

c o un s el was t h erefo re d efi ci en t i n fai l i n g to m ak e s u ch an o b j ect i on

. See En t w i s l e

,

3 4 0 Ga. Ap p . at 1 29 (1 ) (b ) (t ri al s t rat eg y m u s t b e o b ject i v el y reas on ab l e).

33(d ) Bu l l y co n t en ds h i s t ri al co u ns el was d efi ci en t wh en h e el i ci t ed

, o pen ed t h e

d o o r, o r fai l e d t o o b

j ect t o s ev eral i n s t an ces o f i rrel ev an t

, ex tri n si c b ad ch aract er

ev i d en ce t h at Bu l l y en g ag ed i n s ex traffi ck i n g

. Th e St at e arg u es t h at t h e ev i d en ce was

i n t ri n s i c t o t h e cri m es o f wh i ch Bu l l y was ch arg ed

.

Th e co m p laine d of e vide nc e c am e fro m t h ree w it nes s es

. Fi rs t

, Ru l e 41 3 wi t n es s

C. M . t es t i fi ed t h at o n o n e occas i o n

, Bu ll y t o ok her t o a h ot el an d s h e was “ t h ere t o

b e a pro s t i t u te” fo r Bu ll y ; t ri al co u n s el o b j ect ed an d t h e co u rt i ns t ru ct ed t h e ju ry to

d i s reg ard t h e s t at em en t. Bu t l at er, t h e co u rt h el d t h at t ri al co u n s el o p en ed t h e d o o r to

C. M .’ s t es t i m o ny b y q ues t i on i n g h er ab o u t h er “ wo rk

. ” Th e S t a t e e x p l o i t ed t h e

o p en in g b y el i ci t i n g fro m C. M . t h at s h e wo rk ed as a p ro s t i t u t e fo r Bu l l y ev ery d ay

fo r t wo an d a h al f week s

, sl eep i n g wi t h 2 5 m en d u ri ng t h at t i m e. Seco n d, vi ct i m S.

R. L. t es t i fi ed

, i n res p o n s e t o Bu l l y ’ s co un s el ’ s q u es t i o n s

, t h at s h e h a d l earn ed t h at

Bu l ly “ l ik ed t o p ro s ti t u t e wo m en .” Th i rd

, a p ro b at i o n o ffi cer tes t ifi ed ab o u t a rel eas e

o rd er fo r v i ct i m M

. T. wh i ch st at ed t h at RAR was “ u n d er i n v es t i g at i o n fo r fed eral

h u m an t raffi ck i n g ch arg es an d [M . T.] i s a v i ct i m i n t h i s cas e.”

W i t h t h e ex cep t i o n o f h i s i n i t i al o b j ect i on t o on e s t at em en t b y C. M

., aft er

w h i ch h e o p en ed t h e d o o r t o th e s t at em en t s d es cri bed ab o ve, t ri al co un s el d i d n o t

o b ject

, m o v e t o s t ri k e, or req u es t cu rat i v e i n s t ru ct i o n s t o an y o f t h e ab o v e t es t i m o n y

.

34At t he h eari n g o n t h e m ot i o n fo r n ew t ri al

, co u n s el t es t i fi ed t h at it was n o t h i s s t rat eg y

t o el i ci t o r al l o w ev i d en ce t h at Bu l l y h ad en gag ed i n s ex t raffi ck i n g o r p ro s t i t u t i o n

. 2 1

Th e St at e arg u es t h at al l of t h e ab o v e t es t i m o n y was n o t o b ject i on ab l e b ecau s e

i t was “ i n t ri n s i c” t o t he ch arg ed o ffen ses

, an d t h at “ [t ] h e l i m it at i o n s an d p ro h i b i t i o n

o n ‘ ot h er act s ’ ev id en ce s et o ut i n [Ru l e 40 4 (b )] d o n o t ap p l y t o ‘ i n t ri n s i c ev i d en ce.’ ”

(Fo o tn o te om i t t ed .) W

i l l i a ms v. S t a t e

, 3 0 2 Ga. 47 4

, 4 8 5 ( I V ) ( d ) ( 8 0 7 SE2 d 3 5 0 )

(2 0 1 7). Ev i d en ce i s in tri n si c wh en i t i s “ (1 ) an u n ch arg ed o ffen s e ari s i n g fro m t h e

s am e t ran s act i o n or s eri es o f t ran s act i o n s a s t h e ch arg ed offen s e; (2 ) n eces s ary to

co m p l et e t h e s t o ry o f th e cri m e ; o r (3 ) i n ex t ri cab ly i n t ert wi n ed wi t h t h e ev i d en ce

reg ard i n g t h e ch arg ed o ffen s e.” (C ita t ions a nd punc tua tion o m i t t ed .) Id

. Ev i d en ce t h at

ex p lai n s th e co nt ex t o f t h e cri m e i s ad m i s s ib l e i f i t “ fo rm s an i nt eg ral an d n at u ral p art

o f an acco u n t o f t he cri m e, o r i s n eces sary t o co m p l et e t h e st ory o f t h e cri m e fo r t h e

ju ry .” (Ci t at io ns an d p u n ct uat i o n o m i t t ed .) Id

. at 4 8 5 -4 8 6 (IV) (d ).

W e co ncl u d e t hat t he s ex -t raffi ck i n g ev i d en ce was n o t i n t ri n si c t o t he co u n t s

o f rap e, s ex u al b at t ery

, an d ag g rav at ed s o d o m y fo r w h i c h B u l l y was t ri ed an d

2 1 In d en y i n g t h e m o t i o n fo r n ew t ri al

, t h e t ri al co u rt hel d t h at co u n s el d id

o b ject t o C. M .’ s t es t im o n y

, b u t t h e co u rt fai l ed t o ad d res s co u n s el o p en i n g t h e d o o r

t o fu rt h er ev id en ce. Th e t ri al co u rt h el d th at t h e s t at em en t s t h at Bu l l y “ l i k e d t o

p ro s t i t u t e wo m en ” an d t h at RAR was un d er i n v es t i g at io n fo r s ex t raffi ck i n g was n ot

b ad ch aract er ev i den ce; we d i s ag ree.

35co n vi ct ed

. Bu ll y was no t ch arg ed wi t h a cri m e o f s ex t raffi ck i n g

, an d n o n e o f t h e

wi t n es s es t es t i fi ed t h at Bu l l y u s ed fo rce o r i n t im id at i o n t o fo rce an y o n e t o en g ag e in

p r o s t i t u ti o n

. Fu rt h er, it w as n o t n eces s ary t o co m p l et e t h e s t o ry o f t he ch arg e d

o ffen s es o r i nex t ri cab ly in t ert w i n e d w i t h t h e ev i d en ce reg ard i n g t ho s e offen s es

.

Co m p ar e Pr i es t er v. St a t e

,

_ Ga.

_ (2 ) (8 4 5 SE2 d 6 8 3 ) (2 0 2 0 ) (ev id en ce t h at

d efen d an t was en g ag ed i n d eal i n g d ru g s was i n t ri n s ic ev i d en ce i n a m u rd er

p ro s ecu ti o n wh e r e e v i d e n ce o f t h e d efen dan t ’ s dru g b u s i n es s was rel ev an t t o h i s

m o ti v e t o ro b t h e v ict i m ); W i l l ia ms v. S t a t e

,

_ Ga. Ap p

. _ (3 ) (8 4 6 SE2 d 1 90 ) (2 0 2 0 )

(“ ev i d en ce rel at ed t o W illia m s’ s ga n g m em b ers h ip w as i n t ri n s ic to th e ch arg ed cri m es

o f ag g rav at ed as sau lt an d ag g rav at ed b at tery

. . . as i t p u t t h e cri m e i n th e co n t ex t an d

s erv ed t o ex p l ai n wh y W i l li am s p art i ci p at ed i n a s eem i n g l y u n pro v o k ed at t ack o n t h e

v i ct i m ”). Th u s

, t ri al co u ns el ’ s act o f el i ci t i n g

, o p en in g t h e do o r, an d fai l i n g t o o b ject

t o ev i d en ce t h at B u l l y was en g ag ed i n s ex traffi ck i ng / p ro s t i t u ti o n was d efi ci en t

p erfo rm an ce. No co m

p et en t t ri al co u n s el wo u ld al l o w in t ro d u ct io n o f t hi s ev i d en ce

fo r an y s t rat eg i c reas on . See S a n ch ez -Vi l l a v. S t at e , 3 4 1 Ga. Ap p . 2 6 4

, 2 7 1 -2 7 2 (1 )

(a) (7 9 9 SE2 d 3 6 4) (2 0 1 7) (fi n d i n g t h at ev id en ce was n o t i n t ri n s i c); co m p are Ha r r i s

v. S ta t e

,

_ Ga.

_ (2 ) (b ) (Cas e No

. S2 0 A0 7 8 6

, d eci ded Oct

. 1 9

, 20 2 0) (d i s c u s s i n g

i n t ri n s i c ev i d en ce).

368

. In acco rd an ce wi t h S t a t e v. La n e

, we no w co n s i d er w h et h er Bu l l y i s en t i t l ed

t o a n ew t ri al b y co l l ect i v el y co n s i d eri n g t h e p reju di ci a l e f f e c t o f tri al co u rt erro rs

i n v o l v i n g ev i d en t iary is s u es an d co u n s el ’ s defi ci en t p erfo rm an ce. See 3 0 8 Ga. at 1 4

(1 ).

W i t h reg ard t o t he ad m i ss i o n o f Ru l e 4 1 3 ev i den ce b y H. S. an d A. Y., g i v en

t h at t here were fo u r o t h er p ri o r-act wi t n es s es t o si m i lar b eh av i o r b y Bu l l y

, an y

p o s s i b l e erro r in t h e ad m i s s i o n H. S.’ s an d A. Y.’ s s ex u al en co u n t ers wi t h Bu l l y “ was

cu m u l at i v e o f ot h er ad m i s s i bl e ev i d en ce, an d t h erefo re, an y erro r i n i t s ad m is s i o n can

b e d eem ed h arm l es s b ey o nd a reas o nab l e d o u b t .” Akh i mi e v. S t a te

, 29 7 G a. 80 1

, 8 0 7

(3 ) (7 7 7 SE2 d 6 8 3 ) (2 0 1 5 ); s ee al s o Ta yl o r v. St a t e

, 3 0 6 Ga. 2 7 7

, 2 8 3 (2 ) (8 3 0 SE2 d

9 0 ) (2 0 1 9) (“ Th e tes t fo r det erm i n i n g n o n co ns t i t u ti o n al h arm l es s erro r i s w h et h er i t

i s h i g h l y p ro b ab l e th at th e erro r d i d n o t co n t ri b u te t o t h e v erd i ct .”) (ci t at i o n an d

p u n ct u at i o n o m it t ed ).

“ To es tab l i s h p reju d i ce [fo r i n effect i v e as s i s t an ce of co u n s el ]

, Ap pel l an t m u s t

s h o w t h at t h ere i s a reas o n ab le p r o b a b i l i t y t h at

, b u t fo r co u n s el ’ s u n p ro fes s i o n al

erro rs

, t h e res u lt o f th e p r o c e e d in g wo ul d h av e b een d i fferen t .” (Ci t at i o n an d

p u n ct u at i o n o m it t ed .) W

a t s o n v. St a t e

, 3 0 3 Ga. 7 5 8

, 7 6 2 (2 ) (d ) (8 14 SE2 d 3 9 6 )

(2 0 1 8). Co u ns el ren dered d e f e c t i v e p erfo rm an ce b y : (1 ) fai l i n g t o o b ject t o an d

37el i ci t i n g ev i d en ce t h at Bu l l y h ad a cri m i n al h i s t o ry

, i n cl ud i n g t h ree fel o ny

co n vi ct i o n s ; (2 ) fai l i n g t o ob ject t o ev i d en ce o f t h e h ears ay p ort i on s o f Bu ll y ’ s wi fe’ s

s t at em en t s i n t h e tel ep h on e cal l ; a n d (3 ) el i ci t in g

, o p en i n g th e d o o r, an d fai l i n g to

o b ject t o ev i d en ce s u g g es t i n g t hat Bu l l y was en g ag ed i n s ex t raffi ck in g / p ro s t i t u t i o n.

Th e ad m i s s i o n o f Bu l l y ’ s p ri o r cri m in al h i s t ory led d i rect l y to Bu ll y ad m i t t i n g

o n t h e s t an d t h at h e i n t en t io n al l y p o i n t ed a fi rearm at an o t h er p ers o n i n ord er t o p ut

t h at p ers on in fear of h i s o r h e r l i f e

. Bu l l y ’ s wi fe’ s co m

m en t s t o t h e effect t h at h e

c o ul d n o t rei g n i n h i s s ex ual d es i res was p reju d i ci al

, al t ho u g h i t was cu m u l at i v e o f

o t h er tes t i m o ny

, i ncl u d i ng Bu l l y ’ s own ad m i s s i o n s t h at h e h ad a wi fe an d a gi rl fri en d

an d h ad s ex wi th t wo o f t h e v ict i m s an d t wo o f t h e Ru l e 4 1 3 wi t n es s es

. Th e ev i d en ce

s u g g es t i n g t h at Bu l l y was en g ag ed i n s ex t raffi ck i n g / p ro s t i t u t i o n was h i g h l y

p reju d i ci al i n t h at i t s u g g es t ed h e was i n v o lv ed i n a l arg er cri m in al en t erp ri se, n o t ju s t

s ex u al cri m es ag ai n s t i n d iv id u al wo m en

.

On t h e o t her h an d

, t he ev i d en ce ag ai n s t Bu l l y t h at h e co m

m i t t ed t h e ch arg ed

cri m es was s t ro n g

. Th e ev i d en ce i s o v erwh el m i n g th at Bu ll y had sex u al co n t act wi th

n u m ero u s fem al e p ro b a t i o n e r s at RAR. T h u s

, t h e pri n ci p l e is s u e rem ai n i n g was

wh et h er Bu l l y ’ s s ex u al co n t act w i t h t h e v ict i m s res u lt ed fro m fo rce o r Bu l ly ’ s p at t ern

o f t h reat en i n g an d i n t i m i d at i n g t h e v i ct i m s

, o r wh et h er t h e v i ct im s co n s en t ed t o t h e

38s ex u al co n t a c t

. Th e St at e p res en t ed an ab u n d an ce o f ev i d en ce t hat Bu l l y as s ert ed

au t h o ri t y an d co n tro l o ver t h e fem al e p ro b at io ners at RAR, t h ro u g h b o t h h i s fi n an ci al

p o wer, an d t h ro u g h t h reat en in g an d i n t i m i d at in g b eh a v i o r t h at in cl ud ed t h reat s to

rep o rt p ro b at i on v i o l at i o n s i n o rd er t o co erce t h e v i ct i m s i n to s ex u al act s

. Bu l l y al s o

ex p lo i t ed t he p ro b at i o n ers ’ weak n es s es fo r t ak i n g d ru g s

. In ad di t i o n

, t h e t es t i m o ny

o f fi v e v i ct i m s an d t h e f

o u r p ro p erl y ad m i t t ed Ru l e 4 1 3 wi t n es s es s h o wed Bu l l y ’ s

co n si s t en t p ract ice of u s i n g RAR cl i en t s t o s at i s fy hi s sex u al d es i res t h ro u g h t h e u s e

o f fo rce an d i n t i m i d at i o n. Al th o u gh Bu l l y c lai m ed t h at s ex wi t h at l eas t two o f t h e

v i ct i m s w as co n sen s u al

, h i s cred i b i l i t y was i m p each ed w i t h ev id en ce t h at he l i ed to

i n v es t i g at o rs an d l i ed u nd er o at h t o a fed eral ag en t

, an d t h at h e h ad t h reat en ed a co

em pl o y ee’ s ch i l d ren becau s e th e co- e m ploy e e w a s c o ope r a t ing w i t h t h e i n ves t i g at i o n.

Bas ed o n t h e ex ceed i n g l y s t ro n g ev i d en ce p res en t ed by t h e St at e, we co n cl u d e

t h at t here i s n o reas o n ab l e p r o b a b i l i t y t hat

, bu t fo r t h e ab o v e-referen ced erro rs by

co u ns el

, t h e res u l t o f t h e p ro ceed i n g wo u l d h av e been di fferen t

. See Lo f t o n v. S t a t e

,

_ Ga.

_ (7 ) (8 46 SE2 d 5 7) (2 0 2 0); W a t s o n

, 3 0 3 Ga. at 7 6 2 (2 ) (d )

. Acco rd i n g l y

,

Bu l ly ’ s cl ai m o f i n effect i v e as s i s t an ce of co u n s el fai ls

, an d th e t ri al co u rt di d n o t err

b y d en y in g Bu l l y ’ s m o t i o n fo r n ew t ri al

.

399

. Bu l l y co n t en ds t hat h i s t ri al co u n sel was defi c i e n t b y f a il i ng t o o b

ject to

i m p o s i t i o n o f a reci di v i s t s en t en ce u n d er OCGA § 1 7 -1 0 -7 (c) b ecau s e o n e Ok l ah o m a

cri m e u sed ag ai n s t h i m at s en t en ci n g wo ul d n o t h av e c o n s t i t u t ed a fel o n y u n d er

Geo rg i a l aw. “ Bas ed o n o u r rev i ew o f h i s bri ef, [Bu l l y ] h as im p r o p erl y fram ed a

s en t en ci n g erro r cl ai m as an i n effect i v e as s i st an ce o f co u ns el cl ai m .” Ho g g v. S t a t e

,

_ Ga. Ap p

.

_ (8 4 6 SE2 d 1 8 3 ) (2 0 2 0 ). Th e ap p el l at e co u rt s m ay n ev ert h el es s ad d res s

o b v i o u s s en t en ci n g erro rs

, ev en i f n o t p ro p erl y rai s ed o n ap peal

. See Ja cks o n v. S t a t e

,

3 0 6 Ga. 2 6 6

, 2 7 6 -2 7 7 (6 ) (8 3 0 SE2 d 9 9) (2 0 19 ) (ad d res s i ng is su e reg ard i n g reci d i v i s t

s en t en ci n g ).

Of th e t h ree p ri o r Ok l ah o m a co n v i ct i on s ad m i tt ed i n s u p p ort o f reci d i v i s t

s en t en ci n g u nd er OCGA § 1 7-1 0 -7 (c), o n e c o n s i s t ed o f a si n g l e 1 9 9 1 i n d i ct m en t

al l eg in g bo t h t h e p o i n t in g o f a fi rearm an d t h e tran s po rt i n g o f a lo ad ed fi rearm

. Th e

t ri al co u rt co n cl u d ed t h at t h e co n v i ct i o n o f p o i nt i n g a fi rearm co n s t i t u t ed t h e fel o ny

o f ag g rav at ed as s au l t u n d er Geo rg i a l aw. Th e tri al co urt co n s i d ered t h e “ In fo rm at i o n

Sh eet ” co n cern in g A p pel l an t’ s co n v i ct i o n fro m Ok l ah o m a, fi n d i n g t h e l an g u ag e o f

t h e ch arg e b ei ng :

“ J effery Deway n e Bu l l y

, wh o wi l l fu l l y

, k n o w i n g l y

, an d wi t h o u t l awfu l

cau s e, p o i n t ed a h an d g u n

. . . fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f t hreat en i n g an d

40i n t i m i d at i n g

. . . an d wi t h t h e m al i ci o u s an d fel o n i ou s i nt en t t o i n ju re

.

. . “

On ap p eal , Bu l l y

co n t en ds t h e el em en t s o f t h e O k l ah o m a cri m e o f p o i n t i n g a

d ead ly weap o n co n s t i t u t es o n l y a m i s d em ean o r u n d er Geo rg i a l aw, s ee O CGA § 1 6

-

1 1 -1 02

, wh ereas t h e fel o n i o u s cri m e o f o f ag g rav at ed as s au lt by p o i nt i n g a d ead l y

weap o n u n d er G e o r g i a l aw req u i res p ro of t h at t h e v i ct im h ad a reas o n ab l e

ap p reh en s i o n o f i m

m ed i at e v i o l en t i nju ry

. See OCGA § 1 6 -5 -2 1 (a) (2 ). See Over t o n

v. S ta t e

, 3 0 5 Ga. 5 9 7

, 60 0 ( 2 ) ( 8 2 5 S E 2 d 1 5 9 ) (2 0 1 9 ) (“ If t h e p o i n t in g o f a fi rearm

p l aces t h e v i ct i m i n reas o n ab l e ap p reh en s i o n o f im m ed i at e vi o l en t in

ju ry

, t h en t h e

fel o n y of ag g rav at ed as s au l t

, rat h er t h an th e m i s d em ean o r o f p oi n t i n g a g u n

, h as

o ccu rred .”) (ci t at i on an d p u n ct u at i o n om i t t ed

. ) See al s o No r d ah l v. S t a t e

, 3 0 6 Ga. 1 5,

1 7 -1 8 (1 ) (8 2 9 SE2 d 9 9 ) (2 0 1 9 ) (ex p l ai n i n g p ro p er p ro ced u re fo r co m p ari n g cri m es

i n d i fferen t s tat es ).

Un d er No r da h l

, a Geo rg i a s en ten ci ng co u rt sh o ul d n o rm al l y “ pars e[] t h e

el em en t s o f t h e p ri o r o u t -o f-s t at e

. . . cri m e an d d et erm in e[] wh et h er t ho s e el em en t s

s at i s fy t h e s t at u t o ry d efi n i t io n of a fel o n y un d er Geo rg i a l aw.” No r d a h l , 3 0 6 Ga. at

2 3 (3 ) (em

p h as i s om i t t ed ). Or, i f “ co n fro nt ed wi t h a pri o r co n vi ct i o n fo r v i ol at i n g a

s t at u te th at s et s fo rt h m

u l ti p l e cri m es an d i s , t h u s, ‘ d i v i s ib l e,’

. . . s en t en ci n g co u rt s

41[m ay ] l o o k b ey o n d t h e s t at u t o ry el em en t s o f th e cri m e t o ‘ t h e ch arg i n g pap er an d ju ry

i n s t ru ct i o n s ’ u s ed i n a cas e.” (Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at io n o m i tt ed

. ) Id

.

At t h e ti m e o f t h e rel ev an t i n ci d en t

, t h e Ok l ah o m a cri m e of p o i n t i n g a d ead l y

weap o n p ro v i d ed t h at i t was a fel o n y t o po i nt a d ead l y w eap o n at an o t her p ers o n “ fo r

t h e p u rp o s e o f th reat en i ng o r

. . . fo r an y pu rp o s e o f i n j u ri ng

, ei t h er t h ro u g h p h y s i cal

i n ju ry o r m en t al o r em o t i o n al i n t i m i d at i o n

. . . .” 1 9 7 1 Ok

. L. p

. 4 6 0, § 16

. A s can b e

s een

, n ei t h er t h e e le m e nt s o f t h e Ok lah o m a cri m e n o r t h e “ In fo rm at io n Sh eet ” s h o wed

t h a t t h e Ok l ah o m a cri m e req u i red a s h o wi n g t h at t h e v i ct i m h ad a reas o n ab l e

ap p reh en s i o n o f i m

m ed i at e v i o l en t i nju ry

. See Cr a n e v. S ta t e

, 2 9 7 Ga. Ap p

. 8 8 0

, 8 8 3

(2 ) (6 7 8 SE2 d 5 4 2 ) (2 0 0 9 ) (“ [I] t i s t h e v i ct i m ’ s reas o n ab l e ap p reh en s i o n of i n ju ry

fro m an as s au l t b y a d ead l y weap o n t hat es t ab li s h es t h e cri m e o f ag g rav at ed as s au l t

,

n o t t h e as s ai l an t ’ s i n ten t t o i n ju re.”) (ci t at io n an d p u nct u at i o n o m i t t ed .)

Acco rd i ng l y

, we co n cl u d e t h at t he t ri al co u rt e r r e d i n d et erm i ni n g t hat Bu l l y

was s u b ject to a reci d i vi st s en t en ce u n d er OCGA § 1 7 -1 0 -7 (c). W e t h erefo re v acat e

42Bu l ly ’ s s en t en ce an d rem an d fo r res en t en ci n g co n s i s t e n t w i t h t h is o p i n i o n

. See

Ja cks o n

, 3 06 Ga. at 2 7 6 -2 7 7 (6 ).

Ju d g men t a f f i r med i n p ar t

, r ever s ed i n p a rt

, an d va ca t ed i n p a rt

, a n d ca s e

r ema n d ed wi t h di rect io n

. Br o wn

, J., co n cu r s a n d Di l l ar d

, P. J., co n cu r r i ng

f u l l y a n d

s p eci a l l y

.

43

# I n th e Co u r t o f A p p eals o f G eo r g ia

A2 0 A0 88 2 . BULLY v . THE STATE.

D I LLA R D , Pres i d i n g J u d g e, co n cu rri n g fu ll y an d s p eci al l y

.

I ag ree wi t h th e m ajo ri ty t h at Bu l l y i s n o t an “ ag en t o f an y p ro b at i o n o r p aro l e

o ffi ce” w i th i n t h e m ean i n g o f fo rm e r OC GA § 1 6 -6 -5 .1 (b ) (2 ). 2 2 U n fo rt u n at el y

,

2 2 S ee 2 0 10 G a. Law 1 6 8

, 1 6 9 § 2 (n ot defi n i n g “ ag en t” i n OCGA § 1 6 -5 -5 .1 (a)

b u t s p eci fy i n g i n OCGA § 16 -5 -5 .1 (b ) (2 ) t h at “ [a] pers o n wh o h a s s u perv i s o ry o r

d i s ci pl i n ary au t ho ri t y o v er an o t h er i n d i v i d u al co m m i ts sex u al as sau l t wh en t h at

p ers o n : . . . [i ] s an em

p l o y ee o r ag en t o f an y

p ro b at i o n o r p aro l e o ffi ce an d en g ag es

i n s ex ual co n t act wi th s u ch o t h er i n d i v i du al wh o t h e act o r k n ew o r s ho u l d h av e

k n o wn i s a pro b at i o ner o r p aro l ee u n d er t h e s up erv i s io n o f t h e sam e p ro b at i o n o r

p aro l e o ffi ce”).

1Bu l ly ’ s eg reg i ou s co n d u ct o f p rey i n g u p on an d s ex u al l y ab u s in g v u ln erab l e wo m en

en t ru s t ed t o h i s p ro g ram i s n o t co v ered b y t h e su b seq u en t am en d m en t t o t h i s st at u t e, 2 3

b y t h e cu r r en t law, 2 4 o r b y t h e am en d ed vers i o n of t h e law t hat wi l l b eco m e effect i v e

o n J an u ary 1

, 2 0 2 1

. 2 5 Bu t i t s h o u l d b e. Bu l l y— a s t he o wn er an d o p erat o r o f an

u n accred i t ed

, u n l i cen s ed i n p at ien t d ru g reh ab il it at i o n cen t er— u s ed h i s s u p erv i s o ry

p o wer t o s ex u al l y h aras s

, i n t i m i d at e, an d as s au l t s ev eral wo m en wh o were i n h i s care

a s a co n d i t i o n o

f t h ei r p ro b at i o n

. Th i s i s ex act l y th e t y p e o f co n d u ct OCGA § 1 6 -6

-

2 3 S ee 20 1 5 Ga. Law 4 2 2

, 4 7 1 § 5 -2 0 (o n l y am en d i n g OCGA § 16 -5 -5 .1 (b ) (2 )

t o p ro v i d e fo r s ex u al as s au l t b y “ an em p l o y ee or ag en t o f an y co m m u n it y s u p erv i s i o n

o ffi ce, co u n t y ju v en il e pro bat i o n o ffi ce, Dep art m en t o f J u v e n i l e Ju s t i ce ju v en i l e

p ro b at i o n o ffi ce, o r pro bat i o n o ffi ce u n d er Art i cl e 6 of Ch ap t e r 8 o f T i t l e 4 2 an d

en g ag e s i n s ex u al co n t act wi th s u ch o t h er in d i vi d u al wh o t he act o r k n ew o r s h o u ld

h av e k n o wn i s a p ro b at io ner o r p aro l ee u n d er t h e s u p erv i s i o n o f t h e o ffi ce”).

2 4 S ee OCGA § 1 6 -5 -5 .1 ; s ee a l s o 20 1 9 G a. Law 9 1 2

, 9 1 2

- 1 3 § 1 (am en d i n g

OCGA § 1 6-5 -5

. 1 t o p ro v i d e a d efi n it i o n o f ag en t i n O CGA § 1 6 -5 -5 .1 (a) (1 ) as “ an

i n d i v i d u al au t h o ri zed t o act o n beh al f o f an o t h er, wi th o r wi th o u t co m p en s at i o n ” an d

OCGA § 1 6 -5 -5 .1 (b ) (2 ) t o p ro v i d e t h at “ [a] n em p l o y ee or ag en t co m

m i ts t h e o ffen s e

o f i m p ro p er s ex u al co n t act b y em pl o y ee or ag en t i n t h e fi r s t d eg ree wh en s u ch

em pl o y ee o r ag en t k n o wi n g l y en g ag es i n s e x u al l y ex p l i ci t co nd u ct wi t h an o t h er

p ers o n wh o m s u c h em

p l o y ee o r ag en t k n o ws o r reas on ab l y s h ou l d h av e kn o wn i s

co n tem p o ran eo u s ly :

. . . [ u ]n d e r p ro b at i o n

, p aro le, acco un t ab il i ty co u rt

, o r p ret ri al

d i v ers i o n s u p erv is i o n o f t h e o f fi ce o r co u rt o f wh i ch h e o r s h e i s an em p l o y ee o r

ag en t”).

2 5 S ee 2 02 0 Ga. Law (Act 4 8 0 ) § 1 (p ro v i d i n g fo r am en d m en ts t o p o rt i o n s o f

OCGA § 1 6 -5 -5

. 1 o t h er th an OCGA § 1 6 -5 -5 .1 (a) (1 ) o r OCGA § 1 6 -5 -5 .1 (b ) (2 )),

wi t h am en dm en t s s tri ct l y rel at ed t o fo s t er care).

25 .1 (b ) (2 ) s eek s t o ad d res s an d p u n i s h

, an d t h e s t at u t e s h ou l d b e am en d ed t o co v er

i t

. I s t ro ng l y urg e th e Gen eral As s em b l y to d o wh at we (as ju d g es ) are no t at l i b ert y

t o d o

— m ak e t h i s s p eci fi c co n du ct a cri m e o r o t h erwi s e en act s afeg u ard s fro m t h i s

s o rt o f ev i l , d eh u m an i zi n g b eh av io r.

3