UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

CASE NO. 22-cv-24012-ALTMAN

ANDREW ESTOP,

Plaintiff, 

v.

HSBC BANK USA,

Defendant. 

____________________________/ 

ORDER 

Because the Plaintiff has moved to proceed in forma pauperis [ECF No. 3], we’ve screened his 

Complaint [ECF No. 1] under the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e). But the Plaintiff has failed to 

establish that we can exercise subject-matter jurisdiction over this case. And, even if we did have 

jurisdiction, we’d find that the Plaintiff failed to state a plausible claim. We therefore DISMISS the 

Complaint without prejudice. 

THE LAW

A court may authorize a party to proceed in forma pauperis in any suit so long as that party 

complies with the prescriptions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915. But the court must screen such cases and must 

dismiss a complaint if it concludes that “the action or appeal . . . (i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails 

to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who 

is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); see also Mitchell v. Farcass, 112 F.3d 1483, 1486 

(11th Cir. 1997) (explaining the grounds for dismissal under § 1915).

To state a claim upon which relief may be granted, a complaint’s factual allegations “must be 

enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level”—with “enough facts to state a claim to 

relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 570 (2007). Under this 

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standard, legal conclusions “are not entitled to the assumption of truth” and are insufficient to state a 

claim. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). Moreover, “[w]here a complaint pleads facts that are 

merely consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the line between possibility and 

plausibility of entitlement to relief.” Id. at 678 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Although “[p]ro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by 

attorneys,” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998), that leniency “does not 

give courts license to serve as de facto counsel or to rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order 

to sustain an action,” Shuler v. Ingram & Assocs., 441 F. App’x 712, 716 n.3 (11th Cir. 2011). Pro se

litigants “cannot simply point to some perceived or actual wrongdoing and then have the court fill in 

the facts to support their claim. . . . [J]udges cannot and must not ‘fill in the blanks’ for pro se litigants; 

they may only cut some ‘linguistic slack’ in what is actually pled.” Hanninen v. Fedoravitch, 2009 WL 

10668707, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 26, 2009) (Altonaga, J.) (cleaned up).

A federal court also has “the obligation at any time to inquire into jurisdiction whenever the 

possibility that jurisdiction does not exist arises.” Fitzgerald v. Seaboard Sys. R.R., Inc., 760 F.2d 1249, 

1251 (11th Cir. 1985). Because federal courts are courts of limited subject-matter jurisdiction, they 

must “zealously insure [their] jurisdiction.” Smith v. GTE Corp., 236 F.3d 1292, 1299 (11th Cir. 2001). 

In other words, “they have the power to decide only certain types of cases.” Id. It is the plaintiff’s 

burden to establish a basis for the court’s jurisdiction. See Cornelius v. U.S. Bank Nat. Ass’n, 452 F. 

App’x 863, 865 (11th Cir. 2011) (recognizing that “[i]t is the plaintiff’s burden to allege with sufficient 

particularity the facts creating jurisdiction” (quoting Morrison v. Allstate Indem. Co., 228 F.3d 1255, 1273 

(11th Cir. 2000) (cleaned up))). A plaintiff can meet that burden by showing that the court may exercise 

either (1) diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a), or (2) federal-question jurisdiction under 28 

U.S.C. § 1331. PTA–FLA, Inc. v. ZTE USA, Inc., 844 F.3d 1299, 1305 (11th Cir. 2016).

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ANALYSIS

To state a claim for relief, a pleading must contain: “(1) a short and plain statement of the 

grounds for the court’s jurisdiction; (2) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 

pleader is entitled to relief; and (3) a demand for the relief sought.” FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a) (cleaned up). 

Our Plaintiff fails at steps one and two, which we’ll address in turn. 

Step One. In his sparse Complaint, Estop asks for fifteen-million dollars. See Complaint at 3. 

But he never really tells us why he’s owed this money. In an oblique reference in his Civil Cover Sheet, 

he suggests that the HSBC wronged him through “Loan/Mor[t]gage/Title Fraud Upon the Court 

[and] RICO racketeering[.]” Ibid. But he provides no ground for us to exercise subject-matter

jurisdiction over his case. See generally ibid. (failing to identify any basis for either diversity or federalquestion jurisdiction). In his Civil Cover Sheet (it’s true), Estop avers that his cause of action arises 

under 28 U.S.C. § 1446—the removal statute. See id. at 3. But “[o]nly state-court actions that originally 

could have been filed in federal court may be removed to federal court by the defendant.” Caterpillar 

Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987). “The corollary to this rule is that absent diversity of 

citizenship, the only basis for removal is when a federal question is presented on the face of the 

plaintiff’s properly pleaded complaint.” Lindley v. F.D.I.C., 733 F.3d 1043, 1050 (11th Cir. 2013) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Needless to say, Estop hasn’t identified a state-court case that’s 

been removed—so § 1446 is no help to him. His bigger problem, though, is that he hasn’t alleged that 

we can exercise either diversity or subject-matter jurisdiction over this case. We thus dismiss the 

Complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

As we’ve hinted, however, this isn’t the Complaint’s only defect. On the contrary, the 

Complaint also fails to state a viable claim. Instead of giving us “a short and plain statement” of his 

claim, FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2), Estop tells us nothing at all. The whole of his form-complaint reads as 

follows:

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I, Andrew Estop, plaintiff, in the above styled cause, sue defendant(s): HSBC Bank 

USA. This action is filed under (indicate under which federal law or section of the U.S. 

Constitution this action is being filed): [left blank]. 

Complaint at 1. His allegations, in short, don’t include “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is 

plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 570. And we “cannot and must not ‘fill in the blanks’ 

for pro se litigants[.]” Hanninen, 2009 WL 10668707, at *3. 

One final thing: The Complaint and the Civil Cover Sheet are signed by someone “on behalf 

of Andrew Estop.” Complaint at 1, 2, 3. And Estop has attached to his Complaint a power-of-attorney

form, which appears to bear the same signature. See id. at 4. That won’t do. Estop can either act pro 

se—that is, for himself—or through a lawyer. But he cannot proceed through a non-lawyer. See, e.g.,

Miller v. Byers, 833 F. App’x 225, 226 (11th Cir. 2020) (“Because J.F. Miller was not named in and did 

not sign the notice of appeal, and he cannot be represented by J.W. Miller, who is not an attorney, he 

is not a proper party to this appeal, notwithstanding J.W. Miller’s claim of power of attorney.”); Weber 

v. Garza, 570 F.2d 511, 514 (5th Cir. 1978)1 (“Since she has not qualified as a ‘next friend,’ Leona 

Weber may not participate in the unauthorized practice of law by preparing legal papers, filing petitions 

and briefs, and generally acting as an attorney in violation of state and federal provisions governing 

the unauthorized practice of law. The powers of attorney executed by the Zimmermans do not invest 

her with such authority. The Zimmermans are not entitled to have an unlicensed lay person represent 

them either in the district court or here.”); United States v. Polynice, 2022 WL 2341184, at *3 n.1 (S.D. 

Fla. June 29, 2022) (Bloom, J.) (“[B]ecause Mr. Sido is not a lawyer, he cannot represent Mrs. Sido or 

file an answer on her behalf.”). If Estop intends to file a new complaint, then, he must either sign and 

file it himself as a pro se litigant or else submit it through counsel. But he may not act through a nonlawyer.

1 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), the Eleventh Circuit 

adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 

1, 1981.

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***

Accordingly, we hereby ORDER AND ADJUDGE that the Complaint [ECF No. 1] is 

DISMISSED without prejudice. The Clerk of Court shall CLOSE this case. All other pending motions 

are DENIED as MOOT, and all deadlines are TERMINATED.

DONE AND ORDERED in the Southern District of Florida on December 13, 2022.

 _________________________________

 ROY K. ALTMAN

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

cc: Matthew J. Choy, pro se

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