NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

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NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

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Approved for public release by the " p'""'’"’"®''

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Standards and Technology (NIST) ,,,

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las been specifically

jrt for Its own use, on October 9, 2015.

Fire Tests of

Concrete Channel ^lab ‘^oof Deck Constr.ictions

by

James V, byari

ABS’TKACT

Two similar charmel slab roof decks, with

supporting bcairiS^ insulation, and built up

roofinr, were subjected to fire endurance tests.

They diffored only in Ui© type of insulation

used. The results indicated fire resistances of

about 50 Eiin.

1. X^EuDuCTIOI

At the request of the Office of the Chief of h’ofineers.

Department of the Army- fire endurance teste were performed

on two roof deck aeswnblies for warehouse constrsictions.

Each teet speclimen consisted of a lar^^e concrete beaii;

Crete channel slab dock

pand©d_slag surfaeixip,*

lestf. 327, hay 27, 1953,

, eon-

, insulation, 5-ply rooflnr, and exfhc fir© test nmijbcr© and'aatos were:

and Test 32b, June 11, 1953*

2i TEST bPlCIHEEi

The two test sp^ecimens were alike in all details except

the type of Insulation. Bach consisted of a reinforced concrete beam, 9 in. wide, by 16 in. deep, reinforeed concrete

channel slabs having 3§ 1^* flan^^es and 1 in, web thlck^icss,

2 in# of insulation, 5 plys of roll asphalt felt roofirn , and

expanded slafr. Burfaclag. All tJti© concrete elements of the

assemblies were precast and wore placea together in the test

fumac© onl^ a few days befoi*© the test.

2.1 Materials

(a) Beam. The besuiiS for the tests were cast experienced

pei'sonnel of Uie National Bureau of tandax’da, Fach bcar/i was

9 in. wide, id in. deep, $m<i 17 ft 10 in. Ion,*., V'ith two exceptions the deaif^n and construction of Ui© bear;, followed

closely the proposed construction as detailed on hheet l6

Drawing Number 33*“92-56 o- ’^Beara *^cheiales and Details of

Special AMC Warehouse Floor on :.:r&d& l;00‘ x 200***, One modification involved use of additional reini orcemeni at the mlcdepth of the and the other was necessitated by the

limited siae of the furnace and involved axodification of the

method of end support of the beam, ,'or this g irpose the lotto
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of tlio 16 in* depth was notched h In* hi fix and 5 2n* short at

each end. The reinforcing, in each beam conalatcd of two 3/l| in*

deformed rode 1?; in. clear from the bottom, one l| in* clear

from each side; ’two b defomed rode eimilarly located In

the top comers of tlie beam? a ultiile Uo* 7 defommd rod in the

center, 1| in* clear below the top; and two Ho* t deformed rods

at the faltl->*dc-f;'th, one l|i- In. clear from emh side. The latter

pair of rods was not required in the desi^.n m submitted but

was.- added to provide additional Ineuranc©' that the beam would

remain in usef'^jil condition fchrou,ghout tlic test period* the

reinforcing rods were asseir^bled with two stirrups of 3/6 in.

rods at each end* Chromel**alurjel therzuoccraplee wore veenM.

into holes drilled In the rode to provide for measurement of the

steal t€Kr.peratures during tl?.c tests, the ssse-.blj o.f reinforci-n

rode wae placed on chairs In tiiC foxvt end the concrete poux”*ed

said thoroughly vibx»ated* The concrete wdi^. -*dm approxlmatolj

1j2.2j3«6 by weight of portlarid ceiuent, Fotemac ,-Uv£.r sand,

and Potomac Kiver travel. The coarse aggregate was specified

to be of 3/k In. maKlmtua particle slse*~’'A typical petrogrephic

afialysis of i'-otomac niver gravel, as piveii, in BMhl24 ,

: ire Tests

of steel bolumns I’roteoted with siliceous jl.pgrcgai© '€Dnc.retc,

showed mineral content of 21 percent vein quarts, 36 percent

quartsite, 23 percent sandstone, 12 percent chert, no mica, and

o percent others* As t)>.© concrete began to set, metal tabs

were Inserted along th© top center line of the to be bent

down over ti:.e end© of the channel slabs durinr assembly. The

Btrongth of concrete cylinders 110 days carter ’pouring* averaged

4?60 psi wltdi a sdnimum of i0$0 psi.

Channel Sl&ba . The retnfo,roed concx»et@ ©hannel 8l.«bs wore

made by a c.mercial plant .rcg.^larly snrSg-ed in the p,roductlon

of such ©l.al3S* They were 23*^13/16 In. wide, 1 In* deop across

ttie central web wiUi 3| in. deep flanfo®. Those flanges were

1-7/b in. wide at the bottom* In each flange, a 1/2 in* dcfomed rod was located centrally m.id 1/2 in* frori th© bottom*

Th© design had called for these rods to be 3/i in, cleoi' from

tile bottom but the manufaettirer Inadvertently supplied chaniiel

slabs with the rode 1/2 la* clear, a standard clearance, wire

mesh reiisforcini;-, .uo* 10 wire, spaced b by 4 1^* 4 by

0 in. was centered in the'deptii of td^© 1 In, web. At one end

of each charnel slab, both idanges were capped or iield l/2 In.
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lees depth, frm Ui* bottom, for lengtias of 5 Ih* llie aiabo

were made in equal axuabere of two lemrtha, b ft 3*S/^ Is*

and 5 I'Mn* were steam cured by the Kanufaoturer*

Two of U;e onarmel slabs from the sar4« ^troup aa those in the

tost specliiiens were tooted for etrenfth under the provisions

of Federal iipe«ificatlon th**a-*>3l. The chaimel slabs were

supported on pipes o ft on centers, The load was applied.

Uipough two 1-besuTiS pieced transversely to the channel slab,

one at each quarter . point of the oft span, The two channel

slabs failed under applied ; loads compute-; bo be equivalent to

unlfo.rr(ily distributed applied- loads of-190 and 203 Ib/ft

,

respectively* Jncludlng the dead load of uie slabs, lo*2 Ib/ft"

the .-jiUltlrcate load© ai'*® 206 and 21o Ib/ft**, respectively*' Ih©

tests were made tne 3a'.e day aa the cylinder tests bat the

exact ape of the slabs was net known* lii© manufacturer reportec

ultimate streapths of about 23u to 2U0 Ic/ft^ of QU:mx*

samples tested by him* . <- ihaulation* Tb© ihsulatlori£& used .in the two asLmbllt;.s

were ©ach 2 in* thick* That in Test 3^? ^ slab of plass

fibers having a phenolic binder aiid an asphalt paper cover over

the ends, one face, and 1-3A i^* d.t each end of the othoi* lace.

It come in.2 by.h-ft pieces and weighed approximately 2 lb per

oq ft* It was stiff enouph to handle and to be .cut with

a saw*-:?-' 'AhO- iiiS-Ulatloh in Test 32b ^wes opaque fjpotbed or foomec

glasa.AWhlch .cam® In blocks 12 - by 16 in. -fhere was. no evldeiice

of ajiy-coKib-uatitle coriponent* It wolpfeed -l,o.lt/ft' , , was practically ri^ld, and could- tee cut. by a. saw*

f.'> ^^6fiop » 'The roofihf above, the intui&tloh consisted of

hot asphalt, asphalt saturated rap felt rolled roofinr, sxid

granules of expanded sla^* the inaxlhum dimensio'u© of the latter

were between 3/b. and l/2 Ir** FI*© felt carAO in rolls 3u i.n* wi-Jo

end wciihoci lk*S Ib/lQO (nominal 15 Ib/lOO ft^}.

i^isonbly

‘ The cirrlc 't-cami for each fpst '‘'was placed- with its certerllne 0 ft i in. from the Fast elde^of the restrainin'^: frajoe of

the furnapo* ' fhe^chsnhoX si abb were' pi >aced transversely to

the beam' 'with the dapped ends re&tinf; thereon, and the other

ends on the boarlnp angles olohe the furnace sides, !;lue of

ti.ic c ft 3“5/^ In, slabs were |:^aced between 'the bean Biid the
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Report Ro* TaXQ216-22jF132U4 iago Four

East bearlaii:' wixil© an eqaal niaatisr of tJ:iO 5 slaba

were placed on the othfcr side of td*e bem« htrlps of asphaXtaabestos felt^ o In* wide, were laid over the joints between

alata, hot aaphalt waa mopped over tlie entire sax'* face liiid the

Insalation laid in the asphalt as the mopplnp progreeeed* For

feet 327, liXAe giaas fiber insulation was pla.ed ylth Urn paper

side up* The piece® along tli® ends und edges of tho roof deck

were cut so tii&t the joints between pieces would fce staggered

iC'id would not fall, ebov© toe joints between the Ci^annel slabs*

Essentially the sasvio result was obtained in Test 3^q by Uio

oiioloe of pattciv:; In w;.ilca the blocks ol ineuiatioxi woi'*e laid*

The 'top of til® Insulation was »ppeu wltii hot atjihilfc

lowed to dry* The five ply x‘ooflng i^aa built up by the *^aLinfle

method i. hereby each 30 in. widtix ovci’lappeii 2"/ in* of the preceding strip* file hot asphalt tjop was run along a pax*tlon of

Ui© cu"©a to be overlapped before each strip of roofing was applied* After all the as|iialt-.fclt roofing was down, hot asphalt

was mopped over tne wixole ax:*ca sad the exipanded Bla- f'ranules

distributed o\w the sm^face*

3 * Test ij.<|uipsient and Method

The tests were coxxiiuctod in a furnace designed for tests

of floors and roof®* It was in the form of mi open^top box.

In which top the test epecimons wex*e built* 'Xho gas £%vea in

the furnace were controlled so that the temperatruros agreed

closely a® possible wltii Uiosc of tiie tlmo-tempcruturo curve^

defined in Uw standard Methods of Fire Tests of ^^ilding Cox^-

struction and liateriaXs, AETH K-119 , wMch include 1000 *^-' at

5 E'dn, 1300**h at 10 r.in, 1550*"! at 30 min, 1700 ‘=^- at 1 iu-, and

1850^^ at 2 iirs*

3*1 Temperature Measurements

The teripoT'atures at Vi&u’ious locations were moasurod at >

I’ain latorvals by meSiis of chrc«i©l**alujuel t^-orgiccouploe connected

to direct reading potentlometei’S md to recoi’airi^^' potentiometex-'s

wiiich siade & printed reoor’d of each tcfupex'ature rea3U2''emen.t

©very 3 min* Twelve tliorr«x>couples, encased in porcelain U-h>ee

arid iron pipes, were distributed in the f-iirnace* Eight thermo--

couples wax'*© located at each of four levels j on top of tiic
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olifinnel In the jalddle of the insialation, on top of the

Insulation, and on top of Uio elaf: surfacini: . ih© laiiter

tiiemocQuples were v.inder felted ashestoe pad® 6 In* sc^uare

and O.li in. tdilck, asid each group was distributed symetricall^*

Themooouplea ixau beoi:. placed on th© reIni orcement wiier*

the be®Ti was cast, as described pi-’oviousij*

3*2 loading

The aasoPibls' was designed to »up|x>rt saitlclpate<i loads of

between 20 and o$ Ib/ft^ in addition to tiie dead load* fach

specimen was tested under an ap^plled load of k3 Ib/ft^* This

load was provided by four hydraulic jacks located over the

fumaoe and wee distributed to 3d steal cliarriels which bore

on tlic test specimen* The total dead load on ti;e; slab© wa©

about 20 Ib/xt' * 3*3 Test Criteria

The test methods followed specify that the fire endurar'Ce

llriit of a floor or roof structure ©liall be detemined by any

of tiw following: s 1. through the specimen of flame

or gases hot eaouj-h. to ignite cotton waste; 2* failure to

sustain the applied load; 3* transmission of heat tiirougiu

the specimen sufficient to raise th© average temperatur© on

the unexposed surfiice 250 degrees or the temperature at on©

point 32> decrees r above J.ts initial temperature* bach test

was continued until one o.F more of these test orlterla had

been reached*

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The results are precentea in abbreviated lo^^s of test observations, descriptions of post test condition, aiitd graphs

of the various tear^.perat'urcs observed*

ll*l Test 327

The followlfig ore the ir^ore importsiit observation© and mcasuremonts made during the teat cf the xoof deck incorporeting

glass fiber insulation*
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Report Ro, Tai0216-.22:Fr32liii tlai

(a) feet Lok:

s06 Spall 6 to S In, sELonj? lower \imt #d|;e of beam at

center «pan,

{07 i.'Ound of additional ©palling hoard*

111 I wo jet® of &t@m ths'ough roof*

{16 Bi.ilpe© In roofing*

I 21 Visible sag of long <haat) channel slabs.

1 31^ bteajri jet© "through’" reof eh®nj:©4 to ©Fx»k©*

s39 bower reinforcing rods of h^tm exposed on West

froni spalling.

SI42 far of olimiael slabs on hast estimtiid at 2 to

3 in*

i$y bap estimated 6 in., load rejTK^ved.

1:03 Cotton waste oifsr aenter jet of smoke i-^vioved

arid found ignited*

lilO First crack in channel ©lab flange.---

1:3b 'Fhe sag of the lon^ eliannel slabs has increased

to at least 10 In* , causing openings under the

ru-ast ends Uirough which furnace fires are igniting Ui® odg-c^of the roof*

2s 05 0-es off* Repeated fires ©xtingaished with water

since li3h.

(b) Condition after Test* Immediately after the gas firee

were turned s'charge of fog and spraj" nossle rlre

hoses were turned on the fire© in the roofing* One channel

slab on the test fell, gi^eaili- iricreaslng the extorit of tdie

roofing fire* By the time all the fires were’ extlng'ul shed , all but one of the long channel slabs had dropped into the

fumkee from on© of Its end supports* Th# eh.ort channel elabs

on the Woet x»emained in place and practically iindeflected*

The felt stripe and asphalt under the insulation, tiie binder

and asphalt paper backinr of the insulation were all bvirned

out. In sssariy the" felt roofing was burned. The condition le shown in .Mgur© 1.

( 0 ) T®mp®rat>Ares * Control of the furnace fires tiirourhout

tiie test was sucK that the fir© exposux^e severity, defined

as the ratio in percent of tlx® area under the grajh of average

furnace tenperatures to the area under the standard time-t®reperature curve, was 96.6 percent* Ti*e temperature at one

point on the 'unexposed surface had riten 325 dep ; at 1 hr 55 ''-in*
ar*

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Report Ho. TG10ai6-i*22:?P32l4li teven

Tisat at oae point on the lower relnlorcin*: roas of the boasi

reaciied 1200 P at k9 and tiie average of tiae lower rode

reached 1000 P at 1 hr 2 rain. The tea/peratures observed

during the test are indioatcci by the curves of Itgure 2*

k^2 Test 320 .. The followlnf ai^e the »ore li&portant observations and

aieasureraonts ajade dui'ing the teat of tlie roof deck incorporating:, fo«yx»ed or frouied glass li

i

aulation.

(a) Test Lor.

Tllib OBSEEVATIOII

hrtinin

Av' .? v:^.

i

-'

:10

jlS

;17

1:21

1:30

1 : U3

Ijlib

Steaifi from edges of roof deck*

boofinf, puffed up- slightly in several places.

Large spall, b in.- high by k to $ ft long on

lower east edge of.beai^, in north half, exposing .reinforcing rod.

Loiife channel slabs (on east) sagging slightly*

Spall of lower west edge of h&mn hDiSouth half.

Sag of cUanneis estimated 2 in., cmch smoko.

Short horis&ontal crack in center of beaifj about

h in. from bottom of east face.

Load rejsoved, chatinel slab sag b. in. or cicre.

Extremely smoky.

riacies into furnace froia between channels, fop

Intact.

Six cracks in west face of fc>eam, from 1/2 to

1-1/2 ft long! four approximate the line of a

catenary, ©thex* two near top center, bag, of

long channels nov; 10 to 12 In.

blight tratisverse sa£ in . some of long channel

slabs.

Flanges of long^ ciiannel slabs cracking.

Cas off, flam,€s continue below channol Joints.

(b) CMidition aiXer Test . The lonr channel slabs reiaeined in

plec ewt retained sag. of about lL,ft* The hems had tliree

spalls of appreciable size alonjj the lower cages and cracks in

each side, fluoh of the asphalt had run oat the odf-ts ox the

roof. The near, ana under sidas of the slabs are shown In

Figure 3.
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No. T0l021t5*»E2:

(c) T#giP#ratur“06 . Tl;^ oontrol o£ tii© fui^nacfe Xlros fclirou.|„Mout tiie test wag jsuch that Ui© rir© ©Xi^oeiir© ao verity w&e

66. 9^ per-cent of the steuridard ex].oeuro. this ei^josure severity

is riot' wiUiiii the liajdte set 1« tlje htaiidard feet hethode.

The low severity- resulted from considerable dlrflculty In

keepiJifc. the burners lit during the first half-four of the

test, the fc^Kperatui*© at one on the 'uriexfosed surface

had risen 325 deg 1

' at 1 hi» 34 ein and the average had risen

250 deg; t' at X hr ijh iiiln. fh© temperature at one n-ctit on the

lower reinforcinf, rods of the beaia reached 1200 ^ at 1 hr

20 min and ti'^e averag;© readied iOQO V at 1 hr ^17 rain, t'h®

tesiperatures observed during, the tost are indicated by the

curves, of figure 2.

5. msmmx Axw coNChUhioNS

the g^eiioral bsi^avlors of the two roof deck assemblies were

siadlar. hach besia suffered som daii;jLg;e atid the reinforcing

within each was heated to xUgh te^Tiperatures. Tu& 6 i’t 3-3/0 in.

channel slabs undet*went considerable deflection, up to about

20 percent of their spati.

5.1 BesmB

The bomuB in the two tests were identical ir4 dosiir, L&ch

spalled alone the bottoia ©dges, exposing p-ortion& of the lower

reinforcing, rod© to Ui® hot furnace rases. Cracks formed

along the sides of each beans. The teiiiperature of the lower reinforcing rods reached tii© teiupe-ratu3»es oX' 1000 f for the

average and 1200 I- at one point at Is 02 and 4 1^9, respectively,

in Test 327 axid 1;17 and 1*20 in Test 326* the load applied

to the assembly was not Intended to stress UiC bea:u lo its design capacity. Therefore, tiie fire endurance 01 the besri

would bo limited to l|9 min wiUiout rull loud.

5.2 Boof Decka

The channel ©labs, in the o ft 3-3/b in. lengti:.©, did not

spall at any time srsd did not crack vintil late in the tests

but they did sap appreciably, Ti^is sa,;.' bet. an to be noticeable

within the first h&lf-houx" and became so extreme as to constitute load failure by min in Uic two tests. Because

oi' th® fire exposure aeverities of 96.0 arid. 0o,9 pcx'cent.
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)

Iteport No* TG102Xu«*22{F1r'32i}i^

corrections of »2 and -pu nln apply and tL© corrected fir© endurance limit© are 51 min md 53 riln, respectively* After

tli© raxiioval cf the applied load., the sag contimici to increase,

until, at the end of on© teat th© charnel slabs fell from place.

The ^lass fiber insulation and the frothed glass insulation

seem to have been equal at low temperatures but the former

showed better resistance to iicat tra}'5smlsslon at high temperatures. However, the asphalt paper on ti'i© edge© ef the class,

fiber insulation is combustible and provides a path for translalsBlon of flsPi© freas tii© bottom of the insulation to the top.

The binder in the fiber insulation is combuetlbi# and ti^e^

glass in each fuses at high temperatures, losing its insulatinc

value*

5*3 complete Assamblj

fii© combined assembly of beam, channel slabs, 2 in, of

class Insulation, 5 ply rooflnf, and expmid^d^ alar surfacing

has a fire endurance limit of about 50 min* 'ilt© beam reinforcing is quickly exposed through ©.palling airl, when fully

loaded, would sag due to lost strength soon after. The cbaa'inel

slabs did not spall but did sag to a consider &bl© d^ipree. Both

difficulties, beam and ehamol ’ slabs, rcay be attributed to insui'^ficient tMckness of concrete arourid the reinforcing steel.

Neither tlie contents of this report nor the fact tl^at the

tests were made by the National Bureau of standards sl'icll b©

used for advertising or j^romotlonal purposes.

For tlie Director

by

A* F. nobex-’tson.

Chief, fire Frotectlon Section.,

Building Techriolo|;:y Division.

R „Ttiloai6-22 1 P1’321A

July 3, 1953
:

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