COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges AtLee, Fulton and Friedman

CARSON COLE

MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 0660-21-2 PER CURIAM

DECEMBER 21, 2021

MECKLENBURG COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

 OF SOCIAL SERVICES

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF MECKLENBERG COUNTY

J. William Watson, Jr., Judge

(Charles G. Butts, Jr.; Butts & Butts, on brief), for appellant. 

Appellant submitting on brief.

(Melissa Fraser; Charles H. Crowder, III, Guardian ad litem for the 

minor child; Fraser & Freshour, P.C.; Harris, Matthews & Crowder, 

P.C., on brief), for appellee. Appellee and Guardian ad litem

submitting on brief.

Carson Cole (father) appeals the circuit court’s order terminating his parental rights to his 

minor child. He argues that the Mecklenburg County Department of Social Services (the 

Department) made only limited efforts to reunite father and child and that father substantially 

complied with the Department’s requirements, demonstrating that father was both willing and 

able to remedy the conditions that resulted in foster care. Upon reviewing the record and briefs 

of the parties, we conclude that the circuit court did not err. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit 

court’s decision.

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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BACKGROUND1

“On appeal from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court.” Yafi v. Stafford 

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 69 Va. App. 539, 550-51 (2018) (quoting Thach v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t 

of Hum. Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 168 (2014)).

Minor child J.P. was born in February 2019 to Joy-Marie Mae Proffitt (mother). Because 

mother had lost her parental rights to a previous child, the Department contacted her later that 

month. Mother informed the Department that J.P.’s father was Edward Lynch, Jr., with whom 

mother was then residing. The Department assisted mother in obtaining Medicaid for J.P. and 

implemented a safety plan.

The Department contacted mother again in April 2019, shortly after mother and father 

married each other. Mother and J.P. were at that time living in a hotel room with father. Mother 

then reported to the Department that she and Lynch “were fighting” and that father, not Lynch, 

was J.P.’s father. Mother authorized Department staff to provide various services for J.P.

In July 2019, while J.P. was present, mother allegedly hit father with a can of beans 

during an argument, leading to mother being charged with assault and battery on a family 

member. Following the incident, mother reasserted that Lynch was J.P.’s father and told 

Department staff that she and J.P. would reside with Lynch going forward. Mother initially 

claimed that she blacked out and did not know what happened during the incident but later 

1 The record in this case was sealed. Nevertheless, the appeal necessitates unsealing 

relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues appellant has raised. Evidence and factual 

findings below that are necessary to address the assignment of error are included in this opinion. 

Consequently, “[t]o the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we 

unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder 

of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 

(2017).
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admitted that she hit father and that she and father had “physical altercations.” She expressed 

uncertainty as to the identity of J.P.’s father and reported having several mental health diagnoses, 

including personality disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, reattachment and attachment 

disorders, and unidentified mood disorders.

In August 2019, the Department received a call indicating that mother had again 

assaulted father while J.P. was present, this time knocking out one of father’s teeth. The 

Department petitioned the Mecklenburg County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court 

(the JDR court) for emergency removal of the child pursuant to Code § 16.1-251. The attached 

affidavit contended that removal of the child was necessary in light of mother’s “assaultive and 

violent behaviors.” The Department did not know the identity of J.P.’s father at that time. The 

JDR court granted the petition, entered an emergency removal order, and placed J.P. in the 

Department’s custody. The Department placed J.P. in a foster home.

Following DNA testing, the JDR court entered an order confirming father as J.P.’s 

parent. The JDR court also found that J.P. was abused or neglected and set a dispositional 

hearing. The Department, through social worker Danielle Fox, filed a foster care service plan, 

which the JDR court reviewed and approved. Per the plan, the Department’s goal was to return 

J.P. to the home or place her with a relative by the end of August 2020. The plan provided 

certain steps for mother and father to take to remedy the conditions leading to J.P.’s placement in 

foster care. As relevant here,2the JDR court ordered father to (1) submit to a psychological 

examination; (2) avoid domestic violence situations and obey all Virginia laws; (3) obtain and 

maintain full-time employment; (4) obtain suitable housing and demonstrate payment of rent, 

utilities, and other household expenses; and (5) successfully complete a parenting class and 

2 Mother voluntarily terminated her parental rights in January 2021.
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submit verification to the JDR court. The JDR court approved the plan and ordered the 

Department to allow reasonable visitation between father and child at the Department’s 

discretion.

In October 2019, father began parenting classes and underwent a psychological 

evaluation. In February 2020, pursuant to Code § 16.1-282, the Department updated the JDR 

court on the foster care plan, noting that “little progress ha[d] been made” toward the plan’s 

goals. The Department advised that father had obtained full-time employment with R.E. Carroll 

Logging in January 2020, had attended eight out of a required ten parenting classes, and had 

completed a psychological evaluation. The Department noted, however, that father still needed 

to pay the costs of the remaining parenting sessions and that the psychological evaluation 

indicated that father “would benefit from alcohol psychoeducation, anger management, parenting 

classes . . . [and] individual therapy.” The Department explained that before the Department 

could return J.P. to him, father “need[ed] to maintain employment and provide documentation 

that he [was] able to maintain a stable/clean home environment[,] . . . successfully complete 

parenting classes and seek individual therapy[,] . . . [and] maintain regular contact with 

[Department] staff.” The Department explained that no visitation had occurred “due to the 

ongoing inconsistencies in completing court requirements.” Regarding the goal of relative 

placement, the Department identified father’s sister, Carrie Cole, and scheduled a visit, but 

Ms. Cole canceled the visit and did not have any further contact with the Department.3 The JDR 

court scheduled a permanency planning hearing for July 2020.

In March 2020, Fox sent father a letter reiterating his requirements and informing him 

that “should [he] not comply with what [was] requested,” by the July 2020 permanency planning 

3 The Department unsuccessfully attempted to contact Ms. Cole again in March 2020.
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hearing, the Department would seek alternative options, which could include adoption. Fox 

confirmed by telephone that father received the letter. The letter provided that father must, inter 

alia, “[m]aintain regular contact with [Department] staff and the [guardian ad litem]”; maintain 

his full-time employment, “provide [Department] staff with monthly income verification 

(paystubs) on a regular basis,” and notify the Department of any change in employment; and 

obtain a suitable home. To make his home suitable, father was required to “repair[] the front 

steps/railings to the home, upgrad[e]/repair[] the flooring in the home, and remov[e] the gas cans 

located beside the home” and take other safety measures, such as ensuring that the home had 

working smoke detectors and safety plugs on the outlets. The letter made clear that father must 

either make such repairs and notify the Department upon completion or obtain an alternative 

residence and notify the Department “once [he] ha[d] obtained another residence.” Father was 

also required to provide verification that he could pay rent, utilities, and other household 

expenses on a regular basis. Finally, the letter stated that father must notify the Department if he 

began a relationship with any other individual and that, should father rekindle his relationship 

with mother, visitations would cease.

Father completed parenting classes in March 2020. The Department scheduled father’s 

first visit with J.P. for March 23, 2020, but cancelled that visit due to COVID-19. Father had 

seven visits with J.P. on June 4, June 17, June 30, September 28, October 19, November 10, and 

December 17, 2020. The Department cancelled three other visits due to COVID-19 on July 15, 

July 22, and September 8, 2020, and cancelled two visits because father did not timely confirm 

the visits with the Department on August 25, and October 13, 2020.4 Father cancelled a visit on 

December 16, 2020 because he was concerned about the weather, which was rescheduled for the 

4 Father was required to confirm each visit twenty-four hours in advance.
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following day. Fox was present at the visits and sometimes another social worker was present. 

The guardian ad litem was present for the final visit on December 17, 2020.

In June 2020, the Department updated the JDR court on the plan’s progress in advance of 

the permanency planning hearing. The Department stated that father reported that he was 

making the necessary repairs to his home, had completed anger management courses in April 

2020, began regularly scheduled individual therapy sessions in May 2020, and maintained 

full-time employment. The Department reported, however, that father had not provided 

Department staff with pay stubs or documentation verifying that he had completed parenting 

classes or anger management or was able to pay monthly rent, utilities, or purchase household 

expenses. The Department averred that the visits between J.P. and father had gone poorly and 

expressed concern “that future visitations may be detrimental to [J.P.’s] emotional state and 

well-being.” The Department again explained that father “need[ed] to maintain his full-time 

employment and provide documentation to verify that he [was] able to maintain a stable home 

environment,” provide verification that he had completed parenting and anger management 

courses, provide verification when he had completed individual therapy, and “maintain regular 

contact with [Department] staff.” Father completed individual therapy in June 2020.

In December 2020, the Department petitioned to terminate both parents’ parental rights 

pursuant to Code § 16.1-283.5 The Department also sought to change the foster care service goal 

to adoption “[c]onsidering the length of time that [J.P.] ha[d] remained in agency care with 

minimal progress being made.” The Department noted that father still had not provided 

verification for any of his requirements and that the Department had to contact other individuals 

for verification. The Department also stated that father lost his job in September but did not 

5 As previously noted, mother voluntarily terminated her parental rights in January 2021.
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report it to the Department until November,6that father had made only one child support 

payment, and that supervised visits “ha[d] not been successful.” Finally, the Department stated 

that J.P. “ha[d] developed a significant attachment with [her foster] family,” which was able to 

meet J.P.’s needs and had expressed an interest in adopting her. Following a January 2021 

hearing, the JDR court terminated father’s parental rights and issued a permanency planning 

order approving the goal change to adoption.

Father appealed to the circuit court. At the circuit court hearing, Fox testified that she 

informed father that he could not begin visitation until he had completed a parenting class and 

submitted verification. Because of father’s delay in completing parenting classes, visitation did 

not begin until March 2020, after J.P. had been in foster care for seven months. Fox testified that 

the visits between J.P. and father went poorly and did not improve throughout the year. 

Specifically, she testified that J.P. would get upset and cry and “did not like to interact with 

[father].” When Fox tried to push J.P. into father’s arms, J.P. “would push away, she would 

become upset and cry.” During the last visit, J.P. cried so hard she held her breath and Fox had 

to tell her to breathe. Fox conceded that father did not act scary or harsh toward J.P. to cause 

such distress. According to Fox, the visits each lasted thirty minutes to an hour.

Fox also testified that father did not notify the Department that he had finished parenting 

classes or anger management and that Fox had to contact the instructors directly to confirm 

completion. Moreover, father did not update the Department as his employment shifted and did 

not provide pay stubs or other employment documentation, nor did he provide documentation 

indicating that he could pay rent or utilities, as required. Fox testified that father did not begin 

making regular child support payments until March 2021.

6 Father obtained new employment with W E Simon.
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Fox further testified that there were concerns about the physical quality of father’s home. 

The JDR court ordered father to repair the front steps and the railing in front of the home, 

upgrade or repair the floors, remove gas cans, and take other safety measures. Alternatively, 

father could move to a suitable home and update the Department that he had moved. Fox 

testified that father occasionally updated the Department on the status of the home but was 

having difficulty making all of the repairs because of money problems and because he had to 

work through his landlord. Ultimately, father never finished the repairs and never provided 

documentation for any of the repairs. The Department and guardian ad litem submitted many 

pictures of father’s home, which showed general disrepair and uncleanliness.

Fox testified that mother told Fox that father had moved following the January 2021 

permanency planning hearing. Father did not inform the Department of this move; Fox testified 

that, accordingly, the Department had not been able to do home visits to address whether father’s 

new living arrangements were suitable.

Fox testified that father told her in March 2020 that his former landlord would provide 

babysitting services. According to Fox, father testified at the January 2021 court hearing that 

Jessica Phillips, Carly Cartrum, and Donna Cegelski would provide daycare but did not provide 

any other information about these women. Fox testified that father repeatedly told the 

Department that he and mother were separated. Despite these assertions, mother gave birth to 

another child by father in March 2021. Fox stated that the Department would have included 

additional requirements had it been aware the mother and father still had a relationship.

Phillips and Cegelski testified that they worked at a local bar and knew father only as a 

customer at the bar. Phillips testified that she had agreed to “try to help [father] out” if he was 

ever “in a pickle” but she had never provided father babysitting services before. Cegelski 
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testified that she had agreed to help father if “an emergency [came] up or something and he [did 

not] have another babysitter and [Cegelski] was available.”

Father testified on his own behalf. He testified that he had been a local truck driver for 

Austin and Sons Logging since January 2021 and worked twelve hours per day. He testified 

that, while he was at work, a daycare center in La Crosse, Virginia was his primary babysitting 

plan. He admitted that he had not told the guardian ad litem about this plan because he had 

“broke off contact” with the guardian ad litem and had “quit speaking to him” because the 

guardian ad litem expressed opposition to further visitation in March 2021. He described 

Phillips, Cegelski, and Cartrum7as his “backup babysitters.”

Father confirmed that he moved in March 2021 but stated he did not know he had to 

notify the Department if he moved. He testified that the place to which he had moved was 

temporary and that he was hoping to move into another residence as soon as that residence was 

remodeled. He conceded that he had never been inside that prospective residence. He also 

conceded that, by December 2020, he had not made all requested repairs to his old residence, for 

example, by replacing a broken window.

Father testified that mother gave birth to another son in March 2021 that father believed 

to be his. He testified that he and mother were undergoing family counseling and that he had 

“flip[]-flopped back and forth between divorce and trying to rekindle things.” He did not know 

whether mother would move in with him and J.P.

Father testified that supervised visits with J.P. lasted from twenty minutes to forty-five

minutes. He agreed that J.P. cried during the visits and asserted it was because he did not have 

any contact with J.P. from September 2019 until June 2020 and that she did not really know him. 

7 Cartrum was the daughter of father’s former boss’ girlfriend.
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He claimed that Fox would not let him hold J.P. during most of the visits. He explained that he 

could not initially attend parenting classes regularly because of the holidays and because money 

was short. Father regularly cited money problems as a reason why he did not complete the 

requirements. For example, he testified that he did not send the requested paperwork to the 

Department because he “was not going to spend $100 at the library making copies.” Father 

broke off all communications with the Department in January 2021.

Father moved to strike at the conclusion of all the evidence, which the circuit court 

denied. After hearing closing arguments, the circuit court terminated father’s parental rights 

under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2).8 This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

“On review, ‘[a] trial court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence, 

considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best 

interests.’” Castillo v. Loudoun Cnty. Dep’t of Fam. Servs., 68 Va. App. 547, 558 (2018) 

(quoting Logan v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Hum. Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128 (1991)). “Where, as 

here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding is entitled to great weight and will not be 

disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Fauquier Cnty. 

Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Ridgeway, 59 Va. App. 185, 190 (2011) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania 

Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20 (1986)).

Code § 16.1-283(C)(2) states that a court may terminate parental rights if the court finds by 

clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the best interests of the child and that:

The parent or parents, without good cause, have been unwilling or 

unable within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 12 months 

8 There was some confusion in the circuit court as to whether father appealed only the 

termination of parental rights or whether he also appealed the permanency planning order. 

Ultimately, the circuit court determined that father appealed only the involuntary termination 

order.
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from the date the child was placed in foster care to remedy 

substantially the conditions which led to or required continuation 

of the child’s foster care placement, notwithstanding the 

reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health 

or other rehabilitative agencies to such end.

“[S]ubsection C termination decisions hinge not so much on the magnitude of the 

problem that created the original danger to the child, but on the demonstrated failure of the 

parent to make reasonable changes.” Yafi, 69 Va. App. at 552 (quoting Toms v. Hanover Dep’t 

of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 271 (2005)). “Proof that the parent . . . , without good cause, 

ha[s] failed or been unable to make substantial progress . . . in accordance with their obligations 

under and within the time limits or goals set forth in a foster care plan filed with the court . . . 

shall constitute prima facie evidence” that the Code § 16.1-283(C)(2) standard has been met. 

Code § 16.1-283(C)(2).

“‘Reasonable and appropriate’ efforts can only be judged with reference to the 

circumstances of a particular case. Thus, a court must determine what constitutes reasonable and 

appropriate efforts given the facts before the court.” Harrison v. Tazewell Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. 

Servs., 42 Va. App. 149, 163 (2004) (quoting Ferguson v. Stafford Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 14 

Va. App. 333, 338 (1992)).

Father argues that the circuit court erred in finding that the evidence was sufficient to 

terminate his parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). Specifically, he contends that the 

Department took only limited efforts to return J.P. to his care and that he substantially complied 

with the Department’s requirements.

Father first asserts that the Department “drastically limited its efforts to reunite the child 

and correct the situation to achieve reunification of the father and the child.” The Department 

provided numerous services. It monitored father’s compliance with the requirements of the 

foster care plan, arranged supervised visitation, and attempted to identify potential relatives for 
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alternative placement. Father does not identify any additional services that he believes the 

Department should have offered. At most, he complains that “[t]he visits were seldom and . . . in 

a very restrictive situation.” COVID-19 unfortunately disrupted the parties’ visitation schedule 

and it is possible, though speculative, that more robust visitation might have strengthened the 

bond between father and child over time. The circuit court stated, however, that it would not 

hold the visitation evidence against father, characterizing the evidence that J.P. cried during the 

visits as “horrifically unfair to” father. The circuit court instead based its decision on father’s 

failure to obtain suitable housing and his decision to cut off contact with the Department and the 

guardian ad litem. Father does not identify any services the Department could have offered to 

remedy these specific problems. Accordingly, we conclude that the Department’s efforts were 

reasonable and appropriate under the circumstances.

We now turn to whether father was unwilling or unable to remedy the conditions keeping 

J.P. in foster care. Beginning in September 2019, father was required to (1) submit to a 

psychological examination; (2) avoid domestic violence situations and obey Virginia laws; 

(3) obtain full-time employment and maintain that employment; (4) obtain suitable housing and 

demonstrate payment of rent, utilities, and other household items; and (5) complete a parenting 

class and submit verification to the JDR court. The Department and the guardian ad litem

regularly communicated their expectations regarding father’s housing situation.

Father indisputably completed a psychological evaluation, parenting courses, and 

refrained from domestic violence or other illegal activity. And, although his employment 

changed several times during the period, he was consistently employed. As the circuit court 

found, however, father fell short in developing a plan to take care of J.P. and documenting that 

plan to the Department.
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First, father did not demonstrate the ability to maintain suitable housing. He made some 

repairs to his home in accordance with the Department and the guardian ad litem’s instructions 

but did not complete those repairs or provide documentation to the Department. Even had he 

done so, he changed residences in March 2021 without notifying the Department, preventing the 

Department from verifying whether his housing situation was suitable for a young child.

Second, father did not provide a suitable daycare plan for J.P. while he worked twelve 

hours per day. He claimed at trial to have a daycare plan but, due in part to his decision to break 

off contact with the Department and the guardian ad litem, he did not provide documentation for 

that plan. Moreover, his daycare plan shifted over the course of this matter, with father 

appearing to have misled the Department at the January 2021 JDR court hearing about the nature 

of the services offered by Phillips, Cegelski, and Cartrum.

Third, father’s continued relationship with mother raises the concern that the conditions 

necessitating J.P.’s removal to foster care will recur. Father’s decision not to inform the 

Department that he had an ongoing relationship with mother prevented the Department from 

considering whether additional requirements were necessary, such as the completion of 

relationship counseling.

Father argues that he “was not unwilling and could not be considered unable to remedy 

the situation.” Under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2), however, the parent must remedy the conditions 

necessitating foster care within twelve months. “Code § 16.1-283(C)(2)’s twelve-month time 

limit ‘was designed to prevent an indeterminate state of foster care “drift” and to encourage 

timeliness by the courts and social services in addressing the circumstances that resulted in the 

foster care placement.’” Thach, 63 Va. App. at 171 (quoting L.G. v. Amherst Cnty. Dep’t of 

Soc. Servs., 41 Va. App. 51, 56 (2003)). J.P. has been in foster care since August 2019. By the 

May 2021 circuit court hearing, she had been in foster care for approximately twenty-one
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months. At that time, due to father’s ill-fated decision to cut off contact, the Department still had 

no way of knowing whether father had suitable housing. Even if the Department conducted 

visits to the residence where father was living in May 2021, father testified that his living 

situation was temporary and that he would change residences again at an unspecified time in the 

future, which would restart the process once again. “It is clearly not in the best interests of a 

child to spend a lengthy period of time waiting to find out when, or even if, a parent will be 

capable of resuming his [or her] responsibilities.” Tackett v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of Hum. 

Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 322 (2013) (quoting Kaywood v. Halifax Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 

Va. App. 535, 540 (1990)).

Based on the totality of the circumstances, the circuit court did not err in terminating 

father’s parental rights and finding that termination was in the child’s best interests.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is affirmed.

Affirmed.