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NONIMMIGRANT BUSINESS VISAS AND

ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS

HEARi:

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON

IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE POLICY

OP THE

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

UNITED STATES SENATE

NINETY-SEVENTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

ON

NONIMMIGRANT BUSINESS VISAS AND ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS

DECEMBER 11, 1981

Serial No. J-97-86

Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

9M88 O WASHINGTON : 1982
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

[97th Congress]

STROM THURMOND, South Carolina, Chairman

CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR., Maryland JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware

PAUL LAXALT, Nevada EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts

ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia

ROBERT DOLE, Kansas HOWARD M. METZENBAUM, Ohio

ALAN K. SIMPSON, Wyoming DENNIS DECONCINI, Arizona

JOHN P. EAST, North Carolina PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont

CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa MAX BAUCUS, Montana

JEREMIAH DENTON, Alabama HOWELL HEFLIN, Alabama

ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania

VINTON DKVANE LIDE, Chief Counsel

QUENTIN CROMMEUN, Jr., Staff Director

SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE POLICY

ALAN K. SIMPSON, Wyoming, Chairman

STROM THURMOND, South Carolina EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts

CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa DENNIS DECONCINI, Arizona

RICHARD W. DAY, Chief Counsel and Staff Director

DONNA M. ALVARADO, Counsel

CHARLES O. WOOD, Counsel

ARNOLD H. LEIBOWITZ, Special Counsel

(II)

? 1-&29/0
KFJL

5 II ?i*

CONTENTS

OPENING STATEMENT

"^ Simpson, Hon. Alan K., a U.S. Senator from the State of Wyoming, chairman Page

^^ of the Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Policy 1

"^ CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WITNESSES

Asencio, Diego C, Assistant Secretary for Consular Affairs, Department of

State 2

Meissner, Doris, Acting Commissioner, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Department of Justice 15

Cagney, William F., National Foreign Trade Council, New York, N.Y 37

Fragomen, Austin T., chairman of the board, American Council on Interna- .

tional Personnel, New York, N.Y 39

Ammond, director, Council of Engineers and Scientists Organization, HaddonfieldN.J 59

Feerst, Irwin, president, Committee of Concerned Electrical Engineers, Massapequa Park, N.Y 66

Bernsen, Sam, Esq., Fragomen, Del Ray and Bernsen, Washington, D.C 82

Foster, Charles C, Esq., president, American Immigration Lawyers Association, Houston, Tex 89

Goldstein, Richard, Esq., president, New York Chapter, American Immigration Lawyers Association, New York, N.Y 107

Kaufman, Esther M., Esther M., Esq., Law Offices of Esther M. Kaufman,

New York, N.Y 128

ALPHABETICAL LISTING AND MATERIALS SUBMITTED

Ammond, Harold J.:

Testimony 59

Prepared statement 62

Asencio, Diego C:

Testimony 2

Prepared statement 5

Bernsen, Sam, Esq.:

Testimony 82

Prepared statement 85

Cagney, William F.: Testimony 37

Feerst, Irwin:

Testimony 66

Prepared statement 68

Foster, Charles C:

Testimony 89

Prepared statement 92

Fragomen, Austin T.:

Testimony 39

Prepared statement 41

Goldstein, Richard, Esq.:

Testimony 107

Prepared statement, with exhibits 110

Kaufman, Esther M.:

Testimony 128

Prepared statement 130

r-1

Q

2
IV

Meissner, Doris: Page

Testimony 15

Prepared statement 16

APPENDIX

Prepared Statement of the Interfaith Coalition for Justice to Immigrants 145
NONIMMIGRANT BUSINESS VISAS AND

ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1981

U.S. SENATE,

SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE POLICY,

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY,

Washington, D.C.

The subcommittee met at 1:45 p.m. in room 2228, Dirksen

Senate Office Building, Hon. Alan K. Simpson (chairman of the

subcommittee) presiding.

Present: Senator Grassley.

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. ALAN K. SIMPSON, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF WYOMING, CHAIRMAN, SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE POLICY

Senator SIMPSON. We will now continue the hearings on the various aspects of the Immigration Act. We are focusing today on an

increasingly important area of concern, and that is the nonimmigrant visas generally used by executives and technical personnel to

obtain entrance into the United States.

These visas are more popularly known by the letters of their subsections in the INA. B-l, visitor for business; E-l and E-2, treaty

traders and treaty investors; H-l, persons of distinguished merit

and ability; and the L visas, geared to the multinational corporations. Not to mention the ones I left out, which sound like alphabet

soup, A through what, J? Yes, the rest.

We have heard of the importance of these visas in connection

with American business and growth and our economy and those

issues.

Conversely, we have heard of the abuse of these visas. The use of

them where American skilled personnel is already available and

for the purpose of entering the United States for other than temporary purposes, and this raises then the adjustment of status question:

Should one be able to adjust status within these nonimmigrant

categories, or adjust to an immigrant category? This can be done

under the present law. These adjustments take up a good portion of

INS time and encourage the rather prevalent idea that once you

get to the United States, there is a way to stay there, and we have

found throughout 16 hearings that that is a rather prevalent note

in America's immigration and refugee policies: Just get there.

So, finally, we want to review these categories themselves. Are

they really separate categories, or are there very real overlaps that

(l)
make their separation of little worth? And might it be easier to

have one visa covering all of these, or, perhaps, one for longer duration and one permitting multiple entries, or should we have

tighter use and control of all of them?

Finally, should we have assurances in the statute, or administratively, that these nonimmigrant visas would not have an adverse

effect on the economy of the United States?

Well, those are some interesting questions, and I think we can

pursue some of them today in our hearing I think this will be the

last hearing of the session. This will be the 16th hearing, some 75-

plus hours, 195 witnesses. No trophies or awards have been given.

[Laughter.]

And from that, I think we are on our way toward•and my colleague in the House, Congressman Mazzoli, conducting a similar

array of hearings, and I fully perceive that we will be on our way

toward markup soon after taking up in late January.

Well, we have the dynamic duo from the Department of State

and the Department of Justice, Diego Ascencio, the Assistant Secretary for Consular Affairs, and Doris Meissner, Acting Commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

And I note a new sparkle and enthusiasm as the continuing resolution has gone to the President's desk containing a pay raise for

all Federal employees. [Laughter.]

There's just a new lilt to your walk.

So please proceed, if you will.

STATEMENT OF DIEGO ASENCIO, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR

CONSULAR AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, ACCOMPANIED

BY CORNELIUS D. SCULLY

Mr. ASENCIO. Mr. Chairman, I'm saddened in a way by one portion of your remarks. I was hoping that we could design a campaign ribbon for this series of hearings and discussions we have

had for both sides. We thought that would only be just and appropriate.

Senator SIMPSON. We'll have a design contest for that. [Laughter.]

Mr. ASENCIO. Mr. Chairman, I would like to say that this particular hearing is one that has varying levels of complexity and depth,

I think best exemplified by my prepared statement that I ask you

to allow me to present for the record, and by my summary that I

will give now. But in view of the possibility of these greater depths,

I have come today loaded for bear. I brought with me my Deputy

for Visas, Mr. Louis P. Goelz, and also the head of my Legislation

and Regulations Office, Mr. Cornelius D. Scully, and Mr. Cecil

Braithwaite.. I would think that among us, if the questions get complex, w«> wilj either be able to answer or obfuscate the issue sufficiently so that nobody knows what we are talking about.

But our topic today is the temporary entry of aliens for business

purposes and, as you have mentioned, the question of adjustment

of status to permanent resident by aliens temporarily in the

United States.

Temporary entry for business purposes is of increasing significance and complexity, apparently due to the increasing
3

internationalization of trade and business activity generally, and to

the increasing importance of both foreign investment in the United

States and American investment abroad.

These factors produce not only more temporary business travel,

but also more complex situations which require careful consideration under our law.

Briefly, each of the nonimmigrant classifications concerned is as

follows:

B-l, temporary visitor for business. A visitor for business is an

alien having a residence in a foreign country which he has no intention of abandoning, who is coming to the United States for a

business purpose other than to perform skilled or unskilled labor.

This very broad general statement covers a multitude of possible

activities, such as contract negotiations, consultation with business

associates or subordinates, the placing or taking of orders for goods

to be exported from or imported into the United States, inspection

of work being performed under contract in the United States, and

attendance at business meetings of various kinds, including seminars and conferences.

E-l, treaty traders, and E-l, treaty investors. Section 101(a)15(e)

of the INA extends nonimmigrant classification to aliens who are

nationals of a country with which the United States has an appropriate treaty of commerce, and who wish to enter the United

States to engage in certain business activities.

H-l, workers of distinguished merit and ability.

H-2, other qualified temporary workers.

And H-3, trainees.

Section 101(a)15(h) of the INA applies to aliens who wish temporary entry into the United States to perform specified services or

labor or for training.

H-l classification is limited to aliens of distinguished merit and

ability, including members of the arts and professions, as well as

entertainers and athletes of exceptional stature in their fields of

endeavor.

H-2 classification encompasses the performance of temporary

services or labor not of an exceptional nature and an individual

case determination that workers in this country capable of performing such services or labor are not available.

H-3 classification includes aliens invited to enter the United

States by some firm, organization or individual to undertake training in commerce, agriculture or any other type of activity.

I, information media representatives. Under section 101(a)15(i) of

the INA, nonimmigrant visas are issued on a reciprocal basis to

bona fide representatives of foreign press, radio, television, film

and other information media, but not to entertainers and their representatives, because the media content must be informational or

educational in nature.

The applicant must establish to the satisfaction of the consular

officer that he is a nonimmigrant and is a bona fide representative

of a foreign information media organization, usually by a letter

from the employer stating that the alien is a full-time employee

going to the United States to perform his professional functions.

L-l, intracompany transfers. Section 101(a)15(l) of the INA permits the issuance of a nonimmigrant L-l visa to an alien employee
of a firm, corporation or other business entity who is being transferred temporarily to the United States to continue rendering services to the same employer or to its affiliate or subsidiary.

The alien must have been continuously employed by the employing entity for at least 1 year, performing managerial or executive

services or involving specialized knowledge.

Adjustment of status is a mechanism. It is not, in and of itself, a

substantive provision of law. The INA provides a primary method

of acquiring permanent resident status through the immigrant visa

process, but it also allows an alien in the United States who meets

certain conditions to acquire permanent residence through the adjustment of status process.

It is important to recognize, however, that whichever procedure

an individual alien follows, immigrant visa issuance or adjustment

of status, the substantive requirements are the same.

The Department considers this provision as a necessary element

of our immigration system, the absence of which would likely

create other problems.

In order to understand this point, one must look into history

which is set forth in full in my written statement.

I am convinced on the basis of history that if there were no adjustment of status provisions, or if the qualifying requirements

were excessively high, we would see a similar system develop once

again.

I'd be pleased to respond to any questions, Mr. Chairman.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much, Ambassador.

Ms. Meissner?

[Mr. Asencio's prepared statement follows:]
PREPARED STATEMENT OF HON. DIEGO C. ASENCIO

Mr. Chairman, members of the Subcommittee, it is a pleasure to

appear before you once again. Our topics today are (1) the temporary entry of aliens for business purposes; and (2) the question

of adjustment of status to permanent resident by aliens temporarily in the United States.

Temporary Entry for Business Purposes

The first of these topics • temporary entry for business purposes • is of increasing significance and complexity, apparently

due to the increasing internationalization of trade and business

activity generally and to the increasing importance of both

foreign investment in the United States and American investment

abroad. These factors produce not only more temporary business

travel, but also more complex situations which require careful

consideration under our law.

Among the authorized purposes for temporary entry which are

set forth in section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality

Act (the nonimmigrant classifications are all defined in terms of

purposes for temporary entry), five include virtually all temporary entry for business purposes: B-l (visitors for business);

E-l (treaty traders); E-2 (treaty investors); H-l (workers of distinguished merit and ability); H-2 (qualified workers whose services are needed in the United States temporarily); H-3

(trainees); "I" (media representatives); and L-l (intra-company

transferees). As all of these are nonimmigrant classifications,

the visa application procedure is the same for all. The applicant

nust prepare and submit the standard nonimmigrant visa application

form, together with whatever additional required documentation or

other supporting evidence may be appropriate to establish his entitlement to the nonimmigrant classification he is seeking and his

eligibility to receive a visa of that classification.
6

In certain cases • H-l, H-2, H-3 and L-l • there is a condition precedent which must be fulfilled, i.e., the prospective

em- ployer, or trainer in an H-3 case, must file a petition with

the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Service must

ap- prove the petition and notify the appropriate consular officer

of the approval. Unless the consular officer has been notified

that the required petition has been approved by the Service, he

cannot issue an H-l, H-2, H-3, or L-l visa to an applicant who

claims to be entitled to one of those classifications. In the

other cases • B-l, E-l, and E-2 -- no petition is required and

the consular officer has the sole authority and responsibility for

making the decision on all aspects of the application.

When the approval of a petition is required, there are three

ways in which notification of the approval can be communicated

from INS to the appropriate consular officer. The traditional

(and time-consuming way) is to have the petition form itself, with

the approval stamp, sent by mail to the consular office. Alternatively, if the employer (or trainer) will pay the costs involved,

the notification can be communicated by telegram or telephone.

Finally, about ten years ago INS and the Visa Office worked out a

third procedure. Whenever a petition is approved, INS sends a

notice to the petitioner informing him of the approval. In the

early 1970's it was agreed that the petitioner could furnish a

notification to the applicant who could, in turn, present it to

the consular officer at the time of visa application. This is

Immigration and Naturalization Service Form I-171C and instructions concerning this procedure are printed on the Form for the

benefit of the petitioner and the applicant. This third method of

approval notification is widely used, especially in cases in which

the applicant has already entered the United States and will have

to revalidate his visa during a temporary absence abroad.
A final procedural point of significance relates to the effect

of an approved petition in H and L cases. The visa regulations

provide that an approved petition is prima facie evidence of the

facts recited in the petition. Practically speaking, this means

that the consular officer is not authorized to readjudicate the

petition, or to "second-guess" the Immigration and Naturalization

Service. On the other hand, the consular officer may develop

during the visa application procedure information which contradicts or casts doubt upon one or more facts recited in the petition. If that happens, the consular officer is required, by regulation, to suspend action on the visa application and return the

approved petition to the INS office which approved it, together

with a memorandum setting forth the information he has developed,

so that the approving office can reconsider its prior approval.

As an example, a consular officer might receive an approved H-2

petition for a skilled worker, and during the visa application

procedure discover that the applicant did not actually possess the

skills claimed in the approved petition. It would become his duty

to suspend action on the visa application and return the petition,

with a memorandum reporting the facts which had come to light.

The approving office would then reconsider its prior approval and

either revoke the petition or reaffirm its validity.

Turning now to the substantive side of these matters, I should

like to describe briefly each of the nonimmigrant classifications

concerned.

B-l•(Temporary Visitor for Business)

A visitor for business is an alien having a residence in a

foreign country which he has no intention of abandoning who is

coming to the United States for a business purpose other than to
perform skilled or unskilled labor. This very broad general

statement covers a multitude of possible activities. Among business activities within the purview of this classification are contract negotiations, consultation with business associates or subordinates, the placing or taking of orders for goods to be exported from, or imported into the United States, inspection of

work being performed under contract in the United States, and attendance at business meetings of various kinds including seminars

and conferences.

Outside the specific area of corporate business, there are

other business activities which are permissible for a visitor for

business. Those would include, for example, independent scholarly

research carried on in this country by a foreign scholar. Moreover, certain types of foreign professional athletes may be classified as visitors for business if they plan to compete in the

United States only for prize money and without any prearranged

contractual employment.

Further, over the years it has been determined that, in

limited circumstances, an alien who might at first glance appear

to be properly classifiable as a temporary worker or trainee (the

H classification which I will mention later) can instead be classified as a business visitor. These circumstances generally involve cases in which the alien will receive no compensation from a

United States source. Two common examples are: (1) the foreign

scholar who intends to spend a sabbatical year in the United

States carrying on independent research and agrees to serve as a

visiting lecturer at an American university while here without

compensation from the American university; and (2) the employee of

a foreign company who will receive training in the United States

with a United States firm, who will continue to receive his salary

from his foreign employer, and will receive no remuneration from

the United States firm offering the training.
E-l (Treaty Traders) and 8-2 (Treaty Investors)

Section 101(a) (15)(E) of the INA extends nonimmigrant classification to aliens who are nationals of a country with which the

United States has an appropriate treaty of commerce and who wish

to enter the United States to engage in certain business activities. The same classification is accorded a principal alien's

accompanying spouse and children. An applicant for an E-l or E-2

visa does not have to establish that he has a specific residence

abroad which he has no intention of abandoning, but only that he

intends to depart from the United States upon termination of the

qualifying activities.

in both cases, the applicant must either be the owner of the

enterprise or, if an employee, be engaged in an executive or managerial capacity or have specialized qualifications essential to

the operation of the enterprise. Employees of lesser rank or

skills are not entitled to classification under this section of

the INA. Where the employing entity is a corporation, it must be

shown that the majority of stockholders are nationals of the

treaty country and that they either reside abroad or are themselves maintaining status in this country as Treaty Traders or

Investors.

To qualify as an E-l Treaty Trader the applicant must establish that the business concerned involves some aspect of international trade, that this trade is substantial and that it is principally conducted between the United States and the country of

which he is a national. There is no specific dollar valuation of

substantial trade. A more important consideration than dollar

value is the frequency and regularity of transactions. For E-2

Treaty Investor status, the applicant must show that he has made

or is in the process of making a substantial investment in a business enterprise. There is no specific definition as to what con-
10

stitutes a substantial investment, and each case must be assessed

on the basis of the individual business concerned. In either

case, however, there must be adequate evidence that the individual

business is of commercial significance, and is not simply a

limited enterprise intended only to provide a livelihood for the

applicant and his family.

H-l (Workers of Distinguished Merit-and Ability); H-2-(Other

Qualified Temporary Workers); and H-3 (Trainees)

Classification under Section 101(a)(15)(H) of the INA is

available to those aliens who desire to enter the United States

temporarily for the purpose of performing specified services or

labor, or to undertake training.

H-l classification is limited to aliens of distinguished merit

and ability. This includes members of the arts and professions as

well as entertainers and athletes of exceptional stature in their

fields of endeavor. Provided the applicant himself intends only a

temporary stay, the fact that the particular position to which he

is destined is in itself of an indefinite nature would not preclude the issuance of an H-l visa. As I mentioned earlier, there

are certain cases in which an alien who would be classifiable H-l

could also be classified as an B-l visitor for business.

H-2 classification encompasses the performance of services or

labor not of an exceptional nature, and is subject to two additional requirements not applicable to H-l applicants. These are

that the employer's need for the service or labor to be performed

must of itself be temporary in nature, and that there must be an

individual case determination that workers in this country capable

of performing such service or labor are not available.
11

H-3 classification includes those aliens who have been invited

to enter the United States by some firm, organization or individual to undertake training in commerce, agriculture or any other

type of activity.. •=•.

I (Information Media Representatives)

Under Section 101 (a)(15)(I) of the INA, nonimmigrant visas are

issued, on a reciprocal basis, to bona fide representatives of

foreign press, radio, television, film, and other information

media, and to their spouses and children. The Department has

given the term "information media" a broad construction to include,

representatives of mass media and technical information entities.

However, it does not apply to entertainment representatives or

entertainers as the media content must be informational or educational in nature.

There is no petitioning process or special documentation

necessary for an "I" visa application. The applicant must establish to the satisfaction of the consular officer that he is a nonimmigrant and is a bona fide representative of a foreign information media organization. This is usually accomplished through a

letter from the information organization stating that the alien is

a full-time employee going to the United States to perform his

professional functions. An "I" visa permits a media representative and his family to remain in the United States so long as he

maintains his status.

L-l (intracompany Transferee)

Section 101(a)(15) (L) of the INA permits the issuance of a

nonimmigrant L-l visa to an alien employee of a firm, corporation

or other business entity who is being transferred temporarily to
12

the United States to continue rendering services to the same employer, or to an affiliate or subsidiary thereof. The alien must

have been continuously employed by the employing entity for at

least one year and the services to be rendered must be managerial

or executive in nature or involve specialized knowledge.

While an applicant for an L-l visa is not required to establish that he has a present residence abroad which he has no intention of abandoning, the consular officer must be satisfied that

the applicant is entering the United States temporarily.

Spouses and children

In all cases, the spouse or child may accompany or follow

later to join the principal applicant. If the principal applicant

is a B-l visitor for business, a spouse or child could qualify as

a tourist (visa symbol B-2). For treaty traders, investors, and

media representatives, a spouse or child is accorded the same

classification as the principal applicant. H-4 classification is

available for the spouse or child of an H-l, H-2, or H-3 nonimmigrant, and L-2 classification for the spouse or child of an L-l

nonimmigrant.

Adjustment of Status to Permanent Resident

Before offering any comments on the merit, or lack of merit,

as the case might be, of the provision in our immigration law for

adjustment of status to permanent resident of aliens temporarily

in the United States, I feel I should make a few technical comments concerning this provision. First, adjustment of status is a

mechanism; it is not, in and of itself, a substantive provision of

law. The INA provides that the primary method of acquiring permanent resident status is through the immigrant visa process, but it
13

goes on to provide that an alien in the United States who meets

certain conditions may be allowed to acquire permanent residence

through the adjustment of status process rather than by obtaining

an immigrant visa. It is important to recognize, however, that

whichever procedure an individual alien follows -- immigrant visa

issuance or adjustment of status -- the substantive requirements

are the same. The same preference system applies, with the

same requirements for acquiring preference status; the same numerical limitations apply; the same substantive grounds of ineligibility as set forth in section 212(a) of the INA apply. What is

more, the processing of both kinds of applications is similar in

nature. Thus, the benefit that flows to an alien who can adjust

status is that he can acquire permanent residence without departing the United States, while the alien in the United States who

applies for an immigrant visa at a consular office abroad must

leave the United States, even if only for a few days, in order to

obtain his visa.

The Department considers this provision as a necessary element

of our immigration system, the absence of which would likely

create other problems. In order to understand this point, one

aust look into history. Under the Immigration Act of 1924 there

was no provision for adjustment of status. The only mechanism for

acquisition of permanent residence under that Act was the issuance

of an immigrant (then called immigration) visa by a consular

officer abroad followed by admission for permanent residence at a

port of entry after a journey from a foreign country. In the

•id-1930s pressure arose to overcome this state of affairs. The

Immigration and Naturalization Service thus established a procedure known as "pre-examination." Under this procedure, aliens in

the United States temporarily who desired to acquire permanent

residence and met certain conditions could apply to the Service

95-586 0-82
14

for an advance determination (pre-examination) of their admissibility for permanent residence if they should apply for admission

at a port of entry with a valid immigration visa. Upon application, a file was opened, the dossier was examined and, if the

alien appeared to qualify, the Service gave him a letter so stating. Then the alien proceeded to Canada, obtained an immigration

visa at a united States consular office in that country and

re-entered the United States as an immigrant.

In 1952 the Congress incorporated into the Immigration and

Nationality Act section 245 providing for adjustment of status

within the United States. In Senate Report 1137 of January 29,

1952, it was stated that "adoption of this procedure will remove

the necessity for the administrative practice of pre-examination

in effect at the present time ...". Interestingly enough, the

requirements to qualify for adjustment of status under the original version of section 245 were so stringent that the old

pre-examination system remained in effect until 1958 when section

245 was amended to ease the requirement.

In 1965 section 245 was again amended, this time to prohibit

adjustment of status by all natives of the Western Hemisphere.

This new restriction led shortly thereafter to the establishment

of what is referred to as the "stateside criteria," a modified

version of the old pre-examination system. Under this procedure,

certain aliens who were ineligible for adjustment of status but

who were permitted by INS to remain in the United States could

have their immigrant visa applications processed at a consular

office in Canada. This system was an improvement over the

pre-examination system in that the alien did not present a dossier

to INS for advance screening before undergoing the screening which

the consular officer performs in the immigrant visa process. It

was, nonetheless, the direct descendant of the old pre-examination

procedure. --- "
15

In 1976 section 245 was again amended, this time to remove the

prohibition against adjustment by Western Hemisphere natives and

to add a prohibition against adjustment by aliens (other than 'immediate relatives") who worked illegally in the United States on

or after January 1, 1977. The "stateside criteria" program con-,

tinues in existence, although in a reduced form, since there are

still aliens ineligible for adjustment of status under the current

provision for whom some such benefit seems appropriate because

they are given permission by the Service to remain in this country

pending availability of an immigrant visa.

It is this history which leads me to the view that adjustment

of status is a necessary element in our immigration system. I am

convinced that, if there were no adjustment of status provision or

if the qualifying requirements were excessively high, we would see

the earlier pattern repeat itself once again.

This concludes my prepared remarks, Mr. Chairman. I would be

pleased to respond to any questions you may have.

STATEMENT OF DORIS MEISSNER, ACTING COMMISSIONER, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF

JUSTICE, ACCOMPANIED BY THOMAS SIMMONS

Ms. MEISSNER. Thank you.

Likewise, we will ask permission to enter our formal statement

into the record.

Senator SIMPSON. Without objection.

[Ms. Meissner's prepared statement follows:]
16

PREPARED STATEMENT OF DORIS M. MEISSNER

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee:

I am pleased to be here today to describe the role of the

Immigration and Naturalization Service in connection with the

issuance of nonimmigrant visas to businessmen and the adjustment of

nonimmigrant aliens to status as lawful permanent residents.

There are four primary nonimmigrant categories which permit

the temporary admission of foreign business persons: the B-l visa

for temporary visitors for business, the E visa for treaty traders

and investors, the L-l visa for intra-company transferees, and the

H visa for temporary workers and trainees.

The B-l classification is the nonimmigrant visa most

frequently used by foreign business persons. In order to obtain

this visa, a business person applies directly to a United States

embassy or consulate abroad. No prior review is conducted by the

Immigration Service. The applicant must demonstrate his or her

intention to maintain his permanent residence abroad; that the

primary place of business is located outside the United States;

that the visit to the United States will be temporary; and that his

or her activity will not constitute gainful employment in the

United States. Most usually these requirements are demonstrated by

a letter of explanation from the business person's employer.

Under the B-l category, a person may carry out a wide range of

business activities which include solicitation of orders for goods

manufactured abroad, attendance at conferences and short training

sessions, purchase of U.S. goods and services, purchase of real

estate or of business enterprises, participating as a member on a

board of directors, and many other activities.

Although the Service does not participate in the visa issuance

process, it frequently consults with the Visa Office concerning B-l

classification questions which arise at foreign consular posts and

regulatory changes. The Service also inspects all B-l visitors at

U.S. ports of entry including both visaed and non-visaed foreign
17

or are investing a substantial amount of capital in a United States

enterprise. Managerial, supervisory and other essential employees

of treaty nationals or companies owned by treaty nationals can also

qualify for E-l/E-2 visa issuance. At the present time nationals

of 40 countries can qualify for E-l trader visas and nationals of

30 countries can qualify for E-2 investor visas. A one-year

admission period is authorized and extensions of stay are available

in one-year increments. As with B-l visas, the Immigration Service

consults with the Visa Office concerning unique or complex

questions which arise at consulates, inspects E visa holders upon

their entry to the United States, and adjudicates applications for

change of nonimmigrant status to that of treaty traders or

investors.

The L-l nonimmigrant visa classification for intra-company

transferees was created by Public Law 91-225 (84 Stat. 116)

April 7, 1970. This classification has been used increasingly by

business persons transferred from foreign companies affiliated with

American firms. In Fiscal Year 1971, 5,304 persons were admitted

under this classification. In Fiscal Year 1978, 21,495 persons

qualified and were admitted as intra-company transferees and were

accompanied by 18,521 spouses and children. Their average length

of assignments in the United States is approximately three years.

Prior to L-l visa issuance, the United States employer must file a

visa petition with the Immigration Service district office having

jurisdiction over the place of employment. The petition must be

nationals to determine their admissibility. This is a significant

review since one of the largest nationality groups using B-l

classification are Canadian citizens who are not required to obtain

visas and whose only review comes at a port of entry by an

immigration inspector. Also many thousands of European business

persons hold indefinite validity B-l visas and many Mexican

business persons hold border crossing cards without expiration

dates. Because employers are changed, including the reasons for
18

business visits, the port of entry inspection is all the more

important to maintain the integrity of the B-l classification. The

Service also adjudicates requests for change of status by

nonimmigrant aliens already in the United States. Many of these

involve change of status to the B-l classification or to other

nonimmigrant categories sought by foreign business persons.

The E visa is another classification secured by foreign

business persons by directly applying to an American consular post.

The E-l visa is issued to nationals of a country having appropriate

treaty relations with the United States and who are conducting

substantial trade between the United States and the treaty country.

The E-2 visa is issued to other treaty country nationals who have

accompanied with evidence that the alien beneficiary has been

employed for one year abroad in a managerial or executive capacity

or in a position involving specialized knowledge and that he or she

is coming to the United States to work for the same employer or an

affiliate or subsidiary thereof in a similar capacity. Upon

approval, the petition is forwarded to the American Consular post

where the visa is issued. If the alien is already in the United

States, a change of nonimmigrant classification application will be

processed by the Service. Persons may be admitted to the United

States for up to three years and may receive subsequent extensions

of stay in one-year increments.

One very difficult area in the adjudication process of a

petition for L classification is in determining whether or not an

affiliation exists between an overseas company and a United States

firm. This is so because of often complex corporate structures,

patterns of indirect ownership, and the effect of foreign law which

may restrict or prohibit the ownership or control of enterprises by

American firms. In order to reduce the time-consuming burden upon

both employers in the United States who must furnish considerable

docurcantary evidence to establish affiliation and the Services'

examination of this documentation, we are considering the
19

compilation and publication of a list of American companies and

their foreign affiliates, subsidiaries, or parent companies. Thus

companies large enough to frequently use the L-l visa category

would only have to document their affiliate relationship once;

subsequent petitions would not be required to have accompanying

evidence of affiliation. Likewise, Service adjudicators would be

freed from the laborious task of examining sometimes complex

evidence of this affiliation.

The final category of nonimmigrant visas which are used by

foreign business personnel are the temporary worker visas under

section 101(a)(15 ) (H) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. The

Service on November 30, 1981, provided testimony to this

subcommittee on the H-2 visa classification. This category most

usually is used by domestic American employers, but is occasionally

used to bring foreign technicians, sales personnel, or others into

the United States to work for affiliated companies. Because there

exists a potential for adversely affecting American workers, the

statute limits H-2 workers to temporary jobs and requires a finding

that qualified U.S. workers are not available. This function has

been delegated to the Secretary of Labor.

The H-l nonimmigrant classification has become more frequently

used in recent years by American companies affiliated or associated

with foreign businesses in order to employ professionals and others

who have demonstrated high achievement. The H-l visa would be used

in lieu of an L-l visa classification where sufficient affiliation

did not exist between the U.S. and foreign business or when the

employee did not have the statutory requisite of one year of

employment abroad by the foreign affiliate. Representative

occupations include engineering specialities; marketing; patent

and copyright law; satellite communications, and computer sciences.

Finally, the H-3 visa classification may be used to bring to the

United States management interns, export specialists, and other

business persons to participate in training programs to familiarize
20

them with potential markets in the United States or to gain skills

and knowledge needed by overseas businesses.

In order to secure an H visa classification an employer must

file a visa petition with the Immigration Service in the United

States with all required documentation. Upon approval, the

petition forms a basis for the processing of a visa application at

an American consular post abroad or for the adjudication of a '

change of nonimmigrant status application for the foreign national

in the United States.

All of the foregoing nonimmigrant visa categories have served

the legitimate needs of foreign business persons entering the

United States and have functioned to encourage international

commerce between the United States and its foreign trading

partners. Overall, there has been only infrequent cases involving

misuse of the nonimmigrant visa classifications by foreign business

persons. The Administration at this time does not propose any

specific changes in law relative to nonimmigrant visa

classification for business persons or in the respective

responsibilities assigned to the Attorney General and Secretary of

State in visa authorization and issuance. The Immigration Service

and the Department of State's Visa Office have had a long history

of close cooperation in visa matters. Our activities, rather than

being duplicative, are complementary and serve not only to further

international commerce but to protect the American worker from job

displacement.

ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS PROGRAM

The basic procedure for adjustment of status has remained

basically unchanged since 1952 with the enactment of the

Immigration and Nationality Act. However, the number of persons

eligible for adjustment of status under section 245 of the Act and

other statutory provisions have changed on several occasions as a

result of amendatory legislation. The most significant of these
21

changes was the Act of October 20, 1976 (90 Stat. 2703) which

became effective on January 1, 1977 and which made natives of the

Western Hemisphere eligible to apply for adjustment of status.

That legislation, along with the Indochina Adjustment Act (Public

Law 95-412, 91 Stat. 1223), Section 5 of Public Law 95-412, and the

Refugee Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-212), have dramatically

increased the number of applications for adjustment or conversion

of status processed by the Service. In PY 1965, 26,001 persons

adjusted status. That figure was 55,761 in PY 1970 and it rose to

81,981 in FY 1976. In PY 1981, the number of persons granted

adjustment or conversion of status totalled 174,724. This dramatic

increase resulted from large numbers of refugees who completed

their one-year's required physical presence in the United States.

Receipts of adjustment of status applications are anticipated to

remain high for the next several years.

The basic steps involved in processing an application for

section 245 adjustment have always included a review of the

application for completeness, proper execution, and determination

of prima facie eligibility, including availability of an immigrant

visa. Service officers follow the same basic steps taken by a

consular officer in processing an application for an immigrant visa

at a consular post outside the United States. These steps include:

(a) requesting the applicant to submit any additional required

document; (b) making security and criminal checks with the

appropriate U.S. government agencies (plus, in adjustment cases, a

check with the U.S. Consular Officer which issued a nonimmigrant

visa to the applicant and/or which had jurisdiction over his places

of residence abroad); (c) requesting the Department of State to

allocate an immigrant visa number if the applicant is chargeable to

the annual numerical limitations on immigrant visa issuance; (d)

arranging for medical examination of the applicant; and (e)

arranging for his interview by an Immigration and Naturalization

Service (INS) officer. Procedures are simplified for conversion of
22

status for refugees who completed comprehensive background checks

and a medical examination at the time of their entry to the Dnited

States. Interviews are also greatly simplified for refugees

because they are not subject to as many exclusion provisions.

Through the years the INS has attempted to improve the

efficiency of processing adjustment applications by revising the

application form; improving the procedure for making checks with

other agencies, including having the applicant (rather than INS

clerks) fill out the forms; using that form for criminal, security

and consular checks; streamlining the receipt of derogatory

reports; devising a uniform system of processing so that all the

basic processing steps are initiated simultaneously instead of the

piecemeal and varying approaches formerly developed and used by the

various INS field offices. The Service continues to develop new

procedures for the adjustment program and also to enhance support

activities such as records retrieval and automated processing of

some phases of the application process. For instance, in the

Washington, D.C., field office, approval notices, requests for visa

numbers to the Visa Office, the issuance of filing receipts, and

call-up of cases awaiting background clearances are computer

generated. The Service plans for the expansion of this technology

in time to all district offices.

In the arena of public policy debate there has been a

continued tension over the years between the perception that an

adjustment of status program may encourage nonimmigrant visa abuse

and the reality that some mechanism is needed to facilitate the

immigration process. This reality includes an economic and social

structure dependent upon the interchange of people and

interdependence between countries. I believe that an adjustment

program is supported by the American business community and the

general public and that severe restriction or curtailment of the

ability of eligible persons to adjust status is not acceptable

today. At the same time the adjustment process with its background

review of all applicants and the statutory provision disqualifying

from adjustment of status those who work without authority provide

ample safeguards against nonimmigrant visa abuse and the admission

to permanent residence of criminals and other undesirable persons.

Mr. Chairman, this concludes ray testimony. I will be happy to

answer any questions you may have.
23

Ms. MEISSNER. I would like to introduce to you Tom Simmons

who is with me today, who is from our Examinations Division, in

case any technical questions come up.

As you said at the outset, we are talking about four visa categories today. The B-l and the E visa are categories in which the Immigration Service does not have any formal review process prior to

the issuance of the visa. However, in the B visa category we do

have considerable responsibilities at the border with regard to inspection of people who enter the country with B visas, since a large

number of those people are Canadian citizens who are not required

to obtain visas, and thousands of European business persons who

hold indefinite B-l visas, as well as Mexicans with border crossing

cards.

However, the review function that we do perform in large part

on the business person's visa is with the L and the H visa•the intracompany transferee visa, as well as the temporary worker categories of visas.

The L visa has caused us some difficulties over the years because

it is sometimes not so easy to determine the affiliation between an

overseas company and a U.S. firm.

We are working right now on a method of reducing the time-consuming burden both upon employers in the United States who

must furnish us information, as well as the problem that we have

in our own offices in verifying the connection between the companies. We are looking at the possibility of compiling a list of companies and their subsidiaries as a one-time index of bona fide firms as

a way of streamlining and smoothing out the work that is involved

in our L visa petition review.

The subject of adjustment of status in the context of this hearing,

I think probably refers to adjustment of status to the immigrant

visa category. The significant policy issue there is the one that

Diego touched upon, which has to do with whether or not the business person's visa isn't functioning in some way as a loophole for

people to come into the United States on a temporary status and

find a way to adjust to the immigrant category, thereby going

around the consular system abroad, which has been established

within the law as the appropriate way to enter the United States.

There probably is some misuse of the business person's as well as

other visas in the United States, and probably some means by

which that does serve as a subterfuge, but the alternatives are not

attractive ones. In other words, it's somewhat a situation of the

medicine probably being worse than the disease. We have had considerable experience over time with disallowing adjustment of

status in the United States, and as a practical matter, it simply

doesn't work because of all the exceptions and particular individual

circumstances that come up to which we are sympathetic.

As a result, the administration has not taken a position to

change that provision of the law, and we simply look to as tight

administrative procedures as possible as the way to adequately control that.

I, too, am available for questions if you have them.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much.

Let me just direct these to both of you, and you might both comment.
24

Could you comment on the desirability of continuing the separate categories of business visas, given an overlap that I, at least,

perceive to exist? Would it be better to have fewer categories for

business visas?

Mr. ASENCIO. Mr. Chairman, I consider that there is some overlapping, but nevertheless there are certain distinctions also between the categories, different tests that are applied, and if there

were, for instance, a reduced number of categories, I think they

would perhaps have to be impossibly broad. And so I think certainly the system now works, is clear, is easy of administration, and I

don't see any particular advantage gained in merging the various

concepts that are at play here.

Ms. MEISSNER. I would add to that, it always seems attractive to

try to pull some of these things together, but from the point of

view of enforcement and making the kinds of judgments that are

useful, fair and judicious, it's almost more attractive to go in the

other direction, to perhaps create some more distinctions.

I would say that our experience has been that the category that

gives us considerable problems is the broadest category, the B-l

category, and I think probably the State Department would agree

with us because it's just a very, very open, undefined category. It's

difficult to maintain equities across the numbers of people who

come in under that visa category. From the point of view of drafting the law, while it would be nice to consolidate them, in terms of

actual implementation, I'm not so sure that that is helpful.

Senator SIMPSON. In the H-2 employee situation, which we had a

separate hearing on, there, of course, is a Labor Department clearance to assure that no adverse effect is had on the U.S. economy,

and we have heard•it's been presented to us, and we will hear, I

think, in this hearing today that H-l's are frequently used when

we believe that U.S. skilled personnel are available. Should the

Labor Department make such a finding here on H-l, as well?

Mr. ASENCIO. There could be presumably, particularly on the professions, some validity to that. I would hesitate, though, to give the

Labor Department authority to determine whether Mr. Pavarotti

was an appropriate entrant into the United States. I'm not sure

that would be within their ken.

Also whether someone like Pele should play ball.

Perhaps with regard to the professions themselves, there might

be some validity to such an approach.

Senator SIMPSON. DO you have any comment on that?

Ms. MEISSNER. I think we would agree with that. It's clear that

the H-l category has wandered somewhat afield in practice from

perhaps what the congressional intent was, and it may well be that

we should be looking at Labor certification for some aspects of it.

I would agree with Ambassador Asencio that one doesn't want to

be unreasonable about the perfectly obvious kinds of cases, but it's

an area that we would be open to discussion about.

Senator SIMPSON. I think so. I think it would be worth pursuing,

perhaps. And just for the record, when you describe, either one of

you or any of us in our discussion of B-l or B-2, there is no such

designation in the statute sections like that. You are referring to

B-l, business purpose, and B-2, pleasure purpose, and I think

that's confusing sometimes because when you refer to the statute
25

and you're talking about G-4, why, you find the G-4; and if you're

talking about H-l or 2•but you don't find a B-l or a B-2, and you

have taken that to the full art form of putting a number to a situation where there is no number. And I think that's helpful sometimes, and I just wanted to have that in there.

What examination do we do here or is done in the field to assure

limitation of adverse impact on the United States?

Mr. ASENCIO. With an H?

Senator SIMPSON. H-l.

Mr. ASENCIO. May I have Mr. Scully respond to that, Senator?

Senator SIMPSON. Please.

Mr. SCULLY. The Department of State does not undertake any adverse impact determination, Senator. Once an H-l petition has

been approved and a notice of approval has been sent to the consular officer, the issue basically is whether or not the alien is admissible statutorily under all of the generally applicable grounds that

apply to the admission of nonimmigrants. But the Department of

State does not undertake any examination of the adverse effect aspects of it.

Possibly Ms. Meissner could comment on the other side of it.

Senator SIMPSON. Has that ever been discussed as a possible approach?

Mr. SCULLY. NO, sir, not in the context of Department of State

operations, no.

Ms. MEISSNER. Well, it's inherent in the definition of H-l that it

is not an area that is subject to the adverse impact examination.

That is, of course, the attractive aspect of it from the point of view

of the person seeking the H-l or the H-3. It's employer-initiated,

and the categories that fall under H-l are assumed to be categories

where either the impact is not adverse or it is not sufficiently destructive of U.S. interests to require individual examination.

It is an area of some controversy, however, because there have

been, as I said earlier, certain categories subsumed under H-l

about which there may be some question.

Senator SIMPSON. Yes. I think we will hear some of that today

later.

At the present time two of the petitions, the B's and E's, are obtained by going directly to the consul, and H's and L's must petition to the INS.

Could you explain to us the difference in this procedure, and is

this one that should be continued?

Mr. SCULLY. Yes, Mr. Chairman, in the case of the B-l visitor for

business or the E-l or E-2, treaty trader and investor, there is no

petition requirement, as you point out, and the applicant simply

presents his application for a visa to the consular officer with

whatever supporting documentation is appropriate to corroborate

his claim to be entitled to that status.

In the case of the H and L, that documentation is submitted initially to the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Now I don't know that the Department probably could really

comment on the question of whether the petition requirement

should be eliminated for H's and L's, but I think the Department

would be concerned about imposing a petition requirement on applicants for E-l, E-2, and B-l visas.
26

We have instructions and procedures on this. I think our officers

abroad do a reasonably effective job in screening these applications,

and I'm not sure what useful purpose would be served by having a

petition requirement for the E classification or the B-l.

Certainly it would delay the processing of those applications, so

from our perspective I think we would have problems with the

notion of equalizing this by adding a petition requirement to the

two classes that don't have it.

Perhaps Ms. Meissner would comment on the question of equalizing it in the other direction by removing it altogether.

Ms. MEISSNER. I think it's a system that's really developed for

very pragmatic purposes. The employer is the motivating element

in each of these visa categories, and if the employer is essentially

stateside based, the application is made through the Immigration

Service.

By the same token, if the employer is essentially overseas based,

he goes to a consular office. And realining that relationship would

probably simply add layers to the system that are not necessary.

Senator SIMPSON. Would you just briefly explain the adjustment

of status procedures for the record? Do you think it is of value?

Should it be restricted to prevent nonimmigrants to adjust to immigrants? Please, your thoughts.

Mr. ASENCIO. I would consider, Mr. Chairman, that if there were

not an adjustment of status situation, we'd probably have to invent

one. I can see the point, that this is subject to abuse, but also it

seems to me a necessary expedient in the administration of the act,

and one by the very history and nature of the development of the

act which is necessary, and I think the strictures, if there are any,

should come in the administration of adjustment of status, to make

certain that the requirements are such that they are not subject to

abuse.

Mr. SCULLY. If I might comment, Mr. Chairman, also, I think it's

extremely important to recognize that whether an individual is

seeking permanent residence through the immigrant visa procedure abroad, or through the adjustment of status procedure in the

United States, he must meet the same substantive requirements.

He must qualify for a preference status; he must meet the statutory eligiblity requirements; he must await his chronological turn,

if he's subject to the numerical limitations; there must be a visa

number available for him in the same chronological consideration

that is given to visa applicants abroad; and in fact, adjustment of

status applications by aliens subject to the numerical limitations

are processed in the numerical limitation scheme in the exact

chronological order.

So that although the alien does gain a benefit in the sense of

being allowed to acquire permanent residence without departing

the United States, he does not gain any substantive benefit in

being allowed to acquire permanent residence without being subject to the same substantive rules for qualification that apply to an

immigrant visa applicant abroad.

So I think it is very important to keep that in mind when considering the question of whether adjustment of status is a good thing,

a bad thing, or a necessary thing, whichever.
27

Senator GRASSLEY. Are you saying that they ought to be allowed

to adjust their status while they are in the country, or we ought to

make them go home to their country and reapply and adjust their

status that way?

Mr. SCULLY. I think what we are saying, Senator, is that the existence of the adjustment of status possibility within our law,

within our immigration system, is a necessary component of it, and

I think that history shows that at those periods when there has not

been such a procedure, or such a possibility, or when the possibility

has been very restrictively applied, that there have been pressures

which have developed to provide administrative remedies, if you

will, for the absence of such a provision.

There was no such provision, for example, prior to 1952. There

was simply no authority in the law for anyone to adjust status

prior to 1952, and in the middle 1930's a procedure arose which

was known as preexamination. An alien in the United States who

desired to become a permanent resident and who could meet certain tests applied to the Immigration Service for a preliminary or

preexamination of his eligibility as an immigrant. If the Immigration Service found that he would be admissible at a port of entry, if

he presented himself at a port of entry with an immigrant visa, he

was given a letter so stating.

He then proceeded to a U.S. Consular Office in Canada, applied

for the immigrant visa, received the immigrant visa, and then returned to the United States, presenting himself as an immigrant.

This was a cumbersome procedure. I have had occasion to look at

the old regulations the Immigration Service had on the subject in

the 1944 edition. The regulations occupied six or eight pages of regulatory material prescribing the procedures and the test and the

administrative handling of the cases, and the adjustment of status

provision we now have was enacted by the Congress in 1952 for the

express purpose of providing a less cumbersome mechanism for

aliens in the United States who met certain requirements to acquire permanent residence.

The Congress at that time was dissatisfied with the fact that

there was no direct provision for this; that the administrative alternative which had been created to remedy this was cumbersome and

time consuming, and the Congress simply declared that there was

going to be a specific procedure under which this could be done in

the United States.

Now we have had varying versions of this provision since then,

with varying requirements and restrictions on it. We have had

variations of this old preexamination procedure at varying times

when the restrictions have been perceived as being excessive.

I think this leads us to the conclusion that regardless of one's

views of the merits of it, it is an integral, necessary element or

component of our system, because if it is not there, there will be

pressure to develop some administrative alternative which will

achieve virtually the same result, but at a greater cost to the Government.

I think that is essentially our feeling on it.

Senator SIMPSON. YOU talk about that action in 1952, and yet in

1965 they came back and prohibited adjustment of status to Western Hemisphere natives. Why was that?
Mr. SCULLY. My impression is, Senator, that that was because of

a feeling that perhaps too many Western Hemisphere natives were

availing themselves of it. Unfortunately, I was not involved in it at

that time, so I can't speak to it knowledgeably.

I don't know if Ms. Meissner has any information on that point,

but I frankly do not.

I think, however, it was observable that between 1965 and 1976,

when that prohibition was again removed

Senator SIMPSON. It was again, that's right.

Mr. SCULLY [continuing]. There developed the stateside criteria

program. Now that was a variant of the old preexamination system

which had existed in the 1930's and 1940's, and it is that sort of

development that leads me, at least personally, to the conclusion

that the more restrictive you are in this sense, in the statutory

sense, the more pressure there is going to be for some administrative remedy, and the administrative remedies we have had in the

past have proven to be more cumbersome and more consumptive of

the Government's time and effort, I think, than the adjustment of

status procedure has been.

Ms. MEISSNER. Mr. Chairman, let me give you a statistic: 85 percent of the adjustment of status cases that occur today are done on

the basis of immediate family connections within the United

States, that is relatives of U.S. citizens and permanent residents

who are eligible under the law for immigrant visas. I cannot imagine any circumstance under which that relative adjustment would

be precluded. Making this kind of change then would deal with

about 15 percent, and clearly I think that there would be so many

exceptions for that 15 percent that it probably would be an ineffective gesture, as much as it makes sense on paper.

Senator SIMPSON. SO as with everything else in our policies,

family reunification takes the same impact here as it does in any

other area.

What is the percentage of other groups in the remaining 15 percent?

Ms. MEISSNER. I don't know. We would be able to develop that

information, but I don't have it with me.

[Information subsequently submitted follows:]
Table 4

ALIENS ADMITTED, BY CLAS*Ei> UNDER THE IMMIGRATION LAMS

YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30. 147*

CLASS OF ADMISSION 1*T1

ALIENS AOMITTEO .' S\SrO ,«3U

•MIGRANTS 1/ • ............ .*....... 460.34B

IMMIGRANTS SUBJCCf TQ NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS 27*.47*

RELATIVE PREFERENCES 213,72*

1ST PREFERENCE - UNMURIEO SONS AND DAUGHTERS OP U.S. CITIIENS ANO

THEIR CHILDREN • 3,107

2N0 PREFERENCE - SPOUSES. UNMARRIEO SONS ANO DAUGHTERS OP RESIDENT ALIENS.

AND THEIR CHILDREN 100, 6*1

*TH PREFERENCE - MARRIED SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF U.S. CITIIENS. THEIR SPOUSES

AND CHILDREN 13.714

STM PREFERENCE - MOTHERS AMD SISTERS OP U.S. CITIIENS, THEIR SPOUSES

«N0 CHILDREN *2,2IT

OCCUPATIONAL PREFERENCES 17,70*

1R0 PREFERENCE - IMMIGRANTS IN PROFESSIONS 9*075

6TH PREFERENCE - OTHER WORKERS • I1.A23

THEIR SPOUSES ANO CHILOREN • 21.011

7TH PREFERENCE 2/ 13.07*

*OHPREFERENCE 3/ 1.5*1

ALIENS AOJUSTED UNOER SECTION 244, UN ACT T

FOREIGN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ADJUSTED UNDER SECTION 13 OF THE ACT OF

SEPTEMBER 11,1*37

IMMIGRANTS SUBJECT TO NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS(RECAPTURED CUBAN NUMBEKS TlLVA V LEVIl' 13,413

IMMIGRANTS E1EKPT FROM NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS 180.170

IMMEDIATE RELATIVES • 13B.1TB

WIVES OF U.S. CITUENS 46,902

HUSBANDS OP U.S. CITIZENS 33.BT*

CHILDREN OF U.S. CITIZENS * 29,47*

ORPHANS ADOPTED ABROAD OR TO BE AOOPTEO 4.164

OTHER CHILOREN.... • •••••••*••• 70.119

PARENTS OF U.S. CITIIENS 31,711

SPECIAL IMMIGRANTS *.?l J

MINISTERS OF RELIGION. THflR SPOUSES ANO CHILOREN I Sfcf

EMPLOYEES OF U.S. GOVERNMENT ABROAD, THEIR SPOUSES AND CHILOREN *. HSi

CHILDREN BORN ABROAO TO RESIDENT ALIENS OR SUBSEOUENT TO ISSUANCE OF VISA .... 1.2*4

ALIENS ADJUSTED UNOER SECTION 24*. UN ACT "

ALIENS AOJUSTED UNOER SECTION 24*. UN ACT «•*

INMIGRANIS. ACT OP SEPTEMBER 11. 1**7

HUNGARIAN PAROLEES, ACT OF JULY 23. 1*9B ""*" «

REFUGEE-ESCAPEES. ACT OF JULY 14. 1**0 "!"""

IMMIGRANTS. ACT OF SEPTEMBER 2*. 1*61 *

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» SEC. 249, ICN ACT -

Z CREATION OF RECORD

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32

Mr. SCULLY. Senator, if I might add a comment, the figures Ms.

Meissner is talking about, the total number of people who adjust

status, who acquire permanent residence through adjustment as

opposed to an immigrant visa issuance abroad, I believe is roughly

20 percent of the total; something in that order, if I'm not mistaken.

So when she is talking about 85 percent and 15 percent, she is

talking about the distribution of what is in effect 20 percent approximately of the total in the first place.

Ms. MEISSNER. The total adjustments are about 175,000 a year,

and that is up considerably; 10 years ago that figure was about

50,000 a year, but it's not, because adjustment of status is bulging.

It's because of the overall increased numbers of people coming to

the United States.

Senator SIMPSON. And the figure you give there, all of those figures fit within the same substantive requirements of the law? We

have the same preference system applying, and the same numerical limitations per country and all that; right?

Ms. MEISSNER. The numbers still have to be available.

Senator SIMPSON. Well, right now exclusion categories for the

nonimmigrant and the immigrant are the same. That, I think, encourages adjustment of status. Do you think the exclusion category

for nonimmigrant should be substantially simpler and less restrictive than for immigrants?

Mr. SCULLY. Mr. Chairman, I'm afraid it's not altogether clear to

me precisely the connection. You're right that the exclusion provisions of section 212(a)•there are certain provisions that apply only

to immigrants, but in general they apply equally to immigrants

and nonimmigrants.

Now if, in fact, some of those grounds for exclusion were

Senator SIMPSON. You're trying to determine whether any of

those exclusions promote the adjustment of status situation.

Mr. SCULLY. It is not at all clear to me that they do, Mr. Chairman, because it seems to me other factors are the cause of the adjustment of status rather than the fact that the grounds of exclusion are the same, whether you're an immigrant or a nonimmigrant.

For example, it would seem to me that if you eliminated or rendered inapplicable to nonimmigrants some of the grounds of exclusion, so that they remained applicable to immigrants, but were no

longer applicable to nonimmigrants, that might result in the admission of additional nonimmigrants who are not now admitted.

That is undoubtedly true.

On the other hand, the nonimmigrants who are now admissible

would remain admissible. So, in essence, all you would be doing

would be increasing the number of nonimmigrants who could be

admitted and adding to this group of nonimmigrants admitted,

some additional nonimmigrants, who might not qualify for immigrant status.

You would not, however, be eliminating those nonimmigrants

who do qualify for immigrant status, and so how these two things

would connect is not at all clear to me.

Senator SIMPSON. Should those exclusionary categories be the

same for visitors as for immigrants?
33

Mr. SCULLY. Well, now, certainly there has been discussion over

the years of the question of eliminating, at least as to visitors or

other nonimmigrants•perhaps nonimmigrants generally•some of

the grounds of exclusion.

I think, however, that that is a separate subject. It would seem to

me that's a subject that ought to be addressed in the context of the

entire issue of what grounds of exclusion should there be rationally

under our law for excluding aliens generally, without regard to this

issue of acquiring permanent residence.

Senator SIMPSON. That is true. We are going to address that as a

separate•that's going to be a very important hearing.

How many exclusion waivers do you have each year, are made

each year for visitors?

Mr. SCULLY. I don't know that we have the numbers. I don't

think that we have the numbers with us. Ms. Meissner might have

them because, of course, that's a joint action with the two agencies.

So it may be that Ms. Meissner has them.

Mr. ASENCIO. We could get them for the record.

Ms. MEISSNER. I don't have them.

Senator SIMPSON. IS it a large number or generally where does it

fit?

Mr. SCULLY. I think it probably is nothing more than 20,000 to

25,000, perhaps, but that's strictly a guess, Senator.

[Information subsequently submitted follows:]

Waivers of exclusionary grounds for nonimmigrants (source: G-23)

Fiscal years:

1980:

Approved 38,888

Denied 247

1981:

Approved 34,668

Denied 317

Senator SIMPSON. Just a couple more.

We are aware of a Japanese reaction to the E visa change made

in October. Could you tell us a bit about that, and the reasons for

that change on the E visa?

Mr. SCULLY. Yes, sir, if I may. We have had, of course, in our

instructions to consular officers general guidance for many years

on interpretation of the E provisions, as we have for all nonimmigrants and all the provisions of the law.

Now because the consular officer has the authority to issue or

refuse visas without referral to the Department, and because we

also cannot foresee in a hypothetical way every fact pattern that

might arise, what you find is that the consular officer will take the

general instructions that we have and he will examine individual

applications and come to his own conclusion as to whether this particular applicant is entitled in this case to E-l or E-2 status, as the

case might be.

Now, over the years it appeared that there developed some practices at the post in Japan. Tokyo, Osaka-Kobe, they had made certain interpretations of which we were unaware, because these matters had not been raised with us.

Approximately a year and a half ago, in the normal process of

officer transfers, new officers were assigned to the consular section
34

in Tokyo, and they examined some of the practices that existed

there, and a question arose in their minds whether those practices

and interpretations that were being used locally in fact were consistent with the overall interpretation of the law.

This resulted in the submission to the Department of a number

of cases, fact situations and requests for the Department's opinion.

It developed that, in a number of these instances, the Department's opinion was that the previously existing interpretation that

the post had been applying locally was not consistent with the

overall interpretation of the law.

After a series of these opinions, a compilation was made of them

and the individual opinions were distilled into some more detailed

general guidance which was sent initially to the post in Japan, and

subsequently to all posts abroad, and that has resulted in some

changes in interpretation and some different decisions on visa applications by people claiming E-l or E-2 status, than had been

made in previous cases of a similar nature.

Now the Japanese perceived this as having some link with the

whole issue of Japan-United States trade. There was, however, no

relationship between that issue and the series of opinions and additional instructions. It was strictly a technical matter. I think that

perhaps these cases may have arisen in Japan first, simply because

the Japanese are at the forefront of business development, new corporate structures, and ways of doing business, and the issues

became apparent there earlier than they had become apparent in

other countries.

It might be of interest, however, that since we sent these revised

or additional instructions to the posts worldwide, we have discovered that many of the same issues have presented themselves in

other countries with whom we have treaties.

So there is nothing in this that is in any way directed at Japan.

These instructions apply to all applicants regardless of nationality

and it was just a fortuitous event that the questions first arose in

connection with Japanese applicants rather than Norwegian or

German or British or applicants of one of the other treaty nationalities.

Mr. ASENCIO. I might also add, Mr. Chairman, that we have

made an effort jointly with INS to try to mitigate the effects of the

change in the visa category and have offered continuing assistance

in this regard.

Senator SIMPSON. Let me just ask a final question. Many who discuss this issue of status do so in some rather all-or-nothing terms.

Could one make the holders of the B visas and F visas ineligible for

adjustment or more restrictive?

It's our information that more than three-fourths of the over•

well, this March figure of adjustment, does it apply to the 175, too,

or three-fourths of those nonimmigrants whose adjustments come

from those two groups?

Ms. MEISSNER. Eight-five percent of the nonimmigrants who

adjust are adjusted on the basis of having relatives in the United

States.

Senator SIMPSON. Yes, but do they come from the two areas

of
35

Ms. MEISSNER. I don't know the visa distribution, but it would be

much broader than just the B and the F.

Senator SIMPSON. Could you furnish us those figures for the

record?

Ms. MEISSNER. Yes, sir.

Senator SIMPSON. I think that would be helpful.

[Information subsequently furnished follows:]

Nonimmigrant classification of aliens1

Foreign government officials (A) 951

Visitors for business (B-l) 2,386

Visitors for pleasure (B-2) 55,409

Transits (C) 220

Treaty investors/traders (E-2/E-1) 1,305

Students (F) 14,728

Dependents of students (F-2) 1,288

Employees of international organizations (G) 696

Temporary workers and trainees 3,302

News media representatives (I) 27

Exchange visitors (J-l) 1,333

Dependents of exchange visitors 748

Employees of NATO (NATO) 1

Claimed U.S. citizenship 6

Parolees 3,071

Other 6,159

Total 91,630

'Nonimmigrant classification of aliens adjusting status under sec. 245 of the Immigration and

Nationality Act in fiscal year 1979 (excludes adjustments and conversion of status under other

statutes).

Source: INS Statistical Yearbook, table 16C.

Senator SIMPSON. We are using a figure of 100,000, that more

than three-fourths of those came from these two groups.

Ms. MEISSNER. That's possible, but I can't verify that right now.

Senator SIMPSON. Do you have any comment on that?

Mr. ASENCIO. I can only imagine that since the B visa would be

the largest group, there would naturally be a preponderance in

that particular area.

Senator SIMPSON. Senator Grassley, do you have any questions?

Senator GRASSLEY. Presently there is no appeal of a consul's

judgment not to issue a visa. Some say that there should be an

appeal. What is your position on that?

Mr. SCULLY. Senator, there is no appeal in the formalistic sense.

I mean there is no specific quasi-judicial or judicial appeal mechanism. There is review of visa denial, however.

We have, I think, a fairly systematic procedure administratively.

First of all, every denial must be reviewed by a supervisory officer

at that post. What is more, the visa office receives many, many,

many inquiries from interested parties•Members of Congress, relatives, friends, prospective employers, whoever may be interested

in a case•about denials in individual cases, and in the process of

obtaining information from the consular office to respond to that

inquiry, we have occasion to review the information presented by

the consular officer, and the Department does have the authority

to instruct the consular officer concerning a point of law. We

cannot review factual findings. We cannot bind him on factual determinations, but if the consular officer has made a decision which
36

is incorrect as a matter of law, we have authority to instruct him

as to the correct interpretation of the law and to bind him.

Now this we consider to be a very important aspect of the Department's role in the visa operation, for purposes of assuring uniform and correct application of the law. We consider review by the

supervisory officer an important element in assuring equity and

uniformity in the system.

I think that if there were a formalized appellate mechanism,

some sort of formalized review board, which it seems to me would

almost inevitably entail the possibility of judicial review, that one

might very well be creating a nightmarish administrative problem

for the Government, and it seems to me it also raises the question

as to whether or not an alien who is a nonresident outside the

United States has a right which can be protected constitutionally

in this particular context.

So I think that our view would be that a formalized appellate

mechanism, quasi-judicial or judicial, would be administratively extremely burdensome and difficult to deal with, and it would raise

certain questions as to what is the true reach of the U.S. Constitution? Is it planetary or is it confined essentially to the United

States?

Mr. ASENCIO. In practical terms, I might add, since we are talking about the issuance of about 8 million visas a year, and I would

imagine just extrapolating on refusals, we would have to probably

add another 25 to 30 percent of cases. You are not talking about a

minor wrinkle in the law, but something that would have a major

impact with regard to resources and the way we do business.

Senator GRASSLEY. Thank you.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much, Senator Grassley. I

always appreciate your participation in this subcommittee's activities. You have been very helpful and supportive throughout.

Well, I think that concludes that portion of the hearing. Thank

you very much.

Ms. MEISSNER. May I just make one point?

Senator SIMPSON. Yes, please.

Ms. MEISSNER. And that is on the discussion that was held on the

exclusion provisions. It seems to me as I understand the issue, you

are really thinking about it not so much from the point of view of

adjustment of status, but whether there simply ought to be different standards for people who are going to immigrate and therefore

be permanent members of our society, and those who are coming

temporarily for one purpose or another.

As you know, the administration didn't take any position on the

question of exclusions in its policy deliberations earlier this year,

but the INS can envision a system under which there would be different standards for immigrants than for nonimmigrants, and we

would welcome working with you as you develop your ideas on that

subject.

Senator SIMPSON. SO you certainly feel that there should be different standards there?

Ms. MEISSNER. I'm not prepared to say that we feel there should

be different standards, but there are circumstances that make it

very difficult to enforce the exclusion provision, particularly with

regard to nonimmigrants, and making a distinction between immi-
37

grant and nonimmigrant might be a useful way of avoiding some of

the problems that we have all experienced in that area.

Senator SIMPSON. Even more extraordinary problems with the

exclusionary aspects, and the degree thereof, with regard to refugees. [Laughter.]

We have people who have expressed to the subcommittee that we

ought to tighten that up, and I say there is such a huge difference

between refugee and immigrant, especially in the area of application of exclusions, a totally different situation, but a tough one.

Well, anyway, thank you very much. You have been very helpful, as usual.

Mr. Scully, you have been very helpful to the subcommittee

throughout and they have expressed that to me, and I am most appreciative.

Mr. SCULLY. I thank you, Senator, for those kind words.

Senator SIMPSON. And, of course, thank you, Diego and Doris.

You have been very helpful. I'll see you next year at the same

table.

Let's see, now, we have Mr. William Cagney, National Foreign

Trade Council of New York; Austin Fragomen, chairman of the

board of the American Council on International Personnel of New

York; Harold Ammond, director of the Council of Engineers and

Scientists Organization, Haddonfield, N.J.; and Mr. Irwin Feerst,

president of the Committee of Concerned Electrical Engineers of

Massapequa Park, N.Y.

How was that?

Mr. FEERST. Pretty good, Senator. Pretty good.

Senator SIMPSON. Pretty good for a flatlander from Wyoming.

We will wait just a moment as the people disperse.

If we could please have quiet in the hearing room.

Mr. Cagney, please, and I think you know the time limitations

that are upon us, and we appreciate your testimony.

STATEMENT OF WILLIAM F. CAGNEY, NATIONAL FOREIGN

TRADE COUNCIL, NEW YORK, N.Y.

Mr. CAGNEY. I am William F. Cagney, director of Industrial Relations and Management Resources of the National Foreign Trade

Council, Inc., a nonprofit association of over 650 U.S. companies engaged in foreign trade and investment.

I have previously testified at the November 23 hearing of the

subcommittee which dealt primarily with preference categories and

the labor certification process.

As requested, I would like to stress on behalf of the council our

recommendations on nonimmigrant visas and the adjustment of

status process.

Recommendation No. 1. On L-l visas, we would like to have reputable companies authorized to handle their own L-l visa programs for managerial executive and specialized knowledge staff,

such as is now authorized for the exchange visitor or J-l programs.

After authorization by INS, these companies could administer

and police their own programs with periodic reports to a centralized unit of the INS. A more complete statement of that recommendation is contained in our bulletin 3717 of January 9, 1981, which
38

was duly included in the subcommittee hearing record of November 23.

We would like to see some relaxation of the current prohibition

against spouses of the L-l's from working in the United States.

This is an irritating factor for many of the companies bringing foreign nationals in on the L-l visa. Many of the spouses are talented

and educated and anxious to pursue meaningful employment

during their stay in the United States. They could well be permitted to seek appropriate employment without upsetting our labor

market here. The numbers involved are insignificant.

Recommendation No. 2. Extension of the H-l and H-3 temporary visas for an initial period of the anticipated length of stay,

perhaps limited to 3 years. This privilege was recently granted by

the INS for the L-l's, eliminating the unnecessary and time-consuming procedure which heretofore required annual renewals, bogging them down in paperwork and restricting the mobility of such

personnel.

Granting the same privilege to the H-l's and H-3's would not

bring about any undue relaxation of control by the INS and would

be cost-effective for them.

Recommendation 3. Granting of a long-term visa, say up to 10

years. With the growth of multinational corporations and their international management requirements, we believe there is good

justification to establish a new nonimmigrant visa category which

would allow persons classifiable as H-l or L-l nonimmigrants to

stay beyond the 4- or 5-year periods which may now be available

under those categories.

This visa would be available when the petitioner could demonstrate that the alien would be assigned to a project or activity requiring more than 4 or 5 years for completion; but nevertheless

that the alien intends to return to his home country at the end of

this assignment. A maximum 10-year stay would be allowed.

This long-term nonimmigrant visa would have the beneficial

effect of not drawing down the limited visa numbers available for

permanent resident status under our preference category system.

Fourth, facilitate the granting of adjustment of status petitions

for those on nonimmigrant visas, coupling this with the automatic

granting of parole to avoid interfering with international travel requirements.

The adjustment of status process from an L-l or H-l category to

a permanent resident status is a long, drawn-out procedure at the

present time. The INS has, however, made some efforts to improve

this by their upfront adjudication facility which requires personal

appearance with all papers in order; however, there is much to be

done to improve the efficiency of that operation.

While the adjustment of status petition is in process for adjudication, the individual currently is not permitted to travel internationally unless a separate letter of parole is granted. This parole authorization could reasonably be granted at the time of the filing of

the adjustment of status petition, with an appropriate statement

from the company or completion of an INS-designed form. Or it

could simply be stamped on the passport.

The council wishes to stress the need for the INS to expeditiously

grant decisions on business-related applications or petitions so
39

there can be a reasonable degree of certainty on planning of moves.

This is critical.

We would also like to see a greater degree of consistency between

the regional offices of INS in determination of policy and the regulations.

One other critical area stressed by our member companies is in

the undue restriction on mobility of nonimmigrant personnel. They

are people who have important international responsibilities, requiring frequent visits to their branches and subsidiaries overseas.

Our recommendations would help on cost-effectiveness and budgetary considerations.

I thank you very much.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you, sir. I appreciate that very much,

Mr. Cagney. And now Mr. Fragomen.

STATEMENT OF AUSTIN T. FRAGOMEN, CHAIRMAN OF THE

BOARD, AMERICAN COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL,

NEW YORK, N.Y.

Mr. FRAGOMEN. I would again like to extend my gratitude to the

members of the committee for according ACIP the opportunity to

testify on this vital issue. Because of the ongoing need to move personnel on an international basis, and because it has such a significant impact on the U.S. economy and is so intimately related to

the international trade and commerce of the United States, ACIP

believes that it must be one of the primary considerations in any

revision of the nonimmigrant classification system.

The problems of nonimmigrant vs. immigrant intent probably

are the most significant problems in the nonimmigrant area. An

applicant for a nonimmigrant visa must establish that he has no

intent to remain in the United States permanently.

This should not be a factor in all nonimmigrant categories, as it

is presently. For those categories such as visitors where the concept

should be retained, criteria should be set forth in the law.

In cases of the L visa, the issue of intent should be eliminated.

How can a multinational corporation effect an important permanent transfer of an employee when delays in excess of 1 year are

commonly experienced in applying for permanent residency status?

Needed personnel are needed now. Why not allow key personnel

to be transferred promptly, notwithstanding the fact that the

transfer may be permanent in nature? This could be accomplished

by amending the intent section of the law or by creating a new visa

category which would permit persons to enter the United States on

the same basis as the K visa holder, where the intent is to remain

permanently.

Another recommendation would be to establish an L visa program which would be similar to a J visa program, and the idea

here would be that rather than putting the whole petitioning

burden on the consular post, the company who wished to qualify

for such a program would file papers or make a formal application

with the Government, with the Immigration Service, and they then

would authorize that company to transfer any managerial executive or specialist personnel who had the year's requisite experience

abroad. They would authorize transfer of such persons where the
40

entitlement has been demonstrated to the consular post, and that

way you could retain the basic substance of the L visa and yet facilitate these transfers and take a major burden off of the Immigration Service in the adjudications process.

Another major problem is the lack of definition of terms of art,

such as the term "affiliate." The term "affiliate" has led to such

inconsistent interpretations as prohibiting a major accounting firm

such as Price Waterhouse from transferring personnel from offices

abroad to the United States because there isn't common control

vested in one organization.

I think that for affiliation, we should look to substantial investment, plus substantial active participation. We should look to the

degree of interdependency rather than artificial criteria of control.

We fully concur with Mr. Cagney that the period of validity of L

should be extended for as long as the person intends to remain in

the United States temporarily, and ultimately depart, rather than

forcing persons to apply for permanent residence. This is already

done in the case of E visaholders, and I don't think that it would

create any problem to extend the same interpretation to the L category.

The prohibition upon spouses working probably creates the greatest single personnel problem within multinational corporations, as

more and more spouses wish to enter the employment market, and

what I would recommend regarding the employment of spouses is

that the same criteria could be used as in A and G visa cases, for

diplomats and international government employees, where the

spouse can get permission to work where it can be demonstrated

that the type of work she is doing would not have an adverse effect

on the employment market.

We espouse the creation of a new nonimmigrant class that would

be tantamount to the E-2 visa, where a person would be able to

come to the United States and either make investments or oversee

his investment.

One of the problems under our law is that many of the restrictions in the nonimmigrant area force persons to apply for permanent residence, regardless of whether they want to do so, and I

think that this is an example of that. If we had a category that allowed persons to spend a good deal of time in the United States

without becoming residents, kind of a long-term temporary visa,

where they are persons of substantial means and are not going to

be directly entering the employment market, that would be tremendously helpful.

Finally, I would just like to say that no matter how many

changes are made in the nonimmigrant visa category, that unless

the Immigration Service wipes out the backlogs, makes prompt adjudications, and responds to the public in a meaningful way, it will

all be for naught.

Thank you.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much.

Mr. Ammond, please.

[Mr. Fragomen's prepared statement follows:]
41

PREPARED STATEMENT OF AUSTIN T. FRAGOMEN, JR,

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee:

My name is Austin T. Fragomen, Jr., and I appear before you

today in my capacity as Chairman of the Board of the American

Council on International Personnel, Inc. (ACIP), an organization

comprised of major multinational and national corporations and

institutions with a continuing interest in the movement of

international personnel across national borders. I am pleased

once again to have the opportunity to discuss the reform of this

country's immigration laws. When I last appeared before you on

November 23, 1981, I set forth the views of ACIP with regard to

changes in the preference system. Because of the nature of the

business and other activities engaged in by the members of ACIP,

our organization is equally interested in the development of a

fair, equitable and streamlined system permitting the temporary

entry into the United States of qualified nonimmigrants.

We believe that a fair and equitable system not only requires

procedural changes to facilitate the movement of qualified persons

across our Borders, but also necessitates a revision of the

categories through which qualified nonimmigrants can secure

admission to this country. In enacting the necessary substantive

and procedural changes, due consideration should be given to the

many legitimate needs of both United States and multinational

businesses and corporations expeditiously to move various classes

of essential personnel across national borders. While it is true

that attempts have been made over the years to accommodate the

needs of business executives, such as the institution of the

intracompany transferee (L) classification in 1970, these attempts

have not fully resolved the travel and relocation difficulties

encountered by the business community. This community now calls

for reasonable measures to end those difficulties. Because the
42

ongoing need to move personnel on an international basis has such

a significant impact on the United States economy and is so

intimately related to international trade and commerce, ACIP

believes that it must be one of the primary considerations in any

revision of the nonimmigrant classification system. I therefore

propose today a number of revisions to the present classifications

and procedures for nonimmigrant entry into the United States.

These revisions would further facilitate international commerce

while assuring the integrity of the United States immigration

system.

The Nonimmigrant Classification System

The existing categories for nonimmigrant entry into the

United States are set forth in the definitional section, §101, of

the Immigration and Nationality Act (the Act). Nonimmigrant

classifications are included in the Act, but only as categories

excluded from the definition of "immigrant." Under the definition

of "immigrant," all applicants for admission, immigrant and

nonimmigrant alike, are presumed to be intending immigrants unless

they can affirmatively demonstrate that they fall into one of the

specified nonimmigrant categories.

The artificial dichotomy between the intent to become an

immigrant and qualification for nonimmigrant status creates an

unnecessary impediment to nonimmigrant entry for many persons with

bona fide reasons for seeking temporary admission into the United

States. The presumption of immigrant intent is demonstrably

inaccurate in the vast majority of cases and only tends to create

an element of administrative skepticism toward all nonimmigrant

applications, making the nonimmigrant applicant's normal burden of

proving his eligibility for admission more difficult than it

should reasonably be. Moreover, with many classes of aliens,

particularly business personnel with valuable skills who are

coming to work in this country for extended periods of time on
43

nonimmigrant visas, it should make little difference whether it is

their intention to eventually immigrate permanently. Their

present need to be in the country for legitimate business reasons

on a temporary basis should qualify them, regardless of their

long-term intent, for a nonimmigrant visa to enter the United

States. The issue of intent and temporariness of stay, we

suggest, is best addressed on a category-by-category basis rather

than established by the current single standard, which applies

indiscriminately to all nonimmigrant categories.

In place of the unnecessary presumption incorporated in the

present Act, we suggest that a simple provision be incorporated

under each of the nonimmigrant categories which would place on the

alien the burden of establishing his qualification for

nonimmigrant classification. This provision would sufficiently

meet the needs of assuring control over immigration to the United

States while permitting those persons with legitimate reasons to

enter the country on business to do so without undue obstacles

that only serve to detract from the national interest.

For those categories in which the intent of the person

seeking admission to the United States is considered a relevant

concern, that element can be incorporated by simply specifying

that an applicant must have no present intention of remaining in

the United States permanently. In order to avoid the present

problem of inconsistent determinations on the issue of intent,

statutory language should also be included delineating the factors

germane to the issue, such as the intended purpose of the trip to

the United States, the intended duration of stay, and the

applicant's previous immigration history.

Whether or not a lack of intention to remain in the United

States permanently is required for a particular nonimmigrant

category, the statute should clearly specify that when an
44

applicant can establish eligibility for visa issuance or

admission, and no articulable reason exists for refusal or

exclusion, the visa shall be issued and the applicant duly

admitted. This mandatory language, together with a requirement of

articulable reasons for a denial, would make explicit what should

already be obvious • a denial of nonimmigrant benefits must not

be arbitrary or without sound foundation in the facts presented to

the adjudicating officers.

These general recommendations relating to the entire nonimmigrant classification system represent changes that are

necessary to assure a fair and equitable system for conferring

nonimmigrant benefits under the Act. Because the burden of

establishing eligibility would remain on the applicant, the

necessary safeguards to prevent fraud and misuse of the

classification system would remain, while the surplusage that

currently weighs down the system, making it operate inefficiently

and inconsistenly, could be eliminated.

Visa Categories Commonly Used by the Business Community

Many of the present nonimmigrant visa categories are viable

tools for the business community in transferring personnel to the

United States and permitting business travel into this country.

Nevertheless, gaps exist in the present set of categories which

often frustrate legitimate business transactions. The result

often is the loss of valuable business time and resources, which

can cause direct economic loss to the United States. For example,

a United States office of an international accounting concern

might wish to institute a new system currently in use in an

overseas branch office, and for that purpose wishes to bring to

this country, perhaps for an extended period, the employee

responsible for establishing the system. If, however, each office

is an individual partnership under local law, and the only tie

between them is through an umbrella organization which establishes

firm policy and procedures but has minimal financial oversight, it ,'$
45

is likely that the transfer of this employee could not be effected

under present law. Alternatively, if the two offices are

considered affiliates but the employee has not been with overseas

office for a full year, his transfer would also be difficult to

effectuate.

As another example, a company might want to bring into this

country a highly skilled engineer to work on a vital energy

project that is projected to last seven to ten years. While the

engineer would qualify for H-l classification as a member of the

professions, it is highly unlikely that he would be able to remain

in the country for that period of time in H-l classification.

While L-l classification is more likely to be accorded for a

longer period, if the engineer has not worked for an affiliate of

the company abroad for a year, or has never worked for the company

before, he is ineligible for such a visa. The only "solution" to

this situation is for the company to seek permanent residence for

the engineer whether or not he desires such status. This solution

results in the waste of immigrant visas while subjecting the

company and the government to the burden of the inordinate amount

of paperwork required by a permanent residence petition.

I hope these examples give you some insight into the complex

problems and unsatisfactory solutions that the present immigration

law foists on the multinational or national corporation which

seeks to effect routine personnel decisions. In the examples I

have given, the difficulty in bringing in the key personnel

described would almost surely result in substantial financial

detriment to the companies involved, and would adversely affect

domestic economic activity and employment opportunities which

these key employees might have generated. This result should be

unacceptable to any reasonable observer.
46

Despite the major adverse impact of the law's current

deficiencies, the gaps that exist in the present classification

system can be adequately filled with only a few changes. These

changes should take two forms: First, the refinement of present

nonimmigrant categories to more closely suit the demonstrated

needs of the business community; and second, the creation of

several new nonimmigrant categories to fill obvious voids in the

present Act. I will briefly outline for you the desired changes

in the present business-related categories to illustrate how a few

minimal reforms would provide better and well-justified coverage

of common personnel needs. Where the gaps in the system are too

large to fill with such changes, I will suggest the best structure

for new categories to cover those gaps.

Intracompany Transferees (L-l Category)

The centerpiece of any change in the nonimmigrant classification system designed to benefit the business community is the

streamlining of the present mechanism for transferring employees

from offices abroad into the United States. The institution of

the L-l category in 1970 was an acknowledgment of the continuing

need of multinational corporations to move personnel among their

many branches. The system devised for making such transfers •

individually-approved petitions for each such transfer • failed,

however, to account for just this continuing need. In contrast,

an organization that seeks to regularly bring persons to the

United States for training purposes need not obtain individual

approvals from the Immigration and Naturalization Service for each

such person once the organization has established a training

program under §101(a)(15) (J) of the Act and has received approval

for the program from the International Communication Agency. Once

the approval has been obtained for the J program, the organization

can issue documentation directly to the alien, who can submit this

documentation to the consul along with his visa application.
47

The J-l visa program is a good prototype for a similar

program for intracompany transferees. The determinations to be

made with the regard to qualification for L status are relatively

simple ones. The United States company must show the existence of

a qualifying business relationship with the alien's employer

abroad, it must show that the alien has been employed abroad with

the foreign employer for at least one year, and that he will be

employed in the United States in a managerial or executive

capacity, or in a capacity requiring specialized knowledge.

The first fact • the requisite business relationship •

could be established by a company as a part of the application for

approval of an L program for intracompany transferees. Once the

approval of such a program has been received, the United States

employer would be empowered to issue appropriate documentation,

similar to the Form IAP-66 currently issued by an approved J

program, to the qualifying alien. This documentation would be

prima facie proof that the alien is being transferred between

legal business entities that qualify for consideration as having

the requisite corporate relationship. The documentation could

also certify that the alien has been employed for one year with

the employer abroad, and give a description of the position to be

filled by the alien in the United States. Upon the transferee's

presentation of this documentation to the consul, all of the

information necessary for issuance of an L-l visa would be at the

consul's disposal. The only determination that might be left in

his hands would be whether the occupation to be filled in the

United States is one involving managerial or executive skills or

specialized knowledge. This determination is essentially the same

one made by the consul in issuing E-l treaty trader visas, and

would impose no undue burden on the consul.

Once an L program had been approved, the need for individual

petitions would be obviated, and the sole determination needed
48

would pertain to the issuance of the visa by the consul. This

streamlining of the present system would immeasurably aid

multinational companies in making transfers, by assuring that the

transfer could be made in a timely manner consonant with the

business objectives underlying the transfer.

Once the alien is in the United States, his presence could

easily be controlled and recorded by several methods. Each year

the L program sponsor could be required to file a report listing

all L program participants currently in the United States. On the

departure of each L program participant the program sponsor might

be required to report the termination of that participant's stay.

Alternatively, an annual report form submitted by intracompany

transferees could be required, which would be similar to the

report form filed annually by treaty traders and investors in the

E classification.

In view of the adequate means available to control the

presence of the program participants, the intracompany transferees

could ideally be admitted for the duration of their status. Since

many intra-company transferees travel frequently, however, bhe

actual length of the approved period of admission is less

important than the period of validity of their visas. Adequate

provision must be made for visas of extended validity permitting

multiple entry, so that intracompany transferees may travel freely

in order to carry out their responsibilities as part of

multinational and national corporations. When the initial

application for the visa is made, the documentation from the L

program sponsor could specify the anticipated length of employment

in the United States, and the visa could be issued for that

period. At a minimum, validating visas for more than the current

one year period is essential to effectuate the policy underlying

the existence of the L category.
49

Apart from the institution of an L program similar to the

current J program, two changes in the language of the statute

would further enhance the ability of corporations to smoothly

effectuate needed transfers of personnel to the United States:

(1) institution of a clear and realistic standard to determine the

existence of the requisite relationship between the employer

abroad and the United States employer, and (2) elimination or

modification of the requirement of a "temporary" stay in the

United States.

The statute now requires that the overseas employer of the

alien must be a parent, affiliate, subsidiary or branch office of

the prospective United States employer. No problem of definition

arises when the foreign employer is a branch office of the same

corporation with which the alien will be employed in the United

States. Tremendous difficulty and a resultant inconsistency in

adjudication has arisen, however, with regard to cases involving

parent-subsidiary and affiliate relationships. Some INS offices

have established a requirement that a parent company own more than

50% of the stock of the subsidiary, or that the two affiliates be

majority-owned by a common parent. A related problem has arisen

regarding the legal form of the parent or subsidiary. Some INS

offices do not recognize transfers involving a sole proprietorship

or a partnership as opposed to a corporate entity.

These policies, emanating from INS district and regional

offices, place unnecessary restrictions on bona fide business

transfers, which in no way further any legitimate immigration

policy. They can easily be eliminated if the statute is revised

to provide a practical definition of affiliate and parentsubsidiary relationships. First, the statute should be revised to

make clear that any legally cognizable business entity is a

qualified employer to participate in an intracompany transfer.

Partnerships in particular should be permitted to transfer
50

employees from one office to another. Second, the terms

"affiliate" and "subsidiary" should be defined to make clear that

"effective control" and not majority ownership is the essential

element of the relationship between the business entities. Even

better would be a definition permitting transfers of personnel

between closely associated business entities with a high degree of

interdependency. While the level of association required might

specifically exclude a simple contractual relationship or a

master-agent relationship, it should not exclude such legitimate

business associations as individually-owned partnerships existing

under an umbrella organization or franchises operating under a

common name and with mandatory practices and purchasing

agreements. These business organizations often have legitimate

needs to transfer personnel, such as to bolster a weak franchise

with a strong manager from a successful one, and the very fact of

the transfer demonstrates the interrelationship between the

individual operations.

The second problem that I have mentioned with respect to

statutory definition • the requirement of a "temporary" stay •

is more complex, and requires scrutiny of the very foundations of

the nonimmigrant system. As I have already stated, the artificial

dichotomy between immigrant intent and nonimmigrant status creates

many anomalous situations in which persons with legitimate

nonimmigrant purposes for entering the country cannot obtain a

nonimmigrant visa because of a presumed intent to become a

permanent resident. The problem of immigrant intent is often

magnified in the case of intracompany transferees by various

circumstances that are often unavoidable given the nature of

corporate decision making. In many cases, for example, no clear

termination date to a transfer can be pinpointed. In fact, the

transfer of an employee may well be indefinite, though not

necessarily permanent. Only after the employee has spent a period
51

of time with the united States office will a company be able to

ascertain the continued need for the services of an intracompany

transferee on a permanent basis. This uncertainty at the

inception of the transfer is inconsistent with the INS precedent

decisions that have defined "temporary" to require a fixed

termination date, in contrast to an "indefinite" stay.

Realistically, then, the "temporariness" requirement imposes an

impractical requirement on many corporations, while not furthering

any reasonable aim of the immigration system.

By removing the temporariness requirement, the ability of

intracompany transferees to travel for the purpose of transacting

international business would be particularly enhanced for those

who have filed permanent resident papers. Under present circumstances, once an application is filed to adjust status to that of

permanent resident, the alien is not permitted to travel pending

adjudication of the application. Even under the newly-instituted

procedure for up-front adjudications, the final decision on

adjustment applications often is not rendered for as many as five

or six months after the initial filing. Only through the timeconsuming, inefficient procedure of advance parole pan permission

to travel be obtained, and then only if an unusual business

necessity makes the trip essential.

Even when an adjustment application has not been filed, the

mere filing of a preference petition by the alien's employer or

the commencement of the labor certification process is often found

to be a bar to renewal of L-l status, despite directives from the

INS and the State Department that the filing of such papers is not

per se a bar to renewal. By removing the temporariness requirement, it would be clear that filing for permanent residence or

having no fixed termination date for a tour of duty in the United

States is not inconistent with maintaining L-l status and

travelling on an L-l visa. The need for advance paroles would
52

then be eliminated, thereby saving valuable INS resources for the

adjudication of petitions and applications.

As an alternative to removing the "temporariness" requirement

from the L-l category, ACIP would like to propose the creation of

a new nonimmigrant, visa category that would apply to qualified

intracompany transferees (and quite possibly other qualified

applicants such as those in the H-l category) who, from the start,

manifest an intention to become a permanent resident. The

category, to be designated (M) , would be analogous to the K visa

category through which aliens may be admitted who plan to marry

U.S. citizens within 90 days of their admission. The M visaholder would be required to initiate an application for adjustment

of status to that of lawfully admitted permanent resident within a

specified period of time. This category would permit a corporation

to immediately utilize the needed skills and services of the alien

while the permanent residence process moves forward. Since it is

likely that even under proposed revisions to the preference

system, some backlogs in visa availability will continue, the (M)

category would permit legitimate transfers of personnel while

preserving the integrity of the immigrant visa.

As a final alternative to the proposed (M) category, and to

the proposal for an indefinite or duration-of-stay period of

admission for L visa holders, a new category could be instituted

that would supplement the present L category by providing for a

period of stay exceeding the current three-year period available

to current L visa holders. Under this visa category, an applicant

must meet all of the usual requirements for the L (and possibly H)

visa, except that it would be anticipated that his services would

be needed for a period from four to ten years. While this

category would be unnecessary under the restructuring of the h

category previously suggested, it would provide at least some

redress for the flaws in the present system in the absence of such

restructuring.
53

The H-l Category for Member of the Professions

When a corporation or other organization wants to hire an

alien who has no previous employment experience with an affiliate,

parent, subsidiary or branch office abroad, the H-l category is

often the only viable means to bring the alien into the United

States. This category, which applies to persons of distinguished

merit and ability, has been interpreted through INS precedents to

apply also to members of the professions, as that term is defined

in S101(a)(32) of the Act. While the application of the H-l

category to members of the professions is fairly well-established,

the "professions" included in that coverage is a subject of

continuing debate, again resulting in inconsistent adjudications.

As a preliminary matter, then, any revisions to the H-l

category should provide a clear standard for determining whether a

particular alien is a member of the professions and therefore

qualified for H-l classification. Specifically, the statutory

language should be revised to include persons rendering services

of a professional nature requiring specialized education,

training, experience or any combination thereof sufficient to

qualify the person as a professional in his field. It should also

specify that while licensure in a profession is required where

appropriate, prior experience in a profession is necessary only if

that experience is requisite to qualification as a professional.

While these elaborations on the statute have each been established

in various INS precedents, they continue to be applied

unpredictably; placing them directly into the statute should lead

to a more consistent application.

Improvement in the statutory language for the H-l category

should provide the business community with the ability to predict

whether it can succeed in bringing a particular alien to the
54

United States. It would not, however, provide a complete solution

to the problems corporations have confronted with the H-l

category.

Many of the problems arising with intracompany transferees

have beset corporations and other organizations in applying for

and maintaining employees in H-l status. Not only does the

present statute require that the alien come to the United States

temporarily, it also requires that he maintain a residence abroad

that he has no intention of abandoning. This latter requirement

supposedly guarantees the nonimmigrant intent of the alien, but is

an expensive and burdensome means of doing so. As has been

previously suggested, the issue of intent is better addressed

directly by simply requiring that the alien have no present

intention of remaining in the United States permanently. More to

the point, however, the temporariness requirement with regard to

the H-l category serves as little purpose as it does with the

regard to the L-l category. The only real effect of the

temporariness requirement is to require a company to predict and

set an arbitrary termination date for the alien's stay in the

country. The real facts may indicate, however, that no set

termination date can be reliably determined, thus making the

alien's stay indefinite and therefore unacceptable under the terms

of the current Act. Even if the termination date can be set with

some certainty, if the anticipated stay is longer than three to

five years, it is unlikely under current standards that an H-l

classification could be maintained for that period of time.

If a fixed termination date is desirable for control purposes

and to preserve the integrity of the immigrant-nonimmigrant

dichotomy, this goal can be accomplished by simply establishing by

statute a period of maximum validity of an initial admission, such

as four years, with the option to renew if the circumstances

warrant. Visas could be granted for the full period of the
55

anticipated stay, up to the four-year limit. The H-l category

could then be supplemented by the a classification such as

described in the previous discussion of the L-l category,

permitting persons who otherwise qualify but who anticipate a stay

of four to ten years to obtain nonimmigrant visas for their

admission to the United States.

By establishing realistic limits for H-l admissions, the

removal of the temporariness concept from the H-l category would

not result in the removal of meaningful safeguards and controls,

and would benefit the corporate employers of H-l aliens by

maintaining the mobility of those aliens even when permanent

residence has been sought. In this respect, also, the previously

proposed (M) category for intending immigrants would be an

acceptable alternative that would satisfactorily meet the needs of

corporations with an immediate need for the services of highlyskilled professionals.

Other Nonimmigrant Categories

While the L and H categories have the most impact on the

businesses and organizations belonging to ACIP, I wish to comment

briefly on some of the other nonimmigrant categories which our

members have occasion to use in their normal business operations.

The B-l category for visitors coming temporarily to the

United States to transact business is restricted under current law

in two ways: (1) the business visitor must receive his main

compensation from a foreign-based employer, and (2) the principal

benefit of the business visitor's activity in the United States

must accrue to the foreign-based employer. The key element in any

revision of this category should be to emphasize the temporariness

of the business visitor's stay in the united States as the

principal criterion for admission.
56

Several problems frequently arise that could be resolved by

emphasis of the temporariness concept. For example, a need might

arise for a foreign-based employer to send an employee to the

United States on a temporary trip that will, however, require a

period of stay longer than is usually considered acceptable for

B-l classification. The foreign-based company may sell goods to

a U.S.-based company which in turn markets those goods here. It

would be a legitimate purpose for a visit under the B-l category

to have an employee of the foreign-based company come to the

United States to train the U.S. company's employees in the

operation of the products to be marketed here. This training,

however, might require the alien's presence in the United States

for as much as a year or more. The employee would continue to be

compensated from abroad, and the principal benefit of his

activities would accrue to his foreign-based employer. Such a

prolonged period of stay, however, often leads immigration

officers to balk at granting admission in the B-l category. The

only alternative to applying in this category, however, would be

for the foreign-based company to incur the unnecessary expense of

establishing a United States office in order to transfer the

employee here in L-l status. A better solution is to specify in

the Act that the proposed length of stay in B-l status is not

determinative of eligibility for admission in that status, as long

as the need for entering the United States is shown to be

temporary.

In a different situation, a foreign-based employee of a

United States or multinational company may be needed in the United

States to consult on a project being undertaken by the U.S. branch

office. This consultation would be clearly temporary, lasting no

more than a few days for each visit, and the employee would

continue to be paid from abroad. Nevertheless, the principal

benefit from his visit would accrue to the U.S.-based office. In
57

such a situation, in which the visit is clearly temporary, an

admission in B-l status should be appropriate; technically,

however, it does not qualify under the present criteria for that

category. We suggest that when the proposed visit is clearly

temporary and the employee continues to be compensated from

abroad, the location where the principal benefit of his visit

accrues should not be considered in issuing a B-l visa and

admitting the alien to the United States. A rule more limited in

scope than that proposed could be enacted applying only to

employees of business entities qualifying under the L-l category,

where the principal benefit of the alien's visit accrues to the

United States business entity but the international organization

as a whole is the ultimate beneficiary of the visit.

The E category, divided into two parts, applies to aliens

from countries with which the United States has signed treaties of

commerce and navigation. The E-l class applies to aliens from

those countries with which we have treaties covering trade; the

E-2 class applies to aliens from countries with which we have

investor treaties. While these categories, as they currently

exist, have been adequately defined in the case law and

regulations, their benefits are restricted solely to aliens and

businesses from treaty countries. No provision is made for aliens

to invest in the United States and enter this country as

nonimmigrants to oversee these investments unless the aliens are

from a treaty county. The ability to enter the United States to

oversee an investment is provided to non-treaty aliens only if

they seek to immigrate to the united States. Some provision

should be made in the Act to correct this paradox and provide for

investors from non-treaty countries to come to the United States

on a temporary basis to oversee their investments. Investment is

an activity that can involve a significant benefit to the united

States economy; such activity needs to be encouraged in our

immigration laws and can be encouraged without the need to
58

increase potential immigration to this country. While legitimate

reason may exist for restricting the liberal benefits of the E

category to those countries with which the United States has

reached commercial agreements, a properly-constituted nonimmigrant

investor category could provide for this beneficial economic

activity while preserving the special status accorded to the

treaty countries.

The current practice of permitting aliens to receive training

in the United States, either through approved programs under the J

category, or on an individual basis under the H-3 category, should

be continued. The J program has been beneficial to corporations

seeking to provide young employees with experience in United

States offices prior to assigning these employees abroad. While

the H-3 category should be equally useful to companies and

businesses without access to approved J programs, its usefulness

has been limited by the manner in which the category is

administered by the INS. Experience has shown that procedural

delays in adjudicating H-3 petitions, together with frequent

denials in cases of bona fide training programs, have severely

restricted access to this category. For example, when an alien

seeks to change his status in the United States to that of an H-3

trainee, it often happens that the alien has completed his

training and returned to his home country before his case is

finally adjudicated. Reasonable interpretation of the requirements

of this classification and prompt adjudication of H-3 petitions

would greatly enhance the usefulness of the H-3 category.

Conclusion

In closing I would like to emphasize several points that have

been made throughout this presentation. Changes in the nonimmigrant classification system will facilitate the movement of

business personnel across national borders only if the substantive
59

changes in the law are accompanied by changes in administration of

the law. Problems involving processing delays, inconsistent

adjudications, and inexperienced and undertrained examiners have

proven as frustrating to members of ACIP as have the substantive

deficiencies in the present statute. Unless these problems are

effectively addressed, the proposed revisions in the nonimmigrant

classification system will have little practical import. The

inefficiency of the INS must be corrected for the full benefits of

any reform of the law to actually have an impact on the current

waste of time and resources experienced by ACIP members in

effecting routine personnel decisions.

On that note, I bring my remarks to a close. I will be

pleased to answer any questions the member of the Subcommittee

might have.

STATEMENT OF HAROLD J. AMMOND, DIRECTOR, COUNCIL OF

ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS ORGANIZATION, HADDONFIELD,

N.J.

Mr. AMMOND. Mr. Chairman and members of the Senate Judiciary Committee on Immigration, my name is Harold Ammond. It is

a pleasure to address the committee in my position as a member of

the executive board of the Council of Engineers and Scientists Organization called CESO.

CESO is a national coordinating council for 10 independent labor

organizations representing engineering, scientific and technical employees at such companies as Boeing, Lockheed, McDonnell Douglas, the Aerospace Corp., Leeds and Northrup, RCA, and Westinghouse.

I trust you will find my comments pertinent as CESO's involvement in the issue of criteria for granting H-l and H-2 visas dates

back to early 1978. Then, as now, industry was attempting to

import large numbers of scientists, engineers and technical employees on temporary visas to fill positions that they claim could not be

filled with domestic engineers.

Our position at that time was that for virtually every engineering position, an American engineer could be found. Our position remains unchanged. We feel that the difficulty industry has in filling

requirements lies not so much with the number of available applicants as to the methods by which industry recruits and the level at

which they compensate.

Recruiting scientific and engineering personnel is quite different

from most other occupations. The professional labor market is

truly a national one. For those skills are at times so specialized

that no qualified applicant may exist within a local labor market.
60

Unless an employer seeks nationwide to fill a position, it cannot,

with absolute assurance, say that no qualified applicant exists.

The Department of Labor recognized this problem and in May

1979 joined CESO in the creation of the CESO Registry which was

called CESOR. CESOR solicited resumes of engineers on a national

level through trade magazines, local newspapers and towns having

large numbers of scientific and engineering personnel, and from

the member organizations of CESO.

When a company sought a temporary work permit from the

DOL, that agency advised CESOR, which then forwarded resumes

of available engineers on file with CESOR who claimed the skill

the company alleged it could not find in the United States.

The DOL gave the resumes to the company, and then the company was required to explain why the American engineer who had

submitted his or her resume was not satisfactory.

CESOR was in place from May 1979 through September 1980, at

which time responsibility for skill-matching was transferred to a

nationwide job bank set up by the Department of Labor in the New

York State Employment Department.

It is CESO's feeling that CESOR could have been more successful, had industry extended its cooperation. Even as some companies

laid off engineers for lack of work, they refused to make engineers

aware of CESOR to aid in finding work elsewhere.

Indeed, the Aerospace Industry Association, an association of

major aerospace companies, refused to aid in the process even

though the member companies would have been the prime users of

the program.

What prompts industry to drag its collective feet on the procedure which would benefit the domestic scientist, engineer and technical employee in finding employment? We feel it is the second

point I mentioned earlier, compensation.

Quite simply, Mr. Chairman, aliens will work for less. The

chance to work in the United States, even at a salary considerably

less than the prevailing wage for an American engineer is quite attractive.

As an example, I draw your attention to a column called "Your

Profession" in the November 12, 1981 issue of "Electronic Design,"

an industry trade magazine which detailed the marketing efforts of

a California employment agency for Filipino technicians and engineers.

The agency advertised as one of the qualifications of Filipino

technical workers the sizable reduction in their wages. The

common practice of employers to limit the number of qualified applicants is to make the salary offer for a position requiring a certain amount of experience or education so low that only an alien

would consider it.

Compensation is not limited to salary offers, either. Certainly we

are all aware of what high interest rates on home mortgages has

done to the typical American ability to sell a home and move elsewhere. Companies have failed to adequately address the true cost

of relocation in making offers to qualified applicants. The foreign

worker is more willing to make the sacrifice and absorb the uncompensated hidden relocation expenses.
61

The problem, in our view, is one of underutilization and allocation. Properly solved, it could provide better financial reward and

career development for engineers and scientists. The solution

would also benefit those technically oriented people who cannot

find employment at present and would allow them to continue

their growth and possibly lead to even a more rewarding career in

engineering or science.

Admittedly, the domestic nationwide recruitment and placement

effort may be inconvenient to corporate management, when

weighed against the overall suffering experienced by so many engineers during the lean years when the cyclical nature of technology

companies reached its low ebb. The corporate costs and efforts

today is insignificant. The recruitment effort may also require

some individual training for specialized jobs in cooperation with

educational institutions to train more technical support personnel.

If so, such training would be beneficial to both the employer and

the industry over the long haul. Productivity is now the watch

word of the Nation, but productivity is not limited to the efficient

use of machines. People, too, can be more efficiently utilized.

The idea that when a resource, even qualified personnel, becomes

scarce, we must immediately import more is now obsolete. Better

utilization, cross-training and retraining are all appropriate responses for any shortage that may exist in qualified personnel.

CESO feels that the evolution of the current practices of certifying temporary foreign workers is not warranted at this time. Any

short-term local shortage of qualified scientists, engineers, and

technical employees can be adequately handled through more thorough, nationwide recruiting efforts, equitable compensation to attract qualified applicants, and training for existing professionals.

CESO, as it did in 1979, is willing to work with Government

agencies and industry

Senator SIMPSON. May I ask you to accelerate?

Mr. AMMOND. Fine.

Having said all the above in this hearing, CESO would not seriously object to bringing into the country truly extraordinary intellectual giants envisioned by H-l visas. CESO believes that in addressing the problem, which has given rise to these hearings, Congress must make and prevent the following:

The granting of H-l status to people not yet in the United States

who do not deserve it; and two, the American companies not be allowed to have current employees holding H-2's converted to H-l.

Thank you.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much.

[Additional material submitted by Mr. Ammond follows:]
62

COUNCIL OF ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS ORGANIZATIONS

representing engineers, scientists ana technical employees information • (7i«iBM-M03i

Aerospace Industry Salary Curves

The attached charta were obtained from a salary survey conducted by the Hughes

Aircraft Company of aerospace companies. The participating companies included:

Aerospace Corporation

Boeing

Douglas Aircraft

General Dynamics - Convair

General Dynamics - Fort Worth

General Dynamica - Pomona

Grumman

Hughea Aircraft

Lockheed - California

Martin Marietta

McDonnell Aircraft*

Rockwell Aircraft - Los Angeles

TRW

Vought

The salary survey, conducted in 1981, is used by companies in comparing the

salaries of their non supervisory engineering personnel against those of

competitors. The three attached charts plot weekly salary (excluding cost of

benefits) againat yeara since receipt of Bachelor's degree. The family of curves

on each chart represent different percentiles within the salary distribution at a

particular year. For example, the 10Z salary curve is for engineera earning in

the lower 10Z of a particular peer group. The 90X is for the lower 90Z or,

equivalently, the upper 102.

Separate charts are provided for engineers having obtained as a highest degree

either a Bachelors, Masters, or Doctorate.
ENGINEERING PERSONNEL

NON-SUPERVISOR

BS DEGREE

OI23»567t t )OM 121311 ISM 17 IB 192021 22232*2326272829 3031 32 33 3* 3S36 37 38 39>.0Hl 12H3<<>* >.S<t6s7'.i>«9v

EH
64

ENGINEERING PERSONNEL

NON-SUPERVfSOR

MS DEGREE

ii in tin in I 181111 IS I* 17 If IB202I CtRt*»M»RMN3l U33 3H J!>3£37)«39*«0**l <*?>•]N<<s»>tSNT»B><9»
ENGINEERING PERSONNEL

NON-SUPERVISOR

PhD DEGREE

65

Tt«i lllCt K

1"
66

Senator SIMPSON. Mr. Feerst, please, Irwin Feerst.

STATEMENT OF IRWIN FEERST, PRESIDENT, COMMITTEE OF

CONCERNED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, MASSAPEQUA PARK, N.Y.

Mr. FEERST. Thank you. It's a pleasure to be here.

I am an electronics engineer. My three college degrees are in EE,

and I have been addressing this problem of foreign engineers for

about 7 years now.

I think that we need to identify the harm to the engineering profession, and it has been harmed by three identifiable people: Mr.

Scully, who was just here; Ms. Meissner, who likes to ping-pong the

blame between her and Mr. Scully; and Mr. Aaron Bodin of the

U.S. Department of Labor.

But before I amplify on that, let me indicate that my thrust will

be the adjustment of status on the part of foreign engineering students who come here. Some figures are upsetting. According to the

New York Times, December 7, 1981•Pearl Harbor Day•there are

fully 312,000 foreign students here.

I note that the largest single group, more than 80,000, are studying engineering.

Now I think it's reasonable to give a cost to this thing. I think

that if we compute the total cost per year of the education and subtract from them the tuition and fees that they pay, the net cost to

the American taxpayer is somewhat over $3,000 per student per

year. $3,000 per student per year times 312,000 students is about $1

billion a year that the American taxpayer has to pay to educate

foreign students.

I note, for example, that Senator Grassley's home State of Iowa,

particularly the University of Iowa, has turned out repeatedly

hordes of alien engineering students at the graduate level, and I

have a paper that will bear that out. I don't understand that, and I

wonder, for example, how the American engineers at Rockwell-Collins in Cedar Rapids will take to this thing. I am speaking at Rockwell-Collins on February 11 of next year.

There is a second cost we have to look at, the cost to this Nation's poor. College training has typically been the way the poorer

classes elevate themselves to the middle class. It happened with

me. I was born in what was then a slum. God knows what it's

turned into now.

But what has happened is that the foreign students who come

here are not the poor classes. They are the upper classes from overseas. They come here and they immediately have, at least in the

engineering field, no problem in getting their student visas exchanged for a resident visa; thus they become an instant middle

class in this Nation.

But the result is the presence of this middle class inhibits the

upward mobility of our poor classes, many of whom happen to have

dark skin.

I think we have to recognize that fact, that it is indeed a social

problem as well.

The third cost which I would like to mention is the cost that my

colleague, Mr. Ammond, had spoken of, the lower wages that these

people get. These foreign students in engineering•and my state-
67

merit that I will give you has some of these•work for, on an average, one-third less than the American engineer works for.

Now this, of course, drags everything down. There's been a very,

very recent development in this. At GTE, Sylvania, Needham

Heights, Mass.•I believe Mr. Kennedy is from that State•last

Friday, December 4, GTE laid off 100 American engineers, but did

not touch any of the 70 British engineers they had hired in the

past 18 months.

I wonder how our Irish people in Boston are going to take to that

when they find it out.

To sum up, we think that no foreign student should be allowed to

remain here. He or she should be made to go back and wait his or

her turn in the queue as every other person from that nation.

Some other small points: Mr. Scully would have us think that

things are working well overseas. Not true. Before a Department of

State can issue a student visa, they must ascertain that there are

jobs in the native land for the skills that that student will acquire

as a result of his or her training here. And that's not done, and

that's not the case.

I'll terminate this now and remain open for any questions you

may have.

[The articles submitted by Mr. Feerst follow:]
68

Are Aliens in

Engineering a Threat

toYourJob?

by Irwin Feerst

(CHANGE OF STATUS)

Presented to:

Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration

11 December, 1981

ComrruX^ee oh Conc&inzd E.E.4

P. 0. Box 19

Maiiapzqua PaAk, N.V. 11162

(516) 79S-9577
69

THE COSTS

OF FOREIGN STUDENTS

STUDYING IN THE

UNITED STATES

(WITH EMPHASIS ON ENGINEERING)

A. THE COST TO THE AMERICAN TAXPAYER

Assume that each college student costs the American taxpayer

S3,000 peV year. This is the total cost of his/her education less the

tuition cost. Thus, the total cost to the American taxpayers for the

312,000 foreign students studying in the United States is more that

$ 1 BILLION PER YEAR!!!! In the case of engineering, the per student

cost is even more. This is because of the expensive capital equipment

required for engineering education.

B. THE COST TO AMERICA'S POOR

Only the upper classes of foreign nationals can afford to come to

the United States to study. Many (perhaps most) remain here - no

precise figures are available because of the ineptness and intransigence

Committee. o& ConceAnnd E.B.t

P. 0. Box 19

Miiiaapequa Ptvik, N.V. \Whl

15161 79S-9517

Irwln Fcerst
70

of the Department of State, the Department of Labor and the

Immigration and Naturalization Service. Thus, those who do remain

here become an instant middle class.

But the American process has traditionally been one in which our

lower classes percolate upwards to the middle class. But the presence

of this instantly-created middle class (the foreign graduates of

American colleges) inhibits the upwards social mobility of our lower

classes - many of whom happen to have dark skin.

C. THE COST TO LABOR

Those engineering students who do change their status and remain

in this country to work do so at a lower wage!! We have documented

several such examples. Thus, the foreign engineering graduates of

American colleges working in the United States pull down the salaries

of American engineers!!!!

There is an even more insidious result. We have documented cases

in which directly-imported foreign engineers are kept on the job even

after their American counterparts have been laid off. The most recent

example occurred on December 4, 1981 at GTE-Sylvania, Needham Heights,

Mass. GTE laid off about 100 engineers • all were Americans • but

retained all of the approximately 70 British engineers they had hired

in the past 18 months. (I believe that the State of Massachusetts is the

home state of a member of this Subcommittee.)

In another case. General Electric (Lynchburg, Virginia) retained

all 15 British engineers they had hired (with less than 10 months'

service), but laid off many American engineers. This occurred in

March, 1981.

IN ALL CASES, FOREIGN ENGINEERS HAVE BEEN KEPT ON THE JOB AND

AMERICAN ENGINEERS WERE FIRED BECAUSE FOREIGN ENGINEERS WORK FOR LESS.

D. RECOMMENDATION

THE COMMITTEE OF CONCERNED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS RECOMMENDS THAT

FOREIGN STUDENTS BE FORCED TO RETURN TO THEIR NATIVE COUNTRY AFTER

COMPLETING THEIR EDUCATION. NO EXCEPTIONS SHOULD BE GRANTED,

Comnifctee o& Concvuizd E.E.i

P. 0. Box 19

Uaitape^ua. Vank, N.V. 117,62

(516) 79S-9517 f

Irwin Feerst Sheet 2
71

THE NEW YORK TIMES, MONDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1981 B14

Iran Leads in Students

Attending US Schools

WASHINGTON. Dec. 6 (AP) - Iran

Ms more students attending American

colleges and universities than does any

other foreign country, despite the breakdown In relations between Washington

and Teheran, according to a study released today by the Institute of International Education.

About 47,530 Iranian students attended American colleges In 1980-81,

down from 51,300 the year before, the Institute's annual census found. The decline came In the wake of Government

efforts to deport Iranians who were violating their visas.

Overall, nearly one-third of the record

312,000 foreign students attending

American colleges and universities

came from nations In the Organization

of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the

study said.

Overall, enrollment of foreigners on

American campuses grew 9 percent,

from 286,000 In 1979-80.

80,170 ( = 25.8% ) ARE STUDYING ENGINEERING !!!

(BY FAR THE LARGEST CATEGORY)

Source: Mr. E. Battle, Institute of International Education, 212/883-8200

Comncttee o& Conc.tn.md E.E.4

P. 0. Box. 19

Ma.biape.qua Tank, H.V. 11762

(516) 798-9517

Irwin Feerst
72

ENGINEERING DEGREES GRANTED TO FOREIGN STUDENTS

(ATTENDING AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES)

1979 1980 1981

NUMBER PCT. NUMBER PCT. NUMBER PCT.

B.S. 3788 7.20% 4855 8.35% 5622 8,92%

M.S. 4066 25.4 % 4509 26.6 % 4677 26,1 %

PH. D. 929 33.0 % 982 35.7 % 1054 -37,1 %

TOTAL FOREIGN 8783 10346 11353

Source: Engineering Manpower Commission, Mr. P. Sheridan, 212/644-7850

Committee oi ConceAnzd B.E.i

P. 0. Box 19

Moiiapeqim Tajik, N.V. UHl

I5M) 79S-95I7

Irwin Feerst Sheet 4
73

Commentary

(ConOnued from Pege 87)

or snother but which essentially is •

givsn quantity.

Yet each enterprise's interns! bureaucracy gata stiff and old; and if

young and vigorous enterprises an

actively suppressed, than ia no altar

oativt for the beleaguered customer*

to the creaking product* and toole of

today.

Aa you muat know, several independent studies have ehown that•aa

we always knew•97 percent of all

employment growth ia in new enter

priaaa. That a 30-to-one! We hear

argumenta for oragainat the Marxist

idea of worker ownership, but none

about the eventual necaaaary replacement of antiquated ideaa and

life'a blood ofindoaCrial renewal. The

pubbc muat come to realize that the

rich-bird, the capitalist pig, ia absolutely indispensable to renewal; and

that, whan we pick hie pocket to feed

the poor, he can'tspend it to build jobe

for their many children in industries

that don't exiat yet And no on

can. either, because than it n

elae •unlese you believe the gi

mmi has a good aenae for raarki

ideaa (maybe the SBA?). Might aa

well eat the aeed com

Mr. Reagan truste the American

People to invest their tax cuta in progreae. Really! Don't let the SEC find

out! It't literally UUgai 'To protect the

little guy from risks, the SEC has asseotislly prohibited h

inveat in Chrysler..

is mads to the letter writBen by the president of Precision Controls, Inc. of Eugene, Oregon in which

the company 'i hiring ofan alien engineer with an MS degree and "several

control- defended.

We have the sites

and the buildings!

Move nearer to all of your markets with a Mid-marketway, USA

location. Kansas Is close to everything; near to everywhere.

And you'll appreciate the attitude in this rigfit-to-work environment. Write or call direct concerning properties listed here.

TAKE A LOOK AT THESE KANSAS PROPERTIES

OTTAWA * New pr»*nglne*red metal building,

20,000 aq. fi• sipsndatte to 90.000 w. ft., on n.35 seres.

lor •' reinforced tnicknsss. In tnoustrisi park wHh »" Spur

aa•. Constructed on spec by weal osvstopmani eorporsuon. Community etza 11,000. For tftla, end oilier sires,

contsei Ottawa Ind. Oeselopmew, Inc. Bos Q, Onawa.

Kansas 88067. 91*2421000.

ARKANSAS CITY * 42.000 so. fr Buns, iisei sosc

EL DORADO * 290 acre industrial i

id by city, in escetlem road. BR s

KVICSS. readily s variable uliuty s

>l economically priced wslsr. electricity end

gas, Largest contiguous parcel oval 100 scree. City owns

watsr ngMs lo 8.000 scrs 'seervolr 3 miiss horn park. Productive labor lores. Conlscl Ind. Development Director,

3167321-3150. Bos 500, El Dorado. Kansaa 07042.

GARDEN CITY • Whether It be a mum-section site

'or lows Beat Processors, a 14 sere sits tor s Time-Lire subsidiary, s 9 acre Sits for Garden City B*ii Processors, or

others. Garden City can, and will. Ibid s sits to till your

needs. Contsct Jim Edwards. Girosn C.rv Araa Chamber ol

Commsrca. 201 E. Laurel. Garden City. Kansas 87846,

31*Z76-32B4.

chase • 1500.000 or Issss for H.OOfSQ. tJyssr Writs J. II.

Dsvsllns. Chamber of Commerce. 90s 519, Hutcnlnson.

i750i.CsH3lB7B62.3391

MANHATTAN • Msnhatten nee: A city owned In,

- productive labor 'ores - sjresnsnt HOOF climate - Kansas

Sists University. Divisions of Norton Simon. International

Multl Foods. Parker Hannifin. Joaiens ire sstebllsnsd inc

eipanding in Msnnsttsn, Can 0, »•i. ior , Fsci BOOK snd

sllendeni mstsrlsi - Msnnsltsn Clismbsr of Commerce

Bon 988. Msnhsilsn. Kansas 88903, 913/776*629.

^

* city of 42.000 on 1-7011-139. The commsr1150,000 population - available labor - aOunif mofleratafy priced homes - a central iocsIWnt 100 acre SHS on highway plus leveret

I trie former Schilling Air Baas • sites otter ran

"1 financing- a perfect locallon

for your piarn. Contact: Bob Whirwortri. Salina C of C, Bos

508. Sslins. K*. 87401. 913(82 7 9301

TOPEKA • The uftimate in cnoice can os found In

Top***, ins Capital City. The 225-ecrs Toosks Induatnal

Park, complete with all utllltlee and improvemenfi. le

tensd by the Union Pacific fiR Foroea Air Induatnal Park

offers bulMlnga reedy 'or modification to sun your needs.

Topes* Chamber industrial DeveMpmeni Corporation,

filbert Ott. 722 Kanaaa, Top***. Kansaa 68803,913/234-2644

WICHITA • The largeel city In Kansas has lofly

dsveioped Industrial si lee end several available buildings

from 19.000 to 110.000 sg. ft. Wichita can provide sn abundance of snergy (Including) unlimited naturel gas), good

profitability are Important - look 10 Wtctillal Contact: Jerry

Mallof, Senior V.P.. Wlcnite Ares C ol C, 350 Weei Douglee,

Wichita. Kansas 87302, 3187269-7771.

MID-MARKETWAY USA

KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

503 KANSAS AVENUE • STH FLOOR

TOPEKA. KANSAS 88603 PHONE 19131 298-3463

J17.700- year But the long-winded

description of the pro case whereby

the sweatshop wage was legs"

interesting and illtitninatft a

acure point*,

jd e The fact that the siisn engineer*

rf waa recruited from the campus of the

University of Oregon make* it clear

why we muat insist that the universities limit tl

schools. The now-employed alien

managed to *u bvert the intent of hia

student visa (that he return home

after graduation) by contriving to

find a job in this country after

graduation. Indaad, many alien

engineering student* come here to

•Cody precisely because they know

that they can find a job after

graduation (and thua remain in this

country) by the simple expedient of

working for a substandard wag*.

- • The complicity of the U.S.

Department ofLabor in undermining

the salary structure of the American

engineering profession ia clear. That

the USDOL'e office in Eugene, Oregon

waa willing to accept, aa accurate.

Prebaion Controla' salary figure indicate* the ineffectiveneae (at the very

least) of Labor's efforts to protect the

Amarican engineer. Yet IEEE's

salary survey ia updated annually

and has been mad* available to

USDOL for many yean. Why did

Labor choose to ignore those salary

figure* and »ly, instead, on an obscure eat of data supplied by the very

employer seeking to certify an alien?

s Contrary to th* assertion of

Precision Control*, there ia no

shortage of engineers in this country.

There ia, however, a shortage of

American engineers with an MS and

"never*! yean' experience in real-time

proceaa control" who are willing to

work for (17,700/year.

s A large part of the blame for this

unhealthy situation most lie with the

engineering societies, which have

ntvtr served as profeaaional defenders of their members. Th* hierarchies of the engineering societies are

composed of members of the two

groups that benefit most by alien

engineers•th* college professors

(whose daaaroom* are kept full by the

presence of aliena) and the corporate

executives (whose engineering costs

are kept down by hiring alien engineers at substandard wages).

To sum up: Precision Controla' hir

in i of an alien engineer with an MS

and "several years' experience in

117.700/ year ia, simply put, a case of

exploitation. In this act. the firm has

been aided by the ineffectiveness of

the U.S. Department of Labor and the

indifference of the engineering societies. Yet, Precision Controls would

have ua believe that the hiring of the

alien engineer was "a bit ofhumanity

towards the prospective immigrant."

After wiping away my tears. I would

ask, "If you an ao humane, why

didn't you offer the alien engineer a

salary of 125,000/ year'?"

Irwin Fee re 1

Committee of Concerned EEs

~laasapec.ua Park, .VY

cSlt?tr-*WC C7t*T, 7Z*fSf

<7^^,a*4T
74

OMNI Personnel Services Inc.

Smte 279

4020 Stevens Creek Dlvd

Son Jose, California 95129

Phone (400) 249-3544

Telex 171-647

TWX 910-330-7067

2 September 1981

Dear Sir:

We would like to introduce OMNI Personnel Services, Inc., which represents

the Philippine contract workers in Canada, Great Britain, Italy, Saudi

Arabia and other Mid-Eastern countries.

The Philippine labor market has been very attractive to companies in

foreign countries worldwide because Filipinos are known not only for

their hard work and technical abilities, but also for their command of

the English language. To top it all, hiring of Filipino technical

workers is more advantageous because it means an increase in profit for

your company due to the sizable reduction in their wages.

We would like to explore with you the possibility of securing H-l visas

issued by the U, S. Immigration Services for contract workers in the

United States. We would also like to discuss with you placement in

foreign countries in which your company might have manpower requirements.

If you think OMNI can solve your manpower requirements, please do not

hesitate to write or call us, and we would be more than glad to discuss

the matter in further detail, personally.

With anticipation that this letter will merit your valued interest, I

remain.

Sincerely,

RODRIGO P. ALAURA

Director - Contract Workers

RPA/ksb
75

Senator SIMPSON. We'll have some questions. You look like you'd

be ready for a few, and spiritedly respond. [Laughter.]

So we'll save those.

You didn't mention Wyoming. What had happened there?

Mr. FEERST. I have no data on that. Oh, I do, but they are not

one of the principal offending colleges. [Laughter.]

Senator SIMPSON. Well, we only have one in Wyoming. One 4-

year institution, heavily funded.

Senator GRASSLEY. Let me suggest to the last speaker that when

I was in the State legislature in the early 1970's, I raised the question with our university president, not just about engineering students, but about any foreign student, particularly foreign graduate

students, and why they weren't paying any more tuition than just

an out-of-State student. In fact, in some respects, maybe there was

some way they could just pay in-State tuition.

Mr. FEERST. That's true.

Senator GRASSLEY. I suggested that the very least they ought to

do was pay the full cost of the education.

And of course the response I got from the president of the university was that you don't know how important it is to have foreign students at the university to serve as a resource, through

friendship, et cetera, for all of the American students or Iowa students who are at these universities; that is part of the process of

liberal education within America.

I suggested that that liberal education could probably come just

as well through their paying the full cost, as well as the taxpayers

of Iowa subsidizing the cost.

Mr. FEERST. Senator, you're correct, but the great importance of

having foreign students, now that the World War II baby boom is

gone, is that it keeps the professors in work. They might even have

to go out into the real world. That's a terrible thing. They have to

have jobs, and jobs require students. A billion dollars a year.

Senator SIMPSON. Well, we'll have some questions.

I might just start down the row here. Mr. Cagney, I was interested in Senator Grassley's remark. While I was a student at the university, we had a great number of Afghani students because of the

interchange of the learning of the process of wool growing and the

high altitude of the West was very similar to Afghanistan. A very

large number. Extraordinary. And from India. And that was a

great part of the experience for the Wyoming student who grew up

in Wyoming, remained in Wyoming, to have that interchange, that

cross-pollenization.

Indeed, one of the pharmacists down at Peoples Drug in Georgetown is from India, and he went to the University of Wyoming soon

after I did. Very interesting things. I think that's a very important

thing. But enough of that. I could romance along.

Mr. Cagney, you mentioned the recommendation of having reputable companies authorized to handle their own L-l programs

such as is now authorized for the exchange visitor or for J-l programs. How do you respond to the situation that many companies,

even very large and reputable ones, discharge their American engineers in order to hire at a lower price foreign engineers?

Mr. CAGNEY. Well, I don't think that would be it, really. Maybe

we're talking about different groups of people. On the L-l pro-
76

gram, you are bringing talented managerial executive, specialized

knowledge staff who are identified with the company. They are not

to displace, let me say, American engineers, and bringing in foreign nationals, such as major corporations do, is costly. In my experience•and again I say maybe we are talking about different

groups of people than this gentleman on my left, but you pay at

least the American wages, and there are other costs.

To move people internationally is expensive, and what you need

is the talent, international experience, international exposure.

That is why companies are moving these selected foreign nationals

over here. They are not talking about great numbers, at least from

my point of view. They are not enormous numbers, and they are

not interfering with our domestic labor market.

In my experience, the companies that we are dealing with I

would have to disclaim the statement that companies were bringing people in at lower wages, and because they are not availing

themselves of the domestic labor market. We only wish they could,

really.

Senator SIMPSON. YOU also mentioned the possibility of granting

a long-term visa, for up to 10 years. Would not that result in practice with sufficient ties and equities being built up for almost every

one of those visa recipients that they would then be able to prove

perhaps a hardship and be able to remain as a permanent resident

if they wished? Would that not occur?

Mr. CAGNEY. Well, there's no doubt that would occur, sir. I'm

sure that would be brought about with the passage of time, but let

me put it in another context: American companies send American

expatriates abroad for a good number of years. The company I

worked for had people in England for 10 to 15 years; in Germany

for the same length of time. They were felt to be needed at that

time in development of the organization.

So other foreign countries do allow that. They don't bring up the

question of permanent residence requirement in the United Kingdom or in Germany. I think we artificially create a problem by

saying that anybody coming in here on an L-l basis or an H-l or

whatever it is, must be going for a permanent resident status. They

are here to do a job.

They may be needed at a U.S. headquarters because of their

talent and ability. Maybe they function well in Germany, but

bringing the family over here is a risk to the company and to the

individual. It's almost like a trial marriage, as it were.

There may be a number of reasons in one case where they would

not want to stay longer than a 2-, 3-, or 4-year period of time which,

for instance, is the experience on the L-l visas. But then again

there may very well be a number of cases•and I don't think they'd

be all that great•where with the passage of time on this long-term

visa, that with the marriage taking place between the headquarters and the individual and his or her family, they would say, "Yes,

we at this stage would like to convert over to permanent residency."

But I don't envisage that as a real thrust of the request for the

long-term visa program.

Senator SIMPSON. If one were to expand the length of stay permitted under one of the L or the H categories, and also made it
77

easier to get those visas, would you then feel that it might be appropriate not to permit adjustment of status?

Mr. CAGNEY. Well, I think I can only say that as the State Department and others said, that there may always be pressures for

an adjustment of status. I think that's an inadequate answer, but I

believe I have to be honest in saying that.

Senator SIMPSON. YOU have had obviously a great deal of experience with foreign visas. Do other countries grant nonimmigrant

business visas much more easily than we do, from your observation?

Mr. CAGNEY. Yes. They do.

Senator SIMPSON. HOW do foreigners view our procedures? As excessively complex, or tough, or too easy to enter, or to adjust, as

you perceive it, from your background?

Mr. CAGNEY. They just do not understand our restrictions. They

typically ask, "Why are you doing this?" They feel it doesn't make

sense at all. For instance, one of the real problems behind all of

these matters is, for instance, on the permanent resident visa,

which in the process that is required now, we experience delays of

12, 15, 18 months, 24 months, and it's ridiculous, because, one, it's

an artificial barrier that's set up, they must get that standing and

it takes too long. Companies just cannot wait that long in order to

get the needed talent to do this particular job.

I'm not talking about interfering with our domestic labor

market. These are multinational companies that have to function

on an international basis, and there's a reciprocity in the flow of

people. There's mobility overseas and mobility toward this end of

selected, specialized people. They are expensive. They are not

cheap, in either direction.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much.

Mr. Fragomen, at present exclusion categories for the nonimmigrant and for the immigrant are the same. You heard those other

remarks prior, of the prior panel, and I think that may encourage

adjustment of status.

Do you think the exclusion category for nonimmigrants should

be any simpler or less restrictive than for immigrants?

Mr. FRAGOMEN. Well, I think as a general principle that there

should not be as rigid an application of the grounds of exclusion to

persons who are coming to the United States for bona fide temporary purposes.

For instance, if you have someone who's a world-renowned authority, like a Nobel Prize winner in physics and he's coming here

to give lectures, and he happens to be a member of the Communist

party, I don't think that we should be so hung up over the fact that

he's a member of the Communist party. But if he wanted to immigrate, then I think that would be a more serious concern.

Mr. FEERST. Senator, may I

Senator SIMPSON. If you'll just hold, then we'll develop it within

the time. I just want to direct my questions to each of you and then

we'll come back. Make a note of what you wanted to ask and we'll

get to it at the appropriate moment.

Mr. Fragomen, do you think the consul and the INS should approve L visas as they do now for the E and B visas?
78

Mr. FRAGOMEN. Well, my own opinion is that putting the burden

on a consular official of making determinations of a sophisticated

nature as to corporate interrelationships, whether the companies

are properly affiliated or not, et cetera, would be a rather great

burden to put upon them.

What I would much rather see happen is I'd rather see a program established so that companies can file their 10-K statements

or other official documentation showing what their international

network is, and what the dimensions of that international network

are, and then all the consular officer would have to decide is

whether the person is in fact a managerial, executive or specialized

knowledge employee, and whether he's worked with the company

abroad for a year or more.

But I think that's a more efficacious way to handle the procedure. Certainly the present system is an abomination, making individual adjudications over and over again for hundreds of identical

cases.

If the Chase Manhattan Bank files 200 routine L petitions to

transfer people in and transfer them out, and in their case a very,

very small percentage of these persons would ever file even for an

extension now that you can be admitted for 3 years, let alone for

permanent residence•but the point is if they're going to file 200 of

these in the New York Immigration Service, that means an immigration officer has to sit down and make 200 separate adjudications. And when you multiply that times all the large multinational corporations that repeatedly file L petitions, the number of manhours consumed in the process so overburdens the system that it

results in tremendous backlogs in adjudications.

So the present system just doesn't make any sense.

Senator SIMPSON. Now you're referring to the L visa there?

Mr. FRAGOMEN. The L visa, right.

Senator SIMPSON. That was established in 1970. It's rather recent

in some of our dialog.

Mr. FRAGOMEN. That's correct. And I had the pleasure of being

the staff counsel on the House subcommittee at that time.

Senator SIMPSON. I recall that.

Mr. FRAGOMEN. And the purpose behind that was to be ameliatory and I think a combination of unconscionable delays in processing and maybe a little bit too rigid interpretation as to words like

"affiliation' have really undermined it considerably.

Senator SIMPSON. If only many like you could come back and see

what they wrought. [Laughter.]

In whatever year, as members, very capable members of staff, it

would be interesting, wouldn't it?

Mr. FRAGOMEN. Well, it's interesting to me to see the various

things that I worked on at that time, and what's happened subsequently.

Senator SIMPSON. I'm sure it is. Interesting for us, too.

But, anyway, this business of transferees between simply different units of international companies, then you feel that that's not

effective at all, the way it's being administered?

Mr. FRAGOMEN. NO, because the delays are just too great and the

documentation is too extensive, and basically the Immigration

Service is constantly concerned about their budgetary and man-
79

power requirements, and this present structure just overburdens

them.

Senator SIMPSON. And do you have any specific brief commentary as to how best that L visa situation might be resolved?

Mr. FRAGOMEN. Well, I think that for major corporations that

are constant users of L visas, that the way to handle it would be by

permitting those companies to file for a formal program designation, which would approve their network. For instance, in the case

of the Union Carbide Corp., it would establish which of their affiliates and subsidiaries are qualified to use L visas, and then the company would issue a document directly to the alien who would bring

it in to the consul, and he'd apply for the L visa. All the consul

would have to determine was that he was a sufficiently high level

person, one of the company's key personnel; and second, that he

had in fact worked for the company a year or more abroad.

I think that would be a very efficient way of doing it. There

would be a lot of time spent in the beginning to establish the network, so to speak, to approve the program for that company, but

once it was done, it would flow very quickly.

Senator SIMPSON. That's very interesting and well worth considering. Thank you.

Mr. Ammond, what do you think might be done legislatively to

avoid the situation that you mentioned in which companies attempt to discourage American engineers from applying for engineering jobs by offering such low salaries that only the foreign engineers would consider them?

Mr. AMMOND. Our experience, Senator, indicates that the system

works in the following fashion:

The visa is sought and the Department of Labor then becomes

involved, and they attempt to determine if there truly is a shortage

in that particular area.

Our work with the Department of Labor indicated that you

cannot do it in the State of New York or in Maryland or in New

Jersey; that you must search the country nationwide for the skill.

It is very conceivable that there can be a labor shortage of skilled

engineers and scientists on Long Island and have a surplus developing in San Diego, Calif.

It is our feeling, as the council, that it is absolutely required that

that company seek to first employ American engineers, and if it

means going to San Diego, the other side of the Nation, it's got to

be done.

So I think our problem primarily is with the Department of

Labor in getting them to properly search the country for the personnel that's required.

Senator SIMPSON. Are there changes in the adjustment of status

of process that you think might be appropriate? You mentioned

that H-l status should not be granted to people not yet in the

United States who do not deserve it.

Should we eliminate adjustment of status as an alternative?

Mr. AMMOND. Our community, the professional technical community in the United States, is definitely cyclical. We've got our history showing back in 1968, 1969, and 1970, where engineering and

technical personnel were being laid off by the thousands in this

country. In fact, we placed a sign in Seattle that said, "We're the
80

last engineer leaving Seattle. Please turn off the lights." That's

how serious it was.

Today we find ourselves in a shortage. We feel the shortage can

be balanced by proper utilization of a nationwide system to search

out individuals. We do not think that temporary scientific engineering personnel should be brought into the country. If they are,

they should not be made permanent, because unfortunately we will

once again cycle and find ourselves in a surplus situation with

American engineers.

It's just the nature of the business.

Senator SIMPSON. Under what category of nonimmigrant do most

of the engineers fall? Those who are in competition with the electrical engineers in your organization, what category?

Mr. AMMOND. Right now we are finding computer scientists, electrical, mechanical engineers being brought into the country. H-2's

right now, Senator. I'm sorry.

Senator SIMPSON. That's what I was wondering, the category.

H-2's?

Mr. AMMOND. Yes, sir.

Senator SIMPSON. YOU mentioned that American companies

allow the holders of H-2 in their employ to convert to H-l status.

Can you tell us whether or not that occurs frequently?

Mr. AMMOND. From our experience in the last couple of years,

yes, definitely.

Senator SIMPSON. Quite frequently?

Mr. AMMOND. Quite frequently.

Senator SIMPSON. DO you have any numbers?

Mr. AMMOND. NO, Senator, I'm sorry, I don't have specific numbers.

Senator SIMPSON. Maybe if you could check that and furnish that

to us, that would be helpful.

Mr. AMMOND. Sure.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much.

Mr. Feerst, you mentioned the number of foreign degrees being

given in the engineering field. I'm sure you must have some feelings about what might be done there. Should we restrict the

number of foreign students or take other action to assure that

upon the completion of their degree, that they return to their

native country? Is that what we should be considering? Should we

allow them to continue to study in the United States, and then

upon graduation should they be sent back? What are your views

there?

Mr. FEERST. I would say two things: One, they should definitely

be sent back and made to wait their turn in the queue as their

countrymen do who may not be as wealthy as they are.

Your Indian pharmacist friend is, I think, a good example of

that. Back East, there's a glut of pharmacists and I would think

there would be a natural resentment of this person who came as a

student under category F, I think, and then changed his mind and

decided to remain in Georgetown.

Moreover, it would be well from the taxpayers' point of view to

insist that foreign students pay the full total cost, which is more

than the mere tuition thats charged, including the amount, of

course, that the taxpayers of that State pay.
81

I don't think there's anything wrong with that. I think I accept

your comments that it's an interesting experience for the undergraduate. I myself put in many, many long years as a college professor. It's a fascinating time for everyone, but the thought that

they are muscling in on line before their less affluent countrymen

is upsetting, and it should upset the American sense of fair play.

Senator SIMPSON. What do you think should be done legislatively, then, in order to avoid the situation that you mention, in which

companies discharge American engineers, but retain foreign engineers?

Mr. FEERST. Well, that's fairly easy to do, but the easiest way to

fix that is to insist that the Department of Labor follows its own

rules. That is, they are not to allow, it says in the print, they are

not supposed to allow any foreign engineer to be hired unless the

employer offers the going wage.

We have submitted salary data for years to Mr. Aaron Bodin of

U.S. DOL, and Mr. Bodin consistently says this data doesn't count.

The result is there have been ads that have appeared for engineers to work for about half to two-thirds of what their American

counterparts get hired on for. The result is, as in the case of GTE,

Xerox, Raytheon, TI, when the layoffs come•and they absolutely

do come and they are coming now, right now in this crunch•the

foreign people are left.

There is a third thing we must do also. The foreign engineers

cannot easily be hired to work on defense work, for obvious reasons. The result is they tend to go off into areas in nuclear energy,

and there is a school of thought that holds that these terrible problems at the nuclear powerplants are due to the attitude that many

of the foreign engineers have, which is get the job done and to heck

with how good it is.

In the defense business, I'm pleased to say that does not happen.

Engineers work very, very hard to make sure the job gets done and

gets done correctly. It does not happen so much in other fields.

Senator SIMPSON. That's an interesting theory, but you happened

to touch upon an area which I chair also, and that is the Subcommittee on Nuclear Regulation. You didn't know that, did you?

Mr. FEERST. NO, I didn't, sir.

Senator SIMPSON. And in there, quality control is so underlaying

and underlying, especially since the lessons learned at Three Mile

Island and other things, that I would have a lot of trouble with

that theory of yours. I have a rollcall vote which I must do. We're

just about at the break point. I appreciate your testimony. I hear

what you're saying, but would you say that we should just eliminate adjustment of status as an alternative?

Mr. FEERST. I think that we should not allow student graduates,

foreign student graduates to remain in this country under any conditions.

Senator SIMPSON. That's rather succinct.

Mr. FEERST. I am an engineer, Senator.

Senator SIMPSON. Yes, I have a brother-in-law who is an engineer. [Laughter.]

So that will conclude this portion, and I will, instead of holding

you here, we will then have about a 7-minute recess while I go

vote. And I thank you very much. You've been very helpful.
82

[Recess.]

Senator SIMPSON. Well, we'll proceed with the final panel of the

afternoon.

Mr. Sam Bernsen, Esq. Nice to see you again. Charles Foster,

Esq., president of the American Immigration Lawyers Association,

Houston.

I should mention Sam is with the firm of Fragomen, Del Ray &

Bernsen, Washington.

Mr. Richard Goldstein•did I say that correctly?•Esq., president

of the New York Chapter of the American Immigration Lawyers

Association. Good to see you, sir. And Esther Kaufman, Esq., Law

Offices of Esther Kaufman.

So if you will please proceed in that order, and recognizing the

time limitation, and I will appreciate hearing your testimony.

STATEMENT OF SAM BERNSEN, ESQ., FRAGOMEN, DEL RAY &

BERNSEN, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Mr. BERNSEN. Thank you.

I'm going to talk about adjustment of status, whether we should

keep it or kill it, and I'd like to start by saying that to help combat

the illegal alien problem and reduce the immigration workload, it

is frequently suggested that the statute which allows aliens to

adjust their status be repealed.

This is section 245 of the Immigration Nationality Act.

Those who favor repeal believe that if adjustment is no longer

possible, these aliens would have to depart from the United States

and remain abroad like other prospective immigrants until they

are reached on the visa waiting list.

Unfortunately, these advocates misconstrue the statute, overlook

the history of the legislation, and also overlook the ultimate fact

that shifting the workload from immigration offices to equally

overburdened consular offices does not eliminate the workload.

We have to remember that the heart and soul of the adjustment

statute is immediate availability of an immigrant visa. Unless that

visa is immediately available, the alien is not eligible for adjustment.

So if the alien in the United States can readily obtain a visa and

is not within any of the excludable classes, what useful purpose is

served by making that alien leave the United States, get his visa

from the consul and come back to this country?

HISTORY OF ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS

Let's take a look at the history of the adjustment provision. It

was first introduced as section 245 of the Immigration Act, which

became effective in 1952. Under the earlier law, the 1924 act,

which established the consular visa system, every prospective immigrant had to apply to a consular officer outside the United

States, proceed to a U.S. port of entry, undergo inspection by an

Immigration officer and be admitted as a permanent resident.

In other words, the journey to permanent residence always had

to begin in the office of the U.S. consul abroad.

In 1935, congressional and public complaints about the rigidity of

this requirement with respect to admissible aliens who were al-
83

ready in the United States and could readily obtain visas forced

the creation of an imaginative administrative device called preexamination.

Before preexamination, for example, a Turkish citizen who entered the United States as a visitor and married a United States

citizen would have to go all the way back to Turkey, apply to a

consul for an immigrant visa, return to the United States, and

then be admitted at a port of entry as a permanent resident.

This literal adherence to the law was bitterly criticized as a triumph of form over substance. If an alien was admissible and could

readily obtain a visa, why should he be subject to such a purposeless procedure?

So the administrators looked for an answer. They found a partial

one in preexamination. Instead of making our alien go all the way

back to Turkey, arrangements were made to facilitate his entry for

a brief period into Canada, instead of going all the way back to

Turkey, to apply for an immigrant visa before an American consul

in that country.

Now this preexamination procedure entailed a complex process.

First, the determination had to be made by an immigration officer

whether the alien should be accorded this privilege of preexamination. A preliminary inspection in the United States had to be conducted. That's how it got the name preexamination, and this preliminary inspection was to determine in advance if the alien would

be admissible when he came back from Canada.

A trip to Canada was required. The alien had to appear before a

consul to apply for the visa; assurances had to be given to the Canadian Government in each individual case that the alien would be

readmitted if the visa was refused, and then there was a second immigration inspection when the alien came back.

To say the least, this practice was exceedingly cumbersome and

probably involved the greatest paper shuffle in the history of the

U.S. immigration system.

Now enactment of the adjustment statute in 1952 was intended

to end this 27-year preexamination practice. In its original form

section 245 made only a timid start. It was loaded with restrictions.

The key elements, as in the present statute, were availability of

a visa and admissibility to the United States. Also, as under the

present law, approval was a matter of discretion.

However, eligiblity was so restricted that only an alien who entered as a bona fide nonimmigrant and continued to maintain such

status was eligible. The only nonquota immigrants declared eligible

under that initial statute were the spouse and children of U.S. citizens, and they had to show that they were in the United States at

least a year prior to acquiring nonquota status.

These provisions were so restrictive that few persons could qualify, and this cumbersome preexamination procedure had to be revived.

Well, over the years there were a number of amendments of section 245 to ease some of these restrictions and make the system

work better.

We can see that the adjustment provision was the result of many

years of experience and many modifications, that it does not contribute to the illegal alien problem. There is no evidence whatever
84

that it contributes to the illegal alien problem, since aliens who

enter without inspection are ineligible, and in order for the alien to

adjust, he must be fully admissible, just as an immigrant must be

fully admissible when he applies to an American consul. Elimination of adjustment status would merely shift the workload to the

consul, but would not eliminate the workload involved.

I urge the Congress to retain the adjustment provision.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much. Mr. Foster next, please.

[Mr. Bernsen's statement follows:]
85

PREPARED STATEMENT OF SAM BERNSEN*

ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS: KEEP IT OR KILL IT?

To help c; mbat the illegal alien problem and reduce the INS

adjudications workload it is suggested from time to time that the

statute authorizing aliens in the United States to adjust their

status to lawful permanent residents be repealed. Section 245,

Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 USC. The popular belief among

the advocates of repeal is that if adjustment is no longer possible,

these aliens would have to depart and remain abroad like other

prospective immigrants until they are reached on the visa waiting

list.

Unfortunately, these advocates misconstrue the statute, ignore

the history of this legislation and overlook the ultimate fact that

shifting a workload from immigration officers to consular officers

does iot eliminate it.

The heart and soul of the adjustment statute is immediate

availability of an immigrant visa. Unless it is immediately

available to him, the alien is not eligible for adjustment. Thus,

if an alien in the U.S. can readily obtain a visa and is not within

any of the excludable classes, what useful purpose is served by

compelling the alien to depart and get his visa from a U.S Consul

abroad ?

Immigrant visas are deemed to be immediately available only

to aliens exempt from the numerical limitations, and to non-exempt

aliens whose turn on the waiting list has been reached. Exempt

aliens include persons such as the spouses and children of U.S.

citizens. Non-exempt immigrants are other close relatives of U.S.

* Sam Bernsen is the former General Counsel of INS. Before that he

was Assistant Commissioner for Adjudications. At one point in his

career of over 35 years with INS he served as a District Director (New

Orleans). He has been a practicing attorney in Washington, DC since his

retirement from INS in 1977. He recently served as Director of Legal

Research for the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy and

is an Adjunct Professor of Law at Catholic University's law school.
citizens, spouses and unmarried sons and daughters of lawful residents,

and needed workers who have been certified to be in short supply in

the U.S. Thus with respect to the key requirements for immigration,

visa availability and admissibility, an alien in the U.S. is on the

same footing as the alien abroad. Neither can become a permanent

resident unless he qualifies for immigration status through approval

of a petition, and can readily obtain a visa. Like the applicant

applying to a consul abroad for an immigrant visa, the adjustment

applicant in the U.S. must undergo medical checks, criminal and

security checks, pay filing fees and establish that he was never

convicted of trafficking in narcotics, is not likely to become a public

charge, was never a member of a communist organization, and is not

within any of the other numerous grounds of exclusion.

However, the adjustment applicant is subject to special

eligibility requirements. Entry without inspection, admission

as a crewman or in transit, or employment without permission (with

certain exceptions for immediate relatives of U.S. citizens) preclude

adjustment. Moreover, an alien who meets all the statutory requirements for adjustment may nonetheless be turned down in the exercise

of the Attorney General's discretion by one of the hundreds of

immigration officers to whom that discretion has been delegated. In

other words, what a review of the statute tells us is that the

adjustment applicant in the U.S. and the visa applicant abroad are

in the same position with respect to the key elements of visa

availability and admissibility but to discourage evasion of the

consular process and certain immigration violations, only adjustment

applicants are subject to special eligibility requirements and the

exercise of discretion.

Let us review the history of the adjustment provision. It

was first introduced as Section 245 of the Immigration and Nationality

Act which became effective December 24, 1952. Under the 1924 Act

which established the consular visa system, every prospective immigrant had to apply to a U.S. consular officer abroad, proceed to a

U.S. port of entry, undergo inspection by an immigration officer and

be admitted as a permanent resident. In other words the journey to
87

permanent residence had to begin in the office of a U.S. consul

abroad. In 1935 Congressional and public complaints about the

rigidity of this requirement with respect to admissible aliens in

the U.S. who could readily obtain visas forced the creation of an

imaginative administrative device called pre-examination. Before

pre-examination a Turkish citizen, for example, who had entered the

U.S. as a visitor and married a U.S. citizen would have to go back

to Turkey, apply to a Consul for an immigrant visa, return to the

U.S. and then be admitted at a port of entry as a lawful permanent

resident. This literal adherence to the law was bitterly criticized

as a triumph of form over substance. If an alien was admissible and

could readily obtain a visa, why should he be subject to such a

purposeless procedure?

Pre-examination was a partial answer. Instead of compelling

the alien to return to Turkey, arrangements were made to facilitate

his brief entry into Canada to apply for an immigrant visa before

an American Consul in that country. The procedure entailed a complex

process: a determination by an immigration officer whether an alien

should be accorded the privilege of preexamination; a preliminary

inspection in the U.S. to determine in advance the alien's admissibility when he applies to re-enter with his immigrant visa; a trip

to Canada to appear before a U.S. Consul to apply for the visa;

an assurance to the Canadian government in each individual case

that the alien would be readmitted to the U.S. if the visa was refused;

and a second immigration inspection upon the alien's return to the U.S.

to seek re-entry as a lawful permanent resident. To say the least

the practice was exceedingly cumbersome and probably involved the

greatest paper shuffle in the history of the U.S. immigration system.

Enactment of the adjustment statute in 1952 was intended

to end the 27 year pre-examination practice. In its original form.

Section 245 made only a timid start. The key elements, as in the

present statute, were availability of a visa and admissibility to

the U.S. Also, as under present law, approval was a matter of

discretion. However, eligibility was restricted to an alien who

had entered the U.S. as a bona fide nonimmigrant and had continued
88

to maintain such status. The only non quota immigrants declared

eligible under the initial adjustment statute were the spouses and

children of U.S. citizens and they had to show that they had been in

the U.S. at least one year prior to acquiring such non quota status.

These provisions were so restrictive that few persons could qualify

and pre-examination had to be revived.

On August 21, 1958, Section 245 was amended. Except for natives

of contiguous territories and the adjacent islands, both quota and

non quota immigrants were declared eligible, no prior period of residence was specified and maintenance of nonimmigrant status was not

required. With some of the more restrictive features lifted, a

marked increase in applications resulted.

More amendments followed eliminating old restrictions and

creating new ones. The Act of July 14, 1960 discontinued the requirement for entry as a bona fide nonimmigrant and all aliens were

declared eligible if inspected and admitted or paroled into the U.S.

except crewmen and aliens who are natives of contiguous territories

or adjacent islands.

The amendment of October 3, 1965 declared all Western Hemisphere natives ineligible, not just those born in contiguous

territory or adjacent islands.

Eleven years later came the Immigration and Nationality Act

amendments of October 20, 1976 restoring eligibility of Western

Hemisphere natives, including those born in contiguous territory and

adjacent islands. However, a new restriction was introduced. An

alien who worked without permission was declared ineligible unless

he or she was the spouse or unmarried minor child of a U.S. citizen

or the parent of an adult U.S. citizen. Aliens admitted in transit

were also declared ineligible, thus legislating the administrative practice.
Over a quarter of a century has passed since the first timid

enactment of the adjustment statute in 1952. Has it ended preexamination? It has not. Pre-examination still continues today,

although in a modified form. It is now called by the Department of

State "state-side criteria". Under that criteria an alien in the

U.S. who is statutorily ineligible for adjustment because of the

manner of his entry or his status at entry or the acceptance of

unauthorized employment, may apply to an American Consul in Canada

for an immigrant visa, if he has been classified as an immediate relative

of a U.S. citizen or as a first or second preference immigrant or as

a refugee. Thus where the adjustment statute is too restrictive, it

has to that extent kept the cumbersome pre-examination process alive.

Thus we see that the adjustment provision was the result of

many years of experience and numerous modifications, that it does

not contribute to the illegal alien problem, as aliens who enter

without inspection are ineligible, that adjustment applicants must

be fully admissible with an immigrant visa immediately available, and

that elimination of adjustment of status would shift, but not eliminate the workload involved.

I urge the Congress to retain the adjustment provision.

STATEMENT OF CHARLES C. FOSTER, ESQ., PRESIDENT, AMERICAN IMMIGRATION LAWYERS ASSOCIATION, HOUSTON, TEX,

Mr. FOSTER. Thank you, Senator Simpson.

I am pleased to have this opportunity again to testify before your

subcommittee on behalf of the American Immigration Lawyers Association.

Like Sam Bernsen, I, too, have been asked to talk about adjustment of status, and again I am pleased to have that opportunity.

As Sam indicated, Congress has, over a period of 30 years, expanded upon the concept of adjustment of status under section 245

of the Immigration Act in light of what we believe are strong humanitarian needs and business realities of the world today.

Therefore, our association urges the retention of section 245 substantially as it is today. If it did not exist, in fact, we believe that

Congress would have to fashion a similar remedy for the reasons I

am going to describe in the few minutes allotted.

Under the present law, as Sam indicated, no alien benefits, no

alien cuts in line in order to become a permanent resident, by the

adjustment of status procedure.
90

In fact, the alien must be fully qualified and nonexcludable; he

must have had a valid entry into the United States; he must not be

excludable under any grounds; a visa number must have been established and be immediately available, either because he's an immediate relative or under one of the preferences; and except for immediate relatives, he must not have engaged in any unauthorized

employment that would have violated his temporary status in the

United States.

Should we not have a procedure such as 245, the alien, his wife,

and his children would be forced to engage not only perhaps in substantial expense and time, but risk the possibility of disrupting

their stay in the United States.

In fact, what happens is that many people enter the United

States each year in a variety of nonimmigrant statuses, but only a

relative few will ever apply for adjustment of status. I looked at

the 1979 statistics and it showed that there was somewhere close to

166 million individuals who entered the United States in some immigrant or nonimmigrant status. Yet no more than approximately

100,000 actually adjusted their status in the United States to

lawful permanent residents. Those numbers show that the adjustment of status procedure is not being abused.

In other words, large numbers of aliens are not coming to the

United States and turning around and filing for adjustment of

status. I think the number who adjusts represents less than one

one-hundredth of 1 percent of the total number of people that were

admitted in the United States in any given year, who actually applied for adjustment of status in the United States.

The realities are that individuals who do come here in one of the

nonimmigrant statuses which Congress has established that permits them to work, a small percentage of them will stay a year or

more or longer, they and their families will develop certain ties.

Their children will be in school. The individual will have an important work assignment on behalf of a multinational corporation, and

then to require that individual to return artificially abroad for a

final interview, to take his wife and his children, would only, in my

opinion, benefit the airline industry. I see no other benefit.

The danger is not only that it would disrupt their stay temporarily in the United States, but it is not unusual, once that person

goes before a consular officer, for the consular officer to inform

him that he's missing a document, or that some other technical

problem exists, and when that individual is abroad in that situation, he's very vulnerable. He's not eligible at that time to return

to the United States in any temporary status, and so what could

happen is that the beneficiary and his family members may all be

stranded abroad for weeks or months until such time as the technical problem is worked out; whereas if he applied for adjustment of

status and there was some technical problem, then he's not off the

job and his kids are not out of school.

The real question is, if we eliminated section 245, what purpose

would be accomplished? Would it decrease illegal immigration?

And the answer is no.

In fact, the argument could be made that section 245 encourages

individuals to maintain their lawful status, because only those in
91

the United States in lawful status are eligible for adjustment of

status.

So, in effect, if section 245 adjustment is an incentive for anything, it's an incentive that the individual abide by the U.S. Immigration laws and not violate his temporary status or his permission

to be in the United States.

I would like to comment in the time remaining about a similar

concept, and that is change of status which, as opposed to adjustment of status, refers to changing one nonimmigrant status•for

example, a student, to another nonimmigrant status. And for all

the reasons I have just stated we would support the same.

It makes no sense if a person is otherwise qualified for another

nonimmigrant status provided for by Congress, to force that

person, artificially, to go abroad.

In fact, all you have done is created more work for an already

overburdened bureaucracy. You have not only one level of government, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, involved,

but you are adding another level of review with the consular post

abroad.

Thank you, Senator Simpson, for this opportunity.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much, Mr. Foster. I appreciate

that.

Mr. Goldstein.

[Mr. Foster's statement follows:]
92

PREPARED STATEMENT OF CHARLES C. FOSTER

THE NEED TO RETAIN §245 ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS

TO LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENCY

INTRODUCTION

I am pleased to have this opportunity to testify

on behalf of the American Immigration Lawyers Association

concerning Section 245 of the Immigration and Nationality

Act. The American Immigration Lawyers Association,

founded in 1946, is an association of over 1,500

attorneys who practice in the field of immigration and

nationality law. The Association currently has 24

chapters throughout the United States, and members at

large in U.S. territories, Canada, Mexico, and Europe.

The Association was organized to advance the science of

law pertaining to immigration, nationality, and

naturalization matters, to elevate the standards of

professional integrity within the immigration bar, and to

facilitate the administration of justice in the field.

Section 24 5 of the Immigration and Nationality Act provides

for the adjustment of status to lawful permanent residency of

aliens lawfully admitted into the United States who are otherwise

eligible for permanent residency, either by qualifying for an

immediately available visa number under one of the preferences,

or by having established themselves as being an immediate relative

of a United States citizen. In addition, the alien must not be

otherwise excludable under one of the grounds of exclusion set

forth in Section 212(a) of the Act. The major advantage to the

immigration system provided by Section 245 is that it permits

qualified aliens to adjust their status without having to leave

the country, and it is well-established that this straightforward

provision has saved both alien and the U.S. Government a substantial

amount of time and money.
93

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

While the Immigration Act of 1924 provided that aliens would

apply for an immigrant visa to the United States abroad at an

AmericanConsulatethe modern transportation systems of the

Twentieth Century made it feasible for large numbers of individuals

to enter the United States in various non-immigrant visa

classifications. Non-immigrants ranged from simple "visitors

for pleasure", to corporate executives or personnel on temporary

H or (in 1970) L-l non-immigrant visas.

By 1935, as a result of the complications arising from the

1924 Act's requirement that otherwise eligible aliens, within

the United States, appear for their final interview for an

immigrant visa before an American Consular Officer abroad, the

concept of "pre-examination" in Canada was devised by the

Immigration Service. Pre-examination permitted the alien to

appear before an American consular officer in Canada rather

than incurring the time, expense, and even possible jeopardy,

of returning to the home country. The alien's eligibility

for pre-examination was based upon preliminary inspection by

the Immigration Service, physical presence in the United States,

and the forwarding of appropriate documentation to the designated

consular post in Canada. If found eligible, the alien was then

scheduled to go to Canada for a hearing at the designated

American consular office, and the Government of Canada would be

assured, in each case, that the alien would be permitted to

re-enter the United States should the immigrant visa be denied.

The alien would be subsequently re-inspected by an immigration

inspector upon seeking to enter the United States through a port

of entry. Section 245 was enacted in 1952, and amended in

subsequent years, to eliminate the inefficientand unnecessary

pre-examination process for prospective immigrants. Pre-examination

still exists to a limited extent in the form of a procedure known

as "stateside criteria", whereby applicants for certain immigrant

visas, physically present in the United States and lawfully admitted,

95-586 0-82-7
94

may appear before an American consular officer in Canada for a

determination on the application.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF SECTION 245 OF THE 1952 IMMIGRATION AND

NATIONALITY ACT

Congress had clearly lost faith in the pre-examination

procedure. Dissatisfied with the burdensomepractice of preexamination whereby certain aliens were authorized to travel to

Canada for the purpose of adjusting their immigration status.

Congress enacted Section 245 as part of the 1952 Act. Thereafter,

certain classes of aliens lawfully in the United States in a

temporary status could, given certain prescribed conditions,

adjust to permanent resident status without having to leave the

country. Indeed, Senator McCarran's bill, in the words of the

Conference Report, proceeded on the theory that pre-examination

was "cumbersome, obsolete and, as practiced, contained certain

loopholes for the admission for permanent residence, of undesirable

aliens."

There were so many private immigration bills clogging the

Congressional calendar in response to the administrative

inadequacies of the pre-examination system that many Congressmen

viewed Section 245 as a major step forward towards allowing

Congress enough time to enact a comprehensive overhaul of the

nation's immigration laws. Congressman Dolliver, an Iowa

Republican, in commending Section 245, to Congressman Walter,

co-sponsor of the McCarran-Walter Act, and floor leader in the

House debate,made the following observation:

A provision which will be of great importance in

eliminating private immigration bills is that which

has to do with adjustment of immigration status.

Bills to adjust that status come to the floor

frequently. The provision in this bill will solve

that problem ... It will do a great deal of good in

doing away with private immigration bills which,

at best, are only a stopgap method of dealing with

the very human and appealing situation.

Congress Recognized The Need To Amend Section 245

While eliminating pre-examination with passage of the 1952

Act, Congress did not supply an altogether satisfactory substitute.
95

In spite of the fact that adjustment under Section 245

obviated the need for a long and costly journey abroad, Congress

attached such restrictions that few aliens could take advantage

of Section 245 relief. As enacted. Section 245 granted the

privilege of adjustment only to an alien lawfully admitted as a

non-immigrant or temporary visitor, and who continued to maintain

that status. In its report entitled Whom We Shall Welcome,

President Truman's Commission on Immigration and Naturalization

explained the deficiencies as follows:

By denying adjustment to otherwise admissible aliens

whose present status is irregular, for one or another

reason, the new procedure loses one of the major benefits

in the old system of pre-examination.

Pre-examination had been available to deserving aliens who did

not legally enter as non-immigrants or had lost non-immigrant

status. By contrast, under Section 245 as originally enacted,

an alien who found his non-immigrant status impaired even for

reasons beyond his control, was ineligible to adjust. In the

view of Rhode Island Senator John Pastore, Section 245 "drastically

curtailed the authority of the Attorney General to grant relief

in deserving cases". The Truman Commission recommended that the

following change be made:

An alien in the United States in a temporary and irregular

status should be given the privilege of having his status

adjusted to that of lawful permanent resident without

being required to leave the United States, if he is

currently qualified to enter the United States under the

immigration laws.

It should be emphasized that these proposed modifications still

left Section 245 as a cautious and carefully guarded remedy. The

alien's presence in the United States afforded him no advantage

over prospective immigrants in foreign lands. Mental and

physical testing, security clearance, availability of a visa

number and the full satisfaction of all other qualitative
96

criteria remained to prevent fraud and abuse. Indeed, when

Congress amended Section 245, on August 21, 1958, to broaden

the discretionary authority of the Attorney General, in keeping

with the Truman Commission proposals, the measured scope of the

contemplated revision was apparent to supporters and opponents

alike. The Chairman of the Senate's Committee on the Judiciary,

Senator James Eastland, observed pointedly:

The language of the instant bill has been

carefully drawn so as not to grant undeserved

benefits to the unworthy or undesirable

immigrant.

The August 21, 1958, amendments did not require a prior

period of residence or maintenance of non-immigrant status, and

established eligibility for both quota and non-quota immigrants,

except for natives of contiguous territories and adjacent islands.

Under the Act of July 14, 1960, Congress further amended

the provisions of Section 245 by allowing adjustment of status

for all aliens who have been inspected or paroled into the

United States, except for crewmen and aliens who were natives

of contiguous territories or adjacent islands. The previous

requirement of entry as a bona fide non-immigrant was eliminated,

allowing for adjustment of status at the discretion of the

Attorney General.

Further amendments, on October 3, 1965, restricted

Section 245 eligibility, excluding all Western Hemisphere natives

and not just those born in contiguous territories and adjacent

islands.

The most recent amendments to Section 245, enacted on

October 12, 1976, and effective January 1, 1977, eliminated the

discrimination between aliens of the Western Hemisphere and Eastern

Hemisphere. Section 245 eligibility for adjustment of status was

restored to otherwise qualified aliens of the Western Hemisphere

including natives of contiguous territories and adjacent islands.

The 1976 amendments, however, placed a new restriction on Section 245

eligibility by providing that aliens, other than immediate relatives
97

of U.S. citizens, who, on or after January 1, 1977, "continues in

or accepts unauthorized employment prior to filing an application

for status" are barred from adjustment under Section 245(c)(2).

Previously, unauthorized employment was only a factor to be

considered as a matter of discretion. Matter of Yarden, 15 I & N

Dec. 729 (B.I.A. 1976). Effectively, Congress rescinded the

discretion granted in the earlier legislation, so that presently

aliens who are working without proper non-immigrant visa status

are ineligible for Section 245 adjustment of status on a matter

of law.

PRESENT PROCEDURE FOR ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS

Today, for any individual to file an application for

adjustment of status as permanent resident the completed form,

Form 1-485, must be submitted with the District Office of the

U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service having jurisdiction

over the alien's place of residency. The alien must not be

excludable from admission into the United States under any of the

33 categories set forth in Section 212(a). Unless a waiver of

such ground of excludability is available and has been obtained,

the alien may be ineligible for adjustment of status.

The applicant for adjustment must have established eligibility

either 1) as an immediate relative of a U.S. citizen or, for

preference status, 2) under one of the family preferences set

forth in the first, second, fourth, and fifth preferences, or

3) under the third or sixth preference categories, through an

employer who has proved the unavailability of U.S. workers

for the position. If the individual is an immediate relative or

visa numbers are immediately available under the applicable

preference category, an individual may file the appropriate

visa petition simultaneously with the application for adjustment

of status. If visa numbers are not available, the individual

must wait until visa numbers become available based upon the

alien's priority date. Priority dates are established when the
98

appropriate visa petition was either filed by the alien's U.S.

citizen parent (first or fourth preference), permanent resident

spouse or parent (second preference), brother or sister (fifth

preference), or by the employer (third or sixth preference) with

an accompanying labor certification from the U.S. Department of

Labor, verifying that the employment of the alien will not

adversely affect U.S. workers.

Section 245(c) excludes from eligibility alien crewmen,

aliens admitted in transit without a visa, exchange visitors

who are subject to the two-year foreign residency requirement,

and individuals, other than immediate relatives, who have

engaged in unauthorized employment after January 1, 1977.

Normally, authorized employment would include employment

consistent with one of the non-immigrant visa classifications that

contemplate work within the United States. Such classifications

with inherent work authorization are A for consular officers,

B-l for individuals temporarily on business in the United

States, E-l for treaty traders, E-2 for treaty investors, F-l

for students with temporary work or practical training authorization, G for representatives of an international agency

within the United States, H-l for aliens of distinguished merit

and ability, H-2 for temporary workers, H-3 for trainees, I for

representatives of international media, J-l for exchange visitors,

J-2 for exchange visitors' spouses with work authorization, and

L-l for intra-company transferees.

In addition to the foregoing classes, the U.S. Immigration

and Naturalization Service has granted employment authorization

in certain specific cases, involving asylum applicants, refugees,

individuals covered by the Silva v. Levi case, and in limited

special circumstances, such as when work authorization was granted

by the INS Central Office to the Nicaraguans several years ago.

A priority date for an individual labor certification is

established by regulations when the application for labor

certification is accepted for processing by the appropriate

state employment agency. 8 C.F.R. 8204.1(c)(2); 9245.1(g).
Even if the alien was otherwise qualified, adjustment of

status under Section 245 is a matter of administrative discretion.

However, in the absence of adverse factors, adjustment of status

will normally be granted. Matter of Arai 13 I & N Dec. 494

(BIA 1970). Adverse factors, such as preconceived intent to

become a permanent resident, may be offset by showing unusual

or even outstanding equities such as family ties, undue hardship,

and length of residence in the United States, all of which would

be considered as countervailing factors meriting the favorable

exercise of administrative discretion.

Documentation Filed With An Application for Adjustment

The appropriate application for adjustment of status on

Form 1-485 is filed with the prescribed filing fee of $30.00 for

each applicant and any spouse and unmarried children under the

age of 21. The application is filed with the District Director

of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service having

jurisdiction over the alien's intended place of residence.

8 C.F.R. §245.2(a)(1)

The application for adjustment must be filed with either a

notice of approval of the appropriate visa petition, or with the

original visa petition simultaneously if visa numbers are

presently available. Additionally, the individual must file

biographical data on Form G-325A, appropriate birth and marital

records, photographs, and fingerprints on FBI FormFD-258, which will

be investigated to determine whether or not the applicant has

a criminal record within the United States. Affidavits of

support from family members, to establish that the alien will not

become a public charge, and the results of a medical examination,

establishing that the individual is not excludable from the

United States on health grounds, must be submitted with the

application for adjustment cf status.

One-Step Process

Until recently, subsequent to filing the Form 1-485

adjustment of status application, the alien would be advised
100

on a Form 1-246 of a date and place of his interview or hearing

before an immigration examiner on the application for permanent

resident status. According to the procedures promulgated on

May 18, 1979, based upon a successful experiment in the Houston

District Office, it has become possible to have what has been

termed a "one step" adjudication on the same day that the application

for adjustment of status and all required supporting documents are

properly filed. Operating Instruction 245.2 The Central

Office of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service has

instituted the "one step" procedure as a means to accelerate

the adjudication of applications, and to minimize the possibility

that documents will be lost in the process.

In a "clean" case, where all documents are available and the

applicant establishes prima facie eligibility, a well-trained

immigration examiner - in a matter of ten minutes or less - may

interview the applicant, initiate the necessary security clearance

processes with the FBI and the appropriate consulates abroad, and

request a visa number from the Visa Office of the U.S. Department

of State. After the prescribed 60-day period, during which the

FBI and the consulates have advised the District Office of the

U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as to whether or not

there is any criminal or other adverse information regarding

the applicant, the immigration examiner may then adjudicate the

application for adjustment as a permanent resident, provided

that a visa number (where required) has been received from the

Visa Office.

Alien's Status While Application for Adjustment is Pending

While the application for adjustment of status is pending,

the applicant will be administratively granted "employment

authorization" if prima facie eligibility has been established.

During such period of time, the applicant may not leave the

United States without being deemed to have abandoned the application

for adjustment of status, unless the alien first secures permission

known as "advance parole" from the District Director. Generally,
101

advance parole may be granted at the District Director's

discretion only where the applicant has established either a

business necessity or a family emergency. 8 C.F.R. §212.5;

Operating Instruction 212.5(c).

ADIT (Alien Documentation Identification & Telecommunication) Card

When the application for adjustment of status is approved,

the immigration examiner will issue a notice of approval on

Form 1-18IB, with a stamp evidencing temporary proof of lawful

admission for permanent residence. Such endorsement is normally

limited to 60 days, so that the applicant will not attempt to use

the temporary form after the period during which he should have

received his Alien Documentation Identification & Telecommunication

System card (sometimes known by its acronym as the "ADIT" card, or,

more popularly, as the "green" card).

It is only after the approval of the application that the

INS District Office sends copies of the photographs, along with

Form 1-89 which contains the alien's right index fingerprint and

signature, to the INS processing center in Arlington, Texas.

Normally, it takes six months or longer for the card to be

issued, due to the stringent photograph and fingerprint requirements. In fact, it is not unusual for a year or more to elapse

before the approved permanent resident receives the actual

card, or is requested on one or more occasions to return to

the District Office for new photographs and/or fingerprints in

order to meet the stringent requirements. Such requirements were

introduced in July, 1978, in order to make the card readable

by computers. However, at the present time no such computers

exist and the exacting requirements for photographs and fingerprints

demand substantial additional administrative time and effort

from the INS.

Denial of the Application for Adjustment of Status

Should the application for adjustment of status be denied,

no formal appeal procedure is provided for other than filing a
102

motion to reopen, based upon new and previously unavailable facts,

or filing a motion to reconsider, based upon issues of law that

are alleged to have been erroneously decided. 8 C.F.R. §103.5

Filing such motions would not prevent a deportation proceeding

from being commenced by the District Director.

Appeal of Denial of Application for Adjustment in Subsequent

Deportation Proceedings

While there is no formal appeal of a denial of the application

for adjustment of status, should deportation proceedings be

commenced by the District Director, the application may be

renewed by filing it directly with the Immigration Judge. The

Immigration Judge will then determine whether or not the alien

is deportable, and may consider the application for adjustment

of status on a discretionary basis. Should the application

be denied by the Immigration Judge, identifiable grounds for

such denial must be stated to provide a basis for review.

Matter of Aquirre, 13 I & N Dec. 661 (BIA 1971) In connection

with such proceedings, the Immigration Judge has the authority to

decide any appropriate application for permission to reapply,

and may adjudicate waivers of any grounds of excludability, if

available. Matter of Vrettakos, 14 I & N Dec. 593 (BIA 1973,

1974). The trial attorney, representing the District Director,

would also have the authority to adjudicate any concurrent visa

petitions.

Rescission of Approved Adjustment of Status Application

Even after adjustment of status has been granted, it may be

rescinded by the Attorney General within five years, if the

Attorney General determines that the applicant was not eligible

for adjustment at the time the application was filed. §246 (a),

I & N Act; 8 C.F.P.. 246.

RETENTION OF SECTION 245 ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS JUSTIFIED ON

HUMANITARIAN AND PRAGMATIC GROUNDS

Periodically, it has been suggested that Section 245, providing

for adjustment of status, should be eliminated on the grounds that
103

it encourages or increases illegal immigration, or that it has

been abused. Nothing could be further from the truth. The Board

of Governors of the American Immigration Lawyers Association, at

its most recent Board of Governors Meeting, held on November 13, 1981

strongly supported the retention of Section 245, on both humanitarian

and pragmatic grounds.

The Board recognized the severe, even irreparable, hardship

that would be suffered by the alien and his family should Section 245

be repealed. Statistics published by the U.S. Immigration and

Naturalization Service support the fact that use of Section 245

has not been abused, but, in fact, has been of great benefit to

the system. The elimination of Section 245 will result in a

tremendous increase in work at both District Offices and the many

consulates abroad, hardly a benefit to a system which is already

struggling to process multitudes of prospective immigrants.

The Board emphasized the severe detriment to the American

economy that would result from the elimination of, or additional

restriction of, Section 245.

Finally, the Board noted that Section 245 actually serves to

deter illegal immigration, and the elimination of Section 245 will

result in an increase in illegal immigration by creating unnecessary

and irreparable hardships to the alien and his family.

As noted previously. Section 245 was originally enacted in

1952, and amended in subsequent years, for humanitarian purposes.

The crucial question to be answered at this time, in response to

criticism of Section 24 5, is: What possible benefit would be

achieved by eliminating or further restricting a section of the

law that has been carefully developed and refined by Congress

over a thirty-year period?

Elimination of Section 24 5 Will Cause Irreparable Hardship To

Alien

To require alien applicants for adjustment of status and

their families to physically disrupt their temporary residence in

the United States, leave their jobs, schools and homes for an
104

indefinite period, to return abroad for a final hearing (and

under often uncertain social, political and economic conditions)

will obviously result in irreparable harm and undue hardship in

many cases. The large expense incurred by the alien, would only

benefit the airline industry, and would be a tragic waste of an

immigrant's often limited resources. Even in the best prepared

cases, when the alien does appear before the American consular

officer for a hearing on the immigrant application, should a

document be missing or more information be required from the INS

District Office which approved the visa petition, months of delay

can be incurred. During this indefinite period of time, a key

executive or worker, his wife and his school-age children could be

stranded abroad, unable to return for both financial reasons and

a possible inability to qualify for a temporary non-immigrant visa

during the interim period.

Elimination of Section 245 Will Create More Work And Greater

Expense For An Already Overburdened Immigration System

Elimination of or further restrictions on Section 245 could

certainly not be justified at a time of increasing concern for the

need to reduce Federal spending. If Section 245 was eliminated,

an additional level of Federal review would be created for a second

Federal agency, without any corresponding benefit. Indeed, such

a change would be to the substantial detriment of the immigration

system. Far more work would be required from employees of

American consulates abroad as well as the INS, resulting in longer

delays and increased expenditures from all parties concerned.

Needs of American Industry Necessitate Retention of Section 245

In fact, the need for the Section 245 adjustment of status

provision is so compelling, that if Section 245 did not exist

today, its enactment by Congress would be necessitated in order

to streamline an already-overburdened immigration system. As a

result of the tremendous expansion of American trade abroad, and

its operations, an urgent need exists, by both small, medium and
105

large-sized U.S. corporations, to regularly hire and transfer key

qualified aliens of distinguished merit and ability for work in the

United States.

American industry,which depends upon an incredibly complex

international network of operations, relies upon the expedited

transfer of key personnel to the United States, and the elimination

or further restriction of Section 245 would severely impede the

competitive position of U.S. companies in world markets. This,

of course, would have a detrimental effect on the U.S. balance of

payments and other inevitable repercussions. Companies in the

United States rely, to a great extent, on highly skilled,

irreplaceable foreign workers and should Section 245 be eliminated,

American industry will suffer immeasurably.

Statistics Indicate The Non-Immigrant Visa Process Has Been Used

Legitimately By Applicants For Adjustment

In 1979, the last year for which an Annual Report of the

U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service is available,

166 million aliens were inspected, and were eligible for

admission. In contrast, only 101,397 aliens (or less than

one-tenth of one percent of the total number of aliens inspected)

qualified to adjust their status under Section 245, out of the

total of 601,442 who became permanent residents in Fiscal 1978.

Although the Fiscal 1978 figure of 101,397 represented an

increase from 54,523 for Fiscal 1977, this increase can be

directly attributed to the 1977 amendments extending Section 245

benefits to the Western Hemisphere.

It has been noted that among those who did adjust under Section

245 within the Eastern Hemisphere, "immigrants in the occupational

preferences were most likely to adjust". Inter-agency Task Force

on Immigration Policy: Staff Report (March, 1979) This was due

to the necessity of a relatively small percentage of non-immigrants

in lawful status to adjust while on the job, rather than to disrupt

their assignments by returning abroad to complete the immigration

process. A small, but nevertheless significant, number of non-
106

immigrants who work in the United States for U.S. companies, for

several years or more, will establish such strong ties to the

United States that it is neither in their interest or in the

interest of the United States to force them to return upon

expiration of their non-immigrant status. Often their children

enter the American school system and are "Americanized" within

a few years, and are not prepared to return to their home country,

i

and indeed will be irreparably harmed. Many such aliens will also

become so indispensable to the company that the company will have

no alternative but to seek permanent resident status for such valuable

employees. Clearly, the above information indicates that the

non-immigrant visa process has been used legitimately by individuals

filing applications for adjustment of status within the United

States, and abuse of the system rarely occurs due to Section

245's stringent requirements for adjustment.

Elimination of Section 245 Will Increase, Not Deter, Illegal

Immigration

Contrary to arguments raised in favor of eliminating Section 245,

this provision actually serves as an incentive to immigrate

legally to the United States by allowing for adjustment to

permanent residency. In order to legally adjust under Section 24 5,

an alien must comply with all of Section 245's stringent

requirements (admissibility, inspection, valid visa, no

unauthorized employment), in order to qualify for lawful

permanent residency under Section 245, which therefore serves

as an effective deterrent to illegal immigration. If Section

245 was eliminated, or restrictions placed upon it, illegal

immigration would be encouraged because aliens would stay

illegally rather than endure the hardship of returning abroad

to a consular post for a hearing. Without the possibility

of adjustment, aliens would have an incentive not to maintain

their status, to engage in unauthorized employment, and avoid

inspection upon entry to the United States.
107

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Association strongly supports the

retention of Section 245 on both humanitarian and pragmatic

business grounds. Elimination of Section 245 will result in

more work for an overburdened system, greater expense to the

taxpayer without any corresponding benefit, would subject the

alien to severe, even irreparable hardship, and would actually

encourage illegal immigration to the United States.

STATEMENT OF RICHARD GOLDSTEIN, ESQ., PRESIDENT, NEW

YORK CHAPTER, AMERICAN IMMIGRATION LAWYERS ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK, N.Y.

Mr. GOLDSTEIN. Thank you, Senator Simpson. I, too, am pleased

to have this opportunity to address you and the members of the

subcommittee.

Recently a European client indicated to me that the reason he

wished to come to the United States for investment purposes was

because he was convinced that the United States is the place where

the last capitalist will die.

I think it is quite apparent that in much of Europe, and to most

of the world, the United States does offer a very viable investment

alternative, as well as a personal alternative, because of the growing social, political and economic uncertainties in the rest of the

world.

As tensions increase in Poland, as French business people

become more and more concerned with the current French Government, as social, political, and economic uncertainties continue to

develop in England, as new elections suggest political change in

Greece, as governments continue to collapse in Belgium, more and

more Europeans are looking to the United States for investment

purposes.

I have been asked to address my comments to investor visas both

for immigrants as well as to the nonimmigrant E visa, and in particular the Japanese E visa situation.

It is clear that unfortunately our present system does not adequately provide for immigrant visas for investors. Unfortunately,

they are categorized in the nonpreference classification, which has

been unavailable since September 1978, and has been receding

since December 1976. Therefore to suggest that an individual investor seek immigrant status in the United States by means of investment is essentially an Alice in Wonderland trip or an expedition to

Fantasy Island.

There are alternatives, and I would suggest that the subcommittee might want to look at the current system available in England.

I have attached to my testimony an analysis of the current investor

immigration laws of the English Government, which do open up to

people of independent means or investors, immigrant status in the
108

United Kingdom, provided they are willing to make a substantial

investment in a bona fide business enterprise in the United Kingdom. That generally totals at the present time $195,000, or approximately 100,000 pounds sterling. They must also meet other requirements as specified in the attached memorandum.

I would also suggest that one additional fatal problem with our

immigration system is that we do not adequately provide for retirees. There are literally tens of thousands of very wealthy people

throughout this world who simply wish to come to this country to

retire and bring their wealth to our country.

I frankly cannot envision any sensible reason for denying their

admission simply on the basis of their wanting to come here with

their wealth and to share their wealth with the rest of the economy of our country.

I might also suggest a system similar to what currently exists in

Singapore. If an individual wishes immigrant status in Singapore,

he goes before an economic review board and is presented with a

list of government-approved economic investments, and if that individual subsequently makes such an economic investment, he is entitled, after character review, to immigrant status in Singapore.

I would therefore suggest that we adopt a system similar to what

we have presently with foreign medical graduates where we designate certain deprived communities in the United States which are

in need of medical services, and now say that if an individual investor does make a substantial investment in specially-designated

programs, or in a specially-designated community which is in need

of financial investment, that such an individual should be accorded

immigrant status.

I cannot see any possible objection to granting lawful permanent

resident status to individuals who have made substantial investments in housing redevelopment in the Bronx, who have made investments in providing kidney dialysis machines in hospitals perhaps in Los Angeles, where people are dying because of the inability to provide those services; to providing school books or buses to

Appalachian schools in need of such services; to providing senior

citizen support programs in Florida; or generally just to provide

overall additional employment to U.S. communities which are in

need of such employment.

On the E visa situation, I think one thing that should be done

rather immediately is to provide for admission of E visa applicants

for the duration of their visa status.

L visa individuals are currently admitted to the United States,

assuming they have been given a 3-year visa, for an initial period

of 3 years.

E visas are generally issued for 4-year periods, but individuals

who enter the United States are generally only admitted in 1-year

intervals.

I would recommend that in an attempt to curtail the unnecessary extension applications at the Immigration Service level, and

to avoid the necessity for individuals to make unnecessary trips

overseas, that it would be useful and meaningful to minimize that

entire process by admitting E visa individuals for the full 4-year

period.
109

The E visa problem as it now exists in Japan is rather unique.

According to the State Department, there is no E visa problem. According to the Japanese Government and Japanese businesses,

there is an E visa problem resulting from a divergence, or a

change, in the policy of the United States in granting E visas.

I have provided the committee with a detailed analysis of that

problem in my testimony and would be happy to respond to any

questions you may have on it at a later time.

In conclusion, I do think it would be wise and in the interest of

this country for this subcommittee to adopt a change in the law

which would provide a more meaningful basis for individuals overseas with substantial wealth who wish to come to this country to

make necessary investments and to be admitted as permanent residents.

Thank you.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much.

Ms. Kaufman, please.

[Mr. Goldstein's prepared statement follows:]

\

\
110

;• PREPARED STATEMENT OF RICHARD S. GOLDSTEIN, ESQ.

IT IS A SINCERE PLEASURE AND PRIVILEGE FOR ME TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY

TO SPEAK BEFORE THIS COMMITTEE AT THIS TIME. MY NAME IS RICHARD S.

GOLDSTEIN AND I AM CURRENTLY SERVING IN THE POSITION OF PRESIDENT

OF THE NEW YORK CHAPTER OF THE AMERICAN IMMIGRATION LAWYERS ASSOCIATION.

OUR ORGANIZATION HAS SOME FIFTEEN HUNDRED MEMBERS THROUGHOUT THE

UNITED STATES, WITH APPROXIMATELY THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTY BEING

LOCATED IN NEW YORK CITY AND NEW YORK STATE. AT THE PRESENT TIME,

I AM ALSO SERVING AS THE CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION

AND NATIONALITY LAW OF THE INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION. THE

INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION IS LOCATED IN LONDON, ENGLAND AND

^TS MEMBERS INCLUDE PRACTISING ATTORNEYS AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

IN ALMOST ALL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. I AM ALSO CURRENTLY SERVING

AS THE CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY

LAW OF THE FEDERAL BAR ASSOCIATION WHICH HAS ITS HEADQUARTERS HERE

IN WASHINGTON, DC

I HAVE BEEN ASKED TO ADDRESS MY REMARKS TO THE ISSUE OF CURRENT

PROBLEMS FOR BUSINESS PEOPLE SEEKING ENTRY INTO THE UNITED STATES.

I PROPOSE TO NOT DISCUSS THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE LAW IN DETAIL

SINCE I AM CERTAIN THAT ALL OF US ARE QUITE FAMILIAR WITH IT.

WHAT I WOULD RATHER DO IS TO DISCUSS PROPOSALS FOR CHANGING OR

MODIFYING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE LAW TO ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT

OF FOREIGN TRADE, AS WELL AS THE INPUT OF FOREIGN CAPITAL,INTO

OUR COUNTRY.

I. IMMIGRANT INVESTOR VISAS

IT IS RATHER OBVIOUS TO ALL OF US THAT RECENT YEARS HAVE WITNESSED

A GROWING ATTRACTION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT, BOTH BY FOREIGN COMPANIES

AND BY INDIVIDUALS, INTO THE UNITED STATES.

IT IS ALSO CLEAR THAT INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES OF EXCESS OR

SURPLUS CAPITAL REPRESENTS A RELATIVELY SAFE AND PROFITABLE HAVEN

FOR SUCH CAPITAL. AS A RESULT, THERE IS A NOTICEABLE AND CLEARLY

DISCERNABLE INPUT OF INDIVIDUAL OVERSEAS CAPITAL, AS WELL AS

CORPORATE CAPITAL, IN UNITED STATES BUSINESSES, AGRICULTURAL LAND,

SHOPPING CENTRES, OFFICE BUILDINGS AND REAL ESTATE FOR CURRENT OR

POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT, __

IT IS ALSO QUITE APPARENT THAT THE UNITED STATES OFFERS A VIABLE

ALTERNATIVE TO THE GROWING SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTIES

NOW EXISTING IN MUCH OF THE WORLD. THOSE OF US WHO PRACTICE IN

THE FIELD OF IMMIGRATION LAW CAN EASILY ATTEST TO THE GROWING

UNEASINESS OF EUROPEAN BUSINESS PEOPLE IN PARTICULAR. AS TENSIONS

INCREASE IN POLAND, AS FRENCH BUSINESS PEOPLE BECOME FRIGHTENED OF

POLITICAL CHANGES IN FRANCE, AS SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL DISTURBANCES

^ND UNREST DEVELOP IN ENGLAND, AS NEW ELECTIONS SUGGEST POLITICAL

AS WELL AS SOCIAL UPHEAVAL IN GREECE, AS GOVERNMENTS CONTINUE TO

COLLAPSE IN BELGIUM, THERE IS OBVIOUSLY GOING TO CONTINUE TO BE

SIGNIFICANT CONCERN FOR CREATING A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE IN THE

UNITED STATES.
Ill

UNFORTUNATELY, THERE IS BOTH GOOD NEWS AND BAD NEWS FOR FOREIGN

INVESTORS SEEKING TO ENTER THE UNITED STATES. THE GOOD NEWS IS

THAT AMERICA STILL APPEARS TO BE RIPE AND READY FOR FOREIGN

INVESTMENT, AND STILL APPEARS TO BE ENCOURAGING FOREIGN CAPITALISTS

WISHING TO INVEST THEIR EXCESS CAPITAL IN OUR NATION, THE BAD

NEWS, HOWEVER, IS THAT OUR IMMIGRATION LAWS SURPRISINGLY MAKE FEW

IF ANY CONCESSIONS TO FOREIGN INVESTORS. INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH,

OUR IMMIGRATION LAWS ARE IN MANY WAYS FAR MORE RESTRICTIVE THAN

N OTHER NATIONS SUCH AS ENGLAND AND CANADA AND AUSTRALIA, AND

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAST FEW YEARS SEEM TO INDICATE THAT WEALTHY

INVESTORS (BOTH COMPANIES AND INDIVIDUALS) HAVE DETERMINED THAT

IT IS FAR EASIER TO SEEK ACCESS AND TO SECURE ENTRY INTO THOSE

COUNTRIES THAN IT IS IN THE UNITED STATES.

I WOULD SUGGEST THAT WE CANNOT AT THE SAME TIME SEEK FOREIGN CAPITAL

AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND PROHIBIT OR RESTRICT THE ENTRY INTO OUR

COUNTRY OF THE OWNERS OR MANAGERS OR EMPLOYEES OF THAT SOURCE OF

FOREIGN CAPITAL.

I WOULD EQUALLY SUGGEST THAT UNFORTUNATELY THERE IS NO PROVISION

IN OUR IMMIGRATION LAWS, AT THE PRESENT TIME, FOR THE VERY WEALTHY

OR FOR PEOPLE OF INDEPENDENT MEANS, WHO ARE SEEKING TO SIMPLY

SETTLE IN OUR COUNTRY AND PERHAPS RETIRE HERE CAUSING NO DRAIN

WHATSOEVER ON OUR ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL SYSTEM. OFTEN, IN MY TRAVELS

THROUGHOUT EUROPE, I AM REPEATEDLY QUESTIONED AS TO WHY OUR SYSTEM

OF LAWS DOES NOT ADEQUATELY PROVIDE FOR WEALTHY RETIRED PEOPLE WHO

SIMPLY WISH TO COME TO OUR COUNTRY WITH THEIR FUNDS FOR INVESTMENT

AND LIVE OFF THEIR INTEREST. IT IS DIFFICULT TO JUSTIFY TO THEM

WHY WE DO NOT HAVE A VIABLE ENTRY ROUTE FOR THEM, AND TO CONSISTENTLY

EXPLAIN TO THEM WHY OUR LAWS APPEAR TO TREAT THEM WITH MORE DIFFICULTY

HAN THEY WOULD WERE THEY SOUTH EAST ASIAN OR CUBAN REFUGEES.

IT IS CLEAR THAT ASIDE FROM THE ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF DOING BUSINESS

IN THE UNITED STATES, MANY EUROPEAN INDIVIDUALS IN PARTICULAR WISH

TO COME HERE TO EFFECTIVELY SEEK A NEWER WORLD FOR THEMSELVES AND

FOR THEIR FAMILIES. TO MUCH OF THE WORLD THE UNITED STATES IS STILL VIEWED AS

AN OASIS BECAUSE OF ITS LONG TERM POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STABILITY,

IT IS PERHAPS A CLICHE TO REMEMBER THAT WE ARE, AFTER ALL, FROM

BIRTH AND STILL NOW A NATION OF IMMIGRANTS. IT IS PERHAPS NOT

NECESSAR-Y TO SUGGEST THE IMPORTANCE TO OUR ECONOMIC WELL BEING

IN CONTINUING TO ATTRACT AND DEVELOP NOT ONLY THE CONTINUED INPUT

OF THE CAPITAL BUT, PERHAPS MORE IMPORTANTLY AND MORE MEANINGFULLY

IN TERMS OF THE FUTURE, CONTINUING TO ATTRACT FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY

.,ND TRADE AND EXCHANGE OF IDEAS THROUGH THE RELOCATION OF FOREIGN

PERSONNEL AND THEIR FAMILIES IN OUR COUNTRY.

IT IS CLEARLY WORTH NOTING THAT THERE IS NO STATUTE AS SUCH WHICH

AUTHORIZES THE GRANTING OF RESIDENT STATUS TO AN INDIVIDUAL WHO

WILL ENGAGE IN BUSINESS IN THE UNITED STATES. UNDER CERTAIN

CONDITIONS HOWEVER, WE DO INDICATE THAT SUCH INDIVIDUALS WILL NOT
112

BE SUBJECT TO SECTION 212 (A) (14) OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY

ACT WHICH PROHIBITS THE ADMISSION OF CERTAIN IMMIGRANTS WHO WOULD

TAKE JOBS AWAY FROM EITHER AMERICAN CITIZENS OR LAWFUL PERMANENT

RESIDENTS. SUCH PROSPECTIVE IMMIGRANTS WHO ARE COMING TO ENGAGE

IN BUSINESS AND WHO ARE THUS NOT ENTERING THE LABOR MARKET TO COMPETE

WITH AMERICANS FOR JOBS MAY, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, QUALIFY

FOR LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENCE ON A NON-PREFERENCE VISA BASIS.

OUR CURRENT INVESTOR REGULATIONS THEREFORE DO ENABLE AN INDIVIDUAL

TO REGISTER FOR AND QUALIFY FOR AN IMMIGRANT VISA BASED UPON CLEARLY

SHOWING AND DOCUMENTING THAT THAT INDIVIDUAL HAS INVESTED (OR IS

ACTIVELY IN THE PROCESS OF INVESTING) CAPITAL TOTALLING AT LEAST

FORTY THOUSAND DOLLARS IN A BUSINESS ENTERPRISE IN THE UNITED STATES,

K. .ND THAT THE INDIVIDUAL WILL BE A PRINCIPAL MANAGER OF THE BUSINESS

ENTERPRISE, AND THAT THE ENTERPRISE WILL EMPLOY A PERSON OR PERSONS

IN THE UNITED STATES WHO ARE UNITED STATES CITIZENS OR LAWFUL

PERMANENT RESIDENTS, NOT INCLUDING THE ALIEN, HIS SPOUSE AND CHILDREN.

UNDER THIS SYSTEM HOWEVER, WE MUST CAUTION OUR CLIENTS WHO SEEK

TO MAKE SUCH INVESTMENTS THAT IT IS AN "ALICE IN WONDERLAND*

FANTAS.Y AND THAT THEY ARE UNLIKELY TO SECURE IMMIGRANT VISAS FOR

THE FORESEEABLE AND DEFINITE FUTURE EVEN IF SUCH INVESTMENTS ARE

MADE. BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT WE HAVE AN EXHAUSTION OF VISA

NUMBERS THROUGH THE PREFERENCE SYSTEM, NON-PREFERENCE VISA NUMBERS

HAVE BEEN UNAVAILABLE SINCE SEPTEMBER OF 1978 AND HAVE BEEN

RECEDING IN AVAILABILITY SINCE DECEMBER OF 1976. IT IS THE

CURRENT PROJECTION OF THE VISA OFFICE THAT NO NON-PREFERENCE

NUMBERS WILL BE AVAILABLE AT ALL IN THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE.

, WHILE IT IS TRUE THAT THE PROPOSED INCREASE IN CANADIAN VISA NUMBERS

V

BY AN ADDITIONAL TWENTY THOUSAND WILL PROBABLY HAVE THE EFFECT OF

OPENING UP (AT LEAST FOR A TEMPORARY PERIOD OF TIME) CANADIAN

NON-PREFERENCE VISA NUMBERS, CLEARLY THERE IS NO BASIS FOR SUGGESTING

THAT ONLY CANADIAN INVESTORS AND RETIREES SHOULD BE ABLE TO PERMANENTLY

SETTLE IN OUR COUNTRY.

IT IS QUITE CLEAR THEREFORE THAT OUR CURRENT LAW OBVIOUSLY DOES NOT

ENCOURAGE, AND TO SOME EXTENT CLEARLY DISCOURAGES, FOREIGNERS SEEKING

TO IMMIGRATE TO OUR COUNTRY BASED ON A DESIRE TO MAKE SUBSTANTIAL

INVESTMENTS HERE OR PERHAPS TO SIMPLY RETIRE HERE WITH THEIR WEALTH.

I DO CERTAINLY RECOGNISE THE FEELING ON THE PART OF MANY THROUGHOUT

OUR COUNTRY THAT "FOREIGNERS SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO BUY THEIR

, WAY INTO THIS COUNTRY". I DO, HOWEVER, THINK THAT WE SHOULD ALL

*•. .EMEMBER THAT THERE HAS BEEN FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS AN INVESTOR

OPTION FOR FOREINGERS SEEKING LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS IN

OUR COUNTRY. IT IS ONLY BECAUSE OF THE UNAVAILABILITY OF NONPREFERENCE VISA NUMBERS THAT THIS ROUTE BECAME UNAVAILABLE AS OF

SEPTEMBER, 1978. WHAT WE SHOULD SUGGEST THEREFORE TO THE CRITICS

IS THAT WE ARE NOT SEEKING TO OPEN THE DOORS OF OUR COUNTRY TO A

NEW CATEGORY OF IMMIGRANTS, BUT MERELY SEEKING TO OPEN A DOOR

THAT HAS LONG BEEN BUILT BUT WAS TEMPORARILY SHUT. IT SHOULD BE
113

MADE CLEAR THAT WE. ARE NOT SEEKING TO PROVIDE THOSE WITH WEALTH

WITH IMMIGRANT VISA BENEFITS TO THE EXCLUSION OF THOSE WITHOUT

WEALTH. IT SHOULD BE MADE CLEAR THAT WE ARE NOT SEEKING TO GIVE

TO THE WEALTHY WHAT WE TAKE FROM THE POOR, AND THAT THE UNITED STATES

WILL CONTINUE TO BE A HAVEN FOR IMMIGRANTS SEEKING TO BE REUNIFIED

'ITH THEIR FAMILIES REGARDLESS OF THEIR ECONOMIC STABILITY OR STANDING.

IT SHOULD BE REAFFIRMED AND MADE CLEAR THAT THE UNITED STATES IS,

AND WILL CONTINUE TO BE, A HAVEN FOR POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL

REFUGEES FROM THROUGHOUT THE WORLD IN LIMITED AND IDENTIFIABLE NUMBERS.

As AN AMERICAN, I TAKE NO HAPPINESS IN DEALING WITH EUROPEANS ON AN

ALMOST DAILY BASIS WHO HAVE MADEJTHE DECISION TO TAKE THEIR WEALTH

AND THEIR FAMILIES, ALONG WITH THEIR BUSINESS CREATIVENESS AND

.ECHNOLOGY, TO COUNTRIES LIKE NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA AND CANADA.

I SEE NO BASIS OR JUSTIFICATION FOR OUR COUNTRY SEEKING TO CLOSE

THE DOORS TO THAT MEANINGFUL INPUT OF THE VERY THINGS THAT HAVE

BUILT AND SHAPED THE NATION WE NOW LIVE IN.

I AM ENCLOSING FOR THE ATTENTION OF THE COMMITTEE A BRIEF MEMORANDUM

PREPARED BY MY OFFICE IN LONDON, OUTLINING THE CURRENT STATUS OF

IMMIGRATION FOR INVESTORS INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM. I OFFER THIS

MEMORANDUM TO THE COMMITTEE WITH THE THOUGHT THAT IT MIGHT SERVE

AS THE BASIS FOR A NEW PROVISION IN OUR OWN IMMIGRATION LAWS FOR

PEOPLE OF INDEPENDENT WEALTH. I WOULD SUGGEST THAT A COMPARABLE

CHANGE IN OUR LAWS WOULD HAVE A MEANINGFUL IMPACT TO CONVINCING

FOREIGN INVESTORS THAT THE UNITED STATES STILL REMAINS A VIABLE

ALTERNATIVE RELOCATION SITE.

ONE MIGHT ALSO EXAMINE WHAT I UNDERSTAND TO BE THE PRESENT SYSTEM

FOR INVESTORS SEEKING LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENCE IN SINGAPORE,

I HAVE BEEN LED TO BELIEVE THAT THERE IS A LIST AVAILABLE TO

POTENTIAL INVESTORS AND IMMIGRANTS OF THOSE COMPANIES IN SINGAPORE

WHICH REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT INVESTMENTS. UPON PRODUCTION OF EVIDENCE

TO DOCUMENT THE INVESTMENT HAS BEEN MADE BY THE APPLICANT IN AN

APPROPRIATE AMOUNT IN AN APPROPRIATE COMPANY, CHARACTER REFERENCES

AND SECURITY CLEARANCES ARE THEN ACHIEVED AND AN INDIVIDUAL MAY

BE ACCORDED IMMIGRANT STATUS IN THE COUNTRY OF SINGAPORE.

I MIGHT SUGGEST RESPECTFULLY TO THE COMMITTEE THAT WE MIGHT DEVELOP

A COMPARABLE SYSTEM HERE IN OUR OWN COUNTRY, COMBINING THE BEST

OF THE SYSTEMS OF SINGAPORE AND THE UNITED KINGDOM. SURELY, THERE

IS A RECOGNISED NEED FOR CAPITAL INVESTMENTS IN MANY SECTORS OF

OUR ECONOMY. SURELY, WE CAN IDENTIFY SPECIFIC LOCAL, STATE AND

EVEN FEDERAL PROJECTS WHICH HAVE HAD TO BE CURTAILED BECAUSE OF

AN INABILITY TO SECURE EITHER LOCAL OR FEDERAL FINANCING.

SURELY, THERE ARE ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES WITHIN OUR COUNTRY WHICH ARE

UNABLE TO HOUSE, CARE, EDUCATE OR EVEN PROVIDE PROPER MEDICAL

.TTENTION TO THEIR RESIDENTS. IT MIGHT THEREFORE BE POSSIBLE TO

DEVELOP A LIST OF APPROVEDXOCAL, STATE OR EVEN EEDERAL

PROJECTS WHICH DO REQUIRE SUCH CAPITAL FINANCING. IF AN INDIVIDUAL

WOULD MAKE WHAT WOULD BE VIEWED AS A SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT OF HIS
114

OR HER FUNDS IN SUCH A PROJECT, WHICH WOULD BE VIEWED AS BEING

MEANINGFUL AND PRODUCTIVE TO OUR COUNTRY, THEN LAWFUL PERMANENT

RESIDENT STATUS COULD BE GRANTED TO SUCH INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR FAMILIES.

I CANNOT ENVISION ANY MEANINGFUL OPPOSITION TO A PROGRAM WHICH WOULD

HAVE THE EFFECT OF IDENTIFYING THOSE SECTORS OF OUR NATION WHICH

REQUIRE SUBSTANTIAL CAPITAL TO IMPROVE SERVICES TO OUR OWN CITIZENS,

AND PERMIT SUCH FOREIGN CAPITAL INVESTORS TO THEMSELVES SECURE

RESIDENT STATUS IN OUR COUNTRY, SURELY, WE CANNOT EXPECT FOREIGN

INDIVIDUALS TO MAKE SUCH SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENTS AND TO AT THE

AME TIME DENY THEM THE RIGHT TO LIVE HERE PERHAPS PERMANENTLY

WITH THEIR OWN FAMILIES.

SURELY, WE MUST ALL RECOGNISE THE BENEFITS TO OUR OWN NATION

IF WE COULD DEVELOP SUCH A PROGRAM WHICH MIGHT HAVE THE EFFECT OF

PROVIDING MUCH NEEDED MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND ASSISTANCE TO OUR ILL,

FOOD TO OUR HUNGRY, HOUSING TO OUR POOR, SOCIAL ATTENTION

TO OUR ELDERLY AND CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS TO OUR CITIES. SURELY,

WE CAN RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL IN CREATING

ATTD MAINTAINING JOBS.

II. NON-IMMIGRANT BUSINESS VISAS

WITH REFERENCE TO THOSE SEEKING TO ENTER THE UNITED STATES ON

NON-IMMIGRANT, RATHER THAN IMMIGRANT VISAS, THERE CLEARLY ARE

*REAS WHICH TROUBLE THE FOREIGN BUSINESS COMMUNITY AND WHICH

SHOULD BE DEALT WITH BY THIS COMMITTEE.

EFFECTIVE JUNE 2, 1981 THE MAXIMUM INITIAL APPROVAL PERIOD FOR

NON-IMMIGRANT VISA PETITIONS FILED ON BEHALF OF ALIENS CLASSIFIED

UNDER SECTION 101 (A) (15) (L) OF THE ACT AS INTRA-COMPANY TRANSFEREES

WAS INCREASED FROM ONE YEAR TO THREE YEARS. IT WAS CLEARLY

RECOGNISED BY THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE THAT SUCH

ALIENS WERE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES TO FACILITATE INTERNATIONAL

TRADE. IT WAS ALSO RECOGNISED THAT INCREASING THE INITIAL ADJUDICATION

AND APPROVAL PERIOD FROM ONE YEAR TO THREE YEARS WOULD CERTAINLY

NOT ONLY INCREASE THE CONFIDENCE OF FOREIGN COMPANIES SEEKING TO

TRANSFER THEIR INDIVIDUALS TO THE UNITED STATES FOR A REASONABLE

AMOUNT OF TIME, BUT ALSO LESSEN THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS OF

THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE IN HAVING TO DEAL WITH

CONTINUED YEARLY EXTENSION APPLICATIONS.

WHILE L VISA INDIVIDUALS MAY NOW ENTER THE UNITED STATES ON THREE

YEAR VISAS AND BE ADMITTED FOR A THREE YEAR PERIOD OF TIME, OUR

TREATY TRADER AND TREATY INVESTOR VISAS WHO ARE ADMITTED ON FOUR

EAR VISAS STILL CONTINUE TO BE PLAGUED BY ONE YEAR ADMISSIONS

AND THE NECESSITY FOR ANNUAL FILINGS OF EXTENSION APPLICATIONS.

WHAT MAKES THIS ALL THE MORE TROUBLING THAT IT IS OUR EXPERIENCE

THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY INDICATE THAT THESE EXTENSION APPLICATIONS BY TREATY

TRADERS (E-l) AND TREATY INVESTORS (E-2) CONTINUE TO RECEIVE LIMITED

ATTENTION BY THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE. WE

ARE CONSTANTLY BESIEGED BY COMPLAINTS THAT OFTEN THESE EXTENSION

APPLICATIONS TAKE MANY MONTHS TO PROCESS,AND ARE OFTEN SIMPLY

PRO FORMA APPLICATIONS WHICH COULD BE EASILY ADJUDICATED.
115

IT SEEMS QUITE APPARENT THAT A FAR BETTER ALTERNATIVE WOULD BE TO

ADMIT TREATY TRADER AND TREATY INVESTOR ALIENS FOR THE DURATION

OF THEIR VISA, BASED UPON THE AWARENESS THAT SUCH VISAS HAVE

GENERALLY BEEN ISSUED AFTER AN EXTENSIVE SCREENING PROCESS TO

DETERMINE THAT THE ALIEN IS PROPERLY QUALIFIED. UNDER THE PRESENT

SYSTEM, ALIENS MAY QUALIFY FOR E VISA STATUS AS EITHER TREATY TRADERS

OR TREATY INVESTORS BY CHANGING THEIR STATUS (IF CURRENTLY IN STATUS)

WHILE IN THE UNITED STATES FROM ANOTHER NON-IMMIGRANT VISA TO THE

E VISA.OR, ALTERNATIVELY, BY PRESENTING THEMSELVES WITH PROPER

DOCUMENTATION BEFORE AN AMERICAN CONSUL OVERSEAS.

IT IS DIFFICULT TO JUSTIFY TO INDIVIDUALS ENGAGED IN SUBSTANTIAL AND

SIGNIFICANT TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES (E-1'S) OR TO INDIVIDUALS

WHO HAVE MADE SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENTS IN OUR COUNTRY (E-2'S) THAT

THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE WILL ONLY ADMIT THEM IN

ONE YEAR INTERVALS. THIS OBVIOUSLY CANNOT DO MUCH TO INCREASE THE

CONFIDENCE OF FOREIGN BUSINESS PEOPLE IN THE LENGTH OF TIME THEY

WILL BE PERMITTED TO REMAIN IN OUR COUNTRY TO DIRECT, DEVELOP

AND MANAGE THEIR OFTEN SUBSTANTIAL TRADE OPERATIONS OR BUSINESS

INVESTMENTS IN OUR COUNTRY.

WE WOULD THEREFORE URGE AND RECOMMEND THAT TREATY TRADER AND TREATY

INVESTOR NON-IMMIGRANTS BE ADMITTED INTO THE UNITED STATES FOR THE

DURATION OF THEIR VISA. IF THEREFORE SUCH AN ALIEN NON-IMMIGRANT

HAS BEEN ISSUED A FOUR YEAR VISA, AS IS CUSTOMARILY THE CASE,

UPON AN INITIAL ADJUDICATION OF THEIR APPLICATION, THAT

INDIVIDUAL WITH HIS FAMILY SHOULD BE PERMITTED TO ENTER THE UNITED STATES

LAWFULLY FOR A FOUR YEAR PERIOD. THERE IS SIMPLY NO JUSTIFICATION

OR CONTINUING TO INSIST THAT SUCH INDIVIDUALS PROCESS EXTENSION

APPLICATIONS WITH AN IMMIGRATION SERVICE THAT IS UNABLE TO

ADJUDICATE THEM PROMPTLY, OR EVEN WITHIN A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF

TIME. "IT WOULD BE SO. MUCH. MORE SENSIBLE TO SIMPLY PERMIT TRADERS

AND INVESTORS,WITH THEIR IMMEDIATE FAMILIES, TO BE ADMITTED FOR

THE DURATION OF THEIR VISA.'

ANOTHER SUGGESTION WHICH MIGHT BE OF VALUE TO THE COMMITTEE WOULD

BE TO PERMIT AMERICAN CONSULS OVERSEAS TO SHARE THE ABILITY TO

ADJUDICATE INITIAL INTRA-COMPANY TRANSFEREE VISAS ALONG WITH THE

IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE. UNDER THE PRESENT SYSTEM,

"UCH NON-IMMIGRANT VISAS MAY ONLY BE INITIALLY ADJUDICATED BY

THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE IN THE UNITED STATES

IN THE LOCATION WHERE THE SERVICES WILL EVENTUALLY BE RENDERED.

THIS ADJUDICATION PROCESS APPLIES EQUALLY TO THOSE WITHIN THE UNITED

STATES SEEKING L VISA STATUS THROUGH CHANGE OF STATUS AS WELL AS

TO THOSE WHO ARE OVERSEAS WHO ARE WISHING TO ENTER THIS COUNTRY TO

PERFORM EXECUTIVE, MANAGERIAL OR HIGHLY SPECIALISED SKILLS ON

BEHALF OF A PARENT, SUBSIDIARY OR AFFILIATE COMPANY OF THEIR PRESENT

EMPLOYER. OFTEN, IT IS CLEAR THAT AMERICAN CONSULS OVERSEAS ARE IN

A FAR BETTER POSITION TO BE ABLE TO DETERMINE THE VIABILITY AND

STRUCTURE OF THE OVERSEAS PARENT COMPANY, AND WOULD THEREFORE BE IN
116

A FAR BETTER POSITION TO ADJUDICATE SUCH VISA PETITIONS. IN DISCUSSINS

THIS CONCEPT WITH BOTH IMMIGRATION SERVICE ADJUDICATORS AS WELL AS

CONSULAR OFFICERS/I HAVE YET TO FIND ONE INDIVIDUAL WHO EXPRESSED

ANY DISCONTENT OR RESERVATION WITH SUCH A PROPOSAL. IT WOULD THEREFORE

OFFER A FOREIGN COMPANY DOING BUSINESS IN THE UNITED STATES

AS WELL AS U.S. AFFILIATES OR SUBSIDIARIES OF FOREIGN COMPANIES,

THE ALTERNATIVE OF EITHER FILING SUCH APPLICATIONS FOR ADMISSION

OF KEY EXECUTIVES OR MANAGERS HERE IN THE UNITED STATES OR DIRECTLY

AT THE AMERICAN CONSULAR POST OVERSEAS. IT SHOULD BE BROUGHT

TO THE ATTENTION OF THIS COMMITTEE THAT ONE OF THE DIFFICULTIES

WE ARE PRESENTLY EXPERIENCING IN IMMIGRATION PRACTICE IS THE INABILITY

JF SOME IMMIGRATION SERVICE OFFICES TO PROMPTLY ADJUDICATE L VISA

PETITIONS. IT SHOULD THEREFORE BE EMPHASIZED THAT THE INTRA-COMPANY

TRANSFEREE VISA CATEGORY WAS DESIGNED BY CONGRESS TO PROVIDE A

REASONABLY FLEXIBLE AND EXPEDITIOUS WAY OF TRANSFERRING TO THE

UNITED STATES IMPORTANT EMPLOYEES WHO ARE REQUIRED IN THIS COUNTRY

TO PERFORM ESSENTIAL SERVICES. THEREFORE THE VERY PURPOSE OF THE

VISA IS BEING HAMPERED BY ADMINISTRATIVE DELAY, WHICH IS THE VERY

AILMENT INDEED THAT THE VISA WAS DESIGNED TO CURE. WE WOULD

THEREFORE RECOMMEND THAT INTRA-COMPANY TRANSFEREE NON-IMMIGRANT

L VISAS BE INITIALLY ADJUDICATED EITHER THROUGH THE IMMIGRATION

AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE OR DIRECTLY AT AMERICAN CONSULAR POSTS

OVERSEAS.

OF COURSE, THE GREAT DIFFICULTY IN SUGGESTING THAT SUCH NON-IMMIGRANT

VISAS BE ADJUDICATED DIRECTLY OVERSEAS IS THAT OUR CURRENT LAW

DOES NOT PERMIT ANY TRUE APPEAL OF CONSULAR DECISIONS,

ONE.OF THE MAJOR REASONS.THEREFORE THAT IMMIGRATION PRACTITIONERS

WOULD PREFER TO FILE ALL APPLICATIONS THROUGH THE

IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE IS THAT ITS PRESENT SYSTEM

JOES PERMIT APPEALS TO BE FILED BOTH AT THE LOCAL LEVEL, AT THE

REGIONAL LEVEL, THROUGH THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS AND EVEN

EVENTUALLY, IF NECESSARY, THROUGH OUR FEDERAL COURT SYSTEM. I AM

CERTAIN THAT OTHER SPEAKERS AND COMMENTATORS HAVE SHARED THEIR

VIEWS WITH YOU ON THE NECESSITY AS WELL AS DESIRABILITY FOR

PROVIDING SOME MEANINGFUL REVIEWABILITY OF CONSULAR DECISIONS AND

DISCRETION. I NEED NOT THEREFORE DISCUSS ITS MERITS WITH YOU AT

THIS TIME. WHAT IS HOWEVER IMPORTANT, IS THAT I BRING TO YOUR

ATTENTION THAT I HAVE DONE A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF CONSULAR WORK

AT A NUMBER OF POSTS IN EUROPE AND IN ASIA OVER THE LAST FIVE

YEARS THAT I HAVE BEEN PRACTICING IMMIGRATION LAW. I HAVE FOUND

MOST, IF NOT THE GREAT MAJORITY,OF OUR CONSULAR POSTS TO BE STAFFED

BY HIGHLY ABLE, DEDICATED AND KNOWLEDGEABLE CONSULAR OFFICERS,

I FIND THAT THE SERVICES THEY PROVIDE TO BOTH REPRESENTED AND

INREPRESENTED ALIENS IS FOR THE MOST PART WORTHY OF PRAISE AND

CERTAINLY NOT CRITICISM. I DO, HOWEVER, OCCASIONALLY IDENTIFY

AN INDIVIDUAL CONSULAR OFFICER,OR AN INDIVIDUAL CONSULAR POST,

WHICH SEEMS TO TAKE ITS WORK RESPONSIBILITY IN A DIFFERENT LIGHT.

AMERICAN CONSULAR OFFICES SHOULD NOT AND CANNOT BE JUDGED BY

ANY HIGHER STANDARD OF PERFECTION THAN OTHER HUMAN BEINGS.

WE ALL MAKE OUR MISTAKES; PARTICULARLY IN MOMENTS OF CRISIS AND

PRESSURE. CERTAINLY, CONSULAR OFFICES ARE NO LESS LIKELY TO ERROR

THAN YOU AS MEMBERS OF CONGRESS OR US AS IMMIGRATION
117

LAWYERS. WE ARE ALL HUMAN AND ARE ALL SUBJECT TO THE

ERRORS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR. THERE CLEARLY DOES NOT SEEM TO BE ANY

JUSTIFIABLE REASON WHY CONSULAR OFFICES SHOULD BE EXEMPT FROM

THE BASIC REVIEWABILITY OF ALL OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. WHO

AMONG US COULD HONESTLY TAKE THE POSITION THAT OUR CONSULAR

JFFICES ARE UNIFORMLY AND WITHOUT EXCEPTION PERFECT IN THEIR

DECISION MAKING AND UNABLE TO ERROR? IT MUST BE REMEMBERED

THAT CONSULAR OFFICES ARE SOMETIMES MAKING LIFE AND DEATH DECISIONS

AND ARE OFTEN MAKING DECISIONS WHICH ARE IMMENSELY IMPORTANT AND

CRITICAL TO THE FUTURE OF HUMAN BEINGS.

IT MUST BE BORNE IN MIND BY ALL OF US THAT CONSULAR OFFICES ARE

DEALING ON A DAILY BASIS WITH ESSENTIALLY THE LIVES OF OTHER

HUMAN BEINGS WHO HAVE DETERMINED, FOR BETTER OR WORSE, THAT THEY

WISH TO COME TO THIS COUNTRY WITH THEIR FAMILIES EITHER TEMPORARILY

TO PERFORM TEMPORARY SERVICES, OR PERMANENTLY TO SPEND THE REST OF

THEIR LIVES BUILDING A FUTURE FOR THEMSELVES AND THEIR FAMILIES,

WHEN WE DO UNDERSTAND THE TRUE NATURE OF WHAT WE ARE DOING, THEN

I THINK WE WILL TRULY UNDERSTAND THE NECESSITY FOR ALL OF OUR

ACTIONS AND BEHAVIOUR TO BE APPEALABLE AND SUBJECT TO REVIEW.

IN OCTOBER OF 1980 AN ARTICLE APPEARED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES

INDICATING THAT THE UNITED STATES HAD "QUITETLY" TIGHTENED ITS

PROCEDURES FOR GRANTING VISAS TO JAPANESE CITIZENS WHO WERE BEING

SENT BY THEIR COMPANIES TO WORK IN THE VERY NUMEROUS JAPANESE-OWNED

BUSINESSES IN OUR COUNTRY. STATE DEPARTMENT OFFICIALS WERE QUOTED

AS INDICATING THAT THE ACTION DID NOT REPRESENT ANY CHANGE IN POLICY,

BUT WAS RATHER INTENDED TO "CORRECT ABUSES" RESULTING FROM EARLIER

LAXITY IN ADMINISTRATING THE VISA PROCEDURES.

I WAS FORTUNATE ENOUGH TO HAVE BEEN INVITED TO LECTURE IN JAPAN,

BOTH IN OCTOBER 1980 AND THIS PAST OCTOBER AS A GUEST OF THE

GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN. I PARTICIPATED IN A SEMINAR COMPARING THE

IMMIGRATION LAWS OF JAPAN WITH THOSE OF THE UNITED STATES AND

CANADA. DURING MY TWO TRIPS TO JAPAN, WHICH TOTALLED FIVE WEEKS

DURING THE LAST FOURTEEN MONTHS, I SPENT A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT

OF TIME MEETING WITH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS OF BOTH JAPAN AND THE

UNITED STATES, AS WELL AS BUSINESS LEADERS OF BOTH JAPANESE

COMPANIES AS WELL AS AMERICAN COMPANIES DOING BUSINESS IN JAPAN.

IT SHOULD BE MADE CLEAR TO THE MEMBERS OF THIS COMMITTEE THAT THE

ESSENTIAL "VISA PROBLEM" FOR JAPANESE IS VIEWED BY THE JAPANESE

AS INDICATIVE OF OUR REACTION TO THE PERCEIVED ASSAULT ON THE

AMERICAN ECONOMY BY JAPANESE PRODUCTS AND COMPANIES.

IT IS CLEAR THAT TO THE JAPANESE WE HAVE BEGUN TO USE OUR VISA

REGULATIONS AS A MEANS AND TOOL TO DEVELOP OUR FOREIGN POLICY

AS WELL AS OUR ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT.

THE VIEW OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT CLEARLY APPEARS TO BE THAT THERE

IS NO CONNECTION OF ANY KIND BETWEEN A REVIEW OR CHANGE IN THE

ISSUANCE OF VISAS TO JAPANESE BUSINESS PEOPLE AND TRADE ISSUES,
118

AND THAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT IF MERELY "RESPONDING TO AN

ACCUMULATION OF MARGINAL E VISA CASES". THE JAPANESE, HOWEVER,

HAVE NOT BOUGHT THAT ARGUMENT AND, IN MY OPINION, CONTINUE TO

BELIEVE THAT AS THE ECONOMIC IMBALANCE OF TRADE PERSISTS BETWEEN

OUR TWO COUNTRIES, WE ARE FOR CLEARLY INTENTIONAL AND SELFMOTIVATED REASONS, SEEKING TO MAKE IT MORE FOR JAPANESE COMPANIES

TO ENTER OR CONTINUE TO DO BUSINESS IN THE UNITED STATES.

THE CENTRAL E VISA PROBLEM BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES,

C.N MY OPINION, REALLY DEALS WITH TWO KEY ISSUES. THE FIRST IS

THE ISSUE OF DIRECT TRADE. THE POSITION OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT

IS THAT DIRECT TRADE IS CRITICAL TO BEING ABLE TO QUALIFY FOR

AN E-l TREATY TRADER VISA. THIS INSISTENCE ON A SHOWING OF

DIRECT TRADE IS MEANT TO REFLECT THE UNHAPPINESS OF THE STATE

DEPARTMENT IN CONTINUING TO GRANT TREATY TRADER E-l VISAS TO

EMPLOYEES OF JAPANESE TRADING COMPANIES. IT IS OBVIOUS TO

ALL OF US THAT THE TRADING COMPANY CONCEPT IS CLEARLY UNIQUE

TO THE JAPANESE ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC WAY OF DOING BUSINESS

OVERSEAS.

UP UNTIL RECENTLY, IF A JAPANESE MANUFACTURING COMPANY WERE TO

SELL ITS GOODS AND PRODUCTS TO A JAPANESE TRADING COMPANY AND

/ "HAT TRADING COMPANY WERE IN TURN TO DISTRIBUTE AND SELL ITS

PRODUCTS TO A U.S. BASED COMPANY, BOTH THE JAPANESE MANUFACTURING

COMPANY AND THE JAPANESE TRADING COMPANY WERE OFTEN ABLE TO SECURE

E-l TREATY TRADER VISAS FOR THEIR EMPLOYEES WHO WERE SEEKING TO

ENTER THE UNITED STATES TEMPORARILY TO ASSIST IN THE MARKETING OR

DISTRIBUTION, OR AFTER-SALES SERVICING OF THE PRODUCTS.

THE CURRENT POSITION OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT IS THAT WHEN THE

MANUFACTURING COMPANY IN JAPAN HAS SOLD ITS GOODS TO THE TRADING

v COMPANY IN JAPAN, THE MANUFACTURING COMPANY H*&-CUT OFF ITS OWNERSHIP

OR TITLE TO THE GOODS AND IS THEREFORE INELIGIBLE FOR A RELATED

EMPLOYEE VISA. HAD THE MANUFACTURING COMPANY MERELY CONSIGNED

ITS GOODS TO THE TRADING COMPANY FOR THE PURPOSE OF HANDLING AND

FACILITATING THE ONWARD SHIPMENT OF THE GOODS TO THE UNITED STATES,

THEN TITLE AND OWNERSHIP WOULD REMAIN IN THE INITIAL MANUFACTURING

COMPANY AND THAT COMPANY WOULD INDEED BE ABLE TO TRANSFER ITS

INDIVIDUALS TO THE UNITED STATES AS TREATY TRADER EMPLOYEES.

IT IS THEREFORE THE POSITION OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT THAT THE

SALE OF THE GOODS BETWEEN THE MANUFACTURING COMPANY AND THE

TRADING COMPANY HAS NOW DIVESTED THE INITIAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY

OF ITS ELIGIBILITY FOR E-L VISAS. TO THE JAPANESE THIS REPRESENTS

A CLEAR CHANGE OF POLICY WHICH IS TO MANY UNJUSTIFIED.

(. .T IS INCUMBENT ON US TO REMEMBER HOWEVER THAT THE TRADING COMPANY

WHICH IS ENGAGED IN DIRECT TRADE WITH THE U.S. COMPANY MIGHT INDEED

CONTINUE TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR E-L EMPLOYEE VISAS, AND THAT THE

ORIGINAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY MIGHT INDEED SIMPLY BE USING THE

TRADING COMPANY TO TRANSFER OR SELL ITS PRODUCTS TO A U.S. BASED

SUBSIDIARY OR AFFILIATE WHICH WOULD THEREFORE MAKE THE ORIGINAL

MANUFACTURING COMPANY ELIGIBLE FOR L-L THREE YEAR VISAS.
119

THE SECOND MAJOR PROBLEM AREA IN JAPANESE E VISAS CONCERNS ITSELF

WITH THE ISSUE OF WHETHER OR NOT THE INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYEE SEEKING

TO COME TO THE UNITED STATES ON A TREATY TRADER VISA IS ESSENTIAL

TO THE OPERATION OF THE U.S. COMPANY. THERE APPEAR TO BE A NUMBER

OF INSTANCES IN THE PAST WHEN LOW LEVEL NON-ESSENTIAL EMPLOYEES

OF JAPANESE COMPANIES WERE NEVERTHELESS BEING ISSUED E-l VISAS.

IT IS UNFAIR AND INDEED UNFORTUNATE THAT THE PRESS REPORTS AND

DISCUSSION SEEM TO SUGGEST THAT THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A VISA

ABUSE'BY THE JAPANESE.

BASED ON MY OWN READING OF THE SITUATION/ I WOULD RATHER INDICATE IT

TO BE BASED UPON A LAXITY ON THE PART OF SOME CONSULAR OFFICERS

IHO DID NOT THEMSELVES FIRMLY DETERMINE THEIR OWN RULES FOR E-l

EMPLOYEE ADJUDICATIONS WELL AS THE FACT THAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT

HAD NOT FIRMLY GUIDED THEM ON E-L EMPLOYEE ADJUDICATION. A FURTHER

ENHANCING FACTOR IN THE CONFUSION WAS CERTAINLY THAT THE JAPANESE

COMPANIES WERE TO SOME EXTENT TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THIS CONFUSION

BY SOMETIMES FILING INFLATED JOB.DESCRIPTIONS THAT WOULD BE

ACCOMPLISHED BY THEIR EMPLOYEES WHILE IN THE UNITED STATES/ AND

INDICATING THAT SUCH EMPLOYEES WERE INVOLVED IN MUCH MORE ESSENTIAL

WORK THAN THEY ACTUALLY WERE DOING OR WERE GOING TO DO.

AS A RESULT/ THE STATE DEPARTMENT HAS NOW SUGGESTED THAT THERE IS

A NECESSITY FOR THE JAPANESE COMPANY TO CLEARLY SHOW THAT THE

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE EMPLOYEE WILL BE INHERENTLY EXECUTIVE

OR SUPERVISORY IN NATURE AND THAT IT WILL ENTAIL SUBSTANTIAL

NVOLVEMENT IN SUBSTANTIVE DAY-TO-DAY WORK/ AND WILL REQUIRE

PRIMARILY MANAGEMENT SKILLS. THE KEY ISSUE THEREFORE IS WHETHER

OR NOT THE EMPLOYEE WILL SATISFY THE ROLE OF BEING ESSENTIAL TO

THE U.S. OPERATION.

IT IS CLEAR THEREFORE THAT OUR CONSULAR OFFICES HAD TO SOME

EXTENT BEEN LULLED OVER THE YEARS BY THE ADMIRABLE VISA RECORD

OF OUR JAPANESE BUSINESS COMMUNITY/ AND THAT THEY THEREFORE PERHAPS

OVEREXTENDED THEIR GENEROSITY AND ISSUED VISAS IN MARGINAL CASES.

IT IS ALSO CLEAR THAT THE JAPANESE THEMSELVES WERE TO AN EXTENT,

TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THAT GENEROSITY/ BY SUGGESTING ESSENTIAL

JOB TITLES OR JOB DUTIES FOR EMPLOYEES IN OFTEN LOW LEVEL/

NON-ESSENTIAL POSITIONS. WHAT WAS HOWEVER ALSO CLEAR IS THAT

THERE WAS NO "VISA ABUSE" AND THAT IT WAS UNFAIR TO SUGGEST THAT

HE E VISAS PROBLEM PERMEATED JUST THE JAPANESE BUSINESS COMMUNITY.

SUBSEQUENT COMMUNICATIONS FROM THE STATE DEPARTMENT WOULD SEEM TO

REFLECT THE FACT THAT THERE WERE E VISAS PROBLEMS NOT ONLY IN

JAPAN/ BUT IN DENMARK/ FINLAND AND GERMANY. IN ADDITION/ MANY

CONSULAR POSTS THROUGHOUT EUROPE WERE OFTEN REQUESTING ADVISORY

OPINIONS FROM THE STATE DEPARTMENT ON E VISA ADJUDICATION AS A

RESULT OF THE INCREASED COMPLEXITY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE/ AS WELL

AS THE RATHER UNCLEAR AND IMPRECISE LANGUAGE OF THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS

MANUAL WHICH SERVES AS THE GUIDING BIBLE OF CONSULAR DECISION-MAKING.
120

FORTUNATELY, THE STATE DEPARTMENT HAS RECENTLY RESPONDED TO AN

ACCUMULATION OF ISSUES ON TREATY TRADER ADJUDICATION BY PREPARING

AND SENDING OUT A CABLE TO ALL POSTS IN THE WORLD DEALING WITH

E-L VISAS ISSUES. IT IS TO BE HOPED AND ANTICIPATED THAT THIS

WILL LEAD TO UNIFORM ADJUDICATION OF E-L VISAS CASES FOR

NATIONALS OF ALL COUNTRIES, AND NOT JUST THOSE OF JAPAN.

\N ADDITONAL AND STILL COMPLEX AND DIFFICULT ISSUE IN E-L VISA

ADJUDICATION INVOLVES THE ISSUE OF WHAT IS MEANT BY "TRADE".

ONE OF THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS TOWARDS DOCUMENTING AN E-l VISA

APPLICATION IS TO VERIFY THAT THERE HAS BEEN A SUBSTANTIAL

AMOUNT OF TRADE CURRENTLY ONGOING BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES BASED

COMPANY AND BUSINESS IN THE COUNTRY•OF NATIONALITY. THE POSITION

OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT AT THE PRESENT TIME, APPEARS TO BE THAT

"TRADE" REFLECTS AN EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND MONIES IN THE FLOW

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE. IT WOULD SEEM TO FURTHER BE THE POSITION

OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT THAT UNLESS ONE CAN SHOW SUBSTANTIAL TRADE,

AS DEFINED ABOVE, THEIR EMPLOYEES WOULD NOT BE ELIBIBLE,

FOR E-L VISA ADJUDICATION. WHAT IS HOWEVER APPARENTLY NOT BEING

DEALT WITH IS THE TRANSFER OF TECHNICAL AND/OR TECHNOLOGICAL

ADVICE OR ASSISTANCE. IS IT NOT POSSIBLE FOR THE COSTS OF SUCH

IDVICE, CONSULTANCY OR ASSISTANCE TO VALUED AND CONSTRUED

AS INTERNATIONAL TRADE? IT WOULD APPEAR THAT THIS ISSUE HAS BEEN

DETERMINED BY THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE TO NQI

REFLECT A TRUE TRANSFER OF "TRADE".

THERE APPEAR TO BE MANY INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES NOW INVOLVED IN

THIS EXCHANGE OF TECHNOLOGY OR CONSULTANCY WITH COMPANIES IN THE

UNITED STATES, AND ONE WOULD HOPE AND EXPECT THAT IN VIEW OF

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE WAY THE WORLD DOES BUSINESS THAT

OUR GOVERNMENT WILL NOW REDEFINE ITS TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF

TRADE TO REFLECT SUCH CHANGES IN OUR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY.

IN CONCLUSION,ON THE CURRENT E VISA PROBLEMS AS VIEWED BOTH IN

JAPAN AND IN MANY OF THE EUROPEAN POSTS, IT MUST BE RECOGNISED

SPECIFICALLY WITH REFERENCE TO JAPAN THAT THE E-L VISA HAS

BECOME A PRESTIGE VISA. IF WE ARE GOING TO SUDDENLY CHANGE THE

RULES AND AT THE SAME TIME WISH TO KEEP A GOOD BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP

WITH OUR JAPANESE FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES, IT IS CLEAR THAT WE WILL

HAVE TO MAKE CLEAR TO THEM THAT THESE CHANGES DO NOT REFLECT AN

EFFORT TO IMPOSE RESTRICTIONS ON THEIR ECONOMIC DEALINGS IN THIS

COUNTRY, NOR ARE THEY REFLECTIVE OF ANY KIND OF "VISA ABUSE",

,<HAT WE INDEED SHOULD DO, RATHER, IS TO CLEARLY DEFINE AND PROJECT

E VISA PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS AND ENSURE THEIR ADJUDICATION

UNIFORMLY AT ALL AMERICAN CONSULAR POSTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD,

WE NEED TO BETTER INFORM THE FOREIGN BUSINESS COMMUNITY OF

ALTERNATIVE VISAS; AS OFTEN THE L-L INTRA-COMPANY TRANSFEREE

IS UNDER USED AND UNDERVALUED BY COMPANIES WHICH HAVE TRADITIONALLY

BEEN USING E VISAS AND NOW FIND THAT THEY ARE UNABLE TO SECURE

THEM.

IN CONCLUSION, I WOULD SUGGEST THAT THERE ARE PROBLEMS IN THE

ADJUDICATION OF BUSINESS VISAS, BOTH FOR THOSE SEEKING TO ENTER
121

THE UNITED STATES PERMANENTLY,AS WELL AS FOR COMPANIES OR

INDIVIDUALS WILLING TO DO BUSINESS IN THE UNITED STATES TEMPORARILY,

YE MUST DEVELOP A REALISTIC AND SENSIBLE APPROACH TO FOREIGN

INVESTORS WHO WISH TO MAKE SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENTS IN OUR ECONOMY

AND IN OUR COUNTRY. I BELIEVE THAT A SYSTEM AS OUTLINED A30VE

TO PROVIDE PERMANENT RESIDENCE TO THOSE INDIVIDUALS WILLING TO

MAKED SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENTS WHICH WILL HAVE A POSITIVE EFFECT •

IT! COMMUNITIES IN NEED OF SUCH FUNDS, IS WORTH OUR CONSIDERATION.

I FUTHER BELIEVE THAT SOME VIABLE MEANS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED TO ENABLE

WEALTHY RETIRED PEOPLE FROM THROUGHOUT THE WORLD TO HAVE A VIABLE

ENTRY ROUTE INTO THIS COUNTRY,WHERE THEIR PRESENCE CAN ONLY ENHANCE

OUR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIVELIHOOD. ON THE NON-IMMIGRANT VISA SIDE,

IT IS CLEAR THAT THERE IS A PROBLEM BOTH IN E AND L VISA ADJUDICATION

WHICH CAN BE CORRECTED AND DEALT WITH BY THE MEMBERS OF THIS COMMITTEE.

IT HAS BEEN A SINCERE PLEASURE FOR ME TO HAVE BEEN ABLE TO APPEAR

BEFORE YOU TODAY, AND I WOULD WELCOME YOUR QUESTIONS AT

THIS TIME AS WELL AS THE OPPORTUNITY TO FURTHER DEVELOP OUR

CHANNEL OF COMMUNICATION IN THE FUTURE.

THANK YOU.
122

EXHIBIT A

AMSROM' JWPMI. " *- III

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'(u" APMIII at* nm MI -««" c MINI, A a.HH,I A

t L KTDM C MOMMOM. M A iCAMTAw

AMBROSE APPELBE PARTNERS

SOLICITORS ft PftlVV COUNCIL AGENTS

-t 0 E IT T7. NtW SQUARE.

LINCOLNS INN.

LONDON. WC2A 3RA

England

0 cmo' a A a JONII, • A

1 A DAVffl. 1 LI G tllWTT 1L« *Ou« «r ou" «i*

26ch November 1981

IMMIGRATION HULES FOR INVESTORS IN U.K.

OmCPJCTICN

There has been a substantial tightening up of the requirements for this

category of iirmLgrant. Rules prior to 1980 only required a bona fide

intention to establish a business in U.K., together with proof of "adequate

resources. No criteria were published and each case was considered on its

merits. The spirit of the Rules was substantially abused through the

purchase of "off the shelf" companies.

CURRENT RULES - SINCE 1980

These are dated 20th February 1980 and are made pursuant, to s.3(2) of The

Irrmigration Act 1971.

The criteria are clealy set out in Rules 35, 36 and 37 (copy herewith).

BRIEFLY:-

1. A current "entry clearance" from a U.K.. Iirmigration Officer

must be obtained overseas from the U.K. Consul before arriving

in U.K. Clearance must relate to the proposed establishment

of a business.

2. £100,000 sterling (approximately $190,000) must be invested in

the business which must have a genuine need for the investor's

services and investment (i.e. it must not be a disguised form

of employment for which a work permit (similar to a U.S. Labour

Certificate) would normally be required).

3. The funds must be available and disposable in the U.K. Money

held in blocked accounts in countries where currency restrictions

apply would be of no value when making the application, even

though the ways of spiriting such money to London are well known.

AND AT:-63 WALL S7R££ T. NEW YORK. NY tOOOS. USA.
123

4>M«osl WM »».ui

mi»t * c >

AMBROSE APPELBE PARTNERS

lOLICirOM t P B i vT COUNCIL AGENTS

-I 0 t *T7-

7. MEW SQUARE

UNCOLNS INN.

LONDON WC2A JKA

•.: * OAVKS i.i i c tLuorr ui

4.

6.

The money must be the investor's own money and the investment

must be proportional to the interest being purchased.

There must be a full time involvement in the running of the

business.

Merely being able financially to come within the rules is not

sufficient. There must be evidence to show that the investment

will create new, paid, full time employment in the business for

persons already settled in the U.K.

Where it is intended to join an existing business, as opposed to

establishing a new business, it must be shown that the profits

will be sufficient to maintain and accomodate an immigrant and

his dependents. Audited accounts of the business in previous

years must be produced to the Entry Clearance Officer in order

to establish the precise financial position together with a

written statement of the terms on which he is to enter or take

over the business.

There are no regional quotas for this or any other immigration

category. However, only very wealthy people will be able to take

advantage of this section and such people are well ahie to

look after themselves and clear the immigration hurdles.

E.E.C. NATIONALS

Nationals from the European Economic Conmunity do not have to meet the

strict financial criteria and the rules are considerably simplified with

no minimum financial requirements.

If any further information is required, our Partner Edward Wilde will be happy

to assist. Phone London 01 405 5225. Telex: 22327 Ambros G.

AND AT:- 63 WALL STREET. NEW YORK. N Y tOOOS. U S A
124

AMBROSE APPELBE PARTNERS

SOLICITOR, 4 .mvr COUNCIL tOENII

•I 0.1.277 •

7. NEW SQUARE.

LINCOLNS INN

LONOON. WC2A 3RA

20th November 1981

OMIGRAUT INVESTORS m U.K.

U.K. DtCQWIION RULES 1980-

35. A passenger seeking admission for the purpose of establishing himself

in the United Kingdom in business or in self-employment, whether on his own

account or in partnership, must hold a current entry clearance issued for that

purpose. A passenger who has obtained such an entry clearance should be

admitted, subject to paragraph 13, for a period not exceeding 12 months with

a condition restricting his freedom to take employment. For an applicant to

obtain an entry clearance for this purpose he will need to satisfy the requirements of either paragraph 36 or paragraph 37. In addition he will need to

show that he will be bringing money of his own to put into the business; that

his level of financial investment will be proportional to his interest in the,

business; that he will be able to bear his share of the liabilities; that he will be

occupied full-time in the running of the business; and that there is a genuine

need for his services and investment. In no case should the amount of money

to be invested by the applicant be less than £100,000 and evidence that this

amount or more is under his control and disposable in the United Kingdom

must be produced.

36. Where the applicant intends to take over, or join as a partner, an

existing business, he will need, in addition to meeting the requirements of the

preceding paragraph, to show that his share of the profits will be sufficient to

maintain and accommodate him and his dependants: Audited accounts of the

business for previous years must be produced to the entry clearance officer in

order to establish the precise financial position, together with a written

statement of the terms on which he is to enter or take over the business. There

must be evidence to show that his services and investment will create new,-!

paid, full-time employment in the business for persons already settled here. J

An entry clearance is to be refused if an applicant cannot satisfy all the

relevant requirements of this or the preceding paragraph or where it appears

that the proposed partnership or directorship amounts to disguised employrr.ent.or where itseems likely that, to obtain a livelihood, the applicant will

have to supplement his business activities by employment of any kind or by

recourse to public funds. '.'-.-

37. If the applicant wishes to establish a new business in the United

Kingdom on his own account or to be self-employed he will need'to meet the

requirements of paragraph 35 and satisfy the entry clearance officer that he

will be bringing into the country sufficient funds of his own to establish an

enterprise that can realistically be expected to maintain and accommodate him

and any dependants without recourse to employment of any kind (other than

his sel ["-employment) or to public funds. He will need to show in addition that

the business will provide new. paid, full-time employment in the business for

persons already settled here. An entryclearance is to be refused if an applicant

cannot satisfy all the requirements of this paragraph and of paragraph 35. '

AND AT:- 63 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. NY IOOOS. U.S.A.
125

EXHIBIT B

RICHARD S. GOLDSTEIN

A. TREATY TRADER (E-l) VISA:

1. REQUIRES A TREATY OF COMMERCE & NAVIGATION [40 TREATIES

EXISTING].

2. INDIVIDUAL MUST BE NATIONAL OF TREATY COUNTRY (BY BIRTH

OR NATURALIZATION).

3. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE MUST BE OWNED 51X OR MORE BY NATIONALS

OF TREATY COUNTRY.

4. 51% OR MORE OF TRADE MUST BE BETWEEN U.S. AND COUNTRY OF

APPLICANT'S NATIONALITY.

5. THERE MUST BE A "SUBSTANTIAL" CURRENT AND NOT POTENTIAL

AMOUNT OF TRADE AS INDICATED NOT BY MONETARY AMOUNT, BUT

BY VOLUME [SHOW PROOF OF NUMEROUS TRANSACTIONS).

6. INDIVIDUAL OR EMPLOYEE MUST BE EXECUTIVE OR MANAGERIAL,

OR A HIGHLY TRAINED AND SPECIALLY QUALIFIED TECHNICIAN.

B. TREATY INVESTOR (E-2) VISA=

1. REQUIRES A TREATY OF COMMERCE & NAVIGATION [30 TREATIES

EXISTING).

2. INDIVIDUAL MUST BE A NATIONAL OF TREATY COUNTRY (BY BIRTH

OR NATURALIZATION).

3. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE MUST BE OWNED 51% OR MORE BY NATIONALS

OF TREATY COUNTRY.

1. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE MUST BE EXISTING OR IN ACTIVE PROCESS

OF FORMATION.

5. MUST SHOW A "SUBSTANTIAL" INVESTMENT, AS INDICATED BY

TYPE OF INVESTMENT,

6. APPLICANT MUST BE ENTERING U.S. TO "DEVELOP AND DIRECT"

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE, HENCE INVESTOR REQUIRES A CONTROLLING

INTEREST IN BUSINESS. EMPLOYEES MUST BE EXECUTIVE OR

MANAGERIAL OR THOSE IN A "RESPONSIBLE CAPACITY."
126

EXHIBIT C

IN PERSPECTIVE

US Visas:

A guide through the maze

As more and more foreign companies

and individuals invest in the US and

American companies seek to "internationalize" their managerial ranks

by exposing promising foreign executivesto their headquarters operations,

they are finding that American immigration law can pose significant

obstacles. Indeed, it makes surprisingly few concessions to foreign investors and is in many ways far more

restrictive than the law in other countries, such as Britain and Canada.

The US has no viable provision, for

example, to assist wealthy foreigners

wishing simply to retire to this country and live off their investments.

Companies frequently become discouraged by the complexity of entry

laws that apply to executives, supervisors, and highly trained personnel

with specialized knowledge. They complain about the endless delays and

cumbersome procedures involved in

securing appropriate visas. Often their

complaints are justified, but sometimes they result from selecting the

wrong visa category or filing essential documents incomplete.

Many foreign investors ask about

permanent-resident status based on

an investment of $40,000 or more in a

business in the US. Entering the US

on this basis - under what is called a

nonpreference visa • used to be possible and, in theory, still is. But since

1978 the total number of immigrant

visas the US grants each year has

been exhausted by the six "preference" categories for permanent residence. Nonpreference visas have simply become unavailable, and unless

the law is changed they will probably

remain so indefinitely.

This article was written for WBW by

Richard S. Goldstein, an attorney speciatuing in US immigration and visa

law. Goldstein is chairman of the

Committee on Immigration and Nationality Laws ofthe International Bar

Association and editor ofthe Transnational Immigration Law Reporter. He

has offices in New York and London.

A more viable alternative for the

foreign investor seeking permanent

residence is to put his funds into a

new or preexisting enterprise in the

US and have that business sponsor

him, based on a "labor certification."

Under this procedure the employer

essentially has to demonstrate to the

US Labor Department that it is unable to find an American able, willing,

qualified, and available to fill the

position it has offered the foreigner. If

the Labor Department concurs, it will

issue a labor certification to the foreigner, who then has his employer

file either a third or sixth preference

visa petition leading to permanentresidence status.

Another possibility - sometimes

overlooked - is to determine whether

the alien-investor is qualified to enter

the US through one of the preference

categories available to relatives

either of US citizens or of lawful perCompanies bemoan the

endless delays in getting

visas for their personnel

manent residents. If so, a relative

visa petition might obtain the desired

result more easily than any other

approach.

Where permanent-resident status

is not sought and the alien is to be

based in the US only temporarily, the

choice of the appropriate nonimmigrant visa is crucial to avoid delay.

While every case must be treated individually, often with professional

guidance, familiarity with the available visa categories can help both the

applicant and the corporation. The

main options are:

• L-l Intra-Company Transferee Visa:

This is one of the most useful visas for

multinational companies. It was created in 1970 to facilitate the temporary transfer of key personnel with

management, professional, or specialized skills. The visa i

MMtttttBitftAaBM

f *of'a Bus.r-ess wee»i* Ffbruwy 9 i98i 1

On a recent lecture tour In Japan,

author Goldstein (left) met with US

Consul General Ronald Gaiduk

The criteria for eligibility are that

the alien must have filled an executive, managerial, or specializedknowledge position for at least the

year immediately preceding the filing

of the L-l petition; he must be transferred to an affiliate or subsidiary of

the same company for which he was

working abroad in an executive, managerial, or specialized-knowledge capacity; the US parent, subsidiary, or

affiliate to which he is transferred

must be a viable operation and not

merely a "paper" company; and the

company should occupy premises(with

a lease agreement) as well as file

complete documentation to substantiate the relationship between the two

companies.

A petition must first be filed with

the US Immigration Service in the

American city where the foreigner

will work. Approval is then sent overseas to permit a US consul to issue

the visa. If the person is already in

the US on another nonimmigrant vita,

a change-of-status application is

statutorily feasible.

• E-l Treaty Trader and E-2 Treaty

Investor Visas: In many ways these

are the most desirable and flexible of

all nonimmigrant business visas. They

are generally issued promptly at US

consular posts upon presentation of

appropriate documentation. They usually provide for a four-year working

visa, may be revalidated or extended

indefinitely, and permit travel outside the US. They do not require an

individual to retain a residence overseas (unlike other nonimmigrant visas)
127

but merely to declare his intention to

depart at the end of his stay.

Not all foreigners are, however, eligible for these treaty visas. The applicant must be a national of one of

the approximately 40 countries with

which the US has E-l treaties or the

30 with E-2 treaties. Eligible E-l and

E-2 countries include Britain, West

Germany, Belgium, Prance, Switzerland, and Italy.

Under an E-l Treaty Trader Visa, a

company must generally show that

an applicant who is a national of a

treaty country seeks to enter the US

to facilitate trade in a managerial or

executive capacity. The company in

the US must be at least 51% controlled by nationals ofthe treaty country, and at least 51% of its trade must

be with the treaty country of the

applicant. In addition, the company

must show proof of numerous transactions (which can involve either

products or services) to demonstrate

that it already has a "substantial"

trading volume.

Under an E-2 Treaty Investor Visa,

the visa applicant of a treaty country

must show that he has made a "substantial" investment l generally, more

than $100,000) in an enterprise in the

US. The business should be owned at

least 51% by the applicant, and he

must be coming to the US to develop

and direct it. He thus must legally

control the enterprise. Employees of

the foreign investor in a responsible

capacity from the same treaty country are also eligible for E-2 visas.

The investor must have ample additional funds, and the investment

should not be in a marginal enterprise designed solely for the purpose

of earning a living for the applicant.

The investment funds are to be used

to develop the business and to expand

employment and create jobs for American citizens or lawful permanent

residents. Like the E-l, this is a

four-year visa that can be renewed

indefinitely.

For big investors, the E-2 visa offers a unique advantage. The alien

can continue to live outside the US

and enter the country only when necessary, perhaps avoiding US tax liability while still enjoying a US base of

operations.

• B-l Visitor for Business Visa: When

appropriate, this visa is a particularly

useful and flexible entry category and

The US is tightening its

procedures for granting

certain business visas

is usually obtainable in one day from

a US consular officer.

Aliens using a B-l visa may not be

involved in gainful employment in

the US, but they may engage in noncompetitive temporary activities, such

as negotiating contracts, consulting

with business associates, participating in conventions or conferences, or

undertaking independent research.

The B-l applicant must maintain a

residence in a foreign country he has

no intention of abandoning.

• HI Visa: This is available to aliens

ofdistinguished merit and ability who

want to enter the US to perform services of an exceptional nature that

require a highly qualified individual.

Under the precedent set by Matter of

Essex Cryogenics (which was recently

reaffirmed in Matter ofGeneral Atomic Co.), a member of the professions

(generally holding a master's degree

or the equivalent) would qualify for

an H-l one-year working visa. Like

the L-l, but unlike the E-l or E-2,

this visa initially requires the approval of a petition filed with the

Immigration Service in the US. The

H-l visa may be renewed for several

years.

As far as E-l and E-2 visas are

concerned, recent press reports have

indicated that the US iB "quietly tightening its procedures" for granting

them to Japanese nationals. The State

Denartment has emphasized that this

action does not represent any "change

in policy" and ia intended to "correct

abuses" resulting from earlier laxity

in issuing these visas.

The department appears to have

two main concerns. First, it believes

that employees of firms that trade

with the US via trading companies (a

traditional Japanese method of doing

business) should generally apply for

L-l rather than E-l visas. The reason

is that they are not engaged in "direct

trade" between the US and Japan -

i.e., between a Japanese manufacturer and an American customer - but

are using middlemen. Second, many

low-level employees ofJapanese companies who have traditionally obtained E-l visas appear to be ineligible for them. The statutory requirement for an E-l visa is that the applicant must be coming to the US in a

managerial or supervisory capacity or

that he is a highly trained and specially qualified individual.

This "new" American policy on E-l

and E-2 business visas has caused

considerable apprehension among Japanese companies operating in the US.

Many Japanese perceive the change

as nothing less than the use of immigration laws to counter the massive

Japanese trade surplus with the US

and, particularly, the Japanese "invasion" ofthe US automobile market.

x. «*wvwv NYiorno tfcwWSl nfnaM Virmet
128

STATEMENT OF ESTHER M. KAUFMAN, ESQ., LAW OFFICES OF

ESTHER M. KAUFMAN, NEW YORK, N.Y.

Ms. KAUFMAN. Thank you, sir.

I have listened to testimony and read some of the testimony already handed out, and many of the points I wanted to make about

the technical aspects of the various categories have already been

made.

Therefore, I shall restrict myself to the suggestions I would like

to make with regard to implementation, because, no matter what's

in the law, unless it's carried out and works, it has no effect; it

doesn't benefit, it doesn't harm.

Under the present business visa system, two basic categories, the

H's and the L's, are required to be established by petitioning to the

Immigration Service.

Actually, there are four categories, because the H has three separate divisions, and each one has different requirements.

The Immigration Service does all of the adjudication, but it has

very real problems.

First, the Immigration Service is seriously understaffed. What

with budget cuts, and the attitude of the present administration

there doesn't seem to be any likelihood that this condition is going

to be remedied in the near future.

Second, that understaffed group is very often undertrained.

Third, the petitions are ajudicated district by district, and although they are all adjudicated under the same law, the inconsistencies are incredible.

For example, a foreign company bringing an L executive over,

filed a petition for him in New York. The supporting documentation was a letter from the foreign company and a letter from the

American company, both setting forth the necessary facts. The petition was approved, without problem.

The very same company petitioned for an L alien at the same executive level, who was to be working in Florida, and the application was sent to the Tampa, Fla., field office, with the same type of

documentation.

The petition was returned with the documentation. The Tampa

field office wanted proof of 90 percent common ownership, in spite

of the fact that the general counsel for the Immigration Service

has said 30 percent is enough. The Tampa office wanted the corporate records of employment and taxation for the past 3 years and 3

years of the alien's tax records.

I believe the Immigration Service's present situation creates a

self-perpetuating backlog mechanism. The various districts put out

processing times. Processing times in the bigger districts may be 3,

4 months. The employer, the business organization that needs

somebody earlier than that has the right to go in and ask for expeditious handling if he can show a convincing need for it.

When that convincing need is shown, someone is pulled from the

regular workload, to work on that application. The work that

person would have done adds to the backlog. The more such expedites are required, the more backlog; and the more backlog, the

more expedites. With the result that, realistically, you don't get a
129

petition approved for 1 year, giving the alien the right to work for

1 year.

I filed an application in New York on July 29, 1981. It was approved on October 23, and supposedly sent to the consultate in

Lyons France. It had been approved retroactive to the July filing

date. As of December 10, the American consul in Lyons still did not

have the notice of approval.

Four and a half months of that alien's permitted year in the

United States are done, and he isn't here yet because he still

doesn't have a visa.

For these programs to be meaningful, they have to work and

time is an essential element. I would suggest a modification, but

basically the same sort of thing that Mr. Cagney testified about, a

program that would permit and would require the employer to

bear the burden of the processing and the enforcement.

I would suggest that for each company which needs to bring

more than one L, there be a procedure, a petition procedure, that

would permit that company to be recognized as an employer who

comes within a specific program.

I would further suggest that the petition not go to each particular district where work will be done, but to a centralized office in

the Immigration Service, so that there will be consistent adjudication.

The form that that program should take, and the limits imposed,

should be determined on the basis of genuine information on usual

business needs. Once that company has been admitted to the program, it would have the duty of administering it; of issuing the

papers, under oath, that will permit the alien simply to go in to a

consulate and get his visa; of keeping track of the alien once he is

in the United States, and reporting regularly to the Immigration

Service, of advising the Immigration Service of any violations, the

penalty being that abuse of that program would revoke the petition

on behalf of that particular company, and the company would have

to revert to the present barely workable system.

I think this is something which should be considered.

Thank you.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much.

[Ms. Kaufman's prepared statement follows:]
130

PREPARED STATEMENT OF ESTHER M. KAUFMAN

I am Esther M. Kaufman, an attorney in private practice. I first entered

the field of Immigration and Nationality Law in 1954; at present, my practice

is entirely in the field of Immigration and Nationality Law.

The Immigration and Nationality Act, when it was passed in 1952, contained

six sections dealing with business visas:

101(a)(15(B), covering visitors for business (B-ls);

101(a)(15)(E)(i), defining treaty traders;

101(a)(15) (E) (ii), defining treaty investors;

101(a)(15)(H)(i), permitting an alien of distinguished merit and

ability to come to the United States temporarily to perform a temporary job requiring such merit and ability;

101(a)(15)(ii), permitting an alien to come to the United States

temporarily to perform temporary services or labor, if unemployed

U.S. workers capable of performing such services or labor could

not be found; and

101(a)(15)(H)(iii), permitting an alien to come temporarily to the

United States as an "industrial trainee".

In the almost thirty years since then, the Congress has not abolished or

restricted any of those categories (except for the 1976 restrictions on foreign

graduates of medical school). In fact, there has been a consistent extension

of the persons who could come to the United States with business visas. The

H-l category was enlarged to permit the alien to come to the United States temporarily, even if the job he was to perform was not a temporary job. In the

H-3 category, the word "industrial" was removed, making it applicable to

any type of trainee. In every one of those categories, except for the B-l, the

spouse and children were permitted to accompany or join the principal alien, with

visas in a specifically related category.

In 1970, the Congress, recognizing that the normal immigrant visa process

took more time than it was practicable for a company to wait in order to bring

over key personnel, added the L category. That permits the bringing over for a

temporary period aliens who have worked for that company abroad (or its affiliate or subsidiary) for at least a year immediately prior to their coming to the
131

United States, in executive or managerial positions, or positions requiring specialized knowledge, if they are coming to the United States to work for that

company in one of those three capacities. Spouses and children are included in

the L category.

There were, and are, two separate processes for the bringing over of those

classes of aliens. The B-l, the E-l and the E-2 need only establish their eligibility to the satisfaction of an American consular officer abroad, and a visa

will be issued. Such visas often are issued on the same day the application is

made; at most, in a clearly eligible case, they may take a few days. Once the

visa is issued, the alien is able to depart immediately for the United States.

The second process** covers the H-l, H-2, H-3 and L-l alien. These aliens

cannot apply for visas in those categories until petitions to establish their

eligibility (and in the case of the L-l, the company relationship and prior year

of employment) have been submitted to the appropriate office of the Immigration

and Naturalization Service in the United States, approved, and sent on to the

designated American consulates. Initially, no such petitions could be approved

for more than one year. The corresponding visa could not be issued for a period

beyond the validity date of the petition, i.e., no more than one year.

By contrast, B-l visas are often issued for an indefinite period of validity, E visas for up to four years. Recently, in 1981, the Immigration Service

amended its regulations to permit the approval of an L-l petition for an initial period of up to three years, with the consequence thai an L-l visa can

be issued for a period of up to three years. The H approval time restriction

remains.

Because of the simpler qualification process and the very much faster

issuance of visas, B-ls and Es would seem to be the visas of choice. However,

each has its own restrictions. The B-l alien (with very limited exceptions)

cannot be coming to the United States for employment, and cannot receive a

wage or salary from a United States source. As for Es, not every company and

not every alien can qualify; there are countries with which we do not have the

necessary treaties, and even where the treaty exists, the U.S. company must

be at least 51% owned by nationals of the treaty country and the E alien must

also be a national of the treaty country; additionally, if the treaty trader

visa is sought, the company in the United States must be doing at least 51% of

its trading with the treaty country.
132

Therefore, in most situations, the company must go through the H or L petitioning process. This is often a harrowing, time consuming experience.

The Immigration and Naturalization Service, which must adjudicate these

petitions, is seriously understaffed, and budget considerations and policies

do not make it appear likely that this situation will be remedied in the near

future. All too often, the adjudicators on the Immigration Service staff are

undertrained. There is considerable inconsistency in understanding and interpretation from district to district, and between the Regions and the Central

Office of the immigration and Naturalization Service. As a single example, an

L-l petition was approved in New York on the basis of two supporting letters,

one from the foreign entity, describing the required business relationship and

vouching for the alien's position level and year of prior employment, and one

from the American entity, confirming the business relationship and describing

the need for the alien's services here. The same company submitted a petition

to the Tampa, Florida field office, for a person who had served in an equivalent capacity abroad, and would be serving in an equivalent capacity in Florida.

The Tampa field office returned the application, insisting that the petitioner

must submit the foreign corporate tax and employment records for the previous

three years, must submit evidence that the companies were 90% commonly owned

(despite the existing memorandum from the General Counsel for the Immigration

and Naturalization Service that even 30% of common ownership could be sufficient, if there was common management and control), and that there must be

submitted the alien's own tax returns for the previous three years.

Aside from inconsistencies, the personnel shortage creates a self-perpetuating backlog mechanism. The company which needs the alien in the United States

urgently, and cannot wait for the normal several-month processing period, can

ask for and receive expedited adjudication upon submission of convincing evidence

of that urgent need. The adjudicator is taken away from regular case work to

work on this application. Thus, work the adjudicator would have been doing on

the regular workload is delayed. The more such requests for expeditious handling, the more staff is diverted from normal cases. The more such diversions

occur, the longer the standard processing time becomes. And the longer the

standard processing time becomes, the more applications for expeditious handling

are submitted.
133

This mechanism operates not only with relation to petition processing, but

with regard to extension applications as well. Since every H-l, H-2 or H-3 applicant will have been admitted for no more than one year, and many of them have

genuine need to remain in the United States for more than a year, when the end

of that year approaches, there must be an application for extension submitted

if the alien is to be able to remain and work legally in the United States. In

cases in which it necessary for the alien to travel abroad as part of the business duties, he must have a valid visa in order to return. Unless the extension application is approved before he departs, he will not be able to get that

new visa. And if he leaves the country, he cannot have an application for extension processed, but must have a new petition filed on his behalf by the company, and approved, before he can get the visa to return. Understandably, therefore, there is pressure for expeditious handling of the extension application,

especially where the Immigration Service's own estimate of the processing time

for an H or L extension is three months (this was the case in the New York District as of October, 1981). Thus, the expedite-backlog cycle is fed.

If the Administration's Omnibus bill is passed, the additional duties it

proposes for the Immigration Service (in administering the "amnesty" provisions,

if nothing else) would exacerbate the present system and practices to the point

where it is difficult to conceive that such cases could be processed within

any meaningful period.

Therefore, not only for the business organizations involved, but for the

well-being and functioning capacity of the Immigration and Naturalization Service itself, the processing of business visa categories should be changed to

a feasible, time-efficient system, one that does not require repetitious readjudications of the same facts, one that places some of the onus of administration and processing on the companies that benefit from these categories.

The National Foreign Trade Council, in its testimony, will be covering

a procedure that I believe is a practical and useful one. I would like to propose it as well, with certain modifications and extensions.

Many large companies do not use the temporary visa petition once; they

need and bring over to the United States varying numbers of people, some in H-l

status, some in L-l status. For each L-l there must be a new petition; for each

H-l there must be a separate petition (with certain limited exceptions). For
134

each alien, there must be several extension applications, perhaps several expedited handling requests. Since the prime benefit is to those companies, it

is not inappropriate that they carry the burden of the time consuming processing.

There is in existence, for J-l exchange visitors, a procedure which permits admission to the United States of many aliens, without the necessity of

a petition for each. Companies, institutions, etc. make application and are

permitted to administer recognized exchange programs. When an alien is to be

brought to the United States under one of those programs, the program administrator takes the responsibility for determining the alien's qualifications,

issues him a standard form establishing that he will be participating in that

program, and the alien takes that form to the American consulate and is issued a visa.

Why not a similar program for business visas ?

Standards for the size and/or type of company that can qualify can be set

on the basis of information on genuine business needs. Limitations on the number of aliens who can be in the United States at any one time under any such

program can likewise be set on the same basis.

The licensing or qualification of each company for such a program is something which should depend upon consistent standards, consistently applied. I

would therefore propose that the petition of a company to qualify for such a

program (which would be filed only once), should be adjudicated by a special

central office or section of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, no

matter where in the United States (or at how many locations) the aliens it brings

in will be working. The number limitations for each company would be applied

for and set at the time of that petitioning.

Once a petition is granted to a company, that company will bear the prime

responsibility for the administration of that program and for its enforcement.

The form it issues to the alien, which he presents to obtain his visa, can be

executed by it under oath, attesting to the qualifications of the alien, the

basis on which that alien comes within the approved program, the length of time

his services are needed in the United States. There should be provision, especially in the case in which travel is an essential part of that alien's duties,
135

for the issuance of a visa valid coextensive with the period of the alien's assignment to the United States.

It should be possible for the alien to be admitted to the United States

for the full period that he will be working here (if it does not exceed a specified period, such as three years), to do away with the need for extension

applications. Once the alien is in the United States, it should be the duty of

the company to monitor and report to the Immigration Service that the conditions of admission are being complied with. For example, every such company

should be required, once a year, to send a report, executed under oath, to

the Immigration Service, listing every alien brought by it who is then in the

United States, indicating when he entered, where he is working", etc. That report should also contain information to establish that those aliens who have

completed such service have left the United States. The company should also

be under an obligation to report to the Immigration Service, within a period

of days, any alien who leaves its employ, with information as to where he was

last employed, and his last known address. With computerization, there should

be no genuine problem in making and keeping accurate records.

The penalty for failure to comply with any of the monitoring and enforcement requirements would be a revocation of the program authorization, thus giving the company genuine incentive to comply, since the alternative would be to

revert to the individual petition system.

For companies who do not come within the defined scope of the program,

there would be the present petition system. However, with the removal from the

Immigration Service's workload of the numerous oases that could be handled

under such programs, hopefully processing times would speed up.

I feel, too, that such programs should not extend only to persons who can

qualify as L-ls. Very often, a company may need in the United States someone

who has not worked for it for a year abroad, but can qualify as an H-l, and

is needed sooner than an H-l petition can realistically be processed, approved

and sent to the Consulate abroad. The ever-present threat of revocation of

the program authorization, and the qualification document under oath, should

be a realistic deterrent to possible abuse of the program by the company. To

be realistic, the law should be enlarged to include business executives at and

above a certain level within the H-l category. Business management, especi-
136

ally in large companies, is a profession, whether or not the person entrusted

with that responsibility has an M.B.A. degree. Consideration should also be

given to redefining the H-3 category, because the actuality is that relatively

few companies train personnel through class-room or lecture sessions for more

than a very brief period (if there is any such training at all), and knowledge

is gained through on-the-job training in most cases. This area should be included within the overall program.

I do not see any reason for requiring that persons brought over under such

a program should be required to return to the foreign company before they can

be eligible to apply for permanent resident status. From a practical standpoint,

it is unreal to expect a company to want to hire permanently someone it has not

tested within the framework of performing the actual functions the job would

require. The bringing to the United States initially may be a form of testing.

And, when and if the employer is satisfied that the person would be of benefit

to it in a permanent job in the United States, it should be permitted to use the

prevailing and/or most practical procedure available. Such aliens would have

to meet the normal requirements for permanent residence; if not in L-l status in

a managerial or executive capacity, they would have to obtain a labor certification. They would be under the same quota and preference restrictions, would

have to establish admissibility under the same criteria, as all other applicants

for permanent residence.

In summary, the Congress has recognized, and continues to recognize, the

need for business visa categories. Implementation of the present laws is cumbersome, and unduly time consuming, with no foreseeable prospect of improvement. Therefore, it would be well to consider the changing of the present laws

to permit of a system that can be more easily and efficiently administered

and would relieve the burden of an already over-stressed Immigration and Naturalization Service.
137

Senator SIMPSON. Let me ask you, Sam, you mentioned the advantages gained by the adjustment of status application, and I

know you are aware of certain of the abuses that have taken place

within that system. What do you believe should be done about

some of those abuses?

Mr. BERNSEN. Well, where there are abuses, the applications can

be denied. Can you tell me, Senator, what abuses you might have

in mind, so that I might address some of those?

Senator SIMPSON. I think I mentioned some of them at the beginning. I had them itemized. Let me get my little list of those.

We have heard of the use of skilled American personnel already

available, it's much like we look at the H-2 program.

We hear of the importance of these visas in connection with the

American business economy and the growth of the American economy, and yet we hear of the abuses. One of them is where American skilled personnel are available. Another is where these people

come for purposes other than entering for temporary purposes,

knowing that if they can just get here, that they can upgrade, to

get a more permanent status. Those are some of the abuses I speak

of.

Mr. BERNSEN. Well, I think the abuses you mentioned are in the

worker area. No abuses have been mentioned in connection with

relatives. I would hope that the relative area at least is noncontroversial.

Now with regard to workers, the aliens who wanted to get third

preference or sixth preference, those are the classifications for the

workers, they have to qualify just as any other alien does, the same

as an alien abroad.

The system that we have says to the alien, if you want to immigrate to this country as a worker, as a third or sixth preference,

you have to have an employer.

It's a little bit unrealistic to expect that an alien in Timbuktu is

going to be able to locate an employer in the United States to come

here legally. So he comes here as a visitor for pleasure. He comes

with a dream in his heart. He wants to live in this country. Maybe

he finds an employer that can use his skill while he is here.

If he finds one, and if the employer complies with the law, and

the alien complies with the law, it would seem to me that that

really is not an abuse.

Senator SIMPSON. YOU have a large heart. I remember that. I remember that very well.

Let me ask this question, and then I must go vote, and I guess we

will just take a recess for 5 minutes, and we can still conclude

much similar to the program that we had.

Why don't we do that now. Let me just do that, because the

second bell has gone. So we'll just recess for about 5 minutes, and

I'll return after this rollcall vote.

[Recess.]

Senator SIMPSON. Yes, Mr. Foster, I wanted to ask, Could you

comment on the one-step procedure with respect to the adjustment

of status? Has that been effective in your experience? Do you think

it should be expanded from the use in offices to other offices, or

does that require additional personnel and costs? I'd like your view.
138

Mr. FOSTER. Senator, in my experience, it has been effective. I

think I recognize in certain districts, I know particularly in New

York, there have been a number of problems. In Miami there have

been problems and complaints, but the concept is impeachable that

Immigration has a hard time keeping up with all the documents,

you want to cut down on the numbers of levels of people and separate adjudications. If you can concentrate everything at one time

and do it, then it makes a lot of sense, and that's essentially what

one-step is.

You have the individual applicant before you, all the papers are

before you. There is no chance anything is going to go awry, and it

is, in my opinion, the most efficient way.

Now the problem with one-step is a problem of insufficient personnel, and that is, more people often are there at Immigration

who line up, who are apparently eligible, and often not all of them

go through.

But the answer to that is if you did away with one-step, those

cases would still exist. I think statistically more cases will go

through that way with one-step than otherwise.

So I think the concept is good and I'd like to see it expanded.

Senator SIMPSON. YOU mentioned, too, that American industry

would suffer severely if section 245 were restricted or repealed.

Would you just express that briefly as to why that is? Is this a

question of the inability to obtain longer term visas without bureaucratic delay, or just what could you share with us on that?

Mr. FOSTER. Well, I realize that covers a lot, saying American industry would suffer.

First of all, of course, in each case where we are talking about

adjustment of status, the person has already qualified. He's already

gone through the process•if it's an employer case•of proving that

there are no qualified U.S. workers available at the prevailing

wage, and so we are now talking about where is that person going

to apply. We are just talking about a question of jurisdiction. Does

the jurisdiction lie where the person is presently on the job?

After all, he has already proved that the company cannot find

anybody else, he's here, he's had a lawful admission. He may often

be an executive, and it's a question of whether or not you are going

to force that person to take a trip abroad halfway around the world

with his wife and his children.

One way I would say it would suffer is just the disruption. People

often go before the American consul, even when they are scheduled, and if there is a missing document, they may have to wait

weeks or months. So if the person is critical to the operations of

the company, it's in that area that I would be most concerned for

the disruption.

And conversely, I see no real benefit to the Government by sending him over there.

Senator SIMPSON. Let me just ask you, Sam, one question, and

then come to these others. And I have asked this previous. I don't

believe you heard the question I asked, or the response, but some

people who discuss this adjustment of status do so in all-or-nothing

terms. Could one make holders of the B visas and the F visas ineligible for adjustment for the reason that we find that at least three-
139

quarters of the nonimmigrants who adjust came from those two

groups?

Mr. BERNSEN. Well, you could write such a rule. Congress has

the power to do that. I would question the advisability of doing it,

because we constantly come back to the basic point that adjustment of status is not an end run around the Immigration system. I

do not believe it's an abuse, because these people must comply with

all the rules, just as the person abroad.

An alien has to show, if he wants to get adjustment of status as a

worker, that American workers are not available; whether he's in

the United States or abroad, he's got to show American workers

are not available.

Senator SIMPSON. In your experience, how do foreigners view our

procedures? As excessively absurd, or complex, or too easy to enter,

or too easy to adjust? How do they perceive it?

Mr. BERNSEN. Well, from the people I encounter, I believe they

perceive it as an incredibly complex system which is simply not understandable to them. It's a sort of a Kafka-like system. It's unreal.

They go to INS. They ask questions. They get answers they don't

understand, and in sort of a trancelike state they wander into law

offices and make a lot of money for lawyers to help them get out of

this maze.

Senator SIMPSON. What do you think of that? [Laughter.]

Rebuttal will now be•well, that was similar to the response I

had when I asked earlier in the day that question.

Well, Mr. Goldstein, would you comment on the desirability of

continuing the separate categories of business visas. Given the

overlap that exists, would it be better to have fewer categories for

business visas?

Mr. GOLDSTEIN. I think that the current group of categories is

adequate to deal with the needs of American industry, providing

that we have proper and uniform adjudication of those visas.

I don't think the problem is that we have too many categories. I

think the problem in the Immigration Service and at the consulates overseas is that we don't have uniformity in decisionmaking.

We have situations where individuals who could secure an E

visa, were they to appear in England, are not found eligible to

secure it because they are appearing in France, where the consul

may have a somewhat different attitude toward an E visa.

We have situations where someone who is eligible for and will

get an approved H-l in New York would not get it in Los Angeles

for the very same job, with the same job description.

I think the problem, therefore, Senator, is just simply that we

lack a system of uniform visa adjudication on a national and an

international basis, rather than the problem being that the visa

categories are unclear to individuals who are applying for them, or

that they don't meet the current needs of the American business

community.

Senator SIMPSON. Well, you have obviously had a good deal of

experience with foreign visas. Do other countries grant nonimmigrant business visas much more easily than we do?

Mr. GOLDSTEIN. I think that would depend clearly on the country that you look to. For example, the Japanese, it has become

quite apparent, have made it very difficult for Americans coming
140

into Japan to secure appropriate work visas. And I know that one

of the issues that's been raised by the Department of State with

this alleged E visa problem for Japanese is, "Well, look how difficult the Japanese make it for us to come to Japan and do business."

I am somewhat familiar with the English system and the Canadian system, and I do think that you see various degrees of complexities in each of those systems.

I might recommend to you, Senator, at this time that it might be

useful to you or the members of your staff to participate in a forthcoming seminar here in Washington June 20-22 on comparative

immigration law being sponsored by the International Bar Association. We are going to have representatives of eight countries present, speaking on the immigration laws of their countries.

Senator SIMPSON. NOW I know where Arnold Leibowitz dug up

that invitation for me to speak at the lunch. [Laughter.]

Mr. GOLDSTEIN. That's correct, Senator.

Senator SIMPSON. Yes, I have. I've tracked it right now. Well,

maybe I can participate and certainly I assure you that staff members will be there.

Since you spoke of the Japanese, could you comment on the reasons as you see it for the reaction of the Japanese to the change in

the issuance of the E visa?

Mr. GOLDSTEIN. Well, I think initially you must keep in mind,

Senator, that the E visa "problem" developed at the very time

when the Japanese automobile invasion of the United States was

causing the most concern here in this country, and at that very

time there was an article in the New York Times which quoted a

high official in the State Department, indicating that the Japanese

had been abusing the issuance of E visas in Japan.

The person who was quoted in that article subsequently indicated that he did not mean to single out the Japanese; that this E visa

problem was occurring in Scandinavia, in certain countries of

Europe as well. But to the Japanese, I would say that the change

in E visa adjudication•and it has been rather substantial•has led

them to believe that the United States is taking a posture now of

using its immigration laws to deal with its economic problems.

My own reading of the situation is that what actually happened

is that over a period of years the American consular offices in

Japan were being lulled by the very admirable visa record of the

Japanese who would come to the United States and succeed in

doing business in the United States, and then for the most part in

great numbers return back to Japan at the conclusion of their business visits. And the Japanese found that they were getting their E

visa cases, often very marginal cases, approved very readily by

American consular officers.

And then all of a sudden, the State Department adopts a stringent attitude and says to the Japanese:

Well, we know you have been getting them very easily in the past, but we feel

that now is the time for us to curtail the issuance of E visas to those marginal cases

where you have been getting them too readily.
141

And this occurred at the very time, in October 1980, when there

was so much concern here in this country over Japanese imports

and balance of trade.

I think it's also fair to indicate to you, Senator, that the Japanese have not themselves, in my opinion, been blameless, because

there were many instances where Japanese were filing E visa applications for employees who were not really highly specialized or

essential in the roles that they were coming to perform in the

United States.

There was a Japanese bank in San Francisco that secured 195 E

visas for bank tellers, which clearly does not qualify under the E-l

employee visa requirement for being high level and specialized and

essential to the operation of the company.

There was a Japanese hotel that managed to secure an E-l visa

for a position classified as a beverage department manager, which

turned out to be nothing more than a bartender at the hotel.

And I think what was happening realistically was that the

American consuls was essentially telling the Japanese, "Look, if

you give us these kinds of documents, we'll issue E visas," and the

Japanese were saying, "OK, we'll give you these documents, and if

you want high level job titles and high level positions, here they

are."

And then all of a sudden, the State Department says the Japanese are guilty of visa abuse, which I think was very unfair, and I

might add caused a great deal of furor in Japan, because when

they read the interpretation of that statement in Japanese, the

translation of the word "abuse" in Japanese suggests illegality. I

don't think it's fair for us to accuse the Japanese of exercising any

degree of illegality in the visas that were being issued to them.

Senator SIMPSON. Thank you very much.

Ms. Kaufman, you mentioned the recommendation of having reputable companies authorized to handle their own L-l program such

as is now authorized for the exchange visitor or the J-l program.

How do you answer the point that many companies, even very

large and reputable ones, discharge American engineers, their

American engineers, in order to hire the lower priced foreign engineer?

Ms. KAUFMAN. First of all, I am not aware that that is a fact. It's

a statement, made by somebody who obviously has a special interest in the area. Generally, also, engineers are not L-l's, they are

H-l's.

I think there is an impression being given that American companies are using these categories to, in effect, import "coolie labor." I

don't believe that is the case. I have not seen it happening, and I

don't know that anybody has been able to document that claim.

The Immigration Service has indicated that there is relatively

little abuse. There is the power, there is the mechanism to curb

that abuse if, in fact, it does exist. What I have proposed in the

suggested system is that the companies be made specifically responsible for it, because any papers they would file with the Immigration Service pertaining to those programs would be executed

under oath, and any abuse of that program would lead to its revocation.
142

Senator SIMPSON. YOU also mentioned the possibility of granting

a long-term visa. Would that result in practice in actually building

up equities and ties with every one of those recipients and they

would then later be able to prove hardship and be able to stay as a

permanent resident, if they desired?

Ms. KAUFMAN. NO, sir, I don't believe so. The person who comes

as an L has equities already more or less built into his situation.

He doesn't need a labor certification under schedule A, group 4.

The person who comes as an H builds up no equities. If he wants

to become a permanent resident, he needs a Labor certification, the

same as anybody else does. He needs to meet all of the qualifications for adjustment.

The question of long-term stays in the United States, building up

ties that could create hardship, I believe refers to suspension of deportation, for which there must be a minimum of 7 years of physical presence in the United States.

We have been getting evermore severe decisions by the Immigration Service, the Board of Immigration Appeals, all the way up to

the Supreme Court, on what constitutes hardship.

I would be very, very surprised if someone who was here as an

H-l, just because he had been here 7 years, would be able to prove

the requisite hardship to get him suspension of deportation.

Senator SIMPSON. If one were to expand the length of stay permitted under one of the L or the H categories, and also make it

easier to get those visas, would you feel then it would be appropriate not to permit adjustment of status?

Ms. KAUFMAN. NO, sir. I don't see why there is a necessity or

why there is a connection. There has been quite a bit of testimony

here about the fact that the people who are here and then apply

for adjustment of status rather than going overseas, to get their

visas, are not doing an "end run" around the process.

These are people who are thoroughly eligible. The only difference

is that instead of carrying out the procedure at the consulate

abroad, they are carrying it out in the United States. They take

their proper place on a quota list, their priority dates are in no

way tampered with by the fact that they are here. The sole advantage that they have is that they are in fact here.

But they are not really doing anybody else out of anything.

Senator SIMPSON. DO you have a thought on the issue of the fact

that more than three-quarters of the nonimmigrants who adjust

come from the two groups of B and F visas? Do you have any comment on that?

Ms. KAUFMAN. In what terms, sir? In terms of restricting them?

Senator SIMPSON. Would there be any reason to make those two

groups more restrictive for adjustment of status or ineligible for adjustment?

Ms. KAUFMAN. I don't see why, sir. If they qualify, they would

qualify just as well if they took the trip home and waited for their

visa processing abroad, and I don't see who would be damaged by

the fact that they can wait here for it.

Senator SIMPSON. That's why I asked.

And then you have had again great experience with these visas.

How do other countries handle that, in your mind? Do other coun-
143

tries grant these nonimmigrant visas with greater ease than we

do? Are you aware of that?

Ms. KAUFMAN. I'm not aware of it, sir, but it seems to me that

the perspective in the United States should be what is good for the

United States, what is good for the American business organizations that need these people.

Senator SIMPSON. I think I appreciate that.

Mr. Foster, let me ask you how you perceive the foreigners view

our procedures, as others stated, excessively rigid, complex, too

easy, what?

Mr. FOSTER. Senator, how foreigners view our procedures immigration-wise?

Senator SIMPSON. Yes.

Mr. FOSTER. I would agree substantially with Sam Bernsen that

most foreign nationals would view our immigration procedures as

being complex. Part of the problem is inherent. As long as we

decide, as Congress has, that we are going to have a limited

number of people, and once you decide we're not going to let everybody in, we're going to have to have a selection system, it's inherent in the system.

The second part of it is that Immigration has been so understaffed and underfunded that they really cannot respond to any

public questioning.

So, yes, the average alien will perceive our immigration procedures to be very complex.

Senator SIMPSON. Where are we with the•and this is the final

question. If one applies for a visa abroad and is turned down by the

consul and our embassy, they have no appeal. If they apply to

adjust their status here and are turned down, what right of appeal

should or would they have?

Mr. FOSTER. Well, under the current law, you're absolutely correct, and that's a matter our association is concerned with, and

that is an American consular officer overseas has absolute power to

make the decision, from which there is no appeal. And I could cite

horror story after horror story.

I believe that's where the problem is. Within the United States,

if it's a nonimmigrant visa petition, he has an appeal, he has administrative review which I think is proper. If you're talking about

adjustment of status, there is no formal appeal unless the Immigration Service initiates deportation proceedings, and then in effect

there is appeal because the applicant, if he's otherwise eligible, can

file an application for adjustment of status before the immigration

judge. So that's a form of administrative appeal. And then a denial

would be appealable to the Board of Immigration Appeals.

But something so inherently as important as the right to remain

permanently and to work here permanently is so important, I

think it's proper that there be some level of review.

Senator SIMPSON. Well, let's kind of concur that it is not an end

run, but under the present policy it could be an additional attraction? In other words, getting here under any kind of•you know,

get here under the B and then move from there.

Mr. FOSTER. The additional attraction being that once in the

United States, they'd have the right of appeal?
144

Senator SIMPSON. Well, you have lots of things going for you once

you get here. Some of the things we have heard testimony on

today. Once you're here

Mr. FOSTER. Candidly, Senator, I believe there are two real attractions, and that is once you are here, as Mr. Bernsen indicated,

if in fact you need an employer, it's much easier to find an employer once you are in the United States, rather than abroad. But as

far as the right of appeal, I don't think that's abused. I think most

individuals seeking permanent residence wouldn't come here just

for the right of appeal.

After all, that would just get them a matter of a few weeks or

months, and if the Service was concerned about that, then they

could expedite the appeals any time they wanted to.

Senator SIMPSON. Well, anyway, the entire material has been

very helpful for me, and I appreciate it. I think that will conclude•you were talking about budget matters, Ms. Kaufman, and

the second continuing resolution that we just passed a few hours

ago had about $65 million more than the first continuing resolution for the INS. That puts it up around $428 million, so that's

what we've been scratching on in the back rooms, and it certainly

needs a tremendous amount more attention in the next budget

presentation of 1982, and we hope to see that it's in place there.

Well, I do appreciate it. As I say, this will be the final hearing of

this year. That concludes that 17 days of hearings over the period

from April 1, 80 hours plus, about 205 witnesses, and a similar

effort by Congressman Mazzoli of the other faith over in the House.

We do keep in close touch. We're going to do something, and hopefully it will be done right and without the usual things that accompany immigration refugee policy reform in America, and that is

what I've said many times, vestiges of racism and some pretty interesting aberrations from logic.

So with this•I was thinking of a terrible pun. We might conclude this and say how corporate America has gone to L. [Laughter.]

But I don't do that. It's too late in the day.

All right. Thank you very much. We appreciate your participation. It's been most helpful, and that will conclude this hearing.

[Whereupon, at 4:50 p.m., the hearing was concluded.]
145

APPENDIX

PREPARED STATEMENT

OF THE INTERFAITH COALITION

FOR JUSTICE TO IMMIGRANTS

Testimony by the interfaith Coalition for Justice to Immigrants before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee

Policy, Senate Judiciary Committee, December 11 , 1981.

Senator Alan Simpson

Senate Subcommittee

Immigration and Refugee Policy

Room 6 205

Dirksen Senate Office Building

Washington, D.C. 20510

The Omibus Immigration Control Act (S.1765 hereinafter

referred to as the Act) introduced in the Senate by Senator

Thurmond at the request of the Administration on October 22,

1981, contains a legalization provision (Title I) which is

unacceptably burdensome and fundamentally unfair to the individuals which it affects.

Although a legalization measure is certainly called for

in the new legislation, the terms which couch the present

provision will have the following unfavorable results:

1) Creation of a new class of persons whose status will be

uncertain and who will live under a continuous threat of

deportation. 2) Creation of a new class of workers who

must comply with all tax obligations, but, unlike citizens

or permanent residents, will not be entitled to any corresponding benefits. 3) Break with previous congressional

policy by forcing the separation of families. 4) Aggravate

administrative problems with the repeated 3 year registration

and other record keeping requirements.

The remaining portion of this testimony will be

dedicated to explanations of the reasons which have lead the

Interfaith Coalition for Justice to Immigrants to the conclusions enumerated above and proposals for redrafting the

leg islation.

In the past Congress has enacted several legalization

laws. These have usually granted permanent residence to

those individuals who were in the country prior to the specified cut off date. Title I of the Act, however, does not
146

grant permanent residence to those aliens who were in the

U.S. prior to January 1, 1980. Instead, it provides for a

new "temporary residence" status. This new classification

is required to be in the U.S. continuously at least 10 years

before being eligible to adjust status to permanent residence.

Further, when temporary residents do apply for adjustment of status they will be required to demonstrate an

understanding of the English language. This is not a requirement with which other applicants for permanent residence

must comply and constitutes a discriminatory procedure.

The amount of discretion granted to the Attorney

General and the extensive record keeping required by this

proposed legislation will further exacerbate the administrative burden on an already overtaxed Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). The offices of the INS have been

understaffed and backlogged for some time. They need to be

relieved by enactment of simpler legislation and not plagued

further by procedures which require manpower, paperwork and

time.

Therefore, the Coalition proposes that legalization be

in the form of permanent residence without a language proficiency requirement to provide certainty of status to the

aliens involved and to minimize administrative processing.

An obvious defect of Title I, and one that is of great

concern to the Coalition, is that it is plagued with vagueness. It states that the Attorney General "in his discretion... may accord temporary resident status..." This language provides little guidance and accords wide discretion

to those who implement the Act. This usually leads to abuse

by local authorities, lack of uniformity in the enforcement

of the law and uncertainty on the part of the alien as to

what his status actually is at any given time. Such vagueness is also apparent in the paragraph which sets out the

registration requirement every 3 years after the initial

registration. This paragraph provides that registration

must take place "... as long as the alien remains under

temporary resident status." However, Title I of the Act

does not enumerate the reasons for which an alien would be

stripped of his temporary resident status. This will again

leave the alien fearing that his status may be cancelled for

reasons which he does not even know and living under a

continuous threat of deportation. As a result, the

Coalition proposes that the legalization process be

available to all persons who were in the country prior to

January 1, 1980.

Those individuals eligible for legalization must

register with the Attorney General within twelve months from

the enactment of the legislation in order to benefit from

the law. Those who do not register in time or do not learn

of the procedure until after the expiration of the registration time will presumably not be able to legalize. We propose that the registration period be extended or left open

in order to make it available to all those who qualify.

The immigration statute has always been designed to

promote family reunification. The very framework which sets
147

out priorities for the purpose of issuing permanent residence visas has been predicated upon the concept of family

reunification. Priority has always been given to immediate

relatives of U.S. citizens and residents, yet, the Act's

provision for legalization specifically states that no preferential treatment is granted for immediate relatives.

Instead, it provides that immediate relatives of temporary

residents may be eligible for legalization only if they

qualify on their own under the provisions of the Title. We

propose that the legislation include family reunification

provisions.

In addition, temporary residents will find no guidance

in the Act with respect to if, when and with what frequency

they may leave the U.S. to visit their families abroad.

Therefore, clarification on this subject is required.

Another objection to the bill is that the temporary

resident aliens will constitute a new class of workers who

will be subject to institutionalized economic discrimination.

These individuals must comply with all of the fiscal obligations of citizens and permanent residents in that they must

pay taxes, make contributions to social security, etc. However, they are not eligible to receive any of the benefits

from the Food Stamp Act, Housing and Urban Development Act

or Social Security Act. This provision is exploitive, particularly in light of statistics which show that, in the

average, immigrants pay more taxes per capita than citizens

because they are mostly young adult workers motivated to

create for themselves an economic reality better than the

one left behind. Therefore, the Coalition maintains that

legalized aliens be granted full equal rights as those

accorded to citizens and permanent residents.

In conclusion, we urge you to modify Title I of S. 1765

to conform with our proposals. Such redrafting of the bill

will provide a more equitable, yet, effective law, which

will also prevent additional administrative burdens.

o