INDEX 

[Major references are in boldface] 

"A, an" 156 

Abandoned geologic name. See Geologic 

names. 

Abbreviations, petrologic 98 

Abbreviations, signs, and symbols 104 

accents and diacritical marks 105 

acronyms 147 

addresses 105 

avoidance of abbreviations 104, 147 

chemical elements, 

names, and symbols 105 

common words 109 

countries and other 

political subdivisions 104 

dates, months, format 

used in Survey reports 105 

directions, terms of 109 

geochronologic dating 45, 105, 117 

geographic names and geologic 

terms, not abbreviated 104 

land 107 

latitude and longitude 107 

map 210 

measurements 107 

minerals 107, 108 

months 105 

names and titles 107 

numbers 107 

percent 107, 117, 174 

periods after initials, 

contractions, or numbers 270 

petrologic abbreviations 99 

rock names 55, 108 

scientific and engineering 

terms (table) 109 

States and possessions of 

the United States 104, 270 

in references 237 

stratigraphic terms 55 

temperature 109 

terms used only a few times 104 

uncommon abbreviations 104 

"About, approximately, on the 

order of' 154, 156 

"Absent, lacking" 156 

Absolute and relative errors 120 

Abstract, formatting 262 

Gunning's fog index 148 

poster sessions 242 

scrutiny of 22 

talks at scientific meetings 23, 264 

written report 21, 228 

Abstract nouns in the 

subject of the sentence 151 

"Abut" 151 

Accents and diacritical marks 105 

"Accomplish" 151 

Accuracy and consistency (writing 

and reviewing) 14, 229 

"Accuracy, precision" 156 

"Acid, acidic, alkaline," 

as rock terms 99 

See also Petrologic terminology. 

Acknowledgments 12, 20, 25, 229 

analyses 12 

non-Survey people 12 

photographs 13, 202 

preferred form 13 

services 13 

Acronyms 75, 104, 147, 229 

aquifers 75 

avoidance, for clarity 104, 147 

Active versus passive voice 142 

See also Undesirable change in 

construction. 

A.D., B.C. 104 

"Additionally" (transition word) 149 

Adjectival expressions and 

adjectives, demonstrative 50 

excessively long 146 

misplaced 129 

misused for adverbs 129 

modifiers 127 

modifiers for mineral names 94 

nouns used as 94, 146 

petrologic modifiers 99 

"Access," as a verb 150 

Active voice. See Voice. 

Addresses, abbreviated 105 

Administrative reports, 

scope and format 3 

Adverbs 127, 130 

hyphenated 138 

Adverbial conjunction 130, 135 

"however" 135 

punctuated properly 135 

See also Time words versus place words. 

Aerial photographs, as illustrations 202 

compilation on 223 

ordering instructions 224 

radial displacements 223 

use with PG2 plotter 223 

Affiliations, on title page 20 

"Age dating" 153 

See also Redundancies, meaningless. 

Agreement between 

sentence elements 125 

Algonkian. See Precambrian. 

"Align, alignment" 156 

"Aline" (not used in 

Government reports) 156 

"Alkaline, alkalic," as applied 

to rocks and minerals 99 

See also Petrologic terminology. 

"All of' 157 

Allen, Arly, cited 209 

Alliteration, undesirable 152 

Allostratigraphic unit 43, 44, 45, 49 

Alphanumeric designations for 

aquifers, avoidance 75 

Alt, D.F., and Iseri, K.T., cited 35 

"Although," in sentence fragment 124 

"Although, whereas" 157 

"Altitude, elevation" 57 

"Always" 178 

a.m., p.m. 104 

American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists, cited 209 

American Geological Institute 

(AGI) Glossary 163 

American Heritage Dictionary (Second 

College Edition), noted 4 

quoted 150 

American Mineralogist 93 

American Museum of Natd History 102 

American National Metric Council 122 

American National Standards Institute1 

Institute of Electrical and 

Electronic Engineers 122 

American Society for Testing and 

Materials 109, 122, 270 

Ammonites, Early Jurassic, 

Alaska (table) 219 

"Among" 160 

Ampersand (&) 107 

Analyses and descriptions, petrologic 99 

"and" 158 

"And (or), and/oru 157 

final "and" preceded by a comma 132 

"And others," in citations 19, 234 

Annual State Water-Data 

Reports, scope and format 2 

Antecedents, "former, latter" 168 

indefinite 126, 128 

"it" 170 

"Aphanitic" 99 

Apostrophe, contractions 139 

"its, it's" 171 

possessive case 139 

plurals 139 

"Apparent, evident, obvious" 157 

"Appears, seems" 158 

Appendix 25, 264 

Appendixes, format 262 

"Approximately." See About, * * *. 

Aquiclude, aquifuge, aquitard. See 

Aquifer; Confining unit. 

Aquifer 65 

aquifer system 66 

index Aquifer 275 
Aquifer-Con. 

comparison chart 67 

deriving names 69 

examples of designating 

and naming 77 

aquifer systems 77 

coastal area 77 

coincides with rockstratigraphic unit 77 

crosses rock and 

time units 80 

different purposes 

and scales 81 

discontinuous rockstratigraphic units 80 

large structural basin 80 

one rock-stratigraphic 

unit and part of another 77 

small part of two major 

rock-stratigraphic units 77 

Southwest alluvial basin 80 

thick lava flows 81 

formats for naming aquifers 76 

guidelines for naming 65 

nomenclature 65 

nonrecommended 

sources for names 74 

acronyms 75 

alph&umeric designations 75 

de~ositiond environment 75 

depth of occurrence 75 

hydrologic condition 75 

relative position 75 

time-stratigraphic units 74 

redefining and 

renaming aquifers 76 

recommended sources for 

aquifer names 71 

geographic 74 

lithologic 71 

rock-stratigraphic 71 

terms to avoid 67 

type area, locality, or well 67 

zone 66 

Aquiformation 67 

Aquifuge 66 

Aquigroup 67 

Aquitard 66 

See also Ground water, terms. 

Arabic numbers versus Roman 

numerals 117, 239 

Archean 60 

See also Geologic time divisions. 

Archeozoic. See Precambrian. 

Archives, Survey 213 

"Arelis," as principal verbs 125 

"Area, region, section" 158 

"Arenaceous" versus "sandy" 99 

Arithmetic operations, 

significant figures 120 

"As, since, because" 158 

"As much as, up to" 158 

"As well as" 133, 158 

"Assume, presume, postulate" 159 

"Assure, ensure, insure" 159 

Asterisks instead of periods 

in ellipsis 15, 139 

Atlases 4 

Atomic names, symbols, 

and weights 106 

"Audience, readership" 59 

Author, cited in 

references 234, 236, 239 

foreign name in references 236 

name preference and continuity 16 

Author and editor 9 

Author copy, illustrations 209 

Author responsibilities after 

Director's approval 5 

"Author's Check List" (Form 9-1517) 

184,188,194,199,209,211,212 

Author's check of maps and 

other illustrations 

before review 210 

authorship 211 

base credit 211 

captions 211 

checklist (Form 9-1517) 211 

completeness 210 

cooperative note 211 

correctness of data 211 

credit notes 211 

marginal data 211 

scale 211 

topographic data 211 

Authorship and coauthorship 19 

affiliations 20 

multiple chapters 20 

multiple names 20 

page charges to Survey 20 

principles governing 19 

Azoic. See Precambrian. 

Bailey,S.W.,cited 94 

"Balance, remainder, rest" 159 

Band graph 204 

Base maps, credit note 197 

mosaicked 185 

needs 185 

page-size maps 195 

reduction of 185 

scale 185 

stable material 186 

"Based on, on the basis of" 159 

"Basic," as applied to rocks 

and minerals 99 

See also Petrologic terminology. 

"Basis of." See "Based on, on the 

basis of." 

Bates, R.L. VIII, 132, 146 

Bates, R.L., and Jackson, 

J.A., quoted 66 

cited 98 

Bayliss, Peter, cited 93 

"Because" 158 

Berry, W.B.N., and 

Boucot, A.J., cited 61 

"Beside, besides" 160 

"Between, among" 160 

Bibliographic citations. See References, 

preparing. 

Billions of years 60, 105 

Biostratigraphic nomenclatures checked 45 

"Bisect into two parts" 153 

See also Redundancies, meaningless. 

Blackadar, R.G., and others, cited 90 

Board on Geographic Names 7, 83 

mailing address 85 

See also Geographic names. 

Body of text, format 253 

Boldface type, in lieu of italic 141 

not to be used for emphasis 141 

Book titles in text; important words 

capitalized. See References, 

preparing. 

Books and pamphlets published 

by the Geological 

Survey, scope and format 2 

Annual State WaterData Reports 2 

Bulletins 2 

Circulars 2 

Earthquakes and 

Volcanoes (publication) 2 

General-Interest Publications 2 

National Water 

Conditions (publication) 2 

New Publications of the 

Geological Survey 2 

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters-monthly listing 2 

Professional Papers 2 

Special book publications 2 

Techniques of WaterResources Investigations 2 

Water-Supply Papers 2 

Books, reference 4 

Borrowed data, acknowledgment of 13 

permission to use 13 

"Both, different" 160 

Boucot, A.J., cited 61 

Bowen, N.L., quoted 98 

Braces, use for correlation charts 49 

Brackets 139 

added referents 139 

bibliographic citations 237, 239 

foreign titles translated 237, 241 

functions of 139 

headnotes of tables 216 

imprintlrelease date 139 

quotations, information 

added 15, 139 

Brobst, D.A., and 

Pratt, W.P., cited 95 

Brown, R.W., cited 101 

Bulletins, author copy used 

for illustrations 209 

sample figure caption 256 

scope and format 

2, 122, 239, 250, 256 

Business firms, abbreviated names 107 

276 index Aquifer 
Cadence 132, 141 

"Calculate, compute, 

determine, estimate" 160 

Calkins, Frank C:, cited 

132, 134, 141, 144, 151 

Camera-ready copy, format 256 

Camera-ready tables, widths for 258 

"Can, could; may, might" 160 

Capitalization, following a colon 136 

formal geologic names 55 

geographic names 87 

geographic-geologic names 90 

in proof 267 

ka and kilo not capitalized 107 

stratigraphic names 46, 55 

temporary distinction 88 

terms used consistently 88 

titles of books and 

articles in text 235 

Captions, format 255 

photographs 199 

plates 211 

short form of captions 256 

text figures 255 

Carboniferous 60 

See also Geologic time divisions. 

Cartographic technician. See Illustrator. 

"Case, instance" 153, 160 

Categories and ranks of 

stratigraphic units 43 

Cater, Marjorie J. VIII 

Cather, Willa, quoted 165 

"Centered around, at, in, on, upon" 161 

Change in construction, 

undesirable 152 

Changes in copy after 

Director's approval 10 

"Character, conditions, purposes" 

(extraneous use of) 161 

"Characteristic, distinctive, typical" 161 

Check prints (proofs), final 

changes and corrections 213 

Checking drafted illustrations 10 

Checking report, first transmittal 8 

Checklist for illustrations, author's 188 

Checklist for format of 

completed manuscript 263 

Checklist for maps and other illustrations 

before review. See Author's 

check of maps * * *. 

Checklist for reviewers of 

maps and sections 233 

Chemical analyses, 

acknowledgment of 13 

in weight percent of oxides 91 

rare earths 91 

reporting oxides and ions 91 

significant figures 121 

Chemical symbols, elements 105, 106 

in tables and equations 91 

in text 91, 105 

names and symbols 106 

printed in roman, not italic 141 

Chemical nomenclature as it 

relates to mineralogy 93 

adjectivd modifiers 94 

mineral names 93 

prefixes 94 

suffixes 94 

Chemical terminology 91 

isotopes 91 

"lime," misused for calcium 92 

mercurylquicksilver 92 

"potash," misused 

for potassium 92 

"soda," misused for sodium 92 

"sulfurIsulfate" versus 

"sulphurlsulphate" 92 

Cherry, J.A., cited 65 

Choice of names on title page. See 

Authorship and coauthorship. 

Choosing the right word 156 

usages that distort 

the true meaning 150 

Christiansen, Ann Coe VIII 

Chronostratigraphic unit 61, 62 

See also Temporal and related units. 

Circular (pie) diagram 207 

Circulars, preparation 27, 209 

sample figure caption 256 

scope and format 2, 240, 250 

Clarity 15, 16, 143, 151, 152, 181, 229 

ellipsis 155 

flow and cadence; listening 

for by reading aloud 141 

in descriptive paleontology 100 

ten steps toward 147 

through careful 

choice of words 165 

through parallel 

construction 144, 146 

use of numbers to separate 

items in a series 134 

Clarke, F.W. 99 

Classification of mineral 

resources 96 

Clauselphrase, dependent 142 

independent 124, 125, 133, 142 

nonrestrictive 142, 143, 144 

parenthetical expression 144 

restrictive 142, 143, 144 

"that, which" 143 

Clear writing 15 

Cleavage symbol 187 

Coal Investigations Maps 3 

Coauthorship 19 

Cochran, Wendell, and 

March, S.F., cited 4 

Cochran, Wendell; Fenner, Peter; 

and Hil, Mary, cited 5 

Coherence in the report 124, 149 

paragraph length and 

organization 149 

topic sentences 149 

transitions 149 

Coined verbs 150 

Colleague contributions, 

acknowledgment of 13 

Colleague review 8, 32, 36, 226, 230 

See also Maps * * *, review; Reviewing technical reports. 

Collectives and their verbs 118, 126 

"Collide, collision" 151 

Collins diagram 205 

Colloquial mineral names 93 

Colon 136 

after an introductory 

statement 136 

between independent clauses 136 

emphatic 136 

in references 236-238 

introduction to a long quotation 136 

misuse following 

incomplete statement 136 

Color terms used to describe rocks 55 

Column or vertical bar graph 204 

Columnar sections 55 

example 58 

Columbium 92 

Combination graphs 208 

Comma 132 

after introductory 

phrase or clause 132 

before final "and" in a series 132 

before "so, then, or yet" 133 

between adjective and adverb 133 

footnote references 270 

for emphasis 134 

independent clauses 133 

parallel parts of series 132 

preventing misreading 134 

setting off parenthetical 

expression 133 

unneeded or misplaced 134 

with dates, names, 

numbers, places 133 

Comma splice (run-on sentence) 125 

Common word abbreviations 109 

"Commonly, generally, 

typically, usually" 161 

"Comparative(ly), relativefly)" 161 

"Compare, withlto" 153 

Comparison (transition word) 149 

Comparison and contrast expressions 145 

Compher, B. Arlene VIII 

Compass directions (west, 

westward, westerly) 162 

Complex intertonguing, example in a 

stratigraphic cross section 56 

Complex sentence 142, 152 

See also Sentences, four types. 

"Compose, comprise, consist, 

constitute, include" 162 

Compound-complex sentence 142, 152 

See also Sentences, four types; 

Change in construction. 

Compound modifier, form of 

when a number 117 

Compound sentence 124, 133, 142, 152 

See also Sentences, four types. 

Compound-singular-subjecU 

singular-verb problem 125 

Compound words, adjectival 138, 146 

Index Compound words 277 
Compound words-Con. 

adverbial 135, 138 

hyphenated in unit 

modifiers 137, 146 

geographic names 83 

geologic terms 270 

rock names 98, 99, 137 

See also Exceptions to GPO Style 

Manual; Hyphen. 

"Comprise" 162 

"Compute" 160 

Computer-assisted geologic mapping 224 

plotting 186 

Computer graphics 186, 187, 198 

Concession (transition word) 149 

Conciseness 147 

"Conclude, deduce, imply, infer" 163 

Concluding section of report 25 

Conclusion (transition word) 149 

Concrete nouns versus 

abstract nouns 151 

"Conditions" (extraneous use of) 161 

"Conduct" 154, 163 

Confining unit 67 

naming 76 

See also Aquifer. 

"Conform to, conformity with" 153 

"Congeliturbation." See Stilted and 

showy language. 

Congressional Joint 

Committee on Printing 185 

Conjunction 130 

adverbial (consequently, 

however, nevertheless, 

therefore, thus) 130, 135 

coordinating (and, but, for, 

nor, or, so, still, 

yet) 125, 130, 142, 144 

correlative (bothland, 

eitherlor) 144 

in parallel construction. See Parailel 

construction. 

subordinating (after, although, 

because, unless, 

when, whereas) 130 

Connor, Carol Waite VIII 

"Consist, compose" 162 

"Conspicuous, prominent" 163 

"Constitute, compose" 162 

Contact (geologic), dashed, 

dotted, or solid line 186 

Content and form of a report 19 

Contents, table of 21 

checklist 263 

formatting 251 

STA IX 

"Continual, continuous" 163 

Contraction, in technical writing 136 

"Contrast, betweenlwith" 153 

See also Transitions, words for. 

"Contributions to Stratigraphy" 

(Bulletin series) 63 

"Converge" 151 

Conversion factors, metric and 

inchlpound units (table) 122 

Cooperation statement, with 

other agencies 20 

Cooperative relationships with 

outside agencies 12 

Coordinate information in 

parallel construction 146 

Copyright transfer 14 

Copyrighted material, 

permission to use 13 

Coordinate (independent) clause 142 

Coordinating conjunction 130, 144 

See also Independent clause. 

Correlation chart, example showing 

stages, ages, molluscan 

zones, and formations 53 

Correlation charts and 

stratigraphic tables 52 

Correlation diagram, from a 1-degree 

x2-degree geologic map 51 

Correlation (or sequence) 

of map units 187 

Correlative conjunction 144 

"Correspond, tolwith" 153 

"Could, can" 160 

Cover art and other special artwork 202 

Credit. See Acknowledgments. 

Credits and copyrights 13 

Criteria for authorship 19 

"Crop out, outcrop" 163 

Cross sections, complex 

intertonguing 55 

exaggerated 194 

orientation 192 

patterns and lines 187, 194 

"Crossbedded, cross-laminated, 

cross-stratified" 163 

Current publications. See Publications of 

the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Curve or line graph 204 

Customary abbreviations used 

by Survey for States 

and possessions 104 

hhfll~ri~: ~i~q~le 128. t 29, 1d7 

Dash 136 

&mpt i-hmgp vf th~rrght 137 

cmphmis 126 

nnnrasttictivr! pl~rrrjinp 156 

t~ prcvcnt rnisrcading 197 

"15ata. rwt4, infnmntinn" 1 (iR 

"Data." ptuml o< "datum" 163 

Dak5, sbbrc%iatianc, Eormld 1116, 117 

pbchmnoloj$r -15. 105 

Davihn, CLairt. K IT1 

DP Rnche, Ii.. xnd bd~css. cited !+R 

Ilnrimalx t17.1lls.l'JI~.1~1 

Llcdicntion nl SLLPYP)- ~~h~kllicsrinn~ 19 

"Dcduw" 163 

Deer, W.A,, R:NI oltlim, cited Y 1 

nefinilians, uquiicr 65 

8corlfini~~g unit 66 

p~trolngic 98 

Definitions-Con. 

reserves and resources. See Mineral 

reserves, * * *. 

Degree sign, format 109, 270 

Degrees of doubt, 

stratigraphic names 62 

Deletion, in proofing 266 

Demonstrated resources 95 

Densmore, Charlotte D. VIII 

Dependent clause 124, 142 

"Deplete, enrich" 164 

Description of map units 49, 187 

shortlexpanded 187 

See also Explanation for geologic 

map. 

Descriptive statement on title page 20 

"Despite, in spite of, 

notwithstanding" 164 

"Determine" 160 

"Determined to be" 164 

"Develop, development" 164 

Diacritical marks 86, 90, 105 

Diagrams. See Graphs and diagrams. 

Dictionaries 4 

"Differ, fromlwith" 153 

"Different from" (not "than") 153 

See also "Both, different; Various, 

different." 

Digital ground-water-flow 

model (chart) 68 

Dips and strikes, computed 

automatically 223 

symbols 187, 190 

Directions, terms of 109 

Director's approval 4, 9, 10, 34, 

35, 36, 37, 44, 209, 212, 213 

author responsibilities after 35 

changes in copy after 10 

delegated to Office of 

Scientific Publications 10 

delegated to regional 

hydrologists 34 

maps 213 

Disclaimers 260, 264 

"Display, exhibit" 165 

Disposition of original illustrations 

after publication 213 

Dissertation abstracts, 

stratigraphic name in 63 

"Distinctive" 161 - - 

District chiefs and research project 

managers, Water 

Resources Division 32 

Divisions of geologic time 58 

"Dominant, predominant; 

dominate, predominate" '165 

Donnay, Gabrielle, and 

Fleischer, Michael, cited 94 

Doubled-up auxiliary verbs 165 

Doubled-up numbers 117 

Drafting illustrations, use of 

author copy 184, 209 

"Down dropped" 153 

Drafting illustrations, use of 

author copy 184, 209 

278 Index Compound words 
Drainage basin, drainage 

divide, watershed 166 

"Dramatic" 166 

Drawings, engineering 209 

"Due to, owing to" 166 

Duties, ethics, and professional 

writing practices 12 

Dutro, J. Thomas, Jr. VIII 

"Each, every" 126 

Early, middle, and late versus 

lower, middle, and upper 60 

See also Geologic time divisions. 

Earth Resources Observation 

System (EROS) 225 

mailing address 225 

Earthquakes and Volcanoes 

(publication), 

scope and format 2 

Economic, local, subsurface, 

or regional interest 

(stratigraphic units) 63 

Economy in words 154 

Editing and reviewing, books on 4 

Editor, editing 7, 8, 9, 12, 25, 37, 

184, 185, 203, 213, 260, 265 

hydrogeologic 34 

map 184,185,186,187,190,197,209 

scientist, as editor of a 

scientific volume 16, 17 

hypothetical publication schedule 17 

Editorial comment, tactful 9 

Elegant variation 143, 147 

Elements of a graph 203 

"Elevation, uplift" 157 

Ellipsis as a style element 155 

Ellipsis, points of, in punctuation 15, 139 

use of asterisks 139 

Emphasis, beginning and ending 

of sentences and paragraphs 124, 140, 141, 149 

boldface type, avoidance 

of for emphasis 141 

colon, for emphasis 136 

dash, for emphasis 136 

exclamation point, avoidance 135 

italic, avoidance of 

for emphasis 141 

loose versus tight language 153 

order 141 

position 140 

specific vefsus general terms 141 

terminal prepositions 147 

transitional words for 150 

voice 141 

See also separate entry. 

"Employ, use, utilize" 167 

"Encounter" 154, 167 

Engineering drawings 209 

English, a dynamic language 150 

English terms and foreign 

equivalents (table) 239 

English unitslmetric units 120,122,123 

English usage and grammar, books 4 

"Enrich" 164 

"Ensure" 159 

Eon, eonothem 59 

Equations, format 258, 264 

Era, erathem 59 

"Erroneous misconception" 153 

Errors, drafted illustrations, 

galley, and page proof 10 

See also Accuracy and consistency; 

Proofreading. 

"Essential, essentially" 153, 167 

"Estimate" 160 

"Etc." 153 

Ethics 12 

European stage terms 62 

Every review comment considered 8 

"Evidence, evidenced" 167 

"Evident" 157 

"Exact" words 127 

Example, transitional words for 150 

Exceptions to GPO Style Manual 270 

Exclamation point, rarely used 135 

"Exhibit" 130, 165 

Explanations 49, 187 

geologic maps 49, 50, 51, 187 

page-size maps 197 

See also Maps and other illustrations, 

explanations. 

Expletives ("there are; it 

is") 148, 170, 177, 183 . . 

Expression, suggestions as to 124 

Emressions of indefinite 

time and place 168 

See also "While"; Time words, * * *. 

"Facts" 163 

Facies names, informal 48 

Fault, concealed 186 

dashed, dotted, or solid line 186 

symbols 190 

Federal Archives and 

Records Service 213 

Federal Plan for Water-Data 

Acquisition, scope and 

format (informal report) 3 

Fence diagrams 194 

Fenneman, N.N., cited 74 

Fenner, Peter, cited 65 

Ferromagnesian versus basic 99 

Field records and photographs, disposition 214 

Field records library 215 

address 215 

depositing records 215 

Figures, books and map series 256 

format for captions 255, 256, 264 

place in text, format 254 

reference in text 254 

Figures-Con. 

short titles 256 

Final "and," need for comma 132 

First draft 7 

First page of report, format 252 

Fitzgerald, F. Scott 9 

Fitzpatrick, Joan J. VIII 

Fleischer, Michael, cited 93, 94 

Fog index (Gunning's) 148 

Fold axis, dashed, dotted, 

or solid line 186 

symbols 190 

"Following" 168 

Footnotes, checklist 264 

format 252, 255 

in tab!es 216 

neededlnot needed 25 

Foreign geographic names 90 

Foreign language quotations 15 

Foreign Names Committee of Board 

on Geographic names 90 

address 90 

Foreign words 153 

Foreword V 

Forgetting your subject 152 

Form and content of the report 19 

Formal geologic names. See Geologic 

Names. 

Formatting Sunrey manuscripts for 

review and editing 250, 263 

abstracts for scientific meetings 262 

appendixes 262 

beginning 250 

body of text 253 

books 256 

carnera-ready copy 256 

contents 251 

disclaimers 260 

equations 258 

figure and table references 254 

first page 253 

front matter 251 

general guidelines 250 

halftitle page 262 

illustrations and captions 255 

list of illustrations 252 

list of tables 252 

map series 256 

measured sections 54, 259, 264 

note for "New Publications of the 

U.S. Geological Survey" 251 

references cited 234, 261, 264 

sample figure captions, 

format for books 256 

short title 256 

tables 216, 256 

title page 251 

widths for tables 258 

"Former, latter" 168 

Fossil plates 199, 202 

Fouch, Tom (Thomas D.) 18 

"Found to be, known to be, 

seen to be" 169 

Fowler, H.W., cited 136, 143, 147 

quoted 143, 150, 180 

Index Fowler, H.W. 279 
Fractions 117 

in land descriptions 107 

Freeze, R.A., and Cherry, J.A., cited 65 

"Frequently" 178 

CCFrom * * * to" 139 

Front matter, in report 20 

Contents, illustrations, and tables 21 

Foreword and preface 20 

formatting 251 

Frontispieces 202, 251 

Fused (run-on) sentence 125 

Ga (Giga-annum), b.y. 45, 60, 107 

"Gagelgauge" 270 

Galley and page proofs (check 

prints) 10, 37, 265 

sample 269 

Garfield, Eugene, cited 9 

Geikie, Archibald, quoted 5 

General-Interest Publications, 

scope and format 2 

popular reports 148 

General public, reports for 185, 202 

General Services Administration 122 

"Generally" 161 

Generic description 100 

Geochronologic dating 45, 105, 117 

Geochronologic unit 62 

See also Temporal and related units. 

Geochronometric unit 60 

See also Temporal and related units. 

Geographic names 83 

abbreviating names 87 

Board on Geographic Names, U.S. 83 

capitalization 87 

derogatory names 86 

diacritical marks in 

domestic names 86 

diacritical marks in 

foreign names 90 

domestic names decisions 85 

duplication 86 

foreign names 90 

generic part of name 83 

geographic-geologic names 90 

Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) 83 

local usage 84 

long and short forms 86 

name changes 86 

names enacted by 

U.S. Congress 84 

names established by 

responsible authorities 84 

national standardization, principles 84 

nature of geographic names 83 

official names 84 

omitting generic part 87 

physical divisions of the 

United States 88 

policies 85 

Geographic names-Con. 

proper names 88, 90 

regions, localities, and 

geographic features 88 

proposing new name 85 

punctuation 87 

Roman alphabet 84 

specific part of name 83 

spelling 84 

variant names, 

parenthetical use of 86 

Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) 83 

Geohydrologic units. 

See Hydrogeologic units. 

Geologic Division Plotter Laboratory 223 

Geolo$c map explanations 49 ' 

Geolocric names. abandoned 46 

ar-eal limits ' 47 

assignment to another unit 47 

change in age, rank, 

or designation 47 

formal 45 

informal 47 

modification of existing 46 

new 46 

previously defined 46 

reinstatement 47 

revision of boundary 47 

Geologic Names Committee 

(GNC) 7, 34, 43 

appointed by Chief Geologist 43 

Geologic Names Unit.@) 

(GNU) 9, 43, 44, 45 

records available to 

non-Survey people 44 

Geologic Quadrangle Map 2, 6 

explanation for 50 

Geologic time divisions 58 

Archean and Proterozoic 60 

Carboniferous 60 

Early, middle, and late versus 

lower, middle, and upper 60 

European stage terms 62 

Holocene and recent 60 

Neoglaciation 60 

Precambrian 58 

Phanerozoic 60 

Provincial land-mammal 

ages of the Tertiary 60 

Provincial series terms 60 

Geological Society of 

America, cited 62 

Geophysical Investigations Maps 3 

Geoprogram 223 

Geotimes 132 

Getting started, report writing 5 

Gibbs, Wolcott, quoted 140 

Giga-annum (Ga), b.y. 45, 60, 107 

Glaciation, informal term 48 

Glossaries 5 

Goddard, E.N., and others, cited 55 

Goldwyn, Samuel, cited 154 

Good, Elizabeth E. VIII 

Gordon, MacKenzie, Jr., cited 61 

Goudani, G.H., cited 95, 96 

Government Printing Office (GPO) Style 

Manual 9, 87, 88, 89, 107, 

132, 138, 139, 140, 163, 216, 

235, 238, 250, 258, 266, 267 

exceptions to 270 

Graphics specialist. See Illustrator. 

Grammatical problems 124 

See also Adverbs; Antecedents; Collectives, * * *; Infinitives; 

Mdiers; Plurdsingular 

verbs, * * *; Pronouns, 

disagreements; Run-on 

sentences, * * *; Sentences, 

elements; Sentences, 

fragments; Sentence 

structure. 

Graphs and diagrams 203 

circular (pie) diagram 207 

Collins diagram 205 

column or vertical bar graph 204 

combination graphs 208 

me or line graph 204 

elements 203 

horizontal bar graph 204 

isochron plot 204 

kite diagram 205 

nomograph 205 

Piper diagram 206 

modified Piper 206 

preparing for review 203 

radiating-vectors diagram 206 

scales 203 

semilog concentration graph 

(Ropes diagram) 206 

Stiff diagram 207 

surface or band graph 204 

symbol graph 205 

triangular diagram 207 

Greenland Geological Survey 224 

Ground water 65 

reports. See Water Resources 

Division. 

terms. See Aquifer. 

"Grow," misuse of 169 

GSMAPIGSDRAW 198 

Guidelines for designing posters 243 

Guidelines for formatting - 

manuscripts 250 

Guinier film technique 93 

Gunning, Robert, cited 148 

Gunning's fog index 148 

Halftitle page format 262 

example 263 

Hampton, Eugene R. VIII 

Harrison, Jack E. VIII 

Harvard Museum of Comparative Anatomy 102 

"Have, has" 165, 166 

See also Doubled-up auxiliary verbs. 

280 Index Fractions 
Hayden Survey records 215 

Hayes, U.S. President Rutherford B. 1 

Hazard warnings, criteria 249 

elements 249 

public notification 249 

"Helshe, she or he, shehe, 

hishers, his or hers, 

himher, him-or-her" 155 

Headings 25 

rank 25 

superfluous words 25 

Headnotes for tables 216 

Headquarters evaluation of reports, 

Water Resources Division 34 

Heath, R.C., cited 81 

Hemingway, Ernest 9 

Hey, M.H., and Gottardi, Glauco, cited 93 

Hill, Mary, cited 5 

Hodgson, Helen E. VIII 

Holocene and recent 60 

"Horizon" 169 

Horizontal bar graph 204 

"However," as a standard advei.b 135 

as an adverbial conjunction 135 

enclosed by commas 135 

preceded by semicolon 135 

See also Semicolon. 

Hydrogeologic and geologic units 

compared with those in 

previous reports (chart) 70 

Hydrogeologic framework, 

definition of 67 

Hydrogeologic Map Editor 34 

Hydrogeologic units, compared 

to geologic units 68 

compared to rockstratigraphic and time 

stratigraphic units (chart) 72 

Hydrologic Investigations 

Atlases 3, 27, 35 

Hyphen 137 

ambiguity caused by 139 

color terms 137 

common adverbs 138 

compound predicate adjective I not hyphenated 138 

geographic names 87 

inverted sentences 138 

"-ly" words 138 

mineral names 94 

rock names 98, 137 

syllable breaks 137 

unit modifiers 137, 138 

wrongly omitted 146 

Hypothetical resources 95 

I 

"-ic" and "-ical" 169 

Identified resources 96 

Idiomatic expressions, 

prepositions in 168 

Illustrator 8, 10, 12, 184, 187, 

190, 197, 202, 209, 212,218 

Illustrations, "Author's Check 

List" (Form 9-1517) 188 

Illustrations, list of, in front matter. See 

Front matter, * * *. 

Illustrations. See Maps and other 

illustrations. 

Image sizes for text figures 186, 189 

"Impact" 153 

Imperative mood 155 

"Imply" 163 

"Important, interesting" 170 

"In question" 170 

"In situ" 153, 170 

"In spite of, despite" 164 . 

"Inaugurate" 154, 170 

"Include" 162 

Incomplete comparisons 130 

Indefinite antecedents 126 

Indefinite numbers, spelled out 117 

Independent clause, 

Gunning's fog index 148 

punctuated by commas 133 

punctuated by semicolons 134 

sentence fragments 124 

sentence types 142 

"Independent of" (not "from") 153 

Index preparation 26 

Index maps, special purpose, 

examples 190, 191, 192, 

193, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201 

See also Page-size maps. 

Index to Water Data (informal 

report), scope and format 3 

Indicated (possible, probable) resources 95 

"Infer" 163 

Inferred resources 95 

Infinitives 130, 131 

split 146 

Informal geologic names 47 

examples 48 

formal versus informal usage 48 

Informal report series published 

by the Geological 

Survey, scope and format 3 

Informal units, stratigraphic, position 60 

symbols 52 

"Information" 163 

"Initiate" 154, 170 

"Input," as a verb 150 

Insertion, in proofreading 266 

"Instance" 153, 160 

"Insure" 159 

"Intermittent, occasional, sporadic" 170 

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 141 

International Mineralogical 

Assooiation (IMA) 93, 94 

Internationdl Union of 

Cry~~lhallography 93, 94 

International Uaion of Pure and Applied 

Chemistry (IUPAC), cited 91 

International Whion for the Geological 

Scienc~es l(IUGS), 

Subcommittee on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks 98 

"Interesting" 170 

"Interval" 170 

Intransitive verb 146 

See also "Determined to be." 

Introduction, form and content 24 

place for acknowledgments 25 

Intrusive igneous masses, 

names informal 48 

Inveterate whichers 143 

Ironwood Iron-Formation, Yale 

Member (table) 221 

"Islare," as principal verbs 125 

Iseri, K.T., cited 35 

Isochron plot 204 

Isograd 190 

Isopleth 187 

Isotopic dates reviewed 45 

"It" 128, 148, 170, 171, 177, 183 

"It is apparent, clear, evident, 

or obvious that" 171 

Italic 19, 20, 141, 251 

boldface in lieu of 141 

in and of in reference citations 141 

quoted matter 15 

scientitic names of organisms 100,141 

"See; See also" 141 

"With a section on" 20, 239 

Items in a series, separated 

by numbers 134 

"Its, it's" 171 

"-ize" 150 

Jackson, J.A., quoted 66 

cited 98 

Johnson, E.D., cited 155 

Johnston, R.H., cited 65 

"Join" 151 

Jones, Diana N. VIII 

Jorgensen, D.G., cited 72 

and others, cited 72 

Journals, Gunning's fog index 148 

names spelled out in references 262 

Kelly, Donovan B. VIII 

Key words 26, 150 

"Keyboard," as a verb 36, 150, 171 

Keyboard(ing) 8, 10, 11, 160, 171, 250 

Kilo-annum (ka) 45, 107 

"Kind, type" 171 

Kite diagram 205 

Klein, C., and Hurlbut, C.S., Jr., cited 93 

"Known to be" 169 

Koozmin, Elizabeth D. VIII 

Kretz, Ralph, cited 99 

"Lacking, absent" 156 

Index "Lacking, absent" 281 
Land Use and Land Cover Maps 3 

Land-mammal ages, 

Tertiary provincial 60 

Land subdivisions, description 107 

Landes, K.K., cited and quoted 22 

Lane, Bernard H. 154 

Laney, R.L., and Davidson, 

C.B., cited 65 

Laney, Robert L. VIII 

Lang, Solomon M. VIII 

Large numbers, how stated 117 

"Last year, this year" 171 

Latin derivative versus 

Anglo-Saxon word 154 

Latitude and longitude, abbre 

viated with figures 107 

"Latter, former" 168 

"Lay, lie" 171 

Layman's language 16 

See also Clarity. 

Leaders 216, 218, 219, 

221, 222, 252, 257 

"Less than" 173 

Letters to editors, clearance 

through Office of 

Scientific Publications 248 

Levels of certainty 96 

Levels of mineral resource potential 96 

Levinson, A.A., cited 94 

Library, field records 215 

"Lie, lay" 171 

"Lime," misused for calcium 92 

"Limited" 171 

See also "Rare, scanty, scarce, 

sparse." 

Linear symbols 187, 190 

List of illustrations 252 

kind of illustration 

identified in list 209 

List of tables, format 252 

Lithodemic unit 43, 44, 45, 49 

See also Stratigraphic nomenclature 

and description. 

Lithologic columnar sections 197 

Lithologic patterns 187 

Lithostratigraphic unit 43, 45, 49, 60 

See also Stratigraphic nomenclature 

and description. 

"Located, situated," 

superfluous use of 172 

Lofgren, B.E., cited 65, 66, 67 

quoted 66 

Logarithms, significant 

figures in 121 

Lohman, S.W., cited 65, 66 

Long words versus short 154 

Long titles 19 

Loose language versus tight 153 

Lower, middle, and upper versus 

early, middle and late 60 

See also Geologic time divisions. 

Lucas, quoted 15 

Lujan, Manuel, Jr., Secretary, 

U.S. Department 

of the Interior IV 

Ma (Mega-annum), m.y. 45,60,105,107 

Mackenzie, W.S., and 

Guilford, C., cited 98 

Mackenzie, W.S., and others, cited 98 

Maclachlan, Marjorie E. VIII 

Magnetopolarity unit 43, 44, 45 

"Majority, most" 172 

Malde, Harold E. VIII 

cited 4, 226 

Manuscript approval process, 

Water Resources 

Division, diagram 34 

Manuscript review and approval sheet 

(routing sheet) 

Geologic Division 38 

Water Resources Division 40 

Manuscript sequence 36 

"Many, several, various, 

numerous" 154, 172 

Map explanations. See Maps and other 

illustrations, explanations. 

Map symbols and units 49, 52, 187 

dropped letters 52 

informal units 52 

order of 190 

spanning several ages 52 

superscripts 52 

two or more systems 52 

use and avoidance in text 52 

See also Symbols. 

Maps and charts published by 

the U.S. Geological 

Survey, scope and format 2 

Maps and other illustrations, 

base maps 185 

See &o separate entry. 

check prints 213 

date and initial 213 

checking drafted illustrations 10 

color 185 

contacts, faults, and fold axes 186 

correlation or sequence of units 49 

cost considerations 184 

cross sections. See separate entry. 

description of units 49, 52, 187 

Director's approval, review of map 

preparation plans after 213 

engineering drawings 209 

explanations 49, 187 

stratigraphic details 187 

fence diagrams 194 

final check before review 210 

formatting 255 

geographic coordinatesflatitude and 

longitude 190,191, 193, 195 

graphs and diagrams 203 

See also separate entry. 

image sizes for text figures 186,189 

index maps 191, 197 

lithologic patterns 187 

location map (example) 191 

mine maps 191 

page-size maps 194 

Maps and other illustrations-Con. 

photographs 198 

See also separate entry. 

planning 184 

plates 184, 185, 202 

response of author to 

technical review 212 

responsibilities of reviewer 230 

review 211, 229, 230 

scale 185, 195 

See also separate entry. 

symbols 52, 187, 190, 197 

See also Map symbols * * *. 

technical review 211, 230 

tentative 7 

text figures 186 

See also separate entry. 

titles and captions 209 

township grid 191, 193 

transmittal for approval 

and preparation 212 

units 49, 187 

March, S.F., cited 4 

Material units, stratigraphic 45 

"May" 160 

McArtor, Robert C. VIII 

McKelvey, V.E., quoted 15 

cited 95 

McMasters, J.H., cited 102 

Measured @roved) resources 95 

Measured sections. exam~le 54 

example derived from 

a drill core 55 

formatting for review 259 

rounding off numbers 121 

showing bed numbers 

and thicknesses 54 

Measurements, abbreviated 107 

Mega-annum (Ma), m.y. 45,60,105,107 

Meinzer, O.E., cited 65 

Melanocratic 99 

Mercury/quicksilver, usage 92 

"Merge" 151 

Metaphors and similes 154 

Metric conversion act of 1975 122 

official intent to use metric system 

(SI) in United States 122 

significant figures in 

converting units 120 

Metric (SI) system, converting 

from inch/pound units 123 

converting to inch/pound units 122 

in Survey reports 122 

Michener, James 9 

"Might" 160 

"Might well be" 153 

Miller, J.A., cited 66, 77, 80, 82 

Miions of years 60, 105 

Mine maps 191 

quarry (symbols) 190 

Mineral abbreviations (symbols) 108 

not used in text 107 

Mineral assemblages, example 

of tabulation 218 

Mineral assessment classification 97 

282 Index Land Use and Land Cover 
Mineral descriptions, new 94 

See also Mineralogic terminology and 

descriptions. 

Mineral Investigations Resource Maps 2 

Mineral names 93 

prefixes 94 

Mineral prefixes applied to 

existing rock names 98 

Mineral reserves, resources, resource 

potential, and certainty 95 

classification of mineral resources 96 

demonstrated resources 95 

hypothetical resources 95 

identified resources 95 

indicated (possible, 

probable) resources 95 

inferred resources 95 

measured @roved) resources 95 

potential resources 95 

speculative resources 95 

undiscovered resources 95, 97 

Mineral symbols 108 

"Mineralization" 172 

Mineralogic terminology 

and descriptions 93 

Mineralogical Society of America 94 

Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps 3,209 

Miscellaneous Investigations Series 2,27 

author copy, drafting 209 

Misplaced words and phrases. See Modifiers. 

"Model" 153 

Modified fromladapted from 13 

Modified subject misapplied 152 

Modifiers 127 

dangling 128, 147 

dangling non sequiturs 129 

excessively long 146 

misplaced words and 

phrases 127, 128, 129 

multiple compound 19, 146 

next to the word modified 127 

petrologic 98 

troublesome participles 129 

Monotonous sentence structure 141 

Month, abbreviations 105 

Monthly list of Survey publications 

format, with example 251 

Moore, R.C., cited 100 

"More or less" 172 

"More than" 173 

"Much" 180 

"Much ado about nothing" 155 

Multiple authorship 20 

Mulvany, Nancy, cited 26 

"Myself' 173 

Name continuity (author) 16 

Names and titles, abbreviated 107 

authors 16, 19 

business firms 107 

chemical elements 106 

first name and middle initial 16 

Names and titles-Con. 

foreign countries 90 

fossil 100 

geographic 83 

conventional gazetteer 90 

geologic 45 

See also Stratigraphic nomenclature *** 

generic, specific names 

of fossils 100 

petrologic, new 98 

railroad, railway 107 

States and Temtories, 

abbreviated 105 

Names of vessels, aircraft, and 

spacecraft italicized 141 

Names, geographic. See Geographic 

names. 

Names, geologic. See Geologic names; 

Stratigraphic nomenclature * * * 

informal 47 

Nanometer (nm) rather 

than angstrom (A) 93 

NASA, NATO. See Acronyms. 

National Bureau of Standards (now 

National Institute of Standards and Technology) 122 

National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC) 225 

mailing address 225 

National Geographic 

Names Data Base 83 

National Handbook of Recommended 

Methods for Water-Data Acquisition, scope and format 3 

National Water Conditions (publication), scope and format 2 

"NEAR HERE," insertion 

in text for figure 

placement 209, 212, 256 

Needless words and phrases 131, 147, 

148,155,165,166,170,172,177 

See also Abstract nouns in the subject 

of the sentence; Active, versus 

passive voice; Ellipsis as a 

style element; Preposition, 

doubled up; Redundancies, 

meaningless. 

Neoglaciation 60 

New Publications of the U.S. 

Geological Survey, format 

for monthly-list note 251 

pamphlets, scope and format 2 

New stratigraphic names 46 

New word forms 150 

"-ize" 150 

News releases 246 

distribution, Water 

Resources Division 34 

other offices 247 

guidelines in Survey Manual 247 

letters to editors 248 

sample format 246 

talking to news media 248 

News releases-Con. 

writing the release 248 

NiobiumlColumbium 92 

"No., no.," when to use 107 

Nomograph 205 

"None," used as singular or plural 127 

Nonrestrictive clauselphrase, beginning with "which" 143 

enclosed by dashes for emphasis 136 

enclosed by parentheses 140 

North American Commission 

on Stratigraphic Nomenclature (NACSN) 43, 66, 67 

members 43 

North American 

Stratigaphic Code 43,44,105 

"Notwithstanding" 164 

Nouns 118, 125, 126 

abstract, weakness in the subject of 

the sentence, examples 151 

avoidance as adjectival 

modifiers 94, 146 

capitalized 46, 55, 87, 88, 90 

collectives 126 

concrete, in preference 

to abstract 151 

disagreement with verb 125 

predicate, agreement with verb 125 

singular nouns with plural 

verbs 118, 125, 126 

used as verbs 150 

"Now and then" 178 

Number(s), abbreviated 107 

Age 117 

Arabic versus Roman 117, 239 

beginning of a sentence 117 

citing publications (no.) 107 

compound modifier 117 

dates 105, 107 

decimals 117, 119, 120, 121 

degree 117 

doubled-up 117 

footnotes. See Disclaimers; 

Footnotes; Formatting Survey 

manuscripts; Tables, footnotes. 

fractions 117 

indefinite expressions 17 

large numbers, how stated 117 

measurements, 

expressed in figures 117 

money 117 

n, lowercase/N, uppercase 107 

nouns as collective 

numbers, disagreement with verb 118, 126 

numbers used to separate 

items in a series 132, 134 

ordinal numbers 117 

percent 117 

quantities, expressed in figures 117 

related numerical expressions 117 

round numbers 117 

significant figures 119 

See also separate entry. 

specimens, wells, drill holes 107 

Index Numberb) 283 
Number@)-Con. 

temperature 109 

"Number of' 173 

Numbered items in a series 134 

Numbering systems for samples 

and specimens 102 

"Numerous" 154,172 

"Obvious" 157, 171 

"Occasional" 170 

"Occasionally" 178 

"Occlude" 151 

"Occur, occurred" 130, 132, 151, 173 

"Occurrence" 173 

Office of Scientific Publications 4, 10, 185, 248 

Oil and gas fields of Utah, 

production 221 

Oil and Gas Investigations Charts 2 

Oil and Gas Investigations Maps 2 

"On the order of." See "About, * * " 

Open-File Reports, scope and 

format 3, 27, 256 

"Oral," verbal 180 

Orallwritten communications 235 

Order of topics in a report 7 

Ordinal numbers 117 

Ore reserves 95 

significant figures 121 

See also Mineral reserves, * * *. 

Organization chart of the U.S. 

Geological Survey 27 

Oriel, S.S., cited 61 

Orth, Donald J. VIII 

Other lines of evidence 151 

"Outcrop, crop out," 163 

Outline, detailed 7 

Outside agencies, acknowledgment of help 12 

Outside journals 6, 7, 8, 9, 16, 27, 257 

fog index (of Gunning) 148 

publication requirements 184, 250 

stratigraphic paper 63 

"Over, under, more than, less than" 173 

"Overlain by," not "with" 153 

"Ovemde" 151 

"Owing to, due to" 166 

Oxides (major) and normative 

minerals, table format 220 

Page charges, senior authorship 

required for Survey to pay 20 

Page-size maps 194 

base maps 195 

components of 195 

credit notes 197 

explanation 197 

index map 197 

initial decisions 194 

Page-size maps-Con. 

materials 195 

scale 195, 197 

size limitations 194 

time constraints 195 

Paleontologic terminology 100 

complete format 101 

condensed format 100 

degrees of certainty 102 

descriptive morphology 100 

generic description 100 

guidelines 101 

invalid names 102 

italic usage 101 

locality records 103 

species description 100, 102 

synonymy 100 

taxonomic papers 100 

"Palynomorph" versus "pollen grain" 154 

Paragraph, long versus short 149 

one-sentence paragraphs 149 

organization 149 

topic paragraph 149 

topic sentence 124, 149 

Parallel construction 144, 146, 

147, 149, 150, 152, 155 

coordinating conjunctions 144 

correlative conjunctions 144 

expressions of comparison 

and contrast 145 

for clarity 146 

Parentheses 137 

citations in text 234 

variant geographic names 86 

Parenthetical expression 

133, 134, 137, 144, 147 

set off by commas 133 

set off by dashes 136 

"Part, portion, partly, partially" 174 

Participle, dangling 128, 129, 147 

modifying 127 

troublesome 129 

Passive voice. See Voice. 

Pathetic fallacy 154 

Patterns, map 190 

Peck, Dallas L., foreword V 

Pedantic phrases 154 

Pedostratigraphic unit 43, 45, 49 

"Percent, percentage" (proportion) 107, 117, 174 

abbreviated 107 

"Perform" 151 

Period (of geologic time), system 59 

Period (punctuation) 135 

abbreviations 104 

compass directions 109 

land descriptions 107, 135 

latitude and longitude 107 

leaders. See Tables. 

proofreader's mark 268 

vertical listings 133 

See also Abbreviations, signs, and 

symbols. 

Person 143 

change to avoid sexist pronoun 153 

Person-Con. 

first and third 143, 155 

overuse of first 143 

second 155 

Petrologic terminology 98 

abbreviations 55, 99, 108 

See also Rock names. 

PG2 plotter for photocompilation 223 

Phanerozoic time 60 

See also Geologic time divisions. 

Photogrammetry applied to earth 

science in USGS 223 

Photographic Library 213, 214 

mailing address 214 

submittal of photographs 213, 214 

Photographs 198 

aerial photographs as 

illustrations 202 

annotation for archiving 214 

black and white 198 

bleeds 186, 199 

captions 199 

carefully chosen 7, 198 

color 185, 199, 243 

copy negative 199 

credit for source 13, 202 

cropping 199 

drawings from 202 

fine screening 199 

fossil plates 199, 202 

frontispieces 202 

glossy prints 189 

irrelevancies 202 

more than necessary 198 

permanent disposition 214 

photogrammetry 223 

photomicrographs 185 

printed on oversize 

plates and maps 202 

review prints 198 

shaded-relief maps 

prepared from 202 

special instructions 189 

special requirements 199 

stereoscopic 223 

use in poster sessions 243 

See also Publications of the U.S. 

Geological Survey (scope and 

format); "Author's Check List." 

Physical Divisions of the United States 88 

Phytoclase, early Mesozoic 

basins (table) 221 

Pillmore, Charles L. VIII 

Piper diagram 206 

Place, transitional words for 150 

Plagiarism 12 

Planimetric base maps 185 

Planning the report 6 

Plates 184, 185, 202 

Plotter laboratory 223 

Plural of letters, figures, symbols; 

use of apostrophe 139 

Pldsingular verbs and singular1 

plural predicate nouns 125 

Plural-subject/ singular-verb problem 125 

284 Index Nurnberb) 
Poland, J.F., Lofgren, B.E., and 

Riley, F.S., cited 65, 66 

quoted 66 

Polarity-chronostratigraphic unit 45 

Polysyllabic Latin derivative (stilted 

and showy language) 154 

Poorly chosen adverbs, prepositions, and infinitives 130 

Popular reports, fog index 148 

"Portion" 174 

Position for emphasis 140 

Possessive case, apostrophe 139 

Possible deposits 96 

Postal abbreviations, used 

only for mailings 104 

Posters for scientific meetings 242 

alternative poster 245 

attention getting layout 243 

design 242 

lettering, line weights, and color 243 

leading viewers through 243 

minimum type size 243 

mounting, packaging, 

and displaying 245 

planning 242 

scientific content 242 

serif typelversus sans 

serif, readability 244 

text 245 

uppercaseflowercase 

type, readability 243 

"Postulate" 159 

"Potash," misused for potassium 92 

Potential resources 95 

Powell, J.W., quoted 6 

Pratt, W.P., cited 95 

Precambrian 58 

dates 45, 60, 107 

See also Geologic time divisions. 

"Precision, accuracy" 156 

Predicate nouns 125 

"Predominant/predominate" 165 

Preface, needed(?) in your report 20 

to STA VII 

Pref~es, mineral names 94 

multiples (kilo, mega, micro, etc.) 116 

Preliminary Determination of 

Epicenters @ublication)-monthly listing 2 

Preparation of author copy of maps 

and other illustrations 209 

author's originals for Bulletins, 

Circulars, and Miscellaneous 

Field Studies (MF) maps 209 

titles and captions 209 

use of abbreviations 87, 210 

Preparing manuscripts for printing, 

Water Resources Division 35 

author responsibility after review 35 

Preparing maps and other 

illustrations 184 

Prepositions 130 

doubled up 131, 176 

ending sentence with 147 

"from, for, in, of, with" 131 

Prepositions-Con. 

idiomatic expressions ("withiby; 

withhetween: with/from: 

with/to;from/than") 153 

instead of slash or virgule 139 

misplaced 129 

superfluous 176 

terminal 147 

See also Slash or virgule. 

"Present, presence," superfluous use of 174 

"Presume" 159 

Principal investigator and authorship 20 

Priority processing 6 

Printing, preparing manuscripts for 35 

Prints, check prints 213 

Probable deposits 96 

Professional disagreements 15 

Professional Papers, scope and format 2,27,122,239,250,256 

Gunning's fog index 148 

sample figure caption 256 

Professional writing practices 12 

Project report schedule used by 

Water Resources Division 33 

"Prominent" 163 

Promptness 15 

Pronouns, ambiguous 126 

collective 126 

demonstrative 178 

disagreements 126 

first and third person VII, 143, 155 

indefinite antecedent 126 

"it" 170 

See also separate entry. 

personal 150 

reflexive ("myself, 

herself, himself") 173 

relative ("that, which, who, 

whom, whose") 143 

second person VII, 155 

sexist 155 

"some" 127 

"they" 126 

third person VII, 155 

"this, these" 126, 178 

Proofreading 14, 265 

capital or lowercase letters 267 

changes in galley and page proof 10 

comprehensive 265 

conventional 265 

corrections 266 

deletion 266 

galley proof 269 

insertion 266 

proofreader's marks 267 

punctuation 267 

substitution 266 

techniques 265 

transposition 267 

Proper name 83, 88, 89, 90 

See also Geographic names. 

"Proportion" 174 

Proprietary information, 

permission to use 14 

Proprietary interest of Survey 

in its reports 10 

Proterozoic 60 

See also Geologic time divisions. 

Proved deposits 95 

Provincial series terms, 

United States 60, 61 

Public affairs office, USGS Reston 247 

Publication medium, choice of 6 

Publication process, Survey 4 

review and approval 36 

summarized 36 

typical manuscript sequence 36 

Publications of the U.S. 

Geological Survey 1 

current series summarized as 

to scope and format 2 

dedication 13 

released through other media 1 

Publications management unit (Water 

Resources Division). See 

Preparing manuscripts for 

printing. 

Published reports, releasing 

and distributing 35 

Publishers, well-known 238 

Punctiliosity 12 

Punctuality 27 

Punctuation 132 

abbreviations 104 

accents and diacritical marks 105 

compass directions 109 

dates, names, places 105, 117, 133 

dips and strikes 109 

elements of a series 132 

geographic names 87, 90 

land divisions 107 

latitude and longitude 104 

parenthetical expressions 133 

proofing 267 

references 234, 261 

relative clauses 143 

synonymies 100 

"that, which" 142 

See also Apostrophe; Brackets, 

Comma; Colon; Dash; Ellipsis; 

Exclamation point; Parentheses; Period, Query; Quotation marks; Slash. 

"Purposes" (extraneous use of) 161 

Qudjty ~ummcc?, Wskr 

Paw~mxa Dirri..ion 32 

Qr:ality fapnr',, rhqmcterir;?ie 7.11 

C~LKILIL~ und t~niclincss ill wtrrcr 

resn11ms r~lx~rtx 27 

, r nit -19, l#6 

"iiuit~, mther, son~cu~liat" 175 

Quoratinn ~nar~, plzvenlent 

nf trclmnrL. p~nlwl, 

dlthcr pwrr:u;~tian 14n 

quoted rnntttter 1:~ 

Index Quotation marks 285 
Quotation marks-Con. 

stratigraphic names 63 

use of 140 

Quotations 15 

author responsibility for accuracy 15 

foreign language 15 

italic 15 

long and short 15 

omissions 15 

See also Quotation marks. 

Radiating-vectors diagram 206 

Railroad. railwav. abbreviated 107 

''FLangep; 153: '175 

See also "Vary." 

"Rare, scanty, scarce, sparse" 175 

"Rare earth," misuse of term 91 

"Rather." See "Quite, * * *." 

"Readership, audience" 159 

Recent 60 

See also Geologic time divisions. 

Redundancies, meaningless 153 

Reference books 4 

atlases 4 

dictionaries 4 

editing and reviewing 4 

English usage and grammar 4 

glossaries 5 

report writing 5 

style manuals 5 

References, preparing 25, 229, 234 

abstracts 237 

Arabic versus Roman numerals 239 

book titles 235 

conferences and congresses 238 

edition number 237 

elements and details of a citation 234 

English translations 237 

examples 239 

format for keyboarding 261 

guidebooks 238 

how to list 235 

information following the colon 237 

in press 237 

multiple authors 234 

multiple references 235 

parentheses 137 

reference within the text 234 

references in abstracts 23 

serial publications 238 

unpublished information 235 

References cited in STA 272 

References, references cited, selective 

references, bibliography 235 

"Region" 158 

Regional Aquifer System Analysis 

(RASA) Program 65 

Regional evaluation of reports, 

Water Resources Division 32 

Reinstatement of geologic name 47 

Relative clauses 143 

instead of participle 129 

Relative clauses-Con. 

nonrestrictive (nondistinguishing or nondefining) 143 

restrictive (distinguishing 

or defining) 143 

See also "That, which, who, whom 

and whose." 

"Relative(ly)" 161 

"Remainder" 159 

Repetition and synonyms 147 

in parallel construction 150 

Repetition of word sounds 

(undesirable alliteration) 152 

Report schedule, Water 

Resources Division 33 

Report writing 5 

after beginning the investigation 6 

before completing the investigation 6 

getting started 5 

Report writing (reference books) 5 

Reports of the Office of WaterData Coordination 3 

Reserves and resources 95 

Resigning, ethical responsibilities of employee 15 

Resource potential and certainty 96 

"Rest" 159 

Restrictive clauselphrase 143 

instead of participle 129 

Result, transitional words for 150 

Review sheet (projectheport) used by 

Water Resources Division 31 

Reviewing maps and cross 

sections 211, 229, 230 

Reviewing technical reports 8, 36, 226 

adequacy of approach 228 

adequacy of detail 227 

adequacy of presentation 8, 228 

abstract 228 

accuracy and consistency 229 

acknowledgments 229 

clarity 229 

illustrations and tables 8, 229 

introduction 228 

organization 229 

references 229 

title 228 

conclusions, soundness 

and relevance 228 

documentation 226 

intended readership 227 

manuscripts as privileged 

documents 226 

overzealous reviewerlcoherence 149 

responsibiities of reviewer 8,32,226 

positive attitude of 

reviewer 226 

promptness of review 226 

tactful ally of author 226 

results, importance 228 

review practices 226 

significance of report 227 

timeliness 227 

Revision after review 8 

Ride, W.D.L., and others, cited 102 

Riley, F.S., cited 65, 66, 67 

quoted 66 

Riparian border, riverbank 154 

Rock analyses and sample descriptions 99 

Rock-color chart 55 

Rock names, abbreviated 55, 108 

hyphenated 98, 99, 137 

igneous 98 

metamorphic 98 

modifiers 98 

new 98 

polysyllabic adjectives avoided 99 

prefixes 98 

sedimentary 98 

See also Petrologic terminology. 

Ropes diagram 206 

Rock-stratigraphic names for aquifers 74 

Rocks, cksified for mapping purposes 43 

See also Petrologic terminology. 

Ross, R.J., Jr., cited 61 

Round numbers, spelled out 117 

Rounding off numbers 119 

Run-on sentences, comma splices 125 

fused sentences 125 

independent clauses 

joined by comma 125 

Ruppell, Edward T. VIII 

Ruskin, John 154 

Sample, sample No., sample number 175 

Samples and specimens, numbering systems for 102 

Sangree, Anne C. VIII 

Scale, aquifer names based 

on scale 71, 81 

graphs 203 

maps 185, 210, 211, 230, 233 

page-size maps 195, 197 

See also Maps and other illustrations. 

Scale-stable base material 185 

"Scanty" 175 

"Scarce" 175 

Schenk, E.T., and 

McMasters, J.H., cited 102 

Schleicher, David L. VIII 

Schmidt equal-area projection 207 

Schnabel, Diana C. VIII 

Scientific and engineering 

terms, abbreviations 109 

Scribing, alternative to inking 186, 209 

Scrutiny of the abstract 22 

"Section, area, region" 158 

Section, township, and range, 

abbreviated 107 

punctuated 135 

Sections, columnar 55, 58 

cross 55, 56, 192, 230 

measured 54, 259 

numbered 54, 260 

stratigraphic 56 

"Secure" 154, 176 

"Seems" 159 

286 Index Quotation marks 
"Seen to be" 169 

Selected Water Resources Abstracts 26 

Selner, G.I., and others, cited 198 

Semicolon, before adverbial 

conjunctions 135 

before "for example" 135 

before "however" 135 

clarity, with commas in series 132 

linking two complete thoughts 134 

separating independent clauses 134 

separating items in series 134 

stronger pause than comma 134 

Semilog concentration graph 206 

Senior author 19, 20 

Sentences, activelpassive 

voice 141, 142, 155 

beginning and ending 127, 141, 147 

beginning with a number 117 

elements, incomplete comparisons, grammatical 130 

lack of agreement between 125 

uncoordinated 130 

emphasis 124, 140, 141, 147, 149 

See also Prepositions, terminal. 

four types 141 

simple, compound, complex, 

compound-complex 142,152 

fragments 124 

dependent clause 124 

in manuscript revisions 124 

incomplete meaning 124, 127 

length, ending too late 124 

ending too soon 124 

parallel construction 144 

See also separate entry. 

run-on 125 

structure, problems 124 

topic 124, 149 

variety in length and 

type 124, 141, 142, 148 

Sequence, as an informal 

stratigraphic term 48 

Series (major) and 

provincial series terms 

used in United States 61 

Serif versus sans serif 

type, readability 244 

Services, acknowledgment for 13 

"Several" 154, 172 

Sexist pronouns 155 

Shearer, Clement T. VIII 

Short title 256 

Shun "tion" 151 

"Significant" 176 

See also Important, interesting. 

Significant figures 119 

absolute and relative errors 120 

arithmetic operations 120 

chemical analyses 121 

counts correct to the last digit 120 

decimals 120 

English units converted to metric 120 

See also Metric (SI) system. 

geologic structure 121 

logarithms 121 

Significant figures-Con. 

metric units converted 

to English 120 

misuse of 122 

ore reserves 121 

rounding off 119 

significant digits 119 

stratigraphic measurements 121 

See also Numbeds). 

Similes 154 

Simple sentence 124, 142 

See also Sentences, four types. 

Simultaneous review 8 

"Since" 127, 158 

See also "As, since, because"; Time 

words versus place words. 

Sindermann, C.J., cited 6 

"Situated" 172 

Skipp, B.A., cited 62 

Slash or virgule (I), for clarity 139 

in foreign names 105 

Slides and viewgraphs 209 

Smith, George Otis, cited 16 

quoted 15, 147, 154 

"Soda," misused for sodium 92 

"Some," pronoun or adjective 127 

"Sometimes" 178 

"Somewhat" 175 

"Sparse" 175 

Special artwork 202 

Special book publications, 

scope and format 2 

Species description 100, 102 

Specific versus general terms 141 

Speculative resources 95 

Split infinitive 146 

"Sporadic" 170 

Stacy, J.R., cited 202 

Staff hydrologist for reports (Water 

Resources Division) 34 

Stage terms, European 62 

States and U.S. possessions, 

abbreviations 106 

Steven, T.A., cited 96 

Stiff diagram 207 

Stilted and showy language 154 

Stoll, N.R., and others, cited 141 

Stratigraphic code, conformance 

and modifications 44 

Stratigraphic columnar 

section, example 58 

Stratigraphic cross section, 

example showing 

complex intertonguing 56 

Stratigraphic data, Geological 

Survey publications 63 

restrictions as to 

publication medium 63 

Stratigraphic expressions, 

undesirable 63 

Stratigraphic measurements, 

rounding off 121 

Stratigraphic names, checked 9 

Stratigraphic nomenclature 

and description 42 

Stratigraphic nomenclature-Con. 

Geologic Names Committee 

(GNC) and Geologic 

Names Units (GNU) 43 

material units (stratigraphic) 45 

stratigraphic code, 

conformance and 

modifications 44 

temporal and related units 

(stratigraphic) 45 

"Stratigraphic Notes," short 

papers on stratigraphy 63 

Stratigraphic sections 55, 58, 197 

See also Stratigraphic unit 

descriptions. 

Stratigraphic style and expression 55 

abbreviations seldom used 55 

capitalization 55 

Stratigraphic tables 52 

example showing varied terminologies for the same rocks 53 

Stratigraphic unit descriptions 49 

text matter 49 

explanations for 

geologic maps 49, 187 

Stratigraphic units of economic, 

local, subsurface, or 

regional interest 63 

Streckeisen, A.L., cited 98 

"Structure, structural feature" 176 

Strunk, William, quoted 147 

Strunsky, Simeon, quoted 15 

Style, emphasis 140 

italic 141 

order 141 

position 140 

specific terms versus general 141 

variety 141 

voice 142, 143, 147 

Style manuals 5 

Subject, forgetting 152 

modified and misapplied 152 

verb disagreements 125 

Subordinate (dependent) 

clauses 124, 142 

Substitution, in proofing 266 

"Succeeding, following" 163 

Suffixes for mineral names 94 

Summary, transitional words for 150 

Superfluous words and 

phrases 181-183 

"at, from, of, on, to, with" 176 

Surface or band graph 204 

Symbol graph 205 

Symbols, bedding 187 

chemical (table) 106 

contacts, faults, folds 186 

map 52, 187, 190 

mineral (table) 108 

planar, linear 190 

See also Abbreviations, signs, and 

symbols. 

Synonyms 147, 150 

Synonymy 100 

System, period ' 59 

Index System, period 287 
Tables 216, 270 

blank spaces 218 

camera-ready 218, 257 

widths 258 

column headings 216 

definition and parts 217 

examples of tabular formats 218-222 

footnotes 216, 217, 270, 271 

format for listing in 

"Contents" 254 

formatting 252, 256, 257, 263 

checklist 264 

headnotes 216 

leaders 218 

list of, in front matter. See Front 

matter, * * *. 

references in text 254 

subheads 218 

Taconic allochthon, mineral 

assemblages (table) 218 

Tactful editorial comment 9 

Talking to news media 248 

Taylor, Julia E.H. VIII 

Taylor, R.B., and Steven, 

T.A., cited 96 

Taylor, Richard B. VIII 

Taxonomy 100, 102 

Technical journal, 

Gunning's fog index 148 

Technical review of maps and 

cross sections 32, 230 

accuracy and logic 230 

checklists for review 232 

colored check print 186 

correlation of maps units 231 

copy for review 186 

description of map units 231 

explanation 230 

general guidelines 230 

general overview 230 

internal consistency 231 

marginal data 230 

map logic 231 

references 231 

responsibilities of 

Survey reviewers 230 

scale 233 

starting the review 230 

what to look for 230 

Technical review of maps and cross 

sections 211, 229, 230 

author response 212 

what to look for 230 

correlation of map units 231 

description of map units 231 

general overview 230 

in the explanation 231 

marginal data 230 

Technical review, preparing and 

checking report for 8 

See also Reviewing technical reports; 

Maps and other illustrations, 

technical review. 

Techniques of Water-Resources 

Investigations, 

scope and format 2, 256 

Temperature expressed in figures 109 

Temporal and related units 

(stratigraphic) 45 

Terminal prepositions 147 

Tertiary, provincial ages 60 

"Terrain, terrane" 177 

Text figures 186 

bleeds 199 

bottom or side title 186 

captions, format 256 

image sues 186 

See also Page-size maps; Photographs. 

Text format 24 

appendix 25, 264 

body 25,253 

concluding section 25 

footnotes 25, 252, 255 

headings 25 

index 26 

introduction 24 

references 25, 229, 234 

title, title page 19, 23, 251 

"That, which, who, whom, 

and whose" 143-144 

"There are; it is" 148, 177 

See also Expletives. 

"They" 126 

"Thick, thickness" 178 

Third person, change to avoid 

sexist pronoun 155 

using "the author," "the senior 

author," or "the writer" 

instead of "I" or "we" 143 

"This/these," problems with 

antecedents 126 

Thoreau, Henry David 16 

Tibbals, C.H., cited 68 

Time divisions, major geochronologic, 

chronostratigraphic, 

and geochronometric 59 

Timeframe 153 

Time words, for transitions 150 

Time words versus place words 178 

Timeliness in water resources reports 27 

"-tion," avoid use of 151 

See also Mineralization. 

Title of person, abbreviated 107 

Title, title page 19 

brevity 19 

form and content 19, 23 

formatting 251 

geographic location 210 

informative 19, 23 

insignificant words 

avoided at beginning 19 

talk at scientific meetings 23 

Titles and captions of illustrations 209 

formatting 255 

"To," plus a verb 131 

Tomkeieff, S.I., cited 98 

Topic (introductory) paragraph 149 

Topic sentence 124, 149 

Topographic map series 3 

"Toward, towards" 179 

Township and range, abbreviated 107 

Transitions, words for 149 

Transitive verb 142, 146, 164 

"Transpire" 151 

Transposition, in proofing 267 

Triangular diagram 207 

Trite phrases 153 

Twain, Mark, quoted 156, 165 

Type, enlarged by copy machine 244 

"Type, kind" 171 

Type specimens and significant collections 103 

"Typical" 179 

See also "Characteristic, * * *." 

Typical manuscript sequence 36 

"Typically" 161 

Uncommon abbreviations 104 

Unconformity, in sequence 

of map units 49 

"Under, over" 173 

Underground cavern 153 

See also Redundancies, meaningless. 

"Undertake" 179 

See also Stilted and showy language. 

Undesirable change in 

construction 152 

Undiscovered resources 95, 97 

"Unique" 179 

Unit, map 49 

Unit modifiers, excessively long 146 

United States, abbreviated U.S. 104 

Unity 124 

"Up to" 158 

Uppercase type versus lowercase, readability 243 

"Upward of' 174 

U.S. Bureau of Mines 95, 96 

U.S. National Museum, 

Smithsonian Institution 103 

U.S.S.R. 104 

"Use, employ" 167 

Use of abbreviations 210 

"Usually" 161 

See also Time words versus place words. 

"Utilize, employ" 167 

"Value" 179 

Van Eysinga, F.W.B., cited 62 

Variety in sentence length 

and phrasing 124 

"Various, dierent" 179 

misused for "many" 172 

See also "Many, several, various, 

numerous." 

"Vary" 180 

See also "Range." 

"Verbal, oral" 180 

Verbs, collectives and their verbs 126 

disagreement with their 

subjects/nouns 125 

288 Index Tables 
Verbs-Con. 

doubled-up auxiliary 165 

intransitiveltransitive 167 

See also Determined to be. 

plurallsingular problems 125 

plus superfluous prepositions 176 

strong versus weak 125, 151 

"Very, much" 180 

"Vicinity of, neighborhood of" 180 

Virgulelslash 139 

Voelker, A.H., and others, cited 96, 97 

Vogue words and trite phrases 153 

See also Choosing the right word. 

Voice, active versus passive VII, 23, 

141, 142, 143, 147, 152, 155 

changes of 124 

changes, to avoid sexist pronoun 153 

inept switch 152 

intransitive passive 164 

passive voice and personal 

pronouns, first and third 143 

need for auxiliary verb 

and preposition 142 

style and readability 142 

Washington, H.S., cited 98 

Water Data and Storage 

Retrieval System 73 

Water-Data Reports 17 

Water Resources Division 27 

colleague review of reports 32 

Director's approval of 

reports, author 

responsibilities after 35 

district chiefs and research 

project managers 32 

headquarters evaluation of reports 34 

organizational units 27 

planning and management 27 

planning and managing reports 30 

printing, preparing manuscripts 35 

published reports, releasing 

and distributing 35 

quality assurance 32 

quality and timeliness of reports 27 

regional evaluation of reports 32 

reports prepared by 27 

research centers 27 

reviewers 32 

Water-Resources Investigations Reports 3, 27 

Water Resources Thesaurus 26 

Watershed 166 

Water-Supply Papers, edited 35 

sample figure caption 256 

scope and format 2, 27, 250, 256 

Weak verbs, used with 

abstract nouns 151 

"accomplish, occur, 

perform, transpire" 151 

Weast, N.C., cited 91 

Webster's Third International 

Dictionary 4, 163, 165 

Well logs 197 

"Whenlwhere," confused as to 

time or place 130, 178 

See also Time words versus place 

words. 

"Whereas" 157 

"Which" 127, 143, 144 

Whichers 143 

"While" 178, 181 

"Who, whom, whose" 143 

Widths for tables 258 

"With" 131, 153 

"With/without," misused 131 

Word choice 147, 156 

Word processors 10 

Word usages that distort 

true meanings 151 

Writer's block 5 

Writing a Survey report, 

steps followed 4, 36 

Writing the first draft 7 

Writing skills 4 

X,Y,Z 

X-ray data 93 

X-ray diffractometer 93 

"Young," unseemly use as a verb 150 

Zone, aquifer 66 , 

Index Zone, aquifer 289