SURVEY OF FEDERALLY-FUNDED

MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH AND STUDIES

FY74-FYOO

George H. Waring, Ph.D.

Department of Zoology

Southern IIIiuois University

Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6501

December 2002

Final Report to the Marine Mammal Commission

In Fulfillment of Contract T03322455

Availability Unlimited

Prepared for

Marine Mammal Commission

4340 East-West Highway, Room 905

Bethesda, Maryland 20814
PREFACE

The Marine Mammal Protection Act directs the Marine Mammal Commission, among

other things, to conduct a continuing review ofresearch programs conducted or proposed to

be conducted under the authority of the Act. To help meet this responsibility, the

Commission annually surveys other Federal agencies and the Smithsonian Institution, a

trust instrumentality of the United States, to learn of research or studies they are either

supporting or conducting which bear upon the conservation and protection of marine

mammals. Information provided in response to the annual surveys is summarized in this

report.

The summary is an update of previous summaries prepared by the author for the Marine

Mammal Commission (see Table 1). The user of this summary will find the Table of

Contents helpful for locating specific information and for understanding the organization

and breadth of the material provided. The first section is an overview of all Federally-funded

research involving marine mammals. The second section focuses upon research and studies

conducted under authority of the Act. The last section lists all research and study projects

identified by the surveys. Appendix A is a list of publications identified by the agencies as

sources (or pending sources) of marine mammal information resulting from Federallyfunded research and studies. Appendix B lists recent projects beginning with FYOO.

Comprehensive summaries of research and studies conducted or supported by Federal

agencies and the Smithsonian Institution in fiscal years 1970 through 1979, 1980 through

1989, and 1990 through 1999 are provided in the FY70-FY79, FY70-FY89, and FY74-

FY99 reports, respectively (see p. 5).

Agencies vary in their ability to identify and retrieve information on marine mammal

research and studies. Also completeness and accuracy of information provided to the

Commission varies by agency and by year. One problem in this regard is the ability of

various agencies to differentiate between administrative, management, enforcement, and

research costs. Consequently, some of the amounts reported herein may cover activities

other than research.

August 10,2001

n

George H. Waring, PhD

Carbondale, IL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE ll

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF ACRONYMS

I. OVERVIEW OF FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS 1

Federal Agencies Funding Marine Mammal Research and Studies 2

Reference List of Previous Surveys Compiled by the Author

and Available from the National Technical Information Service 5

Number of Marine Mammal Research Projects Supported by

Federal Agencies in FY74-FYOO 6

Trends in Federal Support of Marine Mammal Research

--By Number of Projects Supported, FY74-FYOO 7

--By Agency, FY83-FYOO 8

--By Geographical Region, FY84-FYOO 9

--By Taxonomic Group, FY84-FYOO 10

--By Research Issue, FY84-FYOO 12

II. RESEARCH AND STUDIES UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE

MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED...... 17

Research Responsibilities of Federal Agencies Under the Act... 18

Federal Funding Authorized, Requested, and

Appropriated Under the Act, FY74-FYOO 20

Funds Expended on Marine Mammal Research Other Than

Appropriated Under Authority of the Act by the

National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife

Service, FY81-FYOO 22

iii
Funds Expended on Marine Mammal Research by the

National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife

Service, FY74-FYOO 23

Number of Personnel Assigned to Marine Mammal

Administration and Research Activities in the National

Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife

Service, FY80-FYOO 24

APPENDIX A

Published Sources of Marine Mammal Information

From Federally-Funded Research and Studies 25

APPENDIX B

Listing ofMarine Mammal Research and Study Projects,

Principal Investigators, and Funding Levels for FYOO 29

--Department of Agriculture 30

--Department of Commerce 30

--Department of Defense 37

--Department of Health and Human Services 42

--Department of the Interior. 43

--Department of State .48

--Department of Transportation 49

--Environmental Protection Agency 49

--Marine Mammal Commission .49

--National Aeronautics and Space Administration 49

--National Science Foundation .49

--Smithsonian Institution 52

IV
LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Reference list of previous surveys compiled by the

author and available from the National Technical

Information Service 5

2. Number of marine mammal research projects supported by

Federal agencies in FY74-FYOO 6

3. Federal funding of marine mammal research by agency 8

4. Regionally oriented marine mammal research in waters

adjacent to the United States 9

5. Taxonomic summary of Federally-funded marine mammal research 10

6. Federal funding of marine mammal research by research issue 12

7. Federal funding under the Marine Mammal Protection Act... 20

8. Funds expended on marine mammal research other than

those appropriated under authority of the Marine Mammal

Protection Act. 22

9. Number of personnel assigned to marine mammal activities

in the National Marine Fisheries Service and the

Fish and Wildlife Service, FY80-FYOO 24

v
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Trends in Federal support of marine mammal research:

Total number of marine mammal projects reported

to the Marine Mammal Commission, FY74-FYOO 7

2. Funds expended on marine mammal research by the

National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and

Wildlife Service, FY74-FYOO 23

vi
Acronym

APSC

AFWRC

ARPA

ASC

BRD

DOC

OOD

OOE

DHHS

001

DOS

DWRC

EPA

FWS

FY

IWC

MESC

MMC

MMM

MMPA

MMS

NASA

NBS

NCCOSC

NEFSC

NERC

NFWL

NIH

NMFS

NMML

NOAA

NOS

NOSC

NUWC

NOPPO

NPFMC

NPS

NSF

NSGCP

NWFSC

OCRM

OCS

OCSEAP

ORCA

OMA

SBSC

SEFSC

SERDP

SI

SWFSC

TQ

USAF

USDA

USCG

USGS

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Definition

Alaska Fisheries Science Center

Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center

Advanced Research Projects Agency

Alaska Science Center (formerly AFWRC)

Biological Resources Division

Department ofConunerce

Department ofDefense

Department of Energy

Department ofHealth and Human Services

Department ofthe Interior

Department of State

Denver Wildlife Research Center

Environmental Protection Agency

Fish and Wildlife Service

Fiscal Year

International Whaling Commission

Midcontinent EcologIcal Science Center (formerly NERC)

Marine ManIffial Commission

Marine ManIffials Mana15ement Office (USFWS)

Marine ManIffial ProtectIOn Act

Minerals Management Service

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Biological Service

Naval Conunand, Control, & Ocean Surveillance Center (formerly NOCS)

Northeast Fisheries Science Center

National Ecology Reseach Center

National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory

National Institutes of Health

National Marine Fisheries Service

National Marine ManIffial Laboratory

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Ocean Service

Naval Ocean Systems Center

Naval Undersea Warfare Center

National Ocean Pollution Program Office

North Pacific Fisheries Management Council

National Park Service

National Science Foundation

National Sea Grant College Program

Northwest Fisheries Science Center

Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management

Outer Continental Shelf

Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program

Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment (fomedy OMA)

Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment

Southem Biological Science Center

Southeast Fisheries Science Center

Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program

Smithsonian Institution

Southwest Fisheries Science Center

Transition Quarter (July-September 1976)

U.S. Air Force

U.S. Department of Agriculture

U.S. Coast Guard

U.S. Geological Survey

vii

I

1

I. OVERVIEW OF FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS

INVOLVING MARINE MAMMALS

Fourteen department-level Federal agencies reported funding marine

mammal research and studies from FY74 through FYOO. Often more than one

agency within the larger departments funded research. Some agencies funded

projects in all years, whereas others supported research or studies during only

part of the period. The Department of Transportation (i.e., Coast Guard) has

intermittently funded projects. The Veterans Administration and Department of

Energy gave support to a few projects early in the period; but since no further

support has occurred in the past decade, these agencies are no longer included

in this survey. The following section in this chapter reviews the types of

studies that have been supported by agencies that have funded marine mammal

research during at least four of the preceding ten years. Table 1 lists previous

survey information on Federally-funded marine mammal research and studies

which is available through the National Technical Information Service.

The average annual number of projects funded with Federal monies

during the period FY74-FYOO was 174.3 (Table 2). The trends of these data

are depicted in Figure 1. Data for 1976 include the 12-month fiscal year plus a

transition quarter (TQ76 = July through September 1976) when the first day of

the Federal fiscal year was shifted from I July to 1 October. Total funds

reported expended by each agency annually for marine mammal research and

studies are shown in Table 3. Funding by geographical region, taxonomic

group, and research issue are listed in Tables 4,5, and 6, respectively.
2

FEDERAL AGENCIES FUNDING MARINE MAMMAL

RESEARCH AND STUDIES

Department of Agriculture (USDA)

The Department of Agriculture has conducted studies associated with marine mammal

health, environmental damage assessment, and economic interrelationships. These studies have

included the San Miguel sea lion virus, investigations of epizootics, and natural resource planning.

The agency provides monies in the form of grants to USDA research agencies, state agricultural

experiment stations, the state land-grant university system, cooperating state institutions, and

participants in USDA's National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program. In turn, these

organizations may use some of the grant money, along with money from other sources, to fund

marine mammal research. Information regarding these projects is available on the World Wide

Web (http://cristel.nal.usda.govl).

Department of Commerce (DOC)

The Department of Commerce, through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS),

conducts marine mammal and fisheries research with emphasis on resource surveys, basic biology,

ecological interactions, and resource management for use in conserving living marine resources.

For example, recent NMFS research programs have included Eastern Tropical Pacific

tuna/porpoise interactions and the recovery of North Pacific fur seals, Steller sea lions, Hawaiian

monk seals, and endangered whales. The cetaceans and pinnipeds (exclusive of the walrus) are

among the responsibilities of this department. Research funding is heavily committed to

assessment of marine mammal populations and any impacts associated with fisheries and other

human activities. More recently, support for studies to determine the causes of unusual marine

mammal mortality events have also been supported as well as a national marine mammal tissue

banking program. Other units within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA) have supported studies on marine mammals, including the National Ocean Pollution

Program Office (NOPPO), the National Ocean Service (NOS), the National Sea Grant College

Program (NSGCP), the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM), and the

Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment (ORCA). Additionally, the North

Pacific Fisheries Management Council (NPFMC) has supported studies. The former Outer

Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP), managed by NOANORCA,

was responsible for part of the Alaska OCS research. OCSEAP was created through interagency

agreement between NOAA and the Minerals Management Service (MMS); project funding came

fromMMS.

Department of Defense (DOD)

The Department of Defense conducts marine mammal research through the Headquarters

Space Division of the Air Force; the Army Corps of Engineers; for Navy -- the Assistant Secretary

of the Navy for Installations and Environment, CNO Operational Activities, the SPAWAR

Systems Center, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Navy Legacy Program, plus the Office of Naval

Research; and the joint, multi-agency Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program
3

(SERDP) plus the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). DOD research varies from basic

environmental impact studies to applied military research to monitoring abundance and distribution

of marine mammals at military facilities and bases. Differentiating marine mammals from military

targets, furthering the understanding of the undersea environment, and the utilization of marine

mammals with specific behavioral traits for applied research are the major thrusts of the Navy

program; studies on behavior modification, health and husbandry, bioacoustics, cognition and

memory, as well as sensory perception are supported.

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

The Department of Health and Human Services, through the National Institutes of Health,

funds some research on marine mammals; the research is basically oriented toward understanding

mammalian morphology, genetics, physiology, and health (including disease processes).

Department of the Interior (DOl)

The Department of the Interior, through the Minerals Management Service (MMS),

supports environmental assessment studies involving the effects of outer continental shelf (OCS)

development on marine mammals and their habitats. Special studies on the effects of oil spills,

noise, and other variables associated with oil and gas activities are also supported. Through the

end of FY93, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) supported management related research on the

biology, population dynamics, and ecology of walruses, sea otters, polar bears, and sirenians

(manatees and dugong). With the beginning of FY94, the newly formed National Biological

Service (NBS) took over conduct ofresearch on the biology, population dynamics, and ecology of

these species, in support of FWS and other DOl resource management bureaus. In FY96, NBS

became a part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Subsequently, within USGS the

Biological Resources Division conducts research and studies on marine mammals. Marine

mammal studies relative to national park, seashore, and monument development and management

is supported by the National Park Service (NPS).

Department of State (DOS)

The Department of State supports studies to compile and evaluate information on Antarctic

and other treaty negotiations that may have a bearing on marine mammals and other marine species.

Funds are also provided to further cetacean-related research of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna

Commission, the International Whaling Commission, the National Academy of Sciences, the

Marine Mammal Commission, and other organizations.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The Environmental Protection Agency supports marine mammal research through the study

and monitoring of pollutant levels in coastal and pelagic marine organisms and assisting efforts to

study causes of marine mammal die-off events.

Marine Mammal Commission (MMC)

The Marine Mammal Commission supports research and studies pertammg to the

conservation and protection of marine mammals to improve the implementation of the Marine

Mammal Protection Act. Policy studies; methodological research; information overviews; issue-
4

specific research on population assessment, critical habitats, taking, man-induced hazards,

ecological inter-relationships, and socio-economic/legal aspects of marine mammal conservation;

and reviews of agency actions and research under the Act are integrated into the Commission's

research program.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration supports research on marine mammal

assessment and monitoring, especially for the manatees utilizing the environment ofthe Kennedy

Space Center.

National Science Foundation (NSF)

Through its various divisions, the National Science Foundation supports marine mammal

research, although there is no directed effort on marine mammals per se. Some studies of Antarctic

marine mammals have been supported through this agency in accordance with the Antarctic Treaty.

Smithsonian Institution (SI)

The Smithsonian Institution, a trust instrumentality of the United States, supports marine

mammal research on evolutionary and general biology, including a salvage program and national

cetacean stranding data base, through the National Zoological Park and the Department of

Vertebrate Zoology of the Museum of Natural History.
TABLEl

Reference list of previous surveys compiled by the author

and available from the National Technicallnformation Service (NTIS)

Survey of Federally-Funded Marine Mammal Research and Studies,

FY70-FY79. Publication PB81-174336, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 235 p. (1981)

FY70-FY80. Publication PB81-242059, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 43 p. (1981)

FY70-FY81. Publication PB82-227570, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 65 p. (1982)

FY70-FY82. Publication PB83-262998, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 83 p. (1983)

FY70-FY83. Publication PB84-215086, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 84 p. (1984)

FY70-FY84. Publication PB85-225613, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 99 p. (1985)

FY70-FY85. Publication PB86-235637, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 108 p. (1986)

FY70-FY86. Publication PB87-217386, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 120 p. (1987)

FY70-FY87. Publication PB88-212782, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 133 p. (1988)

FY70-FY88. Publication PB90-104050, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 143 p. (1989)

FY70-FY89. Publication PB90-2n097, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 154 p. (1990)

FY70-FY90. Publication PB91-212217, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 44 p. (1991)

FY74-FY91. Publication PB92-190222, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 56 p. (1992)

FY74-FY92. Publication PB93-227189, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 66 p. (1993)

FY74-FY93. Publication PB94-195021, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 76 p. (1994)

FY74-FY94. Publication PB95-238929, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 90 p. (1995)

FY74-FY95. Publication PB97-104749, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 115 p. (1996)

FY74-FY96. Publication PB98-148281, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 125 p. (1998)

FY74-FY97. Publication PB98-121816, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 141 p. (1998)

FY74-FY98. Publication PB99-17lnO, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 150 p. (1999)

FY74-FY99. Publication PBOI-103492, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. 174 p. (2001)
TABLE 2

NUMBER OF MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH PROJECTS SUPPORTED BY FEDERAL AGENCIES IN FY74-FY2000

'77 ~1 ~2 ~5 ~8 ~o ~1 '~ • ~5 W U W

Department of Agrlcullure 2 2 4 9 7 3 5 3 7 5

Department of Commerce

National Marine Fisheries Service 13

National Ocean Pollullon Program Office

Nallonal Ocean Service

National Sea Grant 4

North Pacific Fishery Management Councll

Ocean and Coastal Resource Management

Ocean Resources, Conservation, and Assessment

Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

Department of Defense

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

Air Force

Army

Navy 26

Strategic Environmental Research (SERDP)

8

2

14

9 13 14

2

13 21 24

14

2

1

1

20

34

2

1

1

2

17

31

2

1

2

13

25

1

1

4

2

14

31

3

1

6

2

11

26

2

1

4

1

2

12

29

1

4

5

1

2

15

34 28 32 35

9 8

1 1

2 2

16 24 20 20

48

8

58

2

1

1

8

41 46

4 6

2 1

1 1

16 39

2

55 73

4 6

2

2

3 2

2 1

1

46 54

6 3

64

10

2

1

1

45

9

70

3

19

4

1

35

9

72

1

3

13

3

47

7

92

9

1

63

1

56

34

5

60

1

Department of Energy 2 2 0)

Department of Health and Human ServIces 20 26 17 13 12 8 9 11 12 9 B 11 8 9 13 16 13 10 4 5 7 4 12 10 B 8

Department of the Interior

Fish and WildlIfe Service

Geological Survey

Minerals Management Service

MMS/NOAAIOCSEAP

National BiologIcal Service

National Park Service

15 20 27 40 43

1 1

1 434

3 16 11 11

235

52 44 33 27 29 22

1 1 1 1 1 1

7 12 8 10 9 12

667986

2 2 4 3 3 3

17 21 20

12 13 26

3 4 2

3 3

19 22 22

13 24 26

1 1 2

2 6 2

18 16

28 23

1

6 10

15

10

10

2

8

14

6

2

5

14

2

2

7

14

6

9 18 11 18

13 20 36 33

8 8 7 7

12 10 16 21

Department of State

Department of Transportatlon (Coast Guard)

Environmental Protection Agency

2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3

2

3

2

3

5

3

6

2

5

5

3

6

3

2

2

2 2

2

2

2

3

2

3

Marine Mammal Commission 14 32 30 29 34 7 21 16 15 13 30 32 20 25 25 16 18 24 23 29 16 19 5 7 9 9 2

National Aeronautlcs and Space Administration 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2

National Science Foundatlon 12 7 10 10 B 11 14 8 10 11 10 12 12 10 8 9 12 11 12 9 4 11 9 13 11 36 31

Smithsonian InsU!utlon 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 3 2 2 2

TOTAl; 113 122 133 151 166 137 171 148 140 142 145 150 156 177 148 158 162 180 165 180 185 216 192 227 246 305 292
7

FIGURE 1

TRENDS IN FEDERAL SUPPORT OF MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH

Total Number of Marine Mammal Projects Reported to the

Marine Mammal Commission, FY74-FYOO

400

III

-0

Q)

'0...

a. 300

....

0

...

Q)

..0

E

:::s 200 Z

iii

-0

I100

70 80 90 00

Fiscal Year
TABLE 3

FEDERAl. FUNDING OF MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH BY AGENCY·

(Thousands of Dollars)

Department of AgrlcUllure

FYB3 FY84 FY85 FY86 FY87 FY8B FY89 FY90 FY91 FY92 FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96

35

FY97

35

FY98

35

FY99

35

FYOO

35

Department of Commerce

NaUonal Marine FIsheries SelVlce

NaUonal Ocean Pollution Program Olflce

National Ocean SelVlce

Nallonal Sea Granl Program

North Pacific Fishery Mgmt. Councll

Ocean and Coastal Resource Mgmt.

Ocean Resources Conserv. and Assessmt

Oceanic and Almospherlc Research

Department of Defense

Advanced Research Projects Agency

Air Force

Mm,

Navy

Strategic Environmental Research (SERDP)

Department of Energy

4050.7

46.7

11.5

35.9

123.6

1903.2

,on

79.6

5

81

6.5

1730

5021

20

66.4

81.9

59

15.5

2106.6

4628.7

21.4

165.1

55

56.5

2488.3

70

4852.9

145

15

58.5

3378.2

70

4482.9

63

15

55

3465.8

4801.4

15

55

4037

7010.6 11925.1

32.3 47.3

25 425

173.9 106.7

247.9

1139 1064

16445.9

105.5

"5

244.4

248.5

2430

14464.7

220.5

'"

'24

173.2

580

3907.2

2249

14339.8

249.1

'"

751

349.7

3597.1

1694

18582.5

387

,

126.8 '"

28' 5438.9

85'

12972.9

157.6

76.4

1144.2

89

28' 4861.5

2684.4

12350.9

135.7

170

250.4

135.3

6364

2120.1

17194

152.2"

215

'54

100

11258.4

1908

17422.4

173

"

6625.2

370

19547.3

2512

301.2

'00

619

270

8379.3

397

Department of Health and Human SelVlc:es

Department of the Interior

FIsh and Wildllfe SelVlca

Geological Survey

Minerals Management SelVlce

Nallonal Biological Servlce

National Park SelVlce

Department of Stale

Department of Transportation

Environmental Protecllon Agency

Marine Mammal Commission

Nallonal Aeronaul!cs and Space Admin.

684.4

1261.2

76

4275.9

300.4

540.6

204.9

629

1007.7

71

3595.9

235

709.4

298.7

1052.8

936.1

3140.7

795.6

197.7

10

852.1

1542.3

2698.3

17.5

869.4

85

,.7

735.2

2349.4

1695.9

39.5

926.6

8.5

100.5

1.6

1089.1

2498.6

3025.4

27

913.8

8

102.6

6.'

1678.3

3367.6

5228.9

86.2

929.2

175

104.8

6

1421.5

3007.9

3462.9

5{)

1148.5

100

92.7

19.1

1324.4

3648.5

3088.1

66

1235.2

227.2

94.2

17.5

576.9

3034

2712.8

1300

1488.9

119.2

250.9t

16.5

3052

1691

621.8

1300.4

158.9

150.9-

30

606.6

169.4

818

3088.7

84.1

1669.5

'0

142.6

135.8.6.

30

768.5

182.1

2431.7 '"

6A

1162.5

80

85

45.6

30

361.2

161.2

1026.9

2118.9

30.7

1012.1

90

1376.5

13.1

25.5

213.7

2151

1150

444A

993.3

80

43.5

23.5

578.2

1795

1349

185.5

1113.3

140

35

15.3

31

433.2

2305.9

1689.9

378.3

607.7

285

131.2

33

647

1938.4

508.4

1056

717.5

217

5

28

(Xl

Nallonal Science Foundation

SmUhsonlan Insmullon

TOTAL

503 691.9 729.8 620.5 757.6 663.4 901.8 820.9 858.3 1039.7 549.6 316.9

170.4 207.5 212.5 222.5 212 150 161.2 165 169 144.4 182.1 144.2

14,188.4 13.425.2 14,445.6 14,423.3 15.346.4 16,565.8 21,547.4 18,669.3 24.544.4 30.331.7 29.829.4 28,978.7

1292

238.6

31,503.6

1054.1

269.3

29.834.5

1025

155

27,840.8

274.8

170.6

36.829.3

4165.2

172.4

34,852.4

4791.9

177.5

42,347.5

• Funding lolals provided on lllis table reflect lotal annual project costs Identltled in Appendix B as reported by each agency.

t Included In Ihls tolal Is $127.000 trensferred from other agencies 10 Ihe Marine Mammal Commission•

.., Included In this totat Is $100.000 transferred from olher agencIes to Ille Marine Mammal CommIssion.

/!" Includnd In Ih!s tolal Is $91,500 transfnrred from other agencies 10 the Marine Mammal Commission.

~~ ....__~~~_, 'w.,~_~_.'.. .....,. _
TABLE 4

REGIONALLY ORIENTED MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH IN WATERS ADJACENT TO THE UNITED STATES·

(Thousands of Dollars; Number of Projects Shown In Parenlheses)

Geographical Region FYB4 FYB5 FYB6 FYB7 FYBB FYB9 FY90 FY91 FY92 FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96 FY97 FY9B FY99 FYOO

Hawaii 302.5 360.8 332.9 3+ 1.5 429 487.6 747 1033.7 B33 1504 1458.8 10 834.3 • 1983

(3) (3) (4) (1) (3) (1) (4) (4) (3) (6) (3) (4) (2) (5) (4) (1) (11)

Alaska 4960.2 4708 3787.5 4294 2827.5 5776.2 5612.9 8462.6 7714.8 6435.2 6081.9 6258.1 6105.2 7993.9 7571.2 10740.2 12707.7

(25) (2B) (31) (39) (23) (34) (33) (49) (43) (3B) (36) (33) (35) (39) (4B) (70) (6B)

OregonJWashlnglon 23.2 1524.2 1520.2 68.6 37 85 25 7 371.4 451.2 556.7 1619.5

(1) (1) (3) (3) (2) (2) (3) (2) (6) (5) (5) (6) (5) (14)

California 1491.9 1505 1040.2 1066.8 1418.5 1318.8 1550.7 2868.7 3548.1 2281.1 2531.9 2745.3 3326.4 1562.1 832.9 1368.2 1378.5

(32) (24) (23) (19) (12) (8) (B) (11) (14) (14) (10) (12) (13) (lB) (17) (24) (27)

Gulf of Mexico 238.5 15 168.1 62 154.2 248.1 897.8 3353.3 3214.3 3167.7 2139.5 " 134 80 1090 CO

(3) (1) (1) (1) (4) (4) (4) (6) (4) (6) (5) (3) (1) (2) (3) (6)

Florida 384.8 622 295.6 573.9 242.5 504.2 560.9 659.5 1327.7 1346.1 779.4 1583.9 829.5 631.7 433.7 104.5 982.9

(B) (10) (10) (16) (18) (12) (11) (9) (B) (B) (4) (9) (6) (10) (14) (9) (26)

Mid-Atlantic States 2.6 1.5 669.6 455.9 725.8 544.7 520.6 437 120 8B5 926.9 327.4 2510.2 1665.6 1463.2 1748.6

(GA. SC. NC. VA) (1) (1) (5) (6) (5) (6) (7) (6) (1) (6) (8) (6) (9) (8) (12) (12)

NE Coastal Slates 141.3 311.1 642.8 141.6 334.5 438 661 2873.2 962.3 1513.9 1111.7 3430 2391.1 1005.9 1269.7 2282.2 3301.3

(7) (11) (15) (11) (9) (13) (17) (26) (13) (15) (15) (28) (33) (lB) (4) (14) (15)

• Note _. Many marine mammal projects reflected in the data on Table 3 were not regionally oriented and thus are not Ilsted on this table.
TABLE 5

TAXONOMIC SUMMARY OF FEDERALLY-FUNDED MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH

(Thousands 01 Dollars)

FYa< FYas FY86 FY.7 FY88 FY89 FY80 FY91 FY82 FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96 FY'7 FY98 FYgg FYOO

Sirenia (Manatees and Dugong)

Department 01 Agriculture 7

Department 01 Commerce

Department of Defense 656.5 612 64.2

Department 01 Energy

Dept. Heallh and Human Servieces

Department of the Interior 276.8 284.1 22' 369.5 396.4 402.6 419.6 437.2 739.3 88' 594.3 619.9 463.5 608.2 66s 699.8 455.1

Department 01 Slate

Environmental Protection Agency

Marine Mammal Commission '.S I.S S 2 41.4 " 0.' , '.S 18.2 2.S 3

NASA 10 '.7 1.6 6.2 6 19.1 17.5 16.5 30 30 30 25.5 23.5 20 25 2S

National Science Foundation 94 50 S2

Smilhsonlan Inslitution

CATEGORY TOTAL 281.3 295.6 331.7 393.1 44' 444.6 439.7 458.7 810.3 781.2 626.8 1306.4 1121 631.7 688 724.8 544.3

Carnivora (Polar Bear and Sea Otter)

Department of Agriculture

Department of Commerce 6.1 10 2 12 7 154.5

Department of Defense 149

Department of Energy

Dept. Health and Human Servieces

Department of the Inlerior 1156.3 1303.7 1332.4 1883.4 1995.8 2938 2457.6 3148.2 2435.7 2504.1 1425.8 1452 980.4 80' 1359.2 1178.3 1518.3

Department 01 State C Environmental Protection Agency 7S 50 60 40

Marine Mammal Commission 67 33.3 2 7.S 3 14 19.2 6 2

NASA

National Science Foundation 149.5 44 44 44 174.3 122.4 122.4 ,., Smithsonian InsUlulion

CATEGORY TOTAL 1223.3 1492.6 1342.4 1929.4 2039.8 3064.5 2507.6 3405.5 2572.1 2666.5 1594 1458 982.4 911 1371.2 1190.2 1672.8

Pinnlpedla (Seals, Sea Lions, Walrus)

Department of Agriculture ? ? ? ? ?

Department of Commerce 1269.4 1650.7 1169 49.8 221.1 35.6 1504.8 2447.7 4522.3 3700.7 3836.2 3978.2 5061.8 4618.2 4608.4 4637.5 9206.6

Department of Delense 68.5 179.9 233.3 34' 264.9 502 173.9 106.7 184.4 417.9 909.7 791.4 480.1 466.6 391.2 917.2 776.4

Department of Energy 70 70

Dept. Health and Human Servieces 57 51.8 162.2 143.9 259.5 227.5 178 72.1 161.2 45.4 66.4 ? ? ? ?

Department of the Interior 494.8 75 170.2 639.3 229.1 161.2 267.9 367.8 1140.6 391.9 33.6 169 572.7 121.7 68S 640.8 641

Department of State 20 15

Environmental ProtecUon Agency 50 2S 12.1 10

Marine Mammal Commission 12.5 32.8 '.7 17 3.S 7 14.7 17 11.3 10 10 2.' 3.1 3

NASA

Nalional Science Foundallon 420.7 350.7 307.3 354.5 339.4 225 258.4 213.8 480.9 333.7 209.9 3" 19.7 as 248.1 1173.4 2223.8

Smithsonian Institution 42.5 42.5 76.5 " 66.2 94.6 115

CATEGOAYTOTAL 2308.4 2388.6 2086.8 1694.8 1201.9 1190.3 2447.2 3381 6436.5 4920.4 5192.7 5438.4 6315.7 5291.5 5935.8 7371.9 12847.8
TABLE 5 (continued)

TAXONOMIC SUMMARY OF FEDERALLY·FUNDED MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH

FY84 FY85 FY86 FY87 FY88 FY69 rno FY91 FY92 FY93 FY94 FY95 FY95 FY97 FY98 FY99 FYoo

Cetacea (Whales and PorpoIses)

Department of Agricullure ? ? ? ? ?

Depertment of Commerce 2421.7 2540.7 2935 2376.7 2257.5 2705.5 3111.3 3342.8 7515.1 7088.1 6679.2 7080.1 3022.9 3996.1 8461.7 7427.7 7540.5

Department of Defense 1218 1566.2 1973.5 2532.1 2565.9 2660 1139 1064 2300 3017.1 4148.8 4222.8 6011.6 3985.9 5986.7 3492.6 4542.6

Department of Energy

Depl. Health and Human Servieces 162.4 22.4 84.7 86.5 97.3 108.9 221 743.1 294.8 ? ? ? ?

Departmenl of the Interior 2354.2 2888.6 1688.6 932.1 1372.7 2193.5 2456.2 1760.2 2517.8 565 ..8 495 540.7 1207.3 905.5 1160 747.4

Department of State 709.4 795.6 860 919.3 911.1 926.1 1146.7 1234 1488.9 1300.4 1649.5 1132.5 1012.1 993.3 1113.3 607.7 717.5

Department of Transportation 80 eo 80 80 140 285 217

Environmental Proteclion Agency 100 60 97.2 94.2 118.9 130.5 5 150

Marine Mammal Commission .. 7. 39.8 301.2 27.7 '.5 23 30.3 61.4 44 14.3 21.8 6.6 21 2 3

NASA 9 8

National Science Foundation 221.3 101.1 43 200 200 510.8 .44 403.7 324.9 41.5 107 299 2.7 257 26.7 816.9 895.2

Smithsonian lnsmution

CATEGORY TOTAL 7150 7988.8 7539.9 7261.4 7419.6 9186.9 8467.5 8041.1 14302.3 12175 13888.3 14079.3 11365.7 10540.6 16644.9 13600.9 14660.2

Mixed Species or General StudIes

Department of Agriculture ? ? ? ? ?

Department of Commerce 551.5 1050.8 776.2 2586.4 1668.5 2075.3 2555.8 6606.9 4939 4321.4 4659.3 5839.3 8109.1 2690.4 4758.1 4812.8 5658.9

Department 01 Defense 450 326 340 560.6 690 930 247.9 438.5 3368.4 1284.3 f871 1957.4 4417.3 6888.5 2585.4 4282.1

Department of Energy

Dept. Health and Human Servieces 465.6 973.4 800.3 573 860.5 1332.3 1096.7 1037.5 504.8 224.4 ? ? ...... Department of the tnterior 624.4 740.4 842.9 279.9 1560 2987.4 746.6 1089.2 213.4 1222.8 1268.5 442.3 693.8 1678.9 293 1128.4 788 ...... Department of State 9.4 7.3 2.3 3.1 1.8 1.2 15

Environmental Protection Agency 75 75 35

Marine Mammal Commission 151.7 56.1 31.5 27.3 30 49.8 54.2 39.9 159.7 78.7 89.8 15 6.5 20.5 7.2 125.2 5

NASA 2 3

National Science Foundation 49.9 128.5 176.2 159.1 60 122 118.5 66.5 61.5 '" 680.4 683 2170 1672.9

Smithsonian Institution 165 170 146 '" 150 161.2 165 169 144.4 115.9 144.2 14' 154.3 155 170.6 172.4 177.5

CATEGORY TOTAL 2459.1 3445.2 3122.5 4347.6 5041.3 7661.1 4748.6 9258.1 6461.3 9107.2 7670.5 8922.6 11676.5 9645.1 12154.4 10994.2 12587.4

• In some cases, studies were related 10 human health and medicine or other topics wilh litlle or no bearing on the marine mammal subjects.
TABLE 6

FEDERAL FUNDING OF MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH BY RESEARCH ISSUE' ..

(Thousands 01 Dollars)

SPECIAL RESEARCH FUNDING LINE

ISSUE FY84 FY85 FY86 FY87 FY88 m, FY86 FY" FY87 FY" FY84 FY95 FY" FY" m' FY" FYOO AGENCyt TOTAL

Tunlll'Porpolu.:

Populallon Assossmenl 507.3 485.8 606.5 1079.9 '002 1025.4 919.2 554.2 1036.6 1020.1 362.3 229.7 228.-4 92.2 3699.5 3224.6 NMFS 16073.7

'-' '.3 MMC 3-' 673.9 762 853 914.3 911.1 916.8 1138.-4 1225.8 1443.9 1238.5 1537.9 1070 1000.2 979.1 1091 600 700 DOS 17055.9

Morlality RllducHon 1351.4 475.7 '50 450 237.5 237.2 228.3 '" NMFS 3540.1

17 MMC 17

Assessmenl 01 Taking 181.8 179.3 134.7 185.1 185.1 NMFS 866

Biology 296.5 319.2 288.8 303.5 361.6 360.1 592.7 902.6 845 357 2$9.4 405.5 465.2 325.8 322.8 120.5 NMFS 5936.2

International Whaling Comml..lon:

Assessmenl of Slocks and Taking --"'.-----""-----'" 74.5 '84 69.9 107.9 393.2 NMFS 3253.5

16.1 3 , 21 MMC 48.1

49 NSF 49

35.5 33.6 7 5 '.3 '.3 '.2 4S 61.9 111.6 62.5 11.9 14.2 22.3 7.7 17.5 DOS 461.5

Marine Mamma!fFlaherlea Confllcta:

Soulhem Ocean Krill 49.2 MMC 49.2

An FlshfPinnlped Interactions 79.6 44.6 21.-4 21.5 NSGCP 167.1

5.5 3 S MMC 13.5

221.1 701 365.-4 eOl.8 772.9 1255.7 260o.s 1617.3 1331.1 1508.3 592.7 1495 1969.8 1502.6 2369.7 3373.7 NMFS 22478.9

229.6 NOS 229.6

Fisheries/Sea OHer Interaclions 6.' NSGCP 6.' I\l 142.5 253.9 242.6 36.9 322.9 204.6 207.3 157 157 132 NBSlFWS 1856.7

'" USGS 132

" OCRM

3 MMC "3

An Ash/Cetacean Interactions 14.1 3 0.' MMC 17.9

" 718.8 337 535.5 231 344.9 6lS 505.5~ 2019.7 NMFS 5914.7

" OCRM

Incidental Taking 64.9 26.8 " " , 16 S MMC 127.7

14.8 6S 121.3 76.5 165.6

" 3007 1497.7 767.2 1167 1449 1402.-4 194.7 798.1 2697.1 242.6 NMFS 13693

S NPFMC S

20 NaPPO 20

98.-4 NSGCP 98.4

Eflecta 01 OIVG.. Development and

Chemlcala on Marine Mammala:

Physiologlcal Slud"tes 1650.1 221.9 65.5 134.7 MMS 2072.2

7S '00 '95 " 73.9 EPA 466.9

'" '" 425 4" ORCA 1700

50 NMFS 50

Risk Analysis 617.8 9n.S 409.5 454.2 647.2 833.9 994.7 1363.5 1872.6 1142 953 MMS 10265.9

S.' 6.' 7.S 1.' MMC 21.-4

923.8 S80 976 598.7 224.9 3.2 109.2 FWSlNBS 3417.8

30 SO NPS 80

678.3 " 438.6 400 743 425 441.4 200 NMFS 3367.3

'" ORCA

2.4 OCRM '"2.4

7S USGS 7S

157.6 NSGCP 157.6

1303.5 EPA 1303.5

• Amounl. undsrllnod are sstimaled subunIts of lotals reportod by lhe agency under more generat ealegorles•

•• Not all projects Hsled In Appendix Bare renecled In this lable. and a few projects plus a portion of lhe tundlng have been assigned to more lhan ona issue.

t See page vii for c1arificallon of acronyms
TABLE 6 (contInued)

Federlll Funding of Mllrlne Mammal Research by R"'earch luue

SPECIAL RESEARCH FUNDING LINE

ISSUE FY84 FY85 FY86 FY87 FYeo m, FYOO FY51 FY" FYOJ FY84 FY" FYOO FY87 FYOO FY85 FYOO AGENCY TOTAL

MarIna Mammal Strandlng_:

Biological Studies 1.8 10.5 7.5 32 12.4 5 1 MMe 70.2

------.al!.------.al!.-35:~~___..1B.___..1B._____.M!-----MI -------!l: -------!l: -------!l: -------!l: ------1Q ------l.Q ------12 SI 407

2 131.6 120 120 146.5 167.5 80 49 57 367 NMFS 1240.6

------"'" 5 FWS 108

7.5 42 13 25 87 OCAM-NOS 174.5

32.2 71.2 75 75 75 EPA 328.4

3 6.4 21.2 NPS 30.6

NASA 8

Bowhead Whale:

Assessment 01 Stocks and Taking --'"' '" 175.1 359 316.2 192 855 499.3 313.9 298.2 315 412.6 465 400 NMFS 5648.3

-----22M ------Ae.Q 850 603.3 ------Zji! 512.8 549

'" 4" 482 --1.!I.i...!i 450 450 26" MMS 7295

4 MMe 4

14.1 NSF 14.1

Biology 589.6 724.5 163.5 156.6 123.5 287.7 22.5 54.8 625 376 850 MMS 3773.7

Humpback Whale:

PopUlation Assessment 30.1 ----l1.:ll------!lZ&------!5..Z 21.2 2.2 23 45 250 240 387.8 207.6 175.4 135.6 --.1.2.L.2 NMFS 1880.7

4.5 " 3 1.5 7.4 7.5 1.5 8 10 MMe 54.4

13 13 23 20 20.9 16 18 20 70 70 60 228 NPS 574.9

265 45 ", SERDP 551

MMS 8

---1----1.Q ------1.1.Ji -----.JU -------2 25.9 OCRM·NOS 102.9

Biology 225 7 ------'.0 27 NPS 272

------"- 3.3 -----l.!i. -----2.Q -----2.Q --ZZ -----2.Q NMFS 117.3

63 63 59.9 OCRM-NOS 185.9

43.4 NSGCP 43.4

MMe 2

10 218.4 NSF 228.4 VJ

Gray Whale:

Population Assessmont -----'>Jl -----'" 60.5 65.1 54,4 NMFS 302.8

-ill..S. ~----1.ft.Q,J --'.!--"Jl MMS 1870.3

45.6 2 1.5---1---1 13 OCRM·NOS 64.1

Biology 480 189.2 -----"'" MMS 706.8

38.7 NSF 38.7

12<1.7 143 147.5 N,,'Y 415.2

10 OCRM 10

Assessment 01 Human·lndllCed Impacl " 2 , MMe 14

Norlharn RIghi Whale:

Population Assossmenl ------"- 49.7 401.2 -2§i.S 207.1 ,eo 190 194 234.6 3" 509.9 371 827 379.2 552.1 86' 1796.6 NMFS 7371.9

32.1 4 4.2 2 2 28,4 20 5.' , MMe 99.5

209.6 214.4 215 414.5 195.8 MMS 1249.3

80 285 USCG 385

870 350 693.4 611.3 N,,'Y 2624.7

56.5 NSGCP 56.5

217 DOT 217

BIology

" 80.2 197.3 No" 367.5

200 200 249.1 283.3 200.2 NSF 1132.6

30 45 45 227.6 96.9 51 '" NMFS 707.5

19.6 3.5 12.5 MMS 35.6

25 OCRM 25

80 ,,, USCG 220

Kmer Whale:

Population Assossment 4 NMFS 4

5.4 MMe 5.4

5.4 NPS 5.4

5 NSF 5

---l----L..5 ---l---l---l OCRM-NOS S.5

Biology 32.3 32.3 NSGCP 64.6

--'-' NPS 14
TABLE 6 (contlnued)

Federal Funding of Marine Mammal Research by RllIearch 1nua

SPECIAL RESEARCH FUNDING LINE

ISSUE FY" FY85 FY86 FY87 FY86 FY89 FY90 FY91 FY92 FY93 FYO< FY95 FY90 FY97 FYes FYS9 FYOO AGENCY TOTAL

Pilot Whales:

PopulaUon Assessmenl 10.-4 MMC 10,4

45

" NMFS 85Biology

" 12.3 NMFS 22.3

Beluga:

Population Assessmenl -----'" -----l>.l\ -----2Ll 75.4 MMS 266.7

.., 0.' , MMC 7

25 164 --2Z:i& 172.6 185 'OS <05 'OS 196.5 165.5 NMFS 2041.3

Biology ----""" --2lI! '" 250 171.7 367..0$ "5 5 N'" 153-4.6

54.6 57.1 107

'" '" 186 " 90 NSF 859.7

Harbor Porpol.e:

Populalion Assessment 1 7 --ll-----2Z-----1ll 270 327 553.5 353 531.5 239.5 32-4.9 87 555.2 69.9 NMFS 3600.5 , 30 OCRM 39

10 5.' MMC 15.8

5 NPS 5

------" ---'l NSGCP 36

Biology 3 MMC 3

107.5 21.1 N,,, 126.6

NMFS ,

Dall'. Porpoise:

Population Assessmenl --"" ---12Lli -----'-11 '85 327 553.6 977 NMFS 2552.2 .....

Bottleno." DolphIn: ./>

Population Assessmenl 15 '.5 13.5 1 3.5 5 , MMC -43.5

248.5 292.9 177.7 206.6 87 137 172 31.9 'OS 65 750 "5 722.1 600.6 4-42.6 NMFS 4861.3 , 190 23 10 55.5 5 EPA 201.5

86.3 82.7 82.7 NSGCP 251.7

, 5 NASA

'.5 NPS '.5" 205.7 NSF 205.7

Biology 975.5 --.1ll2 1305.5 1848.1 1805.9 2318 on '" 525 676.5 765.5 lS04.2 974.8 670.9 633.S 80S.2 1397.7 N'" 18897.3

84.7 86.5 97.3 108.9 3S.4 1 DHHS 412.8

221.3 57.4 ,., '.1 99.9 167.8 18 151 16.7 159.7 161.9 NSF 1069.7

15.5 10.6 MMC 26.1

'90 , 35 250

" 30.6 NMFS -437.8

10 251.8 NOS 261.8

--l2Ji --l2Ji NSGCP 25

Northern Fur Seal:

Population Assessmenl ----"""" ----'lli\ ---"'J! 5 5.5 5.5 5.5 , 7 , 95 23.7 24.1 24.3 106.1 863 NMFS 1763.5

Biology ----"""" ----'lli\--lli.> • • " 1956.6 NMFS 2875.2

1.5 MMC 1.5

7 OCRM 1

'" 15 MMS 127138 NSF '38

Antarctlc Sellla:

Population Studies -49.9 41.8 54.3 35 ,<0 119 209.9 143.7 NSF 793.6

180 851 326.8 335

'" "5 393.1 "7 '00 ----'.Il<& ----'.Oa.> --m.I NMFS 3625.9

" DOS

Biology 292.9 159.7 " '31 311.2 242.5 '25 115.5 51.4 377,2 333.7 174.9 , ,., 234.6 615.3 1339.4 NSF 4719.1

, , MMC • 1200 NMFS 1200
TABLE 6 (eontlnued)

Federal FundIng of Marine Mammal Rlllenrch by Reaeareh lnue

SPECIAL RESEARCH FUNDING LINE

ISSUE FY" FY85 FY85 FY87 FY68 FY89 mo FY91 FY92 FY" FY" FYOS FYOS FY97 FY98 FYgo FYoo AGENCY TOTAL

Arctic Seala:

Population Studies 65.7 68 368 9.7 3<0 165 MM' 1036.4

10 NP' 10

37.3 42.5 NSGCP 79.8

---.1M& -----"M --"Z.I NMFS 692.9

Biology 19.9 3.' MMC 23.4

292 60 75 250

'" 25 MM' 38.2 102.6 99.7 NSF 239.5 '" 70 70 DOE 1<0

1723 " <0 N'" 252.3

HawaIIan Monk Seal:

Populalion Assessmenl 300 340.6 326.4 417.9 447.6 731.2 717 '19 1109 1450 769.3 1151.7 NMFS 8279.7

3.7 MMe 3.7

30 ,., NO", 38.8

, , NPS 10

Biology 2.5 18 51 20.5

15 14.3 33.7 NSGCP 63

70 Army 70

7<, NMFS 7<,

Gray Seal:

Population Studies --'-' ----""'--"i NMFS 79.9

0.' MMe 0.'

Biology ---'" NMFS 19

Harbor Seal:

Population Studies '.7 14 , , 2 MMe 30.7 01

-----"" 0.5 15 1.2 237 -----'-'.1 2 85 85 132 NPS 494.3

-----'2J. NSGCP 12.1

0.7 1.3 29.2 -----"!--'-'--'-' ----"lQ.! ------'.IU 70 ----""'" 702.3 838.4 748.9 741.7 NMFS 4169.2

0.5 0.' 0.' 0.' USAF 2

19 OCRM 19

Biology 7 MMe 7

66.3 N'" 66.3

3.' '00 '85 443.5 '75 -----..2l ---'" NMFS 1918.3

39.4 12 1< " OCAM-NQS 91.4

--.2<.> NSGCP 24.3

NPS 5

Northern Elephanl Seal:

Population Sludies 16 1 1 OCRM 18

170 120 7 37 30 NPS 36' 12.1 EPA 12.1

Biology 91 55 43.3 42.6 142.9 10.9 13.5 '.5 100 NSF 478.7

1.2 3 2 MMe '.2

45 39.8 149.3 131,7 30 63,4 70.3 52 45.4 53.2 ? DHHS 680.1

70 25 57.5 27.5 25 MM, 155

406.5 298.2 120 122.8 20.8 N'" 968.3

10 EPA 10

California Sea Lion:

Populalion Siudies 15 15 OCRM 30

-----"" NPS 3.5

13.2 DHHS 13.2

Biology 124 164.4 174.8 285.5 209.9 '47 55.4 53.6 146.8 862.2 N'" 2523.6

42.5 42.5 30 51 115

--' OCRM ,
TABLE 6 (continued)

Federal Funding of Marine Mammal Reallarch by Relearch Illue

SPECIAL RESEARCH FUNDING LINE

ISSUE FY84 FY85 FY85 FY87 FYBS FYBS FYOO FY9I FY92 FY93 FY84 FY95 FY96 FY97 FY98 FY85 FYOO AGENCY TOTAL

Sleller Sea Lion:

Populalion Sludies -----'-'!U ---lO.l nO.4 ~--14QZ 1202.9 2559.8 NMFS 7821.8

1099.9 NOS 1099.9

'.B '.5 MMe '.3

1., , -----illi 20 20 3 NPS 61.7

24.6 20,4 NSGCP

" S""" 689.9 712.5 750 591 895.3 304.3 NMFS 3943

15 N"y 15

512.1 NOS 512.1

Walrul:

Population Studies --'>Jl 94.7 201.6 201.1 146.2 195.4 183.6 166.6 153.9 178 162 92' FWS 1973

19.6 MMS 19.6

7 5 5 MMe

" " ---"" "0 USGS "7

Biology , MMe , 66.8 15 18B 5 370.3 In.6 NSF 822.7

---"J! MMS 38.6

18' 12O 20 215.8 NBS.USGS 524.8

15 FWS 15

Manatelll and Dugong:

Population Studios ---2lL>. ----"" ---ll2 97 50.5 18.4 22.9 47.2 18' 1 76 FWS 964.8

10 5.' 1., ,., , 13.9 10 10 23.5 23.5 23.5 25.5 92.5 20 " " NASA 252.4

'.5 , 16.5 35 3.3 12.5 3 MMe 76.8

231 231.7 167.3 USGS 63O

11 NPg 11

".2 N,,,, 64.2 (j) Biology ----'" ----"" ---ll2 275 345.9 369 419.8 437.2 716.4 '81 594.3 619.9 463.5

'" 3 172 32 FWSlNBS 5574

<0, 92. 215.1 179.8 USGS 1037.9

145.2 282

'" Army 709.2

'.5 5 17.9 , • 5.7 MMe 35.1

3.5 5.2 7.5 '.5 '.5 '.5 '" NASA 42.2

17.5 18.2 NPg 33.7

50

" NSF 102

374.5 330 N,,,, 704.5

Polar Bur:

Population Studies ----""" 135.8 174.9 602.2 692.9 690.6 673.8 638.5 605.9 657.5 <65 '" 374.4

" <0 FWSlNBS 6280,4

3<3 355 '83 55 USGS 1036

1< 17.2 , MMe 33.2

17 MMS 17

Biology ----""" 125.1 <37 85 168.1 135.4 126.8 122.3 112.2 121.6 133 257.8 276 B

" " FWSlNBS 2239.2

----"'" 141.7 USGS 241.7

Sea Oller:

Populalion Studies -----"'" -----l2Il --"ll 85 527.7 572.8 560.9 210.4 24.1 15.3 <3 12' " '.5 115.5 73.2 193 FWSlNBS 3056.4

329 598.5 551.8 353.2 USGS 1832.5

86.1 249.6 96 MMS 431.7

360 360 NPS 720

3 MMe 3

,., 7 '.5 OCRt.+NOS 20.6

Biology 35.1 1.' 2 3 MMe <2

,so NSGCP ,SO

-----""" -----'-'2.I --"'-'- n5.5 258.5 <70 395.3 702.5 690.3 543.7 <03 <0, <2, B 70.7 " FWSlNBS 5964.9

105 194.5 170 463.4 USGS 952.9

149.5

" " " 174.3 122.4 122.4 •., NSF 705.5

2 • 68.3 18O NPS 254.3

463.2 90.7 -----1Ji 83.9 B.B MMS 660.6

1<, USAF 1<,

5.3 5 7 OCRM·NOS 19.3
1/

II. RESEARCH AND STUDIES UNDER

AUTHORITY OF THE MARINE

MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT OF 1972,

AS AMENDED

The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA) established the Marine

Mammal Commission and assigned marine mammal protection and conservation

responsibilities to the Secretaries of Commerce, the Interior, and State. Such

responsibilities have, in some cases, been delegated to agencies within a department.

The Act noted the need for better information on the biology, ecology, and

management of marine mammals and assigned research responsibilities.

Responsibilities for research and its implementation were specified in Sections 108,

109, 111, 112,202, and 205. Public Laws 102-523, 102-587, and 103-238 added

additional research and study responsibilities regarding fishery conflicts, marine

mammal health, marine mammal strandings, and ecosystem health and stability.

Funding authorized for marine mammal activities conducted by the National Marine

Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service under Title I of the Act is

authorized under Section 116 of the Act. Additional funding authority for

cooperative agreements between the agencies and Alaska Native organizations,

including cooperative research activities is provided in Section 119. Separate

funding authority for activities related to marine mammal health and stranding

response under Title IV of the Act is set forth in Section 408.

Table 7 is a list of annual funding authorized under the various sections of the

Act, the amounts requested by agencies pursuant to the Act, and amounts

appropriated by Congress. Additional Federal funds have been spent in activities

related to marine mammals; the additional sources and amounts ofresearch funding

are shown in Table 8 and Figure 2. The number of personnel assigned to marine

mammal research versus administrative responsibilities within the National Marine

Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service from FY80 through FYOO are

listed in Table 9.
18

RESEARCH RESPONSIBILITIES OF FEDERAL

AGENCIES UNDER THE MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT

Congress, in passing the Marine Mammal Protection Act, recognized there was inadequate

knowledge of the biology, ecology, and population dynamics of marine mammals and other factors

important for marine mammal protection and conservation. The Act, therefore, specified certain

research and study responsibilities for the Department of Commerce, the Department of the

Interior, and the Marine Mammal Commission.

With the establishment of the Act, the Secretary of Commerce was directed to undertake, in

consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission, a study of North Pacific fur seals to determine

whether herds ofsuch seals, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, were at their optimum

sustainable population and what population trends were evident. The Secretary was also to

undertake a comprehensive study, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to determine what

modifications, if any, should be made to the provisions of the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention,

or to the Marine Mammal Protection Act, or both, to make the Convention and the Act consistent

with one another [Sec. 108].

Among other things, the Secretary of Commerce was directed by the Act to immediately

undertake a program of research and development for the purpose of devising improved fishing

methods and gear so as to reduce to the maximum extent practicable the incidental taking of marine

mammals in connection with commercial fishing [Sec. Ill]. In 1984, the Secretary of Commerce

was directed to commence a research program to monitor the indices of abundance and trends of

marine mammal population stocks which are taken incidentally in the course of commercial purse

seine fishing for yellowfin tuna. In 1988, the Secretary of Commerce was directed to conduct a

study of possible impacts on marine mammals of seal control devices as well as other explosive

devices used in the commercial yellowfin tuna fishery. The Secretary also was directed in 1988 to

develop a fishery reporting and observation program to obtain reliable estimates of the numbers of

marine mammals being taken incidentally in various fisheries in U.S. waters and, in consultation

with the Marine Mammal Commission, to develop a recommended system for regulating such

takes after 1 October 1993 [Sec. 114]. Title IV was added to the Act in 1992, directing the

Secretary to develop contingency plans for responding to, and determining the cause and effect of,

unusual marine mammal stranding events. The Secretary was also directed to establish the

National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank and to develop guidance for analysis of tissue samples to

monitor health trends of, and contaminant levels in, marine mammals.

Amendments enacted in 1994 require establishment of three regional scientific review groups

to advise the Secretary on the status and trends of marine mammal stocks that occur in U.S. waters

[Sec. 117]. Among other things, the scientific review groups are to identify research needed to

resolve uncertainties regarding stock separation, abundance, or trends; factors affecting the

distribution, size, or productivity ofthe stock; and the number, age, sex, and reproductive status of

marine mammals that comprise the stock. The scientific review groups are also charged with

advising the Secretary on research needed to identify modifications in fishing gear and practices

likely to reduce the incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals. The Secretary is

also required to undertake a research program to monitor the health and stability of the Bering Sea

marine ecosystem and to resolve uncertainties concerning observed declines in marine mammals,

sea birds, and other marine resources [Sec. lID]. The amendments also direct the Secretary to

undertake an investigation of the impacts of California sea lions and Pacific harbor seals on

endangered, threatened, or vulnerable salmonid stocks, and on the coastal ecosystems of

Washington, Oregon, and California [Sec. 120].
19

Both the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary ofthe Interior are authorized by the Act to

make grants to states to assist them in developing programs for the conservation and management

of marine mammals and in administering such programs if management authority for such species

is transferred to the state. Such grants are not to exceed 50 per centum of the costs of a particular

program's development and implementation [Sec. 109(j)(1 & 2)].

The Secretaries are also authorized to make grants to any Federal or state agency, public or

private institution, or other person for the purpose of assisting such agency, institution, or person

to undertake research in subjects which are relevant to the protection and conservation of marine

mammals [Sec. 110]. In 1994, provisions were added to specifically study the Gulf of Maine

ecosystem and the Bering Sea ecosystem. Additional authority for grants to Alaska Native

organizations for research conducted pursuant to a cooperative agreement with the Secretary was

added in 1994 [Sec. 119].

The Secretaries, as appropriate, are directed to review annually the operation of each program

in which the United States participates involving the taking of marine mammals on land [Sec. 112

(d)]. The Secretaries are required by the Act to report annually to the public and to the Congress

on the current status of all marine mammal species and population stocks subject to the provisions

ofthe Act [Sec. 103(f)].

The Marine Mammal Commission established under Section 201 of the Act was directed in

Section 202 (a) to:

I. "undertake a review and study of the activities of the United States pursuant to

existing laws and international conventions relating to marine mammals, including,

but not limited to, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, the

Whaling Convention Act of 1949, the Interim Convention on the Conservation of

North Pacific Fur Seals, and the Fur Seal Act of 1966;

2. "conduct a continuing review ofthe conditions ofthe stocks of marine manunals, of

methods for their protection and conservation, of humane means of taking marine

mammals, of research programs conducted or proposed to be conducted under

authority of the Act, and of all applications for permits for scientific research, public

display, or enhancing the survival or recovery of a species or stock; and

3. "undertake or cause to be undertaken such other studies as it deems necessary or

desirable in connection with its assigned duties as to the protection and conservation

of marine mammals."

The Act gives the Commission access to all studies and data compiled by Federal agencies

regarding marine mammals. With the consent of the appropriate Secretary or agency head, the

Commission may also utilize the facilities or services of any Federal agency and shall take every

feasible step to avoid duplication ofresearch and to carry out the purposes of the Act [Sec. 205].
20

TABLE 7

FEDERAL FUNDING UNDER THE MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT

(Thousands of Dollars)

Department of

Commerce (NMFSl AUTHORIZED REQUESTED APPROPRIATED

FY74 4667 5300 1600

FY75 3667 2550 4445

FY76 3667 2550 4872

FY77 4667 4939 7042

FY78 11700 4872 7228

FY79 11425 7042 7080

FY80 11925 6728 7416

FY81 12425 7875 7475

FY82 7223 7416 7700

FY83 8000 7416 9225

FY84 8800 5571 8475

FY85 8800 5615 9375

FY86 8800 5850 8670

FY87 8800 6150 9375

FY88 8800 7586 8670

FY89 15440 7128 9291

FY90 12740 7061 16595

FY91 21780 19579 19266

FY92 21780 20400 20805

FY93 22331 23428 20588

FY94 32138 21101 18059

FY95 32623 30149 20326

FY96 33128 34860 21686

FY97 33653 26091 21444

FY98 34200 21769 26269

FY99 34768 25619 22927

FYOO ? ? ?

Department of the

Interior (FWS. NBS, USGSl

FY74 1358 700 700

FY75 1358 1358 1358

FY76 1358 1358 1358

FY77 1358 1358 1358

FY78 2050 1358 1539

FY79 2350 1600 2000

FY80 2660 2000 2000

FY81 3376 2000 2000

FY82 1600 1600 1600

FY83 1760 1690 1690

FY84 2000 1658 1249

FY85 2500 1292 1289

FY86 3000 2024 1815

FY87 3000 1050 1310

FY88 3000 1077 1776

FY89 3000 777 1326

FY90 3120 761 1411

FY91 3240 3236 3236

FY92 3370 3632 3632

FY93 3500 3763 3763

FY94 8000 4742 4742

FY95 8600 4094 4094

FY96 9000 3891 3891
~l

TABLE 7 (continued) Federal Funding Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act

Department of the

Interior (cont.l AUTHORIZED REQUESTED APPROPRIATED

FY97 9400 4132 4132

FY98 9900 3428 3428

FY99 10296 4104 4104

FYOO 10296 4701 4701

Marine Mammal

Commission IMMCl

FY74 1000 825 412

FY75 1000 1000 750

FY76 1000 1000 900

FY77 1000 1000 1000

FY78 1000 900 900

FY79 1000 702 702

FY80 1000 640 940

FY81 1000 1000 734

FY82 672 672 672

FY83 1000 594 822

FY84 1100 638 929

FY85 1100 648 929

FY86 1100 738 861

FY87 1100 855 910

FY88 1100 906 953

FY89 1100 933 953

FY90 1140 960 960

FY91 1190 1003 1153

FY92 1230 1153 1250

FY93 1280 1310 1260

FY94 1500 1290 1290

FY95 1550 1390 1384

FY96 1600 1425 1190

FY97 1650 1334 1190

FY98 1700 1384 1185

FY99 1750 1436 1240

FYOO 1750 1400 1265

Note: Figures on this table reflect administrative and enforcement costs as well as research costs. In August

1997 for the Department of the Interior (FWS & USGS), data were corrected beginning with FY91 to include

management (i.e., administrative), enforcement, and permit activities as well as research costs. The figures for

FWS & USGS and NMFS are those reported to the Commission by those agencies. Funding under the column

headings reflect levels listed as (I) authorized under sections of the Act, (2) requested funding ofthe agencies, and

(3) funds subsequently appropriated by Congress. Implementation of the 1988 "Interim Exemptions" evident in

the NMFS appropriations beginning in FY90.
TABLE 8

FUNDS EXPENDED ON MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH

OTHER THAN THOSE APPROPRIATED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE

MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT

(Thousands of Dollars)

FY81 FY82 FY83 FY84 FY85 FY86 FY87 FY88 FY89 FY90 FY91 FY92 FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96 FY97 FY98 FY99 FYOO

Department of Commerce, NOAA

National Marine Fisheries Service

Fur Seal Act AUlhorizatlon 595 595 595 619 620 654 654 4n 368 448

Reprograming and Reserves

Endangered Species Act Appropriation 775 500 250 350 799 803 2899 3609 8821 8812 8430 3474 3770 9710 19000 ?

NMFS TOTAL 1370 595 595 619 620 1154 904 827 1167 1251 2899 3609 8821 8812 8430 3474 3770 9710 19000 ?

l\

Department of the Interior l\

Fish and Wildlife Service,

National Biological Service (re FY94M 96) and

U.S. Geological Survey (re FY97M present)

FWSlNBS Appropriation 298 298

Endangered Species Act Appropriation 362.9 123 348 614 879 736.3 891 825 1125 1170 1398 1348 1253 1050 1050 872 945 1037 930 823

National Wndlife Refuge System

Administration Act Appropriation 11 5

Oil Spill Damage Assessment 414 63

FWSlNBS/USGS TOTAL 362.9 134 353 614 879 736.3 891 825 1125 1584 1398 1348 1253 1411 1348 872 945 1037 930 823
FIGURE 2

FUNDS EXPENDED ON MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH

BY THE NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE AND THE

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, FY74-FYOO

(Thousands of Dollars)

20000 -.---------------------------~

National Marine Fisheries Service

10000

o

74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00

Fiscal Year

4000.,-------------------------------,

Fish and Wildlife Service

3000 including NBS in FY94-FY96

and USGS since FY97

2000

1000

o

74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00

Fiscal Year

Legend: • MMPA Funds IJl!Other Funds

Figure 2 is developed from data shown on Table 3 and Table 8.
- TABLE 9

NUMBER OF PERSONNEL ASSIGNED TO MARINE MAMMAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

IN THE NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE AND THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, FY80·FYOO·

National Marine Fisheries Service**

FVeD FY81 FYB2 FYa3 FY84 FY85 Fya6 FY87 FyaS FY89 FY9D FY91 FY92 FY93 FY94 FY9S FY96 FY9? FY98 FY99 FYOD

Administral1ve 33.5 27.1 16 19.9 23.2 21.8 11.8 22.3 23.1 38.3 51.7 58.7 53.3 59.7 58.5 9.5 20.3 70.1 17.34 52.15

Research 60.7 61.2 42.7 76.3 75.6 76.3 63.5 67.3 70.2 BO.5 98.4 134.8 131.2 125.3 120.1 51 66.5 92.1 52.75 114.5

NMFSTolal 166.1 94.2 88.3 58.7 96.2 98.8 98,1 75.3 89.6 93.3 118.8 150.1 193.5 184.5 lB5 178.6 60.5 86.8 162.2 70.09 166.65

FiSh and Wildlife Service (incl. National Biological Service FY94-FY96 and U.S. Geological Survey FY97-present) ...

FY80 FY81 FY82 FY83 FY84 FYB5 FY86 FY87 FYBB FY89 FY90 FY91 FY92 FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96 FY97 FY98 FY99 FYOO

Administratlve 24.6 23.3 21.5 6 18.1 21.1 19.6 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 17.5 17.5 22.5 23.5 32.3 26 19.5

Research 17.4 17.8 16.5 16 17.6 17.8 16.5 27.7 29.1 31.4 29.8 37.3 30.2 28.1 29 29 21.3 18.6 29.3 21.7 26.7

FWSTotal 42 41.1 3B 22 35.7 38.9 36.1 41.2 42.6 44.9 43.3 56.8 49.7 47.6 46.5 46.5 43.8 42.1 61.6 47.7 46.2

• Figures provided by the agencies.

" The National Marine Fisheries Service has periodically Changed their method of reporting --

in FY77, to number of personnel; in FY79, to permanent employee man-years; in FY84, to full·time equivalents; and, in FYOO. to person-years,

••• Reported in man-years through FY81 and as full-time equivalents thereafter.
Lb

APPENDIX A

SOURCES OF PUBLISHED INFORMATION

FROM FEDERALLY·FUNDED RESEARCH AND STUDIES

ON MARINE MAMMALS

Department of Commerce

National Marine Fisheries Service

Administrative reports of the various fisheries centers

Annual Reports for the Marine Mammal Protection Act

Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

(Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada)

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Conservation Biology

Contributions to edited books

Ecology

Evolution

Fishery Bulletin (NMFS, NOAA, Department of Commerce)

International Whaling Commission Annual Reports

International Whaling Commission, Working Papers of the

Scientific Committee

Journal of Mammalogy

Journal of Theoretical Biology

Journa! of Wildlife Management

Marine Fisheries Review (NMFS, NOAA, Department of Commerce)

Marine Mammal Division -- Annual Reports on Fur Seal Investigations

Marine Mammal Science

Marine Pollution Science

NOAA Technical Reports, NMFS Scientific Reports--Fisheries

North Atlantic Studies

Oceanus

Pacific Science

Physiological Zoology

Polar Biology

Proceedings of conferences

National Sea Grant College Program

Marine Mammal Information

Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, Sanctuary

Programs Division

Administrative reports of contractors

Fishery Bulletin
26

Marine Fisheries Review

NOAA Technical Reports

Proceedings of conferences

Department of Defense

Air Force

Headquarters Space Division Technical Reports

Space Shuttle Final Environmental Impact Statement

Navy

Acta Zoologica Fennica

American Journal ofVeterinary Research

Animal Behavior Processes

Annals of the New York Academy of Science

Aquatic Mammals

Arctic

Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Biology of Reproduction

Brain) Behavior and Evolution

Breviora

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Cetology

Contributions to edited books

Deep-Sea Research

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms

Fishery Bulletin

Journal Acoustical Society of America

Journal American Veterinary Medical Association

Journal of Mammalogy

Journal of Morphology

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Marine Fisheries Review

Marine Mammal Science

Microbios Letters

Naval Ocean Systems Center Technical Reports

Polar Record

Proceedings of conferences

Science

Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History

Vision Research

Department of Energy

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Ecological Monographs

Environmental Conservation

Journal American Veterinary Medical Association

Progress reports on projects

Wildlife Society Bulletin
;u

Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife Service

Acta Anatomica

Acta Zoologica

Aquatic Mammals

Biological Conservation

Bulletin of Marine Science

Conservation Biology

Contributions to edited books

Cornell Veterinarian

Fishery Bulletin

Florida Scientist

Journal American Veterinary Medical Association

Journal of Comparative Physiology

Journal of Mammalogy

Journal of Morphology

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Journal of Wildlife Management

Marine Mammal Science

North American Fauna Series

Northeast Gulf Science

Reports available through the National Technical Information Service

U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service:

a) Annual Reports for the Marine Mammal Protection Act

b) Biological Services Reports

c) National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory Reports

d) Wildlife Research Reports

U. S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service:

a) Information and Technology Reports

b) Our Living Resources Report

Veterinary Clinical Pathology

Wildlife Society Bulletin

Zoomorphology

Geological Survey

A variety ofscientific journals, bulletins, and proceedings, including:

Alaska Dept. Fish, Game, and Wildlife Technical Bulletins

Arctic

Audubon Wildlife Report

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Charleston Museum Publications

Ecological Applications

Ecology

Endangered Species Bulletin

Journal of Wildlife Management

Marine Mammal Science

Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publications

Smithsonian Institution Contributions to Paleontology

Systematic Zoology

U. S. Geological Survey: a) Information and Technology Reports b) Our Living Resources

Veterinary and Human Toxicology
Minerals Management Service

American Zoologist

Bulletin of Marine Science

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Contributions to edited books

Fishery Bulletin

Journal of Herpetology

Journal of Mammalogy

Journal of Wildlife Management

Marine Mammal Science

NOAAlOCEAP Annual Reports

NOAAlOCEAP Final Reports

NOAAlOCEAP Lease Area Synthesis Reports

Project reports available through the National Technical Information Service

Regional infonnation transfer meetings

Southwestern Naturalist

Various workshops

National Park Service

Administrative reports

Department of State

EIS: Possible Regime for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

International Whaling Commission Scientific Reports

Project reports available through the National Technical Information Service

Marine Mammal Commission

Project reports available through the National Technical Information Service

Marine Mammal Commission Annual Report

Numerous scientific journals and contributions to edited books

National Science Foundation

Antarctic Bibliography

Antarctic Journal of the United States

Numerous scientific journals

Smithsonian Institution

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology

Contributions to edited books

Fishery Bulletin

Florida State Museum, Plaster Jacket

Journal of Mammalogy

Marine Mammal Science

Physiological Zoology

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington

Smithsonian Institution Contributions to Marine Sciences (also...to Paleontology...to Zoology)

Systematic Zoology
29

APPENDIXB

LISTING OF MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH AND

STUDY PROJECTS, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS,

AND FUNDING LEVEL

FOR FY2000*

COMPn..ED FROM INFORMATION PROVIDED

TO THE MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION

BY EACH AGENCY

* For a listing of projects for the period FY70-FY79, see Waring, G. R., 1981, Survey of Federally-Funded

Marine Mammal Research and Studies, FY70-FY79, Publication PB81-174336, National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 235 p.

For a listing of projects for the period FY80-FY89, see Waring, G. R., 1990, Survey of Federally-Funded

Marine Mammal Research and Studies, FY70-FY89, Publication PB90-272097, National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 154 p.

For a listing of projects for the period FY90-FY99, see Waring, G. R., 2001, Survey of Federally-Funded

Marine Mammal Research and Studies, FY74-FY99, Publication PB2001-103492, National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 174 p.
30

Department of Agriculture

Busbee, D. L. (Texas A&M Univ.)

Reporter gene systems for detecting and investigating chemicals

with endocrine disruptive activities (TEX08696)

Cliver, D. O. (Univ. California, Davis)

Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia as potential causes of

foodborne and waterborne disease (CALV-AH-158)

Gilbert, J. R. (Univ. Maine)

Role of harbor and grey seals in the coastal Gulf of Maine

ecosystem (ME08660)

Mate, B. R. (Oregon State Univ.)

Whale behavior and habitat assessment from satellite-monitored

radio tags (ORE00914)

Shea, D. (North Carolina State Univ.)

Pesticide exposure assessment: new methods of measurement

and modeling (NC06543)

$ *

$ *

$ *

$ *

$ *

* USDNREE reported total funding of marine mammal research in FYOO was less than $35K.

Dollar amounts for specific projects above were not available.

Department of Commerce

1. National Marine Fisheries Service

A. Alaska Fisheries Science Center

Bengtston, J. L. (NMML)

Polar ecosystem program (FS6442)

DeLong, R. L. (NMML)

California Current ecosystem program (FS6444)

DeMaster, D. P. (NMML)

Program management support (FS6440)

Fowler, C. W. (NMML)

Systematic management studies (FS6445)

Loughlin, T. R. (NMML)

Alaska ecosystem program (FS6441)

Moore, S. E. (NMML)

Cetacean assessment and ecology program (FS6443)

$585.4K

$523.8K

$454.3K

$170K

$2260.9K

$767.5K
31

B. Alaska Regional Orfice

Alaska Department ofFish and Game

Harbor seals

Steller sea lion research

Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission

Bilateral agreement

Administrative grant

Alaska Native Harbor Seal Commission

Harbor seal monitoring, research and management

Alaska Sea Life Center

Steller sea lion research

Aleut Marine Mammal Commission

Research and coordination project

Bristol Bay Native Association

Marine mammal monitoring, research and management in Bristol Bay

North Pacific Marine Science Foundation and

North Pacific Marine Mammal Research Consortium

Steller sea lion research

North Slope Borough

Alaska Beluga Whale Committee

C. Northeast Fisheries Science Center

Christensen, D. (NEFSC)

Monitoring incidental takes in northeast multispecies sink gillnets

(M-99-NEC-04)

Observer coverage in the mid-Atlantic coastal gillnet fishery (M-99-NEC-05)

Clapham, P. (NEFSC)

North Atlantic right whale research

Merrick, R. (NEFSC)

MMPA administrative mandates (MM-OO-NEC-OI)

Ecosystem impacts of the implementation of the Gulf of Maine harbor

porpoise take reduction plan (HP1RP) (MM-99-NEC-09)

$603K

$939.8K

$65K

$304.8K

$I38.7K

$900K

$115.5K

$46.2K

$720K

$185.5K

$744.9K

$507.3K

$1511.6K

$43.IK

$32.8K
32

Palka, D. (NEFSC)

Passive acoustic and visual abundance survey (MM-OO-NEC-02)

Waring, G. T. (NEFSC)

Stock structure and biology of common dolphins in the northwest

Atlantic (MM-99-NEC-02)

Marine mammal abundance surveys (MM-99-NEC-OI)

Harbor and gray seal ecology and life history (MM-99-NEC-13)

Harbor porpoise stock identification (MM-OO-NEC-OI)

D. Northwest Fisheries Science Center

Krahn, M. M. and G. Ylitalo (NWFSC)

Marine mammal health and stranding response program

Park, L., G. Winans, R. DeLong and H. Huber (NWFSC & AFSC)

Genetic identification of salmonids from pinniped scat samples

Tynan, C. T. and D. G. Ainley (NWFSC and H.T.Harvey&Associates)

GLOBEC target species: interactions with top trophies

E. Northwest Regional Office

Scordino, J. and A. Didier, Jr. (Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission)

Studies of expanding pinniped populations (NA87FX0464)

F. Office of Protected Resources

(No information received)

G. Southeast Fisheries Science Center

Contillo, J. and S.L. Swartz (SEFRC, Miami)

South Florida bottlenose dolphin assessment (8LlASFP4)

Hohn, A. (SEFSC, Beaufort)

Mid-Atlantic bottlenose dolphin mortality observers (8L2BIPOS)

Hohn, A. and P. Rosel (SEFSC, Beaufort)

Mid-Atlantic bottlenose dolphin stock identification (8LlASM04)

$19.6K

$SIK

$403.6K

$38K

$17.SK

$300K

$74K

$lOO.5K

$46SK

$36K

$171.8K

$2ISK
33

Mase, B. and R. Ewing (SEFSC, Miami)

SE marine mammal stranding response program (8L2BSPST,

8L2BIPST,8LlASMST)

Mullin, K. (SEFSC, Pascagoula)

Sperm whale stock assessment in the Gulf of Mexico (BLlAQ200)

Marine mammal survey of U.S. Gulf of Mexico shelf and

oceanic waters (8LlARSOO)

Note: funding for these projects provided by Minerals Management Service

Rosel, P. (SEFSC, Charleston)

Biomolecular genetics program (8LlASM03)

Slay, C. (New England Aquarium)

Southeast early warning surveys for right whales (RLIA8H, RLIANV,

RLIARX, RLIAWR) [funded by Naval Facilities Command, US Coast

Guard, and Army Corps of Engineers]

Swartz, S. (SEFSC, Miami)

Marine mammal base program (8LlC4MM)

MMPA research implementation (8L2B IP02)

MMPA administrative implementation (8L2BIPOI)

International Whaling Commission (8L2BWCOO)

Passive acoustics (8L2B IPAC)

Endangered whale surveys in the eastern Caribbean (8LlCLDOO)

Evaluation ofright whale critical habitat and behavior in the winter

calving grounds (8L2BERRW)

Yeung, C. and T. Eguchi (SEFRC, Miami)

Quantitative staffsupport (8LlASM I0)

Wells, R. S. (Chicago Zoological Society and Mote Marine Laboratory)

Sarasota bottlenose dolphin research (8L2BIP08)

H. Southeast Regional Office

$67K

$800K

$140K

$188.IK

$240K

$190K

$SOK

$27.8K

$23.4K

$70K

$IOK

$212K

$104.IK

$20K

Zoodsma, B. (Georgia Department ofNatural Resources)

Recovery of threatened and endangered species in Georgia (NA87FL0477) $4SK
34

I. Southwest Fisheries Science Center

Antonelis, G. A., Jr (SWFSC, Honolulu)

Marine mammal research program (8L1AMS70)

Hawaiian monk seal population assessment (8L2BER70)

Hawaiian monk seal recovery efforts (8L2BER79)

Barlow, J. (SWFSC)

Mortality estimation and population studies of marine mammal

species incidentally caught in California gillnet fisheries (8L2B IPSO)

Brownell, R. (SWFSC)

Protected resources division (8L1ASVSO)

Edwards, E. (SWFSC)

Dolphin safe technologies program (8L1ADTSO)

Flesness, N. R. (International Species Information System)

Cooperative agreement (ISIS & NMFSIPRI) (NA87FMS074)

J. Southwest Regional Office

$601.7K

$SSOK

$74SK

$72.6K

$1633K

$llOK

$8S.SK

Price, T. (NMFS/SWRO)

Assessment of pinniped impacts on salmonids in the San Lorenzo River

(M-OO-SWR) $SOK

2. National Ocean Service

Au, W. (Univ. Hawaii, Hawaii Institute)

Feasibility of using acoustic DIFAR technology to localize and estimate

the Hawaiian humpback whale population

Baird, R. (Hawaii Wildlife Fund)

Conduct research on diving and nighttime behavior of humpback whales

Barlow, J. (NMFS)

NMFS marine mammal surveys

Bowlbv, E. (Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary)

Annual research cruise

Burns, J. (Univ. Alaska, Anchorage)

The role of physiological constraint in the acquisition of foraging ability:

development of diving capacity in juvenile Steller sea lions

$13.5K

$7.8K

$3K

$42K

$IS3.9K
35

Calambokidis, J. (Cascadia Research Collective)

Abundance and movements of humpback and blue whales offCalifornia

from long-tenn studies using photo-ID

Photo-identification of humpback and blue whales

Offshore whale surveys

Cartwright, R. (Keiki Kohola Project)

Behavior and development in humpback whale calves whilst in

nursery waters

Churnside, J. and R. Thorne (NOAA Environmental Technology Lab and

Prince William Sound Science Center)

Investigation of foraging behavior of Steller sea lions in the vicinity

of Kodiak Island, Alaska

Croll, D. and B. Marinovic (Univ. California, Santa Cruz)

Wind to whales: trophic links in a coastal upwelling system (blue whale)

Darling, J. (West Coast Whale Research Foundation)

Study of the function of the humpback whale song

DeVogelaere, A. and J. Harvey (Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

and Moss Landing Marine Labs)

Beach COMBERS (coastal ocean mammallbird education and research surveys)

DeVogelaere, A. and M. Tamburri (Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute)

Biological characterization ofthe Davidson Seamount: science, resource

management, and education

Fair, P. A. (Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research)

Marine mammal health assessment

Fangman, S. (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary)

Sanctuary aerial monitoring spatial analysis program

Foy, R. (Univ. Alaska, Kodiak)

Seasonal assessment of prey competition between Steller sea lions and

walleye pollock

Howard, D. (Cordell Bank National Marine Santuary)

Ecosystem dynamics study (cetaceans)

Hunt, G. and K. Coyle (Univ. California and Univ. Alaska)

Climate-driven bottom-up processes and killer whale abundance as factors

in Steller sea lion population trends in the Aleutian Islands

Jameson, R. and S. Jeffries (USGS and Washington Department

ofFish and Wildlife)

Sea otter monitoring

$-0-

$5K

$5K

$4.8K

$157.4K

$12K

$4.5K

$21K

$2.5K

$178.2K

$30K

$202.3K

$93K

$1099.9K

$-?-
36

Jeffries, S. and H. Huber (Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife & NMML)

Monitoring pinniped haul-out sites

Laidre, K. and E. Bowlbv (NMFS and Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary)

Sea otter carrying capacity

Matilla, D. (Center for Coastal Studies)

2000 Gulf of Maine humpback whale program

McFee, W. (Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research)

Marine mammal stranding and life history

Mobley, J. (Marine Mammal Research Consultants)

Aerial surveys and aerial photogrammetry of humpback whales wintering

in Hawaiian waters - Year 2000

Norberg, B. and M. S. Brancato (NMFS and Olympic Coast NMS)

Marine mammal stranding network

Ostman-Lind, J. (Hawaii Marine Mammal Consortium)

Shore-based monitoring of humpback whales along the Kohala Coast

of the big island of Hawaii

Pack, A. (The Dolphin Institute)

Investigating humpback whale demographics, behavior, and growth in the

Hawaiian Islands using a new technique to measure the size of individual

humpback whales at sea

Perryman, W. (NMFS)

Gray whale calf survey

Roletto, J. (Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary)

Beach watch (for dead marine mammals)

Sanctuary education, awareness and long-term stewardship

Rowlett, R. (Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary)

Marine mammal surveys

Trites, A. (North Pacific Marine Mammal Research Commission)

Predator-prey investigations of killer whales and Steller sea lions in Alaska

Weinrich, M. and D. Morin (Whale Center of New England)

Interactions between humpback whales and sandlance on Stellwagen Bank

3. National Sea Grant College Program

Caswell, H. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute)

Demographic analysis ofthe north Atlantic right whale (NA86RG0075-63)

$-?-

$4.5K

$24.5K

$73.6K

$23K

$-?-

$4.8K

$2.9K

$1.3K

$66K

$46K

$1.5K

$200.8K

$27.3K

$56.5K
37

Conrad, P. (California Sea Grant College Program)

Transmission vectors of protozoal encephalitis in southern sea otters

(~J\06RGOI42-89)

Quinn II, T. (Maska Sea Grant College Program)

Has local depletion of walleye pollock occurred in Steller sea lion

critical habitat? ~J\86RGOO50)

Stegeman, J. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Estradiol dynamics: J\ molecular basis for potential endocrine

disruption in marine mammals (~J\86RG0075)

West, K. (Hawaii Sea Grant College Program)

Reproduction and development in captive rough-toothed and bottlenose

dolphins (~J\86RG0041)

4. Office of Oceanic and J\tmospheric Research

Krahn, M. and T. O'Hara (~OAA and ~orth Slope Borough ofJ\laska)

Compiling and summarizing persistant organic pollutant data from the

U.S. arctic for the J\MJ\p program

Department of Defense

1. Air Force (J\ir Force Space Command)

Thorson, P. H. and J. K. Francine (SRS Technologies)

Effects of rocket launch noise and sonic booms on California sea lions,

northern elephant seals, and Pacific harbor seals at Vandenberg A.FB and

the northern Channel Islands.

2. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

Moore, P. and D. A Helweg (SPJ\RWAR Systems Center, San Diego)

Hardware implementation and evaluation of dolphin-based mine hunting

principles (DJ\RPJ\ I) (Tursiops)

3. ~avy

A. C~O Operational Activities (CNO N45)

Barlow, J. (NOAA, Southwest Fisheries Science Center)

LMRIS support services and applications of acoustic sensing to vessel-based

marine mammal line transect surveys (C~O I)

$150K

$21.5K

$48.2K

$25K

$200K

$270K

$619K

$150K
38

Hildebrand, J. (Scripps Institution of Oceanography)

Baleen whale caBs and seasonal ocean ambient noise (OOPR03921)

Ketten, D. R. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

$50K

Anatomical investigations of auditory structures of beaked whales (OOPR04774) $6K

Experimental measures of blast trauma in marine mammals (OOPROnOl) $157K

Mullin, M. (Univ. California, San Diego)

SWFSC marine mammal abundance data for input into LMRIS (OOPR07888) $50K

Watkins, W. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Whale signature analysis from IUSS data (OOPR07614) $250K

B. Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR)

Ward, J. A., C. Lazauski, T. Fetherston and G. MitcheB (NAVSEA, Newport)

East Coast shaBow water training range (ECSWTR) marine mammal

acoustic impact assessment (MMAIA) (NAVAIR I)

C. Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory

$120K

Clark, C. W. and P. Tyack (CorneB Laboratory of Ornithology and Woods Hole

Oceanographic Institution)

Surveillance towed array sensor system low frequency active (SURTASS LFA)--

low frequency sound scientific research program (LFS SRP) (NSMRL I) $260.9K

D. Office of Naval Research

Altes, R. A. (CHIRP Corp.)

Image-based processing for biosonar target recognition (OOPR05091)(Tursiops) $90K

Biomimetic SAS and mine classification - signal processing models

and biological experiments (OOPR07057 (Tursiops) $13.5K

Brill, R. (SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego)

Alternative mine detection and classification technology (OOPR00956)(Tursiops) $400K

Burgess W. C. (Greeneridge Sciences, Inc.)

Development of a miniature acoustic recording tag to assess marine

wildlife response to sound (OOPROI 154) $159.8K

Calarnbokidis, J. (Cascadia Research, Monterey Bay)

Examination of vocal and underwater behavior of blue whales using a

a suction-cup attached CRITTERCAM (OOPR094457) $17.8K
39

Chiu, C.-S. (Naval Postgraduate School)

Monitoring whales using the Pt. Sur acoustical array -- a feasibility

study (99PR02636) (blue whale)

Clark, C. W. (Cornell Univ.)

New directions in the study oflow-frequency sound in baleen whales

(OOPR00724)

Crocker, D. (Univ. California, Santa Cruz)

Tool for assessment of marine mammal critical habitats (OOPROI156)

Croll, D. (Univ. California, Santa Cruz)

New directions in the study oflow-frequency sound in baleen whales

(OOPR00723)

Ellisom, W. T. (Marine Acoustics, Inc.)

Acoustic integration model (AIM) development (OOPROI157)

Finneran, J. J. (Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego)

Low frequency marine mammal hearing thresholds in response to acoustic

pressure and particle velocity (OOPR00725)

Fox, C. (NOAAJPMEUOERD)

Tools and techniques for marine animal sound analysis (OOPR07234)

Hain, J. H. W. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

An aerostat/elevated antenna component to aid VHF radiotelemetry and

tracking of right whales in critical habitats (OOPR0283I )

Howle, L. E. (Duke Univ.)

Undulatory flap propnlsion -- reduction to practice (OOPR00934)

Kelly, B. P. (Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks)

Effects oflow frequency sound on ringed seal navigation and behavior

in their sub-ice habitat (99PR06285)

Kraus, S. and C. Slay (New England Aquarium)

VHF radiotelemetry tracking of right whales in S.E. U. S. coastal

waters (OOPR04746)

Kuczaj, S. (Univ. Southern Mississippi)

The ontogeny of the dolphin echolocation system (OOPR05880) (Tursiops)

Lutcavage, M. and S. Kraus (New England Aquarium)

Satellite imagery, ecosystem-based GIS study of bluefin tuna and right

whale distribution and movements in the Gulf of Maine and NW Atlantic

(OOPR08059)

Mate, B. R. (Oregon State Univ.)

Right whale habitat and migration in the North Atlantic Ocean (OOPR01656)

McDonald, R. J. (Coastal Systems Station, Panama City, FL)

$20K

$82.8K

$49.6K

$204K

$70K

$115K

$104.6K

$51.5K

$95.5K

$40K

$59.8K

$251K

$IOOK

$137K
40

Broadband, broadbeam, biomimetic minehunting principles (OOPR08058)

(dolphin)

McGehee, D. E. (BAE Systems)

Lower trophic level oceanographic measurements for SOLMR (OOPR07202)

Moore, P. and D. Helwig (SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego)

Jitter echo delay resolution (OOPROO849) (Tursiops)

Moretti, D. (Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport)

Marine mammal monitoring of Navy undersea acoustic ranges (M3R)

(OOPR0l757)

Nachtigall, P. (Univ. Hawaii)

Cetacean echolocation: biosonar experiments for improved Navy

sonar signal processing (OOPR02592)

Nachtigall, P. and W.L. Au (Univ. Hawaii)

Low frequency odontocete hearing (OOPR02603)

Pabst, D. A. (Univ. North Carolina, Wilmington)

Blubber: an elastic energy storage system in parallel with the swimming

muscles of dolphins (99PR01960)

Pavan, G. (Univ. Pavia)

Bioacoustic characterization of the Mediterranean Sea (OOPR02872)

Reidenberg, J. and J. T. Laitman (Mt. Sinai Medical School)

Assessment ofmechanical damage to odontocete respiratory tract

tissues after controlled exposure to blasting (OOPROl644)

Ridgway, S. H. (SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego)

Marine mammal acoustic safety criteria (OOPR01357)

Ritchie, B. (Univ. Georgia Research Foundation)

Nucleic acid vaccination in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

(OOPR063l2)

Roberts, S. (National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council)

Potential impacts of ambient noise in the ocean On marine mammals

(OOPR09362)

Romano, T. (Texas A&M Univ.)

Investigation of immune competence in Navy marine mammals:

implications for health, viability, and mission readiness (OOPROlI50)

Schusterrnan, R. (Univ. California, Santa Cruz)

Equivalence relations and cross-model transfer as a tool for feature

identification in biosonar returns (OOPR02582)

Pinniped bioacoustics: auditory mechanisms, temporary threshold shift,

and effects of noise on signal reception (OOPR02539)

$63.9K

$100.2K

$160K

$300K

$292.9K

$153.8K

$27.6K

$150K

$20K

$300K

$24.2K

$80K

$196.8K

$186.6K

$173.6K
41

Pinniped bioacoustics: new techniques for assessing the effects of

anthropogenic noise (99PR0618) $234.7K

Stott, J. (Univ. California, Davis)

Reagents and techniques for vaccine development and immune response

assessment in California sea lions (00PR06096) $S8.IK

Tyack, P. L. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Development and field testing of the DTAG for deep-diving

odontocetes (OOPR02606) $S9.6K

Assessing risk factors in right whale vessel collision using an acoustic

recording tag and controlled sound exposure (OOPR02622) $60.3K

Van Bonn, W. (SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego)

Continued investigation of plasmid gene expression in marine mammals

(OOPR06292) $49.SK

Williams, T. M. (Univ. California, Santa Cruz)

Marine mammals as models for cost efficient autonomous underwater vehicles:

performance specifications of oscillating hydrofoils (OOPR06299) $SOK

Zenteno-Savin, T. (Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, S.c., Mexico)

Coping with ischemia and reperfusion: physiology of free radicals in diving

birds and mammals (OOPROSI02) $27.3K

E. PMS 400

FetherstonlMitchell/Kenney (NAVSEA, Newport)

Gulf of Maine biological assessment (PMS I)

F. U.S. Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANTFLT)

Higginson, D. (Geo-Marine, Inc.)

Charleston and Jacksonville operating area marine resources assessment

(00060CLFIO)

Manatee aerial survey (00389MOO81)

SI. Croix underwater tracking range (UTR) and Puerto Rico operating

area marine resources assessment (OOO60CLFI 0)

Vieques exercise aerial surveys (mitigation) (OO389M0082)

Virginia Capes operating area marine resources assessment (OOO60CLFIO)

MitchelllFetherston//KenneylPhelps (NAVSEA, Newport)

OPAREA habitat assessment (CINCLANT I)

$40K

$340AK

$64.2K

$396AK

$400K

$493AK

$60K
42

MitchellNarsffompsettIWardlKenney (NAVSEA, Newport)

SINKEX biological assessment (CINCLANT 2)

O'ConnorlFetherstonlMitchelllWardlLazauski (NAVSEA, Newport)

New Providence Channel marine mammal stranding investigation

(CINCLANT 3)

Slager, W. (Naval Facilities Engineering Command)

Aerial Surveys for Northern Right Whales and Other Listed Species

(LANFLTlOI)

G. U.S. Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT)

WardlFetherstonlLazauskilMitchell/Jette (NAVSEA, Newport)

West Coast shallow water training range (WCSWTR) marine mammal

acoustic impact assessment (MMAIA) (CINCPAC I)

4. Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP)

Helwig, D. (SPAWARSYSC, San Diego)

Information and technology tools for assessment and prediction of potential

impact of military noise on marine mammals (CS-1082) (cetaceans)

Department of Health and Human Services

National Institutes of Health

$50K

$60K

$400K

$200K

$397K

Bossart, G. (Univ. Miami, Coral Gables)

Pilot - Immune system of Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (5P30ES005705-100003) $-?-

Fripp, D. R. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

A quantitative test for vocal learning (5F32DCOOOO41 0-02) $-?-

Jennings, P. A. (Stanford Univ.)

Time resolved small angle x-ray scattering of refolding of sperm whale

apomyoglobin (2P41RR001209-210287) $-?-

Ortiz, C. L. (Univ. California, Santa Cruz)

Developmental physiology of elephant seal pups during

natural prolonged fasts (5R25GM58903-02 0009) $-?-

Minority international research training (2T37TWOOO024-08) (so. elephant seal) $-?-

Safe, S. H. (Texas A&M Univ.)

Toxicology of environmental contaminants (5T32ES07273-09) (Tursiops) $-?-
43

Thorton, S. (Stanford Univ.)

MR imaging of an elephant seal: measurement of splenic diving

response (3P4IRR09784-0551 0044)

Tyack P. L. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Social influences of vocal development (5ROIDC04191-02)

Department of the Interior

1. Fish and Wildlife Service

Bowles, A. (Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute)

Manatee behaviors in the presence of fishing gear

Comerci, L. and L. Jack (FWSIMMM and the Alaska Sea Otter and

Steller Sea Lion Commission)

Sea otter biological sampling program

Dickerson, L. (FWSIMMM and Eskimo Walrus Commission)

Walrus harvest monitoring project

Doroff, A. and D. Bum (FWSIMMM)

Sea otter population surveys in southwest Alaska

Evans, T. (FWSIMMM)

Investigation of metal and organochlorine concentrations in polar bear

tissues

Evans, T., S. Schliebe, S. Kalxdorff, A. Fishbach (FWSIMMM) and

G. W. York (USGSIBRD)

Aerial surveys of polar bears in the Chukchi Sea

Flamm, R. (FWC Florida Marine Research Institute)

Manatee "hot-spot" mapping

Gorbics, C. and K. Trust (FWSIMMM and FWSfWAES)

Investigation of contaminants in sea otter tissues

Harris, M.

Stranded southern sea otter program: carcass collection

Stranded southern sea otter program: carcass shipment

Kraus, J. (Chassahowitzka NWR Refuges Complex)

Aerial survey for manatees

Manly, B. (Western Ecosystems Technology)

Evaluate the potential for use of mark-recapture methods to estimate the

size and trend of the Pacific walrus population

$-?-

$-?-

$22K

$IOK

$96K

$193K

$25K

$40K

$IOK

$15K

$4.5K

$O.5K

$6K

$15K
44

Mcdonald, R, J. Garlich-Miller, and J. Wollington (FWS Togiak NWR,

FWSIMMM, and Alaska Department ofFish and Game)

Bristol Bay walrus haulout monitoring $90K

Pitchford, T. (FWC Florida Marine Research Institute)

An assessment of wounds and internal trauma associated with watercraftrelated manatee deaths and injuries occurring between 1999 and 2000 $10K

An assessment of live and dead manatees either rescued or salvaged as a

result of exposure to the cold during the period 1999-2000 $lOK

Shapiro, S. (FWC Florida Marine Research Institute)

The effectiveness of manatee protection zones $50K

Smirnov, G., J. Garlich-Miller and C. Jay (Chukotka TINRO)

Ecological monitoring of walrus haulouts in the Gulf of Anadyr, Russia $15K

Smirnov, G., J. Garlich-Miller and J. Olanna (Chukotka TINRO, FWSIMMM,

and Eskimo Walrus Commission)

Russia walrus harvest monitoring project $35K

2. Geological Survey

Amstrup, S. C. (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Oil spill polar bear interaction modelling (5003368)

Population ecology of polar bears in western Alaska and adjacent

portions of Russia (5001214)

Amstrup, S. C., P. Becker, T. Rowles, L. K. Thorsteinson, and G.

Weston York (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Alaska marine mammal tissue archival project (5003225)

Beck, C. A. et aJ. (Florida Caribbean Science Center)

Reproductive traits and population dynamics of Florida manatees based

on photo-identification techniques (5002023)

Bodkin, J. L. and D. Esler (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Patterns and processes of population change in selected nearshore

vertebrate predators (sea otters) (5004634)

Bodkin, J. L., G. Esslinger and D Monon (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Process structuring coastal marine communities in Alaska:

DOl trust resource (sea otters) (5001234)

Bodkin, J. L. and D. Monson (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Assessment of sea otter population status in Alaska 5001256)

Davis, R. W. (USGSIBRD, Eastern Regional Office)

GulfCet II: distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the

northern Gulf of Mexico (5001315)

$55K

$141.7K

$lOOK

$124.3K

$-0-

$180K

$120K

$-0-
45

Deutsch, C. J. et al. (Florida Caribbean Science Center)

Movements, spatial use patterns, and habitat utilization of radio-tagged West

Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of Florida and Georgia (5002031)

Estes, J. and R. Jameson (Western Ecological Research Center)

Population biology and behavior of sea otters (5002737)

Interactions between sea otters and nearshore communities (5002736)

Estes, J. et al. (Western Ecological Research Center)

Monitoring program for environmental contaminants in the nearshore

marine ecosystem at Adak Island, Alaska (5003874)

Farley, S. D., G. P. Landis, and V. Chadwick (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Heavy metal contaminants in Pacific walrus (5003457)

Garcia-Rodreguez, A. 1., R. K. Bonde, L. W. Lefehvre, B. Bowen and P. McGuire

(Florida Caribbean Science Center)

Genetic analysis of the West Indian manatee (5002034)

Holland-Bratels, L. et al. (Alaska Biological Sciences Center)

Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate

predators from the Exxon Valdez oil spill (5001228)

Jameson, R. (Western Biological Research Center)

Population biology of the reintroduced Washington sea otter population

(5003927)

Jay, C. V. and B. Manly (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Pacific walrus telemetry studies (5003456)

Jay, C. V. and P. M. Gutridge (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Use ofstable isotopes and heavy metals in studies of Pacific walrus

movements and dietary habits (5003455)

Jay, C. V., M. S. Udevitz and S. L. Talbot (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Population trends of Pacific walrus (5003458)

Jay, C. V. et al. (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Sensitive non-endangered mammals in the Chuckchi and Beaufort Seas

(5001217)

Lefebvre, L. W. (Florida Caribbean Science Center)

Florida manatee modeling and management (5004505)

Lefebvre, L. W. et al. (Florida Caribbean Science Center)

Evaluation of releases of captive-born and captive-reared manatees (5002029)

Mulcahy, D. M. (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Wildlife veterinary medicine and surgery (5001239)

Mullin, K. D. (USGSIBRD, Eastern Regional Office)

$80K

$150K

$!70K

$-0-

$-0-

$43K

$-0-

$83.2K

$135K

$-0-

$115K

$-0-

$-0-

$64.6K

$95K
46

GulfCetll: distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the northern

Gulf of Mexico (5002792)

Percival H. F. (Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit)

Movements, spatial use pallems, and habitat utilization ofradio-tagged West

Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of Florida and Georgia (5001317)

Reid, J. P., L. W. Lefebvre, C. R. Kruer, and W. J. Kenworthy

(Florida Caribbean Science Center)

Detennination of manatee use patterns and characterization ofseagrass

areas important to manatees in Puerto Rico and Vieques Island (5002027)

Samuel, M. D. et aJ. (Western Ecological Research Center)

Disease and contaminant problems in southern sea oilers (5004736)

Talbot, S. et aJ. (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Using genetic markers to detennine population status and management

strategies of mammals (5001210)

Thomas, N. J., R. A. Code, L. H. Creekmore, and C. U. Meteyer

(National Wildlife Health Center)

Causes of southern sea oller mortality (5003274)

Udevitz, M. S. (Alaska Biological Science Center)

Quantitative methods for studies of arctic and subarctic wildlife (5001254)

Van Blaricom, G. R. (Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit)

Estimation of indirect efforts of chase and encirclement by the tuna fishery

on the dynamics of depleted dolphin populations in the eastern Pacific

Ocean (5003122)

Assessment of harvested marine mammal populations in Alaska (5003714)

Sea oller prey populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska (5004159)

3. Minerals Management Service

Amstrup, S. (USGS-BRD)

Polar bear den surveys (IA 15963)

Frost, K. J. and L. F. Lowry (Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks)

Post-summering distribution and movement of beluga whales

(satellite tracking of eastern Chukchi Sea beluga whales in Beaufort

and Arctic) (l435-01-98-CA-30909) (TO 15179)

Monitoring distribution and abundance of ringed seals in northern

Alaska (CA 14-35-0001-30810)

Kelly, B. and L. Quakenbush (Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks)

Correction factor for ringed seal surveys in northern Alaska (15162)

$-0-

$-0-

$35.2K

$133.4K

$14K

$-0-

$99K

$-0-

$-0-

$-0-

$17K

$75.4K

$-0-

$-0-
47

Lang, B. (NMFS)

Marine mammal and sea turtle observations from NMFS Gulf of Mexico

ichthyoplankton cruises

Richardson, W. J. (LGL Limited)

Bowhead whale feeding in the eastern Alaskan Beaufort Sea: update

ofscientific and traditional information (CT-30842)

Treacy, S. (MMS, Alaska OCS Region)

Bowhead whale aerial survey project (OAS IA 05052)

4. National Park Service

Basch, L. (Glacier Bay National Park)

Effects of sea otter on subtidal communities in Glacier Bay National Park

Bodkin, J. (USGSIBRD)

Interactions between sea otters and the nearshore communities in Glacier Bay

Spatial distribution of small schooling fish and associated predators in Glacier

Bay, Alaska, and their relationship to oceanographic and bathymetric

parameters: marine predator surveys

Deecke, V., J. Ford and C. Matkin (Univ. British Columbia)

Acoustic monitoring of killer whales in Glacier Bay National Park

DeLong, R. (NMFS)

Population biology of pinnipeds at San Miguel Island

Gabriele, C. M. (Glacier Bay National Park)

Humpback whale population monitoring in Glacier Bay and adjacent waters

Underwater acoustic monitoring in Glacier Bay (humpback whale)

Hayes, S. (Univ. California, Santa Cruz)

Evaluation of underwater territory defense and display behaviors ofmale

harbor seals through playback experiments

Hohn, A. (NMFS)

Mid-Atlantic beach-based marine mammal observer program

Kelly, B. P. and J. N. Womble (Univ. of Alaska Southeast)

Interactions between humpback whales and vessels

Klimley, A. P. (Univ. California, Davis)

Population biology of white sharks at Point Reyes headlands

Mathews, E. A. and J. Driscoll (Glacier Bay National Park and

Univ. of Alaska Southeast)

Disturbance of harbor seals at the Spider Island reefs in Glacier Bay

$150K

$-0-

$266K

$ lOOK

$80K

$480K

$-0-

$-0-

$70K

$159K

$-0-

$-0-

$27K

$-0-

$5K
48

Mathews, E. A. and L. Dzinich (Glacier Bay National Park and

Univ. of Alaska Southeast)

Harbor seal population monitoring on ice and land habitats

Effects of vessel traffic on harbor seals in a glacial fjord in

Glacier Bay, 1994-1999

Mathews, E. A., L. Dzinich, A. Hopkins and L. Robinson

(Glacier Bay National Park and Univ. of Alaska Southeast)

Pilot study to determine the feasibility of conducting adult/pup counts,

behavioral observations, and observations of branded or marked Steller

sea lions at Graves Rocks, a new rookery

Mathews, E. A. and T. Lewis (Glacier Bay National Park and

Univ. of Alaska Southeast)

Feasibility of aerial surveys of harbor seals in a glacial fjord

using GPS-linked computer program

Matkin, D. (Glacier Bay National Park)

Killer whale population assessment in northern eastern Alaska

Read, A. (Duke Univ.)

Habitat use of bottlenose dolphins in Tampa Bay

Schwarz, L. (San Diego State Univ.)

Influence of man-made noise on gray whale migration

Tork, M. (NMFS)

Assessment of incidental marine mammal take in the dory fishery

(Tursiops) (North Carolina)

Zagzebski, K. (Marine Mammal Center, California)

Rescue of all live and stranded marine mammals

Department of State

Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs

Allen, R. (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission)

Tuna/dolphin investigations

Gambell, R. (International Whaling Commission)

Research fund ofthe International Whaling Commission

$87K

$35K

$3K

$IOK

$-0-

$-0-

$-0-

$-0-

$-0-

$700K

$17.5K
49

Department of Transportation

Coast Guard

Mandatory Ship Reporting System (northern right whale) (re MA)

Northeast Sighting Advisory System (northern right whale) (re MA)

Southeast Early Waring System (northern right whale) (re FL)

Environmental Protection Agency

(No projects)

Marine Mammal Commission

Huntington, H. P. (Huntington Consulting)

Assessment of activities of the Arctic Council

Reeves, R. R. (Okapi Wildlife Associates)

The value ofsanctuaries, parks, and reserves (protected areas) as tools for

conserving marine mammals

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

$57K

$80K

$80K

$4.3K

$O.7K

Scheidt, D. M., M. J. Mota, R. H. Lowers, A. Provancha, and J. R. Weidlich

(Dynamac Corp./NASA, Ecological Programs KSC)

Southeastern United States marine mammal stranding network (NASJO-12180) $3K

Scheidt, D. M., R. H. Lowers, J. A. Provancha, and R. A. Reddick

(Dynamac Corp./NASA, Ecological Programs KSC)

Long-term monitoring of the abundance and distribution of manatees on

the Kennedy Space Center (NASIO-12180) $25K

National Science Foundation

Ashjian, C. J. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

How physical-biological coupling in the western Arctic Ocean influences

marine mammal abundance and native subsistence harvests (OPP-0083507) $29J.1K
50

Bengtson, J. L., P. L. Boveng, and J. L. Laake (NOAAlNMFS)

Antarctic pack ice seals: ecological interactions with prey and

the environment (OPP-9815961) $66K

Buck, J. R. (Univ. Massachusetts, Dartmouth)

CAREER: instruments and algorithms for marine mammal behavioral

acoustics (OCE-9733391) $100.3K

Burns, J. M. (Univ. Alaska, Anchorage)

Foraging ecology of crabeater seals (Lobodoll carcillophagus) (OOP-0003956) $116.IK

Castellini, M. A. (Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks)

Antarctic pack ice seals: nutritional physiology and body condition of seals

(OOP-9815176) $90.3K

Coale, K. H., R. S. Miller, and J. M. Prince (San Jose State Univ)

Ship operations (OCE-0071348) $466.6K

Costa, D. P. and D. E. Crocker (Univ. California, Santa Cruz)

Foraging ecology of crabeater seals (Lobodall carcillophagus) (OOP-998 1683) $116.IK

Davis, R. W. and M. Horning (Texas A&M Univ.)

Collaborative research: hunting behavior and energetics offree-ranging

Weddell seals (OPP 9909422) $342.6K

Fruiman, L. A. (Univ. Texas, Austin)

Collaborative research: hunting behavior and energetics of free-ranging

Weddell seals (OPP-9909863) $134.5K

Grebmeier, J. M. and L. W. Cooper (Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville)

Collaborative research: hydrographic change and effects on bivalve communities and top avian consumers in the Bering Sea (OPP-9813946) (walrus) $12I.4K

Hildebrand, J. A., S. Moore, and M. A. McDonald

(Scripps Institution, Univ. California, San Diego)

GLOBEC: mysticete whale acoustic census (OPP-9910007) $182.9K

Hillman, G. R., B. G. Wlirsig, and N. Kehtarnavaz (Univ. Texas, Galveston)

A content-indexed image database of cetacean fins (DBI-0071655) $291.1 K

Huntington, H. P., K. J. Frost, M. E. Fernandez-Gimenez (Huntington Consulting)

Traditional ecological knowledge of beluga whales: local documentation

and cooperative application in Alaska (OPP-9817923) $90K

Johnson, J. 1. (Michigan State Univ.)

Collaborative research: accessing brain collection information and images

via internet, CD-ROM, and centralized location (IBN-98 1491 I) $72.9K

Jue, T. (Univ. California, Davis)

Collaborative research: oxygen transportation and utilization during sleep

apnea in elephant seals (IBN-0077595) $25K
51

Leonard, J. J. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

CAREER: dynamic sonar perception and navigation (BAS-9733040) $85K

Lovvorn, J. R. (Univ. Wyoming)

Collaborative research: hydrographic change and effects on bivalve communities and top avian consumers in the Bering Sea (OPP-9813979) (walrus) $56.2K

Lowenstine, L. and J. L. Stott (Univ. California, Davis)

Ecology of herpesvirus infection and cancer in sea lions (DEB-0094919) $463.1K

Noe, A. (American Registry of Pathology)

Collaborative research: accessing brain collection information and images

via internet, CD-ROM, and centralized location (IBN-9814912) $36.3K

Pietsch, T. W. (Univ. Washington)

Biodiversity of Sakhalin Island (Russian Kuril Archipelago) (DEB-0071655) $391.lK

Ponganis, P. J. (Scripps Institution, Univ. California, San Diego)

Collaborative research: oxygen transportation and utilization during sleep

apnea in elephant seals (IBN-0078540) $75K

The Kooyman Symposium on Diving Physiology and Biology (OPP-OOOOI86) $6.5K

Quetin, L. B. and R. M. Ross (Univ. California, Santa Barbara)

Antarctic pack ice seals: ecological investigations with prey and

the environment (OPP-9816016) $127K

Smith, T. D. (Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks)

Ship operations (OCE-0070791) $298.4K

Siniff, D. B. (Univ. Minnesota, Twin Cities)

Use of a long-term data base and molecular genetic techniques to examine the

behavioral ecology and dynamics of Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)

populations (OPP-9725820) $143.7K

Siniff, D. B., 1. Stirling, and C. Strobeck (Univ. Minnesota, Twin Cities)

An examination of genetic patterns and phylogeny of Antarctic pack ice seals:

a coordinated multinational project (OPP-9815786) $J03.8K

Thewissen, J. G. and S. T. Hussain (Northeastern Ohio College of Medicine)

Paleobiology of the first whales: radiation of pakicetid cetaceans in

Eocene Pakistan (EAR-9902830) $84.3K

Torres, J. J. (Univ. South Florida)

Antarctic pack ice seals: ecological interactions with prey and the

environment (OPP-98 15973) $ IOO.2K

Tyack, P. L. and A. Samuels (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Social functions ofsignature whistles and whistle imitation in bottlenose

dolphins, Tursiops truncatus (IBN-9975523) $6J.6K

Welker, W. 1. (Univ. Wisconsin, Madison)

Collaborative research: accessing brain collection information and images
52

via internet, CD-ROM, and centralized location (IBN-9812712)

Williams, T. M. (Univ. California, Santa Cruz)

Collaborative research: hunting behavior and energetics offree-ranging

Weddell seals (OPP-9909862)

Smithsonian Institution

Mead, J. G. and C. W. Potter (National Museum of Natural History)

Marine Mammal Program (001-3370)

$1I0K

$142.8K

$177.5K