1

No. 21-0038 – Tanner v. Raybuck

Chief Justice Hutchison, concurring:

In this medical malpractice action, Plaintiffs Rita and Dennis Tanner allege 

in their complaint that Defendant Bryan D. Raybuck, M.D., attempted, but failed, to 

implant a device known as the WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device 

(“WATCHMAN LAAC”) into Mrs. Tanner, causing her significant injury. More 

specifically, the complaint alleges that Dr. Raybuck twice attempted to deploy a 

WATCHMAN LAAC device and on the second attempt, the device came free from the 

delivery cable and embolized inside Mrs. Tanner’s left ventricle. The complaint further 

alleges that “[t]he device was never retrieved from M[r]s. Tanner’s left ventricle by Dr. 

Raybuck, and an emergency cardiac surgical intervention was necessary to retrieve the 

device from her heart.” 

The majority opinion correctly concluded that, based upon the plaintiffs’ 

admitted failure to provide Dr. Raybuck with a screening certificate of merit before filing 

their complaint, as required by the West Virginia Medical Professional Liability Act, West 

Virginia Code 55-7B-6(b), the circuit court was deprived of subject matter jurisdiction and 

so dismissal of the complaint was mandatory. In so concluding, the majority opinion 

determined that the circuit court, having no jurisdiction over the subject matter, should not 

have undertaken the analysis of whether the plaintiffs’ standard of care expert, Dr. Emil 

Hayek (an interventional cardiologist practicing in the same field as Dr. Raybuck), was 

qualified to provide the screening certificate of merit that was provided after the filing of 

FILED

April 15, 2022

released at 3:00 p.m.

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
2

the complaint. Consistent with that admonishment, the majority similarly elected to forego 

such an analysis.

Although I concur with the majority’s ultimate holding (that dismissal of the 

complaint, without prejudice, was proper because of the failure to provide Dr. Raybuck 

with a screening certificate of merit prior to the filing of the complaint), I write separately 

because I expect that the question of Dr. Hayek’s qualifications will recur following 

remand. If this occurs, it is critical that the circuit court understand that the cursory analysis 

and conclusions offered by the defendant were contrary to the clear and unambiguous 

language of the MPLA. As discussed below, Dr. Hayek is more than qualified to render an 

expert opinion as to the standard of care in this case and the circuit court erred in concluding 

that the screening certificate of merit was deficient as a matter of law. 

The pre-requisites for filing an action against a health care provider, 

including the criteria for a screening certificate of merit, are set forth in W. Va. Code § 55-

7B-6(b):

(b) At least 30 days prior to the filing of a medical professional 

liability action against a health care provider, the claimant shall 

serve by certified mail, return receipt requested, a notice of 

claim on each health care provider the claimant will join in 

litigation. . . . The notice of claim shall include a statement of 

the theory or theories of liability upon which a cause of action 

may be based, . . . together with a screening certificate of merit. 

The screening certificate of merit shall be executed under oath 

by a health care provider who:

(1) Is qualified as an expert under the West Virginia rules of 

evidence;
3

(2) Meets the requirements of § 55-7B-7(a)(5) and § 55-7B7(a)(6) of this code; and

(3) Devoted, at the time of medical injury, 60 percent of his or 

her professional time annually to the active clinical practice in 

his or her medical field or specialty, or to teaching in his or her 

medical field or specialty in an accredited university.

If the health care provider executing the screening certificate 

of merit meets the qualifications of subdivisions (1), (2), and 

(3) of this subsection, there shall be a presumption that the 

health care provider is qualified as an expert for the purpose of 

executing a screening certificate of merit. The screening 

certificate of merit shall state with particularity, and include: 

(A) The basis for the expert’s familiarity with the applicable 

standard of care at issue; (B) the expert’s qualifications; (C) the 

expert’s opinion as to how the applicable standard of care was 

breached; (D) the expert’s opinion as to how the breach of the 

applicable standard of care resulted in injury or death; and (E) 

a list of all medical records and other information reviewed by 

the expert executing the screening certificate of merit. 

Pursuant to the relevant parts of West Virginia Code § 55-7B-7(a)(5) and (6),

“[a] proposed [standard of care] expert witness may only be found competent to testify if 

the foundation for his or her testimony is first laid establishing that[,]”

(5) the expert witness maintains a current license to practice 

medicine with the appropriate licensing authority of any state 

of the United Sates: Provided, That the expert witness’s license 

has not been revoked or suspended in the past year in any state; 

and 

(6) the expert witness is engaged or qualified in a medical field 

in which the practitioner has experience and/or training in 

diagnosing or treating injuries or conditions similar to those 

of the patient.

(Emphasis added). See W. Va. Code § 55-7B-6(b)(2). 
4

Dr. Hayek received his medical education and training at the Johns Hopkins 

University School of Medicine; practices in the same field as Dr. Raybuck (interventional 

cardiology); and is board certified in internal medicine, cardiovascular disease, nuclear 

cardiology, and echocardiography. Dr. Hayek founded and is currently the president (since 

2007) and medical director (since 2009) of Western Reserve Heart Care in Hudson, Ohio. 

He is also Assistant Professor of Medicine (since 2009) at University Hospitals/Case 

Western Reserve University. He devotes at least 75% of his time to the active clinical 

practice of medicine and “actively teach[es] the standard of care for cardiologists to 

members of the medical community.” In the screening certificate of merit, Dr. Hayek stated 

that he is familiar with the standard of care applicable to this case and opined that “Dr. 

Raybuck negligently deviated from the applicable standard of care for an interventional 

cardiologist/electrophysiologist, [sic] increased the risk of harm which was a substantial 

factor in bringing about the ultimate injury to plaintiff Rita Tanner.” Based upon the 

records provided to him, Dr. Hayek opined that Mrs. Tanner “was injured and damaged 

from Dr. Raybuck’s deviation from the standard of care” as follows: 

a. Failing to secure the required concurrent opinion and attestation from a 

second interventional cardiologist or electrophysiologist that the left 

atrial appendage closure (LAAC) with WATCHMAN surgical procedure 

was medically necessary.

b. Failing to obtain proper informed consent from Rita Tanner for the left 

atrial appendage closure (LAAC) with WATCHMAN surgical procedure 

after a concurrent opinion for the procedure was obtained.

c. Failing to order a pre-op diagnostic 3D cardiac CT scan to determine the 

appropriate size of the left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) with 

WATCHMAN for Rita Tanner.
5

d. Failing to properly size the left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) with 

WATCHMAN for Rita Tanner prior to the surgical procedure. 

e. Surgical implantation of an inappropriate sized left atrial appendage 

closure (LAAC) with WATCHMAN.

f. Failure to abandon the surgical procedure when it was reasonably clear 

that the 24 mm left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) with WATCHMAN 

device was too large for the patient.

g. Repeatedly attempting to position an ill-fitting appendage device, causing 

it to break free and loose in the patient’s body. 

Despite Dr. Hayek’s extensive (and impressive) education, professional 

training, and experience in the field of interventional cardiology – all of which was 

included in his curriculum vitae provided with the screening certificate of merit and made 

a part of the record below – the circuit court concluded that he does not possess the 

“experience and/or training in diagnosing or treating injuries or conditions similar to those 

of the patient[,]” W. Va. Code § 55-7B-7(a)(6), and that, as a result, the plaintiffs failed to 

provide a screening certificate of merit that meets the threshold requirements of West 

Virginia Code § 55-7B-6(b). The stated basis for the court’s conclusion is that Dr. Hayek 

has not performed/is not trained to perform the WATCHMAN LAAC procedure – a 

requirement that is not supported by the MPLA. 

Under the clear and unambiguous language of the MPLA, there is absolutely 

no requirement that a proffered expert have performed or be trained to do the identical

procedure, or use the same medical device, disputed by the parties. The MPLA, in addition 

to other statutory requirements that are not at issue in this case, requires similarity, not 

identicality. A proposed expert need only be “engaged or qualified in a medical field in 
6

which the practitioner has experience and/or training in diagnosing or treating injuries or 

conditions similar to those of the patient.” W. Va. Code § 55-7B-7(a)(6) (emphasis added). 

Dr. Hayek more than satisfies this requirement as he has extensive experience in the field 

of interventional cardiology and “in diagnosing or treating . . . conditions similar to those 

of [Mrs. Tanner.]” Id. The circuit court was clearly wrong in adopting the defendant’s 

narrow reading of this provision so as to disqualify Dr. Hayek from executing a certificate 

of merit in this case. This Court has stated that “[i]n determining whether a notice of claim 

and certificate [of merit] are legally sufficient, a reviewing court should apply W. Va. Code, 

55-7B-6 [2003] in light of the statutory purposes of preventing the making and filing of 

frivolous malpractice claims and lawsuits; and promoting the pre-suit resolution of nonfrivolous medical malpractice claims.” Syl. Pt. 6, in part, Hinchman v. Gillette, 217 W. Va. 

378, 618 S.E.2d 387 (2005). Given the serious allegations of the complaint, it is beyond 

cavil that the plaintiffs’ malpractice claim against Dr. Raybuck is in no way frivolous and 

that the certificate of merit executed by Dr. Hayek, in light of his extensive and relevant 

professional experience, is legally sufficient.1

1

In a similar context involving whether a medical expert is qualified to testify 

at trial, this Court has instructed that where the proposed expert may be unfamiliar with a 

specific procedure that is the subject of the action, but otherwise satisfies the MPLA’s 

statutory requirements, the expert is qualified to render an opinion, leaving it to the trier of 

fact to weigh the expert’s credibility. See Walker v. Sharma, 221 W. Va. 559, 566-67, 655 

S.E.2d 775, 782-83 (2007) (stating that, in a medical negligence case involving a urethral 

stricture dilation procedure, the fact the plaintiff’s expert, a board-certified urologist, “uses 

a different method to perform [the procedure at issue] does not disqualify him from giving 

testimony on the standard of care to be employed when performing this type of procedure. 

[Rather] . . . the jury would have been free to attach whatever weight they decided to [the 

expert’s] testimony given that he did not employ the [specific] instrument set in performing 
7

Finally, not to be overlooked is the fact that that the screening certificate of 

merit included Dr. Hayek’s expert opinion that Dr. Raybuck deviated from the standard of 

care with respect to arguably routine actions that he should have performed prior to 

performing the WATCHMAN LAAC procedure (such as failing to obtain a second opinion 

that the procedure was medically necessary; failing to obtain the proper informed consent; 

and failing to perform certain pre-surgical diagnostic testing). Without question, regardless 

of whether the circuit court deemed Dr. Hayek qualified to opine about the surgical 

procedure itself, Dr. Hayek was more than adequately qualified to render an expert opinion 

about Dr. Raybuck’s pre-surgical acts and omissions. Thus, it was clear error for the circuit 

court to follow the defendant’s invitation to ignore these opinions and declare that the 

screening certificate of merit was deficient as a matter of law. 

the procedure”). See also Mayhorn v. Logan Med. Found., 193 W. Va. 42, 50, 454 S.E.2d 

87, 95 (1994) (concluding that board certified internal medicine physician who was 

professor of cardiology and previously worked in emergency room was qualified to give 

expert testimony in wrongful death action involving treatment of patient by emergency 

room physician, and observing that if the defendant health care provider “had wanted to 

challenge the veracity of [the expert’s] credentials it could have done so through crossexamination”); Fortney v. Al-Hajj, 188 W. Va. 588, 591, 595, 425 S.E.2d 264, 267, 271 

(1992) (finding that general surgeon who had previously handled impacted food blockage 

cases was qualified to give expert standard of care opinion as to defendant emergency room 

doctor’s handling of the patient’s impacted food blockage even though the expert only 

worked in an emergency room to perform surgeries when requested by emergency room 

physicians, and noting that “[a]ny shortcomings which [the defendant] believed existed in 

[the expert’s] credentials could have properly been the subject of cross-examination”); 

accord Gentry v. Mangum, 195 W. Va. 512, 527, 466 S.E.2d 171, 186 (1995) (recognizing 

that “[d]isputes as to the strength of an expert’s credentials, mere differences in 

methodology, or lack of textual authority for the opinion go to weight and not to the 

admissibility of their testimony”).
8

For the foregoing reasons, I concur with the majority opinion.