United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service

February 13, 2015

Version 1 

# Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha

curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) – Physic

nut

Top left: Inflorescence of J. curcas . Top right: Seeds and capsule. Bottom left: Habit. Bottom right: Leaves and fruit (Source:Starr and Starr, 2009-2012).



### Agency Contact :

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

Ver. 1 February 13, 2015 1 Introduction Plant Protection and Quarantine (P PQ) regulates noxious weeds under the authority of the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000) and the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. § 1581-1610, 1939). A noxious weed is defined as “any plant or plant product th at can directly or indirec tly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, ir rigation, navigation, the natura l resources of the United States, the public health, or the envi ronment” (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000). We use weed risk assessment (WRA)—speci fically, the PPQ WRA model (Koop et al., 2012)—to evaluate the ri sk potential of plants , including those newly detected in the United States, those pr oposed for import, and those emerging as
weeds elsewhere in the world.

Because the PPQ WRA model is geographica lly and climatically neutral, it can
be used to evaluate the baseline invasi ve/weed potential of any plant species for the entire United States or for any area with in it. As part of this analysis, we use
a stochastic simulation to ev aluate how much the uncertainty associated with the analysis affects the model outcomes. We also use GIS overlays to evaluate those areas of the United States that may be suitable for the establishment of the plant. For more information on the PPQ WRA process, please refer to the document, Background information on the PPQ Weed Risk Assessment , which is available
upon request.

Jatropha curcas L. – Physic nut
Species Family: Euphorbiaceae

Information Synonyms: Castiglionia lobata Ruiz & Pav., Curcas adansonii Endl., Cu.

curcas (L.) Britton & Millsp., C. drastica Mart., C. indica A. Rich., C.

purgans Medik., Jatropha acerifolia Salisb., J. afrocurcas Pax, J. condor Wall., J. edulis Cerv. , J. moluccana Wall., J. tuberosa Elliot, J. yucatanensis Briq., Manihot curcas (L.) Crantz, Ricinus americanus Mill., R. jarak Thunb. (Tropicos.org, 2014).
Common names: Physic nut, Barbados nut , curcas bean, purge nut, purging nut (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). Know n by many other names in different languages (see NGRP, 2014; Sunil et al., 2013).
Botanical description: Jatropha curcas is a deciduous, perennial, somewhat succulent, monoecious shrub or small tr ee that becomes 8 to 15 meters tall (Dehgan, 2012; Henning, 2007). Leaves are dark green, ivy-like, smooth, heart-shaped, up to 150 mm wide (Pars ons and Cuthbertson, 2001). Flowers are yellow to green, unisexual, small and inconspicuous (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). The inflorescence is a terminal or axillary umbel-like cyme, often paired with a solitary fema le flower terminating each major axis and many male flowers on lateral bran ches (Henning, 2007). It has a yellow
fruit when immature that turns dark brown when ripe (Orwa et al., 2009; Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). The fruit is a drupaceous, trilocular, ellipsoid capsule, 23 to 30 mm long by 28 mm wide (Dehgan, 2012). The exocarp of the fruit remains fleshy until the seeds are mature (Orwa et al., 2009). SeedsWeed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

Ver. 1 February 13, 2015 2 are black or black mottled with some wh ite spots, oblong-ellipsoidal, 18 to 20 mm long by 11 to 13 mm wide, with a smooth seed coat (Dehgan, 2012). Refer to Dehgan, 2012) and Reed, 1977) fo r a detailed botanical description
of the taxon.

Initiation: Jatropha curcas is a large shrub being promoted as a biofuel feedstock (Carels et al., 2012). On December 23, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as ked Jonathan Jones, PPQ Noxious Weeds Policy Manager, if th e invasive potential of Jatropha curcas might
lead the USDA to recommend additional re strictions on its use as a biofuel plant (Lie, 2014)

. Jones requested that the PERA L Weed Team evaluate this species with a weed risk assessment.
Foreign distribution: Jatropha curcas is native to the American tropics, most likely to Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean (Sunil et al., 2013). It has been widely introduced as a hedge and ornamental plant and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (GEXSI, 2008; IPCS, 2015; Northern Land Manager, 2011; Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001).

U.S. distribution and status: Jatropha curcas is reported in some counties of southern Florida (Gann et al., 2001 -2014; Kartesz, 2014; NRCS, 2014) and “occasionally naturalized” along the east coast of Florida from Brevard County southward (Nelson, 2011). It is al so “sparsely naturalized” in Hawaii (Maui) (Wagner et al., 1990). In Puerto Rico it is “[o]n hillsides, on waste grounds and in woodlands, at lower to middle elevations, often planted and spontaneous after cultiva tion” (Liogier and Martor ell, 2000). It occurs in American Samoa, Guam, Northern Ma riana Islands (CABI, 2015), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (Más and Lugo-Torres, 2013), but its exact status in those
territories is unknown.

WRA area 1 : Entire United States, including territories.

1. Jatropha curcas analysis
Establishment/Sprea
d Potential Jatropha curcas is a deciduous, perennial pl ant (Dehgan, 2012; Henning, 2007) that produces viable seeds (Brittai ne and Lutaladio, 2010). It has been introduced as a hedge and ornamental plant and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions in Africa, Asia , and Latin America (GEXSI, 2008; IPCS, 2015; Northern Land Manager, 2011; Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001) for medicinal purposes (Henning, 2007) and seed oil, which is used for manufacturing soap, lamp oil, lubricant, and more recently as a biofuel feedstock (Henning, 2007). It is natura lized in many countries (IPCS, 2015; Kirtikar, 1903; Maundu and Tengnäs, 2005) and has spread in some others (IPCS, 2015). Some mammals, such as rodents, likely disperse seeds of J.

curcas by moving seeds to their burrows or other feeding sites, but such

1 “WRA area” is the area in relation to which the weed risk a ssessment is conducted [definition modified from that for “PRA area”] (IPPC, 2012).Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

Ver. 1 February 13, 2015 3 instances are likely rare (Negussie et al., 2014). Jatropha curcas tolerates some mutilation by re-sprouting from its tuberous roots when injured (Northern Land Manager, 2011; Parsons and Cuthbert son, 2001). We had average uncertainty
for this risk element. Risk score = 7 Uncertainty index = 0.16

Impact Potential Jatropha curcas is reported as an environmenta l weed in Australia (Northern Land Manager, 2011; University of Queensl and, 2011) and in other countries as a plant of environmental concern (Space and Flynn, 2002; Space et al., 2009). It is a quarantine pest for Australia an d South Africa (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010; Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). U nder laboratory conditions it has been shown to be allelopathic (Abugre an d Quashie-Sam, 2010; Cremonez et al., 2013; Ma et al., 2011; Reiche l et al., 2013; Rejila a nd Vijayakumar, 2011; Wang et al., 2009), but it is unknow n if it has these same effects under field conditions. Under some conditions, J. curcas forms thickets that changes habitat structure with negative impacts on wildlife (N orthern Land Manager, 2011) and it apparently threatens biodiversity (Unive rsity of Queensland, 2011). All parts of

J. curcas , especially the seeds, are gene rally toxic to humans and animals (Froberg et al., 2007 cited by Ferreira et al., 2011). Animals do not usually eat it, however, (IPCS, 2015), and toxicity depends on both plant variety (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010) and animal species (Ferreira et al., 2011; Heller, 1996; University of Queensland, 2011). Although considered a weed of anthropogenic and production systems (Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2007; University of Queensland, 2011), we found no evidence that J. curcas is being managed in either system. We had very high uncertainty for this risk element due to limited detailed accounts of its impacts. Risk score = 3 Uncertainty index = 0.29

Geographic
Potential Based on three climatic variables, we estimate that about 11 percent of the
United States is suitable for the establishment of J. curcas (Fig. 1). This predicted distribution is based on the sp ecies’ known distribution elsewhere in the world and includes point-referenced localities and areas of occurrence. The map for J. curcas represents the joint distribution of Plant Hardiness Zones 9-13, areas with 0-100+ inches of annual pr ecipitation, and the following KöppenGeiger climate classes: tr opical rainforest, tropical savanna, steppe, desert, humid subtropical, and marine west coast.

The area estimated is likely conservative since it only uses three climatic
variables. Other environmental variable s, such as soil and habitat type, may further limit the areas in which this species is likely to establish. Jatropha

curcas is best adapted to arid and semi -arid conditions (Hen ning, 2007; Orwa et al., 2009). In its native range it is comm on in deciduous forests and open spaces (Dehgan, 2012) and occurs in seasonally dry areas including grassland-savannah and thorn forest scrub (Orwa et al., 2009). It also can colonize disturbed areas such as railroads, abandoned sites, wa stelands, and disturbed sites (CABI, 2015; Northern Land Manager, 2011; Parsons a nd Cuthbertson, 2001). It will grow onWeed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

Ver. 1 February 13, 2015 4 degraded, sandy or gravelly, and even salin e soils with low nutrient content, but cannot survive in waterlogge d terrain (Henning, 2007).

Entry Potential We did not assess the entry potential of J. curcas because it is already present in the United States (Kartesz, 2014; Nels on, 2011; Más and Lugo-Torres, 2013; NRCS, 2014; Wagner et al., 1990).

Figure 1 . Predicted distribution of Jatropha curcas in the United States. Map insets for Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico are not to scale.

2. Results
Model Probabilities: P(Major Invader) = 33.6% P(Minor Invader) = 60.7% P(Non-Invader) = 5.6%
Risk Result = Evaluate Further Secondary Screening = Evaluate FurtherWeed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

Ver. 1 February 13, 2015 5 Figure 2

. Jatropha curcas risk score (black box) relative to the risk scores of species used to develop a nd validate the PPQ WRA model (other symbols). See Appendix A for the complete assessment.

Figure 3 . Model simulation results (N=5,000) for uncertainty around the risk
score for Jatropha curcas . The blue “+” symbol represents the medians of the
simulated outcomes. The smallest box c ontains 50 percent of the outcomes, the second 95 percent, and th e largest 99 percent.Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

Ver. 1 February 13, 2015 6 3. Discussion

The result of the weed risk assessment for J. curcas is Evaluate Further even after secondary screening. This species sh ares many traits with minor invaders (Fig. 2) and our model indicated a 61 pe rcent probability of it being a minor
invader. The risk score for J. curcas is very near the High Risk threshold though, with about 53 percent of the si mulated risk scores resulting in a determination of High Risk in the uncert ainty analysis (Fig. 3). Two different
evaluations of J. curcas with the Australian Weed Risk Assessment gave this plant a reject outcome (Gor don et al., 2011; PIER, 2006).

The seed oil of this plant is being promoted as a biofuel feedstock (e.g., Beckford, n.d.). Consequently, farmers in th e United States may be interested in growing more of this plant (e.g., Davis, 2011). Areas with trop ical climates like Hawaii and many U.S. territories are likel y to be the most suitable for its production as a biofuel (Jongschaap et al., 2007). Jatropha curcas reproduces by seed (Henning, 2007) and seed is the product harvested for biofuel feedstock oil (Carels et al., 2012). Harvesting J. curcas for biofuel production will decrease the number of propagules ava ilable, which will reduce the likelihood of this plant escaping producti on fields. In biofuel crops of J. curcas , full production is achieved in the fourth or fifth year (Henning, 2007), but under ideal conditions, J. curcas can produce seed within the first year (Silip, 2010). If not harvested, this seed could contribute to J. curcas escaping from production fields. Additionally, J. curcas is a perennial plant with an estimated lifespan of 30 to 50 years (Henning, 2007); any aba ndoned groves could serve as a seed source for many years. When removing plan ts, eliminating all of the roots is also recommended because re-sprouti ng can occur (Northern Land Manager, 2011; Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001).

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New York. Solomon Raju, A. J., and V. Ezrada nam. 2002. Pollination ecology and fruiting behavior in a monoecious species, Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae). Current Science 83(11):1395-1398. Space, J. C., and T. Flynn. 2002. Report to the government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmen tal concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. 80 pp. Space, J. C., D. H. Lorence, and A. M. La Rosa. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on invasive plant sp ecies. United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station,
Institute of Pacific Islands Fore stry, Hilo, Hawai‘i, USA. 233 pp. Starr, F., and K. Starr. 2009-2012. Plants of Hawaii: Jatropha curcas . Starr
Environmental. http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/search/?q=Jatropha+curcas& o=plants. (Archived at PERAL). Sunil, N., V. Kumar, and K. Varaprasad. 2013. Origin, Domestication, Distribution and Diversity of Jatropha curcas L. Pages 137-151 in B. Bahadur, M. Sujatha, and N. Carels, (eds.). Jatropha, Challenges for a New Energy Crop. Volume 2: Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology. Springer New York. Tropicos.org. 2014. Jatropha curcas L. Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/12800067. (Archived at PERAL). University of Queensland. 2011. Weeds of Australia. Biosecurity Queensland Edition. Queensland Government, Australia. http://keyserver.lucidcentral .org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04- 0605030c0f01/media/Html/Index.htm. (Archived at PERAL). Vos, P. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the western Indian Ocean: 2. The Comoros Archipelago (Union of the Comoros and Mayotte). Forest Hea lth & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-2E. Forestry Department, F ood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

Ver. 1 February 13, 2015 12 Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Universi ty of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum,
Honolulu. Wang, J. C., Y. Wu, Q. Wang, Y. L. Peng, K. W. Pan, P. Pluo, and N. Wu. 2009. Allelopathic effects of Jatropha curcas on marigold ( Tagetes

erecta L.). Allelopathy Journal 24(1):123-130. Wang, Z. 2012. Chapter 6. Producing Jatropha Biodiesel in China: Policies, Performance and Challenges. Pages 95-124 in N. Carels, M. Sujatha, and B. Bahadur, (eds.). Jatropha , Challenges for a New Energy Crop. Volume 1: Farming, Economics a nd Biofuel. Springer New York.Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

Ver. 1 February 13, 2015 13 Appendix A . Weed risk assessment for Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae). Below is all of the
evidence and associated references us ed to evaluate the risk potential of this taxon. We also include the answer, uncertainty rating, and sc ore for each question. The Excel f ile, where this assessment was conducted, is available upon request.

Question ID Answer - Uncertainty Score Notes (and references)

ESTABLISHMENT/SPREAD POTENTIAL
ES-1 [What is the taxon’s establishment and spread status outside its native range? (a) Introduced elsewhere =>75 years ago but not escaped; (b) Introduced <75 years ago but not escaped; (c) Never moved beyond its native range; (d) Escaped/Casual; (e) Naturalized; (f) Invasive; (?) Unknown] e - mod 2 Jatropha curcas is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central Amer ica (Sunil et al., 2013). It has been introduced to and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions in A frica, Asia, and Latin America as a hedge and ornamental plant (GEXSI, 2008; IPCS, 2015; Northern Land Manager, 2011; Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). Jatropha curcas has “become spontaneous in many countri es” where it is cultivated (Dehgan, 2012). Is now naturalized in drier areas in many African countries (Maundu and Tengnäs, 2005). Jatropha

curcas “naturalized in bushlands and along rivers in the western, central and coastal parts of Kenya” (Maundu and Tengnäs, 2005). Naturalized in India (Kirtikar, 1903). It is grown occasionally in warmer parts of Australia and is naturalized in a few places in Queensland and the Northern Territory (IPCS, 2015), and it is now found in the Darwin rural area and at Kapalga in Kakadu National Park (Northern Land Manager, 2011). Elsewhere, it has been reported to colonize disturbed areas along tracks and riverbanks (Northern Land Manager, 2011). In the United States, “occasionally naturalized” along the east coast of Florida (Nelson, 2011). It is also “sparsely naturalized” in Hawaii (Maui) (Wagner et al., 1990). In southern Africa, the species has spread from Mozambique through Zambia to the Transvaal and Natal (IPCS, 2015), this is the only evidence supporting spread but we were not able to
confirm the source. Alternate answers for the Monte Carlo
simulation are “f” and “d.” ES-2 (Is the species highly domesticated) n - low 0 Jatropha curcas is probably a plant in the process of
domestication. Jatropha curcas can still be considered a (semi-) wild, undomesticated plant showing considerable performance variability (Achten et al., 2010). Genetic improvement of J. curcas for increasing seed and oil yield per unit area is still in its in fancy (Divakara et al., 2010). Currently, J. curcas breeding and genetic improvement programs are carried out for various traits, such as growth rate, flowering phenology, and fruit and seed morphology, which could potentially increase invasion success (Negussie et al., 2013b). Thus we answered no with low uncertainty. ES-3 (Weedy congeners) y - negl 1 The genus Jatropha contains approximately 170 known species (Heller, 1996). A doze n of these are considered weeds (Randall, 2012). Jatropha gossypiifolia is regarded as an important environmental weed in the Northern Territory, Queensland, and the northern parts of Western Australia, and is ranked among the top 200 most invasive plant species in south-eastern Queensland (University of Queensland, 2011).Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

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Question ID Answer - Uncertainty Score Notes (and references)

ES-4 (Shade tolerant at some stage of its life cycle) n - negl 0 Jatropha curcas is unsuited to growing in shade (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). The plant is well adapted to conditions of high light intensity (Jongschaap et al., 2007). ES-5 (Climbing or smothering growth form) n - negl 0 Jatropha curcas is neither a vine nor forms tightly appressed basal rosettes. Jatropha curcas is an erect shrub
or small tree with one to several stems that are 2 to 15 meters tall (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001; Dehgan, 2012). ES-6 (Forms dense thickets) y - negl 2 In Australia, Jatropha curcas forms dense thickets or colonies (University of Queensland, 2011; Northern Land Manager, 2011). In Queensland, Australia, large infestations have been reported in a couple of sites, with the largest thicket being 100 m long and 50 m wide (Low and Booth, 2007). ES-7 (Aquatic) n - negl 0 Jatropha curcas is a terrestrial plant. It can grow on degraded, sandy or gravelly, and even saline soils with low nutrient content, but cannot survive in waterlogged terrain (Henning, 2007). ES-8 (Grass) n - negl 0 Jatropha curcas is not a grass; it is in the Euphorbiaceae family (Dehgan, 2012). ES-9 (Nitrogen-fixing woody plant) n - negl 0 Jatropha curcas is in the Euphorbiaceae, which is not one
of the families known to co ntain nitrogen-fixing species (Martin and Dowd, 1990; Santi et al., 2013). ES-10 (Does it produce viable seeds or spores) y - negl 1 Jatropha curcas produces viable seeds (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010; Henning, 2007; University of Queensland, 2011). ES-11 (Self-compatible or apomictic) y - negl 1 The plants are self-compatible (Juhász et al., 2009).

ES-12 (Requires special pollinators) n - negl 0 In India and other parts of the world, many insects are reported to effectively pollinate J. curcas (Ovando-Medina et al., 2013; Solomon Raju and Bahadur, 2013), including, bees, ants, flies and thrips (Solomon Raju and Ezradanam, 2002). ES-13 [What is the taxon’s minimum generation time? (a) less than a year with multiple generations per year; (b) 1 year, usually annuals; (c) 2 or 3 years; (d) more than 3 years; or (?) unknown] b - high 1 In a field study conducted in Malaysia, J. curcas took 120 to 176 days from seeding to dry fruit (Silip, 2010). In

contrast, J. curcas seed germinates in around 10 days. The plant may reach one meter and flower within five months under good conditions. Fruit need 90 days from flowering until seeds mature (Heller, 199 6). Seeds are produced in the first or second year of gr owth (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). We answered “b.” Alternate answers for the Monte
Carlo simulation were both “c.” ES-14 (Prolific reproduction) n - low -1 Jatropha curcas is a woody shrub or small tree (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). Jatropha curcas seed yields are highly variable (Heller, 1996; Jingura, 2012). Nevertheless, in a survey to characterize seed yields of cultivated J.

curcas (Wang, 2012), trees with a crown width (or diameter) of 4.5 meters produced 1,000 fruits. Each fruit normally can have 3 seeds. Based on these data, we
estimate that J. curcas can produce close to 189 seeds per square meter. This was under cultivated conditions and not considering seed viability. This information indicates that even under the most favorable conditions (e.g., underWeed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

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Question ID Answer - Uncertainty Score Notes (and references)

cultivation) J. curcas does not meet the threshold yes response for a woody species, which is 1,000 or more viable seeds per square meter. ES-15 (Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally by people) ? - max -1 While Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) state that "longer distance [seed] spread is... in mud adhering to...vehicles," propagules of J. curcas lack morphological dispersal adaptations (i.e., burrs, sticky seeds) that facilitate unintentional dispersal by human activity. Seeds of J.

curcas are smooth coated and relatively large, 18 to 20 mm long by 11 to 13 mm wide (Dehgan, 2012). Propagules (e.g., seeds) of J. curcas have been intentionally spread by humans for cultivations (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010; Heller, 1996). Thus we answered unknown. ES-16 (Propagules likely to disperse in trade as contaminants or hitchhikers) n - mod -1 We found no evidence.

ES-17 (Number of natural dispersal vectors) 1 -2 Fruit and seed description for ES-17a through ES-17e: The fruit is a drupaceous, trilocular, ellipsoid capsule, 23 to 30 mm long by 28 mm wide, tardily dehiscent (Dehgan, 2012). The exocarp of the fruit remains fleshy until the seeds are mature (Orwa et al ., 2009). Seeds are black or black mottled with some white spots, oblong-ellipsoidal, 18 to 20 mm long by 11 to 13 mm wide, with a smooth seed coat (Dehgan, 2012). ES-17a (Wind dispersal) n - negl Seeds of J. curcas lack morphological features that would facilitate wind dispersal (e.g., Armstrong, 1999). We found
no evidence that J. curcas propagules are dispersed by wind, and it seems unlikely given their size. ES-17b (Water dispersal) n - mod Parson and Cuthbertson (2001) state seeds disperse long
distances in water flow. We fo und no further evidence that water is a typical means of dispersal. On the contrary, in a field study conducted by Negu ssie et al. (Negussie et al., 2013a) in Zambia “natural pro cesses such as gravity, water,
and sediment flows are ineffec tive vectors for dispersal of

J. curcas , at least under the studied soil and relatively flat slope conditions.” Furthermore, J. curcas is intolerant of waterlogged conditions (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). Thus we answered no with moderate uncertainty. ES-17c (Bird dispersal) n - high The doves Turtur leucopterus and Chaemaepelia passerine reportedly eat J. curcas seeds in Jamaica (Gosse, 1847 cited by Ridley, 1930). However, Ridley (1930) said it is doubtful whether the seeds passed through the bird’s digestive tract in good enough condition to germinate. We answered no, with high uncertainty, because we found no additional evidence that seeds of this plant are dispersed by
birds. ES-17d (Animal external dispersal) y - high Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) state that "longer distance [seed] spread is... in mud adhering to animal hooves..." In a field study in Zambia, Negussie et al. (2013a) discovered
that toxic J. curcas seeds are frequently dispersed by some
rodents and shrews. The author s report that these animals take the seeds to their burrows, but none germinate due to predation or deep burying. Still, some seeds may beWeed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

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Question ID Answer - Uncertainty Score Notes (and references)

dropped in route to the burrows or other feeding sites, or some may be removed and never eaten. We answered yes, with high uncertainty. ES-17e (Animal internal dispersal) n - low We found no evidence that J. curcas propagules are dispersed internally by animals. The large seeds of J curcas are unlikely to survive mastica tion. For instance in a field study in Zambia, significant amounts of predated J. curcas
seed were found in the burrows of small mammals (Negussie et al., 2013a). Furthermore, many animals typically do not eat the seed because it is toxic (Heller, 1996). Thus, its propagules are unlikely to be dispersed internally by animals. ES-18 (Evidence that a persistent (>1yr) propagule bank (seed bank) is formed) n - mod -1 According to Negussie et al. (2014) no seed dormancy has been reported for J. curcas

.

ES-19 (Tolerates/benefits from mutilation, cultivation or fire) y - low 1 Some suckering occurs from the tuberous roots, particularly when plants are injured (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). It is recommended that “[i]solated plants and small infestations [of J. curcas ] should be dug out, being careful to remove all of the roots, from which the plant can resprout” (Northern Land Manager, 2011). ES-20 (Is resistant to some herbicides or has the potential to become resistant) n - low 0 We found no evidence that J. curcas is resistant to
herbicides. Control recommendations include the use of picloram + 2,4-D or picloram + triclopyr mixture in water. Also, the use of hexazinone as a soil injection and with glyphosate, triclopyr and imazapyr applied as overall sprays (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). In a study to evaluate the effect of simulated glyphosate drift on the initial growth of J. curcas plants under greenhouse conditions, plants showed some tolerance to simulated glyphosate drift up to a dose of 22.5 g ha-1 (Costa et al., 2009). However, drift doses above 45.0 g ha-1 of this herbicide can severely harm the initial development of J.

curcas . Furthermore, this species is not listed as an
herbicide-resistant plant (Heap, 2014). ES-21 (Number of cold hardiness zones suitable for its survival) 5 0

ES-22 (Number of climate types suitable for its survival) 6 2

ES-23 (Number of precipitation bands suitable for its survival) 11 1

IMPACT POTENTIAL General Impacts Imp-G1 (Allelopathic) y - high 0.1 Jatropha curcas produces allelopath ic chemicals thatinhibit the growth of other plants (Abugre and QuashieSam, 2010; Cremonez et al., 2013; Ma et al., 2011; Reichel et al., 2013; Rejila and Vija yakumar, 2011; Wang et al., 2009). We answered yes with high uncertainty because the evidence have been derived from studies using artificial concentrations of plant tissue extracts and not studies
derived from field studies under natural conditions. Imp-G2 (Parasitic) n - negl 0 We found no evidence that this species is or is not parasitic. This species is not a member of a plant familyWeed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

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known to contain parasitic plant species (Heide-Jorgensen, 2008; Nickrent, 2012). Impacts to Natural Systems Imp-N1 (Change ecosystem processes and parameters that affect other species) ? - max Unknown.

Imp-N2 (Change community structure) y - low 0.2 Jatropha curcas forms thickets that can completely transform open woodland or grassland into shrubland, making habitat unsuitable for a range of wildlife (Northern Land Manager, 2011). If it establishes widespread populations, it may threaten some of Australia's rangeland communities (University of Queensland, 2011). Imp-N3 (Change community composition) y - low 0.2 Jatropha curcas reportedly threatens biodiversity in the Einasleigh and Desert Uplands bioregion in inland northern Queensland (University of Queensland, 2011). Imp-N4 (Is it likely to affect
federal Threatened and Endangered species) y - high 0.1 Jatropha curcas can change habitat structure and alter biodiversity (see Imp-N2 and N3), possibly affecting Federal Threatened & Endangered (T&E) species. Imp-N5 (Is it likely to affect any globally outstanding ecoregions) n - high We found no evidence J. curcas is likely to negatively affect globally outstanding ecoregions. Jatropha curcas is reported to invade coastal forest and intermediate-altitude forests in the islands of the Comoro Archipelago (Vos, 2004). In Northern Australia, it occurs in humid and subhumid tropical shrublands (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). It can change hab itat structure and threaten biodiversity (see Imp-N2 and N3), but we found no evidence of it transforming entire ecosystems. Also, J.

curcas has been present a long time in Florida without demonstrating any significant impact (Beckford, n.d.), even though the state is part of a globally outstanding ecoregion (i.e., Florida Sand Pine Scrub) (Ricketts et al., 1999). Imp-N6 [What is the taxon’s weed status in natural systems? (a) Taxon not a weed; (b) taxon a weed but no evidence of control; (c) taxon a weed and evidence of control efforts] c - mod 0.6 Jatropha curcas has invaded coastal forest and
intermediate-altitude forest in all the islands of the Comoro Archipelago (Vos, 2004). It is regarded as an environmental weed or potential environmental weed in many parts of northern Australia (University of Queensland, 2011). It is called a significant environmental weed in the Australian Northern Territory Parks and Conservation Masterplan. This plant is found in the Darwin rural area and at Kapalga in Kakadu National Park. A stand at Mount Wells, near Pine Creek, has been eradicated (Northern Land Manager, 201 1). We answered “c,” with moderate uncertainty because we found only one case or no
further evidence of its contro l. Alternate an swers for the
Monte Carlo simulation were both “b.” Impact to Anthropogenic Systems (cities, suburbs, roadways) Imp-A1 (Impacts human property, processes, civilization, or safety) n - mod 0 We found no evidence.

Imp-A2 (Changes or limits recreational use of an area) n - mod 0 We found no evidence.

Imp-A3 (Outcompetes, replaces, or otherwise affects desirable plants and vegetation) n - mod 0 We found no evidence.Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

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Imp-A4 [What is the taxon’s weed status in anthropogenic systems? (a) Taxon not a weed; (b) Taxon a weed but no evidence of control; (c) Taxon a weed and evidence of control efforts] b - mod 0.1 Jatropha curcas is a weed of tropical and sub-tropical environments that is found in disturbed sites, waste areas, abandoned gardens and along roadsides (University of Queensland, 2011). It colonizes disturbed areas along tracks (Northern Land Manager, 2011.) It occurs as relict shrubs on abandoned mine and homestead sites (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). However, we found no evidence it is specifically managed for its impact in these areas. It is also widely cultivated (GEXSI , 2008). We answered “b”;
alternate answers for the Mont e Carlo simulation were “a”
and “c.” Impact to Production Systems (agriculture, nurseries, forest plantations, orchards, etc.) Imp-P1 (Reduces crop/product yield) y - high 0.4 In Australia, J. curcas “competes with pasture plants and dense thickets may reduce pasture productivity” (University of Queensland, 2011). It “may act as an alternative host for plant pest s, such as the cotton insect
pest, Caidea dreggi , in Tanzania” (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). We found that cultivated J. curcas has a number of pests that can be pests of other crops (Anonymous, n.d.; Heller, 1996). However, we found no evidence that these pests migrate to other crops to cause significant issues. Imp-P2 (Lowers commodity value) n - mod 0 We found no evidence. Imp-P3 (Is it likely to impact trade) n - low 0 Jatropha curcas is a declared noxious weed in Australia’s Northern Territory and Wester n Australia; consequently, it is not permitted entry and must be eradicated when found in the state (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001; University of Queensland, 2011). South Africa bans commercial production of J. curcas due to environmental concerns (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2 010). However, because we
found no evidence that J. curcas propagules can disperse through traded commodities, we answered no. Imp-P4 (Reduces the quality or availability of irrigation, or strongly competes with plants for water) n - mod 0 We found no evidence.

Imp-P5 (Toxic to animals, including livestock/range animals and poultry) y - low 0.1 All parts of J. curcas are toxic, especially the seeds, which are generally toxic to humans and animals (Froberg et al., 2007 cited by Ferreira et al ., 2011). Varieties commonly found growing in Africa and Asia have seeds that are toxic to humans and animals, whereas some varieties found in
Mexico and Central America are known to be non-toxic (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). Toxicity has been demonstrated on feeding trials with various mammal species and chickens, but effe cts vary by animal species (Ferreira et al., 2011; Heller, 1996). It is toxic to livestock, though few instances of stock poisoning have been reported in Australia (University of Queensland, 2011). Jatropha curcas is not usually eaten by animals, but might be if drought conditions cause a shortage of forage (IPCS, 2015). We answered yes, but used low uncertainty because while this species is toxic, plants are unlikely to be
consumed under normal circumstances.Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

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Imp-P6 [What is the taxon’s weed status in production systems? (a) Taxon not a weed; (b) Taxon a weed but no evidence of control; (c) Taxon a weed and evidence of control efforts] b - mod 0.2 Jatropha curcas is categorized as a weed of agriculture (Randall, 2007). In Puerto Rico, it is reported as a “common weed” in a crop (Holm et al., 1979). It is also reported “present as a weed” in crops in Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, and El Salvador, “but its rank of importance is unknown” (Holm et al., 1979). This species is widely cultivated as a crop in some countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America (GEXSI, 2008). We answered “b” beca use we found no evidence that it is specifically managed for its impact in crops or agriculture. Alternate answers for the Monte Carlo
simulation were “a” and “c.”

GEOGRAPHIC POTENTIAL Unless otherwise indicated, the following evidence represents geographically referenced points obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

Plant hardiness zones Geo-Z1 (Zone 1) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-Z2 (Zone 2) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-Z3 (Zone 3) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-Z4 (Zone 4) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-Z5 (Zone 5) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-Z6 (Zone 6) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-Z7 (Zone 7) n - mod N/A Although three records exist in China and one in Argentina, J. curcas is a tropical and subtropical species that is intolerant of frost (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010) and very low temperatures (<7° C) (Carels et al., 2012). The few points we found for Zone 7 may be plants growing in protected areas or errors in the maps. Thus, we answered no with low uncertainty. Geo-Z8 (Zone 8) n - high N/A We found a few points in Mexico and China, but they were on the edge of Plant Hardiness Zones 9 and 10. Jatropha

curcas is a tropical and subtropical plant that is intolerant of frost (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010) and very low temperatures (<7°C) (Carels et al., 2012). The few points we found for Zone 8 may be plants growing in protected areas or errors in the maps. Geo-Z9 (Zone 9) y - negl N/A Mexico, South Africa, China, Argentina, and Bolivia. Reported in the United States in Polk County, Florida (Kartesz, 2015). Geo-Z10 (Zone 10) y - negl N/A Mexico, South Africa, Australia, China, Paraguay, and Peru. Reported in the United States in Brevard, Broward, Miami Dade, Lee, Manatee and Polk counties in Florida (Kartesz, 2015). Geo-Z11 (Zone 11) y - negl N/A Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Madagascar, Tanzania, Australia, and Peru. Reported in the United States in Miami Dade, Lee, and Manatee counties in Florida (Kartesz, 2015). Geo-Z12 (Zone 12) y - negl N/A Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru. Reported in the United States in Miami Dade, Lee, and Manatee counties in Florida (Kartesz, 2015). Geo-Z13 (Zone 13) y - negl N/A Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, the Philippines, and Ecuador. Reported in the United States in Maui, Oahu,Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

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and Niihau in Hawaii (NRCS, 2015; Wagner et al., 1990). Köppen -Geiger climate classes Geo-C1 (Tropical rainforest) y - negl N/A Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Peru, the Philippines, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Brazil. Reported in the United States in Hawaii (NRCS, 2015) and in Broward, Miami Dade, and Lee counties in Florida (Kartesz, 2015). Geo-C2 (Tropical savanna) y - negl N/A Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Australia, and Ethiopia. Reported in the United States in Maui, Oahu, and Niihau in Hawaii (NRCS, 2015; Wagner et al., 1990). Geo-C3 (Steppe) y - low N/A Mexico (few), Ecuador, Peru, Madagascar, Tanzania, Cameroon, and Australia. Geo-C4 (Desert) y - high N/A One point each for Egypt, Yemen, Mauritania, Peru, and Ecuador. Grown in Cape Verde (Heller, 1996). Jatropha

curcas is best adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions. It is reported to withstand “years without rainfall in Cape Verde" (Heller, 1996). Geo-C5 (Mediterranean) n - mod N/A We found one point in Ethiopia, but answered no because this plant may be growing in a protected area. Geo-C6 (Humid subtropical) y - negl N/A Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and China. Reported in the United States in Brevard, Broward, Miami Dade, Lee, Manatee, and Polk counties in Florida (NRCS, 2015). Geo-C7 (Marine west coast) y - negl N/A Mexico, South Africa, Madagascar, and China. Geo-C8 (Humid cont. warm sum.) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-C9 (Humid cont. cool sum.) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-C10 (Subarctic) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-C11 (Tundra) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. Geo-C12 (Icecap) n - negl N/A We found no evidence that it occurs in this zone. 10-inch precipitation bands Geo-R1 (0-10 inches; 0-25 cm) y - mod N/A Few points in Peru, Senegal, Egypt, and Mauritania. Jatropha curcas is best adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions. It is reported to withstand “years without rainfall in Cape Verde" (Heller, 1996). Geo-R2 (10-20 inches; 25-51 cm) y - negl N/A Mexico, Peru, Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, South Africa, and the United States in Hawaii (Maui, Oahu, Niihau). Geo-R3 (20-30 inches; 51-76 cm) y - negl N/A Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, China, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and
Tanzania. Geo-R4 (30-40 inches; 76-102 cm) y - negl N/A Mexico, Bolivia, Australia, China, and Nigeria.
Geo-R5 (40-50 inches; 102-127 cm) y - negl N/A Mexico, Bolivia, Australia, China, Paraguay, and the United States in Florida (Miami Dade, Lee, Manatee). Geo-R6 (50-60 inches; 127-152 cm) y - negl N/A Mexico, Nicaragua, Australia, China, Madagascar, and the United States in Florida (Miami Dade, Lee, Manatee). Geo-R7 (60-70 inches; 152-178 cm) y - negl N/A Mexico, Nicaragua, China, and the United States in Florida (Miami Dade, Lee, Manatee, Polk). Geo-R8 (70-80 inches; 178-203 cm) y - negl N/A El Salvador, Nicaragua, China, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and in the United States in Florida (Brevard, Miami Dade, Polk). Geo-R9 (80-90 inches; 203-229 cm) y - negl N/A Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Australia, China, and in the United States in Florida (Broward, Miami Dade). Geo-R10 (90-100 inches; 229-254 cm) y - negl N/A Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and China, Madagascar.Weed Risk Assessment for Jatropha curcas

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Geo-R11 (100+ inches; 254+ cm) y - negl N/A Mexi co, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and China.

ENTRY POTENTIAL Ent-1 (Plant already here) y - negl 1 Jatropha curcas is reported in some counties of southern Florida (Kartesz, 2014; NRCS, 2014) and “occasionally naturalized” along the east coast of Florida from about Brevard County southward (Nelson, 2011). It is also “sparsely naturalized” in Hawa ii (Maui) (Wagner et al., 1990). Reported in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (Más and Lugo-Torres, 2013). Ent-2 (Plant proposed for entry, or entry is imminent ) - N/A

Ent-3 (Human value & cultivation/trade status) - N/A

Ent-4 (Entry as a contaminant) Ent-4a (Plant present in Canada, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean or China ) - N/A

Ent-4b (Contaminant of plant propagative material (except seeds)) - N/A

Ent-4c (Contaminant of seeds for planting) - N/A

Ent-4d (Contaminant of ballast water) - N/A

Ent-4e (Contaminant of aquarium plants or other aquarium products) - N/A

Ent-4f (Contaminant of landscape products) - N/A

Ent-4g (Contaminant of containers, packing materials, trade goods, equipment or conveyances) - N/A

Ent-4h (Contaminants of fruit, vegetables, or other products for consumption or processing) - N/A

Ent-4i (Contaminant of some other pathway) - N/A

Ent-5 (Likely to enter through natural dispersal) - N/A