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NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 858

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, ( 3 ) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for

Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology,

the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United

States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system

with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radiation Research, an Office of Measurement Services and the following divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Nuclear

Sciences

" Applied Radiation '-' — Quantum Electronics " — Electromagnetics 3 — Time

and Frequency "' — Laboratory Astrophysics 3 — Cryogenics "'. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized

materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides

advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and

distributes standard reference materials. The Institute consists of the Office of Standard

Reference Materials and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry — Polymers — Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Reactor

Radiation — Physical Chemistry.

THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to promote

the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and Government; cooperates with public and private organizations leading to the development of

technological standards (including mandatory safety standards), codes and methods of test; and provides technical advice and services to Government agencies upon request. The Institute consists of a Center for Building Technology and the following divisions and offices: Engineering and Product Standards — Weights and Measures — Invention and Innovation — Product Evaluation Technology — Electronic Technology — Technical Analysis — Measurement Engineering — Structures, Materials, and Life Safety * — Building Environment ' — Technical Evaluation and Application ' — Fire Technology.

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effec- tiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition, and effective

utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus within

the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Institute consists of the following

divisions: Computer Services — Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Information Technology. THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and

accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and

a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum

accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following

organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data — Office of Information Activities — Office of Technical

Publications — Library — Office of International Relations.

'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234.

a Part of the Center for Radiation Research.

a Located at Boulder. Colorado 80302.
«* STAND. lf,0H tlBEART

2 8 JUL 1975 A Program for Survey of

Fire Loads and Live Loads in Office Buildings

Charles Culver and Jill Kushner

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

A report prepared for the Building Research Advisory Board

National Research Council

National Academy of Sciences - National Academy of Engineering and the Public Buildings Service General Services Administration Washington, D. C. 20405

^fAU Of

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts, Director

Issued May 1975
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 74-600203

National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 858

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 858, 229 pages (May 1975) CODEN: NBTNAE

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1975

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

(Order by SD Catalog No. 13.46:858). Price $3.75 cents. (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing).
ABSTRACT

The development of a survey program for determining the fire

loads and live loads in office buildings is described. Considerations

involved in planning the program which is directed toward establishing

the factors affecting the loads in buildings are presented. The type

of data to be collected and a data collection technique which utilizes

visually observed information on the characteristics of building content

items to determine weight are discussed. Procedures employed to select

buildings to be included in a nation-wide office building load survey

being conducted by the National Bureau of Standards and a sampling plan

for selecting rooms to be surveyed in these buildings are also discussed.

Key Words: Buildings; fire loads; occupancy live loads; load surveys;

structural engineering; survey techniques.

Note : This report, to the Building Research Advisory Board, National

Research Council, National Academy of Sciences - National Academy

of Engineering, was prepared by the Office of Federal Building

Technology, Center for Building Technology, Institute for

Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC,

under Subcontract No. BRAB 27-73-53 between the National Academy

of Sciences and the National Bureau of Standards. It is being

distributed to the professional community to keep it advised

of and to elicit its comments on the methodology being used in

conjunction with the survey of office buildings in Phase I of

the Overall program. The results obtained from this survey

will be presented at a later date and a final report on the

total program will be submitted to the National Academy of

Sciences.
SI Conversion Units

In recognition of the position of the USA as a signatory to the

General Conference of Weights and Measures, which gave official status

to the metric SI system of units in 1960, the authors assist readers

interested in making use of the coherent system of SI units by giving

conversion factors applicable to U.S. units used in this paper.

Length

1 in = 0.0254* meter

1 ft = 0.3048* meter

Area

1 in

2 = 6.4516* x 10

4 meter2

1 ft 2 = 0.09290 meter2

Force

1 lb (lbf) = 4.448 newton

Pressure, Stress

2 1 psi = 6895 newton/meter

Thermal

1 Btu = 1.054 x 10

3 joule

* Exactly
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT iii

SI CONVERSION UNITS iv

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1 1.2 Project Objectives 2 1.3 Organization of Report 3

2. CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN PLANNING SURVEY 4

2.1 General 4 2.2 Project Scope 4 2.3 Data Requirements 7

3. SURVEY METHODOLOGY 10

3.1 General 10

3.2 Development of Inventory Survey Technique 10

3.3 Survey Data 86

3.4 Survey Procedure 98

3.4.1 General 98

3.4.2 Building Selection 99

3.4.3 Room Selection 118

3.5 Data Processing 125

3.6 Verification of Survey Technique 125

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 127

5. REFERENCES 128

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Accuracy Required for Determining Load Location 132

APPENDIX B: Data Collection Forms and Instructions 153

1 . INTRODUCTION

This report is being released by NBS at this time to elicit comments

from the scientific and technical community. The final report will be

transmitted to the National Academy of Sciences along with other reports

to be developed by NBS as part of the Fire Loads and Live Loads in

Office Buildings Program. The program of which this work is a part is

being sponsored by the Public Buildings Service, General Services

Administration, under contract between GSA and the Academy.

1. 1 Background

The design of safe economical structures requires consideration of

both loading and resistance (1)*. Loads can be defined as those elements

of the environment which cause stresses in the structure. They may be

classified as dead load such as load attributed to the weight of the

structure, externally caused loads such as earthquake and wind loads, and

live loads resulting from the intended use of the structure which include

items moved into the structure by the occupant. Fire load or the weight

of the combustible contents may generally be considered part of the latter

load category. Portions of the dead load, however, such as interior finish

materials for floors, walls etc. are also considered as part of the fire

load. Resistance or strength refers to the ability of the structure to resist the loading and perform its intended function.

Although considerable information exists relative to characterizing

structural resistance including the behavior of building components subjected to fire, and loads resulting from winds, earthquakes and wave forces, only limited data exist for fire loads and live loads resulting from

the intended use of the structure. Also, most existing load survey data

deals primarily with fire load which is only one aspect of the overall

fire problem. Information on the nature of combustible contents (wood,

metal, etc.), how they are distributed within rooms, the manner in which

the type of occupancy affects these loads and the distribution of loads

throughout the building are all important components in the systems

approach to fire safety in buildings (51).

Most building codes treat the design problem in a deterministic

fashion, i.e. loads and structural resistance are specified as single

valued quantities with no indication of variability, although the probabilistic nature of both the loading and resistance are implicitly recognized in the design process. The current trend in the United States and

Figures in brackets refer to references listed in Chapter 5.
abroad in the development of improved design codes involves explicit con- sideration of the variability of load and resistance (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).

One such effort involves incorporation of probability concepts for load

factor design of steel buildings (8, 9).

Consideration of the variable nature of loads and resistance re- quires sufficient information for their statistical characterization.

Proposed first order probabilistic approaches for structural design (5)

and fire resistant design (6) utilize mean values and coefficients of

variation. A summary of load surveys conducted during the period from

1891-1971 has been presented by Heaney (10) . Based on a review of these

surveys, Heaney concluded "...not one investigator has presented data in

a form suitable for most useful statistical analysis to be readily applied.

The need still exists, therefore, for more load survey information (20).

This is particularly true in view of the significant magnitude of the

fire problem in the United States. Although fire load is only part of

the fire problem, information on fire loads and the type of combustible

contents in buildings is important in developing approaches to reduce

the fire hazard. The report of the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control for example, recommended that "the fuel (fire) load

study sponsored by the General Services Administration and conducted by

the National Bureau of Standards be expanded to update the technical

study of occupancy fire loads" (21) . Data on the frequency distribution

of occupancy live loads and fire loads is also required for application

of probabilistic approaches to design.

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) , and the General Services

Administration (GSA) have long recognized the need to measure live

loads and fire loads in structures. Surveys of fire loads in residences,

offices, schools, medical buildings and a few mercantile buildings

were conducted by NBS during the period from 1928 to 1940 (11) . An

enlarged survey was made of the combustible contents of mercantile and

manufacturing buildings in 1947 (12). Similarly, studies of occupancy

live loads in buildings were conducted by the Public Buildings

Administration (GSA) (13). More recently, NBS has conducted live load

and fire load surveys in office buildings and postal facilities (14, 15,

16, 17, 18, 19).

In 1973 NBS undertook a project to determine fire loads and live

loads in office buildings and educational facilities. The project was

an outgrowth of the load survey program initiated at NBS in 1967. The

purpose of this report is to describe the procedures and techniques

adopted to carry out the work for office buildings.
1.2 Project Objectives

The objectives of the project are: ... to collect fire load and live load data, to create an extensive computerized data bank, and,

utilizing that data, to develop, refine and apply

probabilistic models for predicting current and

future loading conditions for ensuring life safety

and property protection in office buildings and

educational facilities.

The project involves determining the factors which affect the loads and

establishing mathematical models expressing the relationship between these

factors and loads.

In developing the procedures for collecting and analyzing load data,

the objective was to establish methods which would be applicable to a wide class of buildings of differing occupancy type. Efficient, reliable

and economic data collection was also of concern. The material presented

in this report is concerned with loads in office buildings. Parallel

studies, for example, are currently underway at NBS to determine fire

loads and live loads in residential structures and mobile homes.

The results obtained from this work may be used to update existing

design load provisions in standards and codes. In addition, the information should be useful in research studies concerned with the structural

performance of buildings under live loads and the performance under fire

conditions.

1.3 Organization of Report

The general considerations involved in planning the overall survey

program and specific details of the procedures adopted to carry out the

survey are included in this report.

Chapter 2 discusses the planning of the survey program including

the scope of activities.

Chapter 3 describes the survey techniques adopted for this project

including the type of data to be collected, data collected techniques and the

data processing procedures.

Appendix A deals with the problem of the accuracy with which the

position of the loads in a structure need to be measured and the criteria

adopted for this survey.

Appendix B includes the field survey forms and instructions for collecting the data.
2. CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN PLANNING SURVEY

2.1 General

As indicated, the objective of this project was to collect fire and

live load data and determine the extent to which various factors may

affect these loads in office buildings. This dictated the type of data

collection required. The scope of the project and the type of data to be collected based on this objective are discussed in the following

sections.

2.2 Project Scope

The scope of the project evolved from planning activities initiated

at NBS several years ago. A comprehensive survey program for office

buildings was developed by Cornell (22) and summarized in a paper by

Greene (23) . Although certain modifications were introduced following

initiation of the project, the work by Cornell formed the basis for this

project.

The type of loading considered was limited to fire loads and live

loads resulting from the intended use of the building. This included

furniture, equipment, and other items brought in for the service of the

occupants after construction of the building. The weight of the occupants is not included as part of the .live load. Walls and full height

partitions, including removable partitions, affixed to the floor and

ceiling system, doors and windows were not considered for the case of

live load or fire loads. Combustible finish materials, including paneling, paint and wallpaper for walls and full height partitions, ceiling

and flooring finish materials and trim such as wooden molding on walls,

doors, and windows were included only for fire loads. Loads due to partial height partitions used to subdivide larger areas into work stations were included for both fire and live loads.

The areas within buildings for which loads were considered were restricted to offices and related work areas. Corridors, lavatories,

mechanical equipment facilities, elevators, etc., were not included.

Similarly, basements (i.e., the portion of the building completely below

grade) were also not included. Although loads for these areas are important, it was not feasible to include these in the scope of this

project.

Load magnitudes in this survey were determined for a single point

in time, i.e., the loads present at the time of the survey. For office

buildings, as with any structure, loads vary with time. A schematic

representation of this time variation is shown in Fig. 1. The total

load can be considered to be composed of a sustained load component and

transient loads. Note that both the sustained and transient loads

vary with time. Small changes in the sustained load occur as a result

of daily or short term fluctuation. Considerably larger and longer

duration changes occur as a result of changes in the type of occupancy

in portions of the building or the entire building, remodeling, etc. Transient loads occur at discrete points in time during the life of the structure and are usually short duration type loads. For design purposes

both types of loading and their combinations are important.
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Several alternatives exist for determining the loading time history.

The first and obvious procedure involves conducting several surveys over

a period of time to measure the load changes. Special considerations

would be involved in planning such surveys to insure obtaining data on

short duration transient loads. The second, less accurate procedure,

involves incorporation of judgment of the time variation effects in a survey conducted at one point in time. Interviews of occupants to determine their estimates of previous loads including large, short duration

loads in an attempt to reconstruct the load time history is used in this

approach. As noted by Cornell (22), the difficulty with this procedure

is the potential sensitivity of the results to personal judgment and the

combination of quantitative or directly measured survey load data and

qualitative data based on judgment. Time variations may also be dealt

with analytically. Assuming the variation of loads with time is a stationary process, load changes with time may be determined using results

obtained from a survey conducted at one point in time. Karman (24) has

used this procedure for determining the maximum sustained loading in Fig.

1 and Pier (26) generalized the concept for transient extraordinary loads.

The load models proposed by Cornell for this project (22) involve similar

assumptions.

In view of the above considerations, it was decided not to include

occupant interviews, i.e., subjective judgment to reconstruct the loading

time history. Since a permanent record of the data collected in the project will be maintained, the buildings surveyed could be monitored over

time in subsequent follow-up surveys. The data collection forms and instructions for conducting the survey discussed in the next chapter and the

computer software developed for data analysis will substantially reduce

the effort involved in any such subsequent surveys.

Loads will be determined for only some of the rooms in the surveyed

buildings in accordance with a sampling plan. Most previous load surveys

have involved weighing and total sampling of all the floor area within

the buildings surveyed. In view of the expense involved in such thorough

data collection, these previous surveys were restricted to a limited

number of buildings. Since the objective of this survey is to determine

the factors affecting the loads in office buildings and it was assumed

that some of these factors are related to building characteristics, (e.g.',

building height, geographic location, etc.), it was necessary to include

a large number of buildings in the survey. To reduce the field effort

involved it was, therefore, decided to survey only a selected sample of rooms within any one building. General information, however, will be

obtained for all areas in the building. This permits extrapolating the

results obtained from the surveyed rooms to other areas of similar use. Thus in analyzing the survey data it will be possible to study the loads

in the entire building as well as the basic data from the surveyed rooms. Procedures adopted for selecting rooms to survey are discussed in Chapter

3. The survey data and the mathematical models discussed by Cornell (22) can then be used to calculate loads in the unsurveyed rooms. Following

this, studies of the total loading in the building can be conducted.

w The considerations involved in selecting the type of data to be

collected included: (1) obtaining the information of interest to fire

protection engineers in connection with fire severity and the magnitude
and distribution of live loads for structural engineering purposes, and

(2) obtaining information on the factors assumed to affect loads in

office buildings. It is important to note that this second consideration involved considerable judgment in selecting the factors of interest

(22). The survey program was structured, therefore, into two phases

with the first phase, Phase I, designed to identify the important factors

in the list of all factors initially judged to be potentially significant

in this regard. The second phase, Phase II, concentrated on these important factors. Twenty-five buildings were included in the Phase I survey

and 75 buildings in Phase II. Prior to initiating the survey of the 25 buildings, the survey techniques were pretested in a survey of the 12 story NBS Administration building shown in Fig. 2.

A summary and analysis of the data obtained from this pretest will

be included in a subsequent report.

2.3 Data Requirements

The survey data may be grouped into the following three general

categories

1. Building characteristic data

2. Building occupancy data

3. Room data

Building characteristic data - Data collected on the buildings surveyed

included

:

1. Building location - state

2. Age of building - years

3. Height of building - number of stories above ground level

4. Type of vertical load resisting system - column or bearing wall

5. Floor plan layout - classification of all areas in the building

according to functional use and location of these areas (geometric coordinates)

Building occupancy data - These data included

:

1. Occupancy type - classification by building tenant (government,

private or both)

2. Firm data - location (floor and room) and classification and

age (occupancy duration) of the individual firms occupying the

building.

Room data - For the survey rooms these data included:

1. Room use - type of functions performed in room (file room, clerical office, etc.)

2. Room size - length, width and height

3. Dimensions and locations of doors and windows

4. Type of content items - furniture, equipment, etc.

5. Properties of content items - material type, dimensions,

identifying characteristics, exposure, compaction

6. Normal number of occupants

Data on room use and room size were also obtained for the unsurveyed rooms

and other areas including corridors, stairs, and elevators.

The specific data collected and the use of the data are discussed in

Chapter 3.
3. SURVEY METHODOLOGY

3.1 General

The survey data, the data collection procedure and data processing

are described in this chapter. Prior to discussing these, a new survey

technique developed in this project for rapidly and inexpensively collecting the data will be described.

3.2 Development of Inventory Survey Technique

Previous load surveys were primarily concerned with live loads

although some information was obtained on fire loads. For live loads

the weight of content items was of primary concern and direct weighing

was employed using specially resigned apparatus. With fire loads, however, other characteristics relative to combustibility such as material

type, surface area, volume, exposure, etc., are important. Ideally,

load surveys should also obtain data which will permit estimation of

potential rates of heat release and smoke generation. For large surveys, costs and time involved in direct weighing are considerable. In addition,

the weighing operations is disruptive of the normal business operations

conducted in rooms surveyed.

Recognizing the above, it was decided to develop an inventory survey

technique employing the collection of visual data, i.e., observable physical characteristics of the various content items, from which weight information could be obtained. Previous surveys have used this concept to a limited extent. Blackall (44, 45) for example recorded the types of items

in offices and obtained the load by assigning weight values to the various

types of items. Mitchell (27) and Bryson and Gross (15) used manufacturers' lists and a catalog of photographs to identify and code items to obtain weight for some items. The technique utilizing the collection of

visual data has several advantages. First, the data collected is useful

both for determining fire loads and the parameters of interest relative

to fire severity and also for determining live loads. Second, the data

collection operation provides a minimum disruption of business activity.

Third, it should be more rapid, i.e., less field time is involved and

special equipment is not required. Finally, a minimal amount of training

of the survey crews would be required. Such a technique should also

facilitate the collection of data over the long period of time required

to establish the time variation of loads since it may be possible to have

the building occupants periodically complete the data forms themselves.

The concept of developing an inventorying survey technique involved

the assumption that a relationship existed between the visual characteristics of items and their weight. This relationship can be viewed as a transfer function or formula for weight expressed in terms of physical

characteristics. Such relationships exist for mass produced items made

in accordance with certain types of standards. Manufacturers of office

furniture and equipment were contacted, therefore, to determine if

industry-wide standards existed. It was determined that although no explicit standards currently exist, they are being developed. However, some implicit standardization does exist. Recognizing this, it was decided to use available information from manufacturers' catalogs to develop

10
the required transfer functions. In addition, because a wide variety of

types of items may be found in offices, it was decided to develop transfer functions only for commonly occurring items. These include: paper,

books, desks, tables, seating, shelving cabinets, telephones, typewriters

and calculators. For less common items it was decided to resort to estimating the weight during conduct of the survey.

To develop the transfer functions, manufacturers were contacted to identify those characteristics which significantly influence the weight

of the items noted above. Data obtained from catalogs was also used. A

building block approach was used in establishing the transfer functions

by assuming that the weight of an item was obtained by adding the weights

of the various components. For desks, for example, the total weight

would consist of the basic weight of the frame and top plus the weight of

the individual drawers. An alternate approach in which an attempt was made to establish functional relationships between weight and a single

parameter such as surface area did not appear advisable since the catalog

data indicated somewhat distinct weight groupings for particular classes

of items. After identifying these characteristics or the form of the

transfer functions, weight information was collected to obtain quantitative values. In some cases manufacturers' catalogs were used. Where this was not sufficient, additional data obtained by direct weighing of items

was supplied by the manufacturers.

To insure that the data were representative, weight data were obtained

from both large and small manufacturers. Manufacturers applying both

private companies and government facilities were included. In each case, specific data were obtained from a sufficient number of manufacturers to insure that at least 50% of the total sales volume for the particular

item was represented. Based on conversations with manufacturers, these

data were determined to be representative of most of the office furniture

market. Although the data was obtained for currently produced items and

styles, industry representatives indicated that it was valid for older

items. For example, although furniture styles have changed over the years, the basic weights have been constant for at least 30 years.

It was not anticipated that unique numerical values would be obtained

for the terms in the transfer functions, but rather a range of values for

each term. For example, it is obvious that the weight of all wood tables

of a particular size group are not the same. Identification of the significant distinguishing characteristics between items of a particular

class and grouping in sufficiently small classifications will, however,

minimize the range over which the weights vary.

The range of numerical values for the various distinguishing

characteristics of office furniture and equipment is given in Tables 1 through 7. The number of observations or the number of items of furniture with weights in this range encountered in the catalogs is also

given. Note that the characteristics used for the items in the tables

consist of physical characteristics such as material type, type of

drawers, etc., and dimensions. The dimensional characteristics have

been expressed in terms of surface area size groups. Minimization of

the weight range was used as the basis for selecting these groups. Other groupings could have been used and in some cases the data in

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(lb/ft) X

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48
Tables 1 through 7 indicate that it might be possible to combine several

size groups. Prior to combining these groups, it would be advisable to study the effect this would have on the weight range and also the

effect of the number of observations on the means and standard deviations.

Similar groups were used for both metal and wood furniture and also for

the different items within a given type of furniture ,e. g. , single pedestal desks, double pedestal desks, and desks with legs. Because of this,

in some cases no data are given since items in this category are not manufactured, e.g., in Table 1, metal double pedestal desks in the 7-9.5

ft^ size group encountered for wood double pedestal desks. In establishing

the size groups, the surface areas were computed using the actual dimensions

given in the catalogs and then rounded off giving the values listed in

the tables. In most cases the catalog maximum and minimum values for

the weights for several manufacturers -are listed. For desks, it was

also possible to establish a weight range representative of 80% of the

sales volume for these items. For some items such as telephones, for

which one manufacturer supplies the majority of the market, only one manufacturer is listed. In other cases such as typewriters, data were

obtained directly from the manufacturer and consequently the number of

observations is not given. Similarly, where a manufacturer is listed

and no data are given, no items in this group were encountered in their

catalog. Where only one weight value is given as opposed to a weight

range, the manufacturer indicated that there was only minor differences

in the weight for these items.

The catalog minimum and maximum values in the tables were established from the weight ranges for the several manufacturers. Note that

the weight range for a particular item varies with the manufacturer and

is usually smaller than the range including several manufacturers. In addition, the amount of this variation is different for the various

items and the types of material.

As indicated, the number of observations in Tables 1 through 7 refer

to the number of items encountered in furniture catalogs. Although they

do not necessarily represent the frequency of occurrence of the weights

within a group in actual offices, it was assumed that they were approximately representative of this frequency distribution. The 80% sales

volume data for desks in Table 1 provided one indication that the items

encountered in offices would, in general, cover the range of weights.

Attempts to obtain the actual frequency distribution through detailed

information from manufacturers on sales volumes for the various weight

items in a group were unsuccessful.

Using the data in Tables 1 through 7, estimates of the mean and

standard deviation (28) were computed for each group as: in

X = - Z X. n i=l X (3.1)

' L(Xi-X)2

(3.2)

n-1

where X. = weights obtained from manufacturers catalogs.

49
The number of observations given in the tables were used for n in these

computations.

The transfer functions and these numerical values of the parameters

selected for conversion of the inventory field survey data are given in

Tables 8 through 14. Note that for paper and books a compaction factor

defined in Appendix B has been employed to convert the volume measurements from the field survey to weight. For those cases where the weight

range was zero, the standard deviation was computed using the average

coefficient of variation determined for the other items in the same

group. For telephones, however, this was not done since the weight

variation was determined to be extremely small.

For those groups where no data was found in the manufacturers

catalogs, the symbol NA (not applicable) has been used in Tables 8 through 14. It was concluded, based on attempts to determine values

for these groups, that they are not commonly manufactured as office

furniture. If such items are encountered in the field survey, it is planned to obtain their weights by interpolating values from similar

items in the tables. If encountered frequently, weights for these

items will be obtained from manufacturers.

In converting the inventory data to weight, both the mean and

standard deviation were used. This permitted determination of the

total fire load and live load and the uncertainty of these loads for

the rooms surveyed.

It is interesting to note that the values in Tables 8 through 14 compare reasonably well with office furniture weights used by commercial

moving companies for estimating purposes. In some cases, the mean

value is close to the moving companies' estimates, in other cases the mean plus one standard deviation is close to the moving companies'

estimate. The categories used by moving companies are, however, not as detailed as the groups contained in the tables, consequently, only

limited comparisons were possible.

The question of the accuracy with which these transfer functions

predict the weight of items is discussed in Section 3.6.

In originally planning the survey (22), it was proposed that sample

weighing be done in some of the offices surveyed to obtain numerical

values similar to those in Tables 8 through 14. Selection of the offices

to be weighed, however, would require special care to insure obtaining

an unbiased sample. For example, the catalog data for weights of desks

is shown in histogram form in Figs. 3, 4. Similar data for empty weights

obtained by Bryson and Gross from a weight survey (15) is shown in Figs.

5, 6.

Referring to Figs. 3 through 6, it is obvious that the variability

or range of weights encountered by Bryson and Gross is considerably

smaller than that for the catalog data. This results from the fact

that the Bryson and Gross data represent only one building in which a majority of the items were procured from only one or two sources. A

similar situation would probably occur for other government buildings

50
TABLE 8 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR DESKS

ijk

![D . +

[0] V" %i when N >1

P when N =

W, = total weight of a desk

B = basic desk weight

N = number of personal drawers

D weight of one personal drawer

number of box drawers

D, = weight of one box drawer

Hr = number of file drawers

D

f

= weight of one file drawer

D = weight of one center drawer

i = material type - metal, wood, plastic

j = desk type - single pedestal, double pedestal, legs

k = size group - top surface area

Material

type

Desk

type

Size group

(ft

2

)

Basic

Desk

weight-B

(lb)

Weight

of

Personal

drawer

D

P (lb)

Weight

of

Box drawer

D

b (lb)

Weight

of

File

drawer

D f (lb)

Weight

of Center drawer

D

(lb)

Metal

Single

Pedestal

7-9.5 112.15 R.n .3 12.0 .5 21,5.2 ld r 2.1 9.6-12 136.21 8.0 .3 12.0 .5 21,5.2 14.2.1 12.1-14.5 147,16 8.0 .3 12.0 .5 21,5.2 14.2.1 -14.6 167,30 8,0 .3 12,0 -5 21,5.2 14,2.1

Double

Pedestal

7-9.5

k NA NA NA NA NA 9.6-12 141,27 8,0 .3 12,0 .5 21,5.2 14,2.1

12.1-14.5 164,22 8,0 .3 12,0 .5 21,5.2 14,2.1

>'!4.6 188,19 8,0 .3 12,0 -5 21 ,5.2 14,2.1

Legs

7-9.5 NA NA NA NA NA 9.6-12 NA NA NA NA NA 12.1-14.5 158,37 8,0 .3 12,0 .5 21,5.2 14,2.1

>14.6 207,2.6 8,0 .3 12,0 .5 21,5.2 14,2.1

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation- X, s

5i
TABLE 8 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR DESKS (Continued]

Material

type

Desk

type

Size group

(ft

2

)

Basic

Desk

weight-B

(lb)

Weight

of

Personal

drawer

D

P (lb)

Weight

of Box drawer

D

b (lb)

Weight

of

File

drawer

D f (lb)

Weight

of Center

drawer

D

c (lb)

Wood

Single

Pedestal

7-9.5 104,20 5,1.8 8, 1.3 12,2.9 8,0-3

9.6-12 128,44 5,1.8 8, 1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

12.1-14.5 204,51 5,1.8 8, 1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

>14.6 180,49 5,1.8 8, 1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

Double

Pedestal

7-9.5 114,33 5,1.8 8,1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

9.6-12 164,76 5,1.8 8,1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

12.1-14.5 201,40 5,1.8 8,1.3 12,2.9 a, o.3

>14.6 241,47 5,1.8 8,1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

Legs

7-9.5 111,20 5,1.8 8,1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

9.6-12 NA 5,1.8 8,1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

12.1-14.5 175,37 5,1.8 8,1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

>14.6 222,33 5,1.8 8,1.3 12,2.9 8,0.3

Plastic

Single

Pedestal

7-9.5

9.6-12

12.1-14.5

>14.6

N.A N A N A N A N A

Double

Pedestal

7-9.5

9.6-12

12.1-14.5

>14.6

N A N A N A N A N A

Legs

7-9.5

9.6-12

12.1-14.5

>14.6

N A N A N A N A N A

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation--X, s

52
TABLE 9 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR TABLES

W t

= T... + N Dr

- t l j k c ci

Wt = total weiqht of a table

T = basic table weiqht

N

c

= 1 with a center drawer or without a center drawer

D = weiqht of a center drawer

i = material type - metal, wood, plastic

j = table type - legs, pedestal

k = size qroup - top surface area

Material

Type

Table

Type

Size

Group

(ft 2

)

Basic Table

Weight

(lb)

Weight of a Center Drawer-Dei

(lb)

Metal

Pedestal

4-9 39,6.1

14,2.1

9.1-11.9 64,5.7

12-12.5 73,11

12.6-15.9 74,11

16-18 NA 18.1-26.9 NA 27-44.9 NA ^45 NA

Legs

4-9 50,9.8

14,2.1

9.1-11.9 71,9.9

12-12.5 80,11.8

12.6-15.9 98,8.2

16-18 114,1/. 3 18,1-26.9 145,26

27-44.9 238,22.8

>45 445,62

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation- X, s

53
TABLE 9 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR TABLES (Continued;

Material

Type

Table

Type

Size

Group

(ft2

)

Basic Table

Weight-T

(lb)

Weight of a Center Drawer-D

(lb)

Wood

Pedestal

4-9 70,22.6

8,0.3

9.1-11.9 82,34.3

1 2-12.5 90,27

12.6-15.9 98,54.5

16-18 131,61.8

18.1-26.9 178,67.4

27-44.9 280,27.4

2:45 361 , WO

Legs

4-9 42,12

8,0.3

9.1-11.9 70,17.6

12-12.5 83,21

12.6-15.9 102,20.5

16-18 118,18.8

18.1-26.9 163,30.8

27-44.9 254,85.2

>45 428,50.1

Plastic

Pedestal

4-9 NA

NA

9.1-11.9 NA 12-12.5 NA 12.6-15.9 NA 16-18 NA 18.1-26.9 NA 27-44.9 NA >45 NA

Legs

4-9 73,8.5

NA

9.1-11.9 NA 12-12.5 97,12

12.6-15.9 NA 16-18 97,12

18.1-26.9 NA 27-44.9 NA >45 NA

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation X, s

54
TABLE 1 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS-ALL-PURPOSE

V * C

i'kh + V"ll + N

p

D

P 1 * N

B

D

B1 + Vfl

W = total weight of an all-purpose cabinet

C = basic all-purpose cabinet weight

N = number of shelves

Sw = weight of a shelf

N

= number of personal drawers

D

= weight of a personal drawer

N

R = number of box drawers

D

R

= weight of a box drawer

N f

= number of file drawers

D

f

= weight of a file drawer

i = material type -- metal, wood, plastic

k = size groups - top surface area

h = height groups

1 = shelf size groups -top surface area

55
TABLE 10 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS- ALL-PURPOSE (Continued!

Material

Type

Height

Group

(in)

Size

Group

(ft*)

Basic

Al 1 -Purpose

Cabinet

Weiqht-C

(lb)

Weiqht

of a Shelf

(lb)

Weiqht

of a Personal Drawer

(lb)

Weiqht

of a Box Drawer

(lb)

Weiqht

of a File Drawer

(lb)

Wood

19-27.9

2-2.9 NA 6,0.7

4,0.5 6,0.7 10,3.3

3-3.9 83,5.1 7,0.8

4-6.9 114,5 8,1-0

7-9.9 153,2.5 9,1.1

10-11.9 NA NA ^12 NA NA

28-34.9

2-2.9 NA NA

4,0.5 6,0.7 10,3.3

3-3.9 NA NA 4-6.9 132,23 8,1.0

7-9.9 174,34 9,1.1

10-11.9 206,33 9,1.1

£ 12 287,45 9,1.1

35-49.9

2-2.9 NA

NA NA NA NA

3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

50-69.9

2-2.9 96,9.9 6,0-7

4,0.5 6,0.7 10,3.3

3-3.9 NA

NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

i70

2-2.9 MA NA

4,0.5 6,0.7 10,3.3

3-3.9 NA NA 4-6.9 332,33 8,1.0

7-9.9 371 ,37 9,1.1

10-11.9 •J A NA

> 12 NA NA

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation X, s

56
TABLE 10 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS- ALL-PURPOSE (Continued)

Material

Type

Height

Group

(In)

Size

Group

(ft?)

Ba s i c All-Purpose

Cabinet

Weight-C

(lb)

Weight

of a Shelf

(lb)

Weight

of a Personal Drawer

(lb)

Weight

of a Box Drawer

(lb)

Weight

of a File Drawer

(lb)

Metal

19-27.9

2-2.9 27,3.3 5,1.5

7,0.6 9,0.6 20,0.6

3-3.9 NA NA 4-6.9 41,6.6 8,1.0

7-9.9 161,13 9,1.1

10-11.9 NA NA 112 NA NA

28-34.9

2-2.9 43,1.6 5,1.5

7,0.6 9,0.6 20,0.6

3-3.9 63,5 6,1.1 4-6.9 100,27.9 8,1.0

7-9.9 166,56.6 9,1.1

10-11.9 181,23.4 9,1.1

112 262,44.5 9,1.1

35-49.9

2-2.9 59,7.8 5,1.5

7,0.6 9,0.6 20,0.6

3-3.9 89,10.6 6,1.1

4-6.9 96,20.6 8,1.0

7-9.9 NA NA 10-11.9 NA NA >12 NA NA

50-69.9

2-2.9 85,13.7 5,1.5

7,0.6 9,0.6 20,0.6

3-3.9 118,18.9 6,1.1

4-6.9 119,26.8 8,1.0

7-9.9 NA NA 10-11.9 NA NA >12 NA NA

> 70

2-2.9 76,3.5 5,1.5

7,0 9,0.6 20,0.6 3-3.9 86,8.6 6,1.1

4-6.9 163,27.5 8,1.0

7-9.9 NA NA 10-11.9 NA NA >12 NA NA

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation X, s

57
TABLE 10 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS- \LL-PURP0SE (Continued)

Material

Type

Heiqht

Group

(in)

Size

Group

(ft 2

)

Basic

AI 1 -Purpose

Cabinet

Weiqht-C

(lb)

Weight

of a Shelf

(lb)

Weiqht

of a Personal Drawer

(lb)

Weiqht

of a Box Drawer

(lb)

Weiqht

of a File Drawer

(lb)

Plastic

19-27.9

2-2.9 NA NA NA NA NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

28-34.9

2-2.9 NA

NA NA NA NA

3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

*- 12 NA

35-49.9

2-2.9 NA NA NA NA NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

50-69.9

2-2.9 NA NA NA NA NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

> 70

2-2.9 NA

NA NA NA NA

3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation X, s

58
TABLE 10 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS—EXCLUDING ALL-PURPOSE

W

c

= C ijkh

W = total weight of a cabinet

c * C = basic cabinet weight

i = material type - metal, wood, plastic

j = cabinet type - file, card, blueprint, safe

k = size groups - top surface area

h = height groups

Material

type

Cabinet

type

Height

Group

(in)

Size

Group

(ft*)

Basic

Cabinet

Weight-C

(lb)

Metal

File

12-19.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 6U,I"2

4-4.9 73,14.6

> 5 85,17

20-35.9

2-2.9 49,11.1

3-3.9 88 , 1 7 . 7 4-4.9 85,17.9,

5 129,27.1

36-44.9

2-2.9 120,28

3-3.9 140,19

4-4.9 167,30.1

L 5 185,33.3

45-55.9

2-2.9 171,24.5

3-3.9 178,41 .8 4-4.9 233,41.9

> 5 257,46.3

> 56

2-2.9 188,35.6

3-3.9 209,33.9

4-4.9 283,50.9

L 5 315,53.6

Card

< 20

2-2.9 14.5,6.2

^3 24,1.9

20-35.9 2-2.9 NA 1 3 NA 36-44.9 2-2.9 163,63.2

1 3 197,54.4

145 2-2.9 250,71.5

> 3 223,64.5

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation-X, s

59
TABLE 10 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS—EXCLUDING ALL-PURPOSE (Continued;

Material

type

Cabinet

type

Height

Group

(in)

Size

Group

(ft2

)

Basic

Cabinet

Weight-C

(lb)

Metal

(Continued)

Blueprint

12-19.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 190,71.3

4-6.9 227.60

7-9.9 200,64

10-11.9 285,91.2

112 357,114.2

20-35.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA ni2 NA

> 36

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 125,12.6

4-6.9 190,19

7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA 112 856,85.6

Safe

12-19.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 14 NA

20-35.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 313,32.7

-4 332,36.6

36-44.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 430,52.9

^4 453,46.5

> 45

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 554,62.6

1 4 613,55.9

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation--X, s

60
TABLE 10 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS— EXCLUDING ALL-PURPOSE (Continued)

Material

type

Cabinet

type

Height

Group

(in)

Size

Group

(ft

2

)

Basic

Cabinet

Weight-C

(lb)

Wood

File

12-19.9

2-2.9 MA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA

> 5 NA

20-35.9

2-2.9 70.8.7

3-3.9 97.17.5

4-4.9 108.4.9 - 5 134 r ?7.7

36-44.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA

> 5 NA

45-55.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 230.41.4

4-4.9 NA 1 5 NA

> 56

2-2.9 120,21.6

3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA 1 5 NA

Card

< 20

2-2.9 56,18

> 3 78,27.5

20-35.9

2-2.9 NA

> 3 NA 36-44.9

2-2.9 NA L 3 NA

> 45

2-2.9 NA

> 3 461,172

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation--X, s

61
TABLE 10 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS—EXCLUDING ALL-PURPOSE (Continued)

Material

type

Cabinet

type

Height

Group

(in)

Size

Group

(ft

2

)

Basic

Cabinet

Weight-C

(lb)

Wood

(Continued)

Blueprint

12-19.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

20-35.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA 112 NA

> 36

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA 1 12 NA

Safe

12-19.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 14 NA

20-35.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 14 NA

36-44.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 1 4 NA

> 45

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA

> 4 NA

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation-- X, s

62
TABLE 10 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS—EXCLUDING ALL-PURPOSE (Continued)

Material

type

Cabinet

type

Height

Group

(in)

Size

Group

(ft

2

)

Basic

Cabinet

Weight-C

(lb)

Plastic

File

12-19.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA L 5 NA

20-35.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA

>- 5 NA

36-44.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA i 5 NA

45-55.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA ^ 5 NA 156

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA

t- 5 NA

Card

12-19.9

2-2.9 NA

> 3 NA 20-35.9 2-2.9 NA

> 3 NA 36-44.9 2-2.9 NA

> 3 NA >45 2-2.9 NA ^ 3 NA Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation--X> s

63
TABLE 10 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR CABINETS— EXCLUDING ALL-PURPOSE (Continued)

Material

type

Cabinet

type

Height

Group

(in)

Size

Group

(ft

2

)

Basic

Cabinet

Weight-C

(lb)

Plastic

(Continued)

Blueprint

12-19.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

20-35.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

> 36

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-6.9 NA 7-9.9 NA 10-11.9 NA

> 12 NA

Safe

12-19.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA

> 4 NA

20-35.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA

> 4 NA

36-44.9

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA t 4 NA

> 45

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA

> 4 NA Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation--X, s

64
TABLE 1-1 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR SHELVING-FREE SHELVING

W

Fs =Ns S

il

= total weight of free shelving

= number of shelves

S

1 = weight of one free shelf

i = material type - metal, wood, plastic

1 = size groups - top surface area

'Fs

'sf

Material

type

Size

group

(ft

2

)

Basic f

Shelf weight-S

(lb)

Metal

2-2.9 10,0.6

3-3.9 11,1.6

4-5.9 15,3.6

6-7.9 18,1.7

> 8 21,1.2

Wood

2-2.9 9,1.2

3-3.9 10,1 .6 4-5.9 19,2

6-7.9 NA

> 8 NA

Plastic

2-2.9 NA 3-3.9 NA 4-5.9 NA 6-7.9 NA

> 8 NA

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation-X, s

65
TABLE 11 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR SHELVING-BOOKCASE (Continued)

Wb + S ikh + N s S

b ik

W^ = total weight of a bookcase

S = basic bookcase weight

N = number of shelves

Sb = weight of one bookcase shelf

i = material type - metal, wood, plastic

k = size group - top surface area

h = height groups

Material

type

Height

group

(in)

Size

group

(ft2)

Basic

Bookcase

Weight-S

(lb)

Weiqht of

a Bookcase

Shelf

(lb)

Metal

28-36.9

2-2.9 33,2.3 5,1.5

3-3.9 50,3.7 6,1 1 4-4.9 58,4.1 8J U

>-5 82,5.7 9,1 1

37-49.9

2-2.9 38,2.7 5,1 5 3-3.9 67,14 6,1 1 4-4.9 62,7.5 8,1

> 5 87,26.6 9,1 J_

50-65.9

2-2.9 NA 5,1 5 3-3.9 89,22.3 6,1 1 4-4.9 84,1.6 8,1.0

^5 NA 9.1.1

166

2-2.9 72,11.1 5,1.5

3-3.9 NA 6,1.1

4-4.9 NA 8,1.0

15 151,19.3 9,1.1

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation - X, s

66
TABLE 11 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR SHELVING-BOOKCASE (Continued)

Material

type

Height

group

(In)

Size

group

(ft

2

)

Basic

Bookcase

Weight-S

(lb)

Weight of

a Bookcase

Shelf

(lb)

Wood

28-36.9

2-2.9 60,10.8 6,0.7

3-3.9 55,8.4 7.0.8

4-4.9 77.1 5.3 ft. 1.0

^5 92.1 b.6 Q,l 1

37-49.9

2-2.9 46,1.7 fi.n.7

3-3.9 69,9.4 7.n.8

4-4.9 77,14.3 8.1.0

> 5 114,27.4 9.1.1

50-65.9

2-2.9 71,5.5 fi.n.7

3-3.9 88,17.5 7.0.8

4-4.9 NA 8 r i.n

^5 NA 9.1.1

^66

2-2.9 NA 6.0 .7 3-3.9 123,24.6 7.0 .8 4-4.9 NA 8. 1 .0 ^5 NA 9,1.1

Plastic

28-36.9

2-2.9 NA

NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA

>5 NA

37-49.9

2-2.9 NA

NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA >5 NA

50-65.9

2-2.9 NA

NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA -5 NA

>66

2-2.9 NA

NA 3-3.9 NA 4-4.9 NA ^5 NA

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation-X,s

67
TABLE 12 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR SEATING

W = C . s ij W = total Weight of a seating item

C = basic seating weight

i = material type - metal, wood, plastic

j = seating type

1 = legs with arms

2 = legs without arms

3

= pedestal with arms and height < 4

= pedestal with arms and height > 5

= pedestal without arms

6

= upholstered

7 = sofa 48" - 71" long

8

= sofa 72" - 90" long

9

= sofa > 91"

10 = bench

11 = drafting stool

12 = classroom chair

38.5

38.5

Material

Type

Seating

Type

Basic

Seating

Unit Weight - C (lb)

Metal

1 25,9

2 20,8.6

3 33,17.9

4 81,9.1

5 24,12.4

6 99,12.6

7 NA

8 141,38.9

9 175,32.2

10 77,38.5

11 34,8.4

12 23,5.5

Wood

1 44,10.9

2 34,5.3

3 54,13

4 78,10.8

5 40,14.6

6 90,27.5

7 173,33.2

8 205,49.6

9 299,52.6

10 29,7.6

11 NA

12 NA

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation--X, s

68
TABLE 12 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR SEATING (Continued]

Material

Type

Seating

Type

Basic

Seating

Unit Weight - C (lb)

Plastic

1 16,4

2 13,5.4

3 24,15.1

4 NA

5 21,11.5

6 NA

7 NA

8 NA

9 NA

10 NA

11 NA

12 20,1.5

Values- listed are sample mean and standard deviation--X, s

69
Paper

TABLE 13 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR PAPER AND BOOKS

W

p

- P

k he

W

p

= total weiqht of paper

P = basic paper weiqht per inch

k = size qroups

h = heiqht of pile

c

= % of compaction

Size

qroups

(in)

Basic

Paper

Weiqht-P

(lb/in)

8.5 x 11 2.1, 0.2

8.5 x 15 2.8, 0.3

11 x 15 4.2, 0.4

15 x 20 5.3, 0.5

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation- X, s

Note: Data obtained from manufacturers and random weighing of piles of paper

70
TABLE 13 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR PAPER AND BOOKS (Continued)

Books

wBk

= B

k is

Bk

= total weight of a book

B = basic book weight per inch

k = size groups - height X width

1 = length of row

c = % of compaction

Size

groups

(in)

Ba s i c Book

Weight-B

(lb/in)

< 7 x 7.25 1.3, 0.2

> 7 x 7.25 - 10 x 6.5 < 2.0, 0.2

10 x 6.5 > 2.3, 0.3

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation- X, s

Note: Data obtained from manufacturers and random weighing of piles of books

71
Telephones

TABLE 14 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR EQUIPMENT

AND PARTITIONS

Wph

= Wb

W . = total weight of a telephone

PH = basic telephone weight

b = number of buttons

Number

of

Buttons

Basic

Telephone Weight-PH

(lb)

3.6,0

6 3.9,0

10 6.3,0

12 8,0

18 11.8,0

20 12.4,0

30 13,0

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation X, s

72
Typewriter

TABLE 14 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR EQUIPMENT

AND PARTITIONS (Continued)

W* = T.. ty Jk

ty

total weight of a typewriter

T = basic typewriter weight

j = typewriter type - electric, manual

k = size groups - carriage length

Typewriter

type

size

groups

(in)

Basic

Typewriter Weight-T

(lb)

Manual

11-14 31,2.8

15-16 33. b, 3.0

17-20 3/, .3.

J

21-24 44,4.

U

25-30 NA

Electric

11-14 47,5.6

15-16 w,y.3

17-20 b2,4./

21-24 56,1.8

25-30 61,1.8

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation X, s

73
TABLE 14 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR EQUIPMENT

AND PARTITIONS (Continued)

Calculators

ca CAjk

wca

CA

J

k

total weight of a calculator

basic calculator weight

calculator type

size groups

Calculator

type

Size

groups

(in

2

)

Basic

Calculator

weight-CA

(lb)

Illuminated

Read-out

10-65.9 1.6,0.7

66-105.9 4.6,1.1

106-136.9 7.1,1.0

137-170.9 9.3,0.9

171 18,4.1

Illuminated

Read-out

With

Tape

10-65.9 NA 66-105.9 NA 106-136.9 io,l.

137-170.9 13, 2. 3

171 26,4.7

Dial

Read-out

10-65.9 NA 66-105.9 NA 106-136.9 NA 137-170.9 29,0.3

171 43,0.2

Tape

Only

90-119.9 15,3.0

120-154.9 23,2.7

155-199.9 27,7.7

200 39,3.8

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation - X, s

74
TABLE 14 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR EQUIPMENT

AND PARTITIONS (Continued)

Partitions

W pa PA ih l

W' = total weight of partition pa PA

ih

1

partition weight per foot

material type - height group

length of partition

Material

type

Height

group

(in2

)

Partition

weight-PA * (Wft)

Steel

< 48 14,2.1

48-59.9 21,2.1

60-71.9 26,4.6

> 72 35,5.8

Fabric

< 48 NA 48-59.9 17,6.3

60-71.9 18,7.1

172 22,8.1

Plastic

< 48 14,2.8

48-59.9 19,3.3

60-71.9 24,5.6

172 33, /.b

Wood

< 48 NA 48-59.9 NA 60-71.9 NA

> 72 NA

Values listed are sample mean and standard deviation- X, s *For fire load purposes, the partition weight obtained from the

transfer functions were multiplied by the following values to determine fire load:

Steel—0.00, Fabric - 1.00, Plastic - 0.75, Wood - 1.00

75
and buildings with a single tenant such as corporate headquarters. The

data in Tables 8 through 14 were therefore used since they provide a better indication of the variability of the weight of content items for

the office building population of the United States.

The transfer functions in Tables 8 through 14 give the actual item

weight. The total weight is needed from the standpoint of live loads.

For fire loads, however, the combustibility must be taken into account.

For example, although a metal desk may weigh 250 lbs. only the veneer

on the top surface and the paint are combustible and the fire load may

be as low as 10 lbs. For items composed of both combustible and non- combustible materials, the percentage of the actual weight which is com- bustible is required. For simplicity, the values in Tables 15 and 16 were arbitrarily selected to represent reasonable composite estimates of the

combustible content and calorific value. It is customary in expressing fire

load data for different types of materials to convert weights to an equivalent weight of wood or cellulose (11, 46). Conversion factors for this

purpose are also given in Tables 15 and 16. These factors were obtained

by dividing the calorific value for the material by the calorific value

for cellulose (taken as 8000 Btu/lb). Note that for items composed of two materials such as a padded wooden chair, judgment based on NBS fire

test experience, the combustible characteristics of the types of materials,

and the estimated proportion of the total item weight each material com- prised was used in selecting these values.

In dealing with enclosed combustibles such as papers in filing cabinets, a derating factor (i.e., an estimate of the quantity of the material

which will burn in a fire) is used. Derating factors, similar to those

used for combustibles in steel containers (11), used in this study are given in Table 17. The derating factors are a function of the ratio of

enclosed combustible weight to the total combustible weight in the room.

In computing the fire loads for enclosed combustible contents from the

survey data, the derating factor was determined using the ratio noted

then their weight was multiplied by the derating factors prior to computing

their fire load.

Since the exposed combustible interior finish surfaces of the rooms,

i.e., floors, walls, and ceiling, are considered part of the fire load,

it was also necessary to develop transfer functions for these items. The

amount of visual data which could be easily obtained in a field survey,

however, was limited in this case. For example, the thickness of wall

paneling or the number of coats of paint on a wall cannot usually be

determined by simple visual inspection. Therefore, only the very general

inventory information described in the next section was collected for the

bounding surfaces. For this reason, the transfer functions for these

items are single values. To establish these values, information on the

weight and calorific value of different types of interior finish materials

and coverings was collected. This information is summarized in Tables

18 and 19. Based on this information, representative values to be used

to convert the survey data to fire loads for the bounding surfaces were

selected. These values are given in Table 20.

76
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82
TABLE 15 FIRE LOAD VALUES FOR FURNITURE

Item Material

type

% Total

Item Weight

assumed

combustible

Calorific

value

(Btu/lb.)

Cellulose Conversion

Factor

(Calorific Value/8000)

Wood 100 8000 1.00

Desk Metal 0.00

Plastic 100 6000 0.75

Wood 100 8000 1.00

Table Metal 0.00

Plastic 100 6000 0.75

Wood 100 8000 1.00

Cabinet Metal 0.00

Plastic 100 6000 0.75

Wood 100 8000 1.00

Shelving Metal 0.00

Plastic 100 6000 0.75

Wood Frame 100 8000 1.00

Seating Metal Frame 0.00

Plastic Frame 100 6000 0.75

Fire load [weight in lb from transfer 1 x p^actior

[function J toll!

n total assumed

e

itemj com 4

x Cellulose

Conversion

Factor

83
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84
TABLE 17 DERATING FACTORS FOR DETERMINING

COMBUSTIBLE CONTRIBUTION FOR ENCLOSED

CONTENTS

Type of

Container

Container

Material

Derating Factor Ratio of enclosed combustible weight to total

combustibles in room weight

(<50%) (50X-80X) (<80%)

Desk, Table

Cabinet

Wood

Metal

Plastic

1.0

0.40

1.0

1.0

0.20

1.0

1.0

0.10

1.0

Shelving

Wood

Metal

Plastic

1.0

0.75

1.0

1.0

0.75

1.0

1.0

0.75

1.0

Misc. Item Non- Combustible

0.75 0.75 0.75

Fire Load (ib)

for Enclosed Contents

~~ Total weight of combustible con

.tents from transfer function or weight estimate

t

Derating! Factor

85
3.3 Survey Data

Three sets of data collection forms were developed to obtain the

information on the building characteristics, the building occupants and

the room contents. The forms and instructions for collecting the data

are included in Appendix B. The procedure adopted for processing this

information is discussed in Section 3.5.

The Building Characteristics Form contains information on the

building location, age, height, vertical load resisting system and the

type of occupants. The building name and address were recorded only for

general identification purposes. The building number assigned to each

building was used for reference purposes in processing the data.

Information on the type and age of the firms occupying the buildings

was collected on the Occupancy Data portion of the Building Characteristics Form. The classification of firms was in accordance with standard

classifications developed to promote uniformity and comparability in the

presentation of statistical data (31) . Firm names were used only for

identification purposes.

Locations for the firms were recorded directly on the floor plans

of the building. Each area in the building was classified in accordance

with the area use categories given in the instructions for annotating

the building plans contained in Appendix B.

The data collected on the room contents is included in the Fire

Load and Live Load Survey Form in Appendix B. The forms include data

for the bounding surfaces (floors, walls and ceiling) as well as the

moveable contents. The data include information on most of the important parameters affecting fire growth and fire severity (32). Data on some factors such as density, specific heat, etc. were not collected due

to the difficulty in obtaining this information in a field survey of

this type. Data on the characteristics of the bounding surfaces and the

door and window openings (Form 1) were included in view of their effect

on fire severity (46) . Forms 2 through 6 were designed to collect data

on the moveable contents. The descriptive data on the characteristics

of furniture and equipment are required to obtain the weights of the items

using the transfer functions. This information is also useful for characterizing the type and combustibility properties of room contents. Although discussions with furniture manufacturers established the fact

that plastic is not generally used as the main construction material for

office furniture, plastic was included on the forms as a material type.

This was done since in some cases furniture intended for other than office

use is sometimes used and the amount of plastic furniture in offices is of

interest with respect to the fire problem.

In recording the locations of the items within the room, only the

proximity of the item with respect to the walls was determined. As noted on the form, the location of the item was recorded as being within

2 ft. of a wall or greater than 2 ft. from a wall. Although load locations have been recorded more precisely in previous surveys, the analysis

included in Appendix A indicated that the procedure adopted in this project is satisfactory.

86
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96
TABLE 20 FINAL FIRE LOAD VALUES USED

FOR ROOM BOUNDING SURFACES

Location Material Calorific

Value

(BTU/lb)

Equivalent

Fire Load

(16/ft2)

Wood 8000 1.0

Metal

Cei 1 i nq Plastic 6000 0.6

Acous

.

Tile

2000 0.2

Non-comb.

. Wood 8000 2.0

Floor

Non-comb.

Res. Floor 4000 0.6

Carpet 12000 1.0

Wood 8000 1.0

Metal

Plastic 6000 0.6

Wall Material

Non-comb.

Plaster

Gypsum Board 1000 0.2

Paper 8000 0.1

Drapes 8000 0.1 Wall Covering

Vinyl 10000 0.1

Paint 4000 0.1

Wood 8000 * 0.4

Metal * Trim

Plastic 6000 * 0.2

Rubber 10000 * 0.2

* lbs/ft r<ither than lb/ft

2

97
The contribution of heat of paper, books and equipment is affected

by their containment. Therefore, for these items, a distinction was made between free and enclosed contents. Papers, books and equipment

located on top of furniture items and directly exposed to combustion are categorized as free contents. Enclosed contents are items located in

drawers or other containers where complete burning may or may not occur.

In addition, for paper and books, the percent compaction or the ratio of

the volume of material to the smallest volume that would contain the

material was recorded since this will also affect the burning behavior

as noted in Section 3.2.

Form 7 was used for miscellaneous items not included on Forms 2 through 6. In this case the weight of the item was estimated by the

surveyor, since transfer functions to obtain this weight were not

developed.

Recognizing that the number of items in a room varies, the room

survey forms were developed accordingly. As indicated in the instructions included in Appendix B, this flexibility was provided for by using

the appropriate number of forms. Similarly, Forms A, B, and C were

developed for use as supplemental sheets to handle situations where

sufficient space was not available on Forms 2 through 6 for recording

all the data.

The data collection forms were intended for use in the entire survey. In view of the two-phase nature of the survey and the possibility

of adding additional data following completion of the 25 buildings in

Phase I, space for recording such data was provided. The Special Item

or "just in case" (JIC) category was included for this purpose. Although

it was not possible to anticipate the exact type of additional data which

might be required, weight and dimensions were selected as being the important characteristics. The decision to use this section of the form

for additional items for which the weight and dimensions will be recorded,

will be made following analysis of the results of the Phase I survey.

Based on experience in pretesting the forms in the survey of the NBS

Administration building, this portion of the form was also used for miscellaneous enclosed and free contents associated with furniture (see

instructions in Appendix B) . This was done to expedite the field survey

operations.

3.4 Survey Procedure

3.4.1 General

As previously noted, the objective of the survey was to determine

the factors which affect the fire loads and live loads in office buildings.

Although previous surveys provided some guidance in this regard, it was

still necessary to assume many of the factors and design the survey to investigate their effects.

Two groups of factors were used. The first relates to the overall

characteristics of the building and the second relates to the characteristics of the areas or rooms within the building. For the building

characteristics it was assumed that the following factors may affect the

loading:

98
1. Geographic location of the building

2. Building height

3. Building age

4. Type of occupancy

The area or room characteristics include:

1. Type of firm or establishment occupying the area

2. Room use

Selection of the buildings and the rooms within the buildings to be

surveyed was made to determine the effects of these characteristics.

Recognizing the variety of characteristics involved and the necessary

prior assumptions, the overall survey was stratified into two phases.

The first phase consisting of 25 buildings was planned to identify the

important characteristics. Planning of the second phase was deferred

pending analysis of the Phase I results. It was anticipated that this

two-phase approach would facilitate identification of the significant

characteristics in the first survey. During the second phase the less

significant characteristics would be eliminated and the survey would

concentrate on the significant characteristics.

The selection process used for the first phase is described in the

subsequent sections of this chapter. Planning for the second phase

will commence following analysis of the Phase I data.

3.4.2 Building Selection

The advantages of selecting the buildings to be surveyed based on

the characteristics assumed to affect the loads were pointed out by

Cornell (22) . The primary advantage involves utilizing the survey

results to predict loads for any population of buildings with a given

set of characteristics. Consider, fqr example, the current office

building population, as consisting of several smaller populations subdivided on the basis of the building characteristics noted. Knowing

the fraction of the total population contained in each of the smaller

populations and obtaining mean loads for each subpopulations permits

the determination of the mean value of the loads for the total population using a weighted sum. The mean values for these subpopulations

may also be used for estimating values for future populations with a different distribution of subpopulations simply by changing the weighting factors. This is obviously the case of interest for the purpose

of design codes which apply to future construction. Random sampling

from the present building population with no consideration of the characteristics will only produce results applicable to the current but

not necessarily to the future population.

Having adopted the concept of subpopulations based on building

characteristics and a two-phase survey, it would be possible to determine

the amount of sampling which should be done within each subpopulation to improve the reliability of the estimate of the mean for the total population, either current or future. To do this, however, the fraction of

the total population contained within each subpopulation must be known

since it is used to calculate the estimate of the mean for the total

population from the sample means of the subpopulations.

99
The total population for this project is all office buildings in

the United States. To obtain information on the building characteristics of this population, the following agencies were contacted: Bureau

of the Census; the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, which collects

building data as part of their fallout shelter and All Effects Survey

Program; and various private insurance companies. However, the limited

data available did not include all the characteristics of interest and was not representative of the total office building population.

Data on these characteristics, however, were obtained for approximately 1000 Federal government office buildings from the General Ser- vices Administration (GSA) and approximately 1000 private office buildings from the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) 224 South

Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. The GSA data represented office

buildings owned and controlled by the GSA. As indicated in Table 21,

the data represented only a small fraction of the Federal buildings

since many such buildings are controlled by other agencies. Similarly

the BOMA data only contains information on buildings whose owners or managers belong to BOMA.

In view of the lack of complete data representative of the total

United States office building population, it was decided that the GSA

and BOMA data would be used to select buildings for the Phase I survey. This data was first reduced and plotted according to geographic location,

building height and building age. These results are shown in Figs. 7 through 20. The groupings used to plot the data were arbitrarily selected. In plotting these figures the states and the District of Columbia

were ordered as shown in Table 22 according to population figures determined from the 1970 Census. Figs. 7 and 14 indicate the age group breakdown by state, and Figs. 8 and 15, the height breakdown. The mean age of

the buildings in each state is shown in Figs. 9 and 16 and the mean

height in Figs. 10 and 18 and in each height group in Figs. 12 and 19. The mean height for each age group is shown in Figs. 13 and 20. The total

number of buildings, N, is listed on each figure. Data were available for

929 government buildings and for approximately 1100 private buildings,

some data were missing for some private buildings.

The following trends may be noted in these figures:

A. Government Buildings

1. The majority of the buildings are greater than 20 years

old (Fig. 7).

2. The mean height is somewhat related to age (Fig. 13). For buildings 6-10 years old, the mean height is

approximately 7 stories. For buildings less than

6 years or greater than 10 years old, the mean height

is between 4 and 5 stories.

3. The mean height is somewhat related to geographic

location (Fig. 10).

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115
TABLE 22 STATES RANKED BY POPULATION

(1970 Census*)

1. California

2. New York

3. Pennsylvania

4. Texas

5. 111 inois

6. Ohio

7. Michigan

8. New Jersey

9. Florida

10. Massachusetts

11. Indiana

12. North Carolina

13. Missouri

14. Virginia

15. Georgia

16. Wisconsin

17. Tennessee

18. Maryland

19. Minnesota

20. Louisiana

21. Alabama

22. Washington

23. Kentucky

24. Connecticut

25. Iowa

26. South Carolina

27. Oklahoma

28. Kansas

29. Mississippi

30. Colorado

31. Oregon

32. Arkansas

33. Arizona

34. West Virginia

35. Nebraska

36. Utah

37. New Mexico

38. Maine

39. Rhode Island

40. Hawaii

41. District of Columbi a 42. New Hampshire

43. Idaho

44. Montana

45. South Dakota

46. North Dakota

47. Delaware

48. Nevada

49. Vermont

50. Wyoming

51. Alaska

* Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1972, 93rd Edition,

Bureau of the Census

116
4. Building age does vary somewhat with geographic

location (Fig. 9). The building ages appear to be

grouped between 30 and 50 years old.

5. Approximately, 14% of the buildings are in Washington,

D. C. The location of the remaining buildings is

somewhat related to population (Fig. 7)

.

B. Private Buildings

1. The majority of the buildings are greater than 20 years

old (Fig. 14).

2. The mean height does not appear to be related to age

(Fig. 20).

3. The mean height does not vary much with geographic

location (Fig. 17). Building height is fairly equally

distributed in the 1-20 story range with approximately

20% of the buildings being greater than 20 stories.

4. Building age does vary somewhat with geographic

location (Fig. 16). The building ages appear to be

grouped between 25 and 45 years old.

5. Most of the buildings are located in Illinois, Texas,

California, Florida, Georgia and Washington (Fig. 14).

Since the data for the building characteristics did not indicate

any well defined trends, the concept of factorial experiment design

(28) was adopted to select the 25 buildings to be surveyed in Phase I. In such an experiment several factors are involved with each factor

having several values or "levels". The experiment plan consists of

taking an observation at each one of all possible combinations that

can be formed for the different levels of the factors.

Recognizing that the use of 50 states or 50 levels for geographic

location would lead to an extremely large number of combinations, the

four geographic regions used by the Bureau of the Census and shown in

Fig. 21 were adopted.

Using three factors (geographic location, height, age) each

having four levels gives a 4^ factorial experiment with 64 combinations

for each of the two occupancy types, government and private or a total

of 128 combinations. Selecting only one building for each combination

of factors would thus require surveying 128 buildings. To reduce this

number, consideration was given to fractional factorial designs (28).

A one-fourth fraction of the complete factorial experiment would require

16 combinations of geographic location, height, and age for each occupancy type. When interactions among these factors are negligible (with

respect to their relation to load attributes) , then the effects of the

three factors can all be estimated from the reduced design. Further

reduction was achieved by deciding to concentrate on private buildings.

117
The decision was made to survey 20 private buildings and 5 government

buildings in the Phase I survey. For the 16 combinations involved this

permitted inclusion of more than one private building for some of the

combinations and no government buildings for some of the combinations.

Although the resulting design is not perfectly balanced, a one-fourth

fraction of the 4^ experiment is imbedded in it for the private buildings, using only the first age group listed in a cell of Table 23A.

The number of buildings to be surveyed for each of the combinations

is shown in Table 23. The NBS Administration building used to pretest

the data collection procedure is included in Table 23B as an additional

government building. In the case of private buildings at least one building was included in each category. This provided coverage of the

entire height range and would facilitate determining whether building

height does affect fire and live loads in the rooms within a building.

Since the selection of 20 buildings permitted more than one building in some of the 16 categories, the remaining 4 buildings were included in the high-rise category as shown in Table 23A. Concentration,

however, on high-rise buildings to the exclusion of low-rise buildings

in the Phase I was not deemed advisable. Determination of the influence

building height may have on the location of rooms within a building and

the consequent live load reduction factors used in design was deferred

to the Phase II portion of the survey. For government buildings, it was decided to concentrate on low-rise structures with more than one building selected in the northeastern portion of the country as shown

in Table 23B. Stratification of the total survey into two phases permits the use of different selections for the Phase II portion depending upon the Phase I results.

Table 23A shows all combinations of geographic location and height,

but also notice that the ages for the buildings in a given height group

and a given regional group were selected to insure that all four age

groups were included for each row or column in the matrix in Table 23A.

Having determined the characteristics for the buildings to be

included in the Phase I survey, the actual buildings were then selected

from the GSA and BOMA lists. The buildings from each list were grouped

according to the location, height and age factors indicated in Table 23. The appropriate number of buildings for each category were then selected

at random from these groups. The 25 buildings selected according to the

above procedure and the NBS Administration building are shown in Table

24, and the locations indicated in Fig. 22. The actual buildings are only identified by a building number assigned for the purposes of the

survey and not by building name. This building number will be used in

future reports which include the survey results.

3.4.3 Room Selection

Two considerations influence the selection of the rooms to be

surveyed within the buildings chosen. The first involves determining

the effects which assumed factors such as room use and type of occupancy have on the magnitudes of the loads. The second involves the

combined effect of loads in several areas within the building on the

118
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120
structural system. Information useful in establishing live load reduction factors and the variation of load through the height of the building for purposes of designing the vertical load resisting systems are important with regard to this second consideration.

For the Phase I survey the decision was made to concentrate on the

first consideration. Explicit consideration of the combined effects of

loads in several areas was deferred to Phase II. Note that results

obtained from the Phase I survey would "facilitate selection of the

portions of the Phase II buildings to concentrate on, to determine the

influence of various factors on the loads on the structural- system.

Recognizing that the magnitude of the load varies from room to room, it is of interest to establish the form of this variation. In particular, data from the tails of the frequency distribution are re- quired, i.e., load magnitudes for the lightly loaded and heavily loaded

rooms and the number of these rooms in the building. In originally

planning the survey, it was anticipated that a special effort would be

made to obtain relatively more detailed data on the tails of the distribution (22). Two considerations have caused this part of the survey

design to be deferred. First, identification and selection of unusually

"light" or "heavy" rooms involves partly-subjective judgment on the part

of surveyors. Second, correct interpretation of load data from selected

"tail" rooms depends on knowledge of the number or frequency of occurrence of such rooms in a building. That is, even if surveyors are able

to select "tail" rooms accurately, there must be a record of the search

procedure and of the number of rooms examined in the search for such

rooms. In order to avoid imposing this burden on the surveyors, special

emphasis on obtaining data on the tails of the distribution was omitted

as a design criterion in the Phase I survey. It is anticipated that

reduction of the data obtained from the Phase I survey will permit

determination of the features which characterize "heavy" rooms. This

should minimize the subjective judgment required of the surveyors and

facilitate selecting rooms to obtain data on the tails of the distribution in the Phase II survey. Explicit determination of data on the

tails of the distribution, therefore, was not used as a criterion to select the rooms in^ the Phase I survey. Instead, the rooms were selected solely on the basis of the factors assumed to influence load magnitude .

The room characteristic factors selected to be studied in the Phase

I sample included: room use and the type of firm occupying the room. Since previous surveys have indicated that the size of the room affects

the shape and variance of the frequency distribution for the magnitude

of loads, this factor was also included. These three factors may or may

not affect the distributions of load magnitudes to a significant degree

(statistical and/or practical significance is understood here) . The same is true for factors (geographic, height, etc.) describing whole

buildings. In order to facilitate the pooling of data corresponding to different factor-combinations, when the factor effects have been judged

to be negligible, an effort was made to use a constant sampling fraction

(i.e., the same percentage of rooms within each building). Where possible, a constant sampling fraction was used in different buildings within

factor-combinations (room use - room size - type of firm)

.

121
TABLE 24 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDINGS

INCLUDED IN PHASE I SURVEY

Building Location Occupancy Height

(No. of

Age

Number Type (Years)

Region State Stories)

1 Conn. 4 < 1 2 N.Y. 6 19

3 North- Penn. 20 79

4 East Mass. 40 6

5 Mass. 29 4

6

7

N.Y. 37

5

42

Iowa 14

8 North- Mich. 6 4

9 Central Wise. Private 20 8

TO

11 111. 25 15

Okla. 2 9 12 Ga. 9 67

13 Ga. 13 4 14 South Ga. 22 13

15

16

Ga. 29

5

6

Calif. 64

17 Oreg. 7 6 18 West Az. 17 12

19 Wash. 50 5 20

21

Colo. 23

3

20

North- Penn. 46

22

23

East N.Y.

Government

42

2

6

North- 111. 8

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Central

Md. 12 10

25

26

South Ga. 2

2

5

West Colo. 11

NBS Administration Building

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2 Assuming a mean net area of approximately 1000,000 ft for a building based on studies of the GSA building data cited previously and an average of 150 ft2 per room it was estimated that the 25 buildings in

the Phase I survey would contain approximately 15,000 rooms. Since in

the total project involving 100 buildings it was planned to survey

approximately 10,000 rooms, a sample size of about 2500 rooms was desired

for Phase I. Based on this, a sampling rate of 15% or about 90 rooms was selected for each building. The seven room-use categories noted in

section 3.3 and Appendix B do not occur with equal frequencies and an effort was made to allocate the sample rooms roughly in proportion to the

frequencies of occurrence of room uses. This choice was based on the

conjecture that room use was likely to be the factor accounting for the most significant differences in load magnitudes.

In developing the process for selecting the rooms to be surveyed in

each building, the existence of several constraints was recognized. An

individual building may lack, or have unusually few of, certain types of rooms; e.g., Building X may contain no conference rooms. Furthermore,

room sizes and types of firms will often not cover the whole possible

range within each individual building. The sampling plan was developed

to allow for these contingencies. The procedure adopted for selecting

the rooms to be surveyed was as follows

1. Using the annotated building floor plans described

in Appendix B containing information on room use and

firm type, add the number of rooms in the building in

the following use categories: general office; clerical

office; lobby; conference room; file room; storage room; library and multiply by 15% to determine the total number of rooms to be surveyed in that building.

2. Group all the rooms in the building according to the seven room-use categories. Determine the number of rooms

to be surveyed in each category by multiplying 90% of the

number of rooms to be surveyed as determined in step 1 by

the ratio of the number of rooms in the category to the

total number of rooms in all seven categories.

3. Subdivide each room-use list from step 2 according to the ten basic firm types given in Appendix B. Further . subdivide this list into rooms with area less than 200 ft

2 and rooms with area greater than 200 ft .

4. Using the sample size for each room-use category

determined in step 2, allocate the sample in the category

proportionally among the firm type subcategories defined

in step 3. Allocate the sample for each firm type determined in this manner proportionally among the two size

groups for that firm. Randomly select the specific rooms

to be surveyed from these lists.

5. Randomly select 11% of the specific rooms determined

in step 4 i.e., 10% of the total determined in step 1. Select one adjacent room which borders on each of these

rooms to also survey.

124
The selection of adjacent rooms indicated in step 5 was done to insure that survey data would be obtained for areas larger than one individual room. As noted by Cornell (22), such data is of interest

with respect to live loads for use in designing the structural framing

system. In this case structural bays [or notional bays as used by

Mitchell (27)] are of interest rather than loads for individual rooms.

3.5 Data Processing

A complete description of the data processing and analysis including the computer programs developed for this purpose is included

in a separate report (29). Only a general description of the procedures

employed is presented herein.

Data from the Building Characteristics Form and the Occupancy Data

are keypunched for processing. The data forms in Appendix B were set

up to facilitate this operation. The numerical values recorded in the

blocks provided on these forms and the multiple choice numerical values

were keypunched directly without transferal to a keypunch coding sheet.

Data on the location of the various areas within the building are processed using a procedure specifically developed for this project.

This involved the use of an electro optical scanning device (programmable flying spot scanner) to scan microfilm copies of specially prepared

tracings of the building floor plans and transfer the information to magnetic tape. The procedure permitted determination of the geometric

coordinates for the boundaries of all areas within the building (rooms,

corridors, etc.) from which the plan area could be calculated. The

floor plan tracings are relatively simple to prepare because it is

only necessary to trace small portions of the area boundaries. A com- plete description of this procedure is given in a separate report (29).

The data recorded on the floor plans for each area (area use, firm

number, type of enclosure) is transferred to the specially prepared

FOSDIC (Film Optical JSensing Device for Input to Computers) document

shown in Appendix B. This is processed with the floor plan tracings.

The data collection form in Appendix B for the room contents is

also a FOSDIC document. After being filled in by the field surveyors,

the forms are microfilmed and the microfilm is processed using the same

type scanning device as for the floor plans. The microfilm provides a convenient permanent record of the raw field data. Use of the FOSDIC

documents and the automatic data processing eliminated the intermediate

coding step involved with keypunching data and expedited the data processing operation.

All the data are transferred to magnetic tape for analysis purposes. The arrangement of the data on the tape and a description of

the data analysis program is contained in a separate report (29).

3.6 Verification of Survey Technique

The survey technique adopted in this project differs in two res- pects from previous load surveys. First, an inventory technique using

125
transfer functions and mean weights to obtain the fire loads and live

loads is employed as opposed to direct weighing. Second, only a sample

of the rooms in any one building are surveyed as opposed to surveying

all rooms. It is of interest to assess the effects of these two differences on the fire loads and live loads obtained from the survey.

In order to determine the effect of the inventory procedure, it is

planned to compare results obtained in this manner with results from

direct weighing. This will be done in the survey of the NBS Administration building. For several randomly selected rooms, total room loads

determined using the survey procedure and transfer functions adopted

herein will be compared with the total room load obtained by weighing

all items in the room. The room contents will be weighed using the

Bryson and Gross weighing procedure (15).

In originally planning the project, it was anticipated that this

comparison could be made through computer simulation using the original

Bryson and Gross data (22). This was not possible, however, because of

the manner in which the Bryson and Gross data was recorded. Their

procedure involving weighing furniture items together with the contents did not permit utilization of the transfer functions discussed in

Section 3.2. Similarly, it was not possible to simulate the surveyors

weight estimation of miscellaneous items adopted in this survey. Thus

it was necessary to carry out the independent weight comparison noted.

Since the survey technique adopted involved some weight estimating

by the surveyors, it was also necessary to ascertain the variability

introduced as a result of these subjective estimates. For the randomly

selected rooms to be weighed, therefore, several inventory surveys will

be conducted. Approximately four different surveyors will independently

survey each of the rooms. Comparing results for total room weight obtained by each surveyor together with results obtained from the weight

survey will provide an indication of the variability introduced by the

surveyors weight estimates.

The survey of the NBS Administration building will include the

majority of rooms in the building as opposed to the procedure to be

followed for the 100 buildings in which only a sample of the rooms are

surveyed. Selecting several rooms from the building in accordance with

the room selection procedure in Section 3.4.3, using the data from these

rooms and the explanatory load models developed by Cornell to "predict"

the loads in the remaining rooms and comparing these results for the

entire building with the actual survey results for the entire building

will permit evaluation of the approximations resulting from surveying

only a sample of the rooms in a building.

126
4 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The work reported herein was conducted by the National Bureau of

Standards for the National Academy of Sciences as part of the Public

Buildings Service, General Services Administration's program on Fire

Loads and Live Loads in Buildings. The Building Research Advisory Board

of the National Academy of Sciences administered the program on behalf

of the Academy. Special recognition is due GSA for the initiative

and foresight demonstrated by the sponsorship of this work. Harold

Nelson (GSA) provided guidance and liaison throughout the portion of

the study reported herein. A committee comprised of Charles Schaffner,

Chairman, Syska and Hennessey, Consulting Engineers; Richard Bletzacker,

Ohio State University; William Christian, Underwriters Laboratory;

Dr. Howard Emmons, Harvard University; Dr. T. T. Lie, National Research

Council (Canada); Lawrence Seigel, United States Steel Corporation and

James Smith, Building Research Advisory Board was formed by the Building

Research Advisory Board of the National Academy of Sciences to serve in an advisory capacity.

The following staff members at NBS contributed to the phase of the

project reported herein: Newton Breese and Daniel Gross, Programmatic

Center for Fire Research; Tao Ming, Technical Analysis Division; Leighton Greenough, Measurement Engineering Division; Dr. Joan Rosenblatt,

Applied Mathematics Division, and Dr. Robert Crist, and Randy Williams,

Structures Section. Dr. James Yao of Purdue University carried out the

analysis for live loads included in Appendix A during his tenure as a guest worker at NBS. Dr. J. B. Fang from the Programmatic Center for

Fire Research carried out the analysis for fire loads included in

Appendix A. The cooperation of Erne Wilkins, Gordon Boyd and Henry

Betzar of the FOSDIC Branch, Engineering Division of the Bureau of the

Census for their assistance in developing the FOSDIC data collection

document is gratefully acknowledged.

The assistance of Gene Eppinger, Executive Director, Business and

Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association; Victor Bellas and

William Mulroy, Market Analyst, G. F. Business Equipment Co.; Joseph

Host, Director of Engineering, Steelcase Furniture Co. , and other representatives of the office furniture industry was especially helpful in

obtaining the furniture data.

Data on the characteristics of government owned buildings included

in this report were provided by Howard Smith (GSA) . Robert Wiggs of the

Building Owners and Managers Association was helpful in obtaining the

building data used to determine the characteristics of buildings in the

private sector and also in securing permission to survey a number of the

buildings.

127
5 . REFERENCES

1. Ang, Alfred H. S. , Chmn. , "Structural Safety - A Literature Review

Task Committee on Structural Safety of the Administrative Committee

on Analysis and Design for the Structural Division Journal of the

Structural Division , ASCE, Vol. 98, No. ST 4, Proc. Paper 8842,

April, 1972, pp. 845-884.

2. Shah, H. C, "The Rational Probabilistic Code Format," Journal of

the American Concrete Institute , September, 1969.

3. Sexsmith, Robert G. , Nelson, Mark F. , "Limitations in Application

of Probabilistic Concepts," Journal of the American Concrete

Institute , October, 1969.

4. Benjamin, Jack R. , Lind, N. C. , "A Probabilistic Basis for a Deterministic Code," Journal of the American Concrete Institute , November, 1969.

5. Cornell, C. Allin, "A Probability-Based Structural Code," Journal

of the American Concrete Institute , December, 1969.

6. Lie, T. T. , "Optimum Fire Resistance of Structures," Journal of

the Structural Division , ASCE, Vol. 98, No. ST 1, Proc. Paper 8683,

January, 1972, pp. 215-232.

7. "Qualitative Evaluations," Progress Report on Fire Protection and

Systems Engineering, BRAB/FCC Task Group 57, National Academy of

Sciences, December, 1971.

8. Galambos, T. V., "Load Factor Design of Steel Buildings," AISC

Engineering Journal , Vol. 9, No. 3, American Institute of Steel

Construction, New York, N. Y. , July, 1972.

9. Galambos, T. V., Ravindra, M. D. , "Tentative Load and Resistance

Factor Design for Steel Buildings," Research Report No. 18 , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington University,

St. Louis, Miss., September, 1973.

10. Heany, Alexander, C. , "A Reliability-Based Study Concerning Live

Loads and Codified Structural Design," Thesis presented to the

University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1971, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of

Philosophy.

11. "Fire Resistance Classifications of Building Constructions,"

Building Materials and Structures Report 92 , National Bureau of

Standards, Washington, D. C. , October, 1972.

12. Ingberg, S. H. , Dunham, J. W. , and Thompson, J. P., "Combustible

Contents in Buildings," Building Materials and Structures Report

149 , National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. , 1957.

12 8
13. Dunham, John W. , "Design Live Loads in Buildings," Transactions

ASCE , Paper No. 2311, Vol. 112, 1947.

14. Bryson, J. 0., and Gross, D. , unpublished NBS Report, 1967.

15. Bryson, J. 0., Gross, D. , "Techniques for the Survey and Evaluation of Live Floor Loads and Fire Loads in Modern Office Buildings," Building Science Series 16 , National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, D. C. , December, 1967.

16. Bryson, J. 0. , and Cattaneo, L. E. , "Live Load Studies of Con- veyor Systems and Postal Facilities," Interim Report I, NBS Report 10141 , 1969.

17. Bryson, J. 0., and Cattaneo, L. E. , "Live Load Studies of Con- veyor Systems and Postal Facilities," Interim Report II, 1-Story

Facilities, NBS Report 10262 , June, 1970.

18. Bryson, J. 0., and Cattaneo, L. E. , "Live Load Studies of Con- veyor Systems and Postal Facilities," Interim Report III, 2-Story

Facilities, NBS Report 10347 , September, 1970.

19. Bryson, J. 0., Cattaneo, L. E. , "Live Load Studies of Conveyor

Systems and Postal Facilities," Interim Report IV, 3-Story

Facilities, NBS Report 10505 , December, 1970.

20. Allen, D. E. , "Summary Report-Gravity Loads and Temperature

Effects," Vol. lb, Proceedings of the International Conference

on Planning and Design of Tall Buildings, Lehigh University,

August 21-26, 1972.

21. America Burning , The Report of the National Commission on Fire

Prevention and Control, May 4, 1973.

22. Cornell, C. A., "Office Live Loads Program Formulation," Report

submitted to the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.

,

April, 1972. (Available from NTIS).

23. Greene, W. E. , "Stochastic Models and Live Loads Surveys," Vol.

16, Proceedings of the International Conference on Planning and

Design of Tall Buildings, Lehigh University, August 21-26, 1972.

24. Karman, T. Von., "Statistical Investigation on Live Loads on Floors," International Council for Building Research , Studies

and Documentation, Committee W 23, (RILEM session), Madrid, 1969.

25. Robertson, A. F. , Gross, Daniel, "Fire Load, Fire Severity and

Fire Endurance," Special Technical Publication 464 , American

Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1970.

26. Pier, J. C, "A Stochastic Live Load Model for Buildings,"

Technical Report R71-35, Department of Civil Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1971.

129
27. Mitchell, G. R. , Woodgate, R. W. , "A Survey of Floor Loadings

In Office Buildings," CIRIA Report 25 , London, England, August,

1970.

28. Natrella, Mary G. , Experimental Statistics , Handbook 91, National

Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1962.

29. "Data Processing and Data Analysis Procedures for Fire Load and

Live Load Survey Program," NBS Report in preparation.

30. Corotis, R. B. , "Statistical Measurement and Prediction of Building Design Loads," Thesis presented to the Massachusetts Institute

of Technology, at Cambridge, Mass., in 1968, in partial fulfill- ment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

31. Standard Industrial Classification Manual , U. S. Bureau of the

Budget, Office of Statistical Standards, Washington, D. C. , 1967.

32. Lie, T. T. , "Characteristic Temperature Curves for Various Fire

Severities," National Research Council of Canada, Division of

Building Research, Ottawa, August, 1973.

33. Gross, Daniel, Natrella, M. G. , "Interlaboratory Comparison the

Potential Heat Test Method," Special Publication 464 , American

Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1970.

34. Loftus, J. J., Gross, D. , Robertson, A. F. , "Potential Heat - A Method for Measuring the Heat Release of Materials in Building

Fires," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials , Vol. 61, Philadelphia, Pa., 1961.

35. Benjamin, I., Gross, D. , Unpublished NBS Report, January, 1970.

36. Gross, D. , "Field Burnout Tests of Apartment Dwelling Units,"

Building Science Series 10 , National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. , September, 1967.

37. Fire Protection Handbook , Twelfth Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Massachusetts, 1962.

38. Fact Finding Report on Gypsum Wallboard , U. L. File Subject 723,

Assignment 69NK 2633, Underwriters Laboratory, Northbrook,

Illinois, July, 1969.

39. Huggett, C. et. al. , "Analytical Study of Flammability of Spacecraft Material," ARC Final Report , NASA Contract No. 5854,

February, 1967.

40. Ramsey, Charles G. , Sleeper, Harold R. , Architectural Graphic

Standards , Sixth Ed., 1970.

41. Weight Engineers Handbook , St. Louis Chapter of the Society of

Aeronautical Weight Engineers.

130
42. Acoustical and Insulating Materials Association, Park Ridge,

Illinois, Bulletin , January, 1974.

43. Federal Specification CCC-W-408 A , Wall Covering, Vinyl Coated,

October 7, 1971.

44. Blackall, C. H. , Article in American Architect and Building News,

Vol. XLI, August 26, 1893, pp. 129-131.

45. Blackall, C. H. , Article in American Architect and Architectural

Review, January 3, 1923, pp. 6-8.

46. Lie, T. T. , Fire and Buildings , Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,

London, 1972.

47. Sandholzer, Marjorie W. , Unpublished NBS Report, September, 1961.

48. McGuire, Robin K. , Cornell, C. Allin, "Live Load Effects in Office

Buildings," Journal of the Structural Division , ASCE, Vol. 100,

No. ST7, Proc. Paper 10660, July 1974, pp. 1351-1366.

49. Corotis, R. B. , "Statistical Analysis of Live Load in Column

Design," Journal of the Structural Division , ASCE, Vol. 98, No. 578, August, 1972, pp. 1803-1815.

50. Clough, R. W. , and Tocher, J. L. , "Finite Element Stiffness Matrices

for Plate Bending," Conference on Matrix Methods in Structural

Mechanics , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, October, 1965.

51. Reconvened International Conference on Firesafety in High-Rise

Buildings, Proceedings , General Services Administration, Public

Buildings Service, October 5, 1971.

52. Kawagoe, K. , "Fire Behavior in Rooms", Building Research Institute , Report No. 27 , Tokyo, Japan, 1958.

53. Heselden, A. J. M. , Thomas, P. H. and Law, M. , "Burning Rate of

Ventilation Controlled Fires in Compartments", Fire Technology

6, 123-125, 1970.

54. Hamilton, D. C. and Morgan, W. R. , "Radiant Interchange Configuration Factors", NACA TN 2836 , 1952.

55. Yokoi, S., "Study on the Prevention of Fire Spread Caused by Hot Upward Current", Building Research Institute, Report No. 34 , Tokyo,

Japan, Nov. 1960.

56. Fang, J. B., "Analysis of the Behavior of a Freely Burning Fire in

a Quiescent Atmosphere", NBS IR 73-115 , February 1973.

131
APPENDIX A

ACCURACY REQUIRED FOR DETERMINING LOAD LOCATION

The location and magnitude of loads in buildings are important in

ascertaining their effects on the structure. For live loads, location

with respect to the elements of the vertical load resisting system of

the building is important. For fire loads, location with respect to the

bounding surfaces or walls of the compartments is important with respect

to fire severity effects on these structural elements and fire propagation to adjacent compartments.

As mentioned in discussing the survey data in Section 3.3, the

locations of the loads in this project were determined using a two sector model composed of a perimeter strip extending 2 ft. in from the

bounding walls and a single sector for the remaining portion of the

room. The adequacy of this procedure and comparison of results obtained

using more refined locations is considered in this Appendix for both fire

load effects and live load effects.

Live Loads —Errors in the Determination of Load Coefficients

The location of loads may be an important consideration in conducting

load surveys. In many previous surveys, the exact location of the loads

in the building were recorded. Bryson and Gross (15) recorded the load

locations only approximately. They divided each room into nine sectors

and recorded the magnitude of loads in each sector without determining

the exact locations. Using the Bryson and Gross data, Corotis (30, 49)

studied the errors resulting from using nine sectors.

In a report to NBS, Cornell (22) recommended the use of a 5-sector

model for the purpose of load surveys. The locations of the loads in

the survey reported herein are to be recorded using a 2-sector model,

which consists of a perimeter strip extending 2 ft. from the bounding

walls and a middle sector containing the remaining portion of the room. Since any portion of the furniture items rather than the center of

gravity is used to locate. the item in one of these 2 sectors, the

survey model used is really a one sector or room model for live load

purposes. Certain measures of the discretization error using 2-sector,

5-sector, and 9-sector models are computed herein for purposes of

comparison.

Consider a structural bay enclosed by four columns containing

a room which is divided into nm sectors as shown in Figure A2. Following Corotis (30), assume that the location of the load is equally likely to occur anywhere within the room, i.e.,

fyy(x»y) 1 if (x,y) is in ij sector "XY ^ — yx-'y) is ln !j sector /^\

a. .

where X, Y are random variables denoting the location of a point

load in the i j c sector, f^ (x,y) denotes the joint probability

density function and a. . denotes the area of the ij th sector.

132
boy -

©

Column

of Interest

ijtb sector

Jl

z:room

©—

PI Pi Pt4-r'

s Pn+i

Fig. Al - Bay Model

133
Furthermore, let S(X, Y) be the influence surface for the bay. Then the

expected value of the influence coefficient in the ij t'1 sector can be

found as follows

E[S (X,Y)]= /

i+1

dx /

j+1 dy S(X,Y) \

(A2)

a. . iJ

Following Corotis (30), and Clough and Tocher (50), assume that

S (X, Y) = S1

(X) S

2 (Y) (A3)

As examples, for axial-loads in the column,

S^ (x) = 3 X

2 - 2 X

3 (A4a)

S

2 (Y) = 3 Y

2 - 2 Y

3 (A4b)

and for bending moment about the y-axis of the column,

S

± (X) + X

2 - X3 (A4c)

S

2 (Y) = 3 Y

2 - 2 Y3 (A4d)

Consequently

E[S.. (X, Y)] = a

±j

[w^p.^) - w

1

(p1

)] t Zl (qj+1) - ^(q^l (A5)

where

w

± (x) =/si (x)dx (A6a)

z 1 (y) -J

S

2 (y)dy (A6b)

similarly,

E[S.

j

2 (X,Y)]

=J

±+1

P

i

dy S

2 (x,y) i

ij

(A7) a

ij

[w

2 (p i+l ) " w

2 (p i )][z

2 (qj+l ) "

Z

2 (q

j )]

where w (x) = /s 2 (x)dx (A8a)

z

2 (y) =J

S

2 (y)dy (A8b)

The variance of S.. (X,Y) can be computed as follows:

VartS.j] = Var[S

±j (X,Y)] = E[S.. 2

( X ,Y)]

- (E[S

±j

(X,Y)]) 2

134

(A9)
Define Q. . as the discretization error for the resulting column load,

i.e., J

Q. . = T. . - T. . (A10)

ij ij ij

where T. . denotes the '"actual" column load obtained using the complete influence surface, and T. . denotes the load computed by lumping all loads in

ij sector at the point of average influence for this particular sector

i.e.,, using the average influence surface value for that sector. Then

Var Q.. = E[N..] E[M.. 2

] Var [S..] (All)

ij ij iJ iJ where N. . is a random variable denoting the number of loads and M. . denotes

the magnitude of these loads in the ij sector. The variance of the total

discretization error can then be found as follows (30)

:

n m

Var Q = E Z E[N..] E[M. . 1 Var[S..] (A12)

i=l j=l J XJ XJ

To compare with Corotis 1 more approximate calculations, Var Q is com- puted for the case E[NU] = E[N

13 ] = E[N J

= E[N

33

] = E[N

22 ] = 1.05, EfN^] = E[N ] = E[N ] = E[N _] = 0.95 = E[N ] for various values of p in a 9-sector

model. These numerical results are plotted in Figure A3, in which the dashed

line represents Corotis 'approximation using a Taylor series expansion in obtaining Var [S..] in Eq. (A12) (30), and the solid line represents calculations made by the author without the use of the Taylor series expansion. The

results in Fig. A3 indicate that both approaches give essentially the same

result.

In the study herein, it is assumed that the average number of items in

the ij"1 sector, E[N..], is proportional to the area of that sector, i.e.,

E[N. .] = a. . X (A13)

ij ij

and

E[M.

2

] = E[M2

] (A14)

where X is the average number of items in the room. Then,

~ n m

Var Q = X E[M ] Z Z a.. Var[S..] (A15)

i=l j=l 1J 1J

°Q (A16)

To compare this quantity in a non-dimensionalized form, the standard

deviation of the discretization error is divided by the average column load,

i.e. ,

Q 1 Ve[m (A17)

2

] X

/ Z Z Vi i z z i j

a. . Var [S. J

i.l 1.1 E [T] E[M]

a

ij E [S

±

.]

135
o [ Z

\N] 3M 3

Vo JDA

ON

55

COnoua

cu

to.

T3

cdOJoano

14-1 nouuw

fio

•H

4J

cdNHU

CU

V-l CJCD •HP

a)a

ti

cfl •H

VjC6 >

CN<M

•H

136
This quantity gives an indication of the relative errors resulting from room discretization and was computed numerically for the case where the room coincides with the bay using E[M] = 245, E[M

2

] = 66,000 and A = 9.05. These

results are plotted in Figures A4 and A5 for axial loads and bending moments in the column.

As expected, the results in Figs. A4 and A5 indicate that the probability density functions of the discretization errors may be represented

qualitatively as shown in Figure A6. If a symetrical density function is

assumed, the median (or 50 percentile) error coincides with the average

error, which is zero for all three models (2-, 5-, and 9-sector). For a given probability level, say 0.9, the range of discretization error is the

largest for the 5-sector model, and the smallest for the 9-sector model.

For illustrative purposes, assume a normal distribution for the discretization error Q . Then, the probability that the discretization error will be between -q_

q and q n q is 0.9, i.e.,

P(QA'- q

9

} = °' 9 = 2tH

q

°- 9 ) - 1 X

where $(.) denotes the standardized normal distribution. From a normal

distribution table, we find that,

q

. 9 = I*"

1 (0.95)] °QA

=1.65 aQA

Consider the case p= 0.25, and E[T ] = 550 .

From Figure A4,

for the 2-sector model:

°Q

A

= 0.38 x 550k

= 209

k

q0.9= 1.65 x 209k

= 345

k

for the 5-sector model:

°Q

A

= 0.24 x 550

k

= 132

k

q0.9 = 1.65 x 132

k

= 218

k

for the 9-sector model:

°Q

A

= 0.18 x 550

k

= 99k

qQ9 = 1.65 x 99k

= 163

k

Thus, on the average, 90% of the time the discretization error for the column

axial load is within + 345 using the 2-sector model, within + 218k using the

137
040 —

0.30 —

.•-. 0.20 —

uj

<

o

b

0.10

Fig. A3 - Standard Deviation of Discretization Error for Column Axial Load

138
0.4 —

0.3

LU

'r:' 0.2

§

0.1

2 Sectors

9 Sectors

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

P

Fig. A4 - Standard Deviation of Discretization Error for Column Moment

139
ifQA«»

9- Sector Model

2- Sector Model

Discretization Error, q

Fig. A5 - Probability Density Functions of Discretization Error

140
5-sector model, and within + 163 using the 9-sector model for a column

with an average axial load of 550k and a room equal in size to the structural bay.

In conclusion, this study of discretization error indicates that a 9-sector model if and when the location of the load is a significant factor

in the design load analysis. However, numerical results indicate that even

a 9-sector model leaves something to be desired in terms of possible descretization errors. Additional errors resulting from arbitrary influence

surfaces and different probability distributions complicate the problem

even further. Therefore, additional studies to resolve the question of

the accuracy required in locating loads in a load survey are desirable.

141
Fire Loads

The integrity of building components exposed to a fully developed

room fire is determined by the material thermal properties, and the

intensity and duration of the fire involved. Fire behavior is dependent

upon the amount and distribution of combustible materials, the degree of

ventilation and the thermal characteristics of the bounding surfaces of

the room. The purpose of this analysis is to explore some of the theoretical aspects of the effect of fire load location on fire severity,

which may be represented by the heat transferred into the enclosing walls,

floor and ceiling.

In conventional evaluations of fire loads, it is commonly assumed

that combustibles are uniformly distributed and that the temperature is

uniform throughout the room. In this analysis, the fire is considered

in terms of its predominant thermal characteristics (radiation and con- vection) and appropriate thermal and geometrical factors. The fire

load will be assumed (a) in the center of the room and (b) concentrated

along one wall to provide a measure of severity for two widely different

load locations.

In order to make the analysis mathematically feasible, the following

simplifying assumptions were made:

1. The rate of combustion is controlled by the ventilation of the

enclosure with the burning rate proportional to the rate of air

supply through the opening.

2. The freely burning fire can be represented by an isothermal

radiating parallelogram with an effective constant emittance.

3. The bounding enclosure walls may be considered as inert,

graybody, semi-infinite slabs, and the heat transfer through

these walls is one-dimensional and uniformly distributed.

4. Radiant transfer due to multiple reflections may be neglected

and the emission of energy from a surface is diffuse.

The temperature history of hot gas within a fire compartment can be

determined from an overall heat balance for the enclosed space. Assuming

that heat supplied by inflowing air, heat losses by radiation through

openings, and transient changes in the enthalpy of the gases within the

enclosure can be neglected, the rate of heat release by combustion of

materials in the compartment will equal the sum of the rates of all heat

losses to the interior surfaces plus the heat carried by the outflowing

gases. Accordingly, the heat balance equation for the enclosure can be

expressed by

n fde .1 = -I A.K. -i

i=l i HAj RQ = -2 A.K,!-^ + PCG6

g (A18)

x-0

14 2
where R is the rate of burning, Q is the effective cal6rific value of

the combustible material, A is the area of the i-th interior surface,

K. is thermal conductivity of the i-th interior surface, n is total

number of interior surfaces, 0. is the temperature rise relative to ambient of the i-th usrface, x is the perpendicular distance measured

from the exposed wall surface in the direction away from the heat

source, p is the density of hot gas leaving the enclosure, C is the

specific heat of hot gas leaving the enclosure, G is the temperature

rise above the ambient of the hot gas, and G is tne volumetric flow rate

of the outflowing hot gas.

For ventilation controlled fires, the average burning rate of wood

fuel is determined by the air supply, and can be related to the size of

the opening by the approximate relation [52, 53]

R = 5.5 A /H~ (A19) w w

2 where R is the rate of burning in kg/min, A is the opening area, in m , and H is the height of the opening, in m. w

Consider a semi-infinite slab, the lateral surface of which is

thermally insulated, having an initial temperature equal to the ambient

temperature, subjected to external heating by forced convection from

flowing hot gases, and direct radiation from the exposing fire and the

other surrounding wall surfaces. The energy equation for the slab with

constant thermal properties is given by

2 ^i = ^J± (A20)

3t ^^x2

with the initial and boundary conditions

).(x,0) =

90 (0,t)

-K. —^ = h.[e

g (t)-e.(0,t)] (A21)

n a /. +£ e.e.a?,. [0 . (0,t)-6 , (0,t)] j.^J ij J i

and 6 . (°°, t) =0

x

143
where t is the time variable, a. is thermal diffusivity of the i-th

surface, h. is convection heat transfer coefficient, e. and £-; are the

i 1 -J total emissivity of the i-th and the j-th surfaces, respectively, F-jj is

the configuration factor between the i-th surface and the j-th surface,

a is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and is the temperature rise of the

j-th surface.

The boundary condition which contains the absolute temperature

raised to fourth power terms can be approximately rewritten as

^(O.t)

h'.[0 (t)

i g

) ,(0,t)J = E HI*

j=l J ..(O.t) - 0.,(O,t)] (A22)

where

h. h

i " K7

H..

e.e. F

1 .[0

1 (O,t) BjCO^)]-

2K.

l

The quantities of particular interest with respect to calculation

of the rate of heat absorbed by the enclosure walls are the surface

temperature and the absorbed heat flux at the surface of the slab.

The surface temperature of a semi-infinite slab at any time can be

derived from solution of Eq. A20 at x = and expressed in the following

form

9,(0, t) = JJ_

h' + H

. i=l 3 .

.erfc(B) (A23)

and the heat flux absorbed at the surface of the slab is found to be

d0.(O,t) ,2 - = K

±

I eD

l .erfc(B) i i dx

(A24)

144
where

hi

= h'iVt) +

5=1HijV0,t)

B = (h' . + Z H.J/aTt

1 j=l « i

2 oo -z erfc(x) = — / e dz = complementary error function

/n

p. is the density of the i-th slab, and C. is the specific heat of the

i-th slab.

The arrangement of the bounding surface in the compartment and

its location relative to the heat source (fire) and the other bounding

surfaces are required for calculating the exchange of radiant energy

between the enclosing walls, ceiling and floor, and the fire. These may

be expressed in terms of configuration factors, F^ . , and used in conjunction with Eqs. A23 and A24. The four types of arrangements considered

are shown in Fig. A6 and include: opposed parallel rectangles with

equal width and length, adjacent rectangles of equal width in perpendiccular planes, similar rectangles of different lengths in opposed parallel

planes, and perpendicular rectangles of different widths. The expressions

for these configuration factors are presented below.

The configuration factor for identical, parallel, directly opposed

rectangles A^ where A2, as shown in Fig. A6a, in terms of the parameters,

M and W, where M = b/c and W = a/c, is given by [54]

12 1_MW

. (1 + M

2 )(l + W2

) In ^ —

(1 + M + W ) 2W tan S

- 2M tan hi + 2W/l + M

2 tan "H W

-

+ 2M/1 + W

2 tan

-1/—

1

145
(a) Opposed Rectangles (b) Adjacent Rectangles

(c) Parallel Configuration (d) Perpendicular Configuration

Fig. A6 - Arrangements Used for Determining Configuration Factors

146
The configuration factor for perpendicular rectangles having a com- mon edge as shown in Fig. A6b is expressed in terms of the dimensionless

ratios N=a/b and L=c/b as

F19 = ±- )l tan

1 (h + N tan

1 (h - /n

2 + L

2 tan

1 1/ iL L N

+ ^ In /(l + L

2 )(l + N

2 )\ /L

2 (l + L2 + N2 \

\ (1 + N

2 + L2

) / \(1 + L

2 )(L2 + N2

)/

a / n

2 (i + l2 + n2

) y

\(1 + N

2 )(L2 + N2 )/

( //+ L

2 )

The equation for the configuration factor for a parallelogram to a finite rectangle can be obtained through principles of configuration

factor algebra [54], and synthesized from the parallel and perpendicular

rectangles discussed previously.

For the parallel configuration shown in Fig. A6c, the configuration

factor between surface 1 and total lower surface is given by

A, F 1 (1,2+4+6+8+10+12+14+16+18)

-i{*(1+13+15+17) (1+13+15+17,2+14+16+18)

+ A F +A F (3+5+1+17) (3+5+1+17,4+6+2+8) (1+5+7+9) (1+5+7+9,2+6+8+10)

+A F + A F + A F (1+9+11+13) (1+9+11+13,2+10+12+14) 3 (3,4) 7 (7,8) + AF +AF -A F 11 (11,12) 15(15,16) (3+5) (3+5,4+6)

" A

(5+7

)

F

(5+7, 6+8) " A

(7+9)

F (7+9,8+10) " A

(9+11)

F (9+11, 10+12)

" A

(11+13)

F

(11+13, 12+14) " A(13+15)

F

(13+15, 14+16)

" A

(15+17)

F (15+17, 16+18) " A

(17+3)

F (17+3,18+4)>

147
For the perpendicular configuration depicted in Fig. A6d the configuration factor for the radiant interchange between surface 1 and the

bottom plane is

H<

A

1 F

(1, 4+2+6) 2 |

A

(2+6)

F (2+6, 1+8+9+5) + A

(4+2

)

F (4+2, 1+3+7+8)

" A

(2+6

)

F

(2+6 ,8+9) " A

(4+2

)

F (4+2, 7+8)

+A4 F (4,7)

+A6 F (6,9)- A

4 F (4,3+7)

" V(6 ,5+9)|

Calculation of the heat flux absorbed by the walls and ceiling of

a fire compartment, i.e., a measure of .fire severity, can be carried out from Eq. A18 along with Eqs. A23 and A24, and the expressions for

configuration factors. Two cases are considered and compared (a) the

fire load is distributed in the center of the compartment away from the

walls and (b) the fire load is concentrated along [within 0.6 m (2 feet)

of] one wall, in a 3.7 x 3.7 x 2.4 m (12 x 12 x 8 ft.) high room with a doorway measuring 0.9 m (35 inch) wide by 2 m (80 inch) high (see Fig.

A7). The fire load density in the form of wood cribs is taken to be 49 Kg per square m (10 lbs. per square ft.) of floor area, i.e., 655 Kg

(1440 lb.)

Information required for evaluation of the fire severity included

thermal properties of the interior lining material (gypsum board) , the

effective calorific value of the fire load, the flow rate and thermal

properties of combustion gases leaving the fire room, and total emisivity of the exposing flames. The values used in the calculations were:

p = 0.96 g/cm3, K. = 2.1 x

10~ 3 W/cm-°C, C. = 1.1 J/g-°K and e. = 0.9

for the gypsum board lining material, Q = 1.0 x 10 KJ/Kg, G = 4.86R m /min. [55], p. = 1.65 Kg/m and C = 1.0 J/g- K for the combustion

products, and e f = 0.6 for the flames. Two values of the heat transfer

coefficient, h. used to compute the convective component were assumed

to be, 2. 3 x 10 W/cm - C for predominantly forced convection and 9.3 x 10 W/cm^- C for natural convection. The size of the fire was assumed

to consist of a vertical section covering the entire room height and a horizontal portion along the ceiling. The flame length was estimated on

the basis of flame height correlations for two-dimensional and axisymmetric

buoyant diffusion flames resulting from burning cribs of wood in an un- confined atmosphere [56]. A constant flame temperature of 1000 K was assumed for the early stages of the fire, followed by a varying temperature equal to the average gas temperature when the latter increased beyond

1000 K. Based on the total fire load and the rate of burning, the duration of the room fire required to consume the entire fire load was calculated to be approximately 45 minutes.

148
h-zH

PLAN PLAN

ELEVATION

a) FIRE LOAD DISTRIBUTED IN CENTER OF ROOM

A

ELEVATION

b) FIRE LOAD CONCENTRATED

ALONG ONE WALL

Fig. A7 - Assumed Distributions of Fire Load

149
Table Al summarizes the results of the calculations including the

time history for heat absorbed by the wall and the ceiling, the total

heat absorbed by all the bounding surfaces, and the average temperature

of hot gas within the fire room. The rate of heat absorbed by a boundary

element is the parameter selected for characterizing the severity of a room fire as it closely relates to the potential of structural fire

damage. As shown in the table and Fig. A8, this heat absorption rate gradually decreases with time due to a continuous rise in the surface

temperatures of the boundary elements. Also, it may be noted that this

decrease is accompanied by an increase in the average room gas temperature.

The heat absorbed by the wall and by the ceiling averaged over the

first 6 minutes were found to be 2.9 and 2.0 W/cm respectively for the

fire load concentrated along one wall, and 1.8 and 2.2 W/cm for the

fire load distributed near the center of the room. The room fire due

to the concentrated fire load in the former case will have its greatest

effect at early times because of the higher incident heat flux, which

may cause ignition of combustible walls and ceiling if present, and

duration of the fire, the wall surface was exposed to a 6% higher level

of heat flux while the ceiling was subjected to a 4% lower flux for the case of the fire load concentrated along one wall. Also, the area under

the average gas temperature versus time curve for the load concentrated

along one wall was approximately 2% greater than that for the combustibles

distributed in the center of the compartment. Consequently, it appears

that the former represents a slightly higher potential for structural

fire damage than the latter.

Further study is desirable to provide information on the influence

of the types and locations of enclosure walls on the rate of burning and

the severity of compartment fires. Since the calculations presented

herein are based on burning of wood cribs, the burning rates and effective

calorific values of combustibles other than wood may affect these results

and additional information is required to assess their destructive potential in the event of fire.

150
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152
APPENDIX B

DATA COLLECTION FORMS AND INSTRUCTIONS

The survey procedure involving collection of data on the building

characteristics, the building occupancy and the fire and live loads in

the rooms consisted of the following:

1. Completion of Building Characteristic Form

2. Completion of Occupancy Data Form

3. Annotation of Building Floor Plans

4. Completion of Room Survey Form

The survey forms and instructions are presented in this section.

153
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS

DATA COLLECTION FORM

The purpose of this form is to record information about general building

characteristics such as height, age, occupancy type (page 1) as well as

information about the firms occupying the building (subsequent pages of

the form).

Questions 1 through 7

The building number, building name, building address and age of the

building to be surveyed have been entered on the first page of the form.

Instructions for completing the remainder of the form are provided

below.

Filling out the Data Collection Form

The surveyor's name, date of the survey and a record of the page number

are to be recorded in the upper right corner of the first page. The

remaining entries are to be completed as follows:

Question 8 - Count and record the number of all floors in the

building including mezzanines and mechanical equipment floors above

the ground level (include the ground floor). For buildings on

sloping terrain with two or more entrances at differing ground levels

use the lowest level entrance in determining the number of floors.

Floors completely below grade are considered basements and are

not to be counted.

Question 9 - Circle the appropriate digit describing the type of

vertical load resisting system (9a) and the material used for

this system (9b).

154
Question 10 - Circle the appropriate digit which describes

the type of occupancy for the building.

After completing the above, information about the firms occupying the

building is to be recorded on the "Occupancy Data" form. Use as many

forms as necessary to record the data for all the firms in the building.

For government buildings, each agency in the building is to be considered

as a different firm. If only one agency occupies the building, the firm

type recorded for each room will be the same.

The building number from page one should be recorded in the upper righthand corner of the "Occupancy Data" form. Each occupancy data sheet for

the building should be numbered sequentially starting with number 2.

Each firm in the building should be assigned a number. This number, the

firm name and firm type and the age of the firm must be recorded on the

form. Names of the firms may be obtained from the building directory in

the lobby or by walking through the building. The firms should preferably be listed in alphabetical order and numbered sequentially if a

directory is suitable. If a building directory is not available, they

may be numbered in any convenient fashion, e.g., in the order encountered

in walking through the building.

The type of firm is to be selected from the list of firm types provided.

In making this selection, the two digit category which best describes

the type of activity conducted by the firm should be used.

The firm age refers to the number of years the firm has occupied the

rooms in the building which is being surveyed.

155
BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS

DATA COLLECTION FORM

Surveyed by

Date

Sheet of

1. Building Number

2. Building Name

3. Street Address

4. City

5. State

Zip Code

7. Year Building Completed

8. Number of floors above ground level

9. Vertical Load Resisting System

a.

(Circle appropriate digit)

Type

Column - Bearing Wall

Material

Concrete

Steel - - Masonry - Wood

10. Occupancy Type

Federal Government ___ __.

State Government

Local Government __.

Private

Private and Government (Federal, state, or local)

156
BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS

DATA COLLECTION FORM

(Occupancy Data)

Firm Number Firm Name

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Number

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Name

Firm Type Firm Age

Firm Type Firm Age

Firm ^pe Firm Age

Firm Type Firm

Firm Type FIrm Age

Firm Type Firm Age

Firm. Type Firm Age

Firm Type Firm Age

Firm Type Firm Age

Firm Type Firm Age

Firm Type Firm Age

Firm Type Firm Age

Firm Type Firm Age

157
LIST OF FIRM TYPES TO CHOOSE FROM:

The firm type is to be determined by the product or group of

products produced or handled, or services rendered.

Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries

Type 01. Agricultural production—crops

Type 02. Agricultural production--! ivestock

Type 07. Agricultural services

Type 08. Forestry

Type 09. Fishing, hunting, and trapping

Mining

Type 10. Metal Mining

Type 11. Anthracite mining

Type 12. Bituninous coal and lignite mining

Type 13. Oil and gas extraction

Type 14. Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals,

except fuels

Contract Construction

Type 15. Building construction—general contractors and

operators

Type 16. Construction other than building constructiongeneral contractors

Type 17. Construction—special trade contractors

Food and kindred products

Tobacco manufactures

Textile mill products

Apparel and other finished products made from

fabrics and similar materials

Lumber and wood products, except furniture

Furniture and fixtures

Paper and allied products

Printing, publishing, and allied industries

Chemicals and allied products

Petroleum refining and related industries

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products

Leather and leather products

Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products

Primary metal industries

Fabricated metal products, except machinery

and transportation equipment

Machinery, except electrical

Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment

and supplies

Transportation equipment

Measuring, analyzing, and controlling instruments;

photographic, medical and optical goods; watches

and clocks

Type 39. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

158

Manufactiiring

Type 20. Type 21. Type 22. Type 23.

Type 24. Type 25. Type 26. Type 27. Type 28. Type 29. Type 30. Type 31. Type 32. Type 33. Type 34.

Type 35. Type 36.

Type 37. Type 38.
LIST OF FIRM TYPES TO CHOOSE FROM:

Transportation, Communication, Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services

Type 40. Railroad transportation

Type 41. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway

passenger transportation

Type 42. Motor freight transportation and warehousing

Type 43. U.S. Postal Service

Type 44. Water transportation

Type 45. Transportation by air

Type 46. Pipe lines, except natural gas Type 47. Transportation services

Type 48. Communication

Type 49. Electric, gas and sanitary services

Wholesale and Retail Trade

Type 50. Wholesale trade—durable goods

Type 51. Wholesale trade—nondurable goods

Type 52. Building materials, hardware, garden supply, and

mobile home dealers

Type 53. General merchandise stores Type 54. Food stores Type 55. Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations

Type 56. Apparel and accessory stores

Type 57. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores Type 58. Eating and drinking places

Type 59. Miscellaneous retail

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Type 60. Banking

Type 61. Credit agencies other than banks

Type 62. Security and commodity brokers, dealers, exchanges,

and services

Type 63. Insurance Type 64. Insurance agents, brokers, and service

Type 65. Real estate

Type 66. Combinations of real estate, insurance, loans, law

offices

Type 67. Holding and other investment officers

Service (s)

Type 70. Hotels, rooming houses, camps, and other lodging

places

Type 72. Personal services

Type 73. Business services

Type 75. Automotive repair, services, and garages

Type 76. Miscellaneous repair services

Type 78. Motion pictures

Type 79. Amusement and recreation services, except motion

pictures.

Type 80. Health services

Type 81 . Legal services

159
LIST OF FIRM TYPES TO CHOOSE FROM:

Type 82. Educational services

Type 83. Social services

Type 84. Museums, art galleries, botanical and zoological

gardens

Type 86. Membership organizations

Type 88. Private households

Type 89. Miscellaneous services

Public Administration

Type 91. Executive, legislative, and general government,

except finance

Type 92. Justice, public order, and safety

Type 93. Public Finance, taxation, and monetary policy

Type 94. Administration of human resources programs

Type 95. Administration of environmental quality and housing

programs

Type 96. Administration of economic programs

Type 97. National security and international affairs

Nonclassifiable establishments

Type 99. Nonclassifiable establishments

160
EXAMPLE

Ajax Hardware - Central office for hardware store chain in present

offices for 28 years.

J. H. Brown,

Attorney Law Firm in present offices for 3 years,

Etc.

FIRM NO.

1

2

etc.

FIRM NAME FIRM TYPE FIRM AGE"

Ajax Hardware Is 1*1 2 8

J. H. Brown Mil 3

161
INSTRUCTIONS FOR ANNOTATING THE BUILDING FLOOR PLANS

Information related to the location of each firm within the building

and the use of the various rooms will be utilized in connection with this

survey. This information will be collected using the building floor plans

Copies of the floor plan layout for the building to be surveyed will

be provided by NBS. The first step involved in this portion of the survey

will be to walk through the building with the floor plans and ascertain

their correctness through visual observation. The purpose of this inspection is to verify that the floor plans correctly depict the locations of

all rooms, corridors, stairways and elevator shafts. Any necessary corrections to the floor plans indicating new wall locations or removal of original

walls etc., are to be made on the floor plans during this walk through.

In addition, for each area in the building the following information

is to be recorded directly on the floor plans:

a. Firm number occupying area, if applicable, and

b. Type of enclosure, if applicable.

c. Area use.

This data will be written in each area in the above order followed

by slashes between each code using the following coding system:

A. Firm number - The firm number (the three digit number assigned

to the firm on the Building Characteristic Data Collection Form) for the

firm occupying the area shall be recorded except for exempt areas.

B. Type of Enclosure - For all areas except exempt areas select

1. Fully enclosed - individual rooms with all walls extending

the full distance from floor to ceiling.

162
2. Open area with partial

height partitions - large open areas usually with several

occupants with partial height partitions

subdividing the area into individual

work stations.

3. Open area without partial

height partitions - large open area without any internal

partitions subdividing the area.

Area use - select one of the following classifications which

best describes the use of the particular area

1. General Office - used primarily for administrative

functions as opposed to clerical

function (e.g., professional office,

executive or managerial office, etc.).

2. Clerical Office - used primarily by clerical staff

(e.g. .secretarial areas, bookkeeping,

typing pool, key punch room).

3. Lobby - used primarily as an entrance area or reception

area

4. Conference - used primarily for group meetings.

5. File Room - used primarily for the storage and maintenance of files.

6. Storage Room - used for the storage of office materials

other than files or books.

7. Library - used primarily for the storage of books.

8

.

S ta i rway

9. Elevator

10. Corridor

11. All other areas - lavatories, mechanical equipment room janitors closet, etc.

12. Vacant room

163
The numbers described for the area use, type of enclosure and firm

number shall be written on the plans in sequential order for each area

(Code A/Code B/Code C).

Example of Possible Floor Plan

Lavatory

Managers office with

full height walls

occupied by Ajax

Hardware

-Stairwell

Corridor

Typing pool with

screen partitions

occupied by J. H. Brown

Attorney

Example of Floor Plan After Surveyors Annotations

Note the codes

used per area

11

Code A

1/1/1

3/

V

X

10

Code C only

because exempt area

Code B Code C

164
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165
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DATA COLLECTION AND RECORDING

General

These instructions cover the collection and recording of data in the designated rooms. In surveying a room all data will be recorded

on the room data collection forms.

There are four types of room data collection forms;

1. The first type of form (Form #1 "Bounding Surfaces")

involves information to be recorded for the ceiling,

floors, walls, internal partitions, and trim of the

room.

2. The second type of form (Form #2 through 6) involves

information to be collected on furniture items and

their associated contents. These forms are:

a. Form #2 "Desks"

b. Form #3 "Tables"

c. Form #4 "Cabinets"

d. Form #5 "Shelving"

e. Form #6 "Seating"

3. The third type of form (Form #7 "Miscellaneous") deals with

items that may not have been previously accounted for on Forms #1 through 6.

4. The fourth type of Form (Form A, B, & C) are extra unnumbered

forms for use as continuation sheets for recordinq information

on Forms #2 through 7. These forms are:

Form A - free and enclosed contents (paper & books) Form B - equipment

Form C - free & enclosed contents other than paper & books

The data collected will be used to obtain information about the weight

of the items in the room and their fire characteristics. In this regard,

the information of primary interest for each item in the room consists of:

1. Type of material - wood, metal, etc.

2. Dimensions

3. Estimated weight where required

Instructions have been prepared indicating the procedures to follow in completing the forms. The descriptions in these instructions for the

items in the various categories such as desks, tables, etc. are based on characteristics used to establish equations for converting the information

on the data collection form to the weight of the item. Note that in some

cases, the descriptions do not include items which one would normally consider

to be part of the category.

166
Built-in items such as book cases, etc. should be considered as miscellaneous items and it will be necessary to estimate the weight

for such items.

Undoubtedly, items will be encountered which do not exactly fit the

descriptions provided in the instructions and judgement will be required.

For these cases, the information of primary interest in the survey should

be considered in arriving at a decision. If, for example, the material

type for an item does not exactly correspond to the multiple choices

provided on the form, the material type which most closely approximates

the combustibility and weight should be selected. Similarly, if it is

not clear whether an item of furniture fits the description provided

for Forms 2 through 6, it should be regarded as a miscellaneous item

using Form 7.

The type of material is to be recorded for each item. In selecting

the material type for furniture items, laminated coverings should be

neglected. For example, most desk tops have a plastic or vinyl covering.

This should not be recorded but rather the material used to construct the

desk (wood, metal, or plastic). Where items are composed of two materials,

the material comprising the largest portion of the item should be recorded.

In some cases, e.g., chairs, space has been provided for recording the

different material types for the various component parts of the item.

If the dimensions of an item are greater than the values provided

for on the data sheet, record the largest value possible.

167
The entries to be made on each data collection form must be chosen

from the multiple choices provided. If the choice is, for instance,

between "wood" and "metal", one should fill in the circle following either

wood or metal, whichever is appropriate as shown below:

e.g. Wood

Metal

If Wood Wood t Metal o

In the case where dimensions are reguired, the circle below the

appropriate number for each of the digits should be filled in in order.

For example, if the entry is a dimension, such as 7 ft. -2 in., the sheet

should be marked as follows:

01 23456789

ft. 0000000*00

in. ootooooooo

It is important to note that when numbers are recorded, values must be shown

for all the quantities on the data sheet. If for example, a dimension is 9" and the dimensions shown in the space on the form are as follows:

tfl 23456789 10 11

ft. 0000000000

in. oooooooooo o o

The dimension is to be recorded as Q'-9" i.e.

#} 23456789 10 11

ft. #000000000

in. ooooooooo* o o

Similarly if the dimension is an even number of feet, the zero should be marked

for the inch dimension. Thus wherever numbers are provided for the item

which has been recorded on the form and the value is zero for the guanitity

associated with that item, the zero must be marked. Dimensions less than

1" are to be rounded off to the nearest inch. Values less than 1/2" should

be neglected. Values between 1/2" and 1" should be rounded off to 1".

168
Room Survey Procedure

A standard number of forms has been provided in the following

order:

1. Form #1 Bounding Surfaces

2. Form #2 Desks

3. Form #3 Tables

4. Form #4 Cabinets

5. Form #5 Shelving

6. Form #6 Seating

7. Form #7 Miscellaneous

Extra Forms A, B, & C

The floor number and room number of the room to be surveyed have been

indicated at the upper right hand corner of the first sheet. This floor

number and room number are in accordance with the numbering system posted

in the building.

After entering a room the surveyor should record the information on Form #1 on the ceiling, floor, trim, and walls first. Then record information

on all desks (Form #2) next, one desk per form. All information associated

with the desk should be recorded on the desk form, including enclosed and

free contents. Next all information on the tables in the room should be

recorded. All information on cabinets, shelving, and seating should be recorded

in order. The last form, Form #7, should then be filled out to account for

all room contents not previously recorded. To expedite the survey operation,

small miscellaneous items encountered on top of furniture items may be aggregated and also recorded using Form #7. An alternate procedure, for example,

is to proceed around the room surveying the items as encountered. This will

facilitate keeping track of what items have been surveyed and insure that

items are not skipped. It is important that the surveyor follow a systematic

procedure to insure that all items in the room are recorded, the survey of

the room completed expeditiously and creates a minimum disruption of the

office activities. It may be necessary to adjust the above suggested pro- cedure based on the situation encountered in the room.

For large open areas such as secretarial pools, etc. sometimes referred

to as office landscaping, see the Special Items (JIC) section of the

special instructions for Form #1.

For each form, the individual sheets should be numbered in the upper right

hand corner (e.g., 1 of 2, 2 of 2, etc.). When there is not sufficient

space on a particular form to record all the information for that item (e.g.

if the free contents on top of one desk cannot be recorded on a single desk

form), the appropriate extra form, (Form A, B, or C) should be used. In this case, the extra form should be inserted immediately following the form

for the item for which it was used and the heading at the top of the sheet

should be marked indicating it is an "extra form."

169
Marking Instructions

The information recorded by you on these forms will be processed on an electronic reading machine called FOSDIC. (The letters stand for Film

Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computers.) These forms are microfilmed

and the negative film is fed" through the FOSDIC. The resulting electronic

impulses are recorded on magnetic tape which is then used to feed the computers.

By using neg

as clear spots on the spot and crea

that you make com circles and perfo

should be filled,

a spot at least a the number itself

is preferred. A

ative microfilm, the marks you make on these forms will show

the negative microfilm. An "electric eye" will shine through

te an impulse on magnetic tape. Accordingly, it is imperative

plete, black marks. Two types of marking guides are provided--

rated numbers. Where circles are provided, the entire circle

Where perforated numbers are provided, the mark should be

s large and complete as in the circle and in the center of

. If possible, when markinq perforated numbers, a circle

circular motion is recommended.

Shown below are examples of acceptable and unacceptable marks for each

type of marking guide.

GOOD NO GOOD

Good Incomplete Not Acceptable Not Acceptable Not Acceptable

# o o

1 O 9 O

o

o

o p o o o

i o e o o

Oo

er

1 o

o o o o

tf" o o o

5 G# O O O O

6 O CO O O O o

o 6 o o o o o

2 O O # o o 2 o o © o o 2 O o .xy o o 7 O O & O O 7 p o o o o

3 O O O • o 3 O O O IQ o 3 O o o \ o 8 0^0 8 b o o o o

4 O O O o « 4 o o o o 4 O o o o <p 9 O O O O *0 9 P O O O O

a & ::: K •:> •:;: :;: •:;: :;: .'"

: * :

!:! 1* * -.': ..": .J '«* •: ':?: :(' :=

: • ;

.•:! .-i .-:. .-:. ... * .-.

; :| i #

A ;?. .v.

.'-I

.'": j-; •; ••: -; -j •:

One final word of caution: These forms should not be filled out with ink. neither ball-point pens or fountain pens. Only black pencils can be used.

Further, wherever possible, a good No. 2 or No. 2-1/2 lead pencil should be

used. This is important because anything softer than No. 2 deposits too much

graphite and smears, while anything harder than No. 2-1/2 makes too gray a mark.

170
A space is provided on the first sheet for the room for the

surveyor to write in any significant notes. Comments on such things as:

1. The type of plastic if know (for furniture, equipment, etc.),

2. The estimated weight and volume of free combustibles (e.g.,

cardboard cartons, trash containers, etc.) in the corridor

adjacent to the room surveyed (when observed),

3. The existance of flammable liquids (solvents, oils, inks, glues, etc.),

4. The percentage of windows which can be opened,

should be included if appropriate.

Specific instructions for filling out each of the individual data

collection forms are given in the following •

171
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM #1 - BOUNDING SURFACES

This is the first sheet to be completed in surveying a room. Note that the surveyors name and date of the survey are to be filled in at the upper right hand corner. The building name and the floor number and room number using the numbering system posted in the building have

already been marked to identify the room to be surveyed.

This form contains information on the room use; the number of

occupants; the type of walls; the type of ceiling, floor and trim; and

the wall material. The procedure for filling out the form is indicated

below.

1 . Room Use

Select the one most appropriate category which describes the type

of activity conducted in the room in accordance with the following:

a. General - used primarily for administrative

functions as opposed to clerical function (e.g.,

professional office, executive or managerial

office, etc. )

.

b. Clerical - used primarily by clerical staff (e.g.,

secretarial areas, bookeeping, typing pool, key

punch room.

c. Lobby - used primarily as an entrance area or reception area.

d. Conference - used primarily for group meetings

e. File - used primarily for the storage and main tenance of files

f. Storage - used for the storage of materials other

than files or books

g. Library - used primarily for the storage of books.

2. Normal Number of Occupants

The number of people who normally use the room should be recorded.

This can be determined by:

a. asking someone in the room

b. by assuming one person sits at each desk if

an occupant of the room is not available

c. for a conference room, library or lobby -_ assume one person uses each available chair

172
3. Wall Types

The four vertical boundaries of the room (either walls, partial

height partitions or open imaginary boundary) should be numbered and the

type of wall indicated for each in accordance with the following:

Designation of wall number

purposes the wall containii

to enter the room shall be

wall 1. Proceeding in a cl from wall 1, the remaining

numbered 2, 3, & 4 accordii

height partitions located

of the room should not be considered in selecting

the four walls.

- for reference

mg the door used

designated as :lockwise direction

walls will be

ingly. Note: partial

within the boundaries —WM.U4

i

lenqth J

CO

-J J

< +J-a

l WM.L a

Wi o f wall

c

wit a

<

J

\NM_L +

1. full height - wall which completely extends

from the floor to the ceiling.

2. partial height - wall which does not extend

the full distance from floor to ceiling,

(e.g., screen partitions, area dividers, etc.).

3. open - imaginary boundary surface for the room, i.e., no full height walls or screen partitions.

If a room is encountered with more than four walls, it will be

necessary to combine walls in an approximate fashion and consider the room to have only four walls.

4. Ceilings, floors, and trim

A. Ceiling - select the one most appropriate material type.

1. wood - wood based material (e.g., masonite,

hardboard, plywood) wood paneling, strips,

etc.

173
2. metal - steel, aluminum, metal tiles, etc.

3. plastic - fiberglass panels, vinyl sheeting,

etc.

4. acoustical tile - precut panels or sheets

with a porous or irregular surface texture

5. non-combustible - material not included

above which would not be expected to burn

(e.g. .gypsum board, plaster, masonry, etc.).

B. Floor - select the one most appropriate material type which

characterizes the top surface of the floor.

1. wood - wood based material, (e.g., oak

flooring, hardboard, plywood, etc.).

2. non-combustible - material which would

not be expected to burn, concrete, brick,

stone, metal , etc.

3. resilient flooring - vinyl, vinyl coated

sheet, vinyl coated tile, cork, rubber,

tiles, linoleum, asphalt tile, etc.

4. carpet - if there is carpeting over 50%

or more of the total floor area, select

carpeting. If carpeting covers less than

50% of the total floor area select another

material type disregarding the carpeting.

C. Trim - trim refers to the baseboard molding, molding located

where the wall and ceiling join, molding around windows and

doors or doorways. Each of these locations will be handled

separately on the data collection form. For the case in which

there is no trim or the trim covers less than 50% of the

perimeter in one or more of the above locations leave that

section blank and do not indicate the type of trim. Where

the trim exceeds 50% or more of the perimeter in a location

indicate the type of trim material. The trim around each

window in the room should be combined and considered as a single total linear footage for that room. This also applies

to doors. If more than one type of trim is used in any one location (ceiling, floor, doors, windows), choose the type

of material which is characteristic of 50% or more of the

total linear footage for that location.

174
5. Malls

Complete this section, for each full height wall indicated in

Section 3 of this form. For each partial height wall indicated in

Section 3 complete the portion of Section 7 dealing with walls 1 to 4.

Both the wall material and wall covering are to be recorded. The

wall material refers to the material comprising the exterior surface

of the wall (gypsum wall board, paneling, etc.). Covering refers to the

finish applied to the wall material. In the case where an entire wall is

composed of windows, the section for material and covering for that wall

should not be checked.

A. Material - select the most appropriate material type which

comprises more than 50% of the wall.

1. wood - paneling, hardboard, etc.

2. metal - steel, aluminum, etc.

3. plastic - translucent plastic sheeting

plastic coated paneling, etc.

4. non combustible - masonry, concrete, glass

block, etc.

5. plaster

6. gypsum board

B. Covering - select the most appropriate wall covering. Note for

certain types of wall material there may be no covering present

and this section should be left blank e.g., wood paneling,

would normally not be painted or papered.

1. paint - if 50% or more of the wall is covered

with paint, lacquer, varnish, etc.

2. paper - if 50% or more of the wall is covered

with wallpaper, bulletin boards, posters, etc.

3. vinyl

4. drapes - if 50% or more of the wall is covered

with textile material or draperies. If drapes cover 50% or more of a painted or papered wall

record only drapes.

175
6. Mall Openings

Doors and windows should be recorded for each wall separately. The

height and width dimensions are for the opening and do not include the

trim or casement. For windows the height above the floor refers to the

distance between the bottom of the window and the floor.

WIDTH

For the case of more than one door or window in a wall, it is only

necessary to record the dimensions for one of each and indicate the

total number of doors and windows in the wall. If there are several doors

and/or windows in a given wall and they vary in size, the length and width

dimensions recorded for that wall should be average values.

7. Partial Height Partitions

For each partial height wall indicated in Section 3 of the form as well as for any partial height partitions which may be within the room, complete this section.

N H

li

X

3

2L

U J

The partial height wall data should be reco

the wall numbering system established in Section

(wood, metal, plastic, fabric) for the partition

comprising the exterior surface of the partition

partitions consist of a frame of one material an material, e.g., a fabric panel with a metal frame

panel material should be recorded. Partitions a ferent panel materials on the two sides e.g., one fabric. For such cases the heavier material sho

length and height should also be recorded. For arc length measured along the curved surface sho

rded in accordance with

3. The material type

refers to the material

Note, some internal

d a panel of another

For such cases the

re also made with difside metal , one side

uld be recorded. The

curved partitions the

uld be used for length.

For internal partitions record the same information as noted above.

In addition, the proximity of the partition to the boundary walls should

be recorded.

176
8. Room Dimensions

The height, length and width of the room are to be recorded to the nearest inch. The height should be measured from the floor to the upper most part of the visible portion of the ceiling. Where suspended or false

ceilings are present measure only to the suspended ceiling. Where equip- ment ducts are present and suspended from the ceiling disregard and measure to the ceiling.

The length and width of the room are to be measured between the wall

surfaces i.e. approximation to account for wall thickness should not be

made. The length is the dimension parallel to walls 2 and 4 and the width the

dimension parallel to walls 1 and 3 as shown in the sketch in section 3 -- wall

types. For non-rectangular rooms or rooms with wall offsets resulting from

closets, etc. the length and width should be measured taking these into account in an appropriate manner such that the two dimensions recorded

represent the exposed floor area visible to an observer, i.e., neglect

closets.

Sepcial Items (JIC)

If the room surveyed was included on the original list of rooms to be surveyed, do not mark the first section of this portion of the form. If the room was not included on the original list of rooms to be surveyed but was

an adjacent room selected by the surveyor, mark the circle under the number

on the multiple choice.

For large open areas such as secretarial pools, etc. sometimes referred

to as office landscaping, the following procedure is to be followed:

1. Complete Form #1 for the entire area i.e., record the

data for the four bounding surfaces, the number of

doors and windows and the length, width and height

of the area. Do not complete the section dealing

with internal partitions.

2. Select one or more small segments of the room which

are "representative" of the entire room with respect

to the amount and type of furniture, equipment, etc.

3. Treat each representative segment as a room and

complete all the necessary survey forms required

for that segment.

4. Form #1 for each of these representative segments

should only contain the building, floor and room number (use the same as recorded in step 1), the

dimensions of the segment and data on internal

partitions if they are present. Use the estimated

weight portion in the second section of the Special

Items (JIC) space to record the total number of

sections in the room (including the one surveyed)

which are the same as the representative segment

surveyed.

177
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM #2 DESKS

For each desk in the room a separate data form will be completed.

Prior to recording data, count the number of desks in the room and check

to ascertain that the proper number of forms is available.

The data to be recorded for desks includes the type of desk, its

proximity to the wall, the type of desk material, the type and number

of drawers, the dimensions of the top surface of the desk, information on the contents of the drawers (enclosed contents) and the material on the

top of the desk (free contents).

1. DESK TYPE

Select either double pedestal, single pedestal, or "with legs". A double pedestal desk as seen on the illustrations has drawers on both the right and left sides of the desk. A single pedestal desk has

drawers on only one side. Select "with legs" if all four legs of the

desk are greater than 12 inches in height.

2. PROXIMITY TO WALL

If any part of the desk is within 2 feet of a wall select

2 feet or less. Otherwise select more than 2 feet. Direct

measurement to determine this information is only necessary where

the choice is not obvious.

3. DESK MATERIAL TYPE

Select the material type that best characterizes the desk. In making this selection, disregard the thin plastic or formica laminate

used on the top surface and possibly on the sides and drawer fronts.

Where more than two materials are used select the most predominant

which is estimated to comprise 50% or more of the weight of the desk. For example, if the desk legs are metal, and the rest of the desk is wood, wood should'be chosen as the material type. If there is a question

as to whether the desk material is wood or plastic simulated—wood,

sometimes the best indicator of material type would De to look at the narrow edges of the desk drawers, where the desk material may be exposed

to observation.

4. NUMBER OF DRAWERS

The number of each of the three types of drawers in the desk should

be recorded. The three types of drawers are:

a. box drawer - standard drawer measuring

approximately 6" high

b. file drawer - larger size drawer approximately 12" high for filing papers and

folders.

178
c. personal drawer - smaller size drawer

that tends to be no greater than 3" high,

the center drawer, if present, should

be counted as a personal drawer.

5. DESK TOP DIMENSIONS

The length and width of the top surface of the desk including any

overhang should be measured to the nearest inch and recorded on the data

sheet. Where a desk top may have a shape other than rectangular, record

the curved lengths or widths as if it were a rectangular desk.

6. FREE CONTENTS

Free contents include items on top of the desk such as paper,

books, equipment, etc. This section should be used to record data

on paper or books. Form A should be used if enough space is not

available on the form for recording data on all the paper and books.

Section 7 of this form should be used to record data on typewriters

calculators and telephones. Any other items should be aggregated with

items on other furniture and recorded using Form #7 Miscellaneous

(see instructions for Form #7).

In dealing with paper and books, data will be recorded in terms

of "piles". For each "pile" the following information will be re- corded: 1. Dimensions of pile, 2. percent compaction

a. For each pile of paper and books the length

width and height of the pile should be

recorded. The length and width are to be

selected from the choices given. The height

of the pile is to be estimated to the nearest inch. Piles less than 1" in height should

be combined with the height of other piles in

recording the data. Where papers are not

arranged neatly in piles on the desk, it will

be necessary to estimate pile height by assum--

ming the papers were stacked neatly into discrete piles.

For papers or books with length and width dimensions different from the multiple choice values

listed on the sheet, the closest dimensions should

be selected and height of the pile estimated

accordingly to compensate for this difference.

In an unusual case where the height of a pile

may exceed the maximum value of 119" on the

data sheet, simply record the data in terms of

smaller piles.

179
Estimate a % compaction of the pile to the

nearest 10%. Compaction is defined as the

ratio of the actual volume of the pile to the volume of the smallest rectangular box

into which the pile could be placed. For

example, piles -of paper or books resting

horizontally on the desk top under the

effect of gravity are fully compacted (100%)

where items such as books or paper are filed vertically as in a vertical letter

tray the % compaction would simply be the

ratio of the height of the pile if the

material were removed from the tray and

stacked on the desk top to the length of

the letter tray. In the following case, the compaction is approximately 75%.

7. EQUIPMENT

Space has been provided for recording data on typewriters, calculators and phones which may be present either on top of or in the desk.

a. For typewriters record whether it is electric or manual,

whether the typing element is a ball or distinct keys

(typing bar), the carriage length and the base dimensions.

Note, in some cases the carriage length in inches may be

marked directly on the machine. Accessory units such as magnetic card or tape units used with the typewriter

should be recorded as miscellaneous items and their

weight estimated.

b. For calculators record whether it is manual or electric, whether it has a paper tape, whether

it has a mechanical dial read out or an illuminated electronic read out and the base dimensions.

180
c. For telephones record if it is a personal phone or a call

director (a call director is a phone which has more

than 6 push buttons), select the number of buttons and

the appropriate number of telephone units.

Other pieces of equipment, such as dictating machines, tape recorders,

projectors, slide carosels, etc., should be recorded on a copy of Form C which would be then inserted immediately following the desk form.

8. ENCLOSED CONTENTS

Enclosed contents include all material contained in the drawers of

the desk. The procedure for paper, books, and equipment is the same as

as that for free contents. Note that this data will be recorded separately for each drawer in the desk. The same instructions as for free

contents also apply for enclosed contents. For the case in which folders

are filed vertically in the file drawer in the desk, the % compaction is

simply the ratio of the length of folders to the length of the drawer.

9. OTHER ENCLOSED CONTENTS

The Special Items (JIC) space should be used to record data on the

other enclosed contents. Small items such as paper clips, pencils, personal pictures, etc., should be aggregated into a group and recorded as

a single item. One block of the four JIC spaces provided should be used

for each aggregate.

The multiple choice section should be used to indicate combustibility

for these aggregates. For non-combustible items, mark "one" under the

multiple choice. For combustible items, mark "two." The length,

width, and height to the nearest inch should be recorded for the aggregate.

For irregular shaped objects, use average dimensions.

Finally the weight should be estimated as accurately as possible.

Obviously for heavier items it will not be reasonable to estimate the

weight to the nearest pound.

181
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM #3 TABLES

For each table in the room a separate data form will be completed.

This form should be used for the usual types of tables consisting of a top, four legs or pedestal and possibly a center drawer such as a conference table, work tables, typing tables, coffee tables and end tables.

Special types of tables such as drafting tables, specially designed

tables with a double pedestal base instead of four legs, or a single

pedestal, should be recorded on Form 7 for miscellaneous items.

Information to be recorded for tables includes type of table, proximity

to the wall, type of material for the legs and top, dimensions of the table

top, height of the table, free contents on top of the table and enclosed

contents in a center drawer.

1. TABLE TYPE

Select the most appropriate table type either single pedestal or with

legs. See previous illustrations. Note as shown on these sketches several

types of units commonly referred to as Tables do not fall in this category

and should be recorded as miscellaneous items.

2. PROXIMITY TO WALL

If any part of the table is within 2 ft. of a wall select 2 ft. or

less. Otherwise select more than 2 ft.

3. TABLE MATERIAL TYPE

Select the most appropriate material type for both the table top

and the legs or pedestal. Formica or plastic laminates should be

ignored in making this selection.

4. TABLE DIMENSIONS

Measure the length, width and height of the table to the nearest

inch. The table height is the distance from the floor to the top of the

table. Include any folding table leaves in the length and width dimensions

for the table top. For non-rectangular tables record the appropriate length

and width of a rectanguar table having the same surface area.

5. DRAWERS

Record whether the table has a drawer.

6. FREE CONTENTS

Items on top of the table such as paper, books, equipment, etc. should be recorded in the same manner as described previously for desks.

182
7. EQUIPMENT

Typewriters, calculators and phones on the table or in the center

drawer should be recorded in the same manner as described previously for

desks.

8. ENCLOSED CONTENTS

Items contained in a center drawer in the table should be recorded

in the same manner as described previously for desks.

183
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM #4 - CABINETS

For each cabinet in the room a separate data form will be completed.

Where several individual cabinet units are stacked, use a separate sheet

for each separate unit.

A cabinet is a storage unit which is enclosed on all sides

(enclosed on 6 sides). It may have shelves or drawers inside. If one

or more sides of the unit are glass it will not be considered a cabinet,

but would be treated as shelving using Form 5. See the illustrations

accompanying these instructions.

The data to be recorded for cabinets include the type of cabinet,

its proximity to the wall, the type of cabinet material, the number of

drawers and/or shelves, the cabinet dimensions, and information on the

contents of the cabinet (enclosed contents) and the material on the top

of the cabinet (free contents).

1. CABINET TYPE

Select the most appropriate type for the cabinet:

a. filing -a cabinet designed to store legal or letter size files.

b. file safe -a safe used for the storage of files

This type of cabinet will generally have a com bination lock, be made of sturdy material and appear

quite heavy.

c. blueprint- a cabinet with drawers designed to store blueprints, plans, maps or other large pieces

of paper.

d. card file- a cabinet with drawers designed to store index card files.

e. general purpose - all other types of cabinets

not described above, including cabinets with

shelves and drawers.

2. PROXIMITY TO WALL

If any part of the cabinet is within 2 ft of a wall, select 2 ft. or less. Otherwise select more than 2 ft.

184
3. CABINET MATERIAL TYPE

Select the most appropriate material type. If it is difficult to determine the type of material used, the underside or edges of drawers

or shelves should be checked.

4, 5. NUMBER OF DRAWERS AND/OR SHELVES

Record the total number of drawers and/or shelves in the unit.

6. CABINET DIMENSIONS

The depth, width and height of the cabinet should be measured to the nearest inch.

7. DRAWER TYPE

The number of each type of drawer (box, file, personal) is to be

recorded. See the instructions for desks for a description of each of

the types of drawers.

8. FREE CONTENTS

Items on top of the cabinet should be recorded in the same manner

as described previously for desks.

9. EQUIPMENT

Typewriters, calculators, and phones on the cabinet or enclosed in

the cabinet should be recorded in the same manner as previously

described for desks.

10 ENCLOSED CONTENTS

Items within the cabinet should be recorded in the same manner as described previously for desks.

185
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM #5 - SHELVING

For each distinct group of shelves (including bookcases) a separate

data form will be completed.

There are two categories of shelving as follows:

a. Bookcases - A distinct item of furniture including built in

units in which all the contents are enclosed on five sides.

Bookcases enclosed on a sixth side with a glass door are included. Note that built in units should be considered as miscellaneous items and Form 7 used to record the data i.e.,

the weight should be estimated.

b. Free shelving - shelving in which all the contents are not

enclosed on five sides. For example, shelves which hang on

a wall

.

1. SHELVING CATEGORY

Select the type of shelving, i.e. bookcase or free shelving.

2. PROXIMITY TO WALL

If any part of the shelving is within 2 feet of a wall, select 2 feet or less, otherwise select more than 2 feet.

3. SHELVING MATERIAL TYPE

Select the most appropriate type of shelving material. If there is

a problem discriminating between types of material, the undersides or edges of shelves will be a useful indicator of the actual material type.

4. SHELVING DIMENSIONS

The depth, width and height for the group of shelves should be

recorded to the nearest inch.

5, 8. FREE CONTENTS

Provisions have been made for recording data on paper, books, typewriters, calculators and phones, which may be present on each shelf. or

on top of the bookcases. In cases where other miscellaneous items may

be present on the shelves, the Special Items section on the back of the

form should be used in the same manner as described for desks. Similarly,

if miscellaneous material is stored on top of a bookcase, it should be

aggregated with items on other furniture and recorded using Form #7

Miscellaneous (see instructions for Form #7).

186
a. For each shelf select the type of material (paper

or books) which represents the major portion (over

50%) of the material. In this case paper refers to unbound items. Select the appropriate size from

the choices listed. If various sizes occur on the

shelf, select the most representative (average) size.

b. Record the length of the stack of books or paper

on that shelf to the nearest inch.

c. If the books or papers are not tightly compacted

on the shelf, estimate a % compaction to the

nearest 10% as the ratio of the length of the

paper or books if they were tightly compressed

to the actual length.

d. For miscellaneous items on any of the

shelves use Form C to record these

items. In this case it will not be possible to record these for each shelf but rather use a single

form or more if necessary to report all the items

associated with the bookcase or group of shelves.

6. EQUIPMENT

Typewriters, calculators and phones on the shelves should be recorded

in the same manner as described previously for desks.

7. NUMBER OF SHELVES

The first Special Items (JIC) category on the back of the form

is to be used to record the number of shelves. Use the "Estimated

Weight in Pounds" section of the first category to record the number

of shelves i .e., disregard the heading on the form and assume it to be

labeled "Number of Shelves".

187
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM #6 SEATING

For each seating type in the room a separate data form will be

completed. Note that the form provides for recording up to nine

different seating types in one room.

The data to be recorded for seating include the seating type,

proximity of the seating to the wall, the number of seats, the frame

seat and back material, the presence of arms, whether the back, seat

or arms are padded, and dimensions.

1. SEATING TYPE

Select the most appropriate type of seating (see previous

illustrations)

.

a. Pedestal - has a pedestal base

b. Legs - stands on four stationary legs.

c. Upholstered - all visable surfaces of the

chair excluding possibly the legs & seat

bottom, are covered by fabric. Seats only one individual .

d. Sofa - upholstered seating designed to seat more than one individual.

e. Bench - seating unit with no arms or back.

f. Drafting stool - unit in which the seat is more

than 2 ft. above the floor. Drafting stools

usually do not have arms.

g. Classroom chair - chair which has one arm that serves as a writing table.

2. PROXIMITY TO WALL

If any part of the seat is within 2 feet of a wall select 2 feet or

less. Otherwise select more than 2 feet. Direct measurement to determine this information is only necessary where the choice is not obvious.

The location of the majority of chairs (50% or more) should be used in

making this selection.

188
3. NUMBER OF ABOVE TYPE

Designate total number of seating units of the type checked above

in the room. If there are several seating units which are connected

count each unit separately as shown in the illustrations.

4. MATERIAL TYPE

A. Frame

The frame outlines the entire shape of the seating unit. It includes the seating unit base and exterior structure of the chair.

Check the most predominant visable frame material.

B. Seat

Select the type of material the seat is made of. Ignore cushions

or paddings as these will be dealt with later. If there is no padding,

the seat material will be visible from the top side of the seat. If the

item is padded or has a cushion, check the bottom of the seat to determine the seat material. In some instances there will be no seat

material only a frame and cushion. If this is the case, leave this

section blank.

C. Back

Select the type of material the back is made of. Ignore cushions

or paddings as these will be dealt with later. If there is no padding,

the back material will be visible. If the item is padded or has a cushion, check the back side of the back to determine the back material.

In some instances there will be no back material only a frame and

cushion. If this is the case, leave this section blank.

5. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

Select only those characteristics below which apply to the

particular seating unit being recorded on this sheet

a. with arms - seating unit has arms

b. without arms - seating unit has no arms

c. padded back - the seating unit has padding

or a cushion on the front of the back. Select

the most appropriate type of padding material--

vinyl or fabric.

189
d. padded seat - the seating unit has padding or a cushion on the top of the seat. Select the most

appropriate type of padding material, vinyl or fabric.

e. padded arms - the seating unit has padding or a cushion on the top of the arms. Select the most

appropriate type of padding material, vinyl,

fabric, or wood.

6. BASE DIMENSIONS

Record the length and width of the base of the chair at the floor

level. These dimensions will be the distances between the four outermost legs or points of contact with the floor. The height of the top

of the chair back to the floor should also be recorded.

7. FREE CONTENTS

Where items such as paper, books or equipment are piled on chairs

insert the appropriate form, Forms A and/or B following the seating

form and record data on these forms. In this case the designation

"Extra sheet" at the top of Forms A, B, is to be checked and the

Misc. Item No. corresponding to the seating type number on the seating form is to be checked to indicate which seats the items are piled on.

190
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM #7 - MISCELLANEOUS

This form is to be used for separate items which have not been

included as furniture on Forms 2-6. Items which would be included on this form are waste baskets, copying machines, attache cases, tape

recorders, visual aids, dictaphone, "L" desk attachments, tables with

two pedestals, etc.

1. ITEM NUMBER

Each item recorded should be numbered. The first item on the form

would be numbered 1, all other items should be given consecutive numbers.

2. DESCRIPTION

Two or three descriptive words should be written on the form indicating the type of item.

3. COMBUSTIBLE NON-COMBUSTIBLE

If 50% or more of the material comprising the item will burn, it

should be marked as combustible. Otherwise non-combustible should be

recorded.

4. PROXIMITY TO WALL

If any part of the item is within 2 ft. of a wall, select 2 ft. or

less. Otherwise select more than 2 ft.

5. DIMENSIONS

The length, width and height of the item should be recorded to the

nearest inch. For irregular shaped objects "average" dimensions should

be recorded.

6. ESTIMATE OF WEIGHT

The total weight of each item should be estimated. Estimate small

items to the nearest pound and large items accordingly.

7. FREE CONTENTS, ENCLOSED CONTENTS AND EQUIPMENT

If there is paper, books or equipment on top of the item or enclosed

within the item, Forms A and/or B should be used by inserting them

following Form 7. In this case, the section headed "Miscellaneous

Item Number" on Forms A, B, should be used to indicate which

item the free or enclosed contents are associated with. The procedure

for recording enclosed contents other than paper, books or equipment

should be the same as indicated in the instructions for Forms 2-6,

i.e. the Special Items section on the back of Form 7 should be used.

191
NOTE

Form 7 may also be used to record the aggregate of free contents on top

of furniture items. Use of this aggregation procedure will expedite the

survey in that it will not be necessary to record separately all the

various small items such as flower pots, staplers, tape dispensers, etc. usually found on top of furniture. In aggregating this material, the

following four spearate categories'should be used to distinguish the

important characteristics

1. Non-comb, 2 ft. or less

2. Non-comb, more than 2 ft.

3. Comb. , 2 ft. or less

4. Comb., more than 2 ft.

After aggregating the free contents into these groups, one separate

copy of Form 7 should be used to record all the data. Each group should ' be considered to be a separate miscellaneous item and the combustibility,

proximity to the wall, dimensions of the aggregate, and the estimated weight

recorded. To indicate that the data recorded refers to an aggregation, write

aggregate in the blanks provided on Form 7 and also mark "one" on the back of

the form in the multiple choice section of the first Special Item category.

192
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORMS A, B, AND C

These forms are to be used in conjunction with Forms 2 through 7. They provide space for recording additional data for those cases in

which there is insufficient space available on Forms 2 through 7. Form A deals with paper and books; Form B with typewriters, calculators, and

telephones; Form C with other items.

To use these forms simply insert one or more immediately following

the appropriate form for which it is necessary to record additional

data. Indicate that it is an extra sheet by checking the section "extra sheet" at the top and record the data in the same manner as described in

the instructions for Forms 2-7. Forms A and B may also be used for free

contents such as paper, books, typewriters, calculators, and telephones

which are not associated with any other item (e.g. .paper piled on the

floor or window sill, etc.). In this case, check the "separate item"

category at the top of the sheet.

It will be necessary to indicate whether the data on Forms A, B, or

C refer to free or enclosed contents by marking each item accordingly.

A second space marked 2' is provided on Forms A and B. This should only

be used when these forms are used to record data for separate items not associated with (on top of or in) other items. After checking the first

circle indicating the item is free contents, use the second circle to indicate whether the item is less than or equal to 2 ft. from the wall.

If the item is greater than 2 ft. from the wall it will not be necessary

to indicate this on the form.

Example 1 - Distinct free contents less than 2 ft. from the wall:

separate item •

F • 9

Example 2 - Distinct free contents greater than 2 ft. from the wall

separate item •

F • o

When using Forms A, B, or C in connection with Form 7, also indicate

the appropriate miscellaneous item number for which the data is applicable

(i.e. with which miscellaneous item the material recorded is associated).

193
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECORDING TYPES OF FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT

The following pictures have been provided to clarify the types of

items included in each category. Also shown are several examples of

items commonly referred to as being in the category but which have been

excluded due to the nature of the conversion factors which will be used

to convert the survey data to weight. These excluded items are to be

accounted for by treating them as miscellaneous items using Form 7.

DESKS

Double Pedestal Single Pedestal

Box

Drawer

Personal

Drawer

File

Drawer

Legs

194
Record Desk on Form 2

L unit as Misc.

on Form 7

TABLES

Pedestal Legs

Record as Miscellaneous Items (Form 7)

not Tables

19 5
CABINETS

File Lateral File - Treat as File

File Safe

HTTd

Card File Blueprint

196
General Purpose

197
SHELVING

Free Shelving

Bookcase

198
SEATING

Pedestal

[ without arms)

Pedestal

(with arms'

Legs

[without arms)

Legs

(with arms'

Upholstered Sofa

199
Bench

(Note: record as 4 benches)

fipt

Drafting Stool

Classroom Chair

Legs

(Note: record as 4 items of same type)

200
TYPEWRITERS

U carriage length—

M

magnetic card

unit

Record typewriter and table separately, treat magnetic

card unit as miscellaneous item

201
CALCULATORS

Dial Read out

Illuminated Read out

202
Illuminated Read out

with tape

Paper tape only

203
S-13-74 nm !©A© ATOWl l©&® SMBVIIT NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARD!

SHEET _OF.

SURVEYOR'S NAME ;- DATE

BUILDING FLOOR ROOM

FORM 1 BOUNDING SURFACES

1. ROOM USE

GENERAL ... O

CLERICAI LOBBY O

CONFERENCE O

FILE O

STORAGE.... O

LIBRARY .... O

2. NORMAL NO. OF OCCUPANTS

10 8123456789 10 a OOOOOOOOOOOO

1 CEILINGS. FLOORS.

-J o < 9 3

O

O

iO

PLASTIC

8

ill

i

iO

ACOUS.

TILE

'!T1

III

1,00

NON-COMB

-1

ill

IO

I

RES.

FLOOR

< z

<-J en

G

oo

S. WALLS - COMPLETE FO FOR the Partial heig

WALL MATER

> THE FULL HEIGHT WALLS ONLY. HT WALLS COMPLETE NO. 7.

AL g j COVERING S <r ^ § H § | or £ _, Z < 6? 1 Q. < £ O _l > ' < -x f= Z o. O ' Q. Q >

O O | O O

O O O | O O O

o o o ! o o - o

z

<

a.

o

3. WALL

12

3

4

TYPES

FULL ; OPEN 'PARTIAL O ! o ! O

o I o ! o

o ! o ! o

o ! o i o

CEILING O O

FLOOR O - DOORS.. O O

TRIM: CEILING O O

FLOOR . O O

DOORS.. O O

Q < U

WALL 1 O O O

WALL 2 O O O

WALL 3 O O O

WINDOWS C O O - o WALL 4 O O O o | o

6. WALL 0PENING5 _ FOR OFFICE USE ONLY _

BLDG. FLOOR ROOM GO ! GO j O

WALLt IIIjItjIIIT HE

FT.

DCK IGHT

IN.

JRS WIDTH

FT. IN.

HEIGHT

FT. IN.

WINDOWS

WIDTH | HGT. ABOVE FLR.

FT. IN. ! FT. IN.

NO. OF DOORS

B O

1 O

a O

1 O

8 o a o

1 O 1 o

8 BO

1 O 1 O

B

1 O

B O i

1 O i a o

1 o

B O

1 O

a a a

3 3

S c i 3 3 ! a a a a 3 3 3 3 O 3 2 O 2 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 C 2 G ! 2 O 2 O <r 1- 1- <T- ! 1- * + *

1 O 4 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 O ! 3 O 3 O S 5 5 5 ! 5 5 5 5

2 O 5 O 4 4 O 4 O 4 O 4 O 4 4 O 4 O ' 4 O 4 O g s G & ! & 6 6 S

1

NO. OF WINDOWS

1 50

6 O

7

5 O

6 O

7 O

5 O 5 6 G 6 O

7 O 7 O

1 | 5 O 5 G

6 6 O

7 O 7 O

5 O

6

7 O

50

6G

7 O i

5 O bO

7 O

5 O

6 O

7 O

? ? S 8 9? ? !

9 0. !

? ? ? ? 8 8 3 S 9 9 9 «C 3 O 10 4 O

2 5 O

89 O8 O

9 G

10 O

8 O BO

9 b 9 O

10 O

8 8 9 O 9 O

10 O

8

9 O

8 O ! 9 o ! io o !8 O

9 O

8 O

9 G

10 O

SURVEYOR CODE

11 O 11 O 11 O ii c ! II O a I a a i 2

3 1- S

3 1-5

G ? 8 9

WALL 2 G ? 8 9

FT IN. FT. IN. FT. IN. FT. IN. | FT. IN.

NO. OF DOORS

B

1

B

1 O

8 C BO

1 O 1 o BO BO1 O 1 c

B O

1

a c !

i c [

a o

1

B O

1 O

3 12 3 1-5 G ? 8 9

a o 3 o 2 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 2 2 2 c ; 2 O 2 O

1 O 4 3 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 o | 3 O 3 O NOTES

2 O SO

1

NO. OF WINDOWS

4 1 50

6

7 O

4 O

5 O

6 O

7 O

4 O 4 O

5 O So

6 6 O

7 7 O

1

4 4 | 5 C 5 6 6 O

7 O 7 O

4 O

5 O

6 O

7 O

4 ' 50

6 O , 7 c ;

4 O

5 O

6 O

7 O

4 C

5-G

6 O

7 O

8 3 8 O 6 8 8 O 8 O 8 O 8 O 8 o ; 8 O 8 C

1 O 4 O 9 O 9 C 9 O 9 O 9 9 O 9 O 9 C | 9 O 9

2 O 5 O 10 O

11 O

10 O

11 O

10 G

11

10 |

11 O j

10 O

11 O

WALL 3 FT. IN. FT. IN. FT. IN FT. in. ; FT. IN.

NO. OF DOORS

a o

1 o

8 O

1 O BO 8 O 10 1 O BO BO

10 1 o

B O

1 O

a o I

i o !

a o

1 o

a o

1 o

8 C 3D 2 2 G 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 o ! 2 2 O

1 O 4 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 C 3 O 3 O 3 O 3 o 1 3 O 3 C

2 O SO

1

NO. OF WINDOWS

4. C

1 50

6 C

7

4 O

. 5

6 O

7

4 4 O

5 C 5 C

6 O 6 O

7 O 7 O

4 4 4

5 O

6 O

7 O

4 ' 5

6 i 7 C ;

4 O

56 O

7 O

4 O

56 O

'7 O

U

J ^ J -

6 6

7 7 O BO 3 8 C 8 8 O 8 O 8 8 O 8 O 8 | 8 8

1 C 4 o

2 O 5 O

9 9

10

9 C 9 O

10 O

9 9 o

10 o

9 C 9 ! io o ;

9 O 9 O

10

11 O 11 C 11 o ii o ; 11

WALL 4

NO. OF DOORS

FT.

8

1

IN.

8

1

FT. IN. BO 8 O 10 1 O

FT. IN. BO 8 10 10FT,

a o

1

IN. i a o j

i o !

FT.

a o

1 c

IN.

a o

1 o

8 O 3 2 O 2 2 -2 O 2 2 O 2 2 c ! 2 G 2 O 10 4 O

2 5 O 1

NO. OF WINDOWS BO 3

3

4 Z 1 56

7 C

8 C

3

4

5 O

6 O

7 O

8 O

3 O 3 O

4 4

5 O 5 6 6

7 O 7 O

8 8

1

3 3 O

4 4 O

| 5 C 5 6 6

7 O 7 8 8 O

3 O

4 C

56 O

7 O

8

3 O j 4 1

5 - 6

7 j 8 '

3

56 C

7 G

8 C

3

5 O

t

7 C

8 O

1 O 4 O 9 9 9 C 9 O 9 9 o 9 O 9 C ' 9 C 9

2 O SO 10 O

11

10

11 o

10 o

11

10 O j

ii o !

10

11 c

204
FORM 1 BOUNDING SURFACES (CON'T)

7. PARTIAL HEIGHT PARTITIONS

INTERNAL

PARTITION

INTERNAL

PARTITION

INTERNAL

PARTITION

INTERNAL

PARTITION

WOO

METAL

PLASTIC

FABRIC NON-COMB

WOOD O

METAL O

PLASTIC O

FABRIC O

NON-COMB O

WOOD O

METAL O

PLASTIC O

FABRIC O

NON-COMB O

WOOD O

METAL O

PLASTIC O

FABRIC O

NON-COMB O

WOOD O

METAL O

PLASTIC O

FABRIC O

NON-CCMB O

WOOD METAL

PLASTIC FABRIC NON-COMB

WOOD METAL

PLASTIC FABRIC NON-COMB

WOOD O

METAL

PLASTIC O

FABRIC O

NON-COMB O

B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15

I FT. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

I IN. OOOOOOOOOOOO

I FT. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

f IN. OOOOOOOOOOOO

LENGTH

j fN

T- OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOO

- B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. 11 12 1314 15 — OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOO

LENGTH

j ^

TM

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOO

IFT. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

I IN. OOOOOOOOOOOO

B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15-

HEIGHT

(FT. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

I IN. OOOOOOOOOOOO

j FT. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

I IN. OOOOOOOOOOOO

I FT. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

! IN. OOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOO

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NBS-114A (REV. 7-73) \

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS TN-8582. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. Publication Date May 1975

A Program for Survey of Fire Loads and Live Loads

in Office Buildings

6. Performing Organization Code 460.03

7. AUTHOR(S)

Charles Culver, Jill Kushner

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 460 5506

11. Contract/Grant No. 27-73-53

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP) Building Research Advisory Board

2100 Pennsylvania Avenue

Washington, D.C. 20418

13. Type of Report & Period Covered First Project Report

7/73 - 9/74

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 74-600203

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

The development of a survey program for determining the fire

loads and live loads in office buildings is described. Considerations

involved in planning the program which is directed toward establishing

the factors affecting the loads in buildings are presented. The type

of data to be collected and a data collection technique which utilizes

visually observed information on the characteristics of building content

items to determine weight are discussed. Procedures employed to select

buildings to be included in a nation-wide office building load survey

being conducted by the National Bureau of Standards and a sampling plan

for selecting rooms to be surveyed in these buildings are also discussed.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Buildings; Fire loads; Occupancy live loads; Load surveys ; Structural

engineering; Survey techniques

18. AVAILABILITY [¥^Unlimited _ For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

|X ! Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Prir>tiM,-Qffice Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. C13 • 4o:^

I

I Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

229

22. Price $3-75

USCOMU.DC 29042-P74
NBS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

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< oogenic Data Center Current Awareness Service A literature survey issued biweekly. Annual subscription: Domestic, $20.00; foreign, $25.00. Liquefied Natural Gas. A literature survey issued Quarterly. Annual subsciiption: $20.00. Superconducting Devices and Materials. A literature

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Electromagnetic Metrology Current Awareness Service Issued monthly. Annual subscription: $100.00 (Special rates for multi-subscriptions). Send subscription order and remittance to Electromagnetics Division, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colo. 80302.
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