DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

HERBERT HOOVER, Secretary

STANDARDS YEARBOOK

1928

Compiled by

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

GEORGE K. BURGESS, Director

Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication No. 83

PRICE $1

Sold only by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON

1928
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL

Department of Commerce,

National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, January 4, 1928.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith for publication the second

issue of the Standards Yearbook.

In the first issue of this publication special attention was paidjtojthe

organization and procedure of the numerous standardizing agencies

in this country with brief outlines of certain national and international

agencies. The present volume contains outlines of the activities

and accomplishments of not only the National Bureau of Standards

and other agencies of the Federal Government and the States, counties, and municipalities, but also those of technical societies and trade

associations, with special emphasis on their accomplishments during

the year 1927 and their programs for future work. Moreover, a

special feature is made of the accomplishments and current activities of the various foreign national and the several international standardizing agencies. Included also is a bibliography contributed by

courtesy of William Adams Slade, chief, division of bibliography,

Library of Congress.

The Standards Yearbook has proved its value in the daily work of

officers and agencies concerned with standardization, especially in

its official or governmental aspect. It furnishes the answers to a great volume of urgent inquiries received by the Bureau of Standards

from manufacturers, industrial experts, engineers, and purchasing

agencies, both governmental and general.

Respectfully,

George K. Burgess,

Director, Bureau of StandardsHon. Herbert Hoover,

Secretary of Commerce.
CONTENTS

Page

I. Scope of standardization 1 II. International standardizing agencies 5 International Conference on Weights and Measures (Seventh) __ 5 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 11 International Commission on Illumination 13

International Congress for Testing Materials 14

International Critical Tables 15

International Electrotechnical Commission 16 International Fixed Calendar League 19

International Geodetic and Geophysical Union 20

International Geodetic and Geophysical Union, section of geodesy 24

International Radiotelegraph Conference at Washington 25

International Standards Association 26

Maison de Chimie 27 Phoebus Laboratory 27

Pan American Standardization Conference (Second) 27

III. National standardizing agencies 31

National Bureau of Standards (Washington) 31 National Physical Laboratory (Teddington) _ 31 Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (Charlottenburg) 34

Laboratoire d'Essais Mecaniques, Physiques, Chimiques, et des Machines (Paris) 38

Laboratoire Centrale d' Electricity 41

National standardizing bodies 43

Australia 44

Austria 45

Belgium 46 Canada 47

Czechoslovakia 49

Denmark 49

Finland 50 France 50

Germany 51 Great Britain 52 Holland 55 Hungary 56

Italy 57

Japan 58

Norway 60

Poland 61 Russia 61

Sweden 61

Switzerland 62

in
TV CONTENTS

Page IV. Federal standardizing agencies 63 Executive departments 63 Department of Agriculture 63 Bureau of Agricultural Economics 63

Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration 64

Forest Service 64 Bureau of Home Economics 67 Bureau of Public Roads 68

Weather Bureau 69 Department of Commerce 69 Bureau of the Census 69 Bureau of Fisheries 70 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 72 Bureau of Lighthouses 74 Bureau of Mines 76

National Bureau of Standards 80 Steamboat Inspection Service 81 Department of the Interior 81 General Land Office 82 Bureau of Reclamation 82 Department of Labor 83

Childrens Bureau 83

United States Conciliation Service - 83

United States Employment Service 83 Bureau of Immigration 83 Bureau of Labor Statistics 83

Naturalization Bureau 84 Women's Bureau 84 Navy Department 84 Bureau of Construction and Repair 84 Bureau of Engineering 86 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 87 Bureau of Ordnance 87 Bureau of Supplies and Accounts 88 Bureau of Yards and Docks 89 United States Marine Corps 89

Post Office Department 90

Second Assistant Postmaster General 90

Fourth Assistant Postmaster General 90

Department of State 91 Foreign Service Buildings 91 Treasury Department 91

General Supply Committee 91

Public Health Service 91

Supervising Architect 92 War Department 92

Independent Establishments 95 Bureau of the Budget 95

Chief Coordinator 96

Office of the Coordinator for Purchase 96

Federal Purchasing Board 97

Federal Specifications Board 97

Federal Traffic Board 101
CONTENTS 7

IV. Federal standardizing agencies—Continued.

Executive departments—Continued.

Independent establishments—Continued. Bureau of the Budget—Continued.

Chief Coordinator—Continued. Page Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and

Adjustments 101 Interdepartmental Board on Simplified

Office Procedure 103 Federal Liquidation Board 104

Federal Board of Vocational Education 104 United States Civil Service Commission 107 The Commission of Fine Arts 109 Government Printing Office 110

Federal Trade Commission 112 National Screw Thread Commission 112 The Panama Canal J 113 The Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks 113 United States Shipping Board, Merchant Fleet Corporation 114 United States Veterans' Bureau 115

V. National Bureau of Standards 118

Relation to governmental agencies 118

Relation to science, commerce, and industry 118

Publications 118 Research and testing 119 Research 119

Testing 123 Commercial standards 124 Commerce 124

Simplified practice 125 Commercial standards 125

Specifications 127 Building and housing 128 Standards in foreign trade 129

Liaison 129 Advisory committees 129 Other cooperative activities 131 Some activities and accomplishments 131

Practical application 131 Aeronautics 132 Automotive engineering 139

Building and housing 141 Cement and concrete 145

Certification and labeling 148 Chemistry 151 Clay and silicate products 154 Commercial standards 156 Corrosion 156 Ddntal materials and methods 157

Electricity 159

Fire resistance 161

Electrolysis testing 163 Gas analysis 164
VI CONTENTS

V. National Bureau of Standards—Continued.

Relation to science, commerce, and industry—Continued.

Some activities and accomplishments—Continued. Page Glass and glazes 165

Gravitational constant 169 Heat 170 Leather 173 Lime and gypsum 175 Lubricants and liquid fuels 177 Mechanics 178 Metals 181 Optics 185 Paper 192 Photometry 198 Plumbing 198

Protective coatings, metallic 199

Protective coatings, nonmetallic 200

Radio 201

Railroad track scales 204

Rail steels 205

Rubber 206

Safety codes 208

Simplified practice 209

Specifications 212

Stone 213

Tests 214

Textiles 216

Therapeutic apparatus 219

Thermal expansion 220

Weights and measures 221

VI. Municipal, county, and State agencies 225

Municipal purchasing and standardizing agencies 225

Agencies for counties and public schools 228

State purchasing and standardizing agencies 229

VII. General standardizing agencies 245

American Engineering Standards Committee 245

American Marine Standards Committee 249

American Society for Testing Materials 250

Central Committee on Lumber Standards 256

VIII. Standardizing activities of technical societies and trade associations- Alphabetical list of societies and associations 258

IX. Bibliography on standardization 353 X. Standardization of measurement 373

Index - 389
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928

X. SCOPE OF STANDARDIZATION

This century has seen few things as significant as the rise of

standardization as a method of human progress. It has, to a scarcely

realized extent, taken hold of the details of our industrial regime.

Its immediate aims are so well known as to suggest a brief review of

its wider aspects.

Modern knowledge is classified by standard systems in which

minute subdivisions are given code numbers. This makes possible

modern bibliographies, libraries, and card indexes into which flow

vast volumes of data oriented by code number. This standardization harvests discovery, classifying and making it available, speeding

up its utilization.

Our epoch is a " machine age." A book embodies knowledge, a machine embodies skill—standardized, energized to do a service in a standard way. In "mass production" standardization is the basis,

framework, and method of the machine process, for all machine

dimensions and process characteristics are measured for service.

Human activities are based on time schedules, with times allotted

for food, work, rest, and play. Trains on schedule time carry

people to meet countless appointments and duties. The flow of raw

materials and power is scheduled to produce for industry the staples

in the quantities and at the times and places to meet the measured

demands. Business engages to supply at each set time and place

the things called for, to fit the measured supply to the measured

need.

Time measurements to-day are taking account of the latest findings

of astronometry, which is so precise that a change of 40 seconds in

80 years has been measured. For small time intervals, the oscillation

of a quartz crystal at constant temperature is used to standardize

radio-frequency (waves per second) and inversely to measure time,

giving a time scale subdivisible into hundred-millionths of a second or

less. Any radiation frequency emitted by an atom is the ticking of an atomic clock, the oscillation mechanism of which causes hundreds

of trillions of waves per second. The accurate standardization of

these frequencies—some of which, like those of the iron atom, have

thousands of distinctive rates—is the basis of spectroscopy, which has

created a new astronomy, a new chemistry, and a new physics.

Standardization is the modern way of making permanent each

advance. It assures that never again shall there be a "lost art," for

l
2 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

arts and crafts are run by measured records or standards. We begin

to normalize even the skill of the craftsmen in motion studies.

Marey and Gilbreth, studying motions, have given us an art for

portraying skilled fingers in vital operations of industry. Time and

trajectory of such motions are embodied in time-scaled wire models for

study. The photocyclochronograph and high-speed cameras record

the ensemble permitting the analysis of each detail. Man's mental response is gauged. We know how fast a person

should respond to stimuli through eye, ear, tongue, nose, or touch.

The strength of each muscle is measurable by dynamometers. Each

detail of physical life is subjected to analysis, measurement, record.

Normal magnitudes of physical and mental behavior are deduced

from thousands of individual measurements, and these standard norms become bases of reference for diagnosis, prognosis, and prescriptive regime.

Standards of measurement multiply. They give the network of measures to which all standardization is referred. Standards, exact and constant, are being supplied to all nations. The requisite science

for precise measurement is being steadily developed. Units are devised to standardize the measured data of matter and energy.

Position on the earth is being standardized by using a single zero

for longitude, one for latitude, and one for altitude—mean sea level. These three bases, however, formerly gave variable results. After

decades of measurements by a chain of observers around the world,

we now standardize the variation-of-latitude measurement by

numerical data, graphs, and formulas. Knowing how the pole of

the earth's rotation wanders around its pole of figure, we stabilize our

coordinates of position, while the variation of mean sea level is still a problem of precise geodesy.

Standard values of physical aspects of matter and energy are

called " constants." They are basic for processes in industry and

experiment in science. They comprise melting points, heats of combustion; mechanical equivalents of heat, light, and electric

energy; hardness of metals; densities of materials, their strength,

yield point, and elastic limits; the characteristics of radiation, the

quantum, the velocity of light, and countless other magnitudes which

are wrought into controls to guide experiment and production. The

ice and steam points fix and bound the fundamental interval of

temperature from which the temperature scale extends downward to absolute zero, upward to the temperatures of the stars. These

extensions are fixed by reference points, freezing points, boiling

points, or the ionizing temperatures of elements. They gauge and

make usable those aspects and potencies which inhere in the nature

of things. In their totality physical constants are the precise

quantitative description of nature and its phenomena. Vast num-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 3

bers of such data are printed in engineering handbooks and enter into

the design of structures everywhere.

The need for uniform usage leads to accepting the best known

value as standard for computation, experiment, design, or secondarystandardization. Atomic weights experimentally determined are reviewed by an international commission on atomic constants and

its decisions fix the standard atomic weights for chemistry.

Such quantitative data or constants are often in the form of an

equation, a nomogram, or a graphic curve which sums up whole

series of quantitative data, and replace tables. The standard or

characteristic curve, such as

1 the hysteresis loop or the stress strain

diagram, is significant and affords a standard means of studying

cycles of variation. Examples are the steam engine indicator diagram and time-pressure curves for the high-powered gun or the

human heart. Such curves are studied in the diagnosis of defective

operation. They are standards related to physical constants.

Initially man devised new utilities to meet his needs. An arrow head was made. Its design and the method of making it were preserved, reused, bequeathed as priceless craftsmanship—standardized

for a standard need. Man first took nature, doubtless, as given

selecting what he found at hand to serve his need. Even to-day

survives a feeling that the user must take industrial products as

given, selecting what he finds to fill his needs. A new note is a

persistent insistence that the use must fix the standard. This is an

engineering ideal, for it meets a need by specific design, creating a product suited to the need.

Standardization begins to pervade all human activity. The beaten

path is the standardized path, beaten smooth by footsteps which

stabilize their own standards as the river cuts the channel which

guides its flow. Human action, too, beats its trail into habits

standard reactance with its economy of time and energy and its skill stored in neural arcs and automatic responses. Language is a standard vehicle for the commerce of ideas for which the alphabet

gives standard symbols. Words are standard symbols of standard

concepts.

Symbols are basic tools of thought and communication. They

must be reasonably standard and of single-valued meaning. They

are used in formulas, graphs, and equations as shorthand for important basic quantities. The use of graphic symbols for functioning

parts of a radio set-up is an example of an ideographic language.

Graphic symbols in a radio hook-up diagram are self-explanatory

almost without any text. Altogether symbols now multiplying in great numbers and being standardized for countless uses, constitute

the universal graphic vocabulary of a fast developing ideographic

language, of which the standard symbols of music and mathematics

already in world-wide use are brilliant examples.

The scope of standardization comprises (1) standardization of

basic tools of thought and expression—words or terms, abbreviations,
4 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

symbols, definitions, and the interpretations and conditions governing

their use; (2) standardization of dimension, size, form, and the magnitudes of pertinent characteristics and properties of matter and

energy; (3) standardization of correlated dimensional interrelations,

such as preferred numbers, staple series of size or grades, allowances

and tolerances, or other seriation of serviceability factors which

constitute standard practice or process. The coordination of the

machine process calls for staples of standard size, design, and material,

and set time, place, and quantities to be delivered. These insure the

smooth functioning and economy of production and transportation.

An equally standard system of devices for utilizing such staples must

be provided. However, rigid standardization does not hold back

innovations, so strong is the feeling that standardization should

imply, if not the ideal, at least the best feasible. Modern standardization provides that a standard shall be reviewed

and revised to keep pace with progress both in science and industry

and in the user's ideals of satisfying service. This minimizes the

lag in using new discovery—a real problem of human progress. With the tendency for standardization to expand its scope to comprise every controllable thing comes the parallel movement to measure

each need so that a standard can be gauged to satisfy accurately

such need, as we measure the foot to supply the well-fitting shoe.

This tendency, despite the simplification of varieties for the same

need, may increase the total by providing more specialized satisfactions of more unit needs. The use of diverse surgical instruments

specialized for a vast variety of operations is an example.

The factor analysis essential to standardization of process stimulates the development of measured controls. These may be so accurate that high quality becomes automatic, uniform, never

failing. Such analysis is a first step in turning over handicraft to the

automatic machine. As the essential motions are derived from the

analysis and the measured controls devised, skill becomes incorporable

in mechanism, from which stage the automatic machine is but a step.

The number of items to be standardized is so vast that no wholly

centralized standardization service is practicable. Everywhere

"all interests concerned" with each item are busily experimenting

in the laboratory; observing service, its flaws and successes; measuring needs to be met, or creating new standards. Doubtless every

user, by approval, criticism, report, or suggestion, aids in standardizing the products he uses. The scope of standardization is clearly enlarging and its key position

in industrial and scientific progress entitles it to the fullest possible

cooperation of all concerned. Standardization is more than the act

of bringing the user and the maker together in a clear understanding on the quality of service. Its aim is also to satisfy the user's needs

with increasing efficiency and economy. It conserves all gains

achieved while serving as the vehicle for further advance.
II. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

(SEVENTH) AT PARIS, SEPTEMBER, 1927

[Thirty-one national governments officially represented under the terms of the treaty of May 20, 1875] Notable advances toward complete international agreement on

fundamental questions of measurement were made at the Seventh

International Conference on Weights and Measures. The American

delegates were Dr. George K. Burgess, Director of the Bureau of

Standards, and Dr. Samuel W. Stratton, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The present year (1927) is the

fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of the International Bureau

of Weights and Measures, and in commemoration of the event a

special meeting was held under the auspices of the French Academy

of Sciences in connection with the conference. A history of the

International Bureau by its director, Dr. Ch.-Ed. Guillaume, has

been published 1 and gives an interesting review of past achievements.

It was peculiarly fitting that this, the seventh international conference, should be the most important in point of results secured since

the first conference in 1876. The actions of the 1927 conference

affect fundamentally many kinds of measurements and standards,

and were based on the results of painstaking scientific research

covering many years. The new decisions involve the international

temperature scale, the fundamental standard of length (of the meter)

and the basis of the world's electrical units.

Under the treaty of May 20, 1875, there was established the Inter- national Committee on Weights and Measures, the International

Bureau of Weights and Measures, and the International Conferences on Weights and Measures. The treaty, to which 31 of the leading

governments are now parties, gives the conference jurisdiction over

the fundamental problems affecting the international metric standards

and precise metrology.

The international conference meets once in six years, and is made

up of delegates from the 31 national governments. Adoption of

any proposition by the conference can be secured only by the unan- imous vote of all nations represented, each nation having one vote. The recommendations of the conference are, in effect and when ratified, binding on the signatory powers, and because of this fact and

because unanimous agreement is required for adoption, the process

of effecting important changes is usually slow.

La creation du Bureau international des Poids et Mesures, et son oeuvre, Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Cie. 5
6 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

SUMMARY OF ACTIONS

1. Official adoption of an equivalent for the meter in terms of the wave length of the red radiation from cadmium.

The president of the committee referred to the subject of the

requested definition of the meter. The following definition proposed

by the delegation from the Austrian Republic was unanimously

adopted:

The unit of length is the meter, denned by the distance at the temperature of melting ice between the centers of two lines traced on the platinum-iridium bar

deposited at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and declared prototype of the meter by the first general conference on weights and measures,

this bar being subjected to normal atmospheric pressure and supported by two

rollers, at least 1 centimeter diameter, situated symmetrically in the same hori- zontal plane and at a distance of 572 millimeters from each other. The conclusions reached by the International Bureau of Weights

and Measures have aroused great scientific interest, but still require

certain supplementary studies, which, for lack of time, it was impossible to complete before the conference. In consequence, the conference instructed the international committee to pursue the required

studies during the next two years, and gave to the international committee full power to make, at its 1929 session, a decision with regard

to all necessary corrections to be made to the old certificates in the

light of the results obtained in these experiments.

The president then called upon Dr. Burgess to explain the request

of the Bureau of Standards of the United States concerning the

definition of the fundamental standard of wave length for light waves.

After this explanation the president read the text adopted by the

committee concerning this definition: In the present state of our knowledge it is recommended that the conference adopt as the fundamental standard for the length of light waves the wave length

of the red radiation emitted by cadmium vapor, as determined by the experiments

of Messrs. Benoit, Fabry, and Perot. According to these experiments, the wave length of this radiation is 643.84696

10-9 meter when the light is propagated in dry air at 15° (hydrogen scale) under

a pressure of 760 millimeters of mercury, with g =980.665 cm/sec.2

, standard

value of gravity. The light shall be produced by a high-voltage current, direct

or alternating, of industrial frequency (excluding high frequency) in a vacuum

tube having internal electrodes. The lamp shall have a volume not less than

25 cm3 and a capillary tube, the diameter of which shall not be less than 2 milli- meters; it shall be maintained at a temperature about 320°, and the value of the

current which traverses it shall not exceed 0.02 amperes. At room temperature

the tube shall not be luminous when the high-tension circuit is established in it

The provisional value of the meter in wave lengths of the red ray of cadmium

under the conditions specified above, is then equal to 1,553,164.13, with a precision indicated by the last figure.

At the request of M. Tanakadate and M. Kosters two additional

recommendations were included, and the three propositions were unanimously adopted. The Japanese recommendation is as follows:
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 7

The Japanese delegation fully approves this proposition, upon which subject

it expressed similar views at the last conference. However, as far as relates to the prescription of the cadmium lamp, it reserves the right to suggest a possible modification in the near future. We may yet offer a lamp of special construction invented by Professor Nagaoka. In his laboratory it has been established that

this lamp functions at ordinary temperatures and produces radiation both intense and of very great purity, but its life is relatively short. These facts are under

investigation at Tokio; the researches are being followed up, and we hope to be

able to perfect this apparatus before the next conference. The proposition of M. Kosters reads as follows:

It is recommended that the greenish yellow ray of krypton, 560 dqm, finer than

the red ray of cadmium, ought to be studied in special laboratories equipped

for this purpose, in order to prepare for its possible eventual substitution for the red ray of cadmium. The ray of krypton gives, when the tube is maintained

at room temperature, interferences visible up to 250 millimeters; and, if the tube is subjected to extremes of temperature obtainable in the laboratory, the

interferences are observable for a difference of path of about 500 millimeters. The contraction of the line occurs symmetrically, and as far as can be determined

it is free from satellites. The definition and the two recommendations were adopted unanimously. The effect is to give an actual metric value which may be

modified after experiment.

2. Agreement upon the adoption of an international temperature

scale and authorization for the researches, agenda, and other inci- dentals thereto.

M. Volterra, president of the committee, spoke of the importance

of the question which has long been studied by the committee and

the experts. The Bureau of Standards had prepared a memoir for

presentation to the conference. This memoir had since been submitted to the representatives of the National Physical Laboratory

and the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt. The representatives of these three institutions presented a new memoir, taking into

account the remarks of M. Keesom, Director of the Cryogenic

Laboratory of Leiden. The committee, after having taken the

memoir and its propositions into consideration, presented to the

conference the following recommendation

The committee, recognizing the practical importance of the representation of an international thermometric scale, recommends to the conference the tentative acceptance of the reference points, the interpolation formulas, and the methods

of measurement proposed unanimously by the three national laboratories of Germany, the United States of America, and Great Britain. The committee recommends also that the annexed text be held for study on

the program of the special conferences on thermometry, which are to be held under its auspices.

Dr. Burgess pointed out that in 1911 the three larger national

laboratories had realized the necessity of a single practical scale. Recently at London, the representatives of these laboratories, after

receiving the recommendations of the Leiden laboratory with respect
8 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

to low temperatures, agreed upon a common basis resulting from a compromise; that is to say, a mean of the values which appeared to be the most exact. This single tentative scale will not replace the

thermodynamic scale, but its adoption makes it possible to wait

until future experiments shall have succeeded in fixing more accurately the thermodynamic scale. The adoption of this scale will greatly facilitate the labors of the thermometric conference during

the coming year. It seems, from a scientific and practical point of

view, that this constitutes real progress toward an eventual single

scale. The recommendations of the committee were unanimously

adopted.

3. Standard temperature for comparing industrial end standards.

It was agreed to appoint a committee of five, to study the question

and to present a report by March 1, 1929, on a standard temperature

for comparing industrial end standards, and it was further agreed

that this temperature should be approximately the room temperature.

4. Official designation of an international advisory commission of 10

members on the standardization of the electrical units, including rep- resentatives appointed by the several national laboratories, with

request for report by March, 1929.

The next order of business was the discussion of the functions of the

international bureau with respect to the study of electrical standards.

The president of the committee spoke of the studies and discussion

to which this question had given rise. He recalled that a report of the British delegation recommended that a committee of experts

study the question of electrical units and standards. The Advisory

Committee on Electricity had its rise in this recommendation.

The international committee, after a preliminary study of the

memorandum of the British delegation and of the recommendations

submitted in the name of the Bureau of Standards of the United

States of America, transmitted them for detailed examination to a

scientific conference composed of Messrs. Kosters, Stratton, and

Tanakadate, of the international committee, and Messrs. Burgess,

Director of the Bureau of Standards; Paul Janet, Director of the

Laboratoire Central d'filectricite* at Paris; Sears, jr., Custodian of

Weights and Measures at London; and Guillaume, Director of the

International Bureau. At an official meeting held in Paris, September 27, 1927, the following project was developed, presented to the

committee by M. Janet on September 29, 1927, and unanimously

adopted:

The International Committee of Weights and Measures approves the organi- zation of a consultative committee on electricity, having for its object to advise the International Committee of Weights and Measures on questions relative to systems of electrical measurement and electrical standards. This committee

shall be limited to 10 members, and be composed of (1) a representative of each

of the national laboratories designated by the international committee and (2) specialists designated by the international committee.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 9

The president of the consultative committee on electricity shall be taken

from among the members of the international committee, and shall be designated

by it. The memoirs presented by the British delegation and by the delegation of the United States are transmitted for examination to the scientific committee on

electricity. A report on this subject should be presented not later than March

1, 1929. The seventh conference decided to give full powers to the International Committee of Weights and Measures after taking cognizance

of the report of the consultative committee, to pass into execution

the stipulations of article 7 of the treaty of 1921.

In the Standards Yearbook for 1927 (p. 185) mention was made of

negotiations looking toward the adoption of an international temperature scale, and it was stated that international standardization of the temperature scale would probably be a reality in the near future.

International agreement was, in fact, reached during the past year. The Seventh General Conference of Weights and Measures, meeting at Paris in September, 1927, formally adopted a standard temperature

scale proposed by the Bureau of Standards, the National Physical

Laboratory of Great Britain, and the Physikalisch-Technische

Reichsanstalt, with the cooperation of the Cryogenic Laboratory of the University of Leiden. The definition of the international temperature scale, as adopted, is given below:

1. The thermodynamic centigrade scale, on which the temperature of melting

ice and the temperature of condensing water vapor, both under the pressure of one standard atmosphere, are numbered 0° and 100°, respectively, is recognized

as the fundamental scale to which all temperature measurements should ulti- mately be referable.

2. The experimental difficulties incident to the practical realization of the thermodynamic scale have made it expedient to adopt for international use a

practical scale designated as the international temperature scale. This scale conforms with the thermodynamic scale as closely as is possible with present

knowledge, and is designed to be definite, conveniently and accurately reproducible, and to provide means for uniquely determining any temperature within the range of the scale, thus promoting uniformity in numerical statements of temperature.

3. Temperatures on the international scale will ordinarily be designated as " C," but may be designated as "°C. (Int.)" if it is desired to emphasize the

fact that this scale is being used.

4. The international temperature scale is based upon a number of fixed and

reproducible equilibrium temperatures to which numerical values are assigned

and upon the indications of interpolation instruments, calibrated according to a specified procedure at the fixed temperatures.

5. The basic fixed points and the numerical values assigned to them for the

pressure of one standard atmosphere are given in the following table, together

with formulas which represent the temperature (< p) as a function of vapor pressure

(p) over the range 680 to 780 mm of mercury.

6. Basic fixed points of the international temperature scale:

(a) Temperature of equilibrium between liquid and gaseous oxygen at the pressure of one standard atmosphere °c (oxygen point) . —182.97 ^ =^760 +0.0126 (p- 760) -0.0000065 (p-760)2
10 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(b) Temperature of equilibrium between ice and air-saturated water at normal atmospheric pressure (ice point) 0. 000

(c) Temperature of equilibrium between liquid water and its vapor at the pressure of one standard atmosphere

(steam point) 100. 000

444. 60

Standard atmospheric pressure is defined as the pressure due to a column of mercury 760 mm high, having a mass of 13.5951 g/cm3

, subject to a gravitational

acceleration of 980.665 cm/sec.2 and is equal to 1,013,250 dynes/cm 2

. It is an essential feature of a practical scale of temperature that definite numerical values shall be assigned to such fixed points as are chosen. It should be noted,

however, that the last decimal place given for each of the values in the table is significant only as regards the degree of reproducibility of that fixed point on the

international temperature scale. It is not to be understood that the values are

necessarily known on the thermodynamic centigrade scale to the corresponding

degree of accuracy.

7. The means available for interpolation lead to a division of the scale into four parts.

8. From the ice point to 660° C. the temperature t is deduced from the resistance Rt of a standard platinum resistance thermometer by means of the formula

The constants R , A, and B of this formula are to be determined by calibration at the ice, steam, and sulphur points, respectively.

The purity and physical condition of the platinum of which the thermometer

is made should be such that the ratio RtfR Q shall not be less than 1.390 for t= 100° and 2.645 for *=444.6°.

9. From —190° to the ice point, the temperature t is deduced from the resistance Rt of a standard platinum resistance thermometer by means of the formula

The constants RD , A, and B are to be determined as specified above, and the

additional constant C is determined by calibration at the oxygen point.

The standard thermometer for use below 0° C. must, in addition, have a ratio RJRQ less than 0.250 for £= -182.97°.

10. From 660° C. to the gold point, the temperature t is deduced from the elec- tromotive force e of a standard platinum v. platinum-rhodium thermocouple, one

junction of which is kept at a constant temperature of 0° C, while the other is at the temperature t defined by the formula

The constants a, 6, and c are to be determined by calibration at the freezing

point of antimony, and at the silver and gold points.

Rt =R (l +At+Bt')

Rt =RQ l +At+Bt*+C(t-100)t*
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 11

11. Above the gold point the temperature t is determined by means of the

ratio of the intensity J2 of monochromatic visible radiation of wave length X cm,

emitted by a black body at the temperature t2, to the intensity Jx of radiation of the same wave length emitted by a black body at the gold point, by means of the formula

The constant c2 is taken as 1.432 cm degrees. The equation is valid if X (£+273)

is less than 0.3 cm degrees.

The adoption of this scale involves no significant change in the

temperature scales of the various national laboratories, but serves as a means of unifying and stabilizing the practice of these laboratories

and of providing a uniform scale of temperature which will doubtless

be almost universally adopted. This accomplishment constitutes one of the most important standardization projects of the year. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY

(Eighth International Conference of Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland, September 4 to 14, 1927) The conference met under the presidency of Ernst Cohen, of the

University of Utrecht.

The work of the union at its annual conference is carried out by a number of committees, the final recommendations of which, after

approval by the union as a whole, are submitted to the member

countries for letter ballot before official adoption. While the union

has not taken final action on pending questions during the year, the

list of the present committees of the union, together with the subjects

engaging their attention follows:

U The Committee on Standardization of Inorganic Nomenclature

made several recommendations.

2. The Committee on Standardization of Organic Nomenclature

reviewed the published reports of the committee and brought in

certain amendments.

3. The Committee on Standardization of the Nomenclature of Biological Chemistry unanimously recommended certain decisions

respecting the glucides, lipides, protides, and soluble ferments.

4. The Committee of the Bureau of Physical-Chemical Standards.

This bureau has been established at the University of Brussels and is under the direction of Prof. Jean Timmermans. The function of the

bureau is to prepare a series of chemical substances in the highest

degree of purity, to determine accurately their principal physical

properties, and to supply samples of these extremely pure materials

at a moderate price to the laboratories of the world. A depot of samples of these materials has been established at the National

Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C, for the convenience of

American chemists.

91096—28 2
12 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

5. The Committee on Pure Products for Research has completed the

codification of an approved set of tests for purity of a list of chemical

reagents and this will be published in 1928. The committee recom- mended that its title be changed to "Committee on Analytical

Chemistry ,, and that it be divided into three subcommittees as follows: (a) Committee on pure reagents for analysis; (b) committee

on comparative study of analytical methods applied to industrial

materials; (c) committee on definitions of industrial materials.

6. The committee on thermochemical data deals with the problems

of standard methods in combustion calorimetry and standard substances for the calibration of combustion calorimeters. The committee

considered that the progress of work accomplished concerning the

correction of thermochemical data suggests the need for a uniform manner of publishing tables containing values corrected and referred

to the standard. The commission expressed its thanks to the editor

of the International Critical Tables for publishing thermochemical

data in calories as well as in kilojoules.

7. The Committee on Tables of Constants.—This committee

urged the importance of the resumption of annual publication of the

"Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data" as soon as

possible. Steps were also taken in the direction of a closer degree of cooperation amongst the countries and scientific organizations of the

world in the work of the international commission in charge of annual

tables.

8. The Committee on Solid Fuels.—This committee deals with

standardization of nomenclature and of methods of analysis in this

field. Two type specimens of coal will be prepared for the committee

and distributed to its members to serve as reference controls in the

comparison of analytical methods. The committee, after having

received a communication from its president relative to the results obtained to date on the analysis of coals, and more specially on their

moisture content, decides that the existing data do not permit

adopting a definite method for this determination. The creation of a general committee in the United States composed of men of science

and industrial and business men to classify commercial solid fuels was announced.

9. The Committee on Liquid Fuels.—This committee deals with

the standardization of nomenclature and methods of test employed

in the examination of liquid fuels and petroleum products in general.

During 1928 the work will be concentrated upon studies of methods

of examination of (a) fight motor fuels; (b) heavy motor fuels, such

as Diesel engine oils; and (c) lubricating oils. 10. The Committee on Ceramic Products.—This committee deals

with the standardization of nomenclature and methods of testing

ceramic materials. Standard samples of refractory clay and washed
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 13

kaolin have been prepared for distribution to the various countries

of the world and will be used to establish a comparison of present

national testing methods.

11. The Committee on Bromatology.—The committee submitted

for final vote of the countries adhering to the union a list of recommendations and established the following agenda for study during 1928:

(a) Standardization of methods of determining iodine number, (6) standardization of methods of determining moisture, (c) standardization of methods of determining cellulose.

12. The Committee on Scientific and Industrial Property Rights.

This committee deals with the problems involved in legal protection

by means of copyright and patent laws.

13. The Committee on Industrial Hygiene.—This committee

deals with industrial hazards of a chemical nature, and will consider

at its next meeting methods of protection against gases, vapors, and

injurious fumes in factories engaged in the manufacture of dye intermediates, dyes, pigments, etc. The conclusions presented by the committee were adopted unanimously by the councils of the union. Nineteen nations were repre- sented: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia,

Denmark, Estonia, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Latvia,

Holland, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, United States of America, and Uruguay. The full reports of the conference can be

obtained from the Secretary of the Union, 49 Rue des Mathurines,

Paris, at 10 fr. per copy.

The ninth conference will be held in Holland in July, 1928.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION

(National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England)

The international commission was formed in 1913 by reorganization

of the former International Photometric Commission to provide a coordinating agency through which knowledge of the lighting art might be promoted in all countries within the sphere of its influence.

While primarily an agency for international standardization, it concerns itself with practical problems of improved lighting conditions

through its several national committees. The statutes of the commission define its scope as follows: "The study of all matters bearing on illumination and its cognate sciences, and the establishment of

appropriate means of international agreements on illumination

matters."

The commission is organized in a manner somewhat similar to the

International Electrotechnical Commission. It conducts its work

through committees, of which there are at present 15, on the following

subjects: (1) Vocabulary, (2) definitions and symbols, (3) factory and

school lighting, (4) automobile headlights, (5) heterochromatic pho-
14 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tometry, (6) street lighting, (7) signal glasses, (8) diffusing materials,

(9) photometric test plates, (10) accuracy of photometry, (11) light

flux distribution, (12) daylight illumination, (13) cinema lighting,

(14) fundamental research on glare, and (15) colorimetry.

The International Commission on Illumination met at Bellagio,

Italy, August 31, to September 4, 1927. Previous meetings were

held in Berlin in 1913, Paris in 1921, and Geneva in 1924. J. W. T\

Walsh is the secretary, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington,

England. At the Bellagio meeting Dr. E. P. Hyde, president,

resigned, and C. C. Paterson, of Great Britain, was elected as his

successor. Forty-six papers and reports were presented at the Bellagio meeting, but there was no plenary session and no official commission actions. The papers presented at the meeting included reports on

photometry, automobile headlighting, school and industrial lighting,

nomenclature, glare measurements, research, and street lighting.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS FOR TESTING MATERIALS

The first International Congress for Testing Materials since the

World War was held in Amsterdam, September 12 to 17, 1927. This

congress was arranged by an organization committee of Swiss and

Dutch engineers and manufacturers who felt that the work of the

old International Association for Testing Materials, whose activities were discontinued as a result of the war, should again be taken up.

As a consequence, delegates had been called for from all the countries

formerly active in testing work. The congress proved to be a success with over 450 in attendance, a cordial spirit prevading all of the

discussions. The United States took an active part; the A. S. T. M.

was officially represented by past president W. H. Fulweiler and

vice president T. D. Lynch; and, in all, there were 11 from the United

States who attended. Eighteen of the eighty-five papers presented were by American authors.

Of primary interest, of course, were the discussions on the possibility of reviving the Old International Association for Testing

Materials. A meeting of the delegates was held in advance of the

congress at which the views of the representatives of the various

countries were expressed. This meeting was attended by 32 delegates representing 17 nations as follows: Germany, United States,

England, Austria, Denmark, France, Holland, Hungary, Sweden,

Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Spain, Italy, Norway, Rumania,

Russia, and Belgium. There were differences of opinion, some

feeling that the old international society should be reorganized in

its old form, others believing that no attempt should be made to organize a formal society, but that international congresses held

periodically would suffice. Similarly, there was some difference of
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 15

opinion as to whether standardization work should be attempted.

It was decided that an international society be organized in some

form and a special committee of seven members was appointed which

reported at the plenary session held toward the close of the congress

at which time a suggested constitution was submitted.

The expressed objects are to secure international cooperation,

•exchange of views, experience, and knowledge in regard to all matters

-connected with the testing of materials. Questions of standardization of materials are to be regarded as being outside the scope of the

organization.

Since the congress, formal invitation has been received from the

secretary of the new international association requesting American

adherence to the new movement and inviting members of the

A. S. T. M. to join the new association. These, together with the

-constitution itself, are under consideration by the executive committee of the A. S. T. M.

The various papers presented at the International Congress for

Testing Materials will be issued in book form.

INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES

(Washington, D. C.) At the organization meeting of the International Union of Pure

and Applied Chemistry, held in London in June, 1919, the union

approved as one of its projects the compilation of International

Critical Tables of Numerical Data of Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, and assigned to the United States of America the financial

and editorial responsibility for the undertaking. The project was

later given the patronage of the International Research Council at

its Brussels meeting in 1923.

On behalf of the National Academy of Sciences, the National

Research Council of the United States accepted the executive, editorial, and financial responsibilities of the project, and with the

•cooperation of the American Chemical Society and the American

Physical Society created a board of trustees to take charge of the

financial and business administration, and a board of editors to supervise and carry out the preparation of the text. Dr. Edward

W. Washburn was made editor in chief. The board of editors organized the work early in 1922 with the aid

of 10 corresponding editors in various parts of the world, and enlisted

the aid of approximately 300 cooperating experts having a special

faowledge of some portion of the subject matter. Volume 1 (415 plus xx pp.) was published in 1926. It covered

•such topics as systems of weights and measures, general constants

of nature, properties of chemical elements, laboratory technic, ready

reference tables on the physical properties of chemical substances,

radioactivity, astronomical, and geodetic data and aerodynamics.
16 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Volume 2 (616 plus xv pp.) appeared in 1927 and covered the

characteristic properties of a great variety of natural and industrial

materials and products, together with certain additional miscellaneousinformation of technological interest. It also contained a very complete section devoted to the properties of metals and alloys.

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

(28 Victoria Street, Westminster, London, England)

The International Electrotechnical Commission was organized

in 1906, an outgrowth of a resolution adopted by the International

Electrical Congress of St. Louis, in 1904, to the effect that steps

should be taken to secure the cooperation of the technical societies

of the world by the appointment of a representative commission to consider the question of standardization of nomenclature and ratingof electrical apparatus and machinery.

A plenary meeting of the International Electro technical Commission was held in Rome on September 22, 1927. At this meeting

the commission gave formal approval to the standardization proposalsof its technical advisory committees, which had been in session

September 4 to 12, at Bellagio, Italy. The work of the commission

is carried on by advisory committees on the following subjects:

Nomenclature, rating of electrical machinery, symbols, prime movers,, steam turbines, lamp caps and sockets, voltages, traction motors,

insulating oils, regulations for overhead lines, radio valves, measuring instruments, rating of rivers, and terminal markings. Only

a brief digest of the committee action approved by the plenary

session of the commission can be given.

Nomenclature.—"The value to the electrical industry throughout

the world of a unified technical language is not easily measured,

and the production by the International Electrotechnical Commission of an electrical vocabulary would provide that unity and

stability to the language of the engineer which is so essential to a

clear understanding of the written word among all the nations of

the earth." The advisory committee has agreed upon a definite

system of classification for the vocabulary, has selected the main

groups under which the terms to be denned will be listed, and has- made a beginning in the preparation of definitions of individual

terms. A classification number will be given to each term in electrotechnical terminology. This number will be fixed by the international committee, and each term will have an official definition in

English and French. In establishing national vocabularies in other

languages national committees are, ^of course, free to introduce

terms additional to those adopted, numbered, and denned internationally.

Rating of Electrical Machinery.—Great progress was made by the

advisory committee in revising International Electrotechnical
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 17

Commission publication No. 34 on rules for electrical machinery.

The Bellagio meeting is a milestone in the work of this committee,

for the decisions reached resulted in the production of a new and

enlarged document, arranged in separate parts, dealing, respectively,

with general considerations, transformers, rotating machines, and

traction motors. This arrangement in separate parts permits adding

further independent parts as may become necessary.

Each part carries all important requirements for defining the

International Electrotechnical Commission rating, thus providing

international commerce with a standard of quality necessary for the

equitable comparison of tenders (bids and proposals) for electrical

machines received from different countries, thus limiting competition

to considerations of price and delivery times.

Symbols.—This committee is responsible for International Electrotechnical Commission publications 27 and 35, which give letter symbols for fundamental units and electrical quantities, certain

mathematical symbols and rules for abbreviations of metric weights

and measures, and graphic symbols for diagrams and electric curcuit

plans. The revision of publication 35, particularly with respect to symbols for electric traction, was begun and a comparison of the

symbols for telegraph and telephone is authorized, the national committee being invited to submit proposals and present practice. It was decided to prepare symbols for heat and thermodynamics.

Prime Movers.—The work of this advisory committee is organized

into two subcommittees, on (1) hydraulic turbines, and (2) steam

turbines. A series of definitions for hydraulic turbines was issued in

1913 as International Electrotechnical Commission publication No.

39. At the Bellagio meeting this document was completely revised

and the section of hydraulic turbines completed. It is proposed for

issue as International Rules for Hydraulic Turbines, January 31,

1928. The subcommittee on steam turbines took no definite action

and made no recommendations for plenary approval. Much progress was, however, made in reaching tentative agreements and in bringing

together the views of the delegates on different points. A meeting

is suggested within a year for the careful and detailed study by the

subcommittee of the British and United States codes for the testing

of steam turbines.

Lamp Sockets and Caps (Bases).—All users of electric light will appreciate the value and importance of world-wide agreement on the

dimensions necessary to secure interchangeability of lamp sockets

and caps (bases) which are in universal use. The advisory committee

has the cooperation of a committee of lamp manufacturers and re- ceived a report from this committee to the effect that for outside

diameter of the ordinary size Edison screw cap agreement had been

reached between the American and European manufacturers in regard
18 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

to the dimensions and tolerances. The lamp manufacturers committee will continue its efforts to secure agreement in regard to depths

of thread and base length and other dimensions involved in securing

interchangeability. The bayonet type of base and socket was standardized at the New York meeting in 1926. Small bayonet bases and

sockets are under discussion.

Voltages.—A list of voltages, which can be used by all countries

when the subject of voltage to be adopted is in question, has been

proposed by the committee on voltages. This committee is pre- paring a list of standard voltages for testing insulators for transmission lines, so that manufacturers can prepare a series of standard

designs to reduce costs and insure quicker delivery.

Traction Motors.—The advisory committee on traction motors

considered proposals on (a) dielectric tests, (b) methods of temperature measurements, and (c) commutation tests. A proposed formula

for use in making dielectric tests is to be submitted to all national

committees for discussion and criticism. The variation-of-resistance

method for temperature measurements is retained except where it is unduly difficult of application. Special commutation tests were

agreed upon, and proposals for the study of overload tests at reduced

excitation and overspeed tests are made.

Insulating Oils.—The committee has taken steps to unify tests for insulating oils and is endeavoring to decide upon the tests neces- sary to indicate the suitability of an oil for insulation purposes.

Much experimental work has been done in several countries to provide data. In addition to laboratory tests, tests in miniature

transformers of typical and uniform design will be made. Agreement on specifications for sampling was effected and these will be

submitted to the various national committees under the regular

six months' rule of the commission. The importance of issuing

reliable tables for converting viscosity measurements into absolute

units was pointed out. Regulations for Overhead Lines.—Long distance high-voltage

transmission of electrical energy has raised the problem of protecting

the public against injury and public services against interference,

as well as the reduction of risk of failure of the supply. The divergence in the rules and regulations established by the authorities of

different countries has been studied, and the committee is establishing a model form for the study of the problems involved in overhead

line construction, for making available for general use everywhere

the standard materials for line construction, and to facilitate the

preparation of plans and estimates for transmission systems.

Radio Communication.—Two types of receiving-valve caps (radio

tube bases) were standardized—a European type, which is a compro-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 19

mise between existing British and continental standards, and an American type.

Measuring Instruments.—The advisory committee on measuring

instruments was established at the New York (1926) meeting of the

commission. Watt-hour meters only are being considered at present.

The answers to a questionnaire that had been circulated to all national committees were considered by the advisory committee,

and steps taken to expand the questionnaire and again circulate it to all national committees.

Rating of Rivers.—This advisory committee was appointed in

September, 1926. No final decisions were arrived at by the committee, but after very full discussion, the various suggestions as to head to be employed, efficiency, and flow were referred back to the

national committees for further consideration.

Terminal Markings.—No standardization of terminal markings was attained, but a basis for further study was agreed to, and tentative proposals for a large number of items will be circulated to each

national committee.

Retiring president Signor Guido Semenza, of Italy, pointed out

that since 1923 the national committees have increased from 21 to

26, the advisory committees from 10 to 15, and the income from

1,800 to 2,400 pounds sterling. Prof. C. Feldmann, of Holland, was elected president. The next meeting of the commission will be

held in 1930 in Scandinavia.

INTERNATIONAL FIXED CALENDAR LEAGUE

Calendar Revision.—During the past year much publicity has

been given to a proposed new calendar advocated by the International

Fixed Calendar League and presented before the League of Nations.

The principal feature of the proposed calendar is that the year is divided into 13 equal months of 4 weeks, or 28 days each, the new

month, to be known as Sol, being inserted between June and July.

The proposed use of thirteen 28-day months would leave one extra day to be accounted for on ordinary years and two extra days on leap

years. It is proposed to insert these between December and January,

and between June and Sol, respectively. These extra days would be

without week-day names. Some of the advantages claimed for the proposed calendar are that

for business and statistical purposes corresponding time intervals

would be directly comparable; each month would always contain a whole number of weeks; the end of each month would coincide with

the end of the week; each day of the month would always fall on the same day of the week; any given week day in any given month would

always fall on the same day of the month; movable holidays would

become fixed; the calendar would become perpetual—that is, all years would be alike.
20 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The proposed 13-month calendar appears to be gaining strong

support from business organizations because of its applicability to cost accounting, business statistics, etc. Many business organizations are already operating on the basis

of four-week intervals, without regard to calendar months. The

proposed 13-month year would have certain obvious advantages over any possible use of a four-week period under our present calendar.

INTERNATIONAL GEODETIC AND GEOPHYSICAL UNION

The following actions 2 pertaining to standards, standard instruments, and nomenclature were taken by the International Geodetic

and Geophysical Union at its third general assembly held at Prague,

September, 1927.

The International Geodetic and Geophysical Union is a branch of

the International Research Council established under the auspices

of the council during the meetings at Brussels, July, 1919. Its objects are: (1) To promote the study of problems concerned with

the figure and physics of the earth, (2) to initiate and coordinate

researches which depend upon international cooperation and to provide for their scientific discussion and publication, and (3) to facilitate special researches, such as the comparisons of instruments used in

different countries. The activities of the union are carried on through

sections, namely, geodesy, seismology, meteorology, terrestrial magnetism and electricity, oceanography, volcanology, and scientific hydrology. Each of the adhering countries is represented in the

International Geodetic and Geophysical Union by a National Committee on Geodesy and Geophysics; the American Geophysical Union

constitutes this committee in the United States for the National

Research Council. (There is in the American Geophysical Union no

section of scientific hydrology.)

The International Research Council was created with a view to reorganizing international scientific associations, and from a small

beginning, with only a few of the allied countries supporting it, there

are now about 35 countries adhering to the International Research

Council and to one or more of its unions. Since the meeting at Brussels in July, 1919, there have been three assemblies of the Inter- national Geodetic and Geophysical Union, namely, at Rome in May,

1922; at Madrid in October, 1924; and at Prague in September, 1927.

The transactions of the International Geodetic and Geophysical

Union and of its sections are published following each general assembly ; bulletins covering the scientific activities of the sections are also published, some at regular intervals and some irregularly between the

assemblies. Each section has standing committees and reporters who

2 Preliminary note furnished by the general secretary of the American Geophysical Union.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 21

consider various matters submitted to them between the general

assemblies and make reports at those assemblies.

Only those matters are considered at these general conferences

where international cooperation or advice is needed and in suggesting

specifications or standards for the various classes of work involved.

Matters relating to standards, standards instruments, and nomenclature upon which actions were taken at the Prague assembly are indicated below.

Geodesy.—In the section of geodesy the reports and resolutions

at the Prague assembly had to do with standardization of various

classes of geodetic work and the obtaining of uniform practices by

the geodetic organizations of the different countries adhering to the

section.

Seismology.—While the science of seismology is not yet far enough

advanced to adopt standard instruments or to standardize procedures,

committees were appointed by the section of seismology to suggest a standard method of designating the different phases of the seismogram

and to determine which of these phases should be listed in the reports

of earthquakes.

Another committee was appointed to consider the telegraphic code

to be used in sending prompt notices.

The project for a new list of seismological stations was strongly

urged, but, since the American Geophysical Union under the genera

1 supervision of H. O. Wood is revising his earlier list for publication

by the National Research Council, no action was taken.

Another committee was appointed to consider the various tables

giving the times of arrival of the phases of an earthquake at distant

stations.

Meteorology.—In the section of meteorology, 22 resolutions were

adopted, and among these there were the following relating to standards

One resolution invited the attention of geophysicists to the advantages of using, where practicable, geodynamic height in calculations and tables. The section authorized its commission for solar radiation (a) to encourage by all possible means the maintenance of an international

network of pyrheliometric stations for measuring the intensity of

solar energy, (6) to include in this network as many high-level sta- tions as possible, and (c) to make provision that at the high-level

stations especially careful attention be given to the measurement of

ultra-violet radiation and the ozone content of the atmosphere.

The commission for solar radiation was authorized to cooperate

with the commission for solar radiation of the International Meteorological Committee in arranging for the intercomparison of substandard pyrheliometers in use in the different countries, in preparing
22 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

a program and practical instructions to be recommended for the- daily observations, and in securing the prompt publication of monthly

summaries of results. The bureau of the section was authorized and requested to draw

up a report of the various practices of the different sciences comprised

within the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union with regard

to units of measurements and to invite the cooperation of the bureaus

of the other sections of the union, with the ultimate object of a common unitary system for all the sciences comprised within the- union.

The section approved the appointment of a commission to consider the question of the use of geopotential in the geophysical sciences- as the vertical coordinate in the representation of the position of a

point with reference to the earth for the purposes of geodynamic

problems.

In view of the increased importance of the application of meteorological statistics of the weather to the problems of agriculture,

public health, and other aspects of public economics the bureau of

the section was authorized to ask the International Conference of

Directors of Meteorological Reseaux to receive a deputation of the

section at a meeting of the directors in 1929 (which may be regarded

as a jubilee celebration of the International Meteorological Congressat Rome) in order to urge the consideration of a more scientific grouping of meteorological statistics than the customary one by

calendar months of arbitrary and unequal length. The intent of

this resolution was to advocate the use of the week in place of the

month as a unit of time in meteorology, although week was not

mentioned in the resolution.

Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity.—In the section of terrestrial magnetism and electricity, 29 resolutions were adopted, and

among these there were the following concerned with standards,

standard instruments, and nomenclature:

A subcommittee was appointed to prppose definite choice of the

criteria suggested for magnetic characterization of days.

A committee was appointed to act with a committee of the Magnetic Commission of the International Meteorological Committee to

consider the future relationship of the two bodies.

It was recommended that Greenwich time be adopted in observatory publications, but no date for such adoption was fixed. It was decided that data for the application of noncyclic changes

in the calculation of diurnal inequalities should be given in observatory publications, whether such changes were applied or not. Methods for computing values of a magnetic element for a given

date and of the annual secular variation of a magnetic element during

a*given year were defined, and special attention was invited to the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 23

advantages of referring magnetic surveys of different countries to common epochs.

The desirability of intercomparison of coil magnetometers of dif- ferent countries was emphasized.

It was recommended that adequate provision be made to permit

obtaining complete rhagnetograph records on highly disturbed days.

An international committee was appointed to advance auroral

studies.

A committee was appointed to consider the best means of promoting research and instruction in the methods of applying the principles of geophysics to investigations of the earth's crust. Recommendations were made in five resolutions regarding atmospheric electricity that data be compiled for Greenwich or zonal

time, that results from all as well as quiet days be included in

potential-gradient compilations, that there be a thorough investigation made of different forms of ion counters, and that knowledge of

the optical phenomena of lightning be extended.

A committee was appointed to consider reports on and the improvement in uniformity of terminology.

The opinion was expressed that the study of correlations between

radio reception and magnetic, atmospheric-electric, and auroral activities and solar activity should be encouraged in every possible manner, although it did not appear that the time had arrived at which

any international program could be usefully framed.

Oceanography.—In the section of oceanography the work was

chiefly concerned with steps taken in the attempt to coordinate the

activities of the section with those of other organizations. A recent

accomplishment of the section reported was the preparation of lists of oceanographers and oceanographic institutions throughout the

world, these publications being of great value to those engaged in

oceanographic work. A committee was formed to consider standardization or oceanographic instruments.

Volcanology and Scientific Hydrology.—No formal reports have

as yet been received from either of these sections indicating any

actions that might concern standards, standard instruments, and

terminology.

Group Sections.—In a group-section meeting, including the sections

of geodesy, seismology, and oceanography, a resolution was adopted

regarding ocean depths, which in effect recommended the investigation of these critical areas by the methods of acoustic sounding,

gravity observations above them, and seismologic observations on the

adjacent shores.

The above synopsis is a preliminary one, furnished by John A.

Fleming, general secretary of the American Geophysical Union. The

transactions of the general assembly of the union and of its sections
24 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

at Prague are being prepared for publication by the secretary genera

of the union and by the respective secretaries of the various sections.

INTERNATIONAL GEODETIC AND GEOPHYSICAL UNION, SECTION OF

GEODESY

Geodesy is a branch of science which needs, for the solution of its. problems, the collection of data in widely separated parts of the

earth's surface. International cooperation in geodesy was first secured by the creation of the Geodetic Association of the German

States. The scope of this body was enlarged in the middle eighties

when it became truly international in character by the inclusion of

other nations. At the meeting of the International Geodetic Association in 1889 the United States was represented, for the first time,

by a member of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

The International Geodetic Association has held triennial meetings which delegates from something over 20 countries attended.

The last meeting of that association was held in 1912 in Hamburg,

Germany. When the war broke out the countries engaged in the

conflict withdrew support from the association, and before the end

of the war only six of the smaller neutral countries (Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, and Spain) still adhered to the association, the name of which has been changed to The Geodetic

Association Reduced to Neutral Countries (Association G£odesique

Reduite entre Etats Neutres). After the war, the International

Research Council was created at Brussels in 1919 with a view to

reorganizing international scientific associations. From a small

beginning, with only a few of the allied countries supporting it, there are now about 35 countries adhering to the International Research Council and to one or more of its unions.

The present officials of the section of geodesy are: President, Dr.

William Bowie, chief of the division of geodesy of the United States

Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D. C; secretary, Gen.

G. Perrier, of the French Army, Paris, France. These officials, to- gether with five elected members, constitute the executive committee

which administers the affairs of the section of geodesy between conferences. The section of geodesy has, as its principal functions

the triennial meetings at which reports are made by the delegates

from the adhering countries on the work done since the previous

conference. These reports set forth the amount of work of various

kinds accomplished as well as give a statement as to work in progress

and, where possible, describe plans for the future. Important fea- tures of such reports are descriptions of new instruments and methods

used in the geodetic work. The section has standing committees

and reporters whose duty it is to consider the various matters submitted to them between general conferences and to make reports on them at such meetings.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 25

In general, these reports have to do with standardization of the

various classes of geodetic work and the obtaining of uniform practices by the geodetic organizations of the different countries adhering

to the section. In general, the several classes of geodetic work are

called first, second, and third order, the first being the highest. The

section of geodesy has no authority to direct or order any country

to do its work in accordance with the specifications adopted at a conference, but very few countries would be willing to do their

work in a manner less accurate than that stipulated as a desirable

standard.

At the general conferences only those matters are considered on

which international cooperation or advice is needed or the setting

forth of specifications or standards of the various classes of geodetic

work.

The results of the activities of the old International Geodetic

Association and of the present section of geodesy have been of great

value in the geodetic field and the activities of both organizations

have greatly advanced geodetic science. The geodetic publications

resulting from the organization of the section of geodesy are:

1. The triennial reports on geodetic work accomplished by each

of the countries sending delegates to the conferences

2. The Comptes Rendus or detailed report of the deliberations

during the conferences.

3. The Bulletin Geodesique which is published quarterly under

the direction of the secretary of the section of geodesy.

4. Special reports and tables prepared by the secretary of the sec- tion of geodesy in accordance with recommendations made by the

conferences.

INTERNATIONAL RADIOTELEGRAPH CONFERENCE AT WASHINGTON

Upon the invitation of the State Department of the United States,

representatives of 79 governments met at Washington October 4,

1927, to revise the 1912 International Radiotelegraph Conference at London. Hon. Herbert Hoover was chairman of the conference.

The final session was held November 25, at which time the delegations of all the governments represented signed the convention and

general regulations without reservations. The treaty was submitted

by the President on December 12 for ratification by the Senate.

This convention and general regulations will go into effect January

1, 1929. The treaty will standardize the use of radio throughout

the world. The radio-frequency spectrum from 10 to 60,000 kilocycles per second was allocated to the following services: Mobile,

fixed, broadcasting, special (including radiobeacons, radio compass,

and amateurs). All nations will use the same bands of frequencies

for corresponding services, eliminating thereby interference between
26 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

different services. The standard of frequency agreed to is the standard of time, the mean solar second.

The establishment of a list of three-letter signals and abbreviations

makes possible the carrying on of essential communications between

any two stations without respect to the language used by the

operators.

Radio is the only means of communication for mobile stations, and

the procedure for operation of such stations is so standardized that it will be possible to carry on such communication effectively. The use

of radio for distress purposes was recognized as of foremost importance

and the distress frequency (500 kilocycles) is given adequate protection. A standard method for the operation of automatic alarm signals was adopted. This insures that in the development of such devices

they will all be made to respond to the same signal.

An International Technical Consulting Committee was set up, which will study technical questions submitted to it. The reports of

such a committee will serve to keep all nations informed as to standards of procedure, technical developments, etc., in the radio art. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ASSOCIATION

A meeting of the committee of seven, which was appointed at the

New York conference of 1926, was held in London, November 14

and 15, 1927. All members except the representative of the United

States were present. The following five recommendations were unanimously agreed to for submission to the several national standardizing bodies

1. That the International Standards Association be established immediately,

provided the funds necessary, in accordance with the schedule of contributions already circulated with the statutes, be forthcoming for the period of the three

years, 1928, 1929, and 1930.

2. That the foundation of the International Standards Association date from

the New York conference, April, 1926, and be in accordance with the statutes and by-laws, already circulated.

3. That it be established in a completely independent position, the central

office being, for the present, in London.

4. That the committee of seven act as the first council under the constitution. (See statute 8 and by-law 2.)

5. That Sir Richard Glazebrook be elected the first president of the Inter- national Standards Association, discharging for the present the duties of general

secretary, the appointment of the latter being a question to be dealt with by the plenary assembly.

To promote close relations with the International Electrotechnical

Commission, the committee appointed representatives to a joint committee "to put into definite form a scheme of collaboration best

suited to fulfill the requirements of the situation."

To continue the work, the committee requested Mr. Huber-Ruf

to act as secretary.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 27

It will, perhaps, be interesting to mention also the proposal which was made at Bellagio to form a "comite d'entente" in which the

following international organizations are taking part, and in connection with which the International Electrotechnical Commission

has been invited to act as convener: International Illumination

Commission; World Power Conference; International Conference on High Tension Lines; International Consultative Committee on Long

Distance Telephony; International Union of Tramways, Local Kailways, and Public Motor Transport; International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electrical Energy; and International

Electrotechnical Commission.

MAISON DE LA CHIMIE

(Paris) The Maison de la Chimie has been organized in Paris as an international headquarters for chemistry. It has been suggested that it would be a suitable location for the central office of the International

Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

PHOEBUS LABORATORY

(Geneva, Switzerland) The Phoebus Laboratory at Geneva, Switzerland, was organized

by the lamp manufacturers of Europe for the testing of electrical

incandescent lamps (essentially as does the Electrical Testing Laboratories of New York). The testing capacity is about 200 kilovolts,

the supporting funds being chiefly derived from lamp testing.

The laboratory furnishes much information required by special

committees engaged in specific standardization enterprises. A great

revival of scientific interest in lamps and lighting is noted as a result

of the work done at the Phoebus Laboratory and as a result various

manufacturers have been stimulated to organize similar laboratories

of their own. THE SECOND PAN AMERICAN STANDARDIZATION CONFERENCE

PROGRESS IN STANDARDIZATION

The Second Pan American Standardization Conference, called

by the Inter-American High Commission in accordance with the

resolution adopted at the first conference at Lima in 1924, met at the Pan American Union Building in Washington from May 9 to

11, inclusive, 1927.

The following resolutions were adopted by the conference

1. To recommend to the various governments the advantages resulting in approval in the shortest time possible of the project of convention formulated

91096—28 3
28 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

by the Inter-American High Commission in compliance with the request which

it received from the first conference celebrated at Lima, which project has

already been submitted to the various governments.

2. That in order to facilitate the accomplishment of the agreement contained

in section A of resolution 1, of the conference of Lima * * *

(a) It is recommended that the Inter-American High Commission get in touch

as quickly as possible with the organizations of importers and large consumers

in the United States who import Latin American products and who would be most helpful for the project for the purpose of obtaining all kinds of practical

data concerning the condition in which exported Latin American products are most acceptable, including full details concerning classification, variety, packing,

etc., and wherever possible representative samples, submitting all these details to the respective Latin American countries.

(6) There is recommended to the governments of the various Latin American

Republics the great advantage resulting from the fullest collaboration of other Federal departments with the Inter-American High Commission and its national

sections in an educational campaign among all producers and exporters interested

in inter-American commerce with the purpose of their adopting in exporting the manner of classification and packing indicated in order to obtain in the principal

buying country the best conditions.

(c) There is recommended likewise to the respective governments the great

advantage of organizing as quickly as possible in each country associations of producers and exporters who may be requested to collaborate with North

American organizations in the work indicated, continuing and expanding the

preliminary work of propaganda initiated by the governments and the sections

of the Inter-American High Commission, taking into consideration that adoption

of the best methods will be more feasible if producers and exporters receive from

the respective associations of which they may be members the data, counsels, and

explanations which each case may require, it being understood that each govern- ment and the Inter-American High Commission shall continue, availing themselves afterwards of the facilities of the associations created, to disseminate all kinds of information of practical utility for these producers and exporters.

(d) That there be recommended to the governments of the various Latin

American countries through the central executive council of the Inter-American

High Commission the great advantages resulting from the services of experts in cultivation and distribution of their various exportable products with the purpose

of obtaining with the greatest rapidity and facility a production corresponding to

the types and forms most acceptable in the consuming markets.

3. That with the purpose of beginning immediately and obtaining more quickly some practical results there be initiated the adoption of uniform specifications of products which are now being exported in greater quantities from each country

to the United States.

4. That taking into consideration that almost all the Latin American coun U v speak the same language, there may be adopted in general the same names for

specifications of identical products, so that in the future one product or its different

classes will not be designated by different names. This at present causes great confusion and constitutes a drawback in inter-American trade. Therefore, the exchange of nomenclatures and samples among the Latin American countries must be encouraged, as well as the organization of commissions needed in this work composed of representatives of the countries interested.

5. That it recommend to the governments of the American countries that it would be advantageous for them to obtain, by means which in practice may result most adequately, every kind of report concerning systems which should be followed

for the prevention, control, and combating of plagues and diseases which affect
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 192S 29

animals and animal products as well as fruits, vegetables, and vegetable products

which are in demand in the buying countries of America, with the object of pro- moting the commerce of these articles and eliminating the obstacles which may

arise from these causes.

It is recommended likewise to the governments interested the advantages of establishing among themselves an exchange of information concerning methods

adopted and results obtained in prevention, control, and combat of the abovementioned plagues, and that likewise there be carried on in each country an intensive educational work among producers and exporters so that the systems which

may be found most efficacious may be put into practice.

That there be organized a permanent committee composed of representatives

residing in Washington of the various countries interested for the study of ways

and means of organizing an inspection service for animal and vegetable products

which may guarantee and facilitate commerce in that class of products, and that

this committee make a report accompanied by concrete conclusions to the Third

Pan American Standardization Conference.

6. To recommend to the governments, chambers of commerce, and interested Latin American associations that they procure as early as possible the introduction and consideration in their respective countries of the system of classifying

wool which is based on the diameter of fiber and which is now in use in the United

States and England. Requests may be made to the Department of Agriculture

in Washington for samples and data necessary to this work. This department is urged to collaborate in every way possible in carrying out the work.

Likewise, to recommend that in the preparation of bundles of fleeces sisal twine shall not be used nor twine of vegetable fibers, badly wound, which become

mixed with the wool, decreasing its quality and making difficult its manufacture.

7. It is recommended to the American countries that there be created a bulletin

for commercial, industrial, and agricultural propaganda which shall be devoted

to the study of these matters, preferably from the point of view of simplification

and standardization. That this bulletin be published by the Central Executive Council of the Inter- American High Commission in Spanish, English, Portuguese, and French, and

its cost be borne by the various countries in proportion to the number of copies

for which each government may subscribe, the bulletin to be distributed widely

and freely in each country.

The national sections of the Inter-American High Commission should send to the central executive council for publication in this bulletin any document pro- duced in their countries relative to specifications and any information which they

may consider of common interest. This committee will be formed by the agricultural or commercial attaches of the embassies or legations of the Latin American countries, and in the absence

of these by the respective heads of the missions or the persons whom the heads

of the missions may designate.

8. That there be recommended to the principal associations of manufacturers

and exporters in the United States the great advantages which would result from their agreement in the shortest time possible to adopt gradually the decimal

metric system in their exporting to Latin America, beginning by indicating the

equivalent metric decimal in their bills of lading and shipping documents together

with the corresponding American system, and gradually adopting containers and

units agreeing absolutely with the metric system in their exportations to the above-mentioned countries, in all cases in which this may be possible, and also agreeing that the exporters in Latin America indicate their shipments in units which may be in accord with the metric decimal system. And that they approach

as much as possible the systems now used, but avoiding in all cases fractions.
30 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

9. That there be presented to the consideration of the respective governments

the desirability of celebrating within a maximum of three years the Third Pan

American Standardization Conference in Cuba in the city and on the date which

its government may indicate, in which conference representatives of the Federal departments which are carrying on in each country educational work suggested should participate, as well as representatives of associations which may be

founded for the same purpose, those who may be collaborating in this movement

in the United States, and the offices of the Inter-American High Commission in Washington, as well as its sections in each country, each one of these organizations submitting reports on the progress which may have been achieved. The agreements which are made in this conference and subsequent ones concerning uniformity of specifications should bear respective numbers and should be designated by the name of the city in which the conference may have been

convoked.

10. It is agreed that the central executive council of the Inter-American High

Commission communicate these resolutions to all the governments of America,

recommending that they give their approval and aid, and that they be communicated likewise to the national sections of the High Commission and to the Pan American Union that they may conform with the purpose.

It is recommended also that the High Commission in publishing the minutes

and documents of this second conference make use of the metric and the American

systems of weights and measures, the second system preceding the first in the English text and the first system preceding the second in those which may be

published in other languages.
III. NATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(United States of America)

(See Section V)

This laboratory was established in 1901, has 11 specialized divisions, and a staff of 850, of which 554 are scientific and technical.

There are 17 buildings, a library of 30,818 volumes, and 146,582

tests were completed during the past fiscal year. The director is G. K. Burgess.

NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY

(Teddington, England) This laboratory (established in 1900) has 8 divisions, a staff of

570, of which 251 are scientific and technical. There are 20 buildings

and a library of 9,000 volumes. During the past fiscal year 609,323

tests were completed. The director is J. E. Petavel.

Standards.—The National Physical Laboratory is giving unremitting attention to the maintenance of standards. Work has been

active on the international temperature scale, which will represent

as closely as possible the thermodynamic centigrade scale. It will

be practically determined between — 195 and 660° C. by the

platinum resistance thermometer; between 600 and 1,100° C.

by the platinum, platinum-rhodium thermocouple using a 10 per

cent rhodium alloy; above 1,100° C. it will be based on Wien's law,

with the freezing points of gold (1,063° C.) and of palladium

(1,550° C.) as fixed points.

Comparisons of the British, French, German, and American

electrical standards are in progress and those completed show satis- factory agreement. Apparatus is now designed for high-voltage

measurements. Resistances may be measured up to a million

megohms in the testing of insulating materials. Inter-comparisons

of the candlepower standards with the Physikalisch-Technische

Reichsanstalt show good agreement at an efficiency of 4 w. p. c,

but show discrepancies at 1.5 w. p. c. The results are now published.

Interference methods in which the wave length of light is the

standard of length have been successfully used in comparing end

gauges, with a precision equal to the mechanical methods formerly

used.

Physics.—An interesting development is the formation during the

year of a committee on the application of X-ray methods to industrial problems. An instrument for measuring the percentage of

31
32 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

carbon dioxide in an inclosure has been worked out, based upon the

measurement of the velocity of sound in the gases with the aid of a quartz crystal kept in oscillation. The heat evolved by the respiration of fruit is now measured by a new differential calorimeter.

An auxiliary research has been published giving results of humidity

measurements based on the change of refractive index of a glycerine

film in equilibrium with atmospheres of varying humidity. A paper

just published gives the loss of heat from uncovered steam pipes.

An X-ray tube with detachable electrodes has been designed

and studies made of the optical axes of single crystals. An instrument for measuring the radiation pressure of sound waves is about

completed. The ripple-tank method of determining the acoustic

properties of buildings before construction by model sections has

been improved during the year. The image is now thrown upon

a screen and photographed by a motion-picture camera. The relation

between such ripples and acoustic wave phenomena has been investigated. The methods have been applied to the proposed Melbourne

town hall. The laboratory is now able to measure the sound absorption of materials and to study the acoustics of proposed buildings.

Progress has been made in the photoelectric method of spectrophotometry, and the difficulties encountered have been overcome

for wave lengths down to 0.3 microns. Six papers were issued on

the theory of lenses, and three papers on the methods of color specification, which will have important uses in the dye industry.

Electricity.—A new method of producing low and telephonic

frequencies is based on the direct harmonic production of the fre- quencies from the seconds given by well-regulated clocks. A spectrum of whole number frequencies over most of the audible range is thus possible, which may be extended into the radio-frequency region

by the multivibrator principle. International comparisons have been

made of radio-frequency quartz oscillators. High permeability nickel-iron alloys with a low hysteresis loss at low flux densities are being investigated as core materials for instrument current transformers. By the use of this material it is hoped

to conduct measurements of current up to 10,000 amperes.

The effect of glare on the ability of the eye to perceive differences

of brightness is being investigated. Methods based upon smallscale models are being developed to study the daylight factor of

rooms, and the measurement of skylight illumination has been

continued with improved apparatus.

Metrology.—Studies of screw thread tolerances and of extremes of

temperature on aircraft watches are completed. A study of the

deformation of pivots under static load is in progress as well as a study of the effect of the direction in which jewels are cut with

respect toJthe optical axis. A 4-meter comparator has been built
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 33

and placed over the 50-meter bench, and this, with other improvements, will make possible the more rapid standardization of surveying

tapes. A notable feature of the testing work has been the increase

in volumetric glassware submitted for test. Engineering.—The investigation of elasticity and fatigue has

developed into an examination of the fundamental phenomena

involved in the failure of single metal crystals and of metallic aggregates. It is likely to lead to results of far-reaching importance, and

has already furnished information of much value in the study of the

strength of materials. Endurance and fatigue tests have been made

on various materials to determine their suitability for vehicle springs.

The lubrication research has included determinations of the change

in attitude and eccentricity of a cylindrical bearing with change of load and a study of the variation of the static friction of lubricated

surfaces with temperature. Tests have been made to determine

the value of various types of road surfacing in minimizing skidding

and the effect of wheel dimensions on the wear of roads is also being

studied.

Metallurgy.—A paper describing the production of beryllium

metal has been published and efforts are being made toward the production of beryllium of high purity with a view to increasing its ductility. A preliminary survey of the constitution of berylliumaluminium alloys has been made and a study of the properties of the

zinc-cadmium alloys has been completed. The brittleness of wroughtiron chains has been shown to be due to the formation of cracks in the

surface layer caused by a surface hardening from numerous small

impacts. The presence of small quantities of nitrogen has been

found to affect materially the structure and constitution of the ironchromium alloys.

Aerodynamics.—The comparison of the observed flow around

airfoils with theory has been continued and differences found in the

region of the nose have been closely examined. Pressure measure- ments have been made over an airfoil set at a large angle of incidence.

The equipment for comparative experiments in air and water has

been completed. The standard Pitot tube has been recalibrated on

the new whirling arm, giving a result in complete agreement with that

found in 1914. Much attention has been given to the best means of overcoming wing flutter which occurs on high-speed airplanes. This

problem has been attacked both analytically and experimentally.

Work on air propellers has included an investigation by means of

photography of the flow around a model screw working in water. William Froude Tank.—The investigation of the effect of waves on

the resistance, propulsion, and pitching of ships has been continued.

Full-scale observations during exceptionally rough weather have been

supplemented by tests in the tank. A paper has been published on
34 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

the scale effect of rudder forces and the maneuvering value of unbalanced rudders of different shapes behind single and twin screw ships

of the same fullness. The calculation of the wave resistance of threedimensional symmetrical forms has been compared with the results

of experiments on models. The number of ship models tested during

the year was 63, compared with 36 for the preceding year. PHYSIKALISCH-TECHNISCHE REICHSANSTALT

• (Charlottenburg, Germany)

The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Charlottenburg was

established in 1887 as a national research and testing institution. Its

first president was Herman von Helmholtz; the present direction is in the hands of Prof. Friedrich Paschen. The budget of the Reichsanstalt amounted to 1,500,000 marks for the year 1927. There is a

staff of 262, of which 83 are scientific and technical. There are 9

buildings, a library of 20,000 volumes, and 611,000 tests were completed during the past fiscal year. The organization includes four divisions—(1) weights and measures, (2) electricity and magnetism, (3) heat and pressure, and (4)

optics. In addition, there are a number of smaller laboratories under

the direct supervision of the president

(a) research laboratory of

the president, (b) laboratory for radioactivity, (c) chemical laboratory, (d) laboratory for precision instruments and sound, (e) low

temperature laboratory, and (J) photochemical laboratory. The

following covers the work of the Reichsanstalt from July L 1926, to November, 1927:

1. Laboratory of the President.—The neon lines were investigated

by means of the Perot-Fabry interferometer standards. They have

a companion. Lines of spectral type s-p have a satellite toward the

shorter waves, which has about one-ninth the intensity of the principal component and in relation to the Zeeman effect with the principal line shows no Paschen-Back effect. The companion corre- sponds probably to the isotope. The ortho-helium lines were obtained

as triplets with separation relations in accord with the new theory

of Heisenberg. The spectrum Pb II of lead was analyzed further

with respect to series theory. The spectrum Al II of aluminum was

completed by analysis of the singlet system. The ionization potential

of Al plus is 18.74 volts.

2. Laboratory for Radioactivity.—A new objective method was

worked out for atom disintegration based upon the application of the

Geiger point counter, from which notable progress in this field is expected. It has already been established by this method that the

alpha rays of polonium can disintegrate the four elements—boron,

nitrogen, magnesium, and aluminum. Further investigations concerning the Compton effect with X and gamma rays gave interesting
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 35

conclusions concerning the nature of these rays. In the laboratory

281 tests of strong and weak radioactive substances were completed.

The standard radium solutions, which serve for the standardization

of emanation-measuring instruments, were put through a systematic

control experiment by which the constancy of these solutions over a time interval of at least six years was demonstrated. For the meas- urement of the stronger alpha ray preparations a convenient instrument was built.

3. Chemical Laboratory.—The investigations of the elements

masurium and rhenium, discovered in 1925, were advanced. Especially was their geochemical relation studied. A few milligrams

of pure rhenium were successfully prepared, and the analytical characteristics of this element were determined. Sixty kinds of glass for

the glass-container industry were tested for alkali solubility in water

at 80 to 100° C, and 26 kinds of glass for optical purposes were tested

for weathering. Numerous analytical chemical investigations were made. The electrical charge of colloidal particles of several slightly

soluble silver salts was determined.

4. Laboratory for Precision Gauges and Sound.—This laboratory was fully occupied with testing for scientific and technical purposes.

The precision instrument activities dealt primarily with settling dis- putes in the field of standardization; secondarily with current tests of

standard screws, gauges of various kinds, master rings, taper gauges,

lead screws, etc. In the field of acoustics, frequency determinations

have assumed growing importance. The number of frequency tests of tuning forks in connection with technical and musical purposes was considerable. The already internationally regulated question

of concert pitch is, on account of lack of uniformity, again being

studied. This necessitates the investigation of the dependence of the

tone of the more important musical instruments upon temperature.

5. Cryogenic Laboratory.—A new low temperature laboratory has

been equipped, in which 20 liters of liquid nitrogen and 10 liters of liquid hydrogen may be produced hourly.

6. Photochemical Laboratory.—A quantitative determination was made of the bromine liberated in the photochemical dissociation of

silver bromide (a) when the silver bromide was held in a gelatine

emulsion, and (b) when no emulsion was used. Further, the Herschel

effect and other bleaching-out effects in photographic plates were

investigated, and the influence of X rays upon silver bromide in

relation to the quantum equivalent law was studied. A special

photochemical laboratory was arranged for in May, 1927, in order

to take up photochemical work more effectively.

7. Division of Weights and Measures.—This division was principally engaged in revising and completing the testing regulations.

A number of new scale constructions were submitted, as well as new

measuring apparatus for mineral oils.
36 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A procedure was developed by which end gauges could be tested

with the highest accuracy by interferometry. A large number of

end gauges of the first quality (including four ranging in length from

200 to 500 mm) were tested. The determination of the ratio between the meter and the wave

length of the yellow green krypton line has been carried to a point

such that it can be shortly concluded.

8. Division of Electricity and Magnetism.—(a) Electricity.—

Recent comparisons of the English and German resistance unit show

that the newly determined value of the ohm of the Reichsanstalt

agrees with the British values for 1912 and 1925 within 1X10 ~~5

. Work carried out in cooperation with the Reichsanstalt shows

that German industry now is in a position to produce aluminum of

electrical conductivity equal to that obtained in other countries.

The electrical resistance and the heat conductivity were investigated for a series of metals using single and multiple crystals at low

temperatures, in part to 1.3° absolute. Further, the thermoelectric

forces of alloys and superconducting metals were measured between

4.2 and 1.3° absolute.

Work on the new determination of the velocity of light has advanced. The required guard ring condenser for this has been

constructed.

For testing purposes, a bridge for dielectric loss measurements at 800 cycles per second and a new bridge for measuring Pupin spools

have been designed.

For the analysis of weak currents (microphone currents) a Braun

oscillograph was constructed. With the aid of this apparatus in- vestigations were carried out on vowel sounds, which makes a test of different theories possible. Investigations on the piezo-electric

excitation of elastic vibrations showed that with suitable arrangements not only longitudinal, but also transverse and torsional vibrations may be produced. With this it was possible to construct

luminous piezo-electric resonators as frequency standards, including

standards for very low frequencies (for example, 1,500 cycles). The

international frequency measurements for the purpose of comparison of the standard frequencies of the different countries were again

undertaken with the aid of two of the Bureau of Standards quartz

oscillators. In the field of high voltage and insulator investigation there was

developed a new loss-free compressed gas condenser for voltages of about 300 kilovolts.

The investigations begun earlier on the discharge in gases have

been continued, in which the energy distribution between the cathode

and the effect of added mercury on the normal cathode fall were

studied. In a special investigation the percentage content of atomic

hydrogen at glow discharge in hydrogen was determined.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 37

(b) Magnetism.—New methods were worked out for determining

the permeability and hysteresis at high frequency. The question

of the validity of Poynting's law for materials possessing hysteresis was investigated. A method was devised for measuring the initial permeability of wires. A process was also developed for melting

small quantities of metals in a high-frequency field. The magnetostriction of ferromagnetic material was measured by

a method of superposing two high-frequency circuits, in which the

change in length of the bar under investigation produces a change in

capacity. Alloys of iron and nickel, nickel and cobalt, and cobalt

and iron, and several other alloys were thus measured.

(c) Miscellaneous.—The effort to attain an international unification of X-ray dossage made an investigation of the various methods

of absolute dosage measurement necessary, which showed an agreement of 1 or 2 per cent. X-ray spectrometric work was undertaken

to clarify the influence of chemical combination on X-ray spectra,

and to decide the question whether the lines Kfi' and Ka3 4 are X-ray

spark lines. The X-ray absorption spectra of tungsten has been

investigated.

The heat capacity of a Berthelot combustion calorimeter was

measured anew electrically and the heat of combustion of benzoic

acid was measured. The data obtained differ only slightly from

those of Fischer and Wrede, and are in good agreement with the result

obtained by Dickinson.

9. Division of Heat and Pressure.—The foundations of the

practical temperature scale for very low and very high temperatures

have been extended. By means of the gas thermometer the boiling

points of nitrogen and hydrogen have been measured down to the

triple point. The transmission of absorptive screens for pyrometric

purposes has been measured for use in determining the temperature of

radiating bodies at any wave length. An apparatus has also been

constructed to measure color temperature.

An investigation of the thermal expansion of thermometer glasses

up to the softening point provides a new point of view regarding the

aging of glasses. The compressibility of helium, hydrogen, and neon

were measured at temperatures between —200 and —258° up to 100

atmospheres, and for nitrogen and neon between and 100° up to 200

atmospheres. A research apparatus for obtaining the heat of vaporization of water at high pressures could consequently be tested at 180

and 210°. The measurements of heat transfer of saturated and

superheated steam to tubes are being continued with improved

apparatus. Investigations on atmospheric humidity showed that

the aspiration psychrometer used in connection with Sprung' s formula

gives acceptable values up to 90° C. Several viscometers were

standardized by comparison with an apparatus for the absolute
38 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

determination of viscosity, and a series of four mineral oils was

investigated which now serve as standard liquids for the testing of

viscometers. For measuring large volumes of gas a standard nozzle

for a pipe 100 cm in diameter was compared with the largest standard

nozzle heretofore studied and then with the aid of these standard

nozzles the discharge coefficient of a number of orifice meters was

investigated. During 1926 there were tested 576,488 clinical thermometers, 5,442 expansion thermometers, 216 pieces of apparatus

for electrical and optical temperature measurement, 458 pressure

measuring instruments, 438 pieces of apparatus for investigating

petroleum oils, and 141 instruments and objects of various sorts.

10. Division of Optics.—The spectroscopic work has dealt chiefly

with the interference method for the analysis of the finest spectral

lines and the reflection at silvered glass and quartz surfaces. A

great improvement of the resolution methods, of visibility and bright- ness of the interference fringes was worked out and a new type of

spectroscope—the multiplex interference spectroscope—was developed. Comparative investigations on different precision polarization

apparatus were made, a test method for steel balls was developed,

and the suitability of the cadmium vapor arc lamp with the addition

of gallium for reproducing wave-length standards was investigated.

The measurement of the constants of the Stefan-Boltzmann law

with a new receiver in an absorption-free atmosphere was continued.

Spectral measuring apparatus for dyestuffs and Warburg's light unit were constructed and the question of different international light

units was thoroughly worked out. The procedure for making large areas of the thinnest metal foil was further improved, and the magneto-optical properties of ferro- magnetic materials was investigated. An especially sensitive vacuum

thermoelement was made of foil. The registration of spectrograms

with a new register photometer by Zeiss was arranged for testing

purposes. A new registering process was worked out for taking opacity curves. Cows' and calves' eyes were investigated quantitatively

for the spectral transmission of their constituent parts.

Among articles tested for the optical industry may be mentioned

standard lamps, mirrors, filters, telescopes, objectives, polarization

apparatus, prisms, quartz plates, and various kinds of glass, including

determinations of transparency in the infra-red and ultra-violet and

the index of refraction for different wave lengths.

LABORATOIRE D'ESSAIS MECANIQUES, PHYSIQUES, CHIMIQUES, ET

DE MACHINES

(Paris) The Laboratoire d'Essais is under the Conservatoire National des

Arts et Metiers and functions under the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, Undersecretary of State for Technical Education.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 39

A technical commission of 23 members supervises the work and the

director is M. F. Cellerier. This is the national testing laboratory

of France. Its staff comprises 180 members, nearly three times the

pre-war status. The work is divided into five divisions—Physics and measurements,

metals, materials, machines, and chemistry. From January to October, 1927, 2,972 tests were completed, divided as follows: 402

in physics and measurements, 865 in metals, 597 in materials, 208

in machines, and 900 in chemistry.

Physical Tests.—Sources for producing ultra-violet rays and

radiological equipment were installed for the scientific examination

of oil paintings. Apparatus was installed for determining the coeffi- cient of thermal conductivity of materials at high temperatures up

to 1,300° C. A pin machine was provided for measuring the surfaces,

notably, of skins and leathers. A special apparatus was installed

intended for the study of sounds.

The division for physical testing has made special studies (1) of the

sound produced by acoustical warning devices to ascertain the

physical characteristics of complex sounds or noises produced, (2)

the scientific examination of oil paintings, (3) study of a method of

testing materials at moderate temperatures (100 to 600° C.) and at high temperatures (above 600° C.)

In the first research on the sound produced by acoustical warning

devices, the method consists essentially in sending simultaneously

into a photorecording Blondel oscillograph (a) a sine wave current

produced by a three-electrode vacuum tube oscillator emitter at a known musical frequency, (b) a sort of telephonic current produced

by a sensitive electromagnetic microphone, before which functions

normally the warning device after amplification in a resistance

apparatus with three-electrode vacuum tube. One thus obtains for a given current "a" comparative curves of the different warning

devices.

The second research on oil paintings consisted in recording

photographically the effects of fluorescence from ultra-violet rays

and the opacity to X rays. In the third research the material was used in the form of a slab, of which one face resting on a thick metal plate is raised to a constant,

high temperature. On the other face rests a calorimeter provided

with a thermal guard ring. The quantity of heat which traverses the panel is determined from the heating of the water in the calorimeter or from the quantity of water vaporized, depending on the

temperature.

Verification of Measuring Instruments.—Equipment for verifying

measuring instruments has been increased by the addition of certain

sets of alcolometers, densimeters, and standard thermometers of
40 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

various ranges. Since January, 1927, the Laboratory d'Essais has

verified the Luchaire instruments for determining the flash point of

liquids and inflammable varnishes, in conformity with instructions

from the Minister of Commerce and Industry, February 19, 1927,

for the legal verification of Luchaire apparatus and accompanying

thermometers. For some years the question has been raised of having test methods sufficiently qualified to permit defining with some precision on the one hand, motor gasoline and, on the other

hand, heavy combustible mineral oils resulting from the distillation of petroleum. Following studies directed especially by the National

Office of Liquid Fuels for the Minister of Commerce and Industry,

various ministerial instructions have been prepared upon the subject,

notably (1) instructions for the legal verification of Luynes-Bordas

apparatus (model of 1925) and the accompanying thermometer,

and (2) instructions concerning methods of analysis of heavy combustible mineral oils resulting from the distillation of petroleum.

Following these various ministerial instructions the verification of

Luynes-Bordas distillation apparatus was made also at the Laboratory

d'Essais during the current year. Tests of Metals.—In perfecting the equipment for tests of metals

a new Chevfy dynamometer intended for tests of rubber and cord

wire, and a Chauvin au Arnoux micrometer were acquired.

The special tests and technical researches included, the study of

casehardening with cyanide of potassium; microscopic study of

many samples of tungsten obtained by fusion in the electric arc; measurement of the variations and hardness-to-scratch of metal

coatings and artificial emeralds; tensile tests of cable clamps,

equipped with wedges, and anchoring clamps for cable intended for

the electrification of railroad lines; tension tests of steel tubes

equipped with mandreled flanges; compression tests of duralumin

tubes; torsion tests of universal joints and elastic joints composed

of steel wire joining two plates; tension and hardness tests at high

and low temperatures of special brasses and of ferrous metals.

Tests of Structural Materials.—In perfecting the equipment there

have been added a Monnin pendulum hammer for testing woods;

also a jaw crusher. Among special tests and technical researches

are the. following: Various magnesium alloys; various special in- sulating products; special wood for shuttles (tests of resistance to shock) ; a special coating for covering cement reservoirs intended to hold mineral oils or their derivatives; test of permeability to gasoline, to petroleum, to oil, gas, and benzol under pressure. Tests of Machines.—The equipment for this work has been

augmented by an installation for the test of heating radiators, con- formably to the prescriptions of the last congress for heating by hot

water and steam. Special tests and technical researches in this field
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 41

comprised studies and technical researches on methods of tests of

radiators and boilers for heating, determination of the coefficient of

friction of ordinary and ball bearings, special cast bearings which

give, while running, coefficients of friction of the same order of magnitude as ball bearings; the coefficient of starting friction is, however,

greater for the cast bearings. Tests of different arrangements for

economizing gasoline in automobiles, the admission of fresh air to the

motor on down grades or while idling (in traffic delays, etc., motor

continuing to run), and tests on the road. Test of an automobile

transmission permitting a continuous change of speed; numerous

measurements of the output of air or other fluids through filtering

surfaces for automobile carbureters and other usages. Chemical Tests.—The laboratory has been equipped with a Courtonne furnace for incineration or analysis of coals, a MacNaught

apparatus for measuring the lubricating power of oils, and a MilliardDantzer photocolorimeter for the study of the constitution of colors. Among the special tests and technical researches was a study of the

aging of wood by measuring the hydrogen ion (pH) concentration

of a decoction. This work was presented by M. F. Cellerier, Director of the Laboratory, to the Congress for Testing Methods at Amsterdam.

LABORATOIRE CENTRALE ELECTRICITE

(Paris, France) This laboratory was established in 1888, has 4 specialized divisions,

and a staff of 21, of which 14 are scientific and technical. There are 4 buildings, with a library of 14,000 volumes. M. Paul Janet is the

director of the laboratory.

New accessions during the year included a converter group (an

alternating-current motor generating a continuous current) designed

for charging storage batteries. The new apparatus is destined for use

in the newly organized high-tension laboratory. For this purpose

also a high-tension transformer in oil, with a maximum potential of 300,000 volts, has been acquired. This was constructed so that it may be coupled with a similar apparatus to obtain a voltage of 600,000.

A system of transformers and autotransformers permits feeding the

high-tension transformer by means of electric energy furnished by the

Compagnie Parisienne de Distribution d'Electricite* and to vary the

voltage progressively.

Between July 1, 1926, and November 1, 1927, 1,798 tests were made.

Among these may be mentioned tests of storage batteries for submarines for the Navy. These tests call for a special support, to per- mit subjecting the cells during the charge to movements similar to those to which they will experience in practice under the influence of

rolling and shock caused by the Diesel motors.
42 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Tests of storage batteries for traction purposes were made under

conditions simulating those encountered in service ; that is, vibration

during discharge.

Tests of circuit-breakers in oil were requested by the union of electrical syndicates. These tests were conducted as follows : The circuitbreaker to be tested and the control circuit-breaker were placed directly across the terminals of two diphase alternators which were connected

in parallel. The power of each alternator was 10,000 kilovolt amperes and the voltage 12,000 volts. The closing of the control circuitbreaker produced a short circuit, the opening of which was brought

about by the breaker under test, at a time after closing which could

be adjusted. Oscillographic records of voltage and of current were

obtained during the period of interruption, as well as measurements

of the velocity of the moving parts and of the oil pressure. Twentysix sets of apparatus have thus been tested. These tests have been

marked by numerous incidents which, thanks to the safety measures

taken, have given rise to no accident. Tests of lightning arresters have been made, using batteries of condensers previously employed

in the Eiffel Tower wireless station. The Delon apparatus has given

fine service in this kind of testing.

Numerous photometric tests, especially determinations of luminous

distribution curves, have been made. This is one consequence of

the campaign in France, in progress now for several years, for the

better utilization of light sources. Researches on Electrical Units.—Studies relating to electrical units have been actively pushed. This service is in course of re- organization, a special laboratory being under construction near

Paris, in a district where the disturbing influence of stray currents from metropolitan railroads will not interfere with laboratory

measurements.

A comparison of the standards of this laboratory for electrical

resistance was made with those of the National Physical Laboratory,

employing two 1-ohm coils. The results obtained were as follows:

Coil No. NPL LCE

4.202 so° a1. 00008 < 1.00003r

20° a

1. 00005 s 4.204 1. 000010 The results are expressed in terms of the ohm at Washington.

The differences, as may be seen, are twenty-eight millionths, while

before the war, in identical comparison, errors did not exceed a

few millionths. It is hoped to take up, early in 1928, the study of our standards of resistance and determine the cause of the slight

difference. A new series of standard cells is under construction.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 43

New standards of inductance are also under development, those

constructed several years ago not being satisfactory. The measure- ment of a capacity in terms of these inductances gave results differing*

by 2 parts in 1,000 from absolute measurements made on the same

capacity by Bedau at the Sorbonne.

Heating of Conduits.—At the request of the Union des Syndicate

de PElectricite* and the city of Paris, a study has been undertaken at the laboratory on the current density admissible in separate conduits

under different conditions of use (in tubes or in wooden moldings).

This study was completed in 1927.

Photometry.—The laboratory collaborated in a study for the

Laboratory for Researches, the Compagnie du Gaz of Paris, to

establish a standard of white light based upon the properties of a, black body. This work is far from completion.

Another study is being pursued on the relation between the bril- liance of the black body and its temperature. For this research we

utilized a disappearing filament pyrometer constructed according to our specifications and on which the standardization has been completed in collaboration with M. Ribaud, of Strasburg.

Researches are in progress on the determination of the reflecting

power of diffusing substances. A special apparatus is under construction. A provisional instrument was made and with it a determination was made of the reflecting power of various wall papers.

The results are now published.

NATIONAL STANDARDIZING BODIES

National standards committees or associations are now functioning in 20 countries. In the order of their organization the national

bodies are as follows: Great Britain, 1901; Holland, 1916; Germany,

1917; United States of America, 1918; Switzerland, 1918; France,

1918 (reorganized in 1926); Belgium, 1919; Canada, 1919; Austria,

1920; Italy, 1921; Japan, 1921; Hungary, 1921; Australia, 1922;

Sweden, 1922; Czechoslovakia, 1922; Norway, 1923; Russia, 1923;

Denmark, 1924; Poland, 1924; and Finland, 1924.

The method of cooperation developed by the British is followed,

with more or less modification, by all of the national bodies. Technical decisions involved in the formulation of standards are rendered

by so-called "sectional committees" made up primarily of accredited

representatives of the various groups interested therein.

Three conferences of the secretaries of the national standardizingbodies have been held, the first in London in April, 1921; the second

in Zurich in July, 1923; and the third in New York in April, 1926.

As a result of these conferences, the national bodies keep in touch

with each other, by correspondence, exchanging information in regard

91096—28 4
44 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

to new projects, draft standards, and general tendencies in the

national work in the respective countries. The information interchanged is arranged in regular form on uniform blanks, all by agree- ment between the officers of the various bodies. All approved

standards are interchanged as a matter of routine, and each national

standardizing body acts as a sales agent for the approved standards

of the other bodies.

At the New York conference of the national standardizing bodies

attempts were made to lay the basis for a general international

organization for cooperation in industrial and eugineering standardization matters, a so-called " International Standards Association."

An international committee of seven was appointed to confer with

the International Electrotechnical Commission in regard to bringing

about a unified organization, before submission to the national bodies

for final ratification. Information concerning the recommendations

of the committee of seven is given in Chapter II. Brief outlines of the activities and accomplishments of the standards committees or associations in the various countries are given

below in alphabetical order, with the exception of those of the

American Engineering Standards Committee, which are presented iD Chapter VIII.

Australia.—Australian Commonwealth Engineering Standards,

Association, E. S. Maclean, secretary, Macleay House, 16 College

Street, Sydney, New South Wales.

This association was founded in 1922 by the Commonwealth

Institute of Science and Industry, the Institution of Engineers

(Australia), Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (Inc.),

and the Australian Chemical Institute under the auspices of the

Commonwealth Government. It has an administrative organization comprising a main committee and a number of standing committees, with headquarters in Sydney and five branch offices in other

centers. Sectional committees, with the attendant subcommittees

and panels, have been formed to deal with the actual preparation

of standard specifications. These committees number in all over

200, and include a personnel of approximately 1,000 members.

In March, 1925, the association published its first specifications.

Up to July, 1927, the association had published a total of 67 specifications, and had 132 additional specifications under preparation.

A summary of the specification-making activities is given in the

accompanying table.

Industrial groups Published Approved

for issue In hand Total

Civil engineering 1 28 29

1 10 11 26 173 40 83 Transportation 13 7 23 Chemical industry 27 8 35

18 18 Total 67 21 111 199
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 45

The association does not initiate standardization proposals, but

receives recommendations from those who experience a need for

specific standards or whose observations and experience would seem

to indicate that the principles of standardization might, with benefit,

be applied to some particular industry. If investigations j >.ify

action the main committee establishes a sectional committee to prepare the proposed standard specification.

A sectional committee is constituted of nominees of all bodies

directly interested in the subject under consideration, and every

effort is made to secure adequate representation of such interests.

The A. C. E. S. A. makes no appointments to a sectional committee

other than that of the chairman. It provides the necessary organization for the establishment and control of committees and for the

promulgation of the approved standards.

An Australian standard specification is published for use as such

during a " tentative" period of 12 months. Recommendations

received as the result of its use during this period are considered

and, subject to such amendments as may be deemed advisable, the

specification is then confirmed as an Australian standard.

After confirmation as an Australian standard the specification is subject to periodical review, in order that it may be kept abreast of

progress in the industries concerned.

Austria.—Osterreichischer Normenausschuss fur Industrie und

Gewerbe (O. N. I. G.), Jaro Tomaides, secretary, Lothringerstrasse

12, Vienna III, Austria.

The Austrian standards committee was organized in 1920 by the

national industrial commercial associations as the central agency for

standardization in Austria.

Any proposed work of standardization is submitted by the central

committee to a new subject committee organized for the purpose or

to an existing subject committee if qualified to handle the work.

Each subject committee is composed of representatives of producers,

consumers, distributors, and technical experts. Before being adopted

as standard the findings of the subject committee are given publicity

in the periodical Sparwirtschaft to invite criticisms. Standards are given designating letters and numerals which indicate the groups

and subgroups in which they have been placed, the groups being

arranged decimally.

Standardization activities are classed in six major groups. An

indication of the status of the activities in these groups in 1927 is given below.

Completed Printed

for criticism Under way Total

General standardization 4

25

11622

38

39

14

580

30

84

204

24

Building trades 39

8

484

3

Chemical industry

Electrical industry 42

817 Mechanical industry... Transportation

Total 159 138 130 427
46 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Belgium.—Association Beige de Standardisation, Gustave L.

Gerard, secretary, 33 Ru Ducale, Brussels, Belgium.

The Belgian standards association, which was organized in 1919 r is composed of official representatives of certain Belgian associations

and industrial groups, the number of representatives varying with

the interest of the associations or groups in standardization activities. The largest representation (five members) is held by the Belgian

Association of Constructors. The Central Industrial Committee of

Belgium and the Belgian iron and steel industry have three repre- sentatives each. The groups of graduates from the engineering

schools at Brussels, Ghent, Liege, Louvain, and Mons have two

representatives each, as does also the solid fuel industry. The

chemical industry has one representative, and one representative is assigned to each of several other industries, such as the mining, lime

and cement, glass blowing, ceramics, wool textiles, cotton, flax and

jute textiles, hides and leather, foods, pulp and paper, public works,

public utilities, wood and furniture, and printing. Representation

is also held by certain individuals listed as "associate members.

The above-mentioned representatives collectively form the main

committee of the association which has charge of the standardization

programs. It examines and passes upon proposals for standardization made to it by a technical society, a trade association, or any

interested industry. When decision is made to undertake the proposed standardization, the main committee organizes a technical

committee made up of persons especially qualified to carry on the

work, selected by the main committee from its own members or members of technical societies or trade associations interested in the

proposed standardization, and also of certain officials delegated by

the Government departments. The technical committees elect their

own officers and organize subcommittees of competent persons for

handling the different parts of the standardization problem. The

findings of the technical committees are submitted for approval by

the main committee which takes into consideration not only the

scope of the standardization work but also the adequacy of representation of the interested organizations. Approved reports and specifications are published and placed on sale. Special efforts are made

to induce the representatives to bring the publications to the attention of their associations and to encourage the adoption of the

standards by the Government departments and public utilities. The expenses of the association, including those for publication

and the maintenance of the general office staff of the secretary, are covered by contributions from the associations represented on the

main committee and from associate members at rates of assessment

established at each annual meeting in March. Funds are also

obtained from the Government departments to defray part of the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 47

costs of the standardization work in which they are particularlyinterested.

In addition to 1 1 publications dealing with general standardization

topics, the association has published 30 documents covering standards

and specifications in the civil, electrical, mechanical, and mining

engineering fields. Work is now going forward not only in these

fields but also in the chemical industry, and much attention is being

paid to the standardization of the sizes of papers and technical

•drawings and documents.

Canada.—Canadian Engineering Standards Association, B. Stuart

McKenzie, secretary, 178 Queen Street, Ottawa, Canada.

This association was organized during the latter part of the World

War, at the suggestion of the British Board of Trade and the British

Engineering Standards Association. The organization committee was formed in 1917 and immediately took up work on certain materials required for war purposes, and on January 21, 1919, letters patent were issued by the secretary of state, authorizing the formation of the Canadian Engineering Standards Association. The main

committee of the association acts as the advisory committee for

Canada of the British Engineering Standards Association.

The association operated until 1925 with funds provided by grants

from the department of trade and commerce of the Dominion Government and by subscriptions received from various industrial firms

and technical organizations. In 1925, however, on account of the

imperative necessity for economy, the grant from the department of trade and commerce was withdrawn, but the National Research

Council of Canada, realizing the importance of the work being carried on by the association, made arrangements to guarantee the budget,

with the understanding that special efforts be made to obtain financial

support from Canadian industry. The main committee of the asso- ciation has, therefore, for financial purposes, been constituted an

associate committee on engineering standards of the research council.

The association, however, continues to carry on its operations independently on the lines followed since incorporation. An annual

report is made to the research council.

The association is organized on lines similar to those adopted by

the British Engineering Standards Association. The members of the

association serve on its various committees gratuitously, giving it the benefit of their technical or business experience in the preparation of the various standards.

The work of the association is under the general direction of a main committee, which appoints a chairman, two vice chairmen, and

an honorary secretary. These constitute the executive committee.

The detailed work is handled by a paid secretary and staff. Nominations for membership on the main committee are received from
48 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

such bodies as the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, Canadian

Electrical Association, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Engineering Institute of Canada, the Canadian Institute of Mining and

Metallurgy, National Research Council of Canada, McGill University, Univeristy of Toronto, and the University of Montreal.

Representatives of various departments of the Dominion Government are ex officio members, and other members are selected from

engineering schools, railways, important industrial firms and associations, and consulting engineers.]

Under the authority of the main committee various sectional committees are formed, representing the different branches of engineering.

Membership on these committees is approved by the main committee,,

and special care is taken to see that representation on each committee adequately covers the particular field of engineering concerned.

At the present time, sectional committees of the association cover

the following branches of engineering

A. Civil engineering and construction. B. Mechanical work.

C. Electrical work. D. Automotive work, including aircraft. E. Railway work.

G. Ferrous metals. M. Mining machinery.

Under these sectional committees, the work is handled by committees, each dealing with some particular problem in the field covered by the sectional committee to which they report. Members

of these committees are selected from the interests directly concerned

and comprise representatives of both manufacturers and users, with

a sufficient number of technical advisers to insure a thorough review

of the work undertaken. Membership, as before, is subject to confirmation by the main committee.

If necessary, the chairman of any committee may appoint one or more subcommittees, called "panels," to make a detailed study of

any question or to prepare draft specifications for the consideration

of the committee as a whole.

With the exception of the secretary and his staff, the officers of the

association and the members of all committees give their services

without remuneration of any kind.

The association does not assume the role of a dictator, but rather of a cooperative body, and, therefore, must be guided in its operations by

the requirements of the manufacturing or industrial interests repre- sented on its committees.

It endeavors to follow as closely as practicable the standards pre- pared by the British Engineering Standards Association, but in many

cases, on account of established business interests, it is found advisable

to follow other standards which have been generally adopted in Can.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 49

ada. In all cases, however, the specifications prepared are drafted to meet the requirements and operate for the best interests of Canadian

industry, and are adopted as Canadian standards. Cooperation with

the British Engineering Standards Association and with the American Engineering Standards Committee is naturally much closer than

with other bodies. In the case of the B. E. S. A., tentative specifications and published standards as received are submitted to interested

members of the C. E. S. A. for criticism. Comments received are

sent to the secretary of the B. E. S. A. for transmission to the various

committees concerned. It has been found that in many cases these

have been very helpful. A small stock of the publications issued by

the B. E. S. A. is kept on file, and copies are on sale by the secretary.

The association has already formulated 20 standard specifications

which have been widely adopted, and in many cases are Dominion

Government standards. It has under way work on 27 additional

specifications, as shown in the accompanying table.

Standardization

projects

Total Complete

A. Civil engineering _ 19

711

3

15

1

7

3&

2

1

1

B. Mechanical engineering C. Electrical engineering D. Automotive work

Total- 47 Czechoslovakia.—Ceskoslovenska Normalisacni Spolecnost, B.

Rosenbaum, director, Prague V, Parizska 28, Czechoslovakia.

The standardization of various forms of screw threads was undertaken by this organization in 1924. Additional projects in the me*

chanical engineering field were inaugurated in 1925, including bolts

and nuts; rivets and pins; angle irons, structural steel, cross sections

of ribbon, sheet, round, and square iron; and car wheels and tracks.

In 1925, standard paper sizes were established. Work on a number of

transmission problems was undertaken in 1926.

Up to November, 1927, a total of 25 standards had been adopted,

48 additional standards were in various stages of progress, and 12 more projects were scheduled for early consideration. The association has adopted an official trade-mark for goods manufactured in

accordance with its specifications.

Denmark.—Den danske Standardizeringskommission, H. E. Glahn,

secretary, Industribygningen, Copenhagen B, Denmark.

The Danish Standardization Commission consists of 21 members

appointed by the Ministry for Industry, Trade, and Shipping. Six
<50 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

of the members represent Government departments, and the others

technical, industrial, and trade bodies, each organization being

privileged to recommend for appointment from one to five members.

Its organization was preceded by four years of activity on the part

of technical and trade associations in ascertaining the need for

standardization, the extent of the sentiment in favor of it, and the

manner in which a standardizing body could best function. A petition for its organization was presented to the ministry in March,

1924, and after passage of legislation to provide for approximately

one-half of the total estimated expense, the commission was formally

organized in January, 1926.

Standards are adopted by a two-thirds vote of the whole commission, two months or more after publication of the proposal. The

Ministry for Industry, Trade, and Shipping appoints a secretary and

the commission an engineer, who serves as technical secretary

and has immediate charge of its activities. No standards had been

adopted, but committees were working on the following projects at the beginning of the year 1927: Doors and windows, including

designations for " right" and "left" in these building details; wire

rope for industrial purposes; and bolts and nuts. Two other matters

being given attention are standards for technical drawings and

standardization of agricultural implements and of parts used in

agricultural machinery.

Finland.—Finlands Standardiseringskommission, A. Willberg,

secretary, Mikaelsgatan 19, Helsingsfors, Finland.

The central standardization committee of Finland was organized

in June, 1924. It is made up of official representatives of the department of national defense, the Government railroads, the department

of commerce and industry, the board of directors of public buildings,

department of agriculture, the national association of wood utiliza- tion, national agricultural products association, national industrial

products association, national technical societies, and the national

university.

About two-thirds of the funds for the committee's expenses are provided by the Government and the remainder by other interested

organizations.

Subject committees and subcommittees have been appointed by

the central committee to carry on standardization work in the following fields: Mechanical engineering, paper industry, electrical engineering, packing for export, and tar and turpentine. A general

editorial committee has also been organized.

The central committee has approved more than 50 standards

which are now in use in Finland.

France.—Association Francaise de Normalisation, J. TribotI^aspiere, general secretary, 25 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris, France.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 51

From 1918 to 1924 much standardization work was accomplished

in France by the Permanent Commission of Standardization which

functioned under the French Minister of Commerce to establish a

large number of standards relating principally to metallurgy, wood

and other building materials, ship building, and mechanical equipment. The use of these standards by the Government departments was made obligatory by ministerial orders. This governmental

organization has been inactive for the past three years. In 1926, the national organizations representing the metallurgical

industry, the street railways, the radio industry, shipbuilding industry, and structural steel contractors created the French Association of Standardization. These associations have been joined by

organizations representing the electrical industry, the coal mining

industry, electrical contractors, and manufacturers of railway material. This association is not a standards making body, and it is definitely prohibited from either establishing or publishing a standard

of any kind. It serves merely to coordinate the activities of the

standardizing groups in France.

Several other organizations have been active for many years in

standardization work in various fields. The French Association of Standardization has three kinds of

members which may be designated as federation, collective associate,

and individual associate. A federation member consists of a supporting trade association; a collective associate member is an interested association or organization other than a trade association, such

as a governmental or large private administrative body; an individual

associate member is a person interested in the standardization movement and taking an active part in the work of the association.

All work of the association is conducted by a general assembly

made up of individual associates and representatives of the federation

and collective associate members. Each individual associate has 1 vote, each collective associate member 5 votes, and each federation

10 votes, without regard to the actual number of persons present in

each delegation.

Standardization projects relating to steel shapes, screw threads,,

bolts, nuts, screws, machine parts, steel rails, and nonferrous metals

have been acted upon by the association which has also given consideration to a standard series of 11 preferred numbers."

Germany.—Deutscher Normenausschuss, W. Heimlich, assessor,. 47 Dorotheen Strasse, Berlin N. W. 7, Germany.

The German Industrial Standards Association was organized in

1917 as a federation of trade associations, technical societies, and

departments of the Government. It employs two basic methods of

developing standards. According to one method there are organized representative autonomous industry committees which report
52 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

directly to the main organization without the intermediary of a " sponsor"; according to the other there are organized committees

for general standardization, also representational, which report to the main organization through its standards editing and reviewing

office, likewise without a sponsor.

In 1927 there were in operation a total of 104 autonomous industry

committees, each being supported by the interested industry or

industries. In the case of many of these committees the support comes from a large number of industries or associations. For

example, the household appliances committee is supported by 15

organizations, the committee on piping, flanges, and fittings, and

the iron and steel committee by 12 organizations each.

Dimensional standardization forms the greater part of the work

of the industry committees, and relatively few of the publications of the associations relate to quality standards or specifications. Standards are generally published in loose-leaf form, each published standard covering usually certain definite dimensions of a single device or commodity. The number of the standards issued by the German

organization must be interpreted in the light of this fact when making comparison with the number issued by standardizing associations

in other countries where a single publication may cover a great

number of dimensions, grades, and quality specifications for a large

group of commodities.

The dimensional standardization work has been so conducted as to result in the elimination of excess sizes and varieties of numerous

commodities, such as business papers and the related office furniture,

bricks, steel pens, automobile tires, piston rings, belts, flanges, gaskets,

kitchen sinks, pocketknives, colors for felt hats, handwheels (interchangeable for numerous devices), nuts, bolts, and similar supplies,

equipment, and apparatus.

In 10 years the association has established a total of 2,011 standards

(or printed standard leaflets) relating to 1,006 commodities. Of

these commodities, 179 are machine elements, 130 are locomotive

parts, 283 are building materials, 87 are electrical equipment, 118 are automobile parts, and 63 are tools. General and technical rules are dealt with in 271 of the standardization leaflets under 165 main

headings. The association has adopted an official trade-mark for

goods complying with its specifications.

Great Britain.—British Engineering Standards Association, C. le Maistre, C. B. E., secretary, 28 Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S. W. 1, England.

This is the oldest national standardizing body in existence, having

been formed in 1901, as the engineering standards committee, by the

Institution of Civil Engineers, Institution of Mechanical Engineers,

Institution of Naval Architects, Iron and Steel Institute, and Institution of Electrical Engineers.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 53

In 1918 the committee was incorporated under English law as the

British Engineering Standards Association, the constitution and

articles of association being approved by the board of trade.

Up to the time of the World War the work of standardization

progressed somewhat slowly but since the war, due in large measure

to the advent of better technical and trade organization, industrial

standardization in Great Britain has made immense strides, and from

this small beginning there have now arisen over 500 sectional committees and subcommittees and over 2,500 members—engineers and

business men throughout the country who are giving their time and

their services to this national work free of all expense.

The work of the association covers the engineering and allied industries and embraces quality of materials, dimensions where

interchangeability is concerned, and the unification of tests, and is divided into 11 sections, viz, aircraft, automobile, chemical engineering, civil engineering, colliery requisites, electrical, mechanical,

metallurgical, petroleum products, ships materials and fittings, and

transport.

The association does not initiate standardization but waits for

pressure from outside before undertaking such work. In fact, it is only on the request of a representative technical or trade organization, or a Government department that the main committee of the

association acts, and, even then, before appointing a committee to study any subject it authorizes the holding of a representative conference of all concerned, in order to be certain that there is a consensus

of opinion favorable to such work being carried out and that it is to

fulfill a recognized want. The matter is fully ventilated at such conference and it is on their report, if favorable, that the main committee

takes definite action by the appointment of what is called a sectional or departmental committee. The main committee reserves to itself the right to nominate the chairman, but in other respects the sectional

committee has full authority. The sectional committee in some cases represents a whole industry such as does the sectional electrical committee, at other times it is representative of materials as in the case

of the sectional committee on nonferrous materials.

The general funds are provided partly by industry and partly by

•government, but by far the greater proportion of the financial burden

is borne by industry itself. Manufacturers throughout the country

-send their representatives to attend the meetings and not only contribute directly to the finances of the association, but in many cases prepare drawings and blue prints to assist the work of the technical

committees; probably a conservative estimate of the monetary value

of industry's contribution both direct and indirect is somewhere in

the nature of 40,000 pounds a year. The association is also supported by the British Indian Government and the colonial governments, as well as by the governments of the overseas dominions.
54 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The association also assists the Government in the preparation

and coordination of Government specifications for materials, as the

Government is desirous in the interests of national economy not only

to widen their source of supply, but to adopt as Government requirements what is best in present industrial practice.

The main committee of the B. E. S. A., upon which devolves the

whole of the executive work, the raising of the necessary funds, the

controlling of the expenditure and the ratification of the numerous

reports, consists of 30 members drawn from the leading technical

institutions of the country, with a certain number of members

selected because of their eminence as engineers, a representative from

the board of trade and from the department of scientific and industrial research, as well as from the National Physical Laboratory.

In carrying on its activities the sectional committee discusses the

broad policy and indicates the lines upon which the work should

proceed. Subcommittees also fully representative are then formed

to deal with different branches of the work; they have power to add

to their number and may appoint what are termed "panel committees," which usually consist of experts, to study any particular subject. When a proposed specification has been prepared by a subcommittee, and before the proposed draft specification goes to the

sectional committee, it is referred by the representatives on the subcommittee to the respective authorities appointing them. Consequently, when a proposed specification is adopted by a sectional

committee it implies that in putting that national specification into

practical operation it will have every chance of being employed very

widely. It may be considered that this is a somewhat cumbersome

procedure; it has nevertheless proved increasingly to be the most

satisfactory procedure for drawing up national specifications.

Great Britain has to depend largely on its export trade and in order

to assist industry the association has nominated a local committee in

certain of the trading centers of the world. These local committeesconsist of British engineers and traders and are established in various

centers, more particularly in South Africa, India, the Argentine,

Brazil, and Uruguay, and one is in process of formation in Peru. In

Australia and Canada the national standards organizations act as

advisory committees to the B. E. S. A. Through these local committees some of the more important British standard specifications, translated into the appropriate languages—for example, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese—have

been widely disseminated and are [at the disposal of the foreign

purchasers who desire to acquaint themselves with British practice.

In the electrical industry national standardization has progressed

to a greater extent than in the other industries, and under the auspices

of the International Electrotechnical Commission, international
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 55

standardization in electrical matters has also made considerable

progress, especially since the war. The B. E. S. A. sectional electrical committee is the British section of that commission.

About 300 publications covering general engineering standardization topics have been issued by the association. In addition, there are 24 publications covering ship and ship-machinery fittings, and 36

covering automobile materials and parts.

The association has provided for the use by commercial firms of an official trade-mark, under conditions and regulations approved

by the board of trade. A list of "licensees" authorized to employ

the official mark is maintained and is open to public inspection.

Holland.—Centraal Normalisatie Bureau, W. H. Tromp, director,

Koningskade 23, The Hague, Holland.

The General Committee for Standardization in the Netherlands was founded in 1916 by joint action of the Society of Industry and

Commerce and the Royal Institute of Engineers. The Netherlands was thus the second country in which such a national committee was established. The first project undertaken was the standardization of rivets and bolts. The organization took definite form by the establishment in

Haarlem, in January, 1919, of the "Fund for standardization in the

Netherlands." This fund is provided by voluntary contributions

from departments of the National Government, local governments,

chambers of commerce, and individual industries and private firms.

In the year 1926 the total income was about 43,000 florins, contributed by the above-mentioned interests, in the order in which they

are named, 22, 17, 8, and 53 per cent. Efforts are made to arouse

as widespread interest as possible in the work and to secure definite

annual subscriptions.

The committee consists of 20 members, 5 of whom constitute the

executive committee. Among the organizations represented are the

Royal Institute of Engineers, the Society of Industry and Commerce, the Electrotechnical Committee, the Trade Association of

Metal Manufacturers, the Chamber of Commerce at the Hague, the

Union of Dutch Employers, and the Union of Dutch East Indian

Sugar Producers. Provision is made to invite associations and concerns which support the work to designate representatives.

The detail work of the committee is done by a paid staff of eight,

known as the Central Standardization Bureau. The director of the

bureau serves as secretary of the general committee and of the

various special committees appointed to consider specific projects.

The membership of the]special committees and their subcommittees

totaled about 400 in 1926, all serving without pay. The course of a

particular project is as follows: A proposal is received by the general committee from one or more interested bodies. If the committee
56 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

deems that the project should be undertaken, it is assigned to an

existing or a newly appointed special committee. The Central

Standardization Bureau collects all available information and submits a report to the special committee, which then prepares a tentative specification or program of standardization. This is submitted

to the general committee with the recommendation that it be published for criticism. It is published in several trade and technical

journals and also sent out to all parties known to be interested.

After due consideration the special committee prepares the first text and submits it to an editorial committee, after which it is published

in its final form, unless major changes have been made, in which case

it is returned to the general committee and again published for

criticism.

The application of the specifications or programs of standardization is not mandatory in any case, but it is entirely voluntary. So

far as possible the work follows the standards of other countries and

special emphasis is given by the committee to the furtherance of

international standardization.

The work of the committee has found only limited application in

the Dutch colonial possessions but efforts are being made to expand

in this direction. To this end the cooperation of the Dutch East

Indian sugar industry has lately been obtained.

In March, 1927, the chairman of the general committee reported

that in the 10-year period since standardization work was begun in

the Netherlands, 250 projects had been completed, 96 had been

published in tentative form, and 51 were then in preparation.

Hungary.—Magyar Ipari Szabvanyosito Bizottsag, Ed. Gellert,

secretary, Realtanoda u. 13-15, Budapest, IV, Hungary.

Attempts to organize a central standardizing agency in Hungary

were first made in 1918, but no real progress was made until 1920

when the Minister of Commerce, at the suggestion of the Society

of Hungarian Engineers and Architects, appointed a committee to prepare a constitution for a national standards committee. At a meeting of interested organizations in April, 1921, the constitution was adopted and the Hungarian Engineering Standards Committee

was created as an independent autonomous body.

Its plan of organization calls for a main committee, executive

committee, sectional committees, a council, and the general office

staff. The duties of the main committee, which is thoroughly

representative in its membership, are chiefly executive, including

the supervision of the standardization programs, and of the organization of the executive committees for supervising the routing of

standardization projects and making public the findings of the

sectional committees. In the membership of each sectional committee are representatives of producers, consumers, and scientific
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 57

institutions appointed by the executive committee at the request of

the interested organizations.

Proposed standards prepared by the sectional committees are examined from both the scientific and the practical standpoint by

the council which is composed of the chairmen of the various sectional

committees, the members of the executive committee and of specially

qualified individuals appointed by the Minister of Commerce.

Standards approved by the council and issued by the executive

committee as Hungarian engineering standards are revised at least once a year for the purpose of making such revisions as may be found

desirable.

As shown in the accompanying table, the committee has completed

14 standardization projects, and has 42 additional projects under way.

Standardization

projects

Total Completed

A. Civil engineering and building industry. 7

18 C. Electrical engineering 116

6

8

11 D. Mining

E. Drawing

F. Miscellaneous 3 Total 56 14 Among the completed standards are 11 which were prepared by

the Hungarian Electrotechnical Commission. The other three

relate to the sizes of writing and drawing papers.

Italy.—Comitato Generale per TUnificazione nelP Industria

Meccanica, I. Locatelli, director general, via Tommaso Grossi 2,

Milano, Italy.

According to its by-laws approved in 1921 the general committee

for standardization in the mechanical industry is composed of national

associations in the mechanical industry and also certain nonmembers

representatives of the Government, and technical societies; and

scientific and commercial men. The general committee organizes

certain technical committees and a central technical commission.

The chairman of the technical committees, a president and two

vice presidents and certain experts selected by the general committee

form the central technical commission. This commission examines

proposals made by the different technical committees, and acting

as a coordinating agency, submits the proposals to the general

committee for approval or refers them to the technical committees

for reconsideration.

Proposed standards approved by the central commission are published in the official organ, "L'Industria Meccanica," to elicit
58 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

comments, objections received being submitted for examination by

the general committee.

Both the chairmen and the members of the technical committees

are appointed by the general committee. They are selected as representatives of the mechanical industries, or from the groups

directly interested in the proposed standards, and also from specially

qualified experts. Preliminary studies are often conducted by local subcommittees of the technical committees.

Prior to the formation of a technical committee or subcommittee a plenary meeting of those interested in the proposed standardization

is held. Members of the technical committee are chosen by the

general committee chiefly from those present at the plenary meeting

or upon nomination by those present.

To become effective, decisions of the general committee, the central

technical commission and the technical committees concerning standardization must be approved by a three-fourths vote of those present, or by at least two-thirds of the registered members.

Expenses and headquarters for the general committee are provided

by the National Association of the Mechanical Industry.

Seventy-nine standards covering such items as tolerances, screw

threads, nuts and bolts, machine parts, metallic materials, pipes,

automobile parts, ship details, and tools have been approved and

published. Work is now going forward on 136 additional standards.

Japan.—Japanese Engineering Standards Committee, T. Kusaka,

general secretary, care of Bureau of Industry, Department of Commerce and Industry, Tokyo, Japan.

The first work of engineering standardization in Japan was the

establishment of testing methods of Portland cement for the contract

of the Government purchase of the material in 1905.

The Japanese Electrotechnical Commission, established in 1908,

has been engaged since 1910 in the work of standardizing the nomenclature, rating, etc., of electrical machinery and instruments and not

a few of the standards have been established by the committee.

In 1913 the standard specification of cast-iron water pipes was

drawn up by the Japanese Water Supply Association, which has been

followed by the majority of the municipal water supply works and

to which some amendments are to be made in the near future.

In June, 1919, a committee was organized by the Government for

the investigation of the unification of weight and measure as well as engineering standards, in view of the situation which prevailed at home and abroad during and after the World War. After careful

deliberation the committee decided on the adoption of the metric

system as the standard in Japan. The committee deemed it necessary

to establish a standing committee for deliberating on the engineering

standardization.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 59

Thus, the committee was discontinued at the end of 1920 and

the Japanese Engineering Standards Committee was organized in April, 1921.

The Japanese Engineering Standards Committee is under the

superintendence of the Minister of Commerce and Industry, and is charged with the responsibility of establishing the engineering

standards.

The committee is required to report its opinions in response to

inquiries submitted by the minister of state concerned.

The committee can make representation to the minister of state concerned.

The committee is composed of a president, a vice president, and

members not more than 70 in number. Temporary members may be

appointed, if necessary, in addition to the regular members.

The Minister of Commerce and Industry is the president of the

Japanese Engineering Standards Committee. The vice president

and the regular members are appointed among the officials of the

department of state concerned and those with profound knowledge

and experience, and their appointments are submitted to the cabinet

by the Minister of Commerce and Industry.

There are several secretaries of the committee, appointed among

the officials of the department of state concerned, their appointments

being submitted to the cabinet by the Minister of Commerce and

Industry. The secretaries manage the general affairs of the committee under the direction of the president.

The committee is divided into four sections under which there are 28 subcommittees. There is also a joint committee on terms and

wording, made up of representatives of the four sections.

Following are the sections and subcommittees:

Section I. Metals (four subcommittees).

Section II. Nonmetallic materials (eight subcommittees).

Section III. Electrical machinery and instruments (eight subcommittees).

Section IV. Mechanical equipment and supplies seven subcommittees).

Progress of Work.—Since the committee held its first general

meeting on October 3, 1921, five general meetings and as many as 638

sectional and subcommittee meetings have been held. To date 54

standards have been approved and 50 are under debate, leaving in the

hands of the committee 29 standards to be established in the future.

The standards which have been approved by the committee have

been submitted for consideration to the Government offices, scientific societies, trade associations, and manufacturers; and the necessary revisions having been made, they have been submitted to the

91096—28 5
60 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

general meetings after having been examined by the sectional committee. When approved at the general meetings, the standards are reported to the Minister of Commerce and Industry.

In view of the importance of the utilization of the approved standards both by the Government and the general public, the department

of commerce and industry consulted with other departments as to the standards for forms of tensile test pieces and diameter of wire,

thickness of sheet metal and their designations, and issued on March

5, 1925, a notice, signed by all the ministers, requiring that the

standards should be applied whenever possible to all commodities

to be made or ordered by the Government. In 1924, 11 standards were issued; in 1925, 13 standards; and in 1926, 27 standards were approved and issued. Probably all of these will be handled in a

similar way. Moreover, the standards will be used in the specifications prescribed in the state regulations for the protection,

encouragement, and control of industry, so that they will apply to. articles made for the public in addition to those used by the Government.

As a means of distribution, the approved standards printed on

single sheets of uniform style are distributed among the Government

offices concerned, scientific societies, trade associations, and manufacturers, and the work of spreading the practice of the standards is intended to be carried out more effectively and systematically in the

future.

Norway.—Norges Industriforbunds Standardiseringskomite, Kaare

Heiberg, secretary, Graendsen 17-IV, Oslo, Norway.

The Norwegian Standardization Committee was organized in 1923 on the initiative of the " Industriforbund" (Industrial Alliance),

and consists of 35 member representatives from Government departments and technical, industrial, and trade associations. The Government and the municipality of Oslo contribute nearly one-half of the

financial support for the work, but otherwise the committee functions

independent of state control. Its activities are in immediate charge

of an engineer and an assistant engineer appointed by the committee.

The various projects are handled by sectional committees having a

total membership of 130. Up to the beginning of the year 1927 one standard on paper sizes and one on marine steam condensers had been adopted by the committee, and work was in progress on 30 technical projects, including

building details, such as windows; doors and their hardware; stairs; roofing and bricks; machine details and parts, including standard

diameters; machine and pipe threads; bolts; nuts; pins; keys and

rivets; shaft diameters; bearings; couplings; pillow blocks; hangers;

belts; pulleys and piston rings; pipes and fittings; ship hardware

and fittings; specifications and tests for iron and steel; agricultural
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 61

implements; shipping containers; standard sizes for paper, envelopes,

and periodicals; and standards for technical drawings.

Poland.—Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, A. Roginski, director,

Ministerstwo, Przemyslu i Handlu, Elektoralna 2, Warszawa,

Poland.

This organization which was formed in 1924 has undertaken

standardization in the building and mechanical engineering fields,

including Portland cement, screw threads, cast-iron pipe, rivets,

and the testing of iron and steel. It has also undertaken the establishment of standard sizes for paper. No information is available

concerning the present status of its standardization activities. Russia.—Standards Committee, Council of Labor and Defense,

Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, Z. A. Papernoff, secretary,

First Line Third Stock 41, Krasnaya, Plotchad, Gum, Moscow,

U. S. S. R.

Standardization activities in Russia are undertaken in the order

of their importance from the point of view of economics under the

auspices of the standards committee organized in 1923. For this reason considerable work has been done on standards for raw products

and for the chemical industry.

In former years commercial grain standards have been established

annually, but consideration is now being given to a permanent

standard for commercial grain based on the existing standard classi- fication of grain.

Standards for the quality and conditions of smoking mixtures from

the plant "machorka" were approved by the standards committee

in 1924. In 1927 standards were approved for rags for paper manufacture, including quality specifications and grades.

The following standards recently approved have been translated

and distributed to foreign standardizing bodies: Sizes of timbers,

sizes of metric screw threads, sizes of spanner wrench openings, sizes

and qualities of hemp ropes, sizes and qualities of common bricks,

and sizes of bottles. A considerable amount of standardization has been done in the

chemical fields, including gas, coke, by-products, acids, oils, paints,

and explosives for industrial purposes.

Including the above-mentioned standards, the committee has

formally approved and issued more than 100 standards.

Standards for flax fiber, woolen goods, pneumatic tires, and mechanical rubber goods are under preparation.

Sweden.—Svenska Industriens Standardizeringskommission,

Amos Kruse, general secretary, Malmtorgsgatan 10, Stockholm 16,

Sweden.

As a direct result of the increasing interest in standardization shown

by Swedish industrial organizations and the Government begin-
62 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ning in about 1919, the Swedish Industrial Standards Committee

was organized in 1922 at the initiative of the Swedish Industrial

Association.

During the first year of its existence the committee was financed

exclusively by the Swedish industrial organizations without Government aid. Realizing the importance of the work the Government

provided funds for 1924 and has increased its payments since then

by about 25 per cent each year. A central committee, the chairman of which is appointed by the

Government, directs the work of standardization. Its members are nominated by the following organizations: Swedish Industrial Association, Engineering Academy of Science, Swedish Engineering Association, Department of Communications, Department of National

Defense, Department of Commerce, Government testing laboratory,

Swedish Paper Manufacturers Association, Swedish Mechanical Industrial Association, and Swedish Electrical Industries Association.

Rapid progress had been made in standardization, especially in the

mechanical industries. During 1923, about 60 standard specifications were adopted; during 1924, 11 more were adopted, and during

1925, 69 additional. During 1926, 12 of 14 proposals made by the

committees were adopted as national standards. Work is also going

forward actively on standards in the electrical, agricultural, and sanitary fields. Switzerland.—Schweizerische Normalien-Vereinigung, H. Zollinger,

secretary, Badstrasse 47, Baden, Switzerland.

The Swiss Standards Association, organized in 1918, now represents

the cooperative activities of about 30 national organizations engaged

in various phases of standardization work. The standards bureau of

the Swiss mechanical industries serves as a clearing house for these

activities. Its publications are printed in both French and German.

Standards thus far issued cover such items as pipe sizes, pipe

threads, pipe fittings, wood screws, machine screws, nuts, bolts,

rivets, locks, drills, circular saws, pressure gauges, vacuum gauges,

standard diameters, and a standard gauging system.

Considerable work has also been done on the standardization of

drawings, building materials, numerous machine elements, thermometers, valves, hand tools, machine tools, pulleys, steel, iron, and

other metals.
IV. FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

(Executive Departments)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The Department of Agriculture is represented on the executive

committee of the Federal Specifications Board by the chief, division

of purchases, sales, and traffic. In addition to the department representation on technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board from bureaus separately

mentioned, members of various other department activities serve on

37 technical committees, as department representatives.

The Department of Agriculture is represented on five committees

of the American Engineering Standards Committee, in addition to those mentioned under the individual bureau activities. BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Members of the bureau represent the Department of Agriculture on five technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

Marked interest has been shown during the past year in the bureau's

program of standardization. The standards promulgated or recom- mended by the bureau have been made the legal standards in a large

number of States, and in many instances cooperative organizations

have adopted the standards as a basis of pooling their products.

In addition to the extensive check list of commodities for which

standards have been issued (in mandatory, permissive, or tentative

form) as given in the Standards Yearbook for 1927, standards have

since been issued as follows:

Permissive standards:

Fruits and vegetables —

Carrots, topped.

Shallots, bunched.

Hay—Grass hay.

Honey.

Wool top—Diameter of fiber. Tentative standards: Livestock—Vealers, slaughter.

Tobacco

19 different types.

Type classifi cation of American-grown tobacco. United States standard tobacco sizes. Besides the work on new standards, several of the standards in

previous use have been revised and reissued either in printed or in mimeographed form. Copies of standards and specifications can be

supplied on request and a check list of standards for farm products

63
64 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

which have been formulated by the bureau is kept up to date and is always available. Circular 8, National Standards for Farm Products, which outlines the standardization work of the bureau to date

in a rather popular way, has been published.

FOOD, DRUG, AND INSECTICIDE ADMINISTRATION

Effective July 1, 1927, the regulatory work of the former Bureau

of Chemistry and the Insecticide Board have been combined as the

Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration.

Members of this activity represent the Department of Agriculture on one technical committee of the Federal Specifications Board.

Food Inspection Decision No. 210, embodying a definition and

standard for cultured buttermilk, promulgated April 13, 1927, is as follows

Cultured buttermilk is the product obtained by souring pasteurized skimmed,

or partially skimmed, milk by means of a suitable culture of lactic bacteria. It contains not less than 8.5 per cent of milk solids not fat. FOREST SERVICE The Forest Service is represented on 4 technical committees of

the Federal Specifications Board, 4 sectional committees of the

American Engineering Standards Committee, 3 committees of the

American Society for Testing Materials, 1 committee of the American

Railway Engineering Association, 1 committee of the American

Chemical Society, 1 committee of the American Wood Preservers

Association, and 1 committee of the Technical Association of the

Pulp and Paper Industry.

American Lumber Standards Program.—The Forest Products

Laboratory has contributed during the year to the following projects

of the American Lumber Standards program: (a) Softwood yard

lumber standards, (b) hardwood factory lumber standards, and (c) structural timber standards.

Work in these fields on the part of the Forest Products Laboratory

has initiated from specific requests from the General Lumber Standardization Conference, from the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards, and from the latter's two consulting committees.

Such specific requests during the year have involved technical

studies in the laboratory and in the field of: (a) Moisture content

and shipping weights as a basis for the application of size standards,

and (b) basic grade or quality descriptions which classify the product

of the log according to its highest use value and minimize waste

in manufacture.

To get the basic data required, sawmill studies along various specific lines have been conducted in each lumber-producing region. Construction and fabricating industry requirements have been secured by
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 65

building and factory studies and by conferences with leading technical

representatives of the industry.

The principal work this year had to do with the thickness and moisture content standards for softwood yard lumber and the basic grade

descriptions for hardwood factory lumber. A special committee of

the central committee on lumber standards has been set up to deal

with the moisture-thickness project. Basic grades for hardwood

lumber have been prepared both by the Forest Products Laboratory

and by the inspection rules committee of the National Hardwood

Lumber Association. Those suggested by the latter have been

accepted by the central committee on lumber standards as the

American lumber standard for hardwoods, but official indorsement

by the National Hardwood Association must be received before

they are put into actual use. Committee on Tree Names.—A revised edition of the Check List

of Forest Trees of the United States was published. It contains

common tree and lumber names adopted as standard by the Forest

Service for use in its publications and recommended for general use throughout the United States and elsewhere.

Forest Service Policy in Selecting Standard Names for Trees and

Woods.—In the interest of good trade practice and of protecting the consumer from obtaining inferior woods under the guise of misleading

names, it is important that so far as practicable different trees and

woods bear distinctive common names, that the names be uniformly

used, and that concerted efforts be made to prevent adding to the

present confusion through getting into circulation further misleading

or ill-chosen names. In selecting standard common names of trees and woods for its own use, as well as for the purpose of furnishing

helpful guidance to the interested public, the United States Forest

Service has used the following principles:

1. The names of different trees and woods should be clear-cut and

distinctive. They should not be ambiguous, confusing, or misleading.

2. So far as possible a tree and the lumber cut from it should be

called by the same name.

3. Attempts to standardize common names are met at the outset by preexisting common names for most trees and woods—names that

are hard to change and that must be given much weight. Preference

should be given to the most widely used common name, provided it

is not misleading. Artifically coined names should be adopted only

as a last resort. This principle applies not only to native but to foreign woods. Aboriginal or native names, like mahogany and

teak, should, when practicable, be used for imported woods instead

of artificial or borrowed names, whose purpose often is to mislead

the consumer.
66 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

4. Common names of trees and woods should, so far as possible,

follow the major botanical groupings of trees. These groupings

are based on inherent, recognizable resemblances; they constitute a

logical, coherent, and universally recognized order and system. To

base common names on superficial, often fluctuating, resemblances

between botanically unrelated groups can only lead to confusion.

There are limits, however, beyond which common names can not

follow botanical grouping. The botanical distinction of species may

be based on characteristics too minute or inconspicuous to be

easily recognized as the basis for distinct common names, as in the numerous species and varieties of basswood. Or an improper

common name may have become too firmly entrenched in usage to be upset, as, for instance, the name cedar applied to Juniperus,

Chamaecyparis, Thuja, and other genera.

5. When botanical differences among species and varieties of a genus are too slight to serve as a basis for distinctive common names,

a group common name should be applied. Examples are found in the basswoods, willows, hickories, oaks, etc. Within certain genera there are groups of species having common

characteristics distinct enough to differentiate them as whole groups

from other groups within the same genus. Examples are the red

and white oak groups, the white and black ash groups, and the white

and yellow pine groups. These group distinctions should be preserved

in the names used for the individual members of each group, so far as

possible. It is natural and legitimate that group common names should be more extensively used for lumber than for the corresponding trees, because the trees with their bark, foliage, flowers, and other characteristics are often more readily distinguished than is the lumber

cut from them.

6. Ordinarily a distinct generic common name should be used for

each member of a botanical genus, as spruce (Picea), pine (Pinus) , oak

(Quercus), elm (Ulmus), etc., unless (a) firmly established usage of

the same common name for two or more genera (such as the name

cedar for Juniperus, Thuja, Chamaecyparis), or of two or more

generic common names for different members of the same genus

(as butternut and walnut for members of the genus Juglans), prevents

the adoption of the principle but does not lead to deception; or unless

(b) two or more genera are so closely related botanically and their

woods are so nearly identical in structure, properties, appearance,

value, and usefulness as to be to all intents and purposes the same.

This latter exception rarely applies to native woods, but conceivably

might apply to certain closely related woods of tropical genera, if they are not readily distinguished in practice, and if no deception

results from the use of a group generic name. This principle is
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 67

simply an extension of the principle of the group common name, as used in related species and varieties, to the larger groups known as genera. It is recognized that generic classification is not always fixed

and unalterable, separate genera having sometimes been combined

into one genus and single genera having sometimes been split up

into two or more genera. When practicable, however, it would be

preferable to follow the principle of a distinct name for each genus.

7. The common name of one species, group of species, or genus

should not be used for that of another species, group or genus in such

a way as to be misleading, nor should it be used otherwise than as provided in paragraphs 5 and 6 above. Even a close superficial

resemblance between woods widely separated botanically is no

warrant for violating the principle of adhering to botanical groupings.

The use of modifying terms, such as the State, region, or country in

which the wood grows, or of some word descriptive of the wood itself, does not alone atone for borrowing a name, nor does it safeguard

the consumer against confusion or even deception. The tendency

is for artificially borrowed names (as distinguished from those borrowed through popular ignorance) to be used to create a market for unknown and very often inferior woods. The use of borrowed names must be guarded against more and more carefully as the

importation of new and unknown woods increases; otherwise there

will be endless deception. An example of such misleading practice

is the name "swamp walnut" which has been applied to furniture

made of willow lumber. It seems fair for each to stand on its own

merits and to make its way under its own colors. BUREAU OF HOME ECONOMICS

Members of the Bureau of Home Economics represent the department on four technical committees of the Federal Specifications

Board.

The bureau is cooperating with the American Society for Testing

Materials in establishing standard methods of testing textiles and

with the American Home Economics Association in its efforts to bring about standardization of certain household commodities.

Though the Bureau of Home Economics conducts no regulatory

work and consequently sets up no "official" or "mandatory" standards, the descriptions of household equipment and supplies contained

in its bulletins are in the nature of specifications, in the broad sense

of the word, for the woman purchaser. The following branches of

work tend toward the establishment of uniform practices where

similar research is in progress. The Bureau of Home Economics is cooperating with the State

experiment stations and other agencies concerned in the national

project on the factors affecting the quality and palatability of meat,
68 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

in the development of standard methods of cooking certain cuts from

experimentally produced animals for palatability tests. Standard

directions for lamb have been submitted by this bureau to the

national committee in charge of this phase of the project.

For use in analysis of food consumption data and similar studies

made by the State colleges and other organizations, the dietary scales

and standards for measuring a family's nutritive needs were reviewed.

A new double scale that allows for the protein and mineral as well as energy requirements of individuals varying in age, sex, and activity,

has been proposed (United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 8). This, it is hoped, will bring more uniformity in

food consumption studies so that results will be comparable.

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

Members of the bureau represent the Department of Agriculture on seven technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board,

and three sectional committees of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

During the past year work has been continued on the standardization of highway methods and materials through membership on committees of various national technical organizations, particularly those

of the American Association of State Highway Officials and the

American Society for Testing Materials, and in connection with this

work considerable research work has been done in the laboratories of

the bureau.

In cooperation with the American Association of State Highway

Officials a manual and specifications for the manufacture, display,

and erection of United States standard road markers and signs has

been issued. It is anticipated that these highway signs with the

exception of the United States highway markers, which are to be

used only in designating the United States numbered routes, will come into general use on all public highways.

Work is now in progress in cooperation with this association on

a revision of the publication dealing with tentative standard methods

of sampling and testing highway materials.

Bureau representatives have taken an active part in the formulation of tentative standard sizes of crushed stone by the American

Society for Testing Materials, and these tentative standards have

been adopted by other national organizations. It is proposed that a number of standard sizes be selected for commercial production to replace the great number of sizes now demanded from producers.

In the subgrade-soil investigations of the bureau, promising progress had been made in the development of tests by which the properties of the soils which affect their value as subgrade materials may

be measured, and plans have been perfected for extensive road
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 69

condition and soil surveys. It is hoped that this work will result

eventually in standard methods of evaluating soil properties as they

relate to roads.

Reports have been issued as a result of highway transportation

studies in Ohio, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Cook County, 111., by the bureau in cooperation with the respective highway authorities.

In this work there has been no attempt to set up fixed standards of

procedure, but it is believed that the methods developed for determining highway requirements can be used as a general guide in

planning future highway development.

WEATHER BUREAU

Members of the Weather Bureau represent the Department of

Agriculture on two technical committees of the Federal Specifications

Board, and two sectional committees of the American Engineering

Standards Committee.

The Weather Bureau has cooperated with the committee on submarine configuration and oceanic circulation of the division of geology

and geography, National Research Council, in the development of standard forms of ocean thermographs and standard methods of

their installation on seagoing vessels. The findings of the committee

are published in their report, Appendix E. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

The Department of Commerce is represented on the Federal

Specifications Board by the Deputy Commissioner of Lighthouses.

In addition to the department representation on Federal Specifications Board technical committees mentioned under the sources

below, representatives from the following additional activities repre- sent the department, on the following number of technical

committees

Office of the Secretary, 1. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1. Representatives from the Department of Commerce are members

of one committee of the American Engineering Standards Committee in addition to those mentioned under the individual bureau

activities. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Standardization of Vital Statistics.—Everywhere in vital statistics,

the key word is standardization. Standard certificates of birth and

death, standard tables, standardized rates, and standardization of

State bureaus of vital statistics are instances of its application and

importance.

If physicians are to certify causes of death so that comparable

statistical data will be obtainable from death certificates, physicians
70 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

must use a standard medical language. An attempt to meet this

need resulted in the publication by the Bureau of the Census in 1919

of the Standard Nomenclature of Diseases and Pathological Conditions, Injuries and Poisonings for the United States. A reprint

of this first edition has already been made and a second edition is now being prepared, as was the first, with the hearty cooperation of a large committee of eminent lexicographers and medical men.

If Federal vital statistics are to be comparable with the vital

statistics compiled by State and city officials, and if vital statistics compiled in the United States are to be comparable with vital statistics compiled by foreign countries, it is essential that a standard

plan of compilation be followed. This need is being met in this

country under the lead of the Census Bureau by the general adoption

by most of the States of good registration laws patterned after the

model law, and of standard certificates of birth and death and by

the general adoption of the International List of Causes of Death for

the presentation of mortality data. As still further aids toward

standardization the Bureau of the Census has published 3 editions

of the Manual of the International List of Causes of Death, 2 editions of the Manual of Joint Causes of Death, and 7 editions of the

little booklet known as the Physicians ' Pocket Reference.

Revision of the standard certificates for use in the next decade

are now being considered by the Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the American Public Health Association.

A revision of the International List of Causes of Death for use in

the next decade has already been considered in 1927, in preliminary

conferences held in this country and abroad, a representative of the

Census Bureau having participated in such conferences in 1927 in

New York, London, Geneva, and Paris. The final conference on

this subject is scheduled to take place in Paris in 1929.

BUREAU OF FISHERIES Although the functions of the Bureau of Fisheries, as originally

outlined,, did not specifically include standardization activities, several such activities have become necessary as a means of carrying out

the principal functions. The bureau has only advisory functions in

this respect.

Nomenclature of Fishes.—Common names of fishes in ordinary

usage are very confusing. Of over 100 commercial fishes many are known by different names in various localities and the same common

names have been applied to different species of fish. The bureau

has found it necessary, particularly in its statistical publications,

to adopt standard names.

Standardization of State Fishery Statistics.—As a necessary

supplement to statistical information collected by the Bureau of Fisheries, the various States have been encouraged to adopt standard
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 71

practices in collecting statistics. The bureau is effecting such

standardization (1) by the encouragement of standard legislation by

States requiring the statistics to be collected in the uniform method,

(2) by a personal contact with State agencies collecting statistics, and

(3) by supplementing in certain regions the statistics collected by the

States by field work on the part of its own agents. During the past

year standardization was sufficiently effected to permit the compilation of fishery statistics of the Pacific Coast States and the Great

Lake States. Standardization of Packages and Containers.—The bureau has

recently undertaken several investigations among the commercial

fisheries of the Atlantic Coast with the object of helping the producers to eventually handle fisheries products without waste. Such

economy will mean better fish for the public and greater conservation

of our fisheries resources. During the year the Bureau of Fisheries made a study of the

packages and containers used in shipping shucked oysters. It was

found that the only solution of the difficulties experienced in shipping

this product lay in the standardization of methods, materials,

packages, and shipping containers.

In recent years there has been developed a method of preparing

fresh and frozen fish for shipment known as "package fish. " Heretofore practically all fresh fish were shipped throughout the country

loosely iced in boxes and barrels. No standardization of shipping

packages had been effected, nor did it seem possible that there could

be under those conditions. The development of the "package

fish" trade, which consists of packing trimmed and boned portions of fresh fish either as fillets, steaks, or pan fish, has reached the stage of perfection which clearly promises to revolutionize the distribution

of fresh fish. This development permits greater standardization

in packages and encourages standardization of quality, since cartons

and wrappers may bear trade-marks and thus permit producers to establish reputations for their particular brands of package fish. A survey made during the past year revealed that 27 firms on the

Atlantic Coast prepared nearly 20,000,000 pounds of package fish in 1926, and their containers were largely of a standard nature. Design and Equipment of Fishing Vessels.—In order to permit

the efficient discharge of cargoes of fish at receiving ports, it is being

found necessary to have a certain uniformity in the deck plan and

fish holds. This situation is developing most rapidly in New England,

where it appears probable that improvements in methods of handling

fish on the Boston Fish Pier will compel such standards in order to

effect proper coordination with the dock equipment. As a part of

this problem the bureau is designing a collapsible dumping box for

handling fish on boats, which is to be of standard nature and size for use on all vessels in this fishery.
72 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE

Members of the bureau represent the department on six technical

committees of the Federal Specifications Board. Through the

initiative of this bureau and with the valuable assistance of an

advisory board, there was promulgated during the year a series of recommendations dealing with standard practices adapted to packing

for domestic shipment. These recommendations, published in seven pamphlets,3 deal with methods of manufacture, design, style, service,

testing, and specifications for materials for fiber containers, cleated

plywood boxes, wire-bound boxes, cooperage, steel barrels, wooden

boxes, nailed wooden crates, and bales. Standard contract terms and conditions for general merchandise

and cold-storage warehouses were published.4 These terms and

conditions were adopted and put into use as a result of a general

conference of representatives of the warehouse industry, banking

interests, shippers and receivers of freight, and railway men, the

Chamber of Commerce of the United States cooperating in the work.

During the year eight numbers in the Industrial Standards Series were added to the Portuguese language group. All of these were

standard specifications for steel products, prepared by the American

Society for Testing Materials. Portuguese translations were made

for additional specifications and these will be published and released

early in 1928.

A new series of foreign-language editions covering standard specifications for electrical machinery, equipment, and apparatus was

inaugurated. Seventeen specifications, prepared and translated by

the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, were published in the

Spanish-language edition. A few of these are approved American

Standards in accordance with procedure of the American Engineering

Standards Committee.

Steps of marked interest were taken in simplifying and standardizing the presentation of economic reviews and statistical data of

foreign countries, the dissemination of which is a major function of

this bureau. This year, for the first time, the Commerce Yearbook was published in two volumes. The second volume contains, in

summary for each of 61 foreign countries, and 4 noncontiguous territories of the United States, data relative to agriculture, mining,

manufacturing, transportation, communications, foreign trade, labor

conditions, price movements, public finance, currency, foreign ex- change, and other matters affecting the general business situation.

Data are included as to area, population, education, births, deaths,

climate. There are also some 40 to 50 summary tables. All matter

is presented uniformly and is converted into terms of common denominators facilitating analogy and comparison.

* Domestic Commerce Series Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16.

4 Domestic Commerce Series No. 18.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 73

During the year representatives of the bureau took active part in an interdepartmental committee which, with the help and consent of

the wool trade in the United States, has prepared standard terms and

classifications for reporting international statistics on wool production, distribution, consumption, and stocks. These recommended

terms have been promulgated as tentative standards and the criticism

of the larger wool producing and consuming countries is being

solicited. Likewise, as a result of a series of conferences, in which bureau

representatives participated, the confusion in converting statics rela- tive to production, consumption, and stocks of various types of sugars

produced in different parts of the world was somewhat minimized.

Tentative standard conversion factors for "hard refined equivalent" were established tentatively for the output of major sugar-producing

areas, namely, Cuba, 93.58; Hawaii, 93.58; Porto Rico, 93.93;

Philippine Islands, 95; muscovado sugar-producing areas, 82.40; and

all others, except muscovado, 93.20. These factors are being applied

in the reports of United States governmental departments this year

and efforts are being made to have them adopted internationally.

The larger part of this bureau's activities in the field of simplification and standardization was cooperative. Aid was extended to the

division of simplified practice of the Department of Commerce and

to the National Committee on Wood Utilization. In association

with representatives of the tanners in the United States the appropriate division of the bureau cooperated with the Department of

Agriculture in a plan (national in scope) to develop standard practices

in the take-off and grading of hides and skins, particularly leather raw

stock.

In order to bring about common understandings as to interpretations of trade terms, conditions of sale, and the like, the bureau offers a forum for the development of standards of commercial practice. A

specific item of this nature now under consideration for simplification

is the question of when the cash discount should be deducted on bills of goods sold "f. o. b. named shipping point, freight allowed.

Increasing efforts were made in the development of information

leading to the elimination of waste in distribution and marketing.

The bureau has endeavored to help domestic commerce in this respect

through the preparation and publication of regional marketing sur- veys, analyses of wholesale distribution costs, and wholesale trade

atlases. An example of another type of activity is shown by the bringing

together in conference of representatives of the dry-cleaning industry

and laundries with representatives of spinners, cloth makers, dyers,

clothing manufacturers, and finishers for the purpose of preparing and

adopting trade standards relating to the description and marketing of

qualities of goods, materials, and clothing.
74 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Another important activity was the participation in international

conferences where standards of business practice or international

business codes were either a part of the purpose of the meeting or the

principal objective. Of the former, the International Economic

Conference at Geneva and the meeting of the International Chamber

of Commerce at Stockholm are examples, while the Third International Conference of Scientific Management at Rome, Italy, the Pan

American Commission on Simplification of Consular Procedure at Washington, and the Second Pan American Standardization Conference at Washington are examples of the latter. BUREAU OF LIGHTHOUSES

Members of the bureau represent the department on five technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board, and on one

sectional committee of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

Improvements in Apparatus and Equipment.—Work was continued on the installation and use of radiobeacons for the protection of navigation in fog, as stated elsewhere. The use of tube transmitters

and of lower power for many stations is being extended. Investigation is being made of the interference between radiobeacons, which

sometimes causes difficulty in taking bearings. As respects the clear- weather operation of signals at fixed periods each day, this type of interference has been overcome during the year by introducing a time schedule arranged so that adjacent stations operate at different

periods in the day. For operation during fog, a clock-control system

is being tried out, to prevent overlap of the sending minutes of

adjacent stations; also consideration is being given to separating the

frequencies or wave lengths of adjacent stations, and this method is soon to be tested. Much radio-construction work for the service at large was accomplished at the Detroit Lighthouse Depot during the

year; about 25 transmitters were built and delivered, and work on

about 6.0 additional transmitters has made material progress. This

has been found economical and of benefit in the development of improvements.

An effective type of small acetylene-gas buoy has recently been

designed and put in service for use in shallow waters inaccessible

to lighthouse tenders. It is light and can be handled by a heavy

launch, and it is of quite moderate cost. An efficient launch, which

can be carried on the deck of a tender, has been built for handling

these small gas buoys. A number of these buoys are already in

successful operation.

The substitution of inexpensive iron buoys (special type) for

wooden-spar buoys is being constantly extended. These buoys have

great advantages over the wooden spars in being more conspicuous,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 75

in permitting distinction of shape for the two sides of a channel

and better indication and retention of the color for the same purpose,

in being much less destructible by ice and collision, and in not being

affected by worms. In the third district in the last six years the

number of wood buoys has decreased by 149, or 18 per cent, and

the number of iron buoys has increased by 224, or 80 per cent. The use of gong buoys is being extended where they will be of

service in preventing confusion with bell buoys in the neighborhood,

and improvements in the gongs are being investigated.

The work of converting oil-gas buoys to acetylene buoys was

continued during the year. Vibratory-disk types of fog signal, operated both electrically and

by compressed air, have been tried out in actual service during the

past year with good results. The work of removing old steam fog-signal plants and whistles

and replacing them with compressed-air plants and sirens is being

extended as rapidly as funds permit. Ten such replacements were made during the year, and there are now only 68 steam plants in

service as compared with 131 in 1911.

The extension and improvement of automatic lighting apparatus was continued during the year. The system of two independent

automatic light installations for increasing the reliability of more

important unattended lights, mentioned in the last annual report,

has been developed to a stage where it will be tested at an important

isolated light station. The use of double pilot burners for unwatched

acetylene lights for the purpose of reducing extinguishment has

proved successful and is being extended. A method of automatic

control of compressed-acetylene tanks at unwatched stations, whereby

but one tank of a battery will be in service at a time, has been developed and is being tried at an important unwatched, isolated light on the Pacific coast. The policy has been continued of converting minor lights in certain

localities from oil or incandescent oil vapor to acetylene and having

them cared for in groups, increasing their efficiency and reducing

the cost of maintenance.

The use of electric current for illumination, both commercial and

that generated at the stations, has been extended during the year, a number of lights using either oil, oil vapor, or acetylene having been

converted to electric, for the reason that commercial current is now

available or that the introduction of radiobeacons makes it practicable

and economical to make the change.

A new type of day beacon has been installed on the Florida Reefs.

This consists of a solid wrought-iron pile driven into the coral reef,

with its head about 2 feet above water; to this is fastened a wrought91096—28 6
76 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

iron socket into which is stepped a wooden column with day mark;

this foundation pile will not be destroyed if the day mark is carried

away.

A quadruple-mouth cast-iron horn was developed during the year

for replacing the old copper mushroom horn used on one of the lightships, increasing range of audibility and reducing the noise of the

siren on the ship itself. The installation of tanks at light stations for storage of kerosene

in bulk was extended during the year. A loose-leaf sketchbook showing various apparatus in use in the

service has been continued and extended, and this is now being

arranged so that it can be used in connection with the price list of standard articles when ordering.

On June 30, 1927, 330 light stations were provided with telephone

communication.

The development of improved airway apparatus and structures has been accomplished. The 24-inch rotating airway beacon has

been improved by the addition of flashing mechanism for identifying

lights, using the motor of the beacon for the driving mechanism,

thereby synchronizing the supplementary lights with the flash of the beacon. An improved and reliable lamp exchanger has been

developed commercially for airway beacons. Airway structures have been numbered on a mileage basis for identification of location

with respect to the airway. This numbering system has been incorporated in the lighting system in order that the distinctive characteristic may identify location of the beacon. The standard airway

tower has been improved so as to be entirely suitable for the purpose.

A flashing electric beacon, using a 360° Fresnel lens and top section

showing from the horizon to the zenith and designed in such a manner

that equal candlepower is visible to the pilot approaching the light,

has been developed and is now being tried out on the Los AngelesSalt Lake Airway Beacon No. 6. Astronomic time clocks have been

introduced for the control of automatic airway lights. Improvements have been made in the design of the internally lighted wind

cone, making the device more reliable and eliminating the slip rings

carrying current to the lights. The first commercial installation of

radio range beacon has been installed at Hadley Field.

BUREAU OF MINES

Members of the bureau represent the department on 7 technical

committees of the Federal Specifications Board and on 20 sectional

committees of the American Engineering Standards Committee. The

bureau is also a member of the A. E. S. C. Mining Standardization

Correlating Committee and the Safety Code Correlating Committee.

Among the investigations in which the bureau was especially

active are the following:
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 77

1. Standard methods for sampling, analyzing, and testing coal in cooperation

with various State and municipal organizations and technical societies.

2. Standard methods for determining the fusibility of coal ash as related to formation of clinker, in cooperation with the American Society for Testing

Materials.

3. Methods of determining sulphur in coal and coke.

4. Standard testing of permissible explosives and permissible equipment.

5. Standardization of materials used for rock dusting coal mines to prevent

explosions of coal dust and gas.

6. Preparation of standard annual reports on mine accident statistics.

7. Standardization of specifications for lubricants and liquid fuels and methods

of testing.

S. Standardization of mine rescue methods and rescue apparatus.

9. Standardization of method of first-aid instruction.

10. Standard methods of reporting mineral and metal statistics. Mine Safety Standards.—The mine safety board of the bureau

passes upon mine-disaster reports by bureau engineers and makes

recommendatory decisions on fundamental questions involving safety

in mines, which upon affirmation by the director become bureau

policy. These formal safety decisions, strictly defining the bureau's

attitude, are becoming standard policies through their adoption by

other agencies concerned. Among the recent decisions are:

1. Recommending the use of permissible electric mine lamps for illumination

in all coal mines and that permissible magnetically locked flame safety lamps, or equivalent device, be used for gas detection.

2. Recommending that permissible explosives fired electrically be exclusively used in all coal mines.

3. Classification of coal mines by methane given off and specifications for determining the class to which a mine belongs, viz, class 1, nongassy, class 2, slightly gassy, class 3, gassy.

4. Recommends that auxiliary fans or blowers should not be used in coal mines

as a substitute for methods of regular and continuous coursing of the air to other

places in the mine.

5. Recommends rock dusting of all coal mines except anthracite mines and

rock-dust barriers as supplementary defenses and not a substitute for general rock dusting.

6. Recommends that all workings and sections of mines that can not be well ventilated or inspected regularly be sealed by strong fireproof stoppings.

Rock Dusting of Coal Mines.—The Bureau of Mines has developed

methods for the rock dusting of coal mines to prevent coal-dust

explosions which are becoming standard practice through their adoption by the mining industry.

Standard Rock-Dust Barriers.—A systematic study of the operation of rock-dust barriers was continued. The results in connection

with previous tests of barriers will permit publication of a list of barriers found most effective under various conditions. It has been found

that the efficiency of a barrier will vary widely with the type of explosion which reaches it and consequently a barrier must be designed to meet the most severe conditions.
78 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Ventilation Requirements of Coal Mines.—The bureau has also conducted in its experimental mine an extensive series of tests on

ventilation in coal mines, with the result that fundamental data are now available from which engineers can determine the ventilation

requirements of a given coal mine. This has the general result of standardizing the ventilation requirements of coal mines and placing

ventilation requirements on a comparable and exact basis, rather

than basing them on empirical formulas.

Explosibility of Coal Dust.—At the experimental mine at Bruceton,

Pa., near Pittsburgh, tests relating to gas and dust explosions were

continued and other special investigations were conducted. One

hundred coal-dust explosion tests were made in the mine and 90 gas- explosion tests were made in a special gallery 1 foot in diameter by

100 feet long. Tests were made of the explosibility of dust prepared

from four samples of semianthracite coal from the Valley of Virginia.

Standardizing Explosion Hazards of Different Coal Mines.

Standard methods of testing the explosibility of different coal dusts,

alone and in mixture with different percentages of gas, have been

applied in the testing of coal dust prepared from coal samples, and

testing of samples of mine dust, from hundreds of mines. As a result of this testing work, the bureau is standardizing the gas-and-dust

explosion hazards of different coal mines.

Mine Stoppings.—The work on methods for testing the strength

of mine stoppings originated during the preceding year was continued.

The information obtained will be used by the leasing section of the

United States Geological Survey, which was formerly a section of the

Bureau of Mines. The present year's work was in cooperation with

the Bureau of Standards, on whose grounds a testing chamber was

built. Concrete slabs of different designs representing mine stoppings were fastened in one side of this chamber and tested to destruction

by explosions of black blasting powder in the chamber. Further

work awaits an analysis of the test results obtained by the Bureau

of Standards engineers.

Specifications for Lubricants and Liquid Fuels.—The principal

activity of the division of petroleum and natural gas relating to standardization during the calendar year 1927 was the preparation

for publication of United States Government master specifications

for lubricants and liquid fuels and methods for sampling and testing

(Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 323 B). This paper was prepared

by the technical committee on lubricants and liquid fuels of the

Federal Specifications Board in cooperation with an advisory board

made up of representatives of outside (nongovernmental) interests,

including the American Society for Testing Materials. The department representative from the Bureau of Mines on the technical committee was the secretary of the committee.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 79

At the petroleum experiment station of the bureau at Bartlesville,

Okla., work has been going on for several years on the standardization

of measurements of natural gas by means of orifice meters. This

work is in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards and the

American Gas Association (formerly the Natural Gas Association of America). Another problem is an attempt to standardize the method

of determining the open-flow capacity of gas wells. Explosives Testing.—The following explosives have passed the

tests for permissibility since January 1, 1927:

Explosive Manufacturer Coalite M, L. F. Coalite T, L. F_

Collier C, L. F . Hercules Powder Co.

Gel-Coalite X, L. F.

Gel-Coalite Z, L. F_

Peerless No. 4 Peerless Explosives Co.

Tristate Special No. 1 ] TT . _ . . _

Tristate Special No. 2 [ Umon ExPloslves Co- Trojan Coal Powder P-2.

Atlas Powder Co.

[Atlas Powder Co.

*-~\ i

-¥-« , T3 [Trojan Powder Co. Tro]an Coal Powder P-3 J J In addition to the above explosives, as a result of tests on 17 types

of permissible explosives, changes in the liquid explosive ingredient were permitted in 83 explosives.

The substitution of a mixture of not more than 25 per cent of

ethylene glycol dinitrate with nitroglycerin for a similar quantity of nitroglycerin has been authorized in three of the explosives now on

the Bureau of Mines' list of permissible explosives. A similar

mixture has been authorized as a substitute for nitroglycerin and

nitropolyglycerin in 68 explosives, and for nitroglycerin or nitroglycerin and nitropolyglycerin in 12 explosives. Authorization has

been granted also for 20 of these same explosives using a mixture of

not more than 25 per cent nitrated sugars in combination with nitroglycerin and ethylene glycol dinitrate for nitroglycerin and nitropolyglycerin.

Standardization of Coal Dust for Permissibility Tests.—During

the past year special attention has been given to the standardization

of coal dust for use in testing permissible explosives at the explosives

testing station in gas and dust gallery No. 1, for it is of the first importance that the coal dust used throughout all these tests shall,

in its chemical composition and physical characteristics, be constantly

uniform. In this investigation a review has been made of all the

records of the explosives testing station on this matter from its foundation. The information thus collected has been analyzed and

discussed and specifications have been drawn covering the source and method of selection of the bituminous coal from which the dust

is obtained, the method of comminuting this coal, the collecting,
80 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

sampling, and storage of the coal dust, and the standards and toler- ances of its chemical and screen analyses. These specifications, as

finally agreed upon, are to constitute Appendix No. 44 of T. P. 186

covering " Methods for Routine Work in the Explosives Physical

Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines."

Photographic Method of Determining Detonation.—A new method

of determining rate of detonation has been developed in which the

image of the detonating column of explosive is photographed on a rapidly moving film. This method gives the velocity at every point

in the path of the detonation wave and is considerably more valuable for many purposes than the method employing the Mettegang

recorder.

Sensitivity to Explosion by Influence.—In order to devise standard means of determining the relative sensitivity of explosives when used

injblasting, a comparison has been made of distance over which

detonation will be propagated from one cartridge to another across an air gap when (1) the cut ends of the cartridges face the gap, and

(2) when the crimped ends face the gap. It was found that the gap

in the latter method, which is the one employed in practice, was considerably less than the* gap obtained by the first method. In order

to learn more about the mechanism of this phenomenon the velocity

of the shock wave in the gap is being measured.

Standardization of Gas Mask Specifications.—Gas masks are used

in the mining and metallurgical industries to protect men from

noxious gases and fumes. A schedule has been published for testing

gas masks as to their effectiveness, mechanical construction, materials,,

design, and methods of designation. The kind of protection afforded

by various gas masks is indicated by the color of the canister. A

scheme suggested by the Bureau of Mines has been adopted by a number of manufacturers and is being considered for adoption by

technical and safety societies, including the National Safety Council.

Standard for Determining the Capacity of Low-Pressure Heating

Boilers.—The mechanical division fuel section has worked in close cooperation with a committee of the American Society of Heating

and Ventilating Engineers in developing a method for determining

the capacity of heating boilers. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The director of the bureau is ex officio chairman of the Federal

Specifications Board, and a senior engineer physicist of the bureau is- vice chairman and technical secretary.

Members of the bureau represent the Department of Commerce on. 58 technical committees of the Federal Specifications B.oard, and on

69 committees of the American Engineering Standards Committee.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 81

For details of the activities of the Federal Specifications Board,

see page 97. The director of the bureau is chairman of the National Screw

Thread Commission, and a senior physicist of the bureau, is secretary.

For details of the work of the National Screw Thread Commission,

see page 112.

For details of the work of the National Bureau of Standards, see page 118. STEAMBOAT INSPECTION SERVICE

Representatives of the service are members of two sectional committees of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

The Supervising Inspector General is a member of the American

Marine Standards Committee. At the request of this service the

division of simplified practice of the department is working with the

bureau in the matter of the revision of the boiler rules. This office has also detailed certain of its supervising inspectors to work up the

revision of these boiler rules, with a view to making a comparison

between those promulgated under the direction of the American

Marine Standards Committee and those promulgated by the repre- sentatives of this service, and when this comparison shall have been

made and agreement is reached as to the best rules to be adopted, the

whole matter will have the attention of the board of supervising

inspectors.

This service has also undertaken the revision of its rules covering

the manufacture of valves and fittings, and in its work it has invited

the comment of the leading valve manufacturers of the country, and

in addition to this, there was held a meeting in Cleveland, Ohio, on December 1, 1927, to further consider the matter. The subject will

now be considered by the board of supervising inspectors, which has

authority to legislate in the premises.

For some time this office has been working upon the standardization of examination questions that may be given to applicants who

apply for licenses, with the thought that while standard sets of examination questions would be prepared, the local inspectors would still have authority to propound such additional questions as necessary to meet any local conditions that might present themselves, and yet

carry into effect a procedure that would obtain absolute uniform

conditions in the examination of applicants for licenses. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

The Department of the Interior is represented on the executive

committee of the Federal Specifications Board by an engineer of the

Bureau of Reclamation.

In addition to the membership on the technical committees of the

Federal Specifications Board mentioned below, members of the follow-
82 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ing additional activities represent the department on the technical

committees mentioned

Office of the Secretary, 1. Geological Survey, 4. Office of Indian Affairs, 10.

St, Elizabeths Hospital, 6. National Park Service, 1. In addition to the memberships on committees of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, mentioned under the individual

bureau activities, the department is represented on two committees.

GENERAL LAND OFFICE The General Land Office has fixed certain standards governing

the instruments and methods to be used in the surveys of the public

lands, for the control and guidance of such activities within the

bureau itself. Through membership of the Board of Surveys and Maps of the

Federal Government and representation on certain committees

thereof, this office is cooperating in the coordination of the map

making and surveying activities of the Government, and the standardization of maps and mapping practice.

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

Members of the bureau represent the department on two technical

committees of the board, and on two sectional committees of the

American Engineering Standards Committee.

Standardization work that has been approved this calendar year, or that is now in process or have been completed during the year,

is as follows:

1. 3 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 6 inches high pressure gates, comprising eight

drawings.

2. 3 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 6 inches high pressure gate, conduit lining, comprising two drawings.

3. 12-inch hydraulic hoist, comprising two drawings.

Designs are also practically completed and will soon be issued for the following:

1. Standard timber highway bridges, comprising 24 drawings.

2. Standard concrete inclined drops, comprising 18 drawings.

3. -i2-inch balanced needle valves, comprising 30 drawings.

Standardization work done in this bureau in the past, now in progress, and contemplated in the future, is limited to the development of designs and practices to be adopted as standards by this bureau only, for use on its several projects. In this the interests

of this bureau are the controlling factors and cooperation with outside interests in the matter have been largely incidental. Standard

designs have been prepared and are now in use for 15 groups and

classes of machinery and structures, including 373 drawings.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 83

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

The department is represented on the executive committee of the

Federal Specifications Board by a member of the Bureau of Labor

Statistics, and the department is represented on the technical committees of the board. The department, as such, is represented on

28 technical committees of the American Engineering Standards

Committee.

CHILDREN'S BUREAU

The Children's Bureau is primarily a research bureau in the whole

field of child welfare, and it is a center of information useful to all the children of America, to ascertain and to popularize just standards

for their life and development, to serve all children, and to endeavor

to work out the standards of care and protection which shall give

to every child his fair chance in the world.

UNITED STATES CONCILIATION SEP VICE Section 8 of the organic act creating the Department of Labor

provides in part "that the Secretary of Labor shall have power to appoint commissioners of conciliation in labor disputes whenever

in his judgment the interests of industrial peace may require it to be

done." Such commissioners act in an informal manner, endeavor

in general to be helpful, and to bring together both parties in dispute

for purpose of conciliatory agreement. So far as practicable they

endeavor to bring about an accord before strike or lockout occurs. These commissioners may be assigned at request of either or both

parties directly interested.

UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE The United States Employment Service surveys the field of employment; cooperates with State and municipal employment offices in

placement of workers; conducts a farm labor bureau for the recruiting and movement of seasonal labor; publishes a monthly report of

employment conditions in the Linked States by districts, and cooperates in placement of junior workers, or young people who have not

yet fixed upon a career.BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION

The immigration laws set standards and outline procedure relating

to admission of aliens into the United States. Likewise, they state

for what causes aliens in the United States shall be deported therefrom, and provide machinery to effect expulsion. The administration of these laws is intrusted to the Bureau of Immigration.

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS The Commissioner of Labor Statistics represents the Department

of Labor on the executive committee and the main committee of the
84 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

American Engineering Standards Committee. By arrangement with

the latter organization the workers' representatives on safety-code

committees are selected and appointed through the Department of Labor.

The Commissioner of Labor Statistics is secretary-treasurer of the

International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, and appoints representatives of that association on American

Engineering Standards Committee safety-code committees.

The bureau is represented on the American Engineering Standards

Committee safety-code correlating committee.

NATURALIZATION BUREAU

The Bureau of Naturalization administers the naturalization laws.

These laws fix certain standards for length of residence, character,

education, and attachment to the principles of the Constitution of the

United States. After hearing the witnesses presented and examining

petitioners, naturalization officers make suitable recommendations

to the courts as to whether alien should or should not receive citizenship.

WOMEN'S BUREAU

It is the duty of the Women's Bureau, in the interest of health measures for women workers, to study the problems surrounding

their employment and to draw up standards designed to make

industry safe for women.NAVY DEPARTMENT

The Navy Department is represented on the executive committee

of the Federal Specifications Board by the Assistant Chief of the

Bureau of Engineering and on 11 technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board in addition to those mentioned below, under

the separate bureaus.

BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR The Bureau of Construction and Repair represents the department on 32 technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board, and on 5 committees of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

The Bureau of Construction and Repair during the past year has

cooperated closely with the following organizations, as well as with

other Government departments and bureaus:

Federal Specifications Board. American Engineering Standards Committee.

American Marine Standards Committee.

American Society for Testing Materials. Fine Arts Commission.

Division of simplified practice, Bureau of Stanards. National Lumber Manufacturers' Association. National Screw Thread Commission.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 85

The most important standardization activities of the past year are outlined as follows:

Rubber.—Intensive study is being made in connection with the

use of reclaimed rubber in various rubber materials specified by the

Navy. This study is being made in collaboration with the rubber

committee of the Federal Specifications Board and The Rubber

Association of America.

Hemp.—Through cooperation with the American Hemp Brokers

Association, the Navy Department's method of purchasing hemp

has been improved and standardized, and specifications for such

purchases have been put upon a satisfactory basis. Purchase of all hemp is now being made under Philippine grading rules and inspection

is being made under the jurisdiction of the American Hemp Brokers

Association.

Kapok.—Through cooperation with the leading manufacturers

and importers of kapok, the Navy Department specifications for this

commodity have been prepared which will permit the purchase of a grade commercially obtainable and recognized as standard, and at the same time be satisfactory for Navy use. Joiner Hardware.—The entire question of joiner hardware used on board ship is under investigation, and steps are being taken toward

the elimination of unnecessary sizes and types and the adoption of

standard commercial types where applicable.

Padlocks.—Investigation on the standardization of padlocks used

in the Navy has resulted in steps to eliminate many sizes. Rivet Standardization.—The bureau has been closely cooperating

with the American Engineering Standards Committee in the standardization of rivets. Standard forms, dimensions, and specifications

for structural, boiler, and ship rivets have been formulated for adoption by the A. E. S. C. as American standards.

Paints.—The bureau is conducting extensive research in connection

with ship-bottom paints, aluminum paints, nitrocellulose lacquers

and enamels, tank coatings, varnishes, and pigments. The standard

Navy formula for aluminum varnishes has been revised and replaced

by a more efficient product. In cooperation with the paint committee

of the Federal Specifications Board, an investigation is under way to determine the satisfactory quality of spar varnish being purchased

under the requirements of United States Government master specifications with a view to improving the quality of the product now being

obtained. In collaboration with the Food, Drug, and Insecticide

Administration, Department of Agriculture, the bureau is investigating the possible use of o-dichlor-benzine and ^-cymene, both in liquid

and resin forms. These materials can be made commercially available in large quantities and at a low price from waste material in- cident to paper manufacture.
86 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Laundry Machinery.—Specifications for various types of laundry

machinery covering standard commercial articles are being prepared.

Mechanically Chilled Refrigerators.—A study has been made on

the subject of mechanically chilled refrigerators and various types

commercially available have been under investigation.

Lumber.—The bureau has continued its standardization of lumber

and utilizes standard commercial specifications and certified commercial inspection in the procurement of practically all of its lumber.

National Screw Threads.—The new national form of thread

established by the National Screw Thread Commission is being put

into effect on all threaded products used by this bureau and Navy

Department specifications for threaded products have been prepared

to conform to the national form of thread.

Flag Standardization.—The bureau has continued its cooperation

with the flag standardization committee and the Commission of Fine

Arts in standardizing proportions and colors of the national ensign,

and has conducted numerous exposure tests on various types of

colors and materials.

Miscellaneous.—Much headway has been made by the bureau during the past year in revising the standard stock catalogue and reducing the multiplicity of sizes, shapes, and grades of stock items carried

at various yards.

In obtaining the technical data necessary for the purpose of standardizing and improving materials, such as those outlined above, many

tests, both laboratory and service, are conducted at the various

navy yards and stations and on board ship. Many important laboratory investigations are conducted for the bureau by the Bureau of

Standards, among them being the investigations on manila rope and

hemp, strength and design of riveted joints, elastic qualities of shipbuilding steels, behavior under load of blocking in dry docks, and spar

varnishes.

BUREAU OF ENGINEERING

The bureau has membership on 16 technical committees of the

Federal Specifications Board, and the following additional committees

and societies:

American Engineering Standards Committee: Main, executive and 35 sectional committees.

American Society for Testing Material: 15 committees.

American Society of Mechanical ^Engineers: 4 sectional and 4 standardization committees.

American Marine Standards Committee: Executive board and 12 subcommittees.

National Screw Thread Commission.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers: Radio standardization committee.

Federal Technical and Scientific Board.

National Electric Light Association: Prime movers committee.

Advisory Committee on Nonferrous Metals of the Bureau of Standards.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 87

American National Committee of the International Electro-Technical Commission and the joint committee on investigation of the effect of phosphorous

and sulphur in steel. Chief Coordinator's committee on communications for outlining the field to be

covered by the Commerce and Navy Departments relative to sound aids to navigation and radio compasses. Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee for the consideration of adjustments

of frequencies to avoid or reduce interference between Government radio

stations. The bureau has during the past year effected the standardization

for Navy use of

Heat insulating materials. Corrosion resisting steels. Electrical resisting steels. Tubing sizes for all types of tubing, thereby reducing the number of different outside diameters of tubing and enabling the standardization of fittings. Seventy-five watt vacuum tubes. Recording meters for radio apparatus.

The bureau is conducting—

Tests at various navy yards and laboratories for the purpose of obtaining data

for further standardization and improvement of materials, such as tool steels, gaskets, packing, cutting oils, lubricating oils, boiler refractories, condenser

tubes, spark plugs, and cylinder materials. Experimental work .in conjunction with the Bureau of Standards on the

subject of corrosion fatigue. Constant revision of the standard stock catalogue with consequent reduction

in the number of sizes, shapes, and grades of the various items. Research work in the radio field, including such items as high-frequency

receivers and transmitters; the theory of wave propagation; materials having

piezo-electric effects; instruments for measuring high frequencies; traps; device

for measuring and recording the direction of static; ignition interference; equipment for the transmission of photographs, and the writing of maps and sketches and the measurement of airplane and submarine antenna constants. BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY

Officers of the bureau serve as members on technical committees

of the Federal Specifications Board, and have acted in an advisory

capacity to other committees charged with matters of interest to the

medical department. The Naval Medical Supply Depot, Brooklyn,

N. Y., has by means of its chemical, physical, bacteriological, and

electrical laboratories tested medical supplies and equipment purchased for the Navy and Veterans' Bureau for conformity to specifications as given in data previously submitted.

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE

The Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department, has long recognized

the importance of standardizing ordnance drawings, specifications,

and ordnance material in general. With this in view, standard

ordnance drafting-room regulations in pamphlet form have been
88 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

prepared for the purpose of standardizing and systematizing the

preparation of ordnance drawings and the manufacture and procurement of standard ordnance parts. These regulations are based on

the practice of the bureau extending over a number of years and are

strictly enforced in the preparation of ordnance drawings at all navy

yards and stations under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Ordnance.

In the case of small detail parts and assemblies that are in common

use and continuously called for on navy yard and shop requisitions,

these are standardized wherever practicable and purchased in large

quantities at considerable saving in cost and placed in stock in quantities which are regulated by demands of the service. Stock material

is divided into two classes, commercial material and special ordnance

material.

Commercial material consists of such material as can be obtained

in the open market on Government requisition at a saving in cost over

material manufactured in Government plants, and consists primarily

of standard machines, tools, fittings, and fastenings, such as bolts,

nuts, screws, keys, ball bearings, and commercial valves and fittings.

Special ordnance material, not commercial, represents standard

material that has been designed especially for ordnance use. Such

material may be acquired either by manufacture on shop job orders

or by purchase on Government requisition, and consists primarily

of ordnance accessories, ordnance tools, ordnance fastenings, and

ordnance fittings.

Standard stock material drawings, showing material of both classes carried in stock, are prepared for the information and guidance of

various Bureau of Ordnance drafting rooms. Such drawings are known as stock material drawings. These drawings show single or assembled parts with pertinent dimensions and information necessary

to manufacture or purchase such material. Designing draftsmen are required to thoroughly familiarize themselves with all stock material

when preparing details of any ordnance design. Fastenings of the

nearest stock size larger than that required by computations are

selected for use. When, for any reason, it appears desirable to depart

from stock sizes indicated on stock material drawings the matter is brought to the attention of the supervisory draftsman, who, after investigation of the case, submits recommendation for inclusion of

the part under consideration in tbe stock list. This procedure tends

to encourage the use of parts which are carried in stock and serves to keep the number of such parts to a minimum.

BUREAU OF SUPPLIES AND ACCOUNTS

Members of the bureau represent the department on 10 technical

committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

The Bureau of Supplies and Accounts has issued during the calendar

year 1927, 169 new and revised specifications and 4 revisions of the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 89

Index to Specifications. Sixty-six of the new and revised specifications are in conformity as to technical requirements with United

States Government master specifications.

A representative of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts is pre- paring in cooperation with representatives of other Government

departments a Federal stock catalogue which will supply a common

nomenclature for all stock items in common use. A representative of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts is a member of a Joint Navy and Coast Guard Board to determine upon

standardization of methods in order to facilitate the amalgamation

of the Coast Guard with the Navy for a national emergency.

Considerable progress has been made during the year through

contact with business firms in standardizing Navy purchasing

methods.

BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS

Members of the bureau represent the department on 12 technical

committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

The bureau also has membership on the following standardizing

committees:

Federal Specifications Board: Metals. Navy Department Specifications Board: Division of simplified practice, four committees.

American Engineering Standards Committee, eight committees.

American Society for Testing Materials, three committees.

The A. S. T. M. test rack for long-time exposure of galvanized

materials at Key West Naval Station is under the cognizance of this

bureau.

The bureau is conducting at Portsmouth, N. H., and Hampton

Roads, Va., experiments to establish standards for concrete in sea water, the former for Portland cement and the latter high alumina

cement. It is also conducting experiments on copper bearing steel sheet piles at Key West.

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

The assistant, Quartermaster Department of the Marine Corps,

represents the Marine Corps on the Federal Specifications Board,

and the Marine Corps is represented on 10 technical committees of

the Federal Specifications Board. The master specifications promulgated by that body are used in making purchases, when applicable.

During the year 1927, Marine Corps specifications have been revised

where necessary to make them conform to United States Government

master specifications promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board.

An effort is being made to standardize passenger carrying motor

vehicles to three types ; likewise to standardize trucks to three types

heavy, medium 1 to 2 ton, and light delivery, three-fourths to 1 ton.
90 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT

The Post Office Department is represented on the executive committee of the Federal Specifications Board by the superintendent of

the division of equipment and supplies.

Members of various divisions represent the department on 21

technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board, and 1 sec- tional committee of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

SECOND ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL

Continued progress was made during the year just passed in the

standardization of railway post-office cars. Three steel full mail cars, 33 steel apartment mail cars, and 25

wood steel-reinforced apartment mail cars, a total of 61 cars, were

standardized, and, in addition, 1,119 full and apartment mail cars were made to meet more nearly standard construction requirements

and 52 mail cars were equipped with electric lights in place of gas

and oil. The Postal Laws and Regulations were amended so as to require

that new apartment mail cars for service in fast or heavy trains shall be of all-steel construction; to require the operation of an all-steel apartment mail car in a train where a majority of the cars in the train are of steel construction; to forbid the operation of steel underframe

mail cars between adjoining steel cars or between steel car adjoining

and the engine, and to forbid the operation of wooden mail cars where

the majority of the cars in the train are of steel or steel underframe

construction; thus insuring better protection to the clerks and the

mails. Electric fans are required in all new full and apartment mail

cars and in such cars now in operation if deemed essential by the

Railway Mail Service.

FOURTH ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL

This bureau has standardized on four-wheel balance type platform

trucks for use in the Postal Service. The design for these trucks was made by an employee of the department.

Heavy-duty baggage trucks have likewise been standardized, the

important features of the specifications for which were taken from

trucks of this type used by the Washington Terminal Co.

Carriers' all-leather satchels equipped with split leather partition

have been adopted as standard equipment, the leather portion of the

specification being that promulgated by the Federal Specifications

Board.

Heretofore chrome green paint has been used on letter-box equipment. Olive green letter-box enamel has been made standard in lieu thereof,

A list has been prepared and adopted, standardizing the name and

abbreviation of all railway trains carrying the mails.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 91

DEPARTMENT OF STATE

The Department of State is represented on the executive committee

of the Federal Specifications Board by the chief of the Foreign Service

Administration.

FOREIGN SERVICE BUILDINGS

The standardization work in which the office is engaged consists of

the preparation of specifications for furniture and furnishings, in- cluding china and glassware, for use in the Government-owned buildings acquired under the act of May 7, 1926, entitled, "An act for the

acquisition of buildings and grounds in foreign countries for the use

of the Government of the United States of America." The policy

has been adopted of standard furnishing, so far as practicable, and

with due regard to the rank of the establishment, of buildings similarly situated geographically and climatically, and of supplying

standard china and glassware to all diplomatic missions.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT

The Treasury Department is represented on the executive committee of the Federal Specifications Board by the superintendent of

the computing division of the Supervising Architect's Office. In addition to the department representation on the technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board mentioned below, the

department is also represented on 14 Federal Specifications Board

technical committees.

In addition to the department memberships on the American

Engineering Standards Committee sectional committees mentioned

below, the Coast Guard holds membership on 2 sectional committees.

GENERAL SUPPLY COMMITTEE

The General Supply Committee is represented on the executive

committee of the Federal Specifications Board by the superintendent

of supplies, and is represented on 38 technical committees of the

Federal Specifications Board.

The only change, of general consequence, in the activities of the

General Supply Committee's activities during the calendar year is the

participation of the District government in the committee's contracts. The act making appropriations for the municipal government of

the District of Columbia 1927-28 requires that the District government purchase its supplies whenever possible under General Supply

Committee contracts, and the committee is now making contracts under the definite quantity to supply the needs of the various district

institutions. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

The Public Health Service represents the department on 16 technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board, and 8 sectional

committees of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

91096—28 7
92 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

OFFICE OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

Standardization of Technique of Prone-Pressure Method of Resuscitation.—Completed and adopted at conference in April,

1927, by the American Gas Association, National Electric Light Association, United States Bureau of Mines, Bethlehem Steel Corporation,

National Bureau of Standards, American Red Cross, National

Safety Council, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., United States

Army, United States Navy, and United States Public Health Service.

Standardization of Industrial Sanitary Code.—Second draft of this

code has been completed for submission to the American Engineering

Standards Committee.

HYGIENIC LABORATORY

Official Standards and Standard Tests.—Continuation of standardization of scarlet fever streptococcus toxin and scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin.

SUPERVISING ARCHITECT

Members of the Supervising Architect's Office represent the department on 33 technical committees of the Federal Specifications

Board, and 7 sectional committees of the American Engineering

Standards Committee.

The standardization work during the year has consisted largely

in the expansion of the application of general standardization work

previously started.

In structural work the sizes of reinforcing rods and steel spiral rods

and also the grades of steel of which these are made now conform to the simplified practice recommendations promulgated by the Department of Commerce.

The office is using the standard contract and bond forms which

were approved by the Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and

Adjustments for use on and after January 1, 1927.

In connection with the purchase of supplies and the maintenance

and repair of buildings under control of the office, there has been no

further expansion of standardization, in view of the fact that advantage has heretofore been taken of every opportunity to standardize

both in specifications and in purchases.

WAR DEPARTMENT

The War Department representative on the Federal Specifications

Board is detailed from the office of the Assistant Secretary of War.

Procedure for Adoption of United States Government Master

Specifications by the War Department.—After the master specifications are promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board, the

War Department representative is furnished copies which are trans- mitted by him to the War Department branch concerned where they
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 93

are republished as United States Army specifications, all technical

requirements conforming to the master specifications. The Adjutant

GeneraPs Office publishes from time to time an index showing the

numbers and subjects of all United States Government specifications.

The following supply branches of the Army have members repre- senting the War Department on the number of technical committees

of the Federal Specifications Board as indicated:

Quartermaster Corps, 51. Ordnance Department, 6. Air Corps, 3. Corps of Engineers, 6. Medical Corps, 8. Signal Corps, 5. Chemical Warfare Service, 2. United States Government master specifications form the basis of

specifications prepared by the War Department, and it is mandatory

that each specification so prepared be prefaced with the statement

that its technical requirements conform in detail to the United States

Government specification for the commodity, as promulgated by the

Federal Specifications Board, giving the number of the master specification applying. (Bulletin No. 24, Supplement No. 1, Office of the

Chief Coordinator, February 3, 1924.)

Specifications covering items which are of a strictly military and

confidential nature are not considered by the Federal Specifications

Board.

American Engineering Standards Committee.—The War Department is a member body of, and has three representatives and three

alternates on, the American Engineering Standards Committee.

This representation is divided as follows

From the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War, 1. From the supply branches, 5. The War Department is represented on 24 sectional committees of

the American Engineering Standards Committee, this representation

being divided among the various supply branches as follows:

Quartermaster Corps, 5. Ordnance Department, 8. Air Corps, 1. Corps of Engineers, 5. Signal Corps, 5. Division of Simplified Practice.—The War Department partici-

. pates constructively in the work of the division of simplified practice.

Active liaisan in maintained with the division through the office of the Assistant Secretary of War. As each project is outlined and submitted the War Department assigns it to the supply branch most

closely interested for study and participation, and is thereby repre- sented at all conferences involving its activities.
94 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

National Screw Thread Commission.—Two members of the

Ordnance Department represent the War Department on the

National Screw Thread Commission.

The War Department is represented (Watertown Arsenal) on the

joint committee on investigation of the effect of phosphorus and

sulphur in steel. Present Status of War Department Standardization and Results

Accomplished During 1927.—The Quartermaster Corps issued 182

new or revised specifications during 1927.

The Ordnance Department during the year ended June 30, 1927,

issued 49 new or revised specifications. The technical requirements

of these specifications followed those of the United States Government specifications wherever the latter were available. In cases where there were no United States Government specifications available, standard commercial practice was embodied in the Ordnance

Department drafts to the extent that such procedure was consistent

with War Department needs.

The Ordnance Department has continued its work on various

technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board, and its representatives on the American Engineering Standards Committee

and the National Screw Thread Commission have taken an active

part in the deliberations of these bodies.

Many of the recommendations of the division of simplified practice,

Department of Commerce, have been adopted by the Ordnance

Department and much work is being done within the department with

a view to eliminating waste by limiting the sizes, compositions, etc., of articles and materials used in munitions manufacture.

The activities of the Air Corps have included the adoption of common standards by the Army and Navy air services. Agreement was reached during the year on 6 important items and tentative

agreement on 40 on which final action is expected during the present

year. The Corps of Engineers' standardization activities cover certain

commodities entering into the construction of highway, pontoon,

and foot bridges, locks, dams, revetments, fortification work, including searchlights; also lumbering, mapping, railroads, and road building equipment, and other items used for military purposes.

The Board on Engineer Equipment designs and develops equipment for military purposes, and prepares specifications for same. In addition, other specifications are prepared in the supply section,

Office, Chief of Engineers, and the coordination, numbering, and

standardization of all specifications are accomplished by the supply

branch technical committee known as the Technical Committee of the Board on Military Engineering, which consists of such represen- j tatives as may be detailed by the chief of branch and of a represen-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 95

tative from each of the other supply and combatant branches.

These specifications are finally adopted as standard for the United

States Army. During the year 1927, 20 specifications were approved

and adopted as standard, and 22 additional specifications have been

prepared, 10 of which have been coordinated, numbered, and standardized, ready for final adoption before the end of the calendar

year. The Medical Department has issued 252 specifications during

the year and have 362 in course of preparation.

A board of officers on duty in the medical section, New York

General Depot, has been appointed to review all existing specifications and to scrutinize all drafts of proposed specifications with a view to determining their suitability, and the work of this board

will materially facilitate the development of future specifications as well as perfecting those now in use. The standardization of tests for surgical instruments and for

heat-resisting glassware is regarded as being of vital importance in

the procurement of these classes of medical supplies and is therefore

receiving considerable thought at the present time.

The Medical Department has adopted the standards of the American Chemical Society, as shown in the society's catalogue, and

these will be followed in the future, in the procurement of laboratory

supplies.

The Signal Corps is endeavoring to conform to general commercial

standards as far as possible in its present design practice as relating

to communication equipment. Ninety-three specifications have

been issued during the year. The Chemical Warfare Service standardized 10 of its technical

specifications to harmonize with specifications of the Federal Specifications Board.

INDEPENDENT ESTABLISHMENTS

BUREAU OF THE BUDGET

The Bureau of the Budget was created by the act approved June

10, 1921. It is under the immediate direction of the President.

Under rules and regulations prescribed by the President, the bureau

prepares for him the annual Budget and such supplemental or defi- ciency estimates as the President may recommend from time to time

to Congress. To this end the bureau has the authority, under the

act, "to assemble, correlate, revise, reduce, or increase the estimates

of the several departments and establishments." The act requires

the head of each department and establishment to appoint a budget

officer whose duty it is to prepare, under his direction, the departmental estimates of appropriations and such supplemental or defi- ciency estimates as may be required. These officials are liaison
96 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

officers between the department and the Bureau of the Budget. The

bureau deals directly with them in the routine work of preparing

the Budget. The estimates are prepared and submitted to the

bureau in such form, manner, and detail as the President prescribes.

On or before September 15 of each year the head of each department

and establishment revises his estimates and submits them to the

bureau.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF COORDINATOR

The Office of Chief Coordinator was created by Circular No. 15,

Bureau of the Budget, July 27, 1921, and the duties of the office were later enlarged by Budget Circulars Nos. 22, 23, 25, 26, 35, 41,

42, 47, 52, 54, and Executive Order No. 3578, dated the White House,

November 8, 1921.

Subject to general supervision by the Director of the Bureau of

the Budget, the Chief Coordinator handles all questions of coordination arising through the application of the policies of the President

and of the Congress to the routine business activities of the executive

branch of the Government.

The Federal coordinating boards and agencies form an integral

part of the Federal Budget system, and they are under the supervision of the Chief Coordinator.

COORDINATOR FOR PURCHASE

At the invitation of this office several departments or activities

thereof will obtain their requirements of lubricants next year under

participating contracts entered into by the Navy Department.

Arrangements were perfected whereby hack-saw blades required

by several departments after July 1, 1927, will be obtained through

single combined purchases negotiated by the Navy Department and

by subsequent transfers from stock to be maintained by that department. Aside from the probable price advantages arising from

coordinated purchases of hack-saw blades, this procedure should eliminate much duplication of effort in determining work values of the numerous trade makes offered in competition and in conducting

subsequent tests and inspections of actual deliveries.

Attention was given to the various methods of purchase of coal,

and the lack of uniformity, especially as between departments or establishments operating under very similar conditions. An exhaustive analysis and digest of the various purchase forms led to a series of weekly meetings attended by representatives of the larger coalconsuming activities and the Federal Specifications Board, during

which there was developed a tentative standard set of basic specifications, instructions, and contract conditions, all contemplated for use in conjunction with the proposed standard supply contract and

purchase forms under consideration by the Interdepartmental Board

of Contracts and Adjustments.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 97

Using as a basis the inventory of motor vehicles compiled during

the previous year, efforts have been largely successful in securing

for those departments having but few vehicles the same concessions

in the procurement of repair parts as are generally given to owners

of large fleets. This was in recognition of the fact that title to all vehicles held by the several departments is vested in a single owner,

the United States, and to the further fact that the total number so owned was sufficient to entitle the possessor to be classed as a so-called

"fleet owner."

A comprehensive survey was made of the conditions under which

pneumatic tires and tubes are used and also of the relative performance thereunder. This will serve as a guide in determining the

advisability of revising specifications and will aid in choosing the

types of tires and tubes most adaptable for use under certain general

classes of road or surface conditions.

FEDERAL PURCHASING BOARD

During the calendar year, a standard procedure for the forecasting

of future requirements in the purchase of consumable supplies and

expendable equipment was approved by the board and issued in the

form of a bulletin from the office of the Chief Coordinator to all Government departments and establishments.

The question of standardizing the requirements of the various Government departments and establishments in regard to the amounts

of bid and performance bonds filed by contractors with contracts

for supplies and services was studied by the board. A tabulation of the present requirements of the several activities was made which

disclosed wide variations in the amounts of the bonds. Uniformity

in this respect would greatly facilitate business between contractors and the Government, but must await legislation before it can be

attained.

The method of collecting and disseminating information regarding

dealers debarred from bidding on Government business because of unsatisfactory performance under contract has been standardized

and one list is now prepared and sent at regular intervals to all Government activities requiring this information.

The board now has under consideration the practicability of reducing the large variety of purchase order forms used by the several

branches of the Government to one form and making that the

standard for the entire Government.

FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS BOARD

During the calendar year 1927, the Federal Specifications Board

has formed one new technical committee—motor-propelled vehicles.
98 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

During the year, two departments have made changes in their

representatives on the board, as follows:

War Department:

Maj. E. C. Kelton, vice Lieut. Col. John E. Munroe, July 21, 1927. Maj. Henry L. Rice, vice Maj. E. C. Kelton, October 18, 1927. Marine Corps: Maj. Jeter R. Horton, vice Maj. John Potts, May 13, 1927. Ninety-six new United States Government master specifications,

and 45 revisions of existing specifications, have been promulgated

during the year, as follows:

452. Materials for top-soil or sand-clay road surfaces. 453. Gravel for gravel roads.

454. Coarse aggregate for Portland cement concrete pavement or base (stone,

slag, and gravel). 455. Broken stone, broken slag, or gravel for bituminous surface treatment.

456. Broken stone and broken slag for waterbound base or wearing course. 457. Broken stone and broken slag for bituminous macadam base on surface

course. 458. Broken stone and broken slag for bituminous concrete base or surface

course. 459. Broken stone and broken slag for binder course, sheet asphalt pavement.

460. Sands for use in sheet asphalt or bituminous concrete pavements.

461. Sand for cement grout filler, brick and stone block pavements.

462. Sand for cement mortar bed for brick, stone block, or wood block pavements.

463. Mineral filler for sheet asphalt or asphaltic concrete pavements (Portland

cement, limestone dust, and dolomite dust). 464. Fine aggregate for Portland cement concrete pavement or base (sand, etc.). 465. Materials for cushion course, brick, stone block, or wood block pavement

(sand, slag, limestone screenings, etc.). 466. Belting, conveyor (stitched duck).

467. Copper rods, bars, shapes, plates, sheets, and strips. 468. Silver, nickel, rods, bars, shapes, plates, sheets, and strips (German silver). 469. Steel, structural, for ships other than naval vessels. 470. Calcium carbide. 471. Cupboard and locker equipment, steel. 472. Thermometers, industrial. 473. Scales, weighing, general specification for. 474. Ladles, plumbers'.

475a. Oil, linseed, boiled. « 476. Chrome yellow (lemon, medium, and orange; dry, paste in oil, and paste in Japan)

477. Desks, steel. 478. Tables and stands, wood.

479. Frames, hack-saw.

480. Saws.

481. Jacks.

482. Leather, bag.

483. Leather, rigging. 484a. Paper, manifold, 50 per cent rag, white and colored, unglazed.

485. Gaskets, metallic encased.

486. Packing, hard fiber sheet. 487. Packings, asbestos wick and rope.

488. Knives, drawing.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928

489. Pipe fittings, cast-iron (threaded).

490. Tubes, seamless steel, for aircraft purposes.

491. Fans, electric, desk and bracket type.

492. Boots, rubber, hip. 493. Boots, rubber, short, light. 494. Boots, rubber, short, heavy.

495. Pipe, concrete, plain. 496. Leather, hydraulic packing (vegetable tanned).

497. Bunting, wool.

498. Oilcloth, table, white.

499. Burlap, jute. 500. Tablecloths, cotton.

501. Carpets, velvet, plain. 502. Carpets and rugs, Axminster.

503. Carpets and rugs, Wilton.

504. Brick, clay, common.

505. Brick, sand-lime, common.

506. Tile, hollow, clay, floor. 507. Tile, hollow, clay, load-bearing wall. 508. Tile, hollow, clay, fireproofing, partition and furring. 509. Drills, hand, with hollow handle.

510. Block for granite, recut granite, and durax granite pavements.

511. Brooms, metal case. 512. Brushes, flowing, badger hair. 513. Brushes, flowing, camel hair. 514. Brushes, flowing, fitch or skunk hair. 515. Brushes, paint, flat metal bound (high-grade).

516. Brushes, paint, flat metal bound (medium bound).

517. Brushes, radiator bronzing.

518. Brushes, roof, knotted style, three knots.

519. Brushes, stencil (flag ends cut)

520. Brushes, stencil (flag ends preserved).

521. Brushes, varnish flat (high-grade).

522. Brushes, varnish, flat (medium grade).

523. Brushes, wall stippling. 524. Brushes, whitewash.

525. Dusters, painters', flat. 526. Dusters, painters', round.

527. Hose, fire, unlined linen. 528. Cord, sash, cotton braided.

529. Twine, cotton seine. 530. Twine, cotton.

531. Zinc plates, sheets, and strips. 532. Wire, spring, phosphor-bronze.

533a. Lumber, softwood, yard and factory.

534. Nails, spikes, tacks, and staples. 535. Pipe fittings, malleable iron (threaded) (150-pound).

536. Metal, antifriction, ingots and castings. 537. Pipe, water, centrifugally cast-iron. 538. Receptacles, waste-paper, fiber, office and lobby.

539. Erasers, steel. 540. Netting, mosquito (unbleached bobbinet).

541. Goggles for protection against flying particles and chips. 542. Goggles, rubber frame.
100 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

543. Goggles, welders'. 544. Helmets, welders'. 545. Masks, babbitting.

546. Helmets, sandblasting.

547. Shields, welders' hand.

Revisions of specifications promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board since January 1, 1927:

la. Cement, Portland.

2d. Lubricants and liquid fuels and methods for sampling and testing.

3c. Tires, pneumatic and solid rubber, and inner tubes.

4a. Oil, linseed, raw.

10b. Paint, white, and tinted paints made on a white base, semipaste and readymixed.

13b. Paints, iron oxide and iron hydroxide.

14b. Paint, black semipaste: and ready-mixed.

21b. Paint, lithopone, interior, white and light tints, flat or eggshell finish (semipaste and ready-mixed).

23b. Lamps, electric, incandescent, large, tungsten filament.

25c. Feeds and forage. 52a. Screws, wood.

58a. Cells and batteries, dry.

91a. Zinc, slab (spelter). 94b. Packing, asbestos metallic cloth sheet. 96b. Packing, asbestos sheet, compressed.

97b. Gaskets, asbestos metallic cloth. 101b. Packing, flax. 137a. Paint, olive drab (semipaste and ready-mixed).

161a. Coffee, tea, and cacao products.

162a. Pipe, steel, welded (black and galvanized).

167a. Ribbons, typewriter.

168a. Ribbons, hectograph.

169a. Ribbons, computing and recording machine.

172a. Bronze castings. 186a. Beds, hospital. 187a. Beds, surgical. 195a. Brushes, dauber, long paddle. 254b. Denim, brown (shrunk). 259a. Rags, cotton, colored, for wiping machinery (sterilized)

261a. Rags, cotton, white, for wiping machinery (sterilized). 265a. Ink, drawing, black waterproof.

290a. Bronze ingots (for remelting)

315a. Sugar and sugar products.

331a. Paper, manifold, 50 per cent rag, white and colored, glazed. 333a. Brooms, corn. 358a. Desks, wood.

359a. Furniture, office sectional, cabinets and trays, wood.

365a. Sea food (fresh, salt, smoked and canned).

367a. Shades, window, shade cloth, rollers, slats, cords and accessories. 381a. Dairy products.

399a. Brushes, flat fitch. 401a. Brushes, glue, round.

404a. Brushes, marking.

406a. Brushes, sash tool, oval. 413a. Padlocks.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 101

FEDERAL TRAFFIC BOARD

The Federal Traffic Board has full authority, subject to review

by the Chief Coordinator, to pass on all questions pertaining to

(a) Establishment of uniform classifications for all commodities shipped by

the Government.

(6) Drafting of plans for improving and standardizing methods of making

shipments and settlement of accounts.

(c) Adjustment of all questions which require application of remedial measures

such as freight rates, switching and terminal charges, etc. The board functions by means of committees appointed by the

chairman, who is also the coordinator for traffic, and, as such, the

operating head of the board. All movements of Government freight,

consisting of two carloads or more, from any department, are routed

by the coordinator for traffic, who undertakes to provide the cheapest

possible route for the shipment.

The coordinator for traffic has routed, for eight months of the

current year, a total of 21,394 carloads of Government freight, or an

average of 2,678 carloads per month.

The routing of traffic to secure the lowest rates to the Government,

adjusting freight rates, obtaining new and lower classifications for

commodities frequently shipped by the various governmental

departments, are all included in the duties and accomplishments of the Federal Traffic Board.

INTERDEPARTMENTAL BOARD OF CONTRACTS AND ADJUSTMENTS

The board has completed during this year 13 standard Government contract forms which have been approved by the President.

Six of these forms were officially promulgated by Bureau of the

Budget Circular No. 197, on November 19, 1926, and are as follows:

Standard Government form of invitation for bids, construction contract (Standard Form No. 20). Standard Government form of bid, construction contract (Standard Form

No. 21). Standard Government instructions to bidders, construction and supply

(Standard Form No. 22). Standard Government form of contract, construction (Standard Form No. 23). Standard Government form of bid bond, construction or supply (Standard

Form No. 24). Standard Government form of performance bond, construction or supply

(Standard Form No. 25). The departments and establishments of the Government were

directed by this circular to use these forms on and after January 1, 1927, in connection with every formal contract for the construction or

repair of public buildings or works, and if it should be considered

necessary to deviate from these forms they were required to submit

the proposed deviation to this board for consideration and recom-
102 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

mendation to the Director of the Bureau of the Budget for his

approval.

Standard Forms Nos. 22, 24, and 25 were so drafted that they

could also be used in connection with the proposed standard Government forms of contract for the procurement of supplies.

Standardization of the language of the new contract, making clear the exact obligations of the contractor, will avoid disputes and litiga- tion. No longer will it be necessary for a contractor to protect

himself by making a gratuitous addition to the cost of the contract

to meet unreasonable requirements of the Federal Government or to cover obscure provisions in the contract which may be subject to many interpretations. Federal construction contracts will now contain the same general conditions and stipulations, irrespective of the

branch of the Government making the contract or the location of the project.

The contract board first collected from the departments and establishments the contract forms in use and discovered there were several

hundred of them varying in size, terms, phraseology, and embodying

many unreasonable requirements. The board then made a study of the laws governing Federal contracts and found there were 224 Federal statutes relating to these contracts. One of its first undertakings was the compilation, classification, and publication of these

laws, followed later with a digest of the decisions of the courts and

opinions of the Attorney General relating to public contracts. This

rather formidable task required a great expenditure of time and

talent, and in the meantime the board sought the advice and cooperation of business and professional men interested in and familiar with

construction. Tentative contract forms were sent to leading contractors, architects, and engineers throughout the country. Criticism

and constructive suggestions were invited. The Associated General

Contractors of America, the American Institute of Architects, and

leading bonding companies of the country all appreciated immediately

the tremendous importance of this work and cooperated heartily and

helpfully in the revision of these forms.

The remaining seven standard contract forms for the procurement

of supplies have only recently been completed and approved by the

President. They are as follows:

Standard Government form of bid, supply contract (Standard Form No. 30). Standard Government form of bid, supply contract (Standard Form No. 31). Standard Government form of contract, supplies (Standard Form No. 32). Standard Government short form contract, supplies (Standard Form No. 33)

Standard Government form of annual bid bond, supplies (Standard Form

No. 34). Standard Government form of annual performance bond, supplies (Standard

Form No. 35). Standard Government form of continuation schedule for Standard Form 31 or

33, supplies (Standard Form No. 36).
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 103

Bureau of the Budget Circular No. 207, dated June 29, 1927,

provides that these supply contract forms shall be used by the departments and establishments on and after September 1, 1927, in connection with every formal contract for the procurement of supplies,

except coal, and that they may be used prior to that date.

There shall be no deviation from these forms except in the same manner as above indicated for the construction contract forms.

Contemporaneously with the work of standardizing Government

contract forms, the board has made a further revision of the proposed new public contract law. The draft as now finally revised embraces

in 18 sections the essential provisions of law to safeguard the Government's interest, keeping in mind the proper interest of the contractor as well, and to make Government contract procedure uniform

as far as possible. As stated in the last report of this board, this

proposed revision of contract laws contemplates the repeal of many

of the 224 existing statutes, prescribing different formalities and

different methods of procedure.

The importance of securing standardization of contract forms and

of obtaining revision of existing provisions of law relating to Federal contracts is not confined alone to the administrative procedure

of the Federal service, but obtains with regard to the accounting side

of Federal operations. This has been fully appreciated by the

Comptroller General of the United States, who has rendered valuable

assistance to the board in the matter of revising the contract forms

and the existing contract laws.

INTERDEPARTMENTAL BOARD ON SIMPLIFIED OFFICE PROCEDURE

During the current fiscal year the Interdepartmental Board on

Simplified Office Procedure has been divided into subcommittees on

forms, office procedure, office equipment, office supplies, interdepartmental regulations, and proposed legislative enactments, in order to

facilitate progress within its field of activities. The board is now engaged in the study of a proposed interdepartmental regulation on leave of absence for Federal employees. The

administration of the laws on this question is not uniform throughout

the services. The board contemplates the inclusion of a cumulative

provision in the leave regulation which will allow all Federal employees

to accumulate sick leave, and permit those Federal employees on

duty outside the continental limits of the United States to accumulate

annual leave. Another project now being considered by the board is the study of a correspondence manual and the classification of correspondence in

order that useless executive papers and records of the United States

Government may be periodically destroyed as provided by law.

The board has before it for consideration a standard method of

listing Government activities in commercial telephone directories.
104 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

It is at present contemplated that the listing will be alphabetical

under the caption 11 United States Government/ 1 in the subscribers'

section, with a few cross references to direct attention to the standard

method of listing instead of the present manner of listing.

The board's study of envelopes for use in the departments of the

Government has continued from the previous year with special refer- ence to a more general use of window envelopes limited to the standard

sizes accepted generally in the commercial world. The standard list of envelope item numbers has been decreased from 116 items available

during the fiscal year 1927 to 80 items now available, 12 of which are window envelopes. This takes care of the estimated requirements

of the Government

For plain envelopes 17, 048, 000 For printed envelopes 224, 042, 500

Making a total of 241, 090, 500 at an estimated cost of $396,429.77, averaging $1.64 per thousand.

These figures indicate an increase in the number of envelopes used

in the Government services at a saving of 15 per cent in their cost,

despite a rising paper market at the time bids were opened for the fiscal year 1928, due materially to the fact that the departments are adhering to the standard list of envelopes.

FEDERAL LIQUIDATION BOARD

During the past fiscal year the attention of the board has been

occupied principally with the question of the establishment of a

reserve of Federal property at large. It is probable that some means may be found to conserve for the use of the Federal Government that

portion of the current surplus which consists of property in general

demand and which is not subject to deterioration rather than to permit

it to be sold with the recovery of only a small percentage of its actual

value. The board is considering suggestions as to the manner in

which this may be accomplished.

FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

STANDARDIZATION OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION METHODS

Traditionally, education has concerned itself with what was considered to be the value of its services rather than with the efficiency

with which those services were performed.

Within the last few years this attitude has been changing, and what

may be called the engineering or efficiency approach to education

has been receiving increasing attention.

Vocational education, as encouraged by Federal and State subsidies under the terms of the national vocational education act and

the State acts complementary thereto, has been in process of development for 10 years. A corresponding program dealing with civilian
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 105

vocational rehabilitation has been in operation about six years. Both of these activities, while essentially educational in character,

present both in their objectives and in their operation conditions

very different from those existing in general education.

During the last year, both on the part of the Federal Board for

Vocational Education and on the part of the cooperating State

organizations, increased attention has been given to the question of

the establishment of standards and to methods for apptying those

standards in a reliable way.

At the present time the development and use of standards in vocational education and in civilian vocational rehabilitation are in an embryonic condition. It can not be said that such standards as have

been set up are or have been universally accepted, or that such standards as have been established have been shown to be the most desirable

standards. Such as they are, however, they represent the present

stage of development in the attempt to approach problems of vocational education and civilian vocational rehabilitation from the standpoint of efficiency engineering.

It is now very definitely recognized, however, and it has been shown

that it is possible to establish standards by which the efficiency of

such factors as administrative organization, courses of study, qualifications of teachers, nature of subject matter, and the various types

of vocational schools can be measured with some degree of accuracy.

Many of these standards apply to what may be called operating

conditions, such as courses of study, administrative organizations,

and qualifications of teachers. Up to the present time, the most

advanced work has unquestionably been done in this operating field. A very vital matter and one which, owing to its inherent difficulties has not been developed to the same extent, is the question of the

efficiency of various programs in terms of the return to the community

for the money expended by the community and by its employees.

It is evident that a school, for example, might be extremely efficient in training individuals for the successful pursuit of a certain occupation, yet from the standpoint of the social return it might be ex- tremely inefficient, because very few of the individuals so trained ever pursue the occupation. On the other hand, the theoretical return to the community of a certain program might be high, but

owing to inefficient operation, what may be called the practical return might be low. All of these considerations have entered into

the development of such work as has been done up to the present

time.

During the past year the Federal Board for Vocational Education,

as a part of the studies which it is authorized to make under the terms

of the national vocational education act, has given attention to the

matter of the development of reliable standards and tests. These
106 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

standards and tests have not as a rule been incorporated into the administrative standards of the board, but have been discussed with

State officers and have been given a certain amount of consideration at the various regional conferences, through which there has been brought

to the attention of the State offices various standards which have been

proposed, not only by representatives of the Federal Board for Vocational Education but by other workers in the field of education with

which the Federal board is primarily concerned. A number of such

standards have been suggested. As an example, the characteristics

of an efficient course of study dealing with a wage-earning occupation

may be catalogued as follows: 5

1. Instruction in order to be effective with vocational students must be given to groups selected on the basis of actual employment or upon ability to profit by the

training and probability of subsequent utilization as a means of livelihood.

2. The subject matter to be taught must be such as directly functions in the work for which the learner is being trained.

3. Instructors must have been occupationally trained in the trade or occupation

they are to teach and are equipped to professionally train others in that occupation.

4. Individual instruction should be given whenever necessar}7 to the most

efficient progress of any member of the group.

5. Each individual member of the group should be permitted to progress as rapidly as his or her ability will permit and promotions should be made at any

time on the basis of ability to do the work required.

6. Effective training for work should be given on real jobs, not on imitation

jobs.

7. All subject matter and training should be arranged in the most effective instructional order of difficulty from the standpoint of acquisition by the learner.

8. The student while being trained should be surrounded by the occupational

atmosphere and environment of the occupation in which he is being instructed and trained.

9. The instruction and training should be based upon prevailing occupational

standards.

10. Repetitive training in the various operations should be given sufficiently to enable the student to begin work as an economic asset rather than as an

economic liability to his employer, or to society.

In a similar way the following have been suggested as to the characteristics of an efficient administrative organization

1. All official channels are clearly defined.

2. There is no overlapping of assigned responsibilities.

3. There are no unassigned responsibilities.

4. Responsibilities are assigned to the individuals best qualified to discharge

them, by virtue of their experience and interest.

5. Red tape is reduced to a minimum.

6. Maximum simplicity of administrative machinery compatible with the administrative job.

In the same way a number of other efficiency criteria have been

proposed, but the two given above will serve as examples of what is meant by standards.

* Modified from Administration of Vocational Education, Wright and Allen. Wiley.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 107

It has been found possible to follow a definite procedure of setting

up standards, determining the reliable functioning information on

which scoring is based, and to secure scores in a number of fields among the more important of which are

1. Administrative organizations.

2. Courses of stud}-.

3. Programs for the training of teachers.

4. The social return to a community of a given vocational or civilian vocational

rehabilitation program.

5. Types of programs.

6. Qualifications of supervisors and of teachers. It is evident that in its present stage of development this work

represents little more than a recognition of the fact that the methods

of the efficiency engineer can be successfully applied in the field of

vocational education and civilian vocational rehabilitation. The

Federal Board for Vocational Education is greatly interested in the

subject, and this is true of many State officials who are connected

with the promotion and development of State and local programs.

The chief significance of this movement is the recognition of the fact

that in the field of education in which the Federal board is concerned, we are passing out of the stage where we are concerned only with

finding out how to get the job done, into the stage of finding out how

to get the job done efficiently through the development and application of reliable standards and workable tests. UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

Filling 40,000 vacancies in the Federal civil service with qualified

workers in a wide variety of occupations is the annual task of the

United States Civil Service Commission. Approximately that number of appointments are necessary each year to fill vacancies caused

mainly by promotion, resignation, removal, retirement, or death.

The Civil Service Commission is engaged primarily in establishing

and making practical use of standards for the measurement of the

relative capabilities of applicants for Federal employment. Obviously, such standards can not be established with the definiteness

possible in determining standards of linear measure or of weight.

There is no such thing as a perfect civil-service examination, one that

will in all cases differentiate exactly among all applicants according

to their relative abilities. There is such a thing, however, as an

examination which is better than another examination. An essential

part of the functions of the Civil Service Commission is to conduct

constant research and investigation as to the appropriateness of its examinations with a view to their improvement.

91096—28 8
108 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In recent years the commission has made rapid strides in improving

its examinations, due to the provision by Congress of funds for use in maintaining a division of personnel research.

General Adaptability Tests.—The division of research has made

marked progress toward the standardization of scales for measuring

general adaptability. Of the measurable qualities which an individual must possess in order to achieve proficiency, one of the most

important in many positions is the ability to learn new duties and to adapt to new conditions.

The importance of testing special ability is not minimized. For

example, those who are to be employed as stenographers must demonstrate through practical tests their ability in stenography. For

many lines of work, however, a measure of ability to acquire knowledge and to apply it is more important than a measure of acquired

knowledge.

Tests for the Bureau of Prohibition.—The division of research was preparing to make final trials of the series of general adaptability

tests when, as a result of legislation bringing the entire Bureau of

Prohibition under the civil service law, it became imperative that the

selection of the personnel of that bureau receive immediate attention.

When Congress passed the bill creating the Bureau of Prohibition

and requiring that all employees of that bureau acquire a civil-service status through the usual channels of competitive examination, a heavy responsibility was placed upon the Civil Service Commission.

The act brought approximately 2,500 positions in the Bureau of Prohibition under the provisions of the civil service law of 1883. The

positions range in importance from warehouse watchman to assistant

commissioner, the office of Commissioner of Prohibition being the

only one in the bureau not brought into the competitive classified service.

The fact that the incumbents of the 2,500 newly classified positions,

trained in the work of the bureau, were required to enter the open

competition, added to the difficulties in the way of establishing, for the

various grades of work, test standards which would be fair to all applicants and at the same time achieve the purpose of the examinations; that is, to grade the competitors as nearly as possible according

to their worth.

The commission endeavored to set its standards for these examinations so as to insure absolutely fair and unquestionably just selection

of eligibles under the new law. All applicants were required to take an open competitive examination. No one was rated solely on the

basis of experience. For executives, it is true, the careful investigation of experience records took the place of the written part of the

examination, but these applicants were given a special oral examination. All applicants other than those for executive positions were
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 109

required to take a specially devised written examination in addition

to the oral examination. No applicant for any of the positions was

exempt from a most thorough character investigation.

The development and use of the standards of measurement provided for the Bureau of Prohibition are discussed at length in the

report of the director of personnel research, printed in the Civil

Service Commission's annual report for the year ended June 30, 1927.

Spelling Tests.—Further development and standardization of nondictated spelling tests has been another undertaking of the division

of research. The problem was to construct a spelling test which would

lose none of the testing value of the dictated form yet which would,

in so far as possible, avoid the unfairness of that form and the diffi- culties involved in administering it. A spelling test that is dictated varies widely in difficulty when it is administered under differing conditions and by different examiners.

It is practically impossible to make a dictated spelling test uniformly

fair, not only because of differences in examiners, but also because

of variations in examination rooms. Disturbances outside the

examining room, or the position of the competitor with relation to the dictator, may make it impossible for some competitors to hear

clearly the dictated test. The proper administration of the dictated

test is both difficult and costly.

The nondictated test adopted for use in civil-service examinations

consists of printed words contained in sentences which show the

meaning of the test words. The test words are italicized and are

spelled phonetically. The competitor recognizes the meaning and the

sound of the word, and in effect, dictates it to himself. He is not

influenced by suggestions of correct or incorrect spelling.

THE COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS

The Commission of Fine Arts is interested in standardization in

several particulars:

First. The term "United States standard bronze" is often used in

specifications for statuary. In so far as this commission can find

out there is no standard bronze, and the term is misleading. Each

foundry has its own formula.

Second. It is desirable to ascertain some method (whether in the

composition of the bronze or by cleaning) by which bronze statues can be protected against "pitting," caused presumably by the gasses

in the air. Third. Permanent colors to be used by the Government in the

manufacture of the flag of the United States. This subject is now

under investigation by the Bureau of Standards in cooperation with

officials of the Army and the Navy and members of the Commission

of Fine Arts.
110 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

This commission has consulted the National Bureau of Standards

in regard to the durability of the marbles proposed to be used for

the Lincoln Memorial, and in various other like matters. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

The Government Printing Office is represented on the Federal

Specifications Board by the technical director, and is represented on nine technical committees of the board.

During the past year standard specifications have been adopted

for three grades of glue, covering all requirements of the office for

adhesive purposes and the manufacture of press rollers. These

specifications have proved satisfactory for the work of the office and

also to glue manufacturers. These specifications are also being

adopted by commercial bookbinders and printers. The investigational work on methods for testing glue and the preparation of

specifications was carried out in cooperation with the National

Association of Glue Manufacturers.

The work on the standardization of paper based on technical quality

being conducted in cooperation with the United Typothetae of

America and paper manufacturers has been continued during the year.

The tentative specifications for bond and ledger papers have been

revised and a conference is pending for the purpose of consideringthe adoption of these standards by the paper manufacturers and

printers. The specifications recommended as a result of this investigation have been adopted by the Joint Committee on Printing for

the respective grades of these papers purchased by the Government

Printing Office. This standardization program is now being extended to cover all qualities of book papers. In carrying out this work the paper manufacturers are cooperating by furnishing samples of their standard mill

brands of these papers which will be subjected to all available technical methods of paper testing. Tests will be developed for measuringthe relationship of printing paper to printing inks, and any additional

tests necessary for determining the suitability of these papers for

printing purposes.

As a result of an extensive investigation on kraft wrapping paper

conducted in cooperation with manufacturers of kraft paper, standard

specifications have been developed for No. 1 and No. 2 kraft paper,

which have been adopted by the Joint Committee on Printing for

the use of the Government Printing Office. Further work in cooperation with the paper manufacturers will be conducted in connection

with these papers. The committee on paper specifications of the Joint Committee on

Printing meets each year for the purpose of revising the standard
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 111

specifications for paper for the use of the Government Printing

Office in order to furnish the most satisfactory qualities required by

the Government.

Standard formulas have been adopted for type-metal alloys used

by the Government Printing Office covering linotype, monotype,

and stereotype metals. This work has proved to be one of the most

important technical investigations conducted by the chemists of the

office, since the Government Printing Office has approximately

6,000,000 pounds of type metal alloys in service. The results of the

technical control type-metal alloys has proved of vital importance to the office and has effected a very appreciable economy. The results

of this work has proved of considerable interest to the commercial

printers and tj^pe-metal manufacturers, and the standards adopted

by this office are being adopted to a large extent. The investigational work on type-metal alloys is now being ex- tended in cooperation with the commercial printing plants of the

country and the type-metal manufacturers, in order to determine

the most satisfactory composition alloys for each kind of type metal

and the normal deterioration or changes in the composition of typemetal alloys in use. Also to determine the best methods for maintaining the standard composition of these metals.

Important technical work has been started during the year relative to the standardization of printing inks. This work is being carried

oat by the development of standard specifications for the vehicles

and pigments used in the manufacture of printing inks and standard

formulas for various kinds of printing inks. As a result of this work

the number of kinds of printing inks necessary for the various types

of presses in the office will be reduced to a minimum and standard

colored inks will be adopted for all printing work.

During the past year the Public Printer established in the Government Printing Office a " Division of tests and technical control,

which takes over the section formerly known as the " testing section"

of the office. In addition to the technical laboratory this new division also includes the metal, roller and glue, and ink sections of the

office. This division conducts all work relative to the technical

standardization, inspection, and testing of materials purchased by

the office and also exercises technical control over materials produced

in the office, such as printing inks, type metals, press rollers, adhesives, and the like. One of its most important duties is technical

investigation and standardization work conducted in cooperation

with commercial printing and binding manufacturers, and also the

manufacturers of raw materials used by these industries. This

division is in charge of the technical director formerly designated

chief of tests.
112 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

The Federal Trade Commission contributes to standardization

through its trade practice conferences. It sponsors gatherings of a majority of representatives of a given industry for discussion of

unfair trade practices. The industry itself can, and usually does,

adopt a set of business principles to be used thenceforth as accepted

standards of that industry. Such standards are generally submitted

to the commission for approval and the commission leads the way

for the industry itself to set them up. NATIONAL SCREW THREAD COMMISSION

The National Screw Thread Commission is represented on two

technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

During the past year the National Screw Thread Commission has

given its attention to minor revisions of the standards previously

adopted and to consideration of supplementary material to be included in the next edition of the report.

The minor diameter of tapped holes has been revised to allow a

smaller percentage of depth of thread engagement than that previously specified. This change will tend to result in more economical

tapping and a reduction of tap breakage. It will necessitate a revision of the tables of minor diameters and recommended tap drill sizes contained in the report.

The commission has cooperated with manufacturers and users of

taps and has approved a series of dimensions for taps, both ground

thread and cut thread, which experience indicates will produce

tapped holes within the limits of class 3 and class 2 when used in

normal equipment under properly standardized operating conditions.

It should be understood, however, that the commission is concerned

primarily with the finished product (bolts and tapped holes) and that

the information on threading tools is suggestive only and there is no guarantee, either express or implied, that the recommended tap

dimensions will actually produce threaded holes within a given class

of fit under any and all conditions of use. That section of the commission's report dealing with threads of

special diameters, pitches, and lengths of engagement has been

extensively revised to bring it into more complete harmony with the

regular coarse thread and fine thread series. The section as revised

will also include special threads for specific purposes; for example,

threads for electrical fixtures and fittings, a special 12-pitch series,

threads for cutting and welding torches, threads for metal barrels

and drums, and threads for base plates and tripod heads.

The section on gauges and gauging has also been extensively

revised.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 113

Several mimeographed reports of interest to special groups have

been issued during the year. These include Federal Specifications

Board purchase specifications for bolts, nuts, and screws, and comments on the specifications for slotted head screw products as approved by a sectional committee organized imder the American Engineering Standards Committee.

The commission is now taking up the question of instrument

threads and an analysis is being made of the threads now in use by

instrument manufacturers with a view to recommending a standard

series of diameters, pitches, and tolerances for screw threads of this

general class. THE PANAMA CANAL

The inspecting engineer of the Panama Canal represents that

activity on the executive committee of the Federal Specifications

Board.

The Panama Canal is represented on 34 technical committees of

the Federal Specifications Board.

The Panama Canal is represented on the mam and executive

committees of the American Engineering Standards Committee. It

is also represented on the American Society for Testing Materials

committees on cement and screen-wire cloth. Originally, the Panama Canal made use of Navy and War Department specifications to a considerable extent, but later it was found

that on certain materials for which no specifications had been issued

the Panama Canal was obliged to draft its specifications as above

mentioned.

Under the present regulations, it is usual to present any data

relating to a new specification to the Federal Specifications Board,

and if more than one department is interested, a committee is appointed to draft a tentative specification. When such specifications

have been drafted in a tentative form, they are then referred to the

Canal Zone for any constructive suggestions.

The Panama Canal makes use of these United States Government

specifications as far as they are applicable; but where no Federal

specifications are in existence and no other department is interested,

it is then necessary for the Panama Canal to compile the proper data

as a basis for specifications. This often entails considerable research

work.

THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC PARKS

The Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National

Capital was established by the act of February 26, 1925, consolidating

the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds under the Chief of

Engineers, United States Army, and the Office of the Superintendent

of the State, War, and Navy Department Buildings into a single
114 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

office. The head of the office is designated as the Director of Public

Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, and is assigned

by the President from the officers of the Corps of Engineers for duty

in this position.

The functions of the office pertain to the maintenance, operation,

alteration, and protection of the buildings, memorials, shops, and

parks placed under the custody of the director by law and include

the care of the grounds, heating, lighting, repairing, altering, and

cleaning of the buildings, memorials, shops, and parks, and the

operation of the guarding and fire protection force under regulations

designed to protect the parks, the public using them, the personnel

housed in the buildings, the buildings, and all Government property

within their confines.

The work of the following commissions of which the director is executive officer is, for economy of operation, done under the Office

of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital:

Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission.

National Capital Park and Planning Commission.

Public Buildings Commission.

Various other commissions connected with construction of memorials and

buildings.

Coordinator of Motor Transport.

Standardization has been promoted by standardizing the methods

of maintenance and operation of buildings, parks, and motor vehicles

maintained and operated by the office. Purchases for the office and for the various commissions of which

the director is executive officer are made through one office. United

States Government master specifications promulgated by the Federal

Specifications Board are used where they are applicable.

The office is represented on the Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjustments; the Interdepartmental Board of Simplified

Office Procedure; the General Supply Committee; several technical

committees of the Federal Specifications Board; and the office has

cooperated with the division of simplified practice of the Department of Commerce.

UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD MERCHANT FLEET CORPORATION

This organization is represented on the executive committee,

Federal Specifications Board, by the assistant director of supplies. It is also represented on 26 technical committees of the Federal

Specifications Board and, therefore, collaborates with all other Government departments and independent establishments in standardization work. It also has membership on sectional committee of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

Federal specifications are being used where they are applicable

and where the conditions of purchase are such as to make their use
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 115

possible. Now that the standards of the American Marine Standards Committee are being promulgated, their use is being extended

throughout the Fleet Corporation organization.

The work of the Fuel Conservation Committee continued along

the lines outlined in the 1927 Yearbook. An important project fol- lowed during the year was that in connection with the development

of a practical pulverized coal-burning apparatus for use on seagoing

vessels. An exhaustive series of tests were conducted at the Naval

Fuel Oil Testing Plant, Navy Yard, Philadelphia, through the courtesy and cooperation of the Navy Department. These tests were

brought to a successful conclusion. They were transferred to the

S. S. Mercer, where an actual seagoing installation is being in- stalled and is approaching completion. The successful consummation of these tests will be of importance far reaching in steamship

operation and tend to considerable economy in the operation of steamships.

Laboratories are operated by the Merchant Fleet Corporation as follows

Fuel Laboratory, Pier No. 3, Hoboken, N. J. Materials Laboratory, 45 Broadway, New York, N. Y. UNITED STATES VETERANS' BUREAU

The United States Veterans' Bureau is represented on the Federal

Specifications Board by the assistant chief, purchase and issue subdivision, and members of the staff represent the bureau on 30 technical committees of the board.

Standardization of quality of subsistence supplies furnished United

States veterans' hospitals is being accomplished by:

1. Compilation of standard specifications composed of adequately

detailed descriptions of the articles desired.

2. Buying the total quantity of an item necessary for all hospitals

in central office. Central purchase is being gradually extended and

eventually will cover all items, the centralized procurement of which

is practicable.

3. Expert comparison of deliveries against standard specifications. In central office this is accomplished in close collaboration

with the food, drug, and insecticide administration of the Department of Agriculture. In the field, packing house and dairy products

are graded by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the Department of Agriculture, where the inspection service of that bureau is available. Where it is not available, grading is done by bureau

employees, and these employees are being educated through corre- spondence and personal instruction through traveling central office representatives to the end that they will eventually be fully qualified

to do this grading. Deliveries of other articles purchased locally

are also inspected by bureau employees.
116 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

4. Specifications for fresh meats and meat food products, poultry,

eggs, etc., warrant special mention, in that they have been developed

to their present form by several revisions in collaboration with the

Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the Department of Agriculture,

the Institute of American Meat Packers, and with 50 United States

veterans' hospitals.

5. Standards of quality of canned fruits and vegetables are secured

and maintained through the adoption of a system of score-card

grading in which there is devised a score card for each of the different

items and on which card each of the characteristics described in the

specifications is given numerical values. The total score possible is 100 and the minimum score under which the item will grade in is fixed for each item. The bidder's quoted price is considered only

after the sample has scored up to the minimum required to grade

it in. Samples that are being scored are examined in all instances

without identification of any kind excepting a number which is affixed to sample by an outside party at the time other identifications are removed. Thus the graders do not know whose sample is being

examined.

6. After exhaustive tests of coffee, a standard best suited for the

needs of the United States veterans' hospitals was set. A small

supply of this standard coffee in the green was then secured and with

each invitation to bid there was forwarded to the prospective bidder

a sample taken from this control stock. Each bid to receive consideration was required to be accompanied by a sample of the coffee which the bidder intended to deliver and only those bids contemplating delivery of coffee matching the control coffee by cup test were

considered. Each three months since the standard was set, the control stock has been replaced by purchase from the contractor to whom

the last award has been made. The coffee submitted for replacement is accepted only after exhaustive tests and comparison with

the coffee remaining in the control stock.

7. A standard for tea was set after close collaboration with tea experts of the Department of Agriculture, and a control stock suffi- cient for one year was purchased and carefully stored to guard

against deterioration. The purchase of tea is made in essentially

the same manner as that described for the purchase of coffee.

8. A standard for the procurement of nut margarine and salad

oil has been set with a view to insuring the delivery of nonrancid

products. This standard is maintained by subjecting all samples

submitted in connection with bids and all deliveries from successful

bidders to the Kreis test which is made as follows:
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 117

To 10 cc of the oil or melted fat in a large test tube (8 by 1 inches) add 10 cc

of HC1 (sp. gr. 1.19). Close the tube with a rubber stopper and shake vigorously

for approximately 30 seconds. Add 10 cc of a 0.1 per cent solution of phloroglucin in ether, close the tube, and shake as before. Allow it to stand and

separate. A red or pink color in the acid layer indicates rancidity.

9. A standard for gelatin has been set; this standard requiring that

gelatin to be accepted by the bureau shall be an intimate mixture

of about 85 per cent sugar (sucrose), and 10 per cent or more of

gelatine flavored with pure fruit flavor, distinct and true to name,

and shall contain from 2 to 4 per cent of citric or tartaric acid, with

certified color or pure vegetable color. The gelatin used shall be

odorless, tasteless, light in color, of high jelly strength, and shall produce a clear solution. It shall be ground to pass a 30 to 50 mesh

to the inch sieve, and shall be as free from metallic impurities as best commercial practice makes possible. The gelatin shall be of

such strength that 20 grams of the finished powder dissolved in 100

cubic centimeters of distilled water will yield a jelly strength of 24

to 28 grams on the Bloom gelometer after 16 hours chilling at 10° C.

Jelly strength determinations are to be made according to the method

adopted by the National Association of Glue Manufacturers.
V. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

An outline of the origin and functions of the bureau is given in the

1927 Standards Yearbook. Circular No. 1, and the 1927 annual

report of the director will give a more comprehensive survey of the

bureau's work.

RELATION TO GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES

The relation of the bureau to the various governmental, Federal,

State, and municipal agencies is outlined briefly in the 1927 Standards

Yearbook.

RELATION TO SCIENCE, COMMERCE, AND INDUSTRY

PUBLICATIONS

New research results or discoveries are announced in printed

bureau publications. Nearly 1,450 pamphlets have been published

to date. Releases to the daily press give briefly the outstanding news

of the bureau's activities. Technical abstracts are prepared for

dissemination to the technical journals. New knowledge of general

or pure science is published in " Scientific Papers." Results of direct

application in the industries are printed as ''Technologic Papers."

These two series are bound in volumes of approximately 750 pages.

About 21 volumes have been issued of each series. Compiled

technical or administrative matter is issued as a "Circular," for

example, the standard gasoline tables, test schedules, tests, specifications, and the like. Codes and reference texts, for example, the

codes of electrical, and logging practice, which must be carried about

by the expert in his daily work, are issued as "Handbooks." This

series is of pocket size. The program for the simplification of commercial practice leads to

definite proposals known as "Simplified Practice Recommendations."

Charts, conference reports, and material not suitable for other series are published as "Miscellaneous Publications."

The bureau's Technical News Bulletin is a monthly periodical

giving items concerning pending or completed work of the bureau.

The bureau also prepares "letter circulars" on specialized subjects

for use as replies to inquiries by mail. The 239 letter circulars prepared to date cover a wide range of subjects and represent material

not yet ready to be included in the printed series. In addition to the

Government publications, papers on subjects within the respective

specialties are printed in outside journals.

Bureau publications are sold by the Superintendent of Documents.

Subscriptions may be placed in advance for the Scientific Papers and

for the Technologic Papers. The bureau issues a descriptive list (Circular 24, together with annual supplement) of its published

118
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 119

material. Announcement cards giving titles of all new publications are sent regularly on request to those concerned with the bureau's work.

RESEARCH AND TESTING

RESEARCH

Research on problems arising in connection with standards is by

act of Congress a primary function of the Bureau of Standards.

Such work includes the devising of methods and apparatus for the

precise measurement of standards, the frequent intercomparison of standards to determine their permanency, and the evaluation of standards by absolute methods.

Physical Constants.—The precise determination of certain physical

constants and of certain properties of materials is closely related

to the establishment of standards. The standard temperature

scale, for example, is defined by a number of thermometric fixed

points, such as the boiling point of oxygen, the freezing and boiling

points of water, the boiling point of sulphur, and the freezing points

of silver and gold. Careful redeterminations of important physical

constants, such as the Newtonian constant of gravitation and the

mechanical equivalent of heat, lead to more precise evaluations of these widely used "constants. " The determination of the properties

of saturated steam under high pressures finds immediate application

in the design of steam turbines, while new data on the properties of

ammonia and carbon dioxide have corresponding uses in refrigeration

engineering.

Research Associates.—Much of the bureau's research is directed

to the application of science in commerce and industry. The research

associate 6 plan permits industrial associations or groups to place

qualified men at the bureau for intensive study of selected problems

approved by the Director of the National Bureau of Standards.

Such men utilize the bureau's laboratory facilities and equipment

and have the same status as any bureau employee except that their

salaries are paid by the supporting group or association.

The work of a research associate is one of peculiar trust on

problems of concern to an entire industry. Research results are immediately available to the industry concerned and are frequently

printed in bureau publications. Devices or processes developed during research may not be patented for the benefit of the individual or the group, but are for the free use of the industry, the Government,

and the public. Correspondence relating to the work of the research

associate is conducted through official channels except on purely

personal matters. A list of the research associates and projects under investigation

arranged according to sustaining organizations is given in the following table. Current work of research associates relating to standards

of quality, performance, or practice is given under activities and

accomplishments.

6 For further details, see B. S. Circular No. 296.
120 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

PQrtco » £ « n Ph OE"£ das

PQ QQ PQ

5 S W q

M

6

I

SO-

©S § Sg £ S fo^go

2 co K Geo « G coO h5W

S'C

c3,Q

.9 -a

©

©2§ a 3,2

cofeco

© a ! 1

s *

.2 o

3."^ 5 ©

co Q II

R CO o OS 3 be

c3 a

2 c o o

'Zs ©

2 ©

§55

l 05 B

in

t>» OS :a H

ee il mm 1

to „_

co a

© 3 85

I CO -? o .3 G o ~

'

Pm co ©

= 2

"Qco

fill

a -2 -2 illE-i co

1..

a a o . © £ £<2.2~ £ a!&!«

© 5 6*3.© 2 a

co£ Ph

© T3 £B

si

o co c-2:

03 tE 0,3

1

•So .

.G "5 co S - 9 S (3 „• ©

.«•- a co-r to

i o o © -e > s

> a ,-'c £"3 a

u. X3 aS m *- pMb «

ao

© u | it C © J- s & : 3 a a ;a

OS ©

g a — ©

© fc S 3 §^

^ ° - >> « °

tc — ? o . S £ *3 1 g> OPS

1 S £

3 S

E _

co O O

^3

2^dE

co cs t? a © ©2

3 © c 3

a

31*— 2 cs H

is cs © 3^3 S ° *j 3 « © *r ©

tr" coM

— t ale- s=5 aOco

°.2

03 . © — '5 "co^'i; a' •C^co. o „ . ©'§r

a2 ©

© ^ S o.3

pp

© T co te

fe_§ © S co 'la ® w aS 2 Is

SOEh

o --o

03 » CO

IW .2

COs&£^l|o'ias (-

M 5 w CO " CO

o • CO^;

a -s£

c3 © c3 -O-O 3

© > ©>>©'>©5J)cbo© a^a^^a.aasa

IS

O © S >:

B«

> 9

o.2 §^

II

S3co « <>

P5co •

© © o 3E>h

3

03

© ; 3 !

a *

ag £

CM ©

3 3

.2 « 3 C3 ^ 3 ©s J

3 s

o ?

CO © 3*

© ©

'£ ©

fi- ll

©

<N<J « -s -11

© *3POh a -a^-©^ «^w©-^^

•^^

©co a^gpr? K © 03 w fl

cS pq

co^; aS K © c3 to

2 ; 2 i o : S ! © i "3 ! fj S

k<

j co ; § i 3 1

•A 9

-a P^H Is

ft

^o ^ o %a

©.2 °<

Wo©*3

•3.2

PQ*- 883£

3 3

PQPQ

1-1 c o

© O dfi ©^ § a«^3
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 121

I*

<o o

8 2 3

2

3 Oo

3 2

03 3

n ©

3 CO

.9 a 3

ill

<» © a> oil

w w £

1

Mm Is,?

O co

a .-O

.9-3*

Q 03

~P © a 2

a 1 la

a§ . u ® -

© Ov. — M C

a8

3.2 >> a a B C «

a s pf © ^2 •2*5.2 e §7-

5s S

i "

o

i© a

! a

i M C

gT3 go oJ ° © Is s« ^£® *I C.si<U TM

5

w ® 3 — hag? M fltC 3 g

fj m S o £

03 g g

t>>^ |>83§

a "5 © a aS

o a

.2 3

t>C CO

a ® a

3 ,a £oa

O 03 aa

>>.a

09 «

© 03 °t© O

a a

a c

"55 ©

a? - .i.a

"~*'C 2-i a o

-3^.9

a .a 1-1

CaD >» -II

r„ o ©

>. -3

O bfl

T3 ^ 3 s

"© m © g

.©-3

'53 o

o •<->

©73

a °

1-5 J2

> 2^ 00« OS O "

.2 a . , tuo

5fi-ig t1&® 9=?ga fe«-s llll |g| ^tla-SS

fflH

or

S * a °

c "3 73 03 9

°

= a ® § S-*

2 -a

o-a »x3tS urn ® 032 03 2

a

-2 3 * a £ © S3 ©^

a 5 Is 2*a 83 3 t: ^ 3 k*s 73 ©

73 « 3^ ©® a-g

oq O Wcq hi? Oco

1 :g s :a ||1 ^3 ©

M © »- © 39

© o 3 xj

73 "13 © X3 Im © S © 3 k 3 •£ S © 73 ca co £h co O

^2

. o

u ©

kT 03O |«

PQ a"

a s

D O

S.2© OX5X3 3 . « a-o-o « a a § 03 3 •sis

no's

a .9 a

§3

©

9P5

HI

©as •-»

^ to 03 pq«b

g^S

"if*

d

a -O

G. d w

© u a

^pq 3"S

a « © t_! .2 ©>^

73 a . a a>7

CO

aa

03g O CO © 03 £a • a-^

' to 3.9 S3

gm

CO 5

. ^. § g&§ © C3 a>

© © 73 £ q os"

a ci-9 sg«

:2 S

a52 d

, u73Q

lasJh a

3 O

W.2 3

n .a ^ a ©

a ^Jxico

•2 oo-o

"3

w -g a: a W^ga

^^3§

M ~ 7s a

gJasllSI*!!

Hill 11 II §1 OHM c « OQ

j « ©

ESS- «©^ss

e a. 3

r ? ©

° % ©

2fi£3

oco P5«

(>0 is

s

s

. §1

O 03 3 = •SO

.2 a si

b^

o o

_ ©

eo >

a " a g o © . _g 3

g ° § u

•-• — CO ri IS 3 5 £ ci.o^a s

c3 03 ~ co es B«*dJ<fl a .2a.2S-2 .2 ts^'3>-| "3 "3

fc !? ^ Jz:

§©

pq^

& S

073 q 03 £1

•a J

T3 60

CD 03

©"cS

X3 a b.2
122 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

= gflpoSc., 8 BOj-flf. „-q ffiilii

<

CDaa

o

Ph

sel liss

• s« .«

fl" o

oto, A

aylor, olema oover, ustin, homp:

J a

COa 2C a

2-

t3 £

03 03

CO °£

fl o

& 9 * a So.

HI

2 g

CO C3 >

i ®

73 -q co ®

e o o« e

, C3 co M q «

' •** co —, ~ fl

CO p,® g g

£ ^ >. CO o ffl >>.q _SJ3 S.fl —< X 03 Ph

,„ a

! co o

Si1-1 CP M

> a

fl •§

"5 03 ^ foiling

' fl !s«S fl fe * q "g^SoaSSraSg® 3 S a

«<J <J SO Q O

o << O ^

CO g

.111

CB CO<

s Jo

CO CO 03 a 2a

a

O - oO

fl.b<M OxJ - IS

o3 [j, co » OS

co fl

H fl

a s § 9

CO CO ,*!Z

CO fl £ CO o W 0QO3

3 .^S .

^ o fl_ o

3><"§>e> J*H-JU

So 1,3 2*

. - CO O _ CO

vz. fl j;^ fl ,io u ^ CO

02

1 co

onn. SOS O CO „--H CC'S o fl

my,

sfiel orat .ave olog co g^j q o3 c3 m .fl

CD "S

Pm bo^

o

fl

ersi «

a

<!o3.a^; > t-c 03

CO CO^^D aoo 'a S'.a s CD ft

YaL
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 123

Coordination with Other Research Laboratories.—With the aid of

the National Research Council, the A. S. T. M. Committee E-9 on

Correlation of Research, the various research laboratories, and many

national organizations every effort is made to coordinate all bureau

research work with that done by other bodies to provide the maximum national benefit and to avoid duplication of effort. Research within the Government service is coordinated by the

Chief Coordinator of the Bureau of the Budget.

TESTING

Through the testing of standards sent to the bureau by science and

industry, research on standards finds its direct application and fruition. The common acceptance of, and conformity to, uniform standards of measurement are essential to the fullest development of the commerce and industry of the nation. The testing service of the

bureau provides the means of establishing this uniformity.

Fundamental testing involving a comparison, direct or otherwise,

with reference standards covers a wide range, including such items

as end standards of length; tolerance gauges; screw-thread gauges;

standard invar tapes for precise geodetic work; precision weights;

volumetric glassware of all kinds; precision time pieces; mercurial

and other types of thermometers; pyrometers; barometers; pressure

gauges; water-current meters; saccharimeters; electrical standards of

electromotive force, resistance, inductance, and capacity; electrical

measuring instruments; optical plane surfaces; and many others.

In addition, the bureau acts as a testing agency for the various

departments of the Government, and in this capacity conducts a

great variety of tests to determine whether the item submitted con- forms with specifications. This work includes performance tests of a great variety of engines, instruments, and mechanical appliances;

analyses to determine the chemical composition or the purity of

samples; tests of cement, lime, leather, paper, rubber, textiles, paints,

varnishes, etc., to determine conformance with Federal specifications;

and tests to determine the physical properties of metals and building

materials. Branch testing laboratories are maintained at Northampton, Pa., Columbus, Ohio, Denver, Colo., and San Francisco, Calif.

Tests of this character are made for the public only in instances where

private laboratories are not suitably equipped.

Federal Testing Laboratories.—Several departments of the Federal

Government have established laboratories for special testing work

where required by the nature or number of tests. When specific

investigations are under way the work is frequently divided and

coordinated among several Federal laboratories. A list of such

laboratories was given on page 144 of the 1927 Standards Yearbook.

91096—28 9
124 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Commercial Testing Laboratories.—In accordance with law, the

National Bureau of Standards makes tests and carries out investigations for other Government departments. Because of the large

amount of this official work it is impracticable for the bureau to make

tests for private individuals if other laboratories can do the work.

In Miscellaneous Publication No. 90, entitled " Directory of Commercial Testing and College Research Laboratories/ ' information is given concerning 271 commercial testing laboratories with 92 branch

laboratories or offices. This list has been compiled in recognition of the desirability under present conditions of independent commercial

testing service and in anticipation of a marked increase in the demand

for such service in both domestic and export trade.

Heretofore, purchasers not individually equipped to make their

own acceptance tests have been reluctant to adopt the specification

method of buying commodities because of the fixed belief that many

manufacturers work off " seconds" on such customers. The knowledge that they can at any time, when they so desire, call upon testing

laboratories to check the deliveries made to them on contracts based on specifications with which certificates have been issued by the

manufacturers will induce a large number of such purchasers to take

full advantage of the specification method of buying.

COMMERCIAL STANDARDS

COMMERCE

One of the most important facts about American industry is its ever increasing efficiency. From 1919 to 1925, the output per wage

earner in our factories increased nearly 40 per cent because of greater

efficiency of the wage earners themselves, improved management, more scientific methods, wider use of labor-saving machinery, and

the general effort of industry to eliminate waste. In this effort the Department of Commerce through its Bureau

of Standards has assisted nearly 100 industries to reduce the avoidable wastes resulting from the production and distribution of too many varieties of product. Excessive diversity in sizes, dimensions,

grades, and qualities have been reduced in more than SO different

commodity!fields to those varieties in common or general demand.

In response to steadily increasing demand by industry for the

bureau's cooperation in this direction, there was set up in the bureau

in September,!1927, a group known as " commercial standards. " The work of this?group includes the simplification of commodity

sizes and^dimensions as carried on by the division of simplified practice,

cooperationfswithl industry in selecting and establishing definite

grades and qualities as commercial standards, promulgation of nationally recognized specifications, and the compilation of lists of willing-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 125

to-certify manufacturers of products made according to those specifications. The bureau's division of specifications engages in the

last-named activity. The promotion of the standard building and

plumbing codes produced by the cooperation of the division of building and housing is also included in the work of the commercial

standards group.

Assistance in the correlation of the specifications produced by the

Federal Specifications Board with those produced by commercial

agencies is contemplated by the commercial standards group, which

will have liaison duties with other branches of the Department of

Commerce and with other departments on matters relating to commercial standards.

In formulating the plans and policies for the guidance of the activities of the commercial standards group, the assistant director is aided by a planning committee which meets quarterly at the Department of Commerce. This committee, which was appointed by

Secretary Hoover at the inception of simplified practice, is comprised

of the following:

W. L. Chandler, secretary, National Association of Purchasing

Agents, New York, N. Y.; F. M. Feiker, managing director, Associated Business Papers (Inc.), New York, N. Y.; E. W. McCullough,

manager, department of manufacture, Chamber of Commerce,

Washington, D. C; L. G. Puchta, vice president, National Supply

and Machinery Distributors' Association, Cincinnati, Ohio; A. W.

Shaw, president, A. W. Shaw Co., Chicago, 111.; Brig. Gen. Henry

C. Smither, Chief Coordinator, Bureau of the Budget, Washington,

D. C; A. A. Stevenson, vice president in charge of manufacture

(Standard Steel Works Co., Philadelphia), representing the American

Engineering Standards Committee; and L. W. Wallace, executive

secretary, American Engineering Council, Washington, D. C.

Simplified Practice.—Simplified practice is a method of eliminating

superfluous variety. It is applied by the collective action of producers,

distributors, and consumers, with the cooperation of the division

of simplified practice, to eliminate needless variety in sizes, dimensions, and types of commonplace commodities. This method is based on the sensible avoidance of waste caused by excessive and

uneconomic diversity. Simplified practice decreases costs and

increases the utility and efficiency of production, distribution, and

consumption. These ends are accomplished by voluntarily limiting

varieties of stock items to those for which there is a constant demand.

Commercial Standards.—A service and procedure has been

arranged for establishing as "commercial standards" such nationally

recognized specifications as are fully indorsed by the industries concerned. The procedure provides ample safeguards to insure full cooperation and coordination without do lination by any group in
126 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

the selection and approval of a standard. The chief mission is promotional in character to provide support for a specification or a standard which an industry and its related groups may want to promulgate on a nation-wide or a world-wide basis; to determine its eligibility for promulgation; to publish and broadcast it in the event

the prerequisites, including a satisfactory majority of signed acceptances, have been met; to facilitate the application of the certification

plan for the assurance and convenience of the small purchaser; to arrange a forum in cooperation with the Bureau of Foreign and

Domestic Commerce for the selection and translation of specifications

in the promotion of foreign commerce, and to provide a means for

controlled periodical audits of adherence.

1. The first step in the procedure is a specific request from some

part of industry for the services of the Bureau of Standards looking

toward the promulgation of a commercial standard. This service

will be extended only upon specific request. Following such request, a preliminary canvass is made to determine the consensus of opinion

regarding advantages and benefits of promulgating such commercial

standards and probable amount of cooperation which may be ex- pected.

2. If there is ample prospect of full cooperation, a preliminary

conference is arranged to survey available standards or to delegate

the work of making such a survey. Occasionally this survey may be

unnecessary when it is demonstrated that a given specification is so generally acceptable that it logically forms the basis for consideration

as the commercial standard in its field. 3. In the event a survey is necessary, a committee appointed by

industry obtains data on present adherence to the various standards

in the field, present production and demand for various sizes and

qualities, and recommends a given specification limiting grades,

qualities, sizes, etc., as a tentative standard to serve as a basis for

consideration at the general conference.

4. Acting upon the recommendations of the preliminary confer- ence or the survey committee, agenda are prepared for a general

conference of industry, including producers, distributors, and organized consumers. Said agenda is then referred to the proper technical

division of the Bureau of Standards for review to insure compatibility with present trend of progress in the art or with recommendations resulting from research or tests, as well as recommendations

supported by various technical societies. When this review has

been completed and adjustments made as circumstances warrant, the

agenda is then submitted to the committee of industry for review

and authorization to call a general conference of all interests.

5. Following such authorization, the Bureau of Standards then

forwards the agenda to all known manufacturers, distributors, and
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 127

organized consumers with an invitation to attend a conference at a

specific time and place, usually Washington, D. C. This general

conference considers what action is feasible and desirable regarding

further distribution, broader promulgation and application of the

recommended standard, and votes to establish it as a commercial

standard.

6. The Bureau of Standards then disseminates the recommendations of the general conference with requests for written acceptances

from each unit of the whole industry, including manufacturers, distributors, and organized consumers. Upon receipt of signed ac- ceptances representing a satisfactory majority of production or con- sumption of a commodity by volume, the recommendations are published in uniform style as " commercial standards," and issued

to all interested groups.

7. A certification plan is employed in connection with commercial

standards by which manufacturers may certify to the consumer that

their product is made in accordance with the commercial standard,

thus assuring the small consumer that goods purchased will be made

in accordance with the specification, without the necessity of his

employing laboratory tests to prove the fact.

8. Provision for regular revision is made by the appointment of a standing committee to consider periodically any necessity for revision or extension of the commercial standard, in order that it may

be kept constantly compatible with progress in the art.

9. With the cooperation of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic

Commerce, an opportunity is provided for the translation and official publication of the commercial standards in other languages as a basis for the extension of foreign commerce through the foreign

trade representatives, particularly in those fields where potential

foreign markets are known to exist. Specifications.—To promote and facilitate the use and unification

of specifications, the Bureau of Standards carries on activities in- volving cooperation with (a) technical societies; trade associations;

(b) and (c) Federal, State, and municipal government specifications

making and using agencies; (d), (e), and (f) producers, distributors,

and consumers; and (g) testing and research laboratories.

(<z) Cooperation with technical societies and trade associations

includes ascertaining the standardization and specification promoting

activities of these organizations and bringing to their attention the

work being done by the National Bureau of Standards. It also

includes the offering of such assistance as it can render in bringing

about a change from the prevalent hit-or-miss method of specifying,

manufacturing, and testing to a logical method of formulating specifications, manufacturing in conformity therewith, and testing to

insure or guarantee compliance therewith.
128 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(6) Cooperation with Federal Government specifications making

and using agencies involves bringing the United States Government

master specifications to the attention of the maximum number of

producers and the maximum number of users of commodities covered by these specifications, thereby assisting in broadening the field of supply.

(c) Cooperation with State and municipal standardizing and specifications using agencies involves the compilation of a complete list of such agencies, ascertaining the scope of their activities and offering

them to the friendly assistance of the Bureau of Standards in substituting the specification for the trade brand method of buying.

(d) Cooperation with producers involves the compilation of complete lists of manufacturers of commodities covered by United States

Government master specifications or those conforming to commercial

standards, and distributing to buyers lists of such of these manufacturers as are desirous of supplying material in conformity with these

specifications and standards.

(e) Cooperation with distributors involves bringing to their attention the benefits to be derived by them, both as buyers and as sellers,

from handling nationally specified, certified, and labeled commodities.

(J) Cooperation with consumers involves bringing to their attention

the benefits to be derived by them from buying under nationally

recognized specifications and commercial standards and facilitating

the use of specifications by means of the certification plan applied to nationally recognized specifications (guarantee of quality in delivered

commodities which may or may not be labeled) and labeling applied

to national standard commodities (for identification; may or may

not carry a guarantee).

(g) Cooperation with testing and research laboratories involves the

compilation, keeping up to date, and distribution of complete lists of commercial testing and college research laboratories for the benefit

of not only these laboratories, but also of both the manufacturers

and the users of commodities purchased under specifications.

Building and Housing.—The bureau cooperates with business,

technical, and professional groups in practically all its undertakings on building and housing. Its work to modernize building codes and

to encourage improved standards for the quality of building construction promotes the practical application of the latest development

in design and use of building materials. In furthering home ownership, an effort is made to develop an enlarged, steadier, more intelli- gent and more discriminating demand for soundly built dwellings, the

largest single class of buildings which the construction industries

provide. The bureau also cooperates with many business and professional groups in efforts to distribute building activity more evenly

throughout the year and to secure less fluctuation from year to year.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 129

The work on city planning and zoning has in mind the broad objective

of buildings made more useful because well located with respect to other buildings, a well coordinated street system and appropriate

public works. Good city planning and zoning likewise encourages

stability in land values and property uses, and thereby^ contributes

to the demand for durable structures. \ Standards in Foreign Trade.—A group of industries and organizations have indicated that the work of translating, publishing, and

distributing American standards of value in foreign trade should be

carried out under the auspices of the Department of Commerce,

which division of the Government now maintains a field staff for

promotion of commerce abroad. Accordingly, cooperative arrangements have been made between the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic

Commerce and the Bureau of Standards to ascertain the desires of

industry with respect to translation of such commercial standards as may possess potential foreign markets and to accede to them as far as practicable by sponsoring the translation and publication of such

standards in those foreign languages most in demand.

LIAISON

Advisory Committees.—Where a group interested in the formulation of standards for a given industry or in the investigation of

specific subjects are not otherwise organized for the purpose the bureau encourages the formation of an advisory committee. These

committees function much the same as an informal industrial

committee except that the secretarial work is usually conducted

by the bureau.

Advisory committees Name

Society of Automotive

Engineers Research Committee.

Building Code Committee.

Advisory Committee on

Cement.

Advisory Committee on

Ceramics. Advisory Committee on

Cleaning.

Advisory Committee on

Cotton. Advisory Committee on

Cordage.

Purpose To assist in formulating program on automobile

headlighting research. To formulate and recom- mend provisions for municipal building code

regulations. To advise on work on the

constitution and hardening of Portland cement. To assist in outlining pro- posed investigations and

reviewing results obtained. To advise on technical questions dealing with dry cleaning and redye- ing of textiles. To advise on technical questions dealing with

cotton. To advise on technical questions dealing with

cordage.

Secretary H. C. Dickinson (chair- man), National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. George N. Thompson,

division of building and housing, Commerce Department,

Washington, D. C. George E. Warren, Port- land Cement Association, 33 West Grand

Avenue, Chicago, HI. A. V. Bleininger (chair- man), Homer Laughlin China Co., Newell, W. Va.

I. M. Toll, National Association of Dyers and Cleaners, Silver

Spring, Md.

R. T. Fisher, 80 Federal

Street, Boston, Mass.

J. S. McDaniel (chair- man), 350 Madison

Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Membership

Society of Automotive

Engineers; National Automobile Chamber

of Commerce.

Prominent architects and

engineers.

Committees of Portland Cement Association and American Society

of Civil Engineers. Ceramic associations,

brick associations, and

tile associations. National Association of Dyers and Cleaners.

Manufacturers of cotton

textiles. Cordage Institute.
130 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Advisory committees—Continued

Name

Committee on Arch Dam Investigation.

Research Committee of American Electroplaters' Society. Research Committee of International Association of Electrotypers. Joint Steering Committee on Cooperative Fuel Research.

Advisory Committee on

Fire Tests with Metal

Furniture. Advisory Committee on Gypsum.

Advisory Committee on

Standardization of Builders' Hardware.

Advisory Committee on

Hosiery.

Subcommittee on

Plumbing.

Advisory Committee on

Porcelain Plumbing

Fixtures.

Purpose

In charge of construction and testing of arch dam

in California, 60 feet in height. To advise on research work on electroplating problems. To advise on research on

electrotyping problems.

To assist in formulating program and defining scope of investigations in connection with cooperative fuel research. To develop information

for reduction of fire haz- ard and protection of records. To review and criticize work of The Gypsum

Industries. To standardize finishes, nomenclature, definitions, types, and general

practice affecting builders' hardware. To advise on technical questions dealing with

hosiery.

To formulate and recom- mend provisions for State and municipal

regulations of plumbing

installations. To standardize nomenclature, definitions, grad- ing rules, essential di- mensions, and types of porcelain plumbing fix- tures.

Secretary

Fred A. Noetzli, 928 Central Building, Los

Angeles, Calif. R. J. O'Connor (chair- man), 1228 Noble Ave- nue, Bridgeport,

Conn.

Daniel Hoynes (chair- man), Central Elec- trotype Co., 1760 West

Forty-second Street, Cleveland, Ohio.

C. B. Veal (research manager), care of Society of Automotive

Engineers, 29 West

Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y.

J. D. M. Phillips, Union

Trust Building, Cleveland, Ohio. H. J. Schweim, The Gypsum Industries, 844 Rush Street, Chicago, ni.

I. J. Fairchild, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. John N. McCullaugh,

National Association

of Hosiery and Under- wear Manufacturers,

334 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

T. Blackadder (chair- man), care of Charles Lennig & Co. (Inc.), Bridesburg, Pa.

Membership

Consulting and profes- sional engineers. Foremen electroplaters.

Employing electrotypers.

Society of Automotive

Engineers; American

Petroleum Institute; National Automobile Chamber of Commerce. National Association of Steel Furniture Manufacturers. Technical problems committee of The Gypsum

Industries. All manufacturers of builders' hardware.

Hosiery manufacturers.

American Leather Chemists' Association; Tanners' Council of America.Advisory Committee on

Investigation of Acid

in Leather.

Advisory Committee on

Investigation of the

Properties of Leather. Standard State Mechanics' Lien Act Committee.

Special Research Committee on Lubrication.

Ferrous Metals Advisory Committee.

To assist and advise rela- tive to the program of work started during the year regarding effects of various acids on the life and properties of leather. To advise on technical questions dealing with

leather. To draft a uniform mechanics' lien act for conconsideration by State

legislatures. To assist in formulating program and defining scope of investigations in connection with cooperative lubrication re- search. To guide bureau in selec- tion of research problems

in ferrous metals.

Nonferrous Metals Ad- I To guide bureau in selec- visory Committee. tion of research problems on nonferrous metals.

J. A. Wilson (chair- man), care of A. F. Gallun & Sons, Mil- waukee. Wis. Dan H. Wheeler, divi- sion of building and

housing, Department

of Commerce, Washington, D. C. Alan E. Flowers, engi- neer in charge of de- velopment, The De

Laval Separator Co., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Prof. G. B. Waterhouse

(chairman) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

American Leather Chemists' Association.

Architects, lawyers, credit men, and associations connected with build- ing or construction

operations. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

W. M. Corse, Invest- ment Building, Washington, D. C.

George N. Thompson,

division of building and housing, Depart- ment of Commerce,

Washington, D. C.

I. J. Fairchild, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.

A. S. T. M., associations

of automotive, mining, and metallurgical engi- neers and foundrymen, and American Society

for Steel Treating. A. S. T. M.,Government

departments, and asso- ciations of electrochemical, mechanical, mining, and metallurgical

engineers. Sanitary and civil engineers.

All manufacturers of porcelain plumbing fix- tures.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928

Advisory committees—Continued

131

Name

Manufacturers Advisory Committee on Vitreous China

Plumbing Fixtures. Radio Advisory Committee.

Committee on Program

on Transverse Fis- sures in Rails. Riding Qualities Sub- committee of Research Committee of Society of Automotive Engineers. Committee on Properties of Steam and the Extension of the Steam Table. Advisory Committee on

Structures and Fabri- cated Metals.

Tank Car Committee.

Advisory Committee on

Hollow Tile Investigation.

Advisory Committee on

Underwear.

Advisory Committee on

Wool.

Advisory Committee on

City Planning and

Zoning.

To standardize nomenclature, definitions, grading

rules, essential dimensions and types of vitre- ous china plumbing fix- tures. To assist in formulating and revising program of research in radio communication. To study the causes of segregation of rails. To assist in formulating program of research on

riding qualities of motor

vehicles. To direct research on the

properties of steam and

the extension of the steam table. The development of apparatus and methods of

test to obtain data for correlation of properties

of material with behavior of the structure under

load. Investigation of tank-car

valves.

To assist in formulating program and defining scope of the researches on the properties of clay hollow tile. To advise on technical questions dealing with

underwear. To advise on technical questions dealing with

wool. To encourage proper city planning and zoning by

drafting standard State enabling acts under which municipalities may take action, and

through other publications.

Secretary Membership

I. J. Fairchild, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.

J. H. Dellinger, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.

J. R. Freeman, jr., National Bureau of Standards, Washington,

D. C. H. D. Dickinson (chair- man), National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. George A. Orrok (chair- man), 124 East Fif- teenth Street, New

York, N. Y.

J. H. Nelson (chair- man), Wyman-Gordon Co., Worcester, Mass.

A. E. Smith (chairman), Union Tank Car Co.,

134 North La Salle

Street, Chicago, HI.

J. T. Howington (chair- man), Coral Ridge

Clay Products Co.,

Louisville, Ky.

Roy A. Cheney, Associated Knit Underwear Manufacturers, Union Station, Utica, N. Y.

Walter Humphreys, 80 Federal Street, Boston, Mass. James Spear Taylor,

division of building and housing, Depart- ment of Commerce,

Washington, D. C.

All manufacturers of vitreous china plumbing fixtures.

Associations of radio engineers, electrical engineers, broadcasters,

radio and electrical manufacturers.

Associations of civil and

railway engineers and

rail manufacturers.

Society of Automotive

Engineers.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Government depart- ments, engineering societies, steel manufacturers, shipbuilding

corporations, engineers, and college professors. American Railway Association; American Pe- troleum Institute

American Railway Car

Institute. Hollow Building Tile

Association.

Underwear manufacturers.

Manufacturers of wool

textiles. Ten engineers, lawyers,

realtors, and housing

experts.

Other Cooperative Activities.—Many national organizations assist

the bureau in research, standardization, and simplification projects

and, in turn, the bureau cooperates officially with numerous national

organizations engaged in similar efforts, frequently designating members of the staff to serve on committees.

SOME ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Except for necessary administrative functions, all activities of the

bureau are directed toward some phase of standardization, from the

pursuit of data to serve as the groundwork or foundation for fundamental standards, master specifications, and commodity standards
132 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

to the final check of delivered material for conformity to specification

requirements.

The fundamental standards of length, mass, time, and all the other

bases of measurement rest upon scientific data of the highest order.

As the technique of the various arts, professions, and trades improves,

the standards, which are essential tools of the art, must be further

refined and more carefully protected from change. The ideal standard of measurement is one that has been defined in terms of a fundamental constant of nature so as to be easily reproduced in the event

of destruction of the physical prototype. Thus the inch, upon which

so many of our national standards depend, can be reproduced in

terms of the wave length of the red cadmium line with an error of

less than 1 part in 1,000,000.

The increasing complexity of our industrial and commercial struc- ture is constantly creating new fields in which standards must be

developed. Extensive research is crystallized in the standardization

of radio-frequency or wave-length measurements, now a vital part of our radio communication system, though an undreamed requirement

of 10 years ago. It is therefore essential that the bureau should

keep in step with progress in the arts so that standards of measure- ment may be available as needed.

The results of research are also utilized in the preparation of United

States Government master specifications, and the testing facilities of

the bureau aid the various departments of the Government in checking delivered materials for compliance with specifications. Such

research and tests provide the'necessary foundation of unchallenged

fact for the various standardization activities of the bureau.

Representative activities and accomplishments are listed alphabetically under titles selected in a practical way for the convenience

of the reader without any attempt at systematic classification. AERONAUTICS

Aeronautic Research.—The Bureau of Standards is conducting a number of investigations for the purpose of providing improved

equipment and more reliable design data in aeronautics. This work

is being carried out in cooperation with the aeronautics branch of the

Department of Commerce, the Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy,

and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, with the aid

of funds provided by these organizations. The bureau is designated

by law as the research agency of the aeronautics branch.

Research for the Aeronautics Branch.—The current work for the

aeronautics branch is divided into three groups

1. Radio aids to air navigation.

2. Airport and airway lighting.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 133

3. Problems of airplane construction and equipment (reduction of

noise, standardization of fittings, improvement of stability and

control, etc.).

Aircraft Radio Research.—This project has for its object the

improvement of the radio aids which have begun to be installed on

the airways in the United States. These aids are (a) directive radiobeacon; (6) marker beacons; and (c) radiotelephony from ground to

aircraft. The operation of all of these aids requires the use of no

apparatus on the airplane other than a simple receiving set. The directive radiobeacon was originally developed by this bureau

in 1921 for the War Department, was further improved in subsequent

years by that department, and has now undergone some additional

development. This beacon sends out a directive type of radiation by

means of which the aviator can follow a set course. The pilot hears

alternately two sets of distinctive code signals, the letter "a" and the

letter "n." When these signals are of equal intensity the pilot is flying on a course directly toward (or away from) the radiobeacon.

If one signal is stronger than the other, the pilot knows that he is off his course and in which direction it is necessary to turn in order to maintain his course. With the present directive beacon these signals

have been found effective for distances up to approximately 175 miles

from the beacon.

The marker beacons are low-power radio transmitting outfits which

are to be placed on the emergency landing fields, and which will serve as milestones to indicate how far the flight has progressed along

a course marked out by the directive radiobeacon.

Radiotelephony is one of the most important radio aids to air navigation, and one which is immediately needed. By means of

fixed ground stations it is expected that the Department of Commerce

will be able to broadcast important weather information to airplanes

in flight, and thus facilitate landing and navigation.

The research work now in progress is concerned mainly with refinements in the three radio aids to air navigation mentioned above, trials of some supplementary devices, such as field localizers, and investigation of some alternative uses of radio as navigational aids. The objectives may be listed as follows:

1. Improvements in Directive Radiobeacon.—The substitution

of visual reception for aural reception on the airplane, the indicator

consisting of two vibrating reeds which show equal amplitude of

vibration when the pilot is on the course; research on directive properties of short waves with a view to developing a more efficient beacon,

as well as simpler apparatus on the airplane; application of piezoelectric frequency control.

2. Field Localizer and Altimeter.—Continuation of research on electrical devices to mark out the boundaries of a field and to
134 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

indicate the height of an airplane above the field as aids in the landing

of airplanes arriving during a fog. The devices include modifications

of the directive beacon antenna system, audio-frequency coils, and

adaptations of the leader cable system.

3. Radiotelephony from Aircraft.—The research is being

restricted at present to telephony to aircraft. Progress in aviation,

however, will soon require two-way telephony, necessitating the

study of the efficiency and performance of various types of aircraft

transmitting apparatus, antenna arrangements, power supply, and

distance range at various frequencies.

A further discussion of this subject will be found in "Applications

of radio in air navigation," by J. H. Dellinger, Engineers and Engineering, volume 43, page 301, November 15, 1926, and Mechanical

Engineering, volume 49, page 29, January, 1927.

Lighting of Airports and Airways.—The work on lighting during

the current year has been largely in cooperation with the air services

of the Army and Navy and with manufacturers of lighting equipment. Particular attention has been given to the properties of neon

lamps and their possibilities as beacons for use in foggy locations.

While the neon lamp has the advantage of a characteristic color, the

observations so far made of the effectiveness of these lamps in fog

have not led to favorable results. However, a new type of neon lamp now under development by one of the manufacturers may

prove to have important advantages over those now in use. Measurements have been made in the laboratory on various types

of lenses and reflectors which are used for field lighting and for

running lights. These laboratory measurements have also been

supplemented by measurements on landing fields. Work now in progress includes the study of the effect of size,

shape, color, and length of flash on the visibility of beacons under

various weather conditions, as well as the most desirable distribution

of the light from beacons for airway purposes.

Airplane Equipment.—This work includes the standardization of

aircraft fittings and the study of types of construction designed to reduce airplane noise and to secure the necessary stability of aircraft

requisite for safety.

Standardization of Airplane Fittings.—The purpose of this

work is to determine the safe load to which airplane fittings of various

kinds may be subjected and to develop as far as possible a standardized line of fittings. Minor repairs can quickly be made at an airport

when such fittings are standardized. The work includes the investigation of the strength of welded fittings of various kinds, standard

bolts and eyes, control cables, and streamline wires.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 135

RESEARCH FOR THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS AND FOR THE BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS OF THE NAVY

The research work being carried out for these two organizations

along aeronautic lines will be considered jointly as these services are contributing jointly to a number of the investigations.

Embrittlement of Duralumin.—The light alloy duralumin is exceptionally valuable in aircraft structures because it combines the light- ness of aluminum with the strength of steel. The chief drawback to

its use in exposed parts of aircraft has been its susceptibility to intercrystalline corrosion. While more resistant to corrosion than

ordinary steels, it is used in such thin sections that this susceptibility

to corrosion has proved a serious limitation to its use. Investigations

of various protective coatings have been carried on at the Bureau of Standards. Any coating which could be maintained impervious to water was found to prevent the corrosion completely. All the paints,

varnishes, and other dopes which were tried deteriorated on exposure

and required constant renewal to maintain protection. A coating of

pure aluminum, however, was found to afford an entirely different

order of protection. Corrosive media which would destroy duralumin

protected in any other way within a relatively short time, produced no noticeable effect on aluminuim-coated specimens in laborarotry

tests. Aluminum-coated duralumin has been exposed on the sea- coast for about a year with no further protection. So far no deterioration has been found in these specimens. Following this demonstration by the Bureau of Standards, the Aluminum Co. of America has

worked out a method of producing aluminum-coated duralumin on a commercial scale. Tests on this material are now in progress at the

Bureau of Standards.

If, as there is every reason to believe, this commercial material

duplicates the results of the laboratory product, this will constitute

the most noteworthy advance in light structural alloys since the

discovery of duralumin.

Standardization of Wind-Tunnel Measurements.—In order to secure a high degree of accuracy in wind-tunnel measurements of

forces on models of airplane wings, and especially in measurements on

airship hulls or other streamline bodies, it is desirable that the

velocity of the wind tunnel air stream be uniform and steady over the

cross section. A satisfactory degree of uniformity can be secured by

the aid of suitable honeycombs, and, in any case, the average velocity

at various points in the air stream can be readily measured. The

investigation and control of steadiness are far more difficult. The conditions of flow in all wind tunnels are such that some

degree of turbulence is necessarily present; that is to say, that at any point the velocity varies both in magnitude and direction, in

most cases, with great rapidity. Experiments on "standard"
136 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

models sent to various wind tunnels throughout the world, including

those at the Bureau of Standards, lead to the conclusion that in some

cases there are differences in the measured forces attributable to dif- ferences in turbulence. It has not been possible, however, to correlate the differences in the forces with differences in turbulence, since no satisfactory method of measuring turbulence is known.

For several years the Bureau of Standards in cooperation with the

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has been studying

methods of measuring the instantaneous speed, direction, and pres- sure of air streams. Methods dependent on the transmission of

pressures through tubing have been found to give highly misleading

results due to motions set up in the air columns in the connecting

tubes. During the past year attempts have been made to use the

hot-wire type of anemometer. This is the most promising of all the

methods tried, although the wire does not respond fully to frequencies

greater than a few cycles per second.

In this method, a very fine platinum wire is heated by meajis of a constant electric current, and the varying voltage drop across the

wire due to the varying air speed is amplified until an oscillograph can be operated. The problems of sensitivity and freedom from

serious distortion in the amplifier have been solved and the theory of

the response of the wire to fluctuations of different frequencies has

been worked out and experimentally checked. Measurements of

turbulence behind a cylinder are in progress. Satisfactory methods

of giving a quantitative measure to the irregular fluctuations observed

have not yet been developed and the apparatus is very bulky so that

the problem of measuring turbulence is not solved, although substantial progress has been made.

High-Frequency Fatigue Machine.—Metals which are subject to a cyclical stress, such as that arising from vibration, will eventually

fail unless the maximum stress applied during each cycle is kept below

a certain limit, which is known as the fatigue limit of the material in

question. The extended use of duralumin in aircraft structures,

where vibration is always present, makes it necessary to determine

the fatigue limit of this material. The characteristics of duralumin

and some of the other fight alloys are such that it is necessary, in

determining the fatigue limit, to subject the test specimens to alter- nations of stress running into hundreds of millions of cycles.

To reduce the time required for making such observations, a highfrequency fatigue method has been developed at the bureau. The

test specimen, which consists of a rectangular bar, is supported at

its nodal points on either pivots or air cushions. It is kept in vibration by an air drive, consisting of one or more compressed air nozzles

ending in circular plates. The nozzles are mounted so that the plates

are close to the vibrating bar but not touching it. The escaping air
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 137

causes a reduction in pressure between the nozzle and the bar, causing

the latter to deflect toward the nozzle. The resulting reduction in

flow and the restoring force of the bar in turn cause the bar to move

in the opposite direction and a vibration of constant amplitude is soon built up. Frequencies from 200 to 450 cycles per second have

been obtained, depending on the dimensions of the bar, and extreme

fiber stresses as high as 23,000 lbs. /in.2 have been used. At these

high stresses a bar will fail in an hour or so, a minute crack developing

across the mid section which stops the vibration.

The ratio of the amplitude of the center of the bar to that of a free end and the observed frequency check well with values calculated from

Rayleigh's theory, which provides a basis for computing the fiber

stress for a given amplitude. Fatigue limits determined by this

method give lower values than those obtained at low frequencies.

The cause of this discrepancy has not yet been determined.

Investigations of Aircraft Structures.—Since the beginning of the

construction of the Shenandoah the Bureau of Standards has been

engaged in an extensive series of investigations on the strength of

aircraft structures and more particularly on airship structures. Bureau engineers were called in consultation on the design of the

ship. After the wreck of the Shenandoah the Navy Department

requested the bureau to make a thorough investigation of the wreckage to see if the structure had deteriorated in service sufficiently to weaken the ship. The report of this work and the testimoDy of a bureau engineer was made part of a paper, " Technical aspects of the

loss of the Shenandoah," published by the Journal of American

Society of Naval Engineers, Volume XX, No. 3, August 3, 1926.

As a part of this investigation (completed after publication of the

paper), two full-size girders salvaged from the wreck subjected to the same tests carried the same loads as comparable girders tested

during the construction of the ship. The tests showed that the ship was structurally sound at the time of the wreck.

A popular presentation of some aspects of this investigation is contained in "Making airships safe," L. B. Tuckerman, Popular

Science Monthly, Volume XXIII, pp. 74-77, July, 1926.

Supercharging of Aircraft Engines.—An important standard with

which to compare the performance of aircraft engine superchargers

is obtained by means of altitude chamber tests under ideal supercharging conditions; that is, with air supplied to the carburetor at

sea-level pressure while the pressure at the exhaust ports of the

engine is reduced to the standard pressure corresponding to any

altitude. Tests of this kind were first made two years ago, but the

test plant did not then have sufficient capacity to permit full throttle

operation of 400 horsepower engines when completely supercharged

at altitudes in excess of 15,000 feet. Results for 20,000 and 25,000
138

I NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

feet have been computed from part throttle tests, but it is planned

to extend the full throttle measurements to at least 25,000 feet. Tests have been made for the Army Air Corps of a Curtiss D-12

engine equipped with a gear-driven centrifugal supercharger designed

for low altitude work (critical altitude 7,500 feet at 2,000 r. p. m.).

Horsepower increases with altitude up to the critical altitude while

beyond that point it decreases rather rapidly. Up to the rated al- titude, the power output with this supercharger was between 5 and

10 per cent less than attained with the same engine under ideal su- percharging conditions. This difference is due in part to the power

required to drive the supercharger. Tests of a second supercharger,

similar in type but designed for high-altitude work, were not completed owing to mechanical failure of the supercharger.

Friction of Aviation Engines.—Friction data from numerous tests of aviation engines in the altitude chamber and a study of piston

friction as affected by radical modifications in piston design will be

found in National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Technical

Report No. 262, on " Friction of Aviation Engines," by S. W. Sparrow

and M. A. Thorne.

Phenomena of Combustion.—An immense amount of work has

been done (especially abroad) on the rate of flame travel in tubes

and in constant volume bombs filled with explosive gaseous mixtures.

Accurate kinetic and thermodynamic data on the gaseous explosive

reaction are required both for determining the ideal efficiency of internal combustion engines and for correctly evaluating such fac- tors in engine performance as charge composition, ignition timing,

and detonation. Work with the soap bubble as a constant pressure

bomb has continued to receive support from the National Advisory

Committee for Aeronautics.

That reaction velocity is proportional to the molecular concentrations of the reacting gases has been verified for known mixtures of

(1) carbon monoxide and methane with oxygen and (2) carbon

monoxide and hydrogen with oxygen. The effect of inert gases (nitrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide) on the carbon monoxide, oxygen

reaction, and on the methane, oxygen reaction has also been studied.

N. A. C. A. Technical Report No. 280 on "The Gaseous Explosive

Reaction: The Effect of Inert Gases," by F. W. Stevens, shows that

the effect of an inert gas on the reaction rate may be accounted for

by adding to the formula a term directly proportional to the molecular

concentration of the inert gas. The proportionality constants for

different inert gases evidently depend on their thermal properties.

An attempt to correlate what is known about the phenomena of

combustion with the observed performance of actual engines has also received support from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. This work is described in N. A. C. A. Technical Report
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 139

No. 276, on "Combustion Time in the Engine Cylinder and Its Effect on Engine Performance," by C. F. Marvin, jr. Other lines of investigation for the Navy Department and the

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics include the development of aircraft instruments, cotton substitutes for silk for parachutes,

airship fabrics, gaseous fuel carbureters, carbureter-altitude control,

and the strength of steel and duralumin tubes in compression.

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

Measurement of Detonation.—The marketing of numerous antiknock motor fuels and the production of high-compression engines

as standard equipment for several automobiles has called general

attention to the fact that there is no accepted standard method for

rating fuels on the basis of their detonation characteristics. A study

of the methods and equipment used for this purpose 7 led to the

following conclusions: (a) Nearly all the methods in use consist of

engine tests or depend on engine tests for their interpretation; (&) knock intensity is measured in various ways and with differing degrees

of definiteness; (c) the antiknock value of a fuel may be expressed

in a variety of terms according to the particular method of test; and (d) the rating of fuels by existing methods is usually not independent of test conditions.

As part of the cooperative fuel research program, the bureau has

made comparative engine tests on two groups of fuels. The first group comprised about 15 gasolines submitted by various refiners as typical of current production. The second group comprised six composite samples, each of which represented as closely as practicable the average gasoline sold to the public in a certain group of States. The first group indicated large differences in antiknock

value between gasolines from different crudes, but the second group

showed rather small differences between most of the composite

samples. Several laboratories have submitted identical sets of fuels to groups of laboratories for rating, and the results of these tests indicate with some accuracy the over-all effect of differences in test equipment and procedure. More comparative data will be required

before the question of adopting a standard method of knock rating

should be seriously considered.

Economic Volatility of Motor Fuels.—Further study of motor-fuel

volatility in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute, the

National Automobile Chamber of Commerce and the Society of

Automotive Engineers has led to the conclusion that a definite cor- relation exists between the usual A. S. T. M. distillation curve of a

* Methods of measuring the antiknock value of fuels, H. K. Cummings, J. Soc. of Auto. Engrs., 30

p. 599; 1927. 9109&—28 10
140 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

motor fuel and the volatility of fuel-air mixtures, such as are delivered

by the automobile carburetor. Analysis of the engine starting tests showed that the lowest temperature at which it is possible to start an automobile engine with a given fuel, as well as the temperature

necessary for satisfactory starting, can be obtained from the A. S. T. M. distillation curve of the fuel. No evidence was found for the

claim that cracked gasolines differ as regards starting performance

from straight-run gasolines of equal volatility. Tests have also been

undertaken to ascertain the factors of importance in automobile

engine acceleration. The effect of fuel volatility on acceleration is now being studied. The following papers relating to this project

have been published during the year:

The Cooperative fuel research at United States Bureau of Standards 1922-1925, H. C. Dickinson, Bull. Am. Pet. Inst., p. 141; January 31, 1927. Fuel characteristics and engine starting, J. O. Eisinger, Bull. Am. Pet. Inst., p. 143; January 31, 1927. Fuel research summarized, H. C. Dickinson, J. Soc. Auto. Engrs., 20, p. 193;

1927. Fuel requirements for engine starting, C. S. Cragoe and J. O. Eisinger, J. Soc. Auto. Engrs., 20, p. 353; 1927. Lean explosive limits for cracked and straight-run gasolines and other motor

fuels, D. C. Ritchie, J. Soc. Auto. Engrs., 21, p. 15; 1927. Engine acceleration tests, J. O. Eisinger, J. Soc. Auto. Engrs., 21, p. 184; 1927. Automobile Brakes and Brake Testing.—The Safety Code for

Brakes and Brake Testing for which the Bureau of Standards and

the American Automobile Association were joint sponsors was approved in May by the American Engineering Standards Committee

as a Tentative American Standard on this subject.

Riding Qualities of Vehicles.—For various purposes, such, for

instance, as ambulance service, it is desirable to have a standard means of comparing the riding qualities of vehicles.

Considerable work has been done on the development of an in- strument which will serve as a mechanical observer to record the

sum of the forces to which occupants of a vehicle are subjected.

This instrument records by means of an electrolytic cell the total time (that is, the sum of all the short-time intervals) during which

the vertical forces due to vehicle motion are of sufficient magnitude

to produce discomfort.

Automotive Headlighting.—Changes in the design of automobiles

and in traffic conditions on the highways have rendered existing

standards of headlighting much less satisfactory. The bureau has

undertaken a comprehensive series of experiments to collect data

for the revision of these standards.

Two cars are fitted with sets of four special head lamps which

are capable of adjustment to produce any desired field of iUumination. One of the cars has the experimental lamps mounted on the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 141

rear. This car is fitted with a visibility target and various signal

lamps. Measurements are made of the distance at which the test target is visible both without and with the rear head lamps lighted,

under all kinds of road conditions and with a wide variety of light

distributions on both cars. In this way statistical data are being

assembled which it is believed will make possible radical improvement in accepted standards of headlighting.

BUILDING AND HOUSING

The work on building and housing is designed to promote a wider

application of the best standards for building materials and design

to the $6,000,000,000 to $7,000,000,000 of new construction which

is being carried out each year. In this way it helps to widen the

practical usefulness of the laboratory and field research work of

the Bureau of Standards and other scientific bodies, and to secure a more general adherence to approved specifications, and simplified

practice programs.

The division of building and housing coordinates its work closely

with that of the division of simplified practice in its extensive program

covering more than 40 different building materials. It has cooperated

with groups interested in standardizing nomenclature and units

used in the sale of building materials; more uniform State mechanics, lien legislation; and adherence to high standards for practice in

the field of home financing.

In the field of city planning and zoning, the adoption by State

governments of legislation based on standard laws drafted by an

advisory committee connected with the division is leading to considerable standardization in procedure and methods in the enactment of zoning and city planning ordinances, and private groups have adopted

recommended principles regarding the layout of streets and lots in new real estate subdivisions.

Building Code Committee.—The advisory building code committee,

made up of nationally prominent engineers and architects, appointed

by the Secretary of Commerce in 1921, has been most active and

influential in the development of standards for building regulation.

More than $3,000,000,000 worth of construction work is carried out

each year under the conditions prescribed by local building codes.

The committee's six reports give concise recommendations suitable

for inclusion in such codes, and each has been formulated with the

cooperation of scores or hundreds of trade associations, professional

societies, and municipal officials and individuals who have submitted

their views, and commented on preliminary drafts sent out for

criticism. Already more than 115 municipalities have made use of

the reports, and 7 States have used recommendations of the subcommittee on plumbing for state-wide codes, which indicates that the
142 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

adoption as well as formulation of standards in this field is making

substantial progress. Each of the committee's reports contains an

appendix which explains the recommendations and offers much

additional information of value to designers and builders.

In addition to. disseminating directly knowledge as to good

standards of building practice, the committee's reports have also had a wide indirect influence in connection with the work of several

different trade associations and other groups which have undertaken

campaigns to promote better building. Among these other groups t the National Committee on Wood Utilization, whose headquarters are located in the Department of Commerce, deserves special

mention.

Relationship of Building Codes to Commercial Standardization.

To understand the relationship of building codes to standardization

in general it is necessary to take into account the fundamental basis for

the existence of code requirements. These are local enactments and

as such must have a legal justification that will be upheld in the courts.

It is not enough that the adoption of a given size or grade of material

shall confer an economic benefit, desirable though that may be. The

choice must be due primarily to a proper exercise of the police power,

which concerns itself with the protection of the public in matters of safety, health, or morals. Moreover, any standardization immediately effected is likely to be of local rather than national significance,

because our complex political system requires the action of many

legislative bodies. Much commercial standardization, on the other

hand, is a matter of economic expediency resting upon mutual agree- ment of producers and consumers. Its adoption is an economic rathei

than a political measure, and the possibilities for universal application

within a limited time are much broader.

Spontaneous movements looking toward uniform building code re- quirements have sprung up in a number of localities. Prominent

among these during the past year have been the activities of the

Pacific Coast Building Officials' Conference and the Florida Building

Officials' Conference. The former has brought to fruition, after several years' work, a recommended uniform code for Pacific coast

cities. At its annual meeting in October final action was taken upon

the proposed code and indications are that it will be widely used

throughout the territory mentioned. It employs the recommendations of the Building Code Committee and of Bureau of Standards

experts to a large extent, and applies the principle of the "performance basis" which has been mentioned. The Building Officials' Conference, whose membership covers the eastern United States and some

representatives from farther west, has under consideration a similar

plan for preparing a recommended uniform code covering an even wider

area. The Florida Building Officials' Conference has held several
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 143

meetings for the purpose of drawing up recommended requirements,

and considerable progress has been made. Codes formulated by

such groups have no local effect unless formally adopted by the

proper State or municipal authorities, but the public interest in

rational requirements which they evoke operates to bring about a

greater degree of uniformity.

Mention should also be made of the activities of national organizations representing building material manufacturers. In many

instances these have prepared recommendations regarding the most

effective use of their materials. They also have made use of standard

tests as a means of demonstrating the worth of their products, and

thus have contributed to common understanding in building-code

procedure.

City Planning and Zoning.—The rapid development of city zoning,

which means the dividing of cities into classes of districts in which

the height of buildings, the area of the lot which they may cover, and

the uses to which they may be put are regulated, bears a vital relation

to the welfare of home owners, land owners, commercial and industrial

interests, and civic welfare throughout the country.

The standard State zoning enabling act, drafted by the advisory

committee on city planning and zoning, appointed by the Secretary

of Commerce, has been used wholly or in large part in at least 28

States. It has had considerable influence in guiding the zoning

movement along lines which have proved sound in practice and in

conformity with constitutional law. As a result of this and other

publications of the division it is believed that a tremendous amount

of litigation has been avoided, and zoning has been strongly influ- enced to follow sound and reasonable lines. The constitutionality of

zoning has been upheld recently in four cases by the United States

Supreme Court, and has also been sustained in the highest courts of at least 22 States. More than 575 municipalities, comprising more

than half the total urban population of the country, have adopted

zoning ordinances, more than 500 having done so since January 1, 1922.

The increasing need for control of street layout in the growing

sections of cities and for more wisely planned expenditure of public

funds for highways, public works of all types, and public buildings,

and the desirability of better consideration by private owners of the

probable course of city development have led to a much wider

demand for soundly guided city planning. The advisory committee

on city planning and zoning accordingly drafted a standard city-planning enabling act, which was issued in March, 1927, and within three

months was used in legislation enacted in California, Maryland, and

Pennsylvania. A part of it has also been used in an ordinance of

Cincinnati, Ohio. The act when adopted by a State legislature
144 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

enables cities to organize planning commissions along lines which

have worked well in practice, and to control private developers of land in the laying out of new subdivisions. It represents some

distinct advances in methods for controlling the small minority of such developers who are not willing to work in friendly cooperation

with planning authorities, and also lays the groundwork for the

development of regional planning.

The standards for State legislation on city planning and zoning

are not derived from physical constants and test data, but in some

respects are subject to the same type of approach as building codes.

The elucidation of certain legal and practical fundamentals, based on study of conditions in many States and cities, is of great help to individuals who are trying to solve local problems. A joint committee

of the National Conference on City Planning and the National

Association of Real Estate Boards made recommendations which

were adopted by the two bodies in 1927, indorsing the underlying

principles of the standard city planning enabling act as they apply

to control of the platting of subdivisions.

Good planning and zoning make for stability in the suitable use

of urban land, and thereby help to ehminate the waste from the

scrapping of structurally sound buildings which has been so prevalent

in American cities, and provide a stronger incentive for sound and

durable construction.

lists of zoned municipalities and of State zoning enabling acts have been compiled from time to time, commencing in January,

1923. These lists have been reprinted widely in periodicals and the

daily press, as well as in the yearly "Municiapl Index" commencing

in 1924. The latest list is available in mimeographed form. The

members of the advisory committee on city planning and zoning

have contributed many articles to the published proceedings of the

National Conference on City Planning, and the city-planning division

of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and to other organizations and periodicals.

Zoning Enabling Acts.—The following 28 States have adopted

"a standard State zoning enabling act," wholly or in large part:

Arizona. Mississippi. Rhode Island. Colorado. Nevada. South Carolina. Connecticut. New Hampshire. South Dakota.

Delaware. New Jersey. Tennessee.

Florida. Nebraska. Texas.

Georgia. North Carolina. Utah.

Idaho. North Dakota. Virginia.

Illinois. Oklahoma. West Virginia. Iowa. Pennsylvania. Wyoming.

Louisiana.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 145

CEMENT AND CONCRETE

Control of Fabricating and Curing Conditions for Concrete and

Cement Testing.—Due to the influence of temperature and humidity

during fabrication and storage on the strength of mortar and concrete

test specimens it is necessary to control the fabricating and storage

conditions. An automatically controlled cabinet has been built

and placed in operation at the bureau for the storage at 70° F. and

as high a humidity as practical, of cement and mortar test specimens

for the first 24 hours after molding.

Equipment has also been installed to maintain constant temperature in the concrete-mixing laboratory and damp-storage room for

curing concrete test specimens. In the future the concrete materials

will be at 70° F. when used, and the specimens will be made and aged

in the molds for 24 hours at this temperature. The damp storage room will also be maintained at this temperature.

Proportioning and Grading of Aggregates for Concrete.—The

increase in allowable working stresses, and the rapidity of construction procedure make it important that the concrete placed in a

structure be of the designed strength. It is also very desirable

that the strength to be developed by a given aggregate in any proportion may be known within reasonable limits either from seven-day

or shorter age tests, or simply from the grading and other characteristics of the aggregates. An extensive study has been made of the

effects of different cements, different types of aggregates, proportions of materials, gradation of coarse aggregates, the ratio of fine to coarse aggregate, and the relation of the earlier strengths of concrete to the 28-day and later age strengths.

The tests indicate that the strengths of the concretes made of the

several cements used at ages up to and including 28 days vary considerably, but at six months and one year (beyond which age the tests have not been carried) the strengths are more nearly equal for the

several cements. The tests also indicate the desirability of using a

ratio for fine to coarse aggregate between 1 to 1 and 1 to 2, in order

to obtain maximum strength and workability, preferably nearer

the higher ratio in the case of coarse aggregates deficient in the smaller

sizes. Workability of Cement Pastes and Concrete Mixtures.—Means

of measuring the workability of cement pastes and concrete mixtures

have been experimentally studied during the year. To date there

has been no acceptable method of measuring the workability of a mix other than by the judgment of a skilled operator. Those hitherto

employed—the slump cone, the flow table, the penetration test—are

all satisfactory to a certain degree, but two mixes giving the same

measurement on these machines may have very different workabilities as judged by skilled operators. A new apparatus has been
146 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

developed in conjunction with the Celite Products Co. Associateship

at the bureau, consisting of a flexible hollow metal cylinder which,

when filled with the concrete whose workability is to be measured,

is compacted by a number of impacts on the flow table, and then

compressed in the direction perpendicular to the axis. The apparatus

is as yet in the experimental stage, but test results from it show less variation in measured values than with the apparatus previously

used.

Standard Methods of Physical Tests for Cements.—An investigation upon the volumetric changes of Portland cement after mixing,

with the object of comparing these changes with the soundness of

cement has been concluded. The measured volume changes for 32

brands of cement, varied from almost no change to an expansion of

0.061 per cent, both with the correct amount of water for normal

consistency as now accepted, and also with 42 per cent of water by

weight of dry cement. The usual soundness test requirements were met by all of these cements. The problem of developing more satis- factory physical tests for the acceptance of Portland cement is being

studied. The present tests, especially for tensile strength, do not

appear to be correlated with the relative strengths that these same

cements will develop in a concrete, and it is desirable to develop a simple test to obtain this correlation.

Constitution of Portland Cement.—In addition to the studies of cement conducted in cooperation with the Portland Cement Association, work has been conducted on the study of the heat of reaction

of Portland cement with water, and on studies of the hydration of the

aluminates of lime. Sufficient data were obtained to indicate that

the interesting feature of the reaction will be in the first 12 hours,

and it appears that much simpler equipment can be used and at least relative values obtained. This is now being done.

Chemical analysis and petrographic examination of the material

precipitated from the metastable solutions indicated that hydrated

alumina and hydrated tricalcium aluminate were precipitated as equilibrium was approached. Calculations based upon electrometric

measurements indicate that the aluminate in solution is the calcium

salt of monobasic aluminic acid. It would appear that the cementing properties of the monocalcium

aluminate, the 3:5 aluminate, the 5:3 aluminate, and the highalumina cement studied were in part due to the precipitation of

hydrated alumina and crystalline hydrated tricalcium aluminate from

a metastable and supersaturated monocalcium aluminate solution.

Publications.—Why aging is a factor in the study and use of cement, P. H.

Bates, Proc. Am. Cone. Inst.; 1927. The present status of Portland cement and the possibilities of "super" cements,

P. H. Bates, Zement, 16, p. 753; 1927.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928

Long-time tests of high magnesia Portland cement, P. H. Bates, Proc. Am. Soc.

Test. Mtls.; 1927. Studies on the system CaO = Fe2 3 =Si02 , by Hansen and Bogue, J. Am.

Chem. Soc, 48, p. 1261; 1926—Paper No. 1 of the Portland Cement Association

fellowship.

The determination of uncombined lime in Portland cement, by Lerch and Bogue

Ind. Eng. Chem., 18, p. 739; 1926—Paper No. 2 of the Portland Cement Association fellowship.

A digest of the literature on the constitution of Portland cement clinker, by

Bogue, Concrete; July, 1926, to February, 1927—Paper No. 3 of the Portland

Cement Association fellowship.

Portland cement research, by Bogue, Proc. A. S. T. M., 26, Pt. II; 1926—

Paper No. 4 of the Portland Cement Association fellowship.

The preparation and optical properties of calcium hydroxide crystals, by

Ashton and Wilson, Am. J. Sci., 13, p. 209; 1927—Paper No. 5 of the Portland

Cement Association fellowship. Studies on the system CaO = Al2 03 = Si02 . The composition 8CaO + Al2 3 +

2Si02 , by Hansen, Dyckerhoff, Ashton, and Bogue, J. Phys. Chem., 31, p. 607;

1927; Zement, 16, p. 51; 1927; Rock Products, April 16, 1927—Paper No. 6 of the Portland Cement Association fellowship.

The preparation of optically clear selenium for use in index media, by Brownmiller, Am. Mineralogist, 12, p. 43; 1927—Paper No. 7 of the Portland Cement

Association fellowship.

X-ray diffraction measurements on some of the pure compounds concerned in the study of Portland cement, by Harrington, Am. J. Sci., 13, p. 467; 1927

Paper No. 8 of the Portland Cement Association fellowship. Portland cement in concrete engineering, by Bogue, Proc. Am. Cone. Inst., 23,

p. 355; 1927; Concrete, 30, p. 33; 1927—Paper No. 9 of the Portland Cement

Association fellowship.

Preliminary investigation on the combination of lime in Portland cement compounds, by Hansen and Bogue, Ind. Eng. Chem., 19; 1927—Paper No. 10 of the Portland Cement Association fellowship. Studies on the hydrolysis of compounds which may occur in Portland cement, by

Lerch and Bogue, J. Phys. Chem., 31; 1927—Paper No. 11 of the Portland

Cement Association fellowship.

Experimental Concrete Mine Stoppings.—The Bureau of Standards

cooperating with the Bureau'of Mines conducted an investigation of

the resistance of concrete mine stoppings to suddenly formed pressures produced by explosions. Stoppings are built in mines to prevent flames and other destructive effects of explosions from spreading

throughout an entire mine and for sealing abandoned galleries. Data

on the effects of explosive pressures were obtained by testing 12

experimental stoppings.

An explosion chamber of concrete, heavily reinforced, was constructed as part of the test equipment. One side of this chamber was

open and was fitted to receive a test stopping which could be sealed in

place to form a closed chamber. In making a test a stopping was

subjected first to air pressures, slowly applied, and then to a series of pressures of increasing intensity produced by the explosion of charges of black powder until failure occurred. As the pressures
148 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

were applied measurements were made of the intensity of the pres- sures and of the deflection of the slabs. A report on the investigation was submitted to the Bureau of Mines, and the data obtained

served as a basis for recommending methods of design.

Stevenson Creek, Calif., Experimental Concrete Arch Dam.—As a part of a general investigation of arch dams to develop a sound basis

for design, Engineering Foundation sponsored the erection and testing

of an experimental concrete arch dam at Stevenson Creek, Calif.

The Foundation financed the investigation by contributions solicited

from industrial organizations, and appointed a committee of engineers

to plan and supervise the project. The bureau has for the past two

years assisted by placing a member of its staff in charge of the

testing.

The test dam, being 60 feet in height, is of sufficient size to fairly

represent commercial structures. Since it was built for testing,

unusual care was taken in construction to assure that the features of the dam would correspond to the design plans. Provisions were made during construction for installing the instruments required in

the tests. A means for controlling, at all times, the amount of water

in the pond formed by the dam was also provided. In spite of the

magnitude of the dam and the lack of temperature control, the test procedure resembled a laboratory test in the care used to obtain

reliable data.

Progress reports of the tests have been published in several bulletins of the Engineering Foundation. The tests of the dam have been

completed, and a preliminary report containing a summary and an

analysis of the test data has been prepared for the review of the

committee of the foundation on arch dams.

Publications.—Some results from the Stevenson Creek Arch Dam test, W. A.

Slater, Modern Irrigation, p. 22; June, 1927. CERTIFICATION AND LABELING

Certification Plan.—An analysis of the status of the making and the

utilization of specifications reveals the fact that many excellent

specifications, well recognized throughout industry, are not being

widely used at the present time because of the inability on the part

of most purchasers to determine whether or not commodities delivered

correspond to the specification requirements. A great impetus to the popularizing of the use of specifications can be given by eliminating this disadvantage to the small-quantity purchaser.

As a solution to the problem of eliminating the above-mentioned

disadvantage and thereby facilitating the use of specifications, use is being made of the so-called "certification plan."

In carrying out this plan there are compiled lists of manufacturers

who have expressed their desire to supply material in accordance
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 149

with certain selected specifications and are willing to certify to the

purchaser upon request that the material thus supplied is guaranteed

to comply with the requirements and tests of the specifications.

The certification plan has been, or is now being, applied to 151

United States Government master specifications. Lists of manufacturers willing to certify to compliance with 146 of these specifications have already been compiled, 75 of these lists have been placed

in form for distribution upon request. These are lists of firms who

have expressed to the bureau their desire to have their names placed on the lists of manufacturers willing, when requested to do so, to

certify to the purchasers that material supplied in accordance with

the designated 75 specifications complies with the requirements of

these specifications and is so guaranteed by them. Kepresented on

these 75 lists are 684 separate individual manufacturing firms; the

manufacturers average 2.35 specified commodities each. The average

number of " willing-to-certify " manufacturers on each list is about

21, the aggregate number of names on the 75 lists being 1,609.

The 75 specifications referred to are as follows:

Specifi- cation No. Commodities covered 23. Large tungsten filament incandescent electric lamps (being revised). 36a. Fire-extinguishing liquid (carbon

tetrachloride base).

37. Leather belting (vegetable tanned)

52a. Wood screws.

55. Cut-out bases.

57. Flexible nonmetallic tubing.

58. Dry cells (being revised).

62. Snap switches.

65. Rubber-covered wires and cables

for ordinary purposes.

80. Coal-tar pitch for roofing.

81. Coal-tar saturated rag felt for roofing and waterproofing.

82. Surfacing materials for bituminous

built-up roofing.

83. Coal-tar pitch for waterproofing

and damp proofing.

84. Asphalt for mineral surfaced roofing.

85. Asphalt for waterproofing and

damp proofing.

86. Asphalt saturated rag felt for roof- ing and waterproofing.

87. Asphalt primer for roofing and

waterproofing.

88. Asphalt for unsurfaced built-up

roofing.

123. Flat glass for glazing purposes.

Specifi- cation No. Commodities covered 124. Hand chemical fire extinguishers

(1 quart carbon tetrachloride type).

175. Knife switches.

183. Upholstery leather. 184. Lace leather (vegetable tanned).

191. Brush, blacking, and dauber.

192. Brush, casting.

193. Brush, clothes scrubbing.

194. Brush, cuspidor.

195. Brush, dauber, long paddle.

196. Brush, deck scrubbing.

197. Brush, hand floor scrubbing.

198. Brush, hair, military.

199. Brush, radiator dusting.

200. Brush, shaving.

201. Brush, sidewalk.

202. Brush, tooth.

203. Brush, window.

204. Broom, rattan push.

205. Broom, rattan (upright). 206. Broom, scrubbing.

207. Broom, wire push.

208a. Duster, counter.

213. Hand chemical fire extinguisher

(soda and acid type).

214. Asphalt prepared roofing. 241. Sole leather (vegetable tanned).

242. Wrought-iron pipe (welded) (black

and galvanized).
150 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Specifi- cation No. Commodities covered 275. Road oil for hot application

(type OH-1-25).

276a. Asphalt for use in road and

pavement construction.

277. Petroleum asphalt for joint filler (squeegee or pouring method)

(type PAF-1-25).

279. Tars for cold application.

280. Refined tar for hot application

(type TH-1-25).

281. Tar for use in repair work.

282. Refined tar for construction.

287. Tubing, copper, seamless, and

pipe, copper, seamless, standard

iron-pipe size. 291. Friction tape. 292. Rubber insulating tape.

294. Asphalt-saturated woven cotton

fabric for waterproofing.

295. Asphalt-saturated rag felt for

flashings. 296. Slate surfaced, asphalt prepared

roofing and shingles. 297. Wire rope.

311. Rigid conduit, enameled.

Specifi- cation No. Commodities covered 312. Rubber gloves for electrical workers (for use in connection

with apparatus or circuits not

exceeding 3,000 volts to ground)

314. Railroad track scales. 332. Brooms, whisk.

333. Brooms, corn.

336. Builders hardware.

342a. Pipe, brass, seamless, iron-pipe

size, standard and extra strong. 343. Cast-iron soil pipe and fittings, coated and uncoated.

347. Lap welded and seamless steel boiler tubes.

349. Lap welded charcoal iron boiler tubes.

362. Liquid-measuring devices, retail type.

363. Burglar-resisting safes. 380. Cement, asphalt plastic. 411. Tableware, silver-plated. 423. Roofing, prepared, asphalt and

asbestos, slate-surfaced. 424. Roof coating, asphalt fibrous. Labeling System and Checking Agencies.—To the extent that the

certification plan will result in the standardization of such commodities as can properly be standardized, its benefits will be felt by those

affected by standardization, either directly or indirectly, whether or not they make use of the certification plan themselves.

In addition to the public purchasers and institutional and other

large-quantity buyers who can conveniently make use of specifications in accordance with the certification plan, there are numerous

small-quantity purchasers who can not be expected to buy on specifications, but who should be permitted to share to the maximum

possible extent in the well-known economies incident to "mass production" of the commodities bought by them. To this great group

of buyers the best safeguard so far as quality is concerned is the

"label" backed by a guarantee issued by a reliable inspecting and

testing agency. To the "over-the-counter" purchaser who can not

make use of written contracts in obtaining commodities, and who

must depend upon the local merchants to supply his needs, the use

of a label backed by a guarantee that means what it says is the most

valuable and immediately available of the protective plans.

The maximum of benefit to all persons concerned will be obtained

when the "nationally recognized specification" for a chosen commodity has been so formulated as to cover the most satisfactory
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 151

commodity in the best possible manner, when the manufacturers

place this commodity in "mass production" in accordance with this

specification, when the suppliers issue their certificates guaranteeing

compliance with this specification, and when "guarantee-labeling"

establishments base their tests and inspections on this identical

specification. The conditions here outlined are being realized with

a few commodities at the present time.

In the establishment and maintenance of " acceptable lists of manufacturers" (or their equivalent), trade associations, inspection bureaus, testing establishments, and guarantee labeling organizations can render a real service to both the producers and the consumers. There are several ways in which industry, through representative

trade associations and similar organizations, can become very active

in the certification plan for promoting the use of nationally recognized

specifications and of the labeling system for extending its benefits

to small-quantity purchasers and "over-the-counter" buyers.

(a) First of all is publicity, by means of which the industry will be made acquainted with the real significance of the undertaking

and shown the benefits to be derived from the plan.

(b) Second, but of no less importance than the first, is thorough

cooperation in the preparation of specifications that can most properly be referred to as nationally recognized.

(c) Next is cooperation in the plan by inducing all of the members

of the association to have their names included in the list of manufacturers willing to certify to the purchaser that the commodities

supplied by them under nationally recognized specifications have

been tested and found to comply with these specifications.

(d) Trade associations, representing either dealers or manufacturers

who reach consumers through retailers, can be of much help in showing the dealers and retailers how they (as both purchasers and

sellers) will benefit from the plan, especially when accompanied by

an effective labeling system.

(e) A final step for the trade association to take, when the time seems ripe for it to do so, is to make sure that its members are keeping

faith so far as the certification and labeling are concerned.

CHEMISTRY

Standard Samples for Analysis.—In many industries the purchase

of materials, process of manufacture, and sale of the manufactured

product are controlled by analysis and by the use of instruments, such

as pyrometers and saccharimeters. Oftentimes the analysis is diffi- cult because of the chemical complexity of the substance under test, and but little time is available for checking all steps of the method

that is used. If an instrument of uncertain performance is used,

defective products may result and thousands of dollars may be lost.
152 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In such cases the simplest and at the same time the best safeguard

lies in the use of standard samples. If, for example, a standard and

a sample of the material under test are analyzed at the same time

and under practically identical conditions, and results are obtained

for the standard corresponding to those shown on the certificate, the

presumption is strong that the figures obtained for the unknown

material are equally accurate. Wide divergence from the certificate

values shows at once something radically wrong, such as an improper

method of analysis or faulty reagents. Thus, in the simplest possible manner and in the shortest possible time, a large number of variable

factors have been simultaneously investigated with almost the same

result as though each had been taken up separately.

Theoretically, there should be provided for the analyst as many

standard samples as he has different kinds of material to deal with.

It is obviously impossible to prepare and issue standard samples of

all such materials. The Bureau of Standards has, however, endeavored to prepare samples that are representative of different groups,

and such substances as are needed for the standardization of solutions

and the calibration of instruments. The list now includes 77 samples

of such diverse materials as limestone, feldspar, fluorspar, bauxite,

and phosphate rock; ores of molybdenum, zinc, manganese and iron;

glass; cast irons; plain carbon steels, such as basic and acid openhearth, Bessemer and electric; alloy steels; ferro-alloys; brass, bronzes,

and bearing metals; metals of certified melting points; cements for

testing sieves; and chemicals for oxidation, reduction, acidimetric,

saccharimetric, and calorimetric values. The complete list, together

with analyses, prices, and other information, is given in the supplement to circular No. 25, which can be obtained free of charge upon

application to the Bureau of Standards.

The principal uses of the bureau's standard samples can be summarized as follows:

1. In checking methods of analysis and in standardizing solutions

that are used in controlling the manufacture of certain metallurgical

and agricultural products.

2. In the settling and avoiding of disputes between buyers and

sellers. Such disputes very frequently arise through the selection

of inappropriate or faulty methods of analysis by one of the chemists,

and the analysis of a standard sample usually brings these to light

before the case comes to court.

3. In standardizing calorimeters for gas and coal tests and polarimeters for sugar tests.

4. In standardizing pyrometers for use in the annealing of steels,

alloy steels, and other metallurgical products.

5. For checking the sieving value of sieves used in the cement

industry.
STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 1928 153

6. In investigating improved and more rapid methods of analysis.

7. In research work in educational institutions.

Standard Methods of Analysis.—In cooperation with the American

Society for Testing Materials, tests were made of the standard

methods that are recommended by the society for checking the

chemical requirements given in its specifications for cast iron, steels,

resistance alloys, and light aluminum alloys. Standard analyzed

samples of the latter are now in preparation. The bureau also cooperated with the standardization committee of the glass division

of the American Ceramic Society in the development of methods for

the analysis of glass sand, and has prepared standard analyzed samples of glass sand, dolomite, soda-lime glass, and lead-barium glass.

Publication.—The analysis of soda-lime glass, G. E. F. Lundell and H. B. Knowles, J. Am. Cer. Soc, 10, p. 829; 1927. Physical Constants of Chemical Substances.—A critical survey and

analysis has been undertaken in order to improve methods for purifying chemical substances and criteria for determining their purity.

Publication.—Constancy of pressure during isothermal condensation or vaporization as a criterion for purity, E. W. Washburn, Zeitschr. f. Physikalische

Chemie (Cohen-Festband) ; 1927. Heat of Formation of Sulphur Dioxide.—An improved method

and apparatus have been developed for determining this physical

constant.

Publication.—Determination of Sulphur Trioxide in the Presence of Sulphur

Dioxide, Together With Some Analyses of Commercial Liquid Sulphur Dioxide,

J. R. Eckman, B. S. Sci. Paper No. 554. Phase Equilibrium Diagram for the System Si02-Al2 3-ZnO.

A special furnace enabling the investigation of high temperature

equilibria up to 2,300° C. in an oxidizing atmosphere has been

devised. The diagram for the binary system Si02-ZnO has been

largely completed.

Publication.—A Weight Burette for the Micromeasurement of Liquid Volumes,

Martin Shepherd, B. S. Sci. Paper No. 555. Specifications for Analytical Reagent Chemicals.—The bureau's

activity in this field takes the form of cooperation with the American

Chemical Society's committee on analytical reagents, a committee

which is made up of two representatives of reagent manufacturers

and one each from the United States Geological Survey, the Bureau

of Chemistry and Soils, and the Bureau of Standards. The bureau's

share in the work has been the critical study of many of the methods

of test which are to be prescribed in the specifications. Specifications for 37 chemical reagents were published prior to 1927; 13 more

appeared in the May, 1927, issue of Industrial and Engineering

Chemistry; and additional specifications appeared in the December
154 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

issue. This is a continuing project and other specifications will be

prepared and issued next year. Recommended Specification for Petroleum Distillate for Use as a Dry-Cleaning Solvent.—In cooperation with the National Association

of Dyers and Cleaners and with petroleum producers and refiners, a recommended specification has been formulated for a satisfactory

dry-cleaning solvent of improved quality, that will reduce the fire hazards in the industry.

CLAY AND SILICATE PRODUCTS

Investigation of Feldspar and Its Effect in Pottery Bodies.—The

primary object is to obtain the necessary data to make possible a

better understanding of the inherent physical and chemical properties

of individual feldspars in order that they may be used more intelli- gently by the manufacturer and also to assist him to purchase materials of desired characteristics on specification.

The determinations made during the year, together with those

completed previously, seem to justify the following conclusions: (1)

The residue of the commercial ground feldspars used on the No. 200

sieve varied approximately from to 7 per cent; on the No. 325 sieve

from 3 to 15 per cent, and by air elutriation (0.02 mm separation)

from 32 to 55 per cent. (2) The variation in screen analyses made

independently by various laboratories may differ sufficiently to make

specifications to closer than ±0.5 per cent of little significance.

(3) That differences in chemical analyses are sufficient to justify a more extensive and cooperative investigation to determine the cause and control of present variations and the accuracy which can be

expected with recognized good analytical methods. (4) Results

indicate that refractoriness increases, and the softening range decreases, with increase in K20. (5) Softening points range from that

of cone 4 for soda feldspar to that of cones 9 to 10 for potash feldspar.

Average variations of one cone can be expected in the results of

different laboratories, particularly when different methods are fol- lowed. (6) True specific gravity of crystalline feldspar ranges from

2.635 for a commercially pure soda feldspar, to 2.572 for a commercially pure potash feldspar. (7) The porosity of " semivitreous"

bodies is highest when using feldspars of intermediate K2 content

and the volume shrinkage of vitreous bodies decreases with increase

in the K2 content of the feldspar used. (The results are somewhat

erratic and, although consistent, should be checked.) (8) Feldspar

has no discernible effect on the color of the body by reflected light.

(9) The translucency of vitreous bodies increases (the soda spar body

excepted) with increase in the K2 content of the feldspar used.

(10) Mechanical strength is affected more by the method of firing

than by the feldspar. (11) The thermal expansion is increased by

rapid firing and by increased Na2 content of the feldspar.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 155

The quantitative method of analyzing feldspar by means of the

polarizing microscope has been described in detail in a paper and

published.

Publications.—The quantitative microscopic analysis of commercial feldspar,

Herbert Insley, J. Am. Cer. Soc, 10, No. 9, p. 651; September, 1927. Bureau of Standards Investigation of Feldspar, Second Progress Report, R. F.

Geller, J. Am. Cer. Soc, 10, No. 6, p. 411; June, 1927. Problems Relating to Sagger Clays.—This problem has been

divided into two parts, the first of which has been confined to a study of the characteristics of 51 clays, representing, as well as could

be judged, all the important sagger clay mining districts of the

country. By this study it has been possible to classify the clays

into five groups, and to use only a limited number of clays repre- sentative of each group for further investigation. It was also found

that according to thermal expansion behavior there existed two

distinct types of clays. The work of the past year has been confined to a further intensive study of 17 clays representative of the

five groups. This study embraced the modulus of elasticity, modulus

of rupture, and maximum fiber elongation of the clays at several

temperatures ranging up to and including 1,000° C. The results

obtained may be summarized as follows: (1) The modulus of

elasticity of the majority of clays was found to increase when tested

at 750° C. as against values obtained at room temperature, but at 1,000° C. they were found to have a much lower modulus of elasticity. The modulus of rupture of the majority of clays was found

to be greater at 1,000° C. than at lower temperatures. (2) Although

the softening point, in cones, of the clays included in the present

phase of the investigation ranges from 14 to over 33 (Orton pyrometric cones), all clays showed plastic deformation at 1,000° C.

with a load causing a stress of approximately 30 lbs. /in. 2 applied

centrally to a 1 by 1 by 12 inch specimen on a 10-inch span. (3) The

chemical analyses gave only a very general indication of the elastic recovery and plastic flow properties of the burned clays at 1,000° C.

(4) The results indicate that under the conditions of this test all those clays having a softening point of over cone 30 show little variation in plastic flow, while those having a softening point of cone 30 or less show a greater flow (as a group). (5) An empirical

formula was developed, using data obtained at elevated tempera*

tures (750° C. and below) which gives an indication of the relative

resistance of saggers to failure due to thermal shock.

Publication.—III. Progress report on the investigation of sagger clays: Their

elasticity and transverse strength at several temperatures, R. A. Heindl and

W. L. Pendergast, J. Am. Cer. Soc, 10, No. 7, p. 524; July, 1927. Physical Properties of Clay Bodies as Affected by the Drying

Treatment.—A new method has been devised which it is believed

91096—28 11
156 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

makes possible the complete determination of the rates of water

flow and of the values of the water concentration and shrinkage

gradients at any points within the drying clay body at any time

during the drying process. Comparisons of the drying data secured on two clays differing widely in required drying time show much

steeper water concentration and shrinkage gradients occurring in the more difficult drying clay during the earlier and critical stages

of the drying process, and especially in the outer 1 inch of the drying

material. The data indicate that to resist injuries during the

drying process the material should have a high water conductivity

and hence a resultant low shrinkage gradient, and that the time

required for satisfactory drying is roughly proportional to the per- centage of the total water of plasticity which must be evaporated

before the internal shrinkage gradient reaches its maximum value.

It has also been found that, in general, fire clays require more careful

treatment and a longer drying time than do shales. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS

Although in operation only since November 1, 1927, the procedure

provided to assist industry in the promulgation of nationally ac- cepted specifications has received encouraging support as indicated

by consummation of two projects and requests for several others.

About 16 projects are in various stages of initiation and organization.

Concrete Reinforcement Bars.

Commeecial Standard No. 1.

New Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars recommends the

adoption of the intermediate grade given in A. S. T. M. specification

A15-14 as the commercial standard which will be produced and

stocked regularly, and upon which consumer requirements will^be

concentrated as far as practicable.

Dry Cleaning Solvent.—The second commercial standard is a

specification for dry-cleaning solvent sponsored by the National

Association of Dyers and Cleaners to improve the quality of that ( commodity; to reduce the fire hazard, and permit evaluation of competitive bids. This solvent is known to the industry as "Stoddard

Solvent" in honor of the man who is chiefly responsible for its development (W. J. Stoddard). A conference representing producers and

organized consumers voted to have the standard used as a basis for

operation of the certification plan.

CORROSION

Corrosion Testing Methods.—Accelerated corrosion tests which i can be used in specifications with some assurance that the life of a metal in service will be correctly indicated by the test are much

needed, but satisfactory tests are not yet available. Cooperation

with the American Society for Testing Materials in its extensive
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 157

program of exposure tests on zinc-coated sheets is related chiefly to the correlation of accelerated laboratory tests with exposure results. Even more exhaustive laboratory work has been required in the

cooperative work with this society on corrosion methods for nonferrous metals, and the research program has been extended beyond

that of the society to a study of electrolytic corrosion methods and

to the comparative study of various test methods on a series of alloys

of copper and nickel, in a variety of corrosive solutions. The results

place the metals and alloys in different orders of excellence, depending

upon the sort of accelerated test used. No single short-cut test can

yet be adopted for specification purposes, and it is increasingly evident that the test chosen must be so conducted as to reproduce as

closely as possible the variables and the conditions met in the particular type of service for which evaluation of metals and alloys is sought.

Publications.—The ferroxyl reagent in the laboratory study of corrosion, H.

S. Rawdon, Min. and Met., 8, p. 229; 1927. The Intercrystalline Corrosion of Metals, H. S. Rawdon, Ind. and Eng. Chem.,

19, p. 613; 1927; Metal Ind. (London), 30, p. 647; 1927.

Principles of electrolytic studies on corrosion, W. Blum and H. S. Rawdon,

Preprint 48, May, 1927, meeting, Am. Electrochem. Soc. The Effect of the Testing Method on the Determination of Corrosion-Resistance, H. S. Rawdon and E. C. Groesbeck. (B. S. Tech. paper, in press.)

DENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS

There are few professions suffering from deficiencies of standards

as seriously as is the dental profession. Textbooks and other litera- ture are often in disagreement on important items on which there

should be agreement.

In most instances dental restorations require the most exacting

accuracy, the highest mechanical properties of materials, and by

reason of the restricted areas available the most careful design and

execution of the restoration. The dentist must be a designing and

construction engineer of the highest type if he is to serve the public

in an efficient manner. Despite all these requirements, there are

practically no standards of quality upon which he may base his

selection of material. Figures can not express the losses in health nor the distress and helplessness of many millions of our population

who are suffering from defective dentistry.

The National Government has recognized the possibility of ren- dering efficient service in this field and is now engaged in establishing

the physical properties of dental materials. Helpful cooperation has

been received from a number of Government departments.

An exceptionally valuable cooperative arrangement has been in

1 force for several years with a dental research laboratory (the Weinstein

Research Laboratory, of New York City), and a similar research
158 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

in cooperation with the American Dental Association will soon be

undertaken. Tests are being made to find causes of failures. It is necessary to find to what extent defective materials, improper usage,

and adaptation of materials are responsible for the failures, and what

can be done to improve the art of dental restoration.

A Federal specification has been adopted covering the properties

required for an amalgam alloy (Federal specification No. 356) and

is now in use by the Government. Dental schools are preparing to

test materials according to this specification. Decided improvements

have been made in amalgam alloys since the bureau published its findings in this field. The gold-alloy restorations offer a far greater opportunity for

service in standardization. Materials are now selected in this field without adequate knowledge of their properties, price and claims

often being the deciding factors. The bureau, in cooperation with departments of the Government

using dental golds, has prepared a tentative specification for the gold

alloys which may serve until a completed specification is available.

The following table shows the more important items covered in this

tentative specification. An official of one foreign Government

acquainted himself with the work and has adopted a similar research

in his own country.

Tentative specifications for dental casting gold alloys, lingual bars (wrought), clasp

and orthodontia wires

Assay

e

(mini- Brinell hardness number

t,

oven

um)

strength, Imum)

Elongation,

2-inch gauge

length

Use

Gold,

silver,

and

platinum

group

(minimum)

Silver

(minimum)

Fusion

temperatui mum) Quenched

Oven

cooled

(minimum)

limi

minim a =1 miniOven

cooled

(minimum)

Minimum Maximum

Proportional

cooled (

Ultimate

te

oven

coolei

Quenched

(

mum)

Inlays (soft)

Total per ct. 90

Per

ct.4 °C.

925 35

90

65 Lbt./inS Lbt./inS Per cent 15 Per cent % crowns, hard inlays, soft saddles 90 925 140 25,000 72,000

72,000 64,000

45,000 5 2 Cast clasps, bars 85 900 90,000 3 1 Single-piece castings, hard

saddles 80 875 175 90,000 3 1 Single-piece castings of lower

precious metal content Clasp and orthodontia wires (wrought)

76 840 80,000

120,000

2 1 85 925 9 4

Cold bends

75 875 185 2 1

Notk.—In all cases the color is on sample.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 159

Publications.—Selections of dental materials, Wilmer Souder, J. Am. Dental

Assoc.; February, 1927. Physical properties of dental materials, R. L. Coleman, Dental Cosmos;

October, 1927. Tests and properties of dental amalgams, Wilmer Souder, J. Dental Research;

June, 1927.

Specifications and tests for dental gold alloys, Wilmer Souder, J. Am. Dental

Assoc. (in press). ELECTRICITY

Electrical Resistivity of Metals.—The electrical resistivity of

platinum, zinc, cadmium, nickel, aluminum, thorium, and beryllium

has been determined. The samples of platinum, zinc, cadmium, and

nickel were of exceptionally high purity, while the samples of thorium

and beryllium were of as high purity as was obtainable.

Determination of the Ampere in Terms of Mechanical Units.—The

Rosa-Dorsey current balance was reassembled and a comparison of an electric current with previous values was made on the assumption

that the standard resistances and standard cells have remained

constant. As the result agrees within experimental error with that

found 15 years ago, the assumption of the constancy of the resistances

and cells is justified.

Determination of the Henry in Terms of Mechanical Units.—The

absolute determination of the henry (the unit of inductance) is based on the construction of a coil whose inductance can be computed from

its dimensions. The measurement of capacitance has been carefully studied and a paper published by H. L. Curtis and C. Moon on "The Absolute Measurement of Capacitance by Maxwell's Bridge.

Some study has also been made of the inductance measurement.

Some preliminary measurements give a result for the ratio of the

c. g. s. henry to the international henry which is, within the limit of experimental error, the same as has been found at the National

Physical Laboratory and the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt—viz, 1 international henry = 1.0005 c. g. s. henry.

Standardization of Magnetic Permeameters.—The standardization of magnetic permeameters offers peculiar difficulties because the

absolute methods of measurement, heretofore accepted as standard,

are extremely sensitive to the conditions of test and especially to the

effects of nonuniformity in the specimen. For this reason particular care must be exercised in the choice of specimens and conditions of

test in standardization work. This fact has long been recognized in

a general way, but it is doubtful if the magnitude of the effects has

been fully recognized. In the interest of uniformity in magnetic

testing, both from the commercial point of view and in connection

with investigations of a scientific nature, it is of considerable importance to establish the accuracy of the permeameters and testing

methods used. For this reason, a comprehensive investigation has
160 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

been made of the effect of various factors affecting the accuracy of magnetic measurements with special reference to the selection and

preparation of specimens to be used as magnetic standards. The

results of this investigation are given in a paper on magnetic standards

and the calibration of magnetic permeameters now in preparation.

Magnetic Measurements on Sheet Steel.—Sheet steel known to the

trade as electrical sheet is particularly nonuniform in its magnetic

properties, and the choice of a testing method which will give consistent and reproducible results on this type of material is of considerable commercial importance. The results of an investigation

of this subject are given in Bureau of Standards Scientific Paper

No. 545, "The Determination of the Magnetic Induction in Sheet

Steel/' by R. L. Sanford and J. M. Barry.

Standard Cells and the International Volt.—The preparation of pure materials including mercury, mercurous sulphate, cadmium

sulphate, and the cadmium amalgam has been actively in progress. Two groups of cells, including both neutral and acid cells, have been

prepared. The mean value for these cells agrees closely with the

defined value of the Weston normal cell when measured in terms of

the bureau's basis of reference. The preparation of new cells is an

important means of checking the accuracy of our standards for

electromotive force, and it is planned that similar groups shall be

prepared each year. An intercomparison of the American standards of voltage with

those of England and Japan has been undertaken. The comparison

with the English national laboratory has been completed and the

results show an agreement to within about ten-millionths of a volt. A new form of certificate for standard cells has been prepared

and put in service. This certificate is designed to give more information relative to the proper use of standard cells than has previously

been available to the public. Since the fundamental standard for

the volt maintained at the bureau is made available to the power

companies, manufacturers, public utility commissions, and others

through the certification of the unsaturated cells, it is important

that the bureau should give this information to each user as well as the voltage of his cell. In order to check the bureau's value for the unit of electromotive

force, work has been begun on a redetermination of the ampere by

means of the silver voltameter. Apparatus formerly used for this work is being reconditioned for these experiments.

Standardization of Tests for Dry Cells.—On account of changes in

the use of dry cells and improvement in their quality, some modifications of the tests previously employed have become necessary. The

bureau made simultaneous tests using specifications previously published and new tests formulated in cooperation with the manufacturers and large users of dry cells. Data have been obtained from
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 161

which it is possible to decide the proper minimum requirements for

these batteries under the new tests. The qualification testing of

dry cells which is done in connection with Government purchases

has been continued. One of these tests was finished during the year

1927 and two additional qualification tests begun. These tests, which are made with the cooperation of about 20 manufacturers,

have proved of value both to the Government and to the manufacturers. Dry cell tests require considerable time for completion, but

it is now possible for the bureau, on the basis of the qualification

tests, to inform promptly any department requesting information

whether any particular brand of dry cell or battery complies with

the Government specifications. The interest of the manufacturers

in these tests has been made evident by their repeated requests to be included in each succeeding test. Sample batteries for these

tests are taken by a representative of the bureau who calls at the

factory and selects the batteries from those which are being made

at that time. The bureau's testing equipment has been modified

to permit making tests in accordance with the revised specifications.

Standardization of Storage Batteries.—Experimental work directed

toward the standardization of storage batteries of various types and

the preparation of specifications for them has been carried on. Particular attention has been given to the effect of temperature of the

positive and negative plates of batteries when subjected to the low

temperatures encountered at high altitudes. A study of the materials

used in the manufacture of storage batteries has also been undertaken, including the measurement of the physical and chemical

properties of the oxides and the materials used for battery jars. FIRE RESISTANCE

Fire Resistance of Wall Constructions.—Fire tests of brick walls

and hollow tile walls were completed during the year, the final tests being of walls that had been seasoned by accelerated methods to constant weight before testing. As tested after seasoning under room conditions for 30 to 60 days, the walls contain more free water

than would be present in interior party and fire walls after some years

of service in heated buildings. When subjected to fire on one side,

the contained moisture retards the temperature transmission through

the wall. The dried walls gave fire resistance periods, based on the

time required for temperatures high enough to ignite combustible

materials to be reached on the unexposed side, from 15 to 35 per cent lower than for the normally seasoned walls, the difference being most

marked for the heavier walls. Pending publication of the results of the whole series of tests, general results have been made available through progress reports,8

« Summary of results of fire tests of hollow load-bearing wall tile, by H. D. Foster, Proc. Ninth Annual

Meeting, Hollow Building Tile Association, 1927, pp. 112-125.
162 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

letter circulars,9 and direct contact with States, cities, and other

bodies formulating or revising building codes, and have assisted materially in securing uniformity in standards of regulation and design

consistent with the performance shown in the tests. Intensity and Duration of Building Fires.—The object of these

tests is to develop information on the basis of which reliable estimates can be made of the severity of fires, interpreted in terms of the fire exposure in the standard fire test, that can arise with typical constructions ?nd occupancies involving given amounts of combustible

materials per unit of floor area. This will enable protection requirements, such as those for structural members, wall openings, and record

containers, to be placed on a more definite basis than formerly has

been possible. The tests completed up to this time have been of

office occupancy housed in fire-resistive structures with wood or

steel desks, filing cabinets, and shelving. A note describing the

tests was included in the Standards Yearbook for 1927. Those con- ducted during the present year have been concerned with methods of reducing the severity of fire from concentrations of materials in office buildings, such as in record rooms. While the ordinary occupancy

with wood desks and filing cabinets was found to give a severity equivalent to not more than the first two hours of the standard fire test, even where representative of congested conditions giving a combustible content of 20 pounds per square foot of floor area, the record room

with wood shelving and combustible content of 50 to 60 pounds per

square foot, gave equivalent fire durations of six to eight hours.

This is somewhat beyond the fire resistance of the types of construction and protections used in office buildings. The tests with equivalent amounts of records on metal shelving open on all sides indicated a considerable decrease in severity even with poorly braced shelving

that collapsed after the fire had attained a given intensity. Further

tests with shelving giving metal inclosure on all sides except the

front, indicated less opportunity for spread of fire from small origins,

although under favorable conditions, a fire spread involving the

whole room contents was obtained. However, no collapse of shelving occurred. The room has been fitted for a final test with similar

shelving where the fire will be given an exposure start, to duplicate

conditions obtaining in a previous test with wood shelving.

Fire Tests of Roofing Materials.—In efforts to decrease the com- munity fire hazard most municipalities impose restrictions on the

kind of roofing materials permitted within the city limits or certain

portions thereof. The scope of such restrictive measures has occa- sioned much dispute and at the request of organizations representing

producers and users of roofing materials, a comprehensive series of

tests of the fire resistance of all prepared roofing materials in ordinary

• Letter Circulars Nos. 228 and 229 on fire resistance of clay, concrete, and sand-lime brick walls.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 163

use was undertaken, and it has been completed during the present

year. This has included tests of new and weathered wood shingles

and asphalt prepared roll roofing and shingles, slate, asbestos, metal,

and tile roofings. Tests have also been made of painted and chemically treated wood shingles, both new and after exposure to the

weather for periods up to 12 years. Specimens of weathered wood

shingle roofs covered with asphalt prepared roll roofing and shingles

or with paint coatings have also been tested. For the combustible roofings the fire resistance of the weathered

roofings was generally considerably below that of the newly applied

materials, although some forms of asphalt roofings showed little decrease in fire resistance after weather exposures up to 12 years. Results of the tests also emphasize the general superiority from the

fire-resistance standpoint of incombustible roofing materials, such as

slate, cement, asbestos, clay and concrete tile, and metal.

The results of the tests are being prepared for publication in the

Bureau of Standards technologic series. Copies of a preliminary

report giving the results of tests with new roofings have been supplied

to the officials of a number of cities who requested them in connection

with the adoption of roofing ordinances*

ELECTROLYSIS TESTING

The 1921 report of the American Committee on Electrolysis, in

the preparation of which the Bureau of Standards took an active

part, pointed out several lines of investigation which needed further

study. The bureau has done considerable work on some of them, and

as a result of this work a new method of electrolysis testing has been

developed. This method consists in measuring the intensity of dis- charge of current from a portion of a pipe line, which factor is the one most directly related to the rate of corrosion. These measure- ments are made with a new instrument developed at the bureau and

called the earth-current meter. Experience with the new method

indicates that the older methods do not directly determine the hazard

of buried structures, and that under certain conditions some of the

tests lead to erroneous conclusions.

It has seemed desirable, therefore, to issue a paper in which the

various electrolysis tests are discussed in the light of the most recent data concerning them, and such a paper has been published as Technologic Paper No. 355, " Electrolysis Testing," by Burton McCollum

and K. H. Logan. The older methods of determining general elec- trolysis conditions are first discussed and then a detailed description

of the new apparatus and methods for studying local conditions is given. This is followed by a description of tests for determination

of track conditions and a discussion of the interpretation of elec- trolysis data.
164 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A more detailed description of the earth-current meter and its use has been published as Technologic Paper No. 351, " Practical Applications of the Earth-Current Meter," by Burton McCollum and

K. H. Logan. The instrument and accessories permit the determination of the resistivity and potential gradient of the soil adjacent to a

pipe. A formula is developed for determining the rate of discharge

of current by the pipe from these data. The formula involves a constant determined experimentally, and the method of determination

of this constant is described in the paper.

Instructions are given for the several uses of the apparatus. The

care of the instrument and the precautions necessary for obtaining

reliable data are discussed. In the last part of the paper the interpretation of data is considered and the results of field work are quoted to show that the earth-current meter gives more reliable

information regarding electrolysis conditions than can be obtained

otherwise.

GAS ANALYSIS Fuel Gases.—An extensive investigation of the behavior of water

heaters was carried out in cooperation with the testing laboratory of

the American Gas Association in order to establish specifications for

these appliances.

Members of the bureau staff have served on four of the committees

of the American Gas Association which are engaged in the drafting

of specifications for various types of appliances and their installation.

These committees have completed the preparation or revision of

several specifications of national scope within the industry.

The various factors relative to burner design and service conditions

at the burner when using different fuel gases are being investigated, a

large amount of work having already been carried out with Washington

City gas and with propane. It is the purpose of this work to determine the best form of construction of domestic burners for each condition of gas service, and thereby to assist the gas industry in the

detemiination of such standards as will result in the most satisfactory

gas service to each community.

A theoretical study of the characteristics of flames for the purpose of adapting the results to the investigation of gas burners and appliances

has been in progress. Such knowledge becomes essential in order to anticipate the behavior of these appliances when various fuel gases are used.

A review of the entire literature relating to the economic factors

involved in the production of water gas from both coke and coal has

been made and should be of considerable value to public utility

commissions.

A thorough investigation of primary importance has been that of

the probable effects of a change in the heating value standard for gas
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 165

in a certain state, particularly with reference to the engineering re- sults obtainable in the manufacture of the gas. Formal testimony has been given before two State commissions

having under consideration changes in their existing standards. One

case has been decided in accordance with the recommendations made

by the bureau. The other is still undecided. Informal discussion of

service standards has been supplied on their request to several States

and municipalities.

Gas Analysis.—A thermal conductivity apparatus for determining

both carbon dioxide and oxygen in respired air has been developed.

Because of the rapidity with which determinations can be made, this

method is expected to find extensive application among physicians for

the diagnosis of physiological conditions. A paper describing this

work, entitled " An adaptation of the thermal conductivity method to the analysis of respiratory gases," by Paul G. Ledig, of the bureau,

and Richard S. Lyman, of the school of medicine and dentistry,

University of Rochester, who cooperated in the work, was published

in the October, 1927, issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation.

Studies of the separation of gas mixtures by fractional distillation at low temperatures and pressures have been productive of several new methods for the separation of natural gases with especial refer- ence to the determination of natural gasoline fractions. A commercial apparatus was designed and has been used successfully in industrial laboratories. This work was a continuation of that undertaken

for the purpose of determining the best standard method for indicating

the amount of gasoline in natural gas for the purpose of establishing

the value of a natural gas supply in commercial transactions, and also

to establish a standard by which the efficiency of recovery of the

gasoline might be judged.

A semicommercial fractionating column was designed for the

critical study of the composition of petroleum oils and waxes.

Publication.—A Burette for the Accurate Measurement of Gas Volumes Without Gas Connection to a Compensator, E. R. Weaver and Martin Shepherd.

B. S. Sci. Paper No. 559. GLASS AND GLAZES

Composition and Physical Properties of Glass.—This work is being carried on with the assistance of the Navy Department to determine the conditions affecting the quality of optical glass during

melting, molding, and annealing. For this purpose the bureau

makes all the glass pots used from carefully selected clays, blended

to give a refractory body that will best resist the corrosive action of the

molten glass. The glass is made from commercial raw materials,

as pure as can be obtained, which are]: carefully mixed before melting

in the proportions required to produce a glass of the desired index

of refraction and dispersion.
166 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

During the past year five different kinds of glass were made as

follows: Borosilicate crown, light barium crown, barium flint, medium

flint and dense flint, the indices of refraction and dispersion being

respectively, 1.517-64.0, 1.574-57.7, 1.605-43.3, 1.620-36.6, and

1.650-33.0. As a result of this work approximately 22,500 optical

blanks of various shapes and sizes, weighing about 2,600 pounds,

have been delivered to the Naval Optical Shop to be used as replacements and in the construction of new optical instruments.

The annealing of glass for ordinary optical purposes does not

present great difficulties, but for instruments of the highest precision

exceedingly great care must be taken to eliminate temperature gradi- ents in the annealing furnace. This conclusion is based on index

of refraction measurements of six "fine-annealed" blanks, obtained

for making the objectives of a high precision spectrometer. These

measurements showed deviations from the average as large as 37 X

(10)~8

. Before reanneaiing the glass to reduce this variation if possible and at the same time to maintain the same average index

of refraction, it was necessary to determine the temperature at which

it had been previously annealed. This was accomplished by heat

absorption and index measurements on a piece of one of the blanks

which indicated that the glass had been annealed at approximately

485° C. After reanneaiing at this temperature with some precautions

to eliminate temperature gradients, the deviation from the mean

was reduced to 12 X (10)

-6

, with but slight change from the original

average index of refraction, and this was further reduced to 3 X

(10)

-6

, or one-twelfth the original deviation in the second reanneaiing

when very great care was taken to reduce temperature gradients to a minimum.

Study of Glazes.—This investigation is a study of certain properties

of glazes, particularly modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, coeffi- cient of expansion, and the so-called "after working" of glass, to determine the relationships between these physical properties and

the chemical composition of the glazes. The properties referred to are thought to be an index of conditions in a glaze which lead to crazing,

shivering, etc.—defects which are of paramount importance.

In beginning the work, considerable experimenting was necessary

to get the glazes into such shape that these properties could be

determined. The method finally adopted was to fuse the glaze

batch completely and then draw it out into rods. This gives a

glaze thickness of uniform composition while the same glaze adhering

to a body doubtless differs somewhat from body to face. Various

representative glazes are being studied and the effect of various

oxides entering into the batch evaluated and factors worked out

enabling the calculation of certain of the properties.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 167

A part of the investigation incidental to the other work led to an

examination of glazes attached to bodies for type of strain. While

the examination has been quite limited in extent, results so far show

that a glaze which has crazed is under tension while one free from

the defect is under compression. Some glazes which have run and

streaked show a variation in the type and amount of strain.

Resistance of Ceramic Glazes to Abrasion.—Glazes on whiteware

often become scratched, abraded, and otherwise disfigured while the ware is still mechanically serviceable. The problem was investigated by the bureau and the principal features of the investigation were: (1) The development of a suitable method for determining

glaze hardness. (2) The determination and comparison of the hardness of commercial brands of chinaware. (3) The study of the effect on glaze hardness of variations in composition, thickness, firing temperature, and body used. A description of the apparatus used and

the results obtained has been published.

The following conclusions were reached as a result of the study: (1)

The glarimeter method gives results, sufficiently consistent to be used

for research and other work which requires a high degree of accuracy

in the measurement of surface abrasion. (2) An " alternate method "

described for determining glaze resistance is sufficiently accurate,

simple, and rapid for plant control. (3) The average resistance of the

foreign ware was higher than that of the domestic, and the variation

from the average was, in general, less. (4) The data are insufficient

to justify definite conclusions regarding the effect of varying Si02 and

A12 3 content. (5) The resistance of well-matured glazes is inversely

proportional to the thickness. (6) The resistance decreases as the

tendency to matt increases. (7) For the two temperatures used, the

resistance is markedly increased by the higher glost fire. (8) Glaze

composition and temperature of glost fire affect resistance more than

does the type of body used.

Publications.—A preliminary study of the resistance to abrasion of ceramic

glazes, its control and methods of determination, A. C. Harrison, J. Am. Cer. Soc,

10, No. 2, p. 77; February, 1927. Effects of Typical Enamels on Colors Obtained With Various

Stains.—The demand for colored vitreous enamaled ware is growing

rapidly, as evidenced by the increasing number of advertising signs, restaurant fixtures, stove parts, and other articles enameled in color. The literature is meager in references on this subject, and the bureau

undertook a study of some of the compositions and processes involved

in the production of colored enamels by grinding stains with the

enamel frit. The following is a brief summary of the findings : The best results were obtained when the stains were ground to pass a No. 200 sieve

after calcination. Removal of soluble matter from the calcined
168 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

stains, through washing by decantation with hot water, tended to prevent a spotty appearance of the fired enamels. The time and temperature of calcination of the stains, and furnace atmosphere as

affected by adjustment of the gas flame, had to be duplicated in order

to duplicate the shade of color obtained with a given batch composition. Substitutions of silica and feldspar in the batch, one for the

other, produced little effect on the resulting shades except that (a) in the presence of zinc oxide an increase in silica at the expense of

feldspar resulted in a darker shade, and (b) the tendency of sodium

antimonate to produce a dark shade was accentuated by the substitution of silica for feldspar. Lead oxide in the frit had a distinct tendency to darken the shade obtained with a given stain, an effect which was most noticeable with selenium-red stains. These red stains were also more sensitive to other factors than the remainder of the

stains studied.

Publications.—A preliminary study of ceramic colors and their use in vitreous enamels, W. N. Harrison and T. D. Hartshorn, J. Am. Cer. Soc, 10, No. 10, p. 747; October, 1927. Effects of Composition on the Properties of Ground Coat Enamels

for Sheet Steel.—The relative narrowness of the range of compositions, which includes most commercial enamels, led to an investigation

to determine the effects of greater changes in composition than have

heretofore been attempted. One phase of this study was confined

to finish coats, but the phase reported here concerns ground-coat

enamels. A series of ground-coat enamels was developed about

each of three refractory bases, one of which consisted of flint plus

feldspar, another of feldspar only, and a third of flint only. The

variable portion in each series was made up of equal parts of 3 constituents commonly used in enameling, chosen from a total of 6 in such a way that every possible combination was used, making a total of 20 enamels in each series. All were tested for resistance to mechanical and thermal shock, and the various ingredients compared

by analysis of the results of these tests. In general, the ingredients

which received the best ratings were flint in the refractory portion,

and sodium oxide in the variable portion, constituted of fluxes. Also, boric oxide favorably influenced resistance to mechanical

shock in the series containing both flint and feldspar. Resistance to mechanical and thermal shock was considerably less affected by

variations in thermal expansivity of the enamels than is the case in cover coats, the influence of that factor appearing to be partially

obscured by other factors.

Publications.—Effects of composition on the properties of ground-coat enamels

for sheet steel, W. N. Harrison and H. G. Wolfram, J. Am. Cer. Soc, 10, No. 3, p. 163; March, 1927. Physicochemical Factors Affecting the Consistency of Enamel

Slips.—Since the last report of this investigation field studies have
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 169

been made, experimental work on the consistency of enamel slips

being carried on in two factories. The simplest possible apparatus

and method of expressing consistency was developed for factory use. Upon correlation of the results of the factory work it was concluded

that: (1) The weight of enamel slip retained on a unit surface of

metal when applied and allowed to drain is primarily a function of

yield value, and secondarily a function of set. (2) A slip of high

mobility drains quickly and one of low mobility drains slowly.

(3) Although mobility is affected by other things besides percentage

of water, that factor is so important that by means of it mobility can be controlled. (4) By means of water and salt additions the

mobility of a slip can be changed without affecting the resultant

yield value, and the yield value can be changed without affecting

mobility. (5) Enamel slips when classified according to consistency

fall into groups, the particular group into which any slip falls depending upon the type of work for which it is intended.

Publications.—Controlling the Consistency of Enamel Slips, W. N. Harrison,

B. S. Tech. Paper No. 356. Vitreous enamel slips and their control, W. N. Harrison, J. Am. Cer. Soc. 10 1927 GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT

The accepted value of the constant of gravitation for the past 30

years has rested upon the independent work of Boys and of Braun.

These two experimenters obtained mean results agreeing to four

significant figures (6.658 X 10-8 cm3 g

-1 sec.-2

), but because their

separate values varied in the third figure (by as much as 4 units in

Braun's work, and by 2 units in that of Boys) Poynting, in his dis- cussion of the subject, assigns the value 6.66 X 10-8

, with a possible

uncertainty of 1 unit in the third figure.

Thirty years having elapsed since the work of Boys and Braun,

it was felt that it might now be possible to push the precision of this

determination one decimal place farther.

The apparatus employed was the torsion balance, used in one form or another by half a dozen experimenters in this subject since

the days of Cavendish. The general dimensions of Braun's apparatus were followed, except that the large masses were greatly increased

in size. The torsion pendulum was operated in a vacuum. In

this method the time of swing of the pendulum is measured in two

positions, which may be called "near" and "far." Braun, working

with large masses of about 9 kg each and small masses of 54 g each,

with a radius of revolution of about 10 cm obtained a difference in the

two times of swing of about 46 seconds. In the present work the

large masses weighed about 66 kg each, the other quantities being

nearly the same as those employed by Braun. In consequence of the greater mass, the times of swing differed by about 330 seconds.
170 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The large masses were of steel, cylindrical in shape. This form was adopted because of practical difficulties in shaping spheres of the

weight employed (66 kg each). The cylinders were turned from in- gots which had been forged down from 12 to 9 inches in diameter to

close up blowholes, and as finished were about 28.5 cm long and

19.5 cm in diameter. The small masses used in 1926 were of platinum, weighing about 50 g each, fused in a vacuum furnace to insure

absence of cavities. They were spherical in form.

The work was done in the constant temperature room of the

Bureau of Standards located about 35 feet below ground.

The observations during 1926 gave five values of the constant

of gravitation as follows:

6. 661 | 6. 661

6. 667

6. 667

6. 664 Mean 6. 664 X 10-8 Average departure from mean . 002

No previous investigator has obtained results agreeing to more

than two significant figures. It is planned to carry out an additional series of observations

during 1928, by which it is hoped to obtain six or seven more values

of this important constant. Publication of the complete results

will be made eventually as a Bureau of Standards Scientific Paper.

HEAT

Effect of Impurities on the Platinum Resistance Thermometer at Low Temperatures.—The platinum resistance thermometer, as ex- plained under " Standard scale of temperature," serves as the standard instrument from —183 to +650° C. In the range —183 to 0° C. there remains some uncertainty as to the effect on the scale of minor impurities in the platinum. Special resistance thermometers

and comparison baths have been prepared for making a precise

analysis of the relative indication of thermometers made from platinum of different degrees of purity.

Thermal Conductivity of Commercial Insulating Materials Used

at Low or Ordinary Temperature.—A series of tests on nearly all commercial materials of this class used for cold storage or house

insulation was completed during the year. The tests consisted of measurements of thermal conductivity, apparent density, and commercial thickness. A number of samples of each material were

tested in order to get a representative average in each case. Measurements of conductivity were made at two mean temperatures, 32

and 60° C. Certain easily compressible materials were measured at various densities of packing.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 171

A paper on the subject was prepared and has been accepted for

presentation at the Fourth International Congress of Refrigeration

to be held in Rome in April, 1928. A circular letter was prepared

giving the results as well as other information of interest to prospective builders of insulated houses. This pamphlet has had an extremely

wide circulation.

Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Materials at High Temperatures.—This investigation, started in the previous year in cooperation

with an outside concern, was continued. A number of different hightemperature insulators were tested at various temperatures up to 600° C. The work necessitated the test of a large number of differ- ent individual specimens. The most striking feature of the results

thus far obtained is the rapid increase of conductivity of powdered

or loose materials with increasing temperature. The temperature

coefficient of conductivity of all the loose materials tested has been

found to be materially greater than that of air. Heat Transfer Through Building Construction.—A large number of

tests were made on the insulating value of various external constructions used on the outside of the studding in frame buildings. The

test panels consisted of ordinary wood sheathing, 2 feet square, on

which were placed various combinations of external coverings, such as metal lath and stucco ; furring strips, metal lath and stucco ; building

paper and shingles; siding, and other combinations of these materials.

These tests are less difficult to make than tests on a complete frame

wall, and furnish equivalent information, since it is possible to calculate

the insulating value of the complete wall from the test results on a

single type of complete frame wall. Properties of Steam and Carbon Dioxide.—The American Society

of Mechanical Engineers is sponsor for an extensive project designed

to provide new data on the properties of water and steam. The

experimental work was divided between Harvard University, the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Bureau of Standards,

the last named undertaking the calorimetric measurements. During

the past year the determinations of the specific heat of water, in the

temperature range to 200° C. were completed. Measurements of

specific heat at higher temperatures and of latent heat of vaporization

remain to be completed.

The first definite result of these measurements is a determination

of the mean calorie in international joules, and thus in terms of ergs. The result formed is that the amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of 1 g of water from 0° to 100° at atmospheric pressure

is 418.8 X 107 ergs. Another definition of the mean calorie, namely,

1/100 of the difference between the enthalpy or heat content of

91096—2&—12
172 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

water at 100 and at 0°, at saturation pressure in each case, has been

recommended as better adapted for use in steam tables, and with

this definition the result becomes

1 mean calorie = 4.189 X 107 ergs. The data obtained in these investigations will serve after formulation into suitable tables as a national and probably to a large

extent as an international standard of reference on the properties of

steam, just as the previous work on properties of ammonia has been

so generally accepted as to become a standard by common consent, or as the determination of the heat of combustion of benzoic acid,

published in 1914, has become an international standard in thermochemistry by virtue of formal action of the Union International de

la Chimie Pure et Appliqu6e at Lyons in 1922. The apparatus now

being used to determine the properties of water and steam is to be

used in similar measurements of the properties of C02 , and these

results, together with those of supplementary investigations already

completed or in progress, will serve as the basis for standard tables

of the properties of C02

. Thermochemical Standards.—The standard samples of naphthalene, benzoic acid, and sucrose, with certified heats of combustion,

have found wide use. During the year a complete redeterimination

of the heats of combustion of these materials was made. The new

determination is completely independent of the old, having been

obtained by different observers, with a new calorimeter, which was

calibrated by the fundamental electric method. The new results are in good agreement with the older ones. Heat Losses from a 75-Ton Hot-Metal Car.—For many years it has been the practice in the iron and steel industries to transport

molten metal from one furnace to another in open ladles. More

recently a closed type of ladle has been introduced which has about

the shape of a submarine and is mounted on trucks similar to those

of a railway car. The only opening in this ladle is at the top and is only about 3 feet in diameter, so that the heat loss is much less than

from the open ladle. These closed ladles are made with capacities

up to 150 tons of metal. It is important to know how long the

metal in such a ladle will remain hot enough to be used. Accordingly,

the Bureau of Standards recently conducted a test to determine the

rate of cooling and the heat losses from a 75-ton closed-car ladle. It was found that the molten iron in such a ladle cooled only about

11° F. per hour, and with this rate of cooling it would be possible to hold a ladle of molten iron for 40 hours before it became too cold to be poured out. The heat loss from this ladle was found to be 35

kilocalories per second, which is equivalent to about 140 kilowatts.

The results of this test will be of material assistance to industries
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 173

using these ladles and those designing heating devices to be applied

to these ladles for the purpose of holding the temperature essentially constant. This work is reported in a paper entitled "Heat losses from a 75-ton hot metal car," by William F. Roeser in the Journal of the

American Foundrymen's Association. (In press.)

Pyrometry of Iron and Steel.—An investigation is being made of

the corrections to be applied to the readings of an optical pyrometer

when sighted on molten cast iron in the open, either on streams or on the surface of quiet ladles. Optical pyrometers are calibrated

to read correctly when sighted into closed furnaces and always read

low when sighted on metal in the open. The amount by which the

readings are low depends on the radiating characteristics of the

surface, and these are being determined for cast iron under various

conditions to aid industrial plants in obtaining reliable temperature

measurements.

LEATHER

Sulphite Cellulose Extract.—Research on this subject was completed during the year and the results published as Technologic

Paper No. 339, entitled "The Use of Sulphite Cellulose Extract as a Tanning Material," by R. C. Bowker and E. L. Wallace. It was

shown that these materials possessed definite tanning properties,

and actual tanning experiments demonstrated that they could be

satisfactorily blended with the ordinary vegetable tanning materials.

The leather produced compared favorably with that made with the

usual vegetable materials as regards both physical and chemical

properties. The application of the results of this research will

lower tanning costs, cause the tanning industry to be less dependent

upon imported materials, and tend to compensate for the loss of

domestic chestnut wood through blight, by utilizing a product now

largely wasted.

This research, together with previous work described in Technologic Paper No. 215, entitled "The Durability of Sole Leather

Filled with Sulphite Cellulose Extract," by R. C. Bowker, shows

conclusively that leather containing these materials is in no way

impaired as to quality and utility. This definite conclusion resulted

in the elimination from many Government specifications of a clause

which prohibited the use of sulphite cellulose extracts. Investigation of Acid in Leather.—An investigation was started

during the year to determine the effects of different acids upon the

life and properties of leather and how these effects are influenced

by the tanning process and the finishing materials used. This

investigation was initiated largely because the usual quality standards

for leather limit closely the maximum amount of free mineral

acid permissible in leather, since experience has shown that strong
174 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

acids are detrimental to leather. Methods of determining the acid

are inadequate, the amount of acid which may be present without

causing serious deterioration is not definitely known, the effect of other acids than mineral has not been thoroughly studied, and

the influence of the various materials used in making leather

upon the action of the acid merits consideration. Information on

these points will have its effect on leather-making methods and will allow intelligent quality standards to be drafted.

Standard leather samples have been prepared in the experimental

tannery using different tanning materials. Samples of each leather

have been treated so as to contain sulphuric acid in the following

amounts: 0, 34, 34 %, l> 134, lH> 1H, 2, 234 3, 3J^, and 4 per

cent. After determining the original strength and stretch of these

samples two samples of each acid treatment will be stored for the

following aging periods: 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months, after which

periods the strength and stretch will be again determined as an indication of the deterioration effect of the acid with time.

Physical and chemical tests will be made on the aged leather

during the coming year, and additional leather will be prepared for

similar studies on some of the points mentioned. Close contact with

the industry is being maintained in this work through an advisory

committee.

Properties of Leather.

Sole Leather.—Investigation of the comparative durability of vegetable-tanned sole leather and chrome sole leather retanned with vegetable materials was started during the

year. The cooperation of five leading tanners was secured who furnished the leather. Results of 300 out of 500 actual service tests indicate that chrome leather lightly retanned with vegetable materials

will wear about 75 per cent longer than vegetable leather. The

thoroughly retanned leather appears to wear about 33 per cent

longer than the vegetable leather. This comparison of wear standards will be completed during the next year. Strength and Stretch.—Arrangements were made to secure steer- hide leather, calf leather, and sheep leather tanned by both the

vegetable and chrome processes in order that a study might be

made of the effect of the tannage on the strength and stretch of leather.

Cleaning of Furs and Leathers.—The use of fur and leather in

garments has increased during the last few years. A study was made to determine the proper method of handling these materials

in the dry-cleaning establishments. The kinds and amounts of fatty

content in different types of fur were determined and various methods

of cleaning studied.

The method developed consists of adding small percentages of parafhn to the cleaning solvent. This method was tried successfully
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 175

in various cleaning plants. A bureau publication giving the results

of this study is now being prepared.

This work was supported by the National Association of Dyers

and Cleaners through their research associateship.^ LIME AND GYPSUM

Fineness of Slaked Chemical Quicklime.—A determination of the

''fineness" of slaked chemical quicklimes has been made during the

year. Many of the chemical industries using lime find it advantageous to use quicklime in order to utilize the heat of hydration. This

principle is used, for example, in the liberation of NH3 from the

ammonical liquors produced in the by-product coke industry. In

those industries in which quicklime is used as a reagent, it is desirable

that during the process of hydration the disintegration of the quicklime should be as complete as possible. A fine state of subdivision

increases the rate of solubility and the speed of reaction. Coarse

material not only decreases the solubility and efficiency of the lime,

but also has a deleterious effect on processing machinery. Following

substantially the practice recommended by the American Society

for Testing Materials for determining the fineness of masons' hydrated lime, the following results were obtained: It was found that

from 69.3 to 94.8 per cent passed a No. 200 sieve and from 0.9 to 22.5 per cent was retained on a No. 30 sieve.

Sample No.

Retained on No.

30 sieve

Passing No. 30

sieve, retained on No.

50 sieve

Passing No. 50

sieve, retained on No.

100 sieve

Passing No. 100

sieve, retained on No.

200 sieve

Passing No. 200

sieve

11... Per cent 0.9 2.2

3.1 10.3

3.1 2.6

1.6 22.5 4.8

Per cent 0.8

1.7 2.3 2.2

7.4 2.5

.7

3.1 3.7

Per cent 2.6

.7

1.3 2.1 6.9

3.6

1.6

3.1 2.0

Per cent 0.9

2.2

3.7 2.2

5.6 3.8

1.3 2.0

2.9

Per cent 94.8

93.2

89.6

83.2 77.0

87.5 94.8

69.3

86.6

21..

2428

35

17.. 8

38

19. Manufacture of Lime.—Changes occurring in the lime industry

since the issue of Technologic Paper No. 16, "The Manufacture of

Lime," in 1913, made necessary a revision of this publication. To

obtain the information desired, 12 lime plants, one ready-mixed

mortar plant, and one limestone crushing plant were recently visited. Many innovations in the lime industry were observed. The data

collected included information upon the following: (1) The production of chemical lime. (2) The latest type of gas-fired kilns.

(3) New processes of hydration. (4) Burning of lime in rotary kilns.

(5) Automatic stokers as applied to shaft kilns. (6) The mining of limestone.
176 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Furthermore, the inquiry was conducted with a view of obtaining

complete information about the process of lime manufacture; of noting the methods of quarrying or mining and crushing; of selecting

representative samples of limestone which were forwarded to the

laboratory for analysis and study; of observing the methods of burning, temperature, and duration of burning and sampling the resulting

lime; and of following this through the process of hydration and of

sampling the resulting product.

Publications.—The Manufacture of Lime, Bureau of Standards Circular No. 337. Analysis of hydrated lime by a thermochemical method, D. F. Richardson,

Ind. and Eng. Chem., 19, No. 5, p. 625; May, 1927. Expansion of Calcined Gypsum on Setting.—The expansion which

occurs when calcined gypsum sets is one of its important properties.

This property makes gypsum an excellent material for casting purposes as it enables the material to give true reproductions of the

mold. In some other uses this expansion is undesirable and is to be

avoided if possible. An investigation was conducted to determine

whether it would be possible by simple methods to control this expansion. It was found that the expansion might be controlled

within certain limits by control of the ingredients of plasters and of

the conditions under which they are used.

Publications.—The expansion of a calcined gypsum on setting, by J. A. Murray,

Rock Products; 1927. Some advances in gypsum technology, J. M. Porter, Chem. and Met. Eng.,

33, No. 9, p. 549; September, 1926. An Acoustical GypsumfPlaster.—A plaster which will absorb 10 to 15 per cent of the sound striking it will remedy the conditions of

most of the auditoriums, theaters, churches, etc., having acoustical

defects. An investigation has been conducted during the year

having as its object the development of such a plaster.

To absorb any appreciable amount of sound energy a plaster

must possess a porous surface of such a nature that the sound will penetrate into the plaster and be changed to some other form of

energy. A hard, nonporous surface, such as is possessed by the

ordinary sanded plasters or by the lime-gypsum white finish coat,

does not have this porosity, hence practically all sound striking such

a plaster is reflected back into the room. This condition gives rise to the objectionable echoes and reverberations which are so often

found in public buildings.

By adding small amounts of alum or aluminum sulphate and a carbonate (CaC03 , for example) to a calcined gypsum-sand dry mix

it has been found that a plaster may be prepared which possesses

the desired characteristic offsurface porosity and which may be easily

worked and applied. When this plaster is wetted the alum and
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 177

carbonate react to form carbon dioxide (CO2) which is entrapped in

the body of the plaster in the form of countless minute bubbles of

gas. When the plaster is applied to a water absorptive backing,

such as an ordinary scratch or brown coat of plaster, the excess water in the wet acoustical plaster is partially removed by the

absorptive effect of the backing and the water films surrounding

the gas bubbles are broken, leaving a large number of communicating small pores throughout the plaster. These small gas bubbles

also serve another purpose in increasing the workability of the

plaster and thus making it easier to apply.

Many different types of aggregate have been experimented with

in an effort to find the most satisfactory one for use. Among those

investigated may be mentioned sand, pumice, raw and calcined

diatomaceous earth, cinders, ground cork, asbestos, tufa stone (a

volcanic ash), and several others. Of these the pumice, calcined

diatomaceous earth, and tufa stone produced the most satisfactory

plasters. A plaster containing 2 parts granulated tufa (graded to pass a No. 14 and be retained on a No. 40 sieve), 1 part sand (graded

from sieve No. 10 to sieve No. 30), and 1 part of calcined gypsum, to which was added a small amount of a calcium carbonate-potassium

alum mixture and a retarder, had approximately the sound-absorbing

properties desired. It is possible to increase the percentage sound

absorption by increasing the tufa-calcined gypsum ratio, increasing

the tufa-sand ratio, or increasing the particle size of the aggregate.

LUBRICANTS AND LIQUID FUELS

Methods for Testing Petroleum Products.—The standardization of

methods for testing petroleum products has been continued in cooperation with Committee D-2 on petroleum products and lubricants of

the American Society for Testing Materials.

As a result of work on petrolatum the " grease penetration test,"

with slight modifications, was adopted as the standard method for

measuring the consistency of petrolatum. The development of a standard method for measuring the melting point of petrolatum is

still under investigation.

The " burette consistometer," referred to in the 1927 Yearbook,

although rapid and accurate, has a more restricted field of application

than the "Herschel consistometer, " designed at the Bureau of

Standards, and described in Oil and Gas Journal, December 2, 1926.

A new instrument has now been very nearly completed which will combine the advantages of both the Herschel consistometer and the

burette.

Selecting Motor Oils.—In purchasing lubricants and liquid fuels on Government specifications (Technical Paper No. 323) the question has at times been raised in regard to the selection of the most
178 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

suitable oil for a specific purpose, particularly in connection with

automotive lubrication. Instructions have, therefore, been prepared

for selecting the proper grade or viscosity of motor oil for any given

make of automobile. These have been adopted and issued as Bulletin

No. 24, Supplement No. 5, by the Office of the Chief Coordinator,

September 7, 1927, and include both winter and summer recommendations for trucks, tractors, and passenger cars. Properties of Petroleum.—The available data on properties of

petroleum and its products are not such as to make possible the

compilation of standard tables of properties, with, perhaps, the single

exception of thermal expansion, which is given in Bureau of Standards

Circular No. 154. Experiments to establish data to serve as a basis

for standard tables have been begun, with the cooperation of the

American Petroleum Institute. As it will take several years before

the desired data can be had, the information now available on such

properties as specific heat, latent heat of vaporization, heat of combustion, etc., has been assembled and analyzed and the results

published in provisional form as a Letter Circular No. 231.

MECHANICS

Structural materials are bought and sold largely on the basis of

specifications, which is the only satisfactory procedure from the standpoint of both producer and consumer. These specifications state the

physical properties of the material, such as tensile strength, yield

point, elongation, hardness, etc. Tests are, therefore, necessary to determine whether the material complies with the minimum requirements of the specification. If the testing machines of the producer

and consumer are not properly calibrated, discrepancy results which

leads to needless confusion, delay, and discussion. Manufacturers

and consumers alike have urgently requested the bureau to establish a service for calibrating testing machines in the shops and factories

of the country.

The first step in supplying this service has been taken by installing a dead-weight testing machine of 100,000 pounds capacity. Loads

can be applied by this machine in increments of 10,000 pounds.

Since the load consists of carefully calibrated weights without the use

of multiplying levers of any kind, the accuracy of the deadweight

machine as a primary source of calibration is not open to question.

The second step is the development of a satisfactory proving ring

which, after calibration in the deadweight machine, may be used in

turn to calibrate the testing machines in factories and other laboratories with the required precision. This work is now actively under

way.

Masonry Walls.—For several years the Bureau of Standards has

been cooperating with manufacturers of masonry building units in

determining the most economical and safe processes and designs to be
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 179

used in constructing masonry walls. For the past three years the

Common Brick Manufacturers' Association, the Hollow Building

Tile Association, the National Terra Cotta Society, and the Research

Service (Inc.), have maintained research associates at the bureau

(some continuously and some from time to time) engaged in testing

various types of brick walls, hollow tile walls, and terra-cotta faced

walls. The tests are still continuing, results of some tests are now

being prepared for publication, and during the past year a number of

publications have been issued

Comparative tests on brick masonry, J. W. McBurney, The Bricklayer, Mason,

and Plasterer, 29, No. 10, p. 225; October, 1926. Common brick tests at Washington. J. W. McBurney, Proc. of Ninth Annual

Convention of Common Brick Manufacturers' Association, held in Chicago,

February 21-26, p. 46; 1927. New construction data on brick walls. A. H. Stang, The American Contractor,

8, No. 31, p. 5; July 30, 1927. Effect of workmanship on the strength of brick masonry. J. W. McBurney

The American Architect, 132, No. 2532, p. 613, pt. 1; November 5, 1927. These deal with various phases of the investigations.

More comprehensive papers dealing more fully with larger series of tests are being prepared. A paper on " Transverse and compressive strength of walls built of an interlocking hollow building tile"

will appear shortly.

So great is the demand for the information furnished by these

tests that results not yet published are frequently called for by public

officials to furnish the basis for city building codes and other codes of standard building practice.

A necessary part of the study of these walls is a study of the strength

of the units of which they are composed. Extensive series of tests are still in progress to determine what mechanical and other properties

of these materials are of importance in determining the strength and

durability of the walls. These tests sometimes lead to the design of new apparatus to facilitate the tests. A Portable Apparatus for

Transverse Tests of Brick, by A. H. Stang, (B. S. Tech. Paper No.

341), describes one such apparatus.

Research on Indentation Testing.—Indentation tests commonly

called " hardness" tests, are every year more widely used as inspection

tests to control the uniformity and suitability of metal parts. The

desire to increase the cheapness, reliability, and speed of these tests has led to the manufacture of many different machines for making

indentation tests. As the two most widely used are the Rockwell

and the Brinell machines, it was of importance to study the relation

between these. Technologic Paper No. 334, " Relationships Between

the Rockwell and Brinell Numbers," by S. N. Petrenko, reports an

extensive series of tests on a wide range of materials. From these

tests conversion formulas were derived and the limitations on the
180 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

comparability of the two tests determined. It was found that where

agreement closer than 10 per cent was not of importance conversion

formulas could be used.

Autogenous Welding.—During the last few years the use of auto- genous welding, including oxyacetylene, electric arc, hydrogen arc, and atomic hydrogen welding, has grown enormously in many differ- ent industries. The cheapness with which complicated shapes can

be fabricated by the welding processes has led to the most varied

applications and brought out many varied problems for testing

laboratories. What pressures are safe to use on tanks of a given

design welded in different ways and by different processes? What

is the best way to weld street railway rails to insure the longest life? What types of welds should be used in structural framework and

what loads can they safely carry? How should an airplane fuselage

be welded to insure greatest safety with minimum weight? All these

problems and many others have been brought to the Bureau of Standards by the Army, the Navy, the American Bureau of Welding, the

American Electric Railway Association, and other groups of manufacturers and users of welded structures. The problems are not

simple, but one by one various phases of them are being investigated

by the engineering mechanics section and from time to time as the

results obtained warrant it publications are issued covering different

phases of the subjects.

During the past year the larger number of these have appeared in the Journal of the American Welding Society, and discuss such varied

matters as

Test of an arc-welded plate girder, H. L. Whittemore, J. Am. Weld. Soc, 6, No. 1, p. 42; January, 1927. Suggested program for the investigation of the fatigue resistance of welds, H. L. Whittemore, J. Am. Weld. Soc, 6, No. 1, p. 21; January, 1927. Testing gas welds, H. L. Whittemore, Power, 65, No. 6, p. 211; February 8, 1927. Comments on shear test results, H. L. Whittemore, Fifth Progress Report,

J. Am. Weld. Soc, 6, No. 3, p. 56; March, 1927. Suggested program for strain-gauge measurements of welded rail joints, H. L. Whittemore, Fifth Progress Report, J. Am. Weld. Soc, 6, No. 3, p. 68; March,

1927. Incidental to these tests many different problems arise concerned

with stresses to which the structures are to be subjected in service

and the effect of design on their strength and safety. Stresses in a

rail due to a falling weight, A. H. Stang, Fifth Progress Report,

J. Am. Weld Soc, 6, No. 3, p. 64; March, 1927; and a discussion of a paper on The design of dished heads of pressure vessels, H. L. Whittemore, Mech. Eng., 49, No. 5, p. 470; May, 1927, are two

papers growing out of these welding investigations. So far only a small beginning has been made and work is already outlined for the

bureau's testing laboratories which will take several years to complete.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 181

METALS

Determination of Gases in Metals.—The effect of gases in metals

is too obscure for the determination of gas content to appear in commercial specifications as yet. Some few manufacturers are, however,

setting their own limits for allowable gas content and analyzing their

steels for gases, by the methods worked out at the bureau apparently

with useful results. The General Electric Co. recently sent a guest

worker to the bureau to get in touch with methods for nitrogen

analysis which might be applied to transformer steel. Beside the constant study of analytical methods for determination

of gases in metals, work is in hand from the synthetic point of view

on the solubility of gases in metals.

Publication.—Gases in Metals III. The Determination of Nitrogen in Metals

by Fusion in Vacuum, L. Jordan and J. R. Eckman, B. S. Sci. Paper No. 563. Special Alloy.—In the hope of extending the range of accuracy of

the Brinell hardness test, so widely used in specifications, a special

alloy of iron-carbon and vanadium, which, when work hardened,

produced a Brinell ball with less permanent distortion in service than

the steels previously used, was tried out, but it was found that the

real cause of the lack of accuracy of Brinell testing of very hard

steels lies more in the elastic distortion of the ball than in the plastic

deformation.

Publication.—An iron-carbon-vanadium alloy for Brinell balls, G. W. Quick

and L. Jordan, Trans. Am. Soc. Steel Treating, 12, p. 3; 1927. United States Patent 1638855, L. Jordan and G. W. Quick. Assigned to Secretary of Commerce.

Methods of Testing Molding Sands.—The use of standard testing

methods for evaluation of molding and core sand is growing rapidly.

The bureau continues to cooperate with the American Foundrymen's

Association and the Washington Navy Yard on this problem.

Publication.—Work included in report of subcommittee on tests, Joint Committee on Molding Sand Research, American Foundrymen's Association, meeting,

June, 1927. Letter Circular No. 230, Glycerine or ethylene glycol in foundry sand mold

facing mixtures. Joint Committee on Investigation of the Effect of Phosphorus and

Sulphur in Steel.—The work of this committee, on which a number of technical societies are represented, and of which the Director of the

Bureau of Standards is chairman, has been active.

The object of the work is to secure data by which specifications

may be drawn for the permissible amount of phosphorus and sulphur

in different grades of steel with certainty as to the effects produced by

those elements. The steels are produced commercially under the

observation of a subcommittee on manufacture, and from that point on are handled entirely by Government laboratories, the Bureau of
182 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Standards taking care of heat treatment and the Watertown Arsenal

and the Naval Experiment Station doing the physical testing.

A second series of forging steels of varying sulphur content was

prepared at the plant of the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation,

Pittsburgh, Pa., and a series of steel castings of varying phosphorus

content at the plant of the Atlantic Steel Castings Co., Chester, Pa.

Wear of Metals.—The resistance of metals to wear is one of the

most important properties under modern conditions, but data are lacking not only on the actual resistance to wear, but also on suitable

methods for determining wear resistance. The president of the

American Society for Testing Materials stated in June, 1927, that

"wear losses in practically all lines of industry represent possibly

the greatest form of economic waste in materials.

Before specifications can be drawn for metals to resist wear, reliable

methods of testing for wear resistance must be evolved. The work

of the bureau so far has been chiefly related to the problem of wear

of plug gauges in cooperation with the Gauge Steel Committee and

to the wear of railroad bearing bronzes in cooperation with a research

associate from the Chicago Bearing Metal Co. and the Magnus

Metal Co. Methods of test were developed which showed the

superior wear resistance of chromium plated gauges and of those

with a nitride coating, while in the railroad bronze it appeared that

a rather wide variation in lead content had relatively little effect on wear resistance. Many other properties of the bearing metals are being determined in an effort to find out why railroad specifications for similar bearings show wide variations and inconsistencies. Further

work on the bearing metal problem, especially on wear, is planned in cooperation with a research associate from the Bunting Brass &

Bronze Co., and the general wear problem is being attacked along

still other lines.

Publication.—Wear testing of metals, H. J. French, preprint for June, 1927,

meeting, Am. Soc. Test. Matls. Wear of steels with particular reference to plug gauges, H. J. French and

H. K. Herschman, Trans. Am. Soc. Steel Treat., 10, p. 683; 1926. Recent experiments relating to the wear of plug gauges, H. J. French and

H. K. Herschman, preprint for September, 1927, meeting, Am. Soc. Steel Treat. Metallurgical Circulars.—A revision of the circular on aluminum

and its alloys giving a great amount of standard data has been completed and extended to cover magnesium with some data on silicon and beryllium. The properties of, and specifications for, the light

metals and alloys are given in detail. Producers of light alloys

cooperated in the revision. A similar circular on zinc and cadmium

is in preparation, in which the cooperation of the American Zinc

Institute is promised.

Publication.—Light Metals and Alloys, Aluminum, Magnesium, B. S. Circular

o. 346.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 183

Quality of Steel for Carburizing.—While the carburizing (McQuaid-Ehn) test for "abnormality" of steel to be used for carburizing

does not appear in the specifications of any of the national specification-making bodies, individual users of steel, especially automotive

manufacturers, often incorporate this test. Users and producers

of steel are not in complete agreement as to what the test means,

or even as to the existence of "abnormal" steel. Study of this

problem has been under way for several years. The most probable

explanation for the cause of "abnormality" lies in the production,

during the steel-making process, of submicroscopic inclusions which

act as obstructions to grain growth. An "abnormal" steel is not

necessarily inferior, its inferiority or superiority depending on the

use to which it is to be put.

Publication.—Progress in study of normal and abnormal steel, S. Epstein

and H. S. Rawdon, Trans. Am. Soc. Steel Treat., 12, p. 337; 1927. Strength of Materials at High Temperatures.—In connection with

fire tests of building constructions it is often important to know

the strength and elastic properties of the constituent materials

at corresponding temperatures. An equipment with which good

temperature uniformity and control is obtainable has been in use during the past three years. Tests with structural steel and cast

iron have been completed. A paper 10 giving results with structural

shapes has been published. In addition, a series of tests has been

made to obtain information on effect of length, specimens having

slenderness ratios from 10 to 140 1/r being included.

With the strength, deformation, and temperature relations well

defined it is possible with proper precautions to express one in terms

of the others. This was recently done in the case of specifications

for the fire protection of structural steel 11 where temperature measure- ments on a protected structural steel member exposed to a test

fire were substituted for load application with consequent simplification of testing procedure.

Properties of Steel at Elevated Temperatures.—Although some

tentative standards for steel products for high temperature service

have recently been issued by the American Society for Testing

Materials, such specifications can hardly be said to rest as yet on as secure a basis of definite facts secured by well-tried methods of

testing, as do most specifications for metals. The work of the

bureau, cooperative with and oriented to supplement the work of the

Joint Committee on Properties of Metals at High Temperatures

of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American

Society for Testing Materials, is aimed to bring out whatever correlaM Compressive strength and deformation of structural steel and cast-iron shapes at temperatures up to

950° C, by S. H. Ingberg and P. D. Sale, Proc. Am. Soc. for Testing Mat., 26, Pt. n, pp. 35-51; 1926.

11 Fireproofing Specification, issued October, 1927, by the Am. Inst, of Steel Construction.
184 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tion may exist between accurately made short-time tests and the

tedious long-time, or " creep" tests, and thus make possible the

accumulation of more complete and more dependable data to serve

as a basis for specifications.

Publication.—Creep in Five Steels at Different Temperatures, H. J. French, H. C. Cross, and A. A. Peterson, B. S. Tech. Paper No. 362. Machinability of Steel and Cutting Properties of Tool Steels.

Existing specifications for high-speed tool steels do not include

tests directly evaluating the ability of the steels to cut, nor do those

for steels to be cut include any direct test for the ease with which

they may be cut. Tests on rough turning carried out at the bureau, made after the manner of those performed by Taylor in his classic work leading to the development of modern high-speed steels, show that Taylor's

methods of test are applicable to modern steels, both those to be

cut and those used as tools in rough turning. The relative machinability of alloy steels varies with the heat treatment; one steel may

be cut more readily than another in the soft state, but when heattreated to develop high tensile strengths their machinability may be

reversed. Variations in the quality of the high-speed tool steel may

affect cutting speed more than variations in the composition of the

steel cut. The work is now being extended to finish cuts, and the

effect of impurities in high-speed steels is being studied.

Publication.—Rough turning with particular reference to the steel cut, H. J. French and T. G. Digges, Proc. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 1926, p. 533, No. 2018

Density of Pure Iron and Carbon Steels.—The densities of pure

iron and of various carbon steels have been determined. The average

density of pure iron is 7.864 grams per cubic centimeter. Carbon

steels as hot-rolled show a gradual decrease in density with increasing

carbon content up to about 1.3 per cent and lie on or close to the

straight line Density = 7.855 -0.032 C

where C is the percentage of carbon. This equation applies for carbon

content 0.09 to 1.29 per cent. Carbon steels as annealed show a gradual decrease in density with

increasing carbon content up to about 1.4 per cent, and the values

lie on or close to the straight line Density = 7.860 -0.04 G

where C is the percentage of carbon. This equation applies for carbon

content 0.09 to 1.37 per cent. The density of carbon steels containing up to about 1.3 per cent carbon decreases upon quenching, due to the formation of martensite.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 185

The magnitude of this decrease rises with increasing carbon content

reaching a maximum at about 1 per cent carbon and then falls off slightly. Upon tempering the quenched steels they gradually increase

in density. A decrease in density was noted in the hypereutectoid

steels, when tempered at 225° C, due to the tempering of retained

austenite. Upon tempering about 225° C. the density of all samples

increased, ultimately approaching the density of the annealed material

when tempered at 600° C. The greatest rate of increase of density was noted upon tempering at 300° C, the rate then gradually falling

off practically to zero at 600° C.

Publication.—Density of Hot-Rolled and Heat-Treated Carbon Steels, H. C. Cross and E. E. Hill, B. S. Sci. Paper No. 562. Investigations have also been carried out on the density of sheet

copper, aluminum, beryllium, aluminum-beryllium alloys, cadmium,

zinc, and nickel. OPTICS Standard Wave Lengths in the Solar Spectrum.—The wave lengths

corresponding to absorption lines in the sun's atmosphere have

served as standards in spectroscopic and astrophysical investigations

for many years. The classical work of Professor Rowland nearly 40

years ago resulted in a table of solar spectrum wave lengths which

has not been superseded or materially improved, although it has been

recognized for 20 years that it contained irregular errors. For

purposes of laboratory spectroscopy a new system of standard wave

lengths derived from the iron arc has been internationally adopted,

but some astronomers still continue to use the Rowland scale. In

order that all might be persuaded to use a single universal scale of wave lengths it appeared advisable to remeasure standards in the

solar spectrum. A redetermination of these standards was also desirable on account of the fact that interferometer methods of comparing wave lengths can now be applied with the prospect of obtaining higher precision than Rowland did with his concave

diffraction gratings. Incidentally, it was of interest also to compare

solar and laboratory values of wave lengths obtained by the more

accurate methods and thus test the prediction of the theory of relativity that the wave lengths are 2 parts in 1,000,000 longer in the sun than in the laboratory.

Accordingly the spectroscopic laboratory of this bureau and

the Allegheny Observatory began in 1923, a cooperative program of standard wave-length work which has now been completed for one

octave of the solar spectrum. The results have appeared in the

publications of the Allegheny Observatory from time to time as

different spectral regions were completed. Final results for about

700 lines ranging in wave length from 3,592.027 Angstroms in the ultra- violet to 7,148.159 Angstroms in the red have thus been announced.
186 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Each value is the mean of 3 to 30 direct comparisons with international standards in the neon spectrum, and the errors in these final values are probably less than one part in several millions. These

observations have made it possible to deduce a correction curve by means of which Rowlands values can be accurately transformed to the

international scale. Comparison of the solar values with those

obtained for the same lines emitted in the laboratory by vacuum arcs shows that the weak solar lines have the same wave lengths as the

terrestrial sources, but stronger lines are displaced redwards. The

amount of this displacement appears to be a function of the line

intensity and of the spectral region; its explanation is still in doubt,

and until this phenomenon is accounted for, it is impossible to determine if there is a general shift due to solar gravity.

In connection with the wave-length comparisons and identifications

of lines of the chemical elements in the solar spectrum, it has been

necessary to describe some of the laboratory spectra more accurately,

and to analyze the structures of these spectra. During the past

year descriptions of the standard arc spectra of zirconium and

scandium have been completed. Accurate measurements of 350 lines

in the vacuum arc spectrum of titanium and lanthanum were completed, and the complete arc and spark spectra of yttrium were

remeasured.

Publications.—Solar spectrum wave lengths, by Keivin Burns and C. C.

Kiess, Allegheny Observatory, 6, p. 125; 1927. Solar spectrum wave lengths, by Keivin Burns, Allegheny Observatory, 6,

p. 141; 1927. Wave-length Measurements in the Arc and Spark Spectra of Zirconium, by

C. C. Kiess, B. S. Sci. Paper No. 548; April 28, 1927. Wave-length Measurements in the Arc Spectrum of Scandium, by William F. Meggers, B. S. Sci. Paper No. 549; May 4, 1927. An Analysis of the Arc and Spark Spectra of Scandium (Sc I and Sc II), by

Henry Norris Russell and William F. Meggers, B. S. Sci. Paper No. 558; August

12, 1927. Standardization of Lovibond Glasses Extensively Used in the

Color Grading of Cottonseed Oil.—The value of cottonseed oil produced in the United States, in 1926, about $230,000,000 wholesale,

is largely determined by its color—very small differences from the

specified color amounting to several hundreds of thousands or even

millions of dollars in the value of the year's production.

In trade, the color is specified by comparison with red and yellow

"Lovibond" glasses, thousands of which are in use in the oil industry.

Experience has shown that these working standards may vary from

their nominal value by several times the least difference which is considered in determining the market price of the oil. The Bureau of Standards has recently completed the establishment

of a fundamental standard scale in terms of which the glasses in
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 187

actual use may be calibrated, thus reducing them all to a common

fundamental standard.

In cooperation with the Oil Chemists Association, the glasses used

in their various laboratories are now being reduced to a common

standard, and should result in a large reduction in disputes between

buyer and seller and a consequent saving in this industry. The

program is now well under way with over 100 glasses standardized

during the latter half of 1927. It is estimated that the completed

work will cover 2,000 to 3,000 glasses.

Publication.—The Lovibond Color System. I. A Spectrophotometry Analysis of the Lovibond Glasses, by K. S. Gibson and F. K. Harris, B. S. Sci. Paper

No. 547, 1927. Standardizing the red and yellow Lovibond glasses, by Irwin G. Priest and

K. S. Gibson, abstract given at twelfth annual meeting of the Optical Society of America, Schenectady, N. Y., October 20-22, 1927. Published in the minutes of the meeting.

An Interference Method for Aberration Determinations.—In specifying the characteristics of an optical design or the performance of an

optical instrument there is a rapidly growing tendency to abandon

the "circular disk of confusion" of geometric optics and to express

the aberration directly in terms of wave lengths of phase retardation.

Over the geometric method this has the advantage of accuracy of

statement and convenience for comparison with the Rayleigh toler- ance. In accordance with this tendency the bureau has developed a new interference method especially adapted for the measurement of

phase retardation by a modification of the older Hartmann geometric

method. This new method is particularly suited for application to astronomical objectives and other optical systems of large linear

aperture as the use of accurate auxilliary reflecting surfaces of the same diameter as the objective may be entirely dispensed with if desired, although, for convenience, an optical flat may be advantageously employed in laboratory work.

This method of testing has been applied to two 6-inch astronomical

objectives and will be applied to the 12-inch astronomical objective

constructed some time ago from bureau glass. The results of the

tests are embodied in contours which show the deviation of the actual wave front from a spherical wave front with center at the assumed

focus. From these results one is able to draw precise conclusions

concerning the variation in the definition at different points in the

neighborhood of the focus, the determination of definition at points

off the axis, the effects of striae or other heterogeneities in the lens

and finally it will be possible to specify the standard of performance

which characterizes lenses of this type.

Standardization of Components of Optical Systems.—As a result of

investigations and experiments concerning variations in the index

91096—28 13
188 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

of refraction of certain optical glasses of first quality it has been

found that lack of homogeneity is almost entirely a matter of inadequate processing rather than of varying chemical composition, and

that uniformity to within a few units of the sixth decimal place of index is producible by sufficiently thorough and uniform heat treat- ments. Should this high degree of optical homogeneity prove to be

attainable in all types of properly made glass it will greatly facilitate the manufacture of optical instruments of the highest precision in which relatively long glass paths are employed, and it may also extend the previously existing limits of accuracy in many instances.

The real importance of a high degree of homogeneity lies, however,

in the resultant possibility of standardization in the manufacture of

high precision optical systems, such as those used in the best binoculars, in stereoscopic measuring systems, and in cameras for airplane

mapping; also in objectives for the rapidly increasing and diverse

types of measuring instruments which involve a fixed magnification.

But in effecting any considerable degree of standardization of this

nature it will first be necessary to place the reproducibility of glass

melts on a secure basis, and it is in part for this reason that extensive

experiments are being conducted to establish the exact relationships

between the optical properties of glass and the treating temperatures

used in its annealing. From the work in progress on several types

of glass it appears that the annealing equilibrium coefficients of index

of refraction which are being determined will permit the outfining

of annealing procedures which will reduce intermelt index deviations

to within the required limits, provided a few standard indices are established for each type of glass, and provided further that suffi- ciently accurate furnace temperature control can be achieved.

Filters for the Reproduction of Sunlight and the Determination of Color Temperature. (Proposed Working Standards for Sensitometry, Colorimetry, and Photometry.)—In photographic and colorimetric research the need has been acute for a definite reproducible

working standard of radiation, particularly as regards spectral

distribution. It is well known that the colors of objects vary with

the spectral distribution of the illuminating source. Likewise, with

commercial photographic emulsions, which differ enormously in

spectral sensitiveness, the relative speeds depend largely on the

spectral distribution of the source of fight.

Direct sunlight and so-called daylight are universal illuminants,

and their reproduction in the laboratory is of considerable importance

in colorimetry and photography. Xone of the artificial lights

available, however, have the color or spectral distribution of sunlight or daylight, and many attempts have been made to devise

filters which would absorb the excess red and yellow of incandescent

fights to produce such a quality.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 189

Recently the Sixth International Congress of Photography

tentatively adopted two standards of radiation for the sensitometry

of emulsions, 2,360 and 5,000° K., the latter, representing sunlight, to be obtained by means of a specified working filter and a 2,360° K. source of light as recommended by the American committee.

In an attempt to obtain a more exact reproduction of sunlight for

sensitometry a series of filters has been devised at the bureau for

converting light of any color temperature between 2,300 and 4,000°

K. to noon sunlight, giving not only a perfect color match but

also a close spectral energy match with the adopted values.

In addition to their importance in photographic sensitometry this

series of filters makes possible the calibration of incandescent lamps,

both in terms of color temperature and intensity and always under

conditions of exact color match. These filters should thus be of

considerable value in the photometry of incandescent lights of

different colors. Another group of filters, designed primarily for colorimetry,

converts a color temperature of 2,848° K. to any color temperature

between the limits of 3,500 and 10,000° K., a range of colors including various phases of sunlight and daylight and those that may be

classed as white (neutral). This second group of filters is likewise

designed by computation to give a perfect color match with the

specified complete radiator.

The filters are composed of the following ingredients in various

concentrations

(a) Copper sulphate, mannite, and pyridine in distilled water.

(6) Cobalt ammonium sulphate, copper sulphate, and a small

quantity of sulphuric acid in distilled water. One centimeter layer of each of the (a) and (b) solutions are contained in a double cell with three plates of borosilicate crown

glass, each 2.5 millimeters thick. These filters are precisely reproducible and should prove eminently satisfactory for photographic

sensitometry, colorimetry, and heterochromatic photometry.

In figures 1 and 2 are shown the specifications of two of the large

variety of filters, viz, 2,360° K. to mean sun and 2,848° K. to mean

sun. Abstracts describing the work have been published as follows

Reproducible liquid filters for the production of "white light," Raymond

Davis and K. S. Gibson, J. Opt. Soc. Am. and Rev. Sci. Inst., 14, p. 135; 1927. Reproducible liquid filters for the determination of the color temperatures of incandescent lamps, Raymond Davis and K. S. Gibson, Phys. Rev. (2), 29, p. 916;

1927. The Ultra-Violet Transmission of Various New Glasses and Window Glass Substitutes as Compared With That of Common Window

Glass.—Since ordinary window glass shuts out the ultra-violet rays

below about 310 much attention has been given of late to the
190 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

2360°K to MEAN SUNLIGHT at WASHINGTON. FILTER

Mean Sun 23 60

1.00

.75

.50 E

.25

550 600 650 700 750

Wave Length —millimicrons (mjx)

.00

X

(m/i) T E E"/

350 0.230 z.s . , 60 .32/ 1.1 70 MZO sn .1Z6

80 .SIS' .571 90 .60? zz.s ,711

400 .6x71 3Z.Z .7 IZ

10 .7 IH- 11. .767 20 .737 51.1 .$71

30 . 7ZS 70.3 1 .016 40 . 6 ?Z Ft.Z 1 .OH* 450 .61 Z fF.6 I ,OZ t 60 .sio 73,<J 1 .0 1 $

70 .H?3 91 .9 1 .031 80 .131 ios.o 1 .0 60 90 .376 I 07.1 1 .06S

500 .3IS 1 03.1 • 0*/

10 .ZS9 1Z.3 .17Z 20 .Z!9 9S.O .931 30 .117 16.$ .957 40 J rz iOO.6 .117 550 J 67 / C3.Z i.oii 60 .11-15 1 03.

1 .031 70 .13 1 6 lOO.I I.OZI 80 J 1 SI 16.1 .917 90 JO 13 13.1 .977 600 .O107 1 1.3 .1S1

10 .OF3t 1 1.3 .16? 20 .077r 1Z.3 .19

30 .073 O 13.3 1 .0/3 40 .06f*t 91.0 1 .032. 650 .06H-6 ISJ 1 ,06O

60 .06 OS 1S.I 1 .07f

70 .ossf 13.1 1 .Of I 80 .osio lO.S I .Obi

90 .0¥S7 $SS i .03$

700 .0101 S"/.Z I.OOF

1 .0366 76.1 .971 20 .032.6 71.6 .910

T —Spectral Transmission of Filter at 25°C V —Relative Visibility Function E Relative Energy of Z3 60°K

E'—Relative Energy of Mean Sunlight at Washington

E"(=TxE)* pooo —Relative Energy of Z360°}\ and Filter Combination

Light Transmission of Filter

for 2360° K = 0.I352

FILTER FORMULA

A

Copper Sulphate (CuS04-5H20) 3.707 grams

Mannite (C 6 H a (0H)6) 3.707 grams

Pyridine (C 5 H 5 N)- 30.0 cc Water (distilled) to make I000. cc B

Cobalt Ammonium Sulphate v (CoS04-(NH4) 2 S04-6H20) Copper Sulphate (CuS04'5H20) Sulphuric Acid (sp.gr. I.835) Water (distilled) to make

2 6.8Z7 grams

27. ISO grams

I0.0 cc I000. cc

These data are for a one centimeter layer each of solutions "A and B in. a double cell with three plates of borosilicate crown glass

(refractive index, D line,= l.5l). each 2.5 mm thick.

Adjusted to make sum of E - E from 400

to 720 myu equal practically to zero

Factor to be used to multiply the candle-power

of the light source to obtain the candle-power

of the source-and -filter combination

Bureau of Standards. Davis -Gibson Filters

Fig. 1
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 191

2848°K to MEAN SUNLIGHT at WASHINGTON. FILTER

Me^4-

S8un 150

125

£ 100

c 75

50

25

m

-. 3*9 1.00

.75

.50 E

.25

350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Wave Length —mill 700 750

microns (mju.)

.00

(rrua; T E"

* 350 0.30*9 s.s » — 60 .fOH- i .z .S71 70 .SOO 1 H-.S .7 1 o 80 ,5^1 Z 1 ,S .Fstr 90 .67

3 O. 1 i ,002. 400 . 72 T 3 1 . & .SB 1 10 .76g> SO.? .gso 20 .is? 61 .S .13 +

30 .783 71.8 1.037 40 ,7SS 80.6 1 .03 6 450 .707 S7 .0 I.OOI 60 .6SH 11 .1 .116 70 .601 17.

1.001 80 .S6 7 I Of .6 1 .0Z6 90 .S/1 /oy.o I.03H 500 .¥63 IOZ.1 /.Oil

10 .H07 I oo.o .1?? 20 .3 6 + IS. 1 .170 30 .337 11.

.ISZ 40 .3 1 7 IOI .3 I.OOH- 550 .217 IOZ.S 1 .00 i 60 .Z7H- 101

1.0 1 8

70 .ZSO IIS 1 .01 +

60 .zz? 17 .1 .111 90 .zoo, 1+.6 .181 600 .1 1 + 1Z.1 .176

10 .1 ?3 1Z.6 .18Z

20 .17* 1Z.1 .117

30 .166 13.1 1.0/

40 .tsr 13. I.OZZ 650 .ISZ 13.

1.031 60 .1**16 1Z.S i.OHS

70 J36Z 1C.S I .OH-8 80 .IZ7 + 87.8 1. 037

90 J/7S $3.1 I.OIS 700 .IOS + 71.1 .111

10 .oil? 7S.8 .77Z 20 .OIIS 71. S .I+O

T —Spectral Transmission of Filter at 25°C V —Relative Visibility Function E

/—Relative Energy of 2S48"K

E —Relative Energy of Mean Sunlight at Washinqton

E"(=TxE)* p"ooo2 848°K and

- Relative Energy of

Filter Combination

Light Transmission of Filter

for 2848°K = 0.2615"

FILTER FORMULA

Copper Sulphate (CuS04-5H20) Mannite (C 6 Ha (0H)6) Pyridine (C 5 H S N) Water (distilled) to make

2.445" grams 2.445" grams 30.0 cc 1000. cc

B

Cobalt Ammonium Sulphate

(CcS04-(NH4),S04-6H20) Copper Sulphate (CuS04*5H20) Sulphuric Acid (sp.gr. 1.835)

l(».SZ0 grams

/ 9.020 grams

10.0 cc

Water (distilled) to make 1000.

These data are for a one centimeter, layer each of solutions A and B in a double cell with three plates of borosilrcate crown glass

(refractive index. D line.= l.5l), each 2.5 mm thick.

Adjusted- to make sum of E E from 400

to 720 mju equal practically to zero

Factor to be used to multiply the candle-power

of the light source to obtain the candle-power

of the source-and-filter combination

Bureau of Standards. Davis -Gibson Filters

Fig. 2
192 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

production of special glasses, transparent to the shortest wave

lengths which the atmosphere permits the sun to furnish us. Measurements of ultra-violet transmission have been made at the Bureau

of Standards on a number of such special glasses and common window glass.

A fair estimate of the transmission for the region of solar wave

lengths shut out by common window glass is obtained by measuring

the transmission at 302 /x the wave length of an intense mercury

line convenient for making the test. The following table gives transmission values for this wave length.

Percentage transmission of various glasses at 302 n, when new

Trade name Number of samples

tested Average

thickness Average

transmission at 3.02 m

Fused quartz Corex

Helioglass Vitaglass

Cel-o-glass Quartz-lite Common window glass.

4.7

2.8

2.3

2.5 M1.9 3.3

Per cent92

1 Approximately.

Solarization.—Helioglass, vitaglass, and cel-o-glass have been

found to decrease in transmission at 302 n and neighboring wave

lengths (295 to 310 /x) by exposure to ultra-violet radiation from the

sun, quartz mercury arc, and carbon arc. The rate of change is much more rapid with the arc than with the sun, and varies also with the different glasses. When this solarization is complete helioglass appears to have a transmission of about 30 per cent at 302 \x and

vitaglass a transmission of about 25 per cent. Corex seems to undergo no appreciable change in transmission by

exposure to sunlight, though exposure to the quartz mercury arc causes a marked decrease.

PAPER

TECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION

Measurement of Degree of Sizing.—Since the first description of

the curl sizing tester developed by the bureau was published (Paper

Trade J., 79, No. 10, pp. 48-50; September 4, 1924) additional study of

this instrument has led to several modifications which have improved

its performance considerably. The curl tester makes use of the rate

of curling of the paper, which in turn depends upon the rate of

wetting of the paper, to measure the degree of sizing. A description

of the perfected instrument and the principle upon which it depends,

together with some of its more important applications, was published

in Paper Industry 9, No. 2, pages 259-260; May, 1927 (the curl

sizing tester, F. T. Carson).
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 193

Wet-Rub Tester.—A description of the instrument developed for

determining the resistance of currency paper to surface abrasion was published in Paper Trade J., 84, No. 2, pages 45-46; January

13, 1927 (a wet-rub tester for paper, F. T. Carson and F. V. Worthington). The apparatus consists of (a) a means of clamping the

specimen over a hard, smooth surface; (b) a power driven rubber fric- tion surface or mechanical finger maintained under constant pressure;

(c) a means of keeping the surface of the paper wet while being

tested; (d) an automatic counter to record the number of " double

rubs" required to wear a hole through the paper; (e) an electric contact device which stops the tester as soon as a hole is worn through

the paper. A test of this nature is of value for most surface sized

papers, such as blue print, map, and ledger.

Copper Number of Paper.—The copper number is a determination

applied to paper to find its probable resistance to deterioration, and

to control manufacturing processes so as to obtain satisfactory per- manency. It is a measure of the amount of impure forms of cellulose which tend to weaken the paper and induce deterioration of the

paper fiber. Determination of the copper number of high-grade rag-fiber bond

papers is difficult owing to the resistance these hard, tough papers

offer to the usual procedure employed for this determination. A

modified method is described in a bureau publication (B. S. Tech.

Paper No. 354, A Modified Method for the Determination of the

Copper Number of Paper, B. W. Scribner and W. R. Brode), by

which greater accuracy in testing such papers was obtained, and which

is recommended in part at least for general usage in testing paper

or pulp.

Fiber Determination of Roofing Felts.—Because saturating felts are usually made of such a variety of kinds and sizes of fibers, it is difficult to make an accurate determination of the fiber composition.

In connection with research being carried on at the Bureau of Standards on the life and serviceability of saturating felts, an opportunity was afforded for studying this problem. The study was made on six

felts of varying fiber composition made in the bureau's paper mill. The fibrous materials used included cotton rags, gunny bagging, old

mixed papers, and sawdust. In making the fiber analyses, the

official method of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper

Industry was followed as closely as it was practical to do so. Fiber

determinations were made by the "dot-count" method, which was

suggested to the Bureau of Standards three or four years ago. This

method appears to minimize the errors due to estimating the lengths

and sizes of the fibers. The results of different analysts agreed very

closely, and indicate that a comparatively inexperienced analyst can by use of the dot-count method arrive at as nearly correct determina-
194 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tion of the fiber composition as could be arrived at by calculations

based upon the mill weights of the different constituents (Determination of the fiber composition of roofing felts, R. E. Lofton, Paper

Trade J. 84, No. 18, pp. 57-58; April 7, 1927). As '[the results obtained by the bureau were corroborated in an investigation made by

the American Society for Testing Materials, they have adopted the

dot method as a tentative standard procedure for analysis of roofing

felts. Official Paper Testing Methods of the Technical Association.—The

Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry is actively con- tinuing its formulation and adoption of official association paper test- ing methods. This work continues under the direction of a member

of the Bureau of Standards staff who acts as chairman of the formulating body, the association's paper testing committee. The following additional 15 methods have been officially adopted by the asso- ciation during the past year: Machine direction, ream weight, thickness, tearing strength, folding endurance, quantitative determination

of active sulphur, moisture, ash, starch; qualitative determination of

casein, rosin, nitrogenous matter, starch; analysis of mineral coating;

and analysis of mineral filler. Additional work of the committee still in progress is the revision

of the association publication, Paper Testing Methods. A new edition was necessitated by exhaustion of the present edition, there being

considerable demand for this handbook of paper testing technic. A

thorough revision was necessitated by the many new developments

in testing practice since the last edition was printed.

Fiber Wall Board.—The research in cooperation with fiber wall

board manufacturers, made for the purpose of developing a Federal

specification for this material, was completed and a proposed specification formulated. This covers both types of boards—the laminated

and the homogeneous. The chief information developed is that the

immersion water absorption test commonly made to determine the

probable degree of resistance of the board to expansion is not adequate.

Classification of Paper Freight-Container Bags.—The improvement in the quality of paper bags and the development of the

multiple-wall type have led during recent years to a continually

increasing use of such containers for shipping powdered materials by

freight. This has directed considerable attention to the requirements for them contained in the Consolidated Freight Classification.

The Bureau of Standards, at the request of a paper-bag manufacturer

and in cooperation with him, made a series of tests respecting the

relative strength of single-wall and double-wall bags. This was in

respect to section 10, rule 40, of the Consolidated Freight Classification, which requires that a multiple-wall bag shall contain a greater

total weight of paper than a single wall bag, when the two types of
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 195

bags are used for a similar purpose. The bursting strength and weight

of the paper composing the bags were determined and taken into

account in comparing the results obtained. When subjected to the

dropping test, which is generally considered to simulate best the

service strains to which bags are subjected, the double-wall bags

showed from 18 to 100 per cent greater resistance to the dropping

impact than the single-wall bags. These tests show conclusively

that double-wall bags are stronger than single-wall bags when the

two are of the same type and contain the same weight of paper. A

report giving these findings was submitted to the Official Freight

Classifications relative to proposed revision of the section of the Consolidated Freight Classification mentioned. The revised section

would permit equal weights of paper for single-wall and double-wall

bags.

Sheathing Paper.—The bureau is making a study of sheathing

paper for the purpose of assisting in the formulation of specifications

of quality for this important building material. Obviously, as the

function of sheathing paper is to act as a barrier to passage of air, the

main requirements are high density for resistance to air, sufficient

strength to withstand the handling incident to securing the paper in

place, and a sufficient degree of water resistance to prevent impairment

of its strength through absorption of water while being placed in

position. Adequate strength and water resistance test methods are

available, but determination of the most suitable method for measuring the air resistance is necessary. Various air resistance test methods

are being compared experimentally by application of them to representative kinds of sheathing papers to find the method best suited to

this particular purpose. This is a cooperative research with the

National Lumber Manufacturers Association, it being made at their

request.

Manila Rope Waste for Paper Manufacture.—Paper-making tests were made to determine the suitability of manila rope waste for

paper manufacture. The waste employed in the experimental work

was refuse fiber from the manufacture of manila cordage at the ropewalk of the Boston Navy Yard. At present little, if any, of the

waste derived from manila hemp at cordage mills is used commercially, most of it being burned under the boilers as fuel. The experimental tests were made with a view to finding a profitable use for

the refuse fiber of the cordage industry. Rope papers are characterized by great strength, toughness, and wearing qualities and are ordinarily used for shipping tags, wrappers, bagging, etc., in which

strength is essential. Tests on kraft and sulphite wood pulps and

on old rope stock were included for comparison. A good yield of

paper-making fiber was obtained from the waste and the paper

produced was of sufficient strength for a variety of uses. Measure-
196 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ments on the finished paper indicate that manila rope waste does

not compare favorably with old rope stock, but is considerably better

than sulphite wood pulp.

A complete report of this work was published in Paper Trade J., 84, No. 18, pp. 68-70, May 5, 1927, Manila rope waste for paper

manufacture, by M. B. Shaw and G. W. Bicking.

Waste Mail Pouches for Paper Making.—An investigation was made to determine the paper-making value of worn mail pouches

which have been declared unserviceable for postal use. Worn or damaged pouches are repaired in so far as practicable, but condemned

ones and waste from the repair shop are mutilated into scrap and

marketed as "junk" to the highest competitive bidder. The unavoidable treatment to which the pouches are subjected in train and

station use causes them to become very dirty. Because of this condition the market price for the refuse material has been rela- tively low, although the cloth used in the manufacture of the pouches

is a good grade of cotton duck. As a result the General Supply

Committee, Treasury Department, requested the investigation with

a view to securing a better price for the waste if its paper-making

quality is good. The tests were made on a semicommercial scale under practical mill conditions. Clean pulp was obtained from the

waste pouches and the paper produced therefrom was stronger than

that made from sulphite wood stock and compared favorably with

many of the high-grade bond and rag writing papers on the market.

This practical demonstration of the paper-making quality of the

material resulted in increased revenue from its sale to paper makers,

amounting at present to around $17,000 annually. A detailed report

of this work was published in Paper Trade J., 84, No. 19, pp. 45^6,

May 12, 1927, Waste mail pouches as paper-making material, M. B.

Shaw and G. W. Bicking.

Use of Glue in Paper.—The following studies made in cooperation

with the Glue Research Corporation, which maintained a research

associate at the bureau to assist in the work, were completed and the

reports of them published.

Because of the possibility of improving certain desirable qualities

of papers, especially of those types made from the lower-priced

fibers and containing mineral fillers, various methods of using glue

in the beater sizing of paper were studied with the Glue Research

Corporation. Optimum operating conditions and maximum retentions of glue, comparing favorably with those of the clay used, were

obtained when the hydrogen-ion concentration was so controlled that

the pH value approximated 4.5. In general, it was found that in

papers sized with glue and rosin the strength is frequently, and the

degree of sizing is generally, improved as compared with similar

papers sized with rosin alone. These improvements were most
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 197

noticeable in papers containing clay filler. The chief influence of

glue on the various types of papers seemed to be to enhance such

intangible properties as firmness and handling qualities. (Glue as beater sizing, G. K. Hamill, M. B. Shaw, and G. W. Bicking, Paper

Trade J., 84, No. 3, pp. 38-43, Jan. 20, 1927.)

In studying improvements in the water resistance of glue-bound

papers by treatment with formaldehyde, comparisons were made of

several water-resistance test methods as well as of certain empirical

tests commonly applied to coated papers. The work was brought

to a fitting conclusion through the preparation by the research

associate, G. K. Hamill, of a manuscript for a handbook on use of glue in paper to be issued by the National Association of Glue

Manufacturers. This book should be of value to both paper makers

and glue concerns interested in paper-making glues, as there is very

little information of this kind available in the literature.

United States Paper Currency.—The research on improving the

quality of United States paper currency for the purpose of increasing

its service life was actively continued. This research was made in

cooperation with the Bureau of Efficiency and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.

The work in the bureau semicommercial paper mill in the direction

of developing standard currency paper manufacturing procedure,

included further study of the beating procedure in dealing with the

present fiber mixture; studies of the use of other combinations of

these fibers; and some investigation of the use of caustic soda for

cooking the fiber as compared with lime.

An important development was that the strength imparted to currency paper by the glue sizing was practically all destroyed in

the process used in printing the paper; however, the basic strength

of the paper, that due to the fibers alone, was not impaired by the

printing. This has led the Treasury Department to adopt the type

of paper developed by the bureau as the standard, for this is characterized by its high fiber strength. It has a folding endurance,

unsized, of 5,000 folds. The worn-out paper currency returned to the Treasury Department for redemption, together with a small proportion of spoiled

paper and trimmings from the currency printing processes, amounts

to approximately 4 tons daily. At the present time this material

is macerated at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and is sold in

the form of pulp. No attempt is made to clean the pulp, the process being carried only far enough to comply with the requirements

for protection against unlawful use of the waste paper. For this reason the price received is so low that the maceration of the material

is costing annually from $15,000 to $18,000. It was found possible,

through research in the Bureau of Standards paper mill, to com-
198 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

pletely deink and otherwise quite thoroughly clean the pulp with

semicommercial machinery. The paper produced from the pulp

compared quite favorably with good grades of fine writing and

printing papers.

PHOTOMETRY

International Candlepower Comparisons.—Fifteen standardized

lamps were supplied to the Bureau of Weights and Measures, Leningrad, U. S. S. E., and 11 lamps submitted by the PhysikalischTechnische Reichsanstalt, Berlin, Germany, were very carefully

measured against the bureau's primary standards and substandards.

There are certain outstanding differences between the values obtained in these measurements. At a conference of representatives

of the National Physical Laboratory, the Reichsanstalt, the Laboratoire Central d'Electricite, and the Bureau of Standards held in

Bellagio, Italy, September 5, 1927, a program of interlaboratory

measurements on lamps and blue glasses was agreed upon. This

intercomparison is expected to be complete and exhaustive, and is designed to bring the national standardizing laboratories into full agreement on candlepower measurements.

In connection with this international investigation, and partly in

preparation for it, comparisons of candlepower substandards are being made by three American photometric laboratories in cooperation with the bureau. An extended series of measurements has

also been made by flicker photometer methods, and repeated by

other photometric methods, on several lots of colored-light filter in a cooperative investigation with five other photometric laboratories.

Tables for facilitating transmission calculations have been prepared

as an outcome of this work, but have not yet been published.

New Types of Lamps Certified.—The manufacturers of incandescent lamps have changed their manufacturing processes so that

incandescent lamps in clear-glass bulbs are no longer generally

obtainable in the commonly used sizes. Lamps of 100 watts and

smaller are now made regularly only with inside-frosted glass bulbs.

There has consequently been a demand for candlepower standards

of the new type of bulb for use in testing and university laboratories

and from the lamp manufacturers. The electrical characteristics

of inside-frosted lamps have been investigated in connection with

life-testing practice, and additional tests and comparison are in

progress for the more definite determination of these characteristics.

PLUMBING

Porcelain Plumbing Fixtures.—Pursuant to a preliminary study

of grading rules and nomenclature for porcelain plumbing fixtures

undertaken at the request of the manufacturers, an advisory committee was formed under the auspices of the bureau for a further
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 199

study of the problem looking toward the establishment of a commercial standard covering nomenclature, grading rules, dimensional

standards, roughing-in dimensions, and simplification of variety for

porcelain stall urinals, sinks, laundry trays, lavatories, receptors,

and baths. The work on nomenclature and grading rules has been

completed, and a survey of dimensions and variety is now in progress. Cooperation with the Bureau of the Census has resulted in the official monthly collection and dissemination of statistics on production,

new orders, shipments, and finishedfstock in this field. PROTECTIVE COATINGS, METALLIC

Chromium Plating.—An extensive investigation of the solutions

and methods used in chromium plating was completed and published

as Technologic Paper No. 346, by H. E. Haring and W. P. Barrows.

These methods have been applied at the Bureau of Engraving and

Printing with the following results, as stated by the director of that

bureau in his annual report of June, 1927:

Electrolytic-printing plates are now being used in printing approximately 75

per cent of all United States currency, as compared with 50 per cent during the

previous year. The cost of producing these plates is less than the cost of pro- ducing steel plates. Their extended use resulted in plates now being made to take care of the printing program 20 per cent in excess of that for 1926, with a

smaller total engraving cost than the cost for 1926. Partly as a result of these studies on chromium plating, its industrial application to dies, mandrels, gauges, printing plates, plumbing

fixtures, and automobile parts is rapidly increasing.

Electrolytic Corrosion Testing.—Methods by which the tendency

of metals to corrode may be accelerated electrolytically and their

relative resistances to corrosion determined in a short time, were

investigated, and published in a paper by W. Blum and H. S. Rawdon in volume 51 of the Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. Further studies are in progress to show the rela- tion of such tests to the results of other tests and of actual service.

"Spotting-Out."—Certain hardware finishes, especially those with

a sulphide or so-called " oxidized' ' surface, show a tendency to become disfigured in storage through the appearance of small spots.

A study of this subject has shown that this tendency can be overcome

or at least retarded by certain simple methods. These are just being

subjected to trial under commercial conditions.

Copper Electrotyping Solutions.—A study is being made of the

effects and value of addition agents in such baths.

Iron Deposition.—Methods ofjproducing thick deposits of iron for use in printing plates are being studied.

Cyanides for Electroplating.—The composition, analysis, and purification of various cyanides used|in plating baths arelbeing investigated.
200 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Overvoltage.—Methods of measuring hydrogen overvoltage and

its possible relation to electrodeposition will be exhaustively studied.

Assay of Rolled Gold Plate.—The terms " filled gold" are applied

to a type of material, used chiefly in jewelry, which is made up of a core of base metal or base-metal alloy, covered either on one surface or

entirely with a relatively thin layer of gold alloy. There is a growing

tendency toward a better definition of such articles either by agree- ment among manufacturers to conform to certain definite standards,

or by stamping the article with marks indicating the fineness of the

gold alloy used and the proportion of gold alloy in the whole article. When a gold-filled article is to be tested it is usually necessary to determine the fineness of the alloy and its total weight or its thickness.

This involves a separation of the two layers by means of chemicals

which dissolve away the base metal and leave the gold alloy. No

information has been available on the effect of this procedure on the

accuracy of the assay of the gold alloy. It was found desirable to do some experimental work in this field both for the bureau's guidance

in the tests which it is required to make for governmental agencies

and for the guidance of the trade which is interested in this type of

material. The work was published in Industrial and Engineering

Chemistry, volume 19, page 827 (1927), under the title "Data on the

assay of rolled gold plate," by Raleigh Gilchrist. The paper gives

the effects of the use of different stripping solutions on the accuracy

of the assay of the gold alloy. Methods of measuring the thickness

of the alloy are discussed briefly.

Graphite for Electrotyping.—A study of the graphite used in elec- trotyping was conducted in the laboratory and in several commercial

plants. Tentative specifications have been prepared, based upon

the purity, fineness, and rate of covering with nickel. These specifications and the results of the tests have been published in a paper by

J. H. Winkler and W. Blum, printed and distributed by the International Association of Electrotypers.

PROTECTIVE COATINGS, NONMETALLIC

Commercial Flat Wall Paints (Lithopone Type).—To obtain data

for a revision and improvement of Federal Specifications Board

specification 21 (B. S. Circular No. Ill), a detailed study of the

characteristics of a large number of lithopone paints was made by

E. F. Hickson and published in Circular 305 of the American Paint

and Varnish Manufacturers' Association. (March, 1927.)

Research in Connection with Standards of Paint and Varnish

Materials.

Penetration Tests of Paste Paints.—The term

"consistency" as commonly applied to paste paints is generally ex- pressed in such indefinite terms as "stiff," "medium stiff," "soft,"

"semipaste," "runny," etc. It has been found that the penetration
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 201

test for asphalt, modified by substituting a light (50 g) cone of the

dimensions used in testing grease, is of considerable value in numerically rating paste paints. E. F. Hickson, in Circular 306 of the

American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association (January,

1927), has described the necessary apparatus and method of making

this test. Measurement of Gloss of Paints by the Ingersoll Glarimeter.—The glarimeter when properly used gives readings that can

generally be checked within a few tenths of a degree by different

operators. In the case of white paints, when the total reflection

remains about constant, the only variable being the finish, gloss

readings are in the proper direction as seen by the eye. The same

would hold true in the case of grays or colors, if the total reflection were kept constant. When the total reflection is changed the

glarimeter does not take this reflection change into account and,

therefore, the readings do not compare with what the eye sees. On

very glossy enamels the glarimeter does not pick out the fine distinctions of gloss visible to the unaided eye. See E. F. Hickson in

Circular 307 of the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers'

Association.

Accelerated Testing of Paint and Varnish.—Considerable

progress has been made in developing methods for the accelerated

testing of paint materials using light, water, refrigeration, and

ozonized air. A method for the quantitative determination of the

time of failure depending upon measuring the permeability of films

supported on fine wire gauze is being investigated. This work is described in a paper by P. H. Walker entitled "Some methods of

testing paint and varnish materials," and was presented at the

September, 1927, International Congress for Testing Materials, at Amsterdam, and will be published in the proceedings of that congress. RADIO

Receiving Sets.—The bureau participated actively in the work of the subcommittee on receiving sets, committee on standardization,

Institute of Radio Engineers. A member of the bureau is chairman

of this subcommittee. The bureau's work has included the technical

study of methods of testing and of expressing the performance of

receiving sets. The results of part of the subcommittee's activities were included in a publication of the Institute of Radio Engineers

entitled " Committee on standardization, preliminary drafts of reports

of subcommittees," dated May 20, 1927.

Vacuum Tubes.—The bureau was active in the standardization of vacuum tubes through cooperation with the American Engineering

Standards Committee, the Federal Specifications Board, and the

International Electrotechnical Commission. A member of the
202 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

bureau is chairman of the Technical Committee on Vacuum Tubes

of the A. E. S. C. sectional committee on radio. That committee

has adopted a standard terminology for vacuum tubes, and has

standardized upon an American standard four-pin vacuum-tube base.

The bureau was instrumental in having the same tube base adopted

as one* of two international standards for tube bases by the Inter- national Electrotechnical Commission at its meeting in Italy in

September. The bureau conducted experiments and played a leading part in agreements leading to the adoption of tentative

specifications for a 50-watt power tube for use by the Government

departments; this work was done under the auspices of the Federal

Specifications Board, but the specifications have not received action

by the board because of the likelihood of early change due to the

rapid technical advances in vacuum tubes.

Radio Parts.—The bureau was represented, and took an active

part, in the work of the technical committee on component parts

and wiring, A. E. S. C. sectional committee on radio. This work is newly organized, and so far has been devoted particularly to condensers and vacuum-tube sockets.

Broadcasting.—The bureau participated, with other agencies, in a

careful study of the engineering basis of the system of broadcasting

in this country. A report on this subject was formulated and was

presented by the committee on radio broadcasting, American Engineering Council, to the Federal Radio Commission. It is dated March

30, 1927, and entitled "A statement on engineering principles prepared for presentation to the Federal Radio Commission."

Government Radio Regulation.—The bureau cooperated in the

assignment of frequencies to the several radio services of the Government through the activities of the interdepartment radio advisory

committee. The bureau also aided the Federal Radio Commission

similarly in connection with its regulation of non-Government

radio services. One form of this aid was the study of technical

questions, such as the choice of specific frequencies for the broadcast

channels and the proper mode of power rating of transmitting stations. Another was the preparation of specifications for apparatus

and procedure to be used in broadcast stations to maintain frequencies constant. In connection with this, four letter circulars were

issued entitled

Methods and apparatus for measurement of the frequencies of distant radio transmitting stations. Specifications for portable piezooscillator, Bureau of Standards type N. Requirements of constant frequency stations. Use of the piezooscillator in radio broadcasting stations. International Radio Conference.—The bureau participated in the

preparations for, and conduct of, the International Radio Conference whichfmet in^Washington from October 4 to November 25.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 203

Studies of frequency allocations, aeronautic radio problems, and

many varieties of technical problems were included in the work

handled by the bureau's representatives who served in the capacity

of technical advisers.

Standards of Radio-Frequency.—Standards of radio-frequency are based directly on standards of time, and the values are incorporated

in specially designed frequency meters and piezooscillators. In the

enforcement of radio laws and regulations a very accurate frequency

standard is required in order to obtain full use of the limited frequency

spectrum. The great development of commercial radio communication, particularly broadcasting, requires that all available communication channels be used efficiently. There appeared to be in the frequency standards used by various Government and commercial laboratories slight discrepancies from the standards at the

bureau which had been progressively improved by research work

extending over several years. These discrepancies, while quite small,

threatened to be serious. A conference of representatives of all the

interested laboratories was held to agree upon a method of establishing one fundamental working standard for the United States based on

the unit of time. This conference was made up of representatives

of the Bureau of Standards, Bell Telephone Laboratories, American

Telephone & Telegraph Co., Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing

Co., General Radio Co., Radio Corporation of America, General

Electric Co., United States Navy, and the United States Army, who

are all interested in having accurate standards. It was agreed that

the several organizations join in a cooperative endeavor, centered

at the Bureau of Standards, to develop a standard, in terms of which

radio-frequencies could be measured to an absolute accuracy not

less than 1 part in 100,000. This conference laid the plans for

establishing a concrete standard based on a mean value obtained

from several carefully controlled piezooscillators. This will give a standard which is readily available and which can be used as a basis

by all interested laboratories. Piezooscillators are to be circulated

at intervals to the various laboratories for intercomparison of standards. This program has been started and considerable progress made.

It is necessary not only to have a national standard of radiofrequency, but also to have agreement in the national standards of the various nations. Radio waves do not respect national borders,

and the maximum use of the frequency spectrum requires that

national standards in different countries agree very closely. To bring

about such agreement, several years ago the bureau started a program

of intercomparison of the frequency standards of the principal nations.

During the past year a carefully measured piezooscillator was taken

to the national laboratories of England, France, Germany, and

91096—28 14
204 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Italy for measurement against their standards. The measurements

made in these laboratories showed an agreement of all national

standards approaching that which the United States has set up as the

aim for the United States standard.

The work done has shown that the development of frequency

standards is abreast of the scientific progress of the art and of sufficient accuracy to meet all the commercial requirements for some time.

RAILROAD TRACK SCALES

During the period from July 1, 1926, to July 1, 1927, the track-scale

testing equipments operated on 73 railroad systems and made tests in 35 States and the District of Columbia, on 840 track scales. The general test data are recorded in the accompanying table. Classification of the tested scales is on the basis of ownership and

geographical location. The tolerance adopted by the Bureau of

Standards for grading track-scale weighing performance requires that

the mean maximum error for any two positions on the scale likely to be assumed by the trucks of a commercial freight car shall not exceed

two-tenths of 1 per cent, 0.20 per cent of the applied test loads.

Test loads used by the bureau are not less than 40,000 pounds.

Results of track scale tests, fiscal year 1927

per Analysis of error of incorrect scales

X}

<s I

Errors in < ixcess Errors in defiDistrict and scale ownership

co

<D — ®

o O, ciency

"35

CD -O "E a

CO "o

pass

faile §°

ia

o o 2 n

of

in.

cales

1 53

mber mber *3mber B

ann

cent

mber scale cent

rect s ai

mber scale cent

rect H

CDs

Nu o

EH. Nu o

EH Me Nu Nu:

Mei Per Per

Eastern: cent cent Railroad 77 58 75.3 19 24.7 0. 16 12 63.2 0.31 7 36.8 0.37 Industrial 63 48 76.2 15 23.8 .16 12 80.0 .36 3 20.0 .42 Government 1 1 100.0 .08 State or municipality 1 1 100.0 .36 1 1 100.0 .36 Total. 142 107 75.4 35 24.6 .16 24 68.6 .33 11 31.4 .38 Southern:

Railroad 159 99 62.3 60 37.7 .24 36 60.0 .37 24 40.0 .53 Industrial 128 79 61.7 49 38.3 .29 16 32.7 .32 33 67.3 .66 Government 3 3 100.0 .09 State or municipality 1 1 100.0 .20 Total 291 182 62.6 109 37.4 .26 52 47.7 .35 57 52.3 .60 Western:

Railroad 229 178 77.8 51 22.2 .18 28 54.9 .33 23 45.1 .62 Industrial 173 121 69.9 52 30.1 .20 20 38.5 .32 32 61.5 .42 Government 2 2 100.0 .22 1 50.0 1 50.0 .44 State or municipality ___ 3 1 33.3 2 66.7 .40 2 100.0 .57 Total 407 300 73.7 107 26.3 .19 49 45.8 .32 58 54.2 .51 All districts: Railroad 465 335 72.0 130 28.0 .20 76 58.5 .34 54 41.5 .55 Industrial 364 248 68.1 116 31.9 .22 41.4 .33 66 58.6 .53 Government 6 4 66.7 2 33.3 .13 1 50.0 .25 50.0 .44 State or municipality 5 2 40.0 3 60.0 .35 3 100.0 .50 Grand total.. 840 589 70.1 251 29.9 .21 125 49.8 .34 126 50.2 .54

1926 980 641 65.4 339 34.6 f.29 \.25 }l55 45.8 .42 184 54.2 7~74

1 .54 1925 898 586 65.2 312 34.8 .27 166 53.2 .45 146 46.8 .70
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 205

Track Scales in Grain Weighing Service.—Of the 364 track scales

classed as "industry owned, " 67 were used for weighing grain at receiving niills and elevators where the sale transaction was based

upon the destination weights. Twenty-six scales, or 38.2 per

cent, were correct within the special tolerance adopted for grainweighing track scales. Twenty-two scales were adjusted to improve

weighing results. It appears that 79.4 per cent of the track scales in grain-weighing

service would have passed the regular track-scale tolerance. Vigilant

maintenance must be credited for this, but maintenance measures

alone are powerless to sustain antiquated types of track scales within

the tolerance fixed for grain scales. More durable and more precise

types of track scales should replace many of the old scales still used

at grain markets.

Master Track Scales.—Regular tests were made on 14 master

track scales in the past year and all were found to be correct within

the tolerances applied to these precision scales. Lack of operating

funds prevented completion of the master-scale calibration schedules

and five remained uncalibrated at the close of the fiscal year. Test-Car Calibration.—In connection with the track scale testing

schedules 32 test cars were calibrated in districts where master-scale

facilities were lacking. Only nominal deviations from standard

weight were discovered. A trend toward use of heavier test units

has been observed.

Bureau Master Scale and Test Car Depot.—Construction of the

bureau's master-scale house and test-car depot at Chicago is practically completed, and installation of equipment is now under way and

installation of the master scale will commence shortly. Completion

of this long-standing project will serve two important ends. The

many railroads serving the Chicago district will be provided with a convenient means of periodically standardizing testing equipment

and the bureau will have a centrally located depot where testing

equipment may be calibrated, overhauled, and repaired.

Specifications for Two-Section Scales.—Specifications for themanu

facture and installation of two-section, knife-edge type scales have

been developed, approved, and made available to the public as Bureau of Standards Circular No. 333. Judging from the test records of the few scales in service, it may be predicted that this type

of scale will find ready acceptance, particularly at weighing points

where speed of weighing is a desirable consideration.

RAIL STEELS

Rail Failures and Endurance.—All railroads have exact specifications for the purchase of rails, but the specifications seem to have

little or no bearing on the freedom of the rail from transverse fissures

in service, whether transverse fissure failures are due to preexisting
206 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

nuclei in the rail or to its inability to withstand modern traffic conditions. Cooperation with a research associate from the Gathmann

Engineering Co. on soundness of rails from ingots cast big end up

provided material of known history and properties for a study of the

endurance properties of rail steel, in which the American Railway

Engineering Association and the Manufacturers Rail Steel Committee, and the American Society of Civil Engineers, Track Stress Committee, have cooperated. Further cooperation in the procurement of used rails of known history for more work along this line is promised by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. New 100-pound rails which passed the A. R. E. A. specifications give specimens whose

endurance limits range from 41,000 to 59,000 lbs./in.2. Various gaps

in information on endurance testing which must be filled before the

endurance of rail steel can be adequately examined are being studied

in cooperation with the Engineering Mechanics Section.

Publication.—The Endurance and Other Properties of Rail Steels, John R. Freeman, jr., R. L. Dowdell, and Wm. J. Berry, B. S. Tech. Paper No. 363. RUBBER

Standardization of Rubber.—The bureau has taken an active part

in the standardization work of technical societies. A very close

contact is maintained with The Rubber Association of America in

promoting standards of quality and performance.

The rubber section of the American Chemical Society has established a research fellowship at the bureau to investigate those problems which are of the greatest importance in the standardization of

test procedure. A program has been prepared and is being carried

out under the direction of a committee. The first phase of the work

is an investigation of the effects of temperature and humidity on

the physical properties of rubber.

The Celite Products Co., of Los Angeles, Calif., established a fellowship at the bureau to investigate the properties which the various

grades of Celite impart to vulcanized compounded rubber.

Cooperative work with the Continental-Mexican Rubber Co., of

New York, in a study of the properties of guayule rubber has re- sulted in the publication of test results as Technologic Paper No. 353,

Some Vulcanization Tests of Guayule Rubber. It was shown that

improved processes in the extraction of this material from the shrub

produce a rubber that compares favorably with plantation Hevea

rubber. A standard high quality of this native rubber if produced

in sufficiently large quantity would serve a very useful purpose in the

United States rubber industry.

Properties of Rubber.—Density and electrical properties of compounds of rubber and sulphur were measured for the range of composition from to 32 per cent of sulphur, or from crude rubber to
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 207

hard rubber, and were published in Scientific Paper No. 560, by

H. L. Curtis, A. T. McPherson, and A. H. Scott. Important changes

in the properties with the proportion of sulphur were noted. These

changes show definite regularities and occur at compositions which

may be represented by simple empirical formulas ; they are, therefore,

believed to indicate the existence of definite compounds of rubber

and sulphur.

At the composition 19 per cent of sulphur, which corresponds to (C5H8 ) 2 S, all the properties which have been studied undergo significant changes. At this composition the curve relating density to percentage of sulphur shows a change in slope, and the curve relating

thermal expansivity to percentage of sulphur shows a distinct inflec- tion. Both the dielectric constant and the power factor curves pass

through a minimum at 19 per cent of sulphur, while the resistivity curve takes a decided upward trend.

The composition 10.5 per cent of sulphur, which corresponds to the formula (C5H8 ) 4S, is marked by a maximum value of the dielectric constant. The power factor shows a maximum at 13.5 per cent,

which may represent (C5H8 ) 3 S, or else an equimolecular mixture of

(C6H8 ) 2S and (C5H8 ) 4S. The maximum of the resistivity occurs

at about 26 per cent of sulphur, which corresponds to (C5H8 ) 4S3 . Other properties show changes of a less marked nature at these

compositions.

No extensive study was made of the effect of free sulphur on ^the electrical properties of rubber, but data were obtained which indicate

that it is small relative to the effect of combined sulphur.

Use and Care of Tires.—Circular No. 341, "The Use and Care of

Tires," presents useful information relative to tires in general, and

points out certain precautions, the observation of which is essential

to their proper use and care. The various standards which are recommended for the most efficient operation of tires are given in

detail. These include recommended loads for solid rubber tires and the relation which should be maintained between the air pressure

and loads in various types of pneumatic tires. Balloon Tire Tests.—An investigation of the performance of balloon

tires under carefully controlled conditions simulating those of severe road service has furnished the data necessary for establishing

standard test requirements. Circular No. 115 has been revised to include specification requirements for balloon tires and tubes as promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board. Annual Federal

purchases of tire equipment now approximate $1,500,000.

Rubber Floor Tile.—The rapidly increasing use of rubber floor tile in Government hospitals has emphasized the desirability of establishing standards of quality for this material. Bequests for information regarding rubber tile have been received by the bureau from
208 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Government departments, and numerous laboratory tests have been

conducted. The bureau is cooperating with the Rubber Association

of America in a comprehensive investigation designed to develop

standards of quality for rubber floor tile. Garden Hose.—An investigation was conducted to determine the

discharge capacity of hA<> and % mcn garden hose when connected

in the manner which is common in residences. The results of this

investigation, together with a description of different types of hose,

is published in circular No. 327. The advantages of standardizing on ^g-inch hose for this use are pointed out. Investigations on Rubber and Packings.—A mineral-oil solvent for

vulcanized rubber developed at the bureau has been applied to the

analyses of mechanical packings with success. Such packings are marketed as woven, braided, twisted, or compressed mixtures in

which asbestos, rubber, cotton, metals, graphite, and liquid lubricants

may be present. They are used as gaskets or are coiled in stuffing

boxes or placed in other moving parts of machinery where continuous

performance, safety, and reliability depend to a large extent on the

correct composition of the material. It is now possible to determine

the components in packing and to isolate the asbestos as available

fiber. Specifications have been prepared based on composition.

The conformance of materials to the requirements of specifications

may be determined with an accuracy at least equal to the reproducibility of manufacturing operations.

Further research is necessary to provide a basis for revising the

present specifications for different grades of rubber insulation.

Technologic Paper 342, Aging of Soft Rubber Goods, by R. F. Tener,

W. H. Smith, and W. L. Holt, has a direct bearing upon one phase of the work on insulation.

SAFETY CODES

National Electrical Safety Code.—The fourth edition of the

National Electrical Safety Code was issued in 1927. It had been

revised by a sectional committee functioning under the procedure of

the American Engineering Standards Committee. It is designated as Handbook No. 3. A discussion of this code is designated as Handbook No. 4. The various parts of the code have been issued separately as Handbooks Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. The code consists of five parts, as follows:

1. Rules for installation and maintenance of machinery, switchboards, and wiring in generating stations and substations.

2. Rules for the construction and maintenance of overhead and

underground supply and communication lines.

3. Rules for the installation and maintenance of electrical apparatus

and wiring in factories, residences, and wherever electricity is utilized

for light, heat, or power.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 209

4. Rules to be observed by operators in working on or near electrical

machinery or lines.

5. Rules for radio installations.

In addition, there are two sections containing definitions and rules

for the protective grounding of circuits and equipment.

Protection Against Lightning.—A code has been about completed,

in which are formulated the accepted standards for protection

against lightning. The field covered includes the specifications for

lightning rods for buildings and other structures, the protection of persons and livestock, the protection of oil tanks and other structures containing inflammable gases and liquids, and the protection of

electrical apparatus and supply and communication lines. This

work has been carried out under the auspices of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, the Bureau of Standards and the

American Institute of Electrical Engineers being joint sponsors for

this project.

Industrial Safety Standards.—In addition to the electrical codes

mentioned above, the bureau is sponsor for the following safety

codes

Gas Safety Code (joint sponsorship with the American Gas Association).

Code for the Protection of Heads and Eyes of Industrial Workers.

Safety Code for Logging and Sawmill Operations.

Saftety Code for Aeronautics (joint sponsorship with the Society of Automotive Engineers).

Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, and Escalators (joint sponsorship

with the American Institute of Architects, and the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers)

Code of Colors and Form for Traffic Signals for Highways and Vehicles (joint

sponsorship with the American Association of State Highway Officials and the National Safety Council).

Codes on all of these subjects have been completed and approved

by the American Engineering Standards Committee. The Head and

and Eye Code, the Logging Code, and the Code of Traffic Signals are publications of the bureau, while the others have been published by

the joint sponsors.

SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE

During the year 1927, 23 new Simplified Practice Recommendations

were completed, bringing the total number of completed recommendations to 79. Surveys of the various industries to determine the degree of adherence to previously adopted Simplified Practice Recommendations indicate that 79.5 per cent of the acceptors, by volume of output, were adhering to the standards outlined in the recommendations.

The success of any standard is measured by the degree or extent

of its actual application or use. Moreover, products, however meritorious, do not "sell" themselves; their values must be demonstrated.

It is as much a function of standardizing bodies to promote their

standards as it is to produce them.
210 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The most rapid and widespread adoption of a standard is not

obtained by waiting for its superiority over former practice to become

evident through " trial and error." Instead, it is essential in the

interest of minimizing waste that the advantages inherent in the standard be thoroughly and persistently advertised and demonstrated.

Only through actual demonstration can the values of the standard

be brought home effectively. Theoretical prediction and laboratory

forecasts are helpful, but usually deficient in power to convince the

prospective user of the benefits likely to come to him through using

the standard. If standards are not "sold"; that is, promoted, then

there is little use in continuing to pile them up with the hope that

eventually some one will apply them.

These indispensable factors of promotion and observance are insured through the appointment at a general conference of a standing

committee truly representative of all phases of the industry, and by

periodic surveys by this committee to determine the degree of adherence and to secure factual data upon which to base intelligent

revision or reaffirmation as one of its most important functions.

Annual audits, or surveys, conducted by the standing committees

in 18 different fields revealed that there is an average degree of adher- ence of 79.5 per cent to their simplification programs. This indicates

that the sizes, etc., adopted and published as Simplified Practice

Eecommendations are being applied in the products themselves, and

that the recommended standards are always abreast of the best current practices in the industries involved.

Revisions and reaffirmations for the calendar year 1927

EEVISIONS AND REAFFIRMATIONS SUPPORTED BY ACTUAL FACTUAL SURVEYS

Simplified Practice Recommendation

No.

Title of recommendation Date action Degree of was taken adherence

1 Paving brick j Mar. 31,1927

2 _ Beds, springs, and mattresses Apr. 13,1927

3 | Metal lath ] June 17,1927

5 _ | Hotel chinaware ' Dec. 15,1927

6 ! Files and rasps Oct. 19,1927

8 ! Range boilers ' May

9 ' Woven-wire fencing Sept. 20 ! Steel barrels and drums ! Dec.

28 ._ Sheet steel for jobbers:

Sheet-steel portion Oct. Roofing portion do

29 ! Eaves trough and conductor pipe do

30 J Terneplate do J

32 1 Concrete building units Feb. 22,1927 33 j Cafeteria and lunch room chinaware Dec. 15,1927 1 35 Steel lockers Dec. 13,1927 '

3, 1927

23, 1927

7, 1927

18, 1927

Average.

Dining-car chinaware Dec. 15, 1927 Hospital chinaware do

Paint and varnish brushes Nov. 15, 1927 Boxboard do

Tissue paper gjjg

Die head chasers ' Dec. 20,1927 Tinware, galvanized and japanned ware Oct. 19, 1927

Per cent »65 »61 199

»80.6 »99

i 99 189.04 »85

J 52 J92

i 100 J9S

I 80.6

i 85. 18 >80.6

JS0.6

180.5 «65

* 56 >85

180.74 192

82.56
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 211

REVISIONS AND REAFFIRMATIONS NOT SUPPORTED BY ACTUAL FACTUAL

SURVEYS

Simplified Practice Recommendation

No.

Title of recommendation Date action was taken Estimated

degree of

Average.

Milk bottles and caps Hollow building tile Forged tools _ (Reaffirmed as to forged tool recommendation revised

to include eye sizes.) Builders' hardware

Paper

Steel reinforcing bars Cotton duck Loaded paper shot shells 37 Commercial purchase forms.

45 Grinding wheels

48 Shovels, spades, and scoops.

50 Bank checks

51 Die head chasers Vitreous china plumbing fixtures- Sterling silver flatware Carbon brushes... Iron and steel scrap Metallic cartridges

Feb. 8, 1927 Feb. 10,1927 Apr. 5, 1927 do

Apr. 29,1927 Apr. 21,1927 May 21,1927 Jan. 10,1927 Dec. 7, 1927 Feb. 16,1927 Jan. 6, 1927 June 15,1927 Oct. 6, 1927 Apr. 8, 1927 Sept. 28, 1927 June 22,1927

Sept. 29, 1927 Jan. 18,1927 Dec. 7, 1927

Per cent175

»80

190

»70

80

1 Indicates revision. 1 Indicates reaffirmation. New completed Simplified Practice Recommendations for the year 1927

[Those marked * were completed during the year and are now in the acceptance stag*]

Completed recommendations Formerly Now Reduction Per cent

Solid section steel sash Hospital and institutional textiles Lumber stock for wire-bound boxes (lengths). Plumbing fixtures, staple vitreous Concrete reinforcement bars (grades of steel)

Razor blades (systems of packing)

Salt containers

Flash-light cases Metallic cartridges

•Insulators, porcelain (one piece).. White glazed tile and ceramic mosaic (unglazed) >. *Metal spools and reels Bolt and nut containers •Spark plugs

•Piston ring oversizes. Brake linings Roller bearings, taper. •Turnbuckles Composition blackboard:

Colors Widths

Lengths Ash handles (grades) •Hickory handles (grades) •Curbstones

•Malleable foundry refractories.

42,877

575

102

441

235

25

348 272

2,24426

658

1

1 1914

256

249

248

186

6

37

172

115

40, 633 549

96

113 64

Ind«terminate.
212 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

SPECIFICATIONS Specifications Directory and Encyclopedia.—In 1925 the National

Directory of Commodity Specifications was issued as the first of the

two series of publications.

As the first of the second series of publications dealing with the

standards and specifications in various industries, there has been

issued a volume entitled ''Standards and Specifications in the WoodUsing Industries." In this volume, an attempt has been made to include the substance of all standards and specifications in the woodusing industries formulated by the lumber manufacturers associations

and other trade associations having national recognition; the

national technical societies, including those dealing with lumber and

manufactures thereof, paper and paper products; and other organizations which speak for industry or with the authority of the Federal

Government as a whole. In it use has been made of the decimal

system of classification of paper and wood employed in the National

Directory of Commodity Specifications. Under the proper classi- fication numerals have been listed certain important groups of

commodities for which there might well be, but are not as yet,

specifications that can be referred to as nationally recognized.

Contributions Toward Specifications.—Much of the experimental

research conducted in the laboratories of the bureau results in the

preparation of new, or revision of existing, specifications. In setting

forth what the purchaser desires and what the manufacturer is required to supply, specifications serve as the common meeting

ground of the manufacturers, dealers, and users. They insure the

proper grade of materials for a given use, put bids on an easily comparable basis, and promote fairness in trade competition. The

bureau contributes in no small degree to the precise defining and

establishing of grades and qualities for many commodities of commerce through representation on many national specification-making

bodies, and in aiding the Government departments, especially through

the Federal Specifications Board in formulating standard purchase

specifications. It helps to draft specifications and devises methods

of test; it tests Government deliveries of supplies, and determines

how to improve the materials or the standards of quality. Its researches lead to the estabhshment of the best magnitudes of useful

properties and the deviations allowable in the interest of economy.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 213

The bureau takes a very active part in the work of almost all of

the 76 technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board, and

the chairmanships of 30 of these committees are held by bureau

experts. The chairman ex officio of the board is the director of the

bureau, and the vice chairman and technical secretary is a member

of the bureau's staff. An outline of the work of the board is given

in Chapter IV.

In order to facilitate the use of nationally recognized specifications

the bureau has inaugurated the so-called " certification plan," in

accordance with which there are compiled lists of manufacturers who

have expressed their desire to supply material in accordance with

certain selected specifications and their willingness to certify to the

purchaser upon request that the material thus supplied is guaranteed

to comply with the requirements and tests of the specifications. An

outline of this plan is given on page 148.

STONE

Limestone Research.—The results of the determination of certain

of the physical properties of the principal limestones of the United

States ordinarily employed for cut-stone construction have been

published as Bureau of Standards Technologic Paper No. 349. This

paper contains the results of tests on 134 samples of limestone from

Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri,

New York, and Texas. In addition to the usual physical determinations of strength, elasticity, absorption, and porosity, this publication contains results of weathering, discoloration, fatigue, per- meability, thermal expansion, and efflorescence tests. The average

strength in compression perpendicular to the bedding was indicated

to be 9,030 pounds per square inch with a range from 2,500 to 28,400.

A comparison of the results of various tests in this series has indicated the following average ratios for limestone:

Tensile strength: compressive strength =0. 05 Transverse strength: compressive strength = .17

Shearing strength: compressive strength = .20

Compressive strength wet: compressive strength dry = .91 E in flexure : E in compression = .75

Absorption (two weeks' immersion) : porosity = . 70
214 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The use of elastic pointing materials in masonry construction has

assumed such importance that a study of the merits of such materials

has been deemed advisable. An investigation along this line has

been started in connection with the cooperative work being carried

out by this bureau and the Indiana Limestone Co. The main points

under consideration in this connection are as follows: (1) The ability

of the preparations to maintain a waterproof joint when submitted

to strains similar to those caused by structural movements. (2)

Effects of high and low temperatures equivalent to the usual annual

temperature range. (3) Discoloration or other undesirable effects caused by the use of such materials on stone masonry.

The work on steam cleaning was completed during the year, and

the results described in "The development of the steam cleaning process," by H. H. Dutton, Stone, volume 48, No. 4, page 225, April,

1927, and No. 5, page 288, May, 1927, reprinted in Building and

Building Management, volume 27, No. 12, page 41, June 6, 1927.

Maintenance of Interior Marble.—The research conducted by this

bureau in cooperation with the National Association of Marble

Dealers was completed in March, 1927. The results of this work

have been published in Bureau of Standards Technologic Paper

No. 350, entitled " A Study of Problems Relating to the Maintenance

of Interior Marble." An abstract of this paper has also been published by the National Association of Marble Dealers in a booklet

entitled "The Maintenance of Interior Marble." These publications contain the results of investigations to determine the undesirable effects which may occur, due to the use of certain types of

cleaning preparations, recommendations as to cleaning preparations,

and methods for cleaning marble, injurious effects of various salt solutions which may penetrate marblework under various conditions

of use, methods of removing various kinds of accidental stains from

marble, and recommendations for means of installation of marble

to prevent certain troubles from discoloration or disintegration.

Weathering Tests on Building Stones.—Freezing tests are in

progress on samples of natural building stone from a considerable

number of important deposits in this country, to determine the

relative resistance to frost action. Due to the length of time required

to make such tests it has not been possible to publish a complete

report on this work. The results of frost-action tests on limestone so

far as completed were included in Technologic Paper No. 349.

TESTS

An itemized statement of tests completed during the fiscal year is given in the following table.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 215

Numbers oj test items, determinations, and fee value jor tests completed during the

fiscal year ended June SO, 1927

Kind of instrument or material, class of

test, or nature of service rendered

Number of test items for—

Public

Govern- ment

depart- ments and State

institu- tions

Bureau

of Standards

Total number

of test items

Number

of deter- minations Fee value

Electrical standards, instruments, and

materials

Electric batteries Electric lamps and lighting equipment.

Length-measuring devices Gauges and guage steels ., Miscellaneous dimensional determinations Weights and balances

Scales Timepieces

Volumetric apparatus Hydrometers

Density determinations, etc Laboratory thermometers

Clinical thermometers

Pyrometers, calorimeters, etc Insulating materials

Fire-resisting materials Fuels and lubricants Automotive equipment, etc Optical instruments and materials Carbohydrates

Radioactive materials Engineering instruments and appliances. Aeronautic instruments Aerodynamic tests of models

Physical properties of engineering materials Sound producing and measuring instru- ments Making of special castings Fusible boiler plugs Metallographic examinations... I Miscellaneous metallurgical tests Pottery and chinaware

Glass ! Refractories and heavy clay products I Cement, concreting materials, lime, etcJ

Stone and sand-lime brick j Miscellaneous ceramic materials Rubber

Textiles j Paper

Leather .'

! Paint, varnish, and bituminous ma- ! terials Chemical analysis of metals Chemical tests of miscellaneous ma- j terials I Distribution of standard samples

1,247

201 172

1, 540 2,118 5,942 427

6, 932

62759

2,161

34, 950

16732

1760

175 319

17 523

128

2112 373

15

5, 830

497

1,537

2,691

168 479

1,361

1, 143 979

10 4,949

128

7 825

28, 8196037

44

1, 69367

506

1, 897

31 640

229

5 2,292

5158 366

381 377

212

22

62

8, 394

48

1, 634

1, 521 6,298

2,036

218

1, 170 465

630

226 451

2 1,05587

18 154

5 294

235

124

16

24 1G5

5414

10 144

27 262

615

10

18

81 125

487

376

211 160

119 354

10820

1,964

1,537 13,343

342

3, 074

3, 566

7, 618 979

455

12, 035 760

360

3, 221

63, 769

35185

61

1, 913 266

1,020

1,914 554 822

26427

320

366

22740

147

8, 55552

1, 724

1, 897

6, 509 2,243 232

820

1, 107

6, 480 Total. 64,174 76,036 372 146, 582

3,927

2, 944 3,541 2,113

11, 854

14, 052

16, 201

25, 352

5,871

23, 046 2,327

560 17,447 255,076 3,289

141 145 12,295

903 2,542

2, 906 564

956

750

$13, 732. 89

9, 769. 50

> 17, 564. 12

2, 063. 90 2,478.00

6, 411. 90

4, 893. 40

42, 990. 00

912. 00

7, 657. 00

1, 149. 45 536.00

6, 309. 55

5, 043. 41

3, 703. 74 620.00

4,863. 00

18, 530. 00

1, 136. 50

5, 095. 60

3, 194. 50

3, 493. 00

10, 758. 50

3, 686. 00

1, 452. 00

5,103 i 15,517.17

117 989

731 | 682 j 2,823 ! 780 i 120 I 1,076 ! 28,435 ! 732 ! 2,159 j 12,160 1 14,182 ! 6,565

1,028 9,687

1, 398. 50

2, 613. 68

1, 827. 50

2, 373. 36

6, 460. 82

1, 523. 00

455. 00

2, 860. 00

112, 838. 33

369. 25

8, 254. 50

28, 218. 26

24, 362. 00

16, 008. 00

1, 627.00

21, 020. 79

11, 982.80 9,965.60

13, 545. 50

» 503, 726 8 461, 265. 02

1 In addition, the bureau inspected 1,216,751 incandescent lamps at various factories for other branches

of the Government.

3 Includes fee value of $3,198.12 for lamps inspected at factories.

» Of these totals, 214,826 determinations were for the public, fee value, $60,228.73 ; 269,367 determinations were for the Government departments and State institutions, fee value, $357,874.64; 19,533 determinations were for the bureau, fee value, $43,161.65. The number of test items and determinations necessary in connection with the bureau's own work of research and standardization, with the resulting fee values,

are not included in these totals.
216 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

TEXTILES Characteristics of Mohair Fiber.

Physical Characteristics of

Mohair Fiber.—Data regarding the physical characteristics of mohair fiber were obtained in order to supplement the technical and

economic information regarding the mohair industry now being

collated by the mohair committee of the Departments of Commerce

and Agriculture. Strength and diameter measurements were made.

A photomicroscopic study of the mohair fiber and mohair kemp was

prepared. After much tedious effort cross sections were prepared

thin enough to show the cellular structure of the mohair fiber. The mohair bulletin for which this information was obtained is a cooperative effort of the Departments of Commerce and Agriculture

in response to a request of the Angora goat and mohair industry. It

will contain all the authoritative data on the Angora goat and mohair

available from outside sources and developed in Government laboratories. Studies were made where necessary to complete or supplement

this information.

Wearing Qualities of Textiles, Carpet Wear Test.—The wear of a

textile material is very complicated, including such factors as abrasion,

repeated stress, continued stress, soil effect, atmospheric effects, light,

heat, and washing effects. Several types of apparatus for surface abrasion have been built

and tried. The results have been chiefly interesting from the standpoint of indicating what further work is necessary.

A machine for testing carpet wear based on the leather wear

testing machine (described in Bureau of Standards Technologic

Paper No. 147) was designed and is now being built in the bureau's

shop.

Considerable data on carpet constructions have been obtained. An

interesting phase of this work was the development of a test for measuring the tightness with which the carpet pile is bound to the

backing.

Rayon.—The work on rayon (artificial silk) has been along two

lines: A study of wet-tensile properties and a study of the effect of aging.

Preliminary work included accurate methods of differentiation.

A positive method for distinguishing cuprammonium rayon was worked out and published. (Textile World, October 19, 1926, p. 2029.)

Fastness Measurement.—A method of expressing in numerical

terms the fading which occurs when dyed textile materials are exposed

to sunlight, artificial light, washing, perspiration, etc., was needed.

This would supplement the work which is being done on laboratory

test methods for fading.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 217

Through an arrangement with the optics division a member of

the textile section made a study of spectrophotometric measurements

used in pure color determinations.

These spectrophotometric data were transformed by the usual

methods of colorimetry, so that the color differences are expressed in

fundamental terms with regard to both the physical properties of materials underlying color production and to the psychological facts

of color perception. This method is experimentally definite and

reproducible. It is somewhat involved, however, and suitable for research work rather than routine analysis.

Size Standardization.—The projects on standardization of sizes have been continued. These are undertaken in cooperation with the

National Association of Hosier}' and Underwear Manufacturers and

the Associated Knit Underwear Manufacturers.

Hosiery size standardization projects consisted of lengths of threefourths and seven-eighths length children's and misses ribbed hosiery.

In the underwear industry the following size standards have now

been adopted:

1. Men's ribbed (lxl) cotton union suits, bleached fabric from carded yarns.

2. Men's flat knit cotton union suits.

3. Men's ribbed (lxl) worsted, worsted-merino, wool and wool-cotton union

suits (made from fabric that has been washed in the roll and then cut and seamed)

4. Boys' ribbed (lxl) cotton union suits.

5. Boys' fiat knit cotton union suits.

6. Children's ribbed (lxl) cotton union suits.

7. Children's flat knit cotton union suits.

8. Men's ribbed (lxl) cotton two-piece underwear.

9. Men's fiat knit cotton two-piece underwear.

10. Men's fiat knit wool and wool-cotton two-piece underwear (for garments

that are washed and fulled after seaming).

11. Boys' ribbed (lxl) cotton two-piece underwear.

12. Boys' flat knit cotton two-piece underwear.

13. Boys' flat knit wool and wool-cotton two-piece underwear.

14. Infants' bands and shirts.

15. Children's sleeping garments.

16. Men's ribbed and flat knit athletic shirts (pullover shirts). Endurance Tests of Fiber Rope.

Kope Yarn Bending.—The

apparatus previously described in a bureau technologic paper (T300) was used on a number of samples of rope yarn made specially with

different grades of fiber, twists, sizes, and oil contents. An extensive

study has been made including, in addition to their resistance to bending, actual test results on their physical properties.

Considerable attention has been given to the effect of changes of

grades on the physical properties. Logical groupings of twist, size,

etc., indicate the selectivity of the rope yarn bending test, but the

overlapping results on the different grades indicate that from the

standpoint of the bending fatigue there is no justification for the grade
218 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

system now in use. The results will be laid before the manufacturers

technical representatives for recommendations as to further study.

Rope Bending.—Several changes, both in construction and design, were made on the large rope-bending machine as the result of the

preliminary tests. Results have been obtained on 27 samples of rope

made at the Boston Navy Yard with different grades and grade

mixtures of abaca. The variability of other constructional features

largely obscured the variability due to the grades of fiber. Tests

are now in progress on ropes of different lays.

Removal of Stains from Cellulose Acetate Rayon.—One large class of rayons is made using the cellulose acetate process. This rayon,

although not readily stained in service, is difficult to handle when

stained, since many of the common cleaning agents will attack or destroy the fiber. A method was developed by the research associate of the National

Association of Dyers and Cleaners for "spotting" these stains in the

cleaning plant. The method consists essentially of mixing the usual

spotting agent with glycerin in equal parts, then proceeding in the

regular manner. This method was published in a trade journal

(American Dyestuff Reporter, April, 1927), and also given wide

circulation by means of special wall charts issued by the National

Association of Dyers and Cleaners.

Investigations on Dyes.—The increasing need for standard tests for

the fastness of color of dyed textiles has led to extensive work on fast- ness to light tests and to some on fastness to washing, both in cooperation with the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.

The light tests were started in June, 1926, and discontinued in the

early fall. The work was resumed in June, 1927, with the assistance

of a research associate.

In order to determine how dyed fabrics fade under different conditions of sunlight and daylight exposure in the same locality, six identical sets of over 1,000 dyeings each have been exposed in glazed

cabinets on the roof. Other sets have been exposed to the light of a

violet carbon arc, which is one of the most promising artificial sources

of light for fastness tests. Because of the large number of samples to be studied the report on this investigation may not be ready for publication until late in 1928.

A supplementary investigation on the fading caused by sunlight

transmitted through corex, vita, and window glass, and through

various colored glasses has been completed.

Publications.—Report on experiments with the photoelectric cell in relation to

testing fastness to light of dyed materials, W. D. Appel, Am. Dyestuff Reporter;

November 14, 1927. Report of the subcommittee on light fastness. I. Light exposure, series 3, W. D. Appel and W. H. Cady, chairman of the subcommittee, Am. Assoc. of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Am. Dyestuff Reporter; November 14, 1927.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 219

At the request of the Commission of Fine Arts and of the Committee

on the Standardization of the American Flag numerous dyes were

tested in order to find suitably fast red and blue, for cotton and wool,

of the exact shades desired. No decision can be made until after the

completion of a series of practical tests by the Navy Department.

THERAPEUTIC APPARATUS

X-ray and Radium Standardization.—In recent years many of the

larger hospitals in this country and abroad have been using very

penetrating X rays for therapeutic purposes. It is recognized that

the successful use of this radiation depends upon accurate dosage

measurement under accurately controlled conditions, but at present

several different units of measurement are used under varying conditions with no reliable basis for comparing the dosage used in different

hospitals.

At the urgent request of the Radiological Society of America and

of the American Medical Association, the X-ray laboratory of the

Bureau of Standards is now centering its efforts on the problem of

dosage measurement. Various units and methods of measurement

are being investigated. In June, 1928, there will be an International

Congress. at Stockholm at which this and similar investigations at the National Physical Laboratory, the Reichsanstalt, and many

centers of medical research will be reported with the hope of adopting

a single international unit to be measured under carefully specified

conditions. In the future practical measuring devices will be cali- brated at this bureau in terms of this standard. In the meantime

performance of X-ray installations is being investigated, protective

materials are being tested, and hazards to operators are being studied.

A new method of measuring X rays is now being investigated.

A successful investigation of very soft X rays, by the use of a dif- fraction grating of the type commonly used for visible light, was

recently completed. The purpose of this research was primarily

theoretical, but it is also of significance from the viewpoint of standardization. It demonstrates that wave-length determinations in this

inaccessible region can be obtained directly in units of length. Commonly the X-ray wave lengths are measured in terms of a theoretically derived value for the spacing of atoms in crystals.

The problem of radium standardization has for a long time been on a very satisfactory basis. This bureau keeps accurately measured

standard samples of radium, and the radium content of any sample

submitted can be determined by accurate comparison methods in

terms of this standard. Tests of over 7.5 g of radium, worth about

$500,000, were made in the past year. Many properties of radium

and other radioactive materials are being investigated.

91096—28 15
220 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Publications.—X-ray standardization problems, F. L. Hunt, Am. J. of Radiology; 1927. X-ray protective plasters, F. L. Hunt, Radiology, 8, p. 117; 1927. Half period of radium E, L. F. Curtiss, Phys. Rev., 30, p. 539; 1927. X rays of long-wave length from a ruled grating, F. L. Hunt, Phys. Re/., 30,

p. 227; 1927. THERMAL EXPANSION

Equipment for Measuring Thermal Expansion.—An extremely

simple and convenient device has been constructed for the ordinary

requirements of thermal expansion tests in laboratories and factories

wishing to standardize materials on the basis of expansion values.

A fused quartz tube closed at one end serves as the container or support for the specimen to be tested. A rod of fused quartz rests on the specimen and extends to the top of the tube. The differential

motion between the tube and rod is registered by a dial indicator.

The indicator reading, plus the value for fused silica (known) gives

the expansion of the material. This equipment is being installed

in a number of research laboratories and is giving excellent satis- faction. The low cost of the equipment and the speed with which

tests may be completed are further elements of convenience and

efficiency which appeal to research laboratories.

Thermal Expansion of Graphite.—Results of an investfgation on

the linear thermal expansion of longitudinal and transverse samples

of artificial graphite (99.2 to 99.7 per cent carbon) over various

temperature ranges between room temperature and 600° C. are given in Technologic Paper No. 335, Thermal Expansion of Graphite,

by Peter Hidnert and W. T. Sweeney.

The coefficients of expansion of graphite are low. For example,

the coefficient of expansion of ordinary steel is about six times the

coefficient of longitudinal sections of graphite and about four times

the value for transverse sections between 20 and 100° C. The trans- verse samples expand considerably more than the longitudinal

samples (approximately 45 per cent). The coefficients of expansion

of all samples increase with temperature. For the longitudinal

and transverse samples the coefficients of expansion decrease slightly as the purity (carbon content) increases.

Re'sume' of average coefficients of expansion of artificial graphite

Material

Average coefficients of expansion per degree centigrade

20 to

100° C.

20 to 200° C.20 to 300° C.

20 to 400° C.20 to 500° C.

20 to 600° C.

Longitudinal XMH1.9 2.9

Xi0-e

2.0

3.0

2.2

3.2 2.43.5

xio-*

2.5

3.6

xio-*

2.7 Transverse 3.7
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 221

Thermal Expansion of Beryllium and Aluminum-Beryllium Alloys.—The investigation described in S565, Thermal Expansion of

Beryllium and Aluminum-Beryllium Alloys, by Peter Hidnert and

W. T. Sweeney, was undertaken because no data on this increasingly

important material were available. Expansion determinations were made over various temperature ranges between — 120 and + 700° C. on a sample of berryllium (98.9 per cent) and between room temperature and 500° C. on aluminum-berylHum alloys containing various

percentages of beryllium (4 to 33 per cent).

The coefficient of expansion of beryllium increases rapidly with

temperature. The coefficients or rates of expansion at —110 and

+ 650° C. are 5.0 X 10~6 and 20 X 10-6

per ° C, respectively. Beryllium expands considerably less than the other elements of Subgroup

II B (magnesium, zinc, cadmium, and mercury).

The coefficients of expansion of the aluminum-beryllium alloys

decrease with increase in the beryllium content. The relations

between the coefficients of expansion and the chemical composition were compared with the equilibrium diagram obtained by Oesterheld, and were found to be in agreement with the theory for this

type of diagram.

The following table gives a resume* of average coefficients of expansion derived from the data on all samples for various temperature

ranges between 20 and 500° C. In most cases, each coefficient

represents an average of the values obtained on two or more heatings.

RSsumi of average coefficients of expansion of beryllium and aluminum-beryllium

alloys

Material

Average coefficients of expansion per degree centigrade

20 to

100° C.

20 to 200° C.20 to 300° C.20 to 20 to 400° C. 500° C.

Beryllium (98.9 per cent)... Aluminum-beryllium alloy (4.2 per cent beryllium)

Aluminum-beryllium alloy (10.1 per cent beryllium) Aluminum-beryllium alloy (18.6 per cent beryllium) Aluminum-beryllium alloy (27.5 per cent beryllium) Aluminum-beryllium alloy (32.7 per cent beryllium)

xio-*

12.3 22.2

21.4

20.0

18.8 17.9

xio-*

13.3 23.2 22.5

20.8

19.8

19.2

xio-'

14.0

24.4

23.3 22.1

21.1 20.6

xio-i

14.8

25.1 24.1 23.0

22.0

21.3

xio-*

15.5 26.5

25.4 24.0 23.0

22.3 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

New Calibration of the Bureau's End Standards.—Precision

gauges or gauge blocks (pieces of metal, usually steel, having two

opposite faces plane, parallel and a specified distance apart) are used

in the shop to check micrometers and other measuring instruments

and also as distance pieces or size blocks for precise mechanical work.

Each year this bureau calibrates (by comparison with its end standards) large numbers of precision gauges for both makers and users. These end standards, which consist of several carefully selected and
222 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tested sets of precision gauges, as also the commercial gauges compared with them, have been calibrated since 1918 by the interference

methods described in Bureau of Standards Scientific Paper No. 436.

In the selection of end standards and commercial precision gauges,

oogooooo o f § § 8 § f § £

it is essential to have the surfaces accurately plane and parallel.

With the interference method, above, the planeness and parallelism

of the surfaces can be measured with an error less than 0.000001 inch.

The nominal length of the precision gauge should be correct within

the prescribed tolerance, 0.000005 to 0.000010 inch, because they are used as exact.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 223

The end standards are calibrated relative to standard light waves and correction for the error in the nominal length applied. The error

in measuring the length of the end standards relative to the light waves is about 0.000001 inch for gauges with very perfect surfaces.

Since the length of steel end standards may change with time it has

been necessary to make frequent intercomparisons between the

several sets of standards and to recalibrate them relative to the

standard light waves every two years. Up to the past year the

lengths of our end standards were determined within 0.000003 inch

imperfection in the surfaces making it difficult to measure them with

greater precision. During the past year, however, precision gauges

have been submitted having planeness and parallelism errors not

greater than 0.000001 inch and errors in the nominal length of not more than 0.000004 inch. It became necessary, therefore, to improve

the calibration of our 81 end standards. For this, the standards were held within 0.01° C. of 20° C. while the measurements were

being made. In these tests two hours was found necessary for

gauges 1 inch long to come to equilibrium within 0.000001 inch. By

taking every precaution as regards temperature control and the

manipulation of the interferometer apparatus it was possible to make

separate measurements on a given standard agree within 0.000001

inch. Measurements made since on two of these by the PhysikalischTechniche Reichsanstalt gave values which agreed with ours within

0.000001 inch. These same two gauges were left at the International

Bureau and two others at the National Physical Laboratory for test. When these four gauges are returned they will be remeasured here.

The combined results will give an indication of the possible accuracy

attainable under present conditions at the different standardizing

institutions.

Weights and Measures Administration.—Acting in an advisory

capacity, it is one of the functions of the Bureau of Standards to promote efficiency and uniformity among the several States in their

supervision of commercial weighing and measuring apparatus. In

the discharge of this function the bureau acts as a clearing house

for a large variety of weights and measures information, and, upon

request, advises with State and local weights and measures officials upon the many problems which arise in connection with their administration of their statutes and ordinances. At the same time the

bureau is called upon for information relative to weights and measures administration in general and the organization and scope of existing departments in particular, by State and local governments

at present without adequate weights and measures supervision,

by manufacturers, by industry, by various organized groups, etc. To meet, in some measure, these demands, to present the basic

principles of well-organized weights and measures supervision, and

to furnish in convenient form detailed information for the establish-
224 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ment of new departments of weights and measures and the development of existing departments along uniform lines in the several

States, there has been issued in handbook form a publication entitled " Weights and Measures Administration'' (Handbook series No. 11).

The handbook describes the functions of the weights and measures

official, the present organization in each State and in typical foreign

countries, and discusses various important factors connected with

the organization of a department, the statutes under which it operates,

its personnel, its coordination with other departments, etc.; the

various phases of the mechanical, supervisional, and clerical activities of the official are treated in detail, and as appendixes are shown

certain Federal laws and regulations in relation to weights and

measures, the model State law on weights and measures, and a schedule of the standards and equipment considered necessary for

the operation of weights and measures departments of States and

cities. There has also been published the third edition of Federal and

State Laws Relating to Weights and Measures (Miscellaneous Publication No. 20). In this publication is given the full text of the

weights and measures provisions of the laws of the United States

and of each State, and the material is comprehensively indexed;

the publication comprises 976 pages. Such a compilation is of the

greatest utility in view of the divergencies which unfortunately

persist in the weights and measures requirements in effect in the

several States, and readily enables manufacturers and others affected

by such requirements to acquaint themselves with the regulations

which they must meet.

In furthering uniformity of regulations and methods among

existing departments of weights and measures, the publications of the bureau have been supplemented during the year by personal

conferences with officials, either as individuals or groups, in the

following States: Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Maryland,

Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,

North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas,

Virginia, and West Virginia.

Oil-Drilling Equipment.—The bureau has cooperated during the

year with the American Petroleum Institute division of standardization and various technical committees in developing specification

for rotary drilling taper joints, cold-drawn and machined-working

barrels and sucker rods. The assistance rendered was chiefly with

regard to product tolerance, screw-thread specification, and gauges

for inspection of product. The bureau is to be the official custodian

of the grand master reference gauges for the rotary tool joints. The

certification of the correctness of the dimensions of A. P. I. gauges

for oil-well casing, tubing, and drill pipe has been an important

feature of the bureau's cooperation.
VI. MUNICIPAL, COUNTY, AND STATE AGENCIES

Although the governments of the States, counties, and municipalities purchase great quantities of materials, and a considerable

amount of standardization has taken place in their purchase requirements, there is a very wide diversity in their methods of formulating

specifications and placing contracts. Some information concerning

these various methods is given in the present chapter.

MUNICIPAL PURCHASING AND STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

A survey of the purchasing methods of the municipal governments

throughout the country indicates that, with few exceptions, in cities of over 100,000 inhabitants specifications are used in making purchases for all commodities except those bought in small quantities or having small value, usually below $500. In most cases there are consolidated purchasing or specifications making agencies repre- senting the city as a whole. However, in Wilmington, Del., and

Cambridge, Mass., the individual city departments make their own

purchases, and specifications are seldom employed.

Municipalities having the city-manager form of government, of

which there are now more than 360 in the country, almost irrespective of population quite generally utilize specifications in the purchase of commodities used in appreciable quantities. Some idea of

the importance attached to the position of city manager in many

localities can be gained from the fact that in cities in California,

Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michigan,

Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee,

Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin a total of more than 50

of the city managers receive salaries at least equal to that of the

governors; in several cases the salaries are twice as large, and in one

case more than three times as large.

Cincinnati has the city-management form of government. The

city manager, appointed by the city council, exercises control over

the safety department and the service department of the city, and

cooperates with the board of health, the board of park commissioners,

and the rapid transit commission in the preparation of specifications.

Each department of the city formulates its own specifications, which

are coordinated by the city manager in consultation with other departments having similar functions. Many other municipalities

having the city-management form of government operate in a some- what similar manner.

Rochester, N. Y., which has only recently inaugurated the citymanager system, has for some time maintained its own laboratory

for testing goods deliveredJonfcontracts based upon specifications.

225
226 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A bureau of standards has been organized by the city of Baltimore

to formulate standards and specifications and recommend, but not

compel, their use by the city departments and bureaus. Standards

have been set up for fuel, lubricants, paper, and soap, and numerous kinds of building materials, special effort being made to have

the specifications conform to the most recent specifications of the

American Society for Testing Materials and the Federal Specifications Board whenever possible.

The bureau of standards of the city of Portland is conducted

under the authority of the department of public works. It cooperates with the other city bureaus in the selection and adoption of

specifications and checks the delivery of materials purchased under

specifications. With the bureau of buildings rests the responsibility

for the enforcement of the city's "building code" issued by the

department of public works.

The charter of the city of St. Louis provides for the creation

of a board of standardization, consisting of the comptroller, who is elected by the people; the supply commissioner, who is appointed by

the mayor; and the president of the board of public service, also appointed by the mayor. Specifications are drawn up by the board

of standardization after study has been made of existing nationally

recognized specifications for the commodities. Specifications have

already been formulated for foodstuffs, fuel, fire hose, and paving

and building materials. Contracts are let by the board of public

service for street construction, buildings, etc. Baton Rouge, La., operates under the commission form of government. Purchases are made through the city purchasing agent

upon approval by the heads of the city departments. Specifications

are used on all public works where the amount involved is more than

$300. In 1927 Newton, Kans., adopted the commission-manager

form of government, the board of commissioners employing a city

manager. In this city specifications are used for all public-improvement work. The mayor and the commissioners act as a purchasing

agency in Lexington, Ky., which has the commission form of government. All purchases are made according to specifications.

Among the cities operating testing laboratories are to be noted

Grand Rapids and Detroit, Mich. In Detroit the street railways

are operated by the municipality. Both the department of street railways and the department of purchases set up standards, the

former for all materials used in railway construction and maintenance, and the latter for supplies used by the other city departments.

A committee consisting of the mayor, the city controller, and the

purchasing commissioner formulates the standards and adopts

specifications for the purchase of materials for the city.

General purchasing agencies have been established in a number of

cities. In Minneapolis each city department draws up its own
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 227

specifications for purchases to be made by the city purchasing agent,

who is appointed by the civil service commission. In Jersey City the

general purchasing agent, appointed by the board of city commissioners, prepares specifications and proposals for the purchase of all commodities used by the city except the specifications for fire engines,

street paving, and cleaning, which are prepared by the city's engineering department. Specifications are prepared by the Dallas city

purchasing agent for approval by the city commission, consisting

of the mayor and four commissioners.

The chief buyer of Milwaukee purchases all materials, supplies,

and equipment for the city government, upon specifications prepared

by him in cooperation with the city paving chemist and city department engineers. Upon the purchasing division of the New Orleans

department of public finances falls the duty of selecting specifications

and making purchases for materials, supplies, and equipment for use by the city government. In Akron the purchasing agent prepares

the specifications and places all contracts for materials under $1,000,

and he makes recommendations for purchases exceeding this amount,

the contracts for which are let by the city's board of control.

The city charter of Stockton, Calif., provides for a city purchasing

agency through which all purchases not exceeding $1,500 must be

made. The requirements being limited, goods are not bought in

large quantities, and specifications are seldom employed.

In Los Angeles there are three agencies concerned with the purchase of commodities under specifications—the city purchasing agent,

the purchasing agent for the harbor department, and the purchasing

agent for the department of water and power. The last-mentioned

department has authority to compile or select specifications and make

purchases for all materials, supplies, equipment, etc., for use by the

bureau of water works and supply and the bureau of power and light,

which two bureaus comprise the department. The city purchasing

agent formulates specifications and makes purchases for all departments except those earning their own revenues. In accordance with charter provisions the city and county of San

Francisco, Calif., through the board of supervisors, gives to the purchaser of supplies authority to provide for standardization of material, prepare specifications, and prescribe tests for the determination

of quality.

It is estimated that specifications are employed with 95 per cent

of the purchases made for the municipality of Denver, Colo., by the

commissioner of supplies.

Numerous eity officials act as purchasing agents in New Bedford,

Mass., where in all contracts made by any department, board, or committee competitive bids must be obtained when the cost exceeds

$200. Specifications for such bids are prepared by the officials in

charge of the city departments.
228 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In Providence, R. I., purchases of supplies are made by the heads

of the separate city departments except when the amount involved

exceeds $500, in which case the purchase is made by and through the

board of contract and supply, a city ordinance requiring detailed

specifications for all materials and supplies.

Supplies and equipment for city offices and public institutions in

Philadelphia are purchased on specifications prepared by the direc- tor of the department of supplies, who is appointed by the mayor.

In Erie, Pa., the purchasing methods employed are based on the

law of the State which requires the advertising for bids for all sta- tionery, printing, etc. Specifications are used with all purchases and

contracts for amounts exceeding $250. All contracts are approved

by the city council, which reviews all bills before payment on vouchers signed by the heads of the city department, the finance director,

and the city controller. In Greensboro, N. C, the city purchasing agent uses specifications

for all contract work, on all basic commodities, and for all material

for which nationally recognized specifications are available. Among

the other cities in North Carolina having central purchasing agencies

are Asheville, Charlotte, Durham, and Winston-Salem. In Gastonia, N. C, which operates on the city manager plan, all purchases

are made upon specifications.

Among the municipalities, New York City has formulated and

utilized the greatest number of purchase specifications, more than

1,600 specifications for 42 different classes of commodities having

been prepared for this purpose. Practically all of the work of

standardization is done in the department of purchase, the head of

which is appointed by the mayor. Recommendations for standards

are forwarded to the board of estimate and apportionment, which

consists of the mayor, the comptroller, the president of the board of

aldermen, and the five borough presidents, all of whom are elected

officials. Standards adopted by this board are compulsory on all city departments.

AGENCIES FOR COUNTIES AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS

In the great majority of the States little or no use is made of

specifications in connection with the routine purchases for the county

governments. Where employed, specifications are usually limited

to materials entering into the erection of public buildings, public

works, or county roads. An exception is noted in the case of California, the legislature of which has passed a bill authorizing the

purchasing agents of various counties to purchase certain standard

supplies for various school districts. A survey of the specifications making and utilizing activities of

the public schools throughout the country has revealed the fact that
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 229

specifications are in rather general use by the schools whenever the

value of the purchases of any commodity exceed a certain definite

minimum, frequently $500. In Erie and Reading, Pa., the limit is set at $300; in Cambridge and New Bedford, Mass., and in McKeesport, Pa., at $200; in Anderson, Ind., Brookline, Mass., and Kansas

City, Mo., at $100; in Augusta, Ga., Revere, Mass., and Amsterdam,

N. Y., at $50; and in Denver, Colo., at $25.

In Cleveland, Ohio, the board of education has established a bureau of standards to secure agreement on standard schedules of

equipment and supplies required for the schools and make recom- mendations as to the standardization of all articles in the schedules

for the approval of the board's committee on housing and supplies.

Approximately 85 per cent of all purchases are made on specifications.

The board maintains a well-equipped commodity acceptance testing

laboratory.

STATE PURCHASING AND STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

In every one of the 48 States standards for materials used in the

construction and maintenance of roads and bridges have been established by the State highway commissioners. Much of the present

activity in this line of standardization can be attributed to the aid

given to the States by the Federal Government for the building of

the main highways of the country. The specifications used by the

commissions as best suited for the local climatic and traffic conditions

and sources of supply of materials are in conformity with the specifications formulated by the American Society for Testing Materials,

the American Association of State Highway Officials, and the United

States Bureau of Public Roads, and formally approved by the United

States Secretary of Agriculture for use in connection with Federal-aid

road construction.

With few exceptions the State highway commissions are appointed

by the governor, usually with the advice and consent of the legislature.

Members of the Mississippi State highway department are elected

by popular vote, and the State highway commissioner of Michigan is also elected. In Kansas, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, and

South Dakota the State governors serve as chairmen of the highway

commissions.

A considerable number of State governments have organized

centralized purchasing agencies or adopted uniform specifications,

in most cases independent of the State highway commissions. Condensed outlines of the standardization activities of the agencies, with

addresses of their headquarters and the names of the officers in

charge, are given below.
230 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Where symbols are used after the name and address of the agency

or body they have the following significance:

(6) = Names and titles of officers in charge.

(c) =Body appointed by.

(d) = Authority of body.

(e) = Procedure in formulating specifications.

(/)= Types of commodities for which specifications have been prepared.

(g) — Arrangements made for testing materials.

(h) = Testing laboratory facilities. 00 = Testing for others on a commercial basis.

(j) = Vse made of college testing and research laboratories. Alabama State Board of Administration, Montgomery, (b) W. L. Waters,

purchasing agent, (c) Appointed by the governor, (d) Formulate specifica- tions and make purchases for all State departments and for the smaller State

institutions. Alabama State Highway Department, Montgomery. (6) Woolsey Finnell,

highway director; R. S. Hale, testing engineer, (g) and (h) The aggregate to be used in State and Federal-aid projects is tested in the laboratory. Portland cement is sampled at various cement plants by the State inspector. There are State inspectors stationed on all concrete and asphalt paving jobs. Samples of sand clay, sand gravel, etc., are approved by the laboratory before being used. Check samples from each paving job are analyzed at frequent intervals, (i) None, (j) College testing laboratories have not been used to date, but plans

are being made to make use of them in the near future. Arizona Board of Directors of State Institutions, Phoenix. (6) C. W. Zander,

secretary-purchasing agent, (c) The board is composed of the governor, the State treasurer, and a member appointed by the governor, (d) Approve specifications recommended by the State purchasing agent. All purchases for State

institutions are made by this board except those for the State schools and the

State highway department which do their own purchasing.

Arizona Highway Department, Phoenix, (b) W. C. Lefebvre, State engineer;

J. W. Powers, engineer of materials, (g) and (A) The State highway commission

has a very complete laboratory which is used for testing all materials entering

into highway work, (t) Contracting firms and others are permitted to have

tests made in these laboratories, a nominal charge being made for this service,

(j) College laboratories are used only when tests can not be made in the laboratory

of the highway department.

Arkansas State Purchasing Department, Little Rock, (b) H. A. Emerson,

purchasing agent, (c) Governor, (d) Department was organized by the governor to prepare specifications, supervise erection of buildings for State insti- tutions, and purchase supplies for the institutions.

. Arkansas State Highway Commission, Little Rock. (o) Dwight H. Black- wood, chairman; C. S. Christian, State highway engineer; Roy D. Likins, engineer

of materials and tests, (g) and (h) The commission has employed a commercial

laboratory for the testing of the materials required in road construction, (i) No

testing other than for State work, (j) No use is made of college testing and

research laboratories. California State Department of Finance, Bureau of Purchases, Capitol Building, Sacramento. (6) W. G. McMillin, State purchasing agent, (c) Appointed

by director of finance, chief of division of service and supply, subject to civil service procedure, (d) Makes rules and regulations for purchasing for all institutions, departments, commissions, State schools, and offices of the State, with the approval of the director and chief of division when desired, (e) Speci-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 231

fications and standards are formulated in conjunction with the bureau of pure

food and drugs and State testing laboratories and chemists as needed. (J) Standards and specifications are revised from time to time, and new specifications evolved as need arises, (g) and (h) There are five laboratories in connection

with the State service—chemical, physical, research, and pure food and drugs,

(j) Use is made of the State University and the department of agriculture

laboratories. California Highway Commission, Sacramento. (6) R. M. Morton, State highway engineer; F. T. Maddocks, testing engineer, (g) and (h) A laboratory

equipped for making all tests on materials entering into road construction,

(i) No testing is done on a commercial basis. However, some testing is done

for other departments in the State and also for counties when the proper appli- cation is made. A nominal charge is made for these tests. On one occasion

there was cooperation with a commercial research laboratory on a series of tests on the curing of concrete with calcium chloride and other methods, (j) None.

Colorado State Educational Institutions, Associated Purchasing Agents of, Boulder, (b) Henry B. Abbett, chairman, (c) Consists of purchasing agents

of State-owned institutions, (d) and (e) Standardize on commodities that may

be used in common by the State educational institutions; pool the requirements

and make purchases for the institutions. (/) This organization has formulated

standard specifications for janitor floor brushes. Its future activities will consist in making a study of all janitor supplies, painters' supplies, and laboratory

(scientific) supplies, aiming at standardization, (g) Various commodities will be tested in the laboratories. If analyses are too difficult for the associated

institutions' laboratories, the items under consideration will be tested by private or Government agencies.

Colorado State Highway Department, Denver, (b) L. D. Blauvelt, State highway engineer, (g) and (h) The highway department maintains no testing

laboratory, the testing work being carried on by a commercial laboratory.

(i) None, (j) The department has made use of the testing equipment at the

State Agricultural College and the University of Colorado research laboratories

in carrying on tests and special research work.

Connecticut State Board of Finance and Control, Hartford, (b) Edward F.

Hall, commissioner, (c) By the governor. Board is composed of the governor,

State treasurer, State comptroller, and attorney general. (The establishment of a centralized purchasing agency for State departments is now being given

consideration.)

Connecticut State Highway Department, Portland. (6) John A. MacDonald,

commissioner; F. G. Flood, testing engineer, (g) and (h) The State highway

commission maintains its own testing laboratory for making tests on all road

building materials, (i) None, (j) None. Delaware State Board of Supplies, Dover, (6) Charles H. Grantland, secre- tary of board, (c) Composed of governor, State treasurer, and two electors appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate, (d) Formulate specifications and contract for current stationery and miscellaneous supplies and

printing for all State departments and institutions. (The establishment of a

centralized purchasing agency for the State departments is now being given

consideration.)

Delaware State Highway Department, Dover. (6) C. D. Buck, chief engi- neer; Frank S. Pritchett, testing engineer, (g) and (h) The highway department

maintains a laboratory equipped to make tests on all materials used in State highway work. A commercial laboratory represents the department at the

various cement mills, and cement is tested before shipment, (i) None. 0)

None.
232 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

District of Columbia Purchasing Office, Washington D. C. (6) M. C. Hargrove, purchasing officer, (c) Commissioners of the District of Columbia, (d) Make purchases for all departments and institutions of the District of Columbia

as far as possible under the General Supply Committee's schedules, and formulate

or select specifications for all items not covered by these schedules, (c) and (/) Use specifications promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board. Department of Agriculture specifications are used for some foodstuffs. For items that

are not covered by Federal specifications, advice is sought from the technical

division of the District government, (g) Visual tests are made of some materials,

but other materials, when deemed necessary, are submitted to the National Bureau of Standards for test, (h) None in this office; can resort to laboratories

of health department and inspector of asphalt and cements of the District, (i) None. 0) None.

Florida Board of Commissioners of State Institutions, Tallahassee, (b) Bessie Gibbs Porter, secretary, (c) By the governor, (d) Formulate and adopt specifi- cations and make purchases for all State institutions, (e) Specifications are prepared by the superintendents for approval by the board.

Florida State Roads' Department. (6) Fons A. Hathaway, chairman, Talla- hassee; J. L. Cresap, State highway engineer, Tallahassee; Harvey A. Hall,

testing engineer, Gainesville, (g) and (h) The road department has maintained

a testing laboratory since 1917, most of the time using space at the University of Florida. Since 1925 the laboratory has been located on department property

at Gainesville, (i) Commercial tests are made only in special cases, not officially but as a convenience, (j) Cooperation with the University of Florida, but with no direct connection. Georgia State Department of Public Printing, State capitol, Atlanta. (6) Josephus Camp, superintendent, (c) and (d) This department was organized

by act of legislature, 1919, for the purpose of awarding contracts for all printing,

binding, engraving, etc., and the purchase of all office supplies, (e) and (J) Laws

and journals of house and senate, tax digests, return blanks, etc. All orders not

exceeding $500 in cost are awarded on competitive bids. State contract, embracing the laws, journals, tax digests, and tax return blanks, is awarded annually on

sealed bids, (g) None, (h) None, (i) None, (j) None.

Georgia State Highway Board. (6) John N. Holder, chairman, Atlanta,

J. E. Boyd, testing engineer, East Point, (g) and (h) The highway department

maintains its own testing laboratory which is equipped to make practically all tests on road building materials, (i) Commercial testing is not undertaken, but

frequently tests are made for county road departments within the State. They

are charged for the work, based upon the estimated cost to the highway department, (j) Cooperation in research work with the University of Georgia pertaining

to top soil, subgrade, and asphalt problems.

Idaho Department of Public Works, Bureau of Supplies, Boise. (6) R. G.

Archibald, State purchasing agent, (c) By the commissioner of public works,

(d) Formulate and adopt specifications for all State departments and State

institutions. Idaho State Department of Public Works, Bureau of Highways, Boise. (6) Joe D. Wood, commissioner; R. H. Shoemaker, office engineer, (g) Laboratory facilities and personnel under supervision of materials engineer, who also supervises

field inspection and control, (h) Main laboratory located at the bureau of highways headquarters in Boise. Branch laboratory at State University at Moscow.

Bureau pays portion^of testing engineer's salary at branch laboratory and gives

supervision of work. (i)-Both laboratories make tests for individuals, firms, or organizations for fees which cover actual cost of tests in labor and materials.

(J) As stated above.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 233

Illinois State Division of Purchases and Supplies, Statehouse, Springfield.

(b) L. H. Becherer, State purchasing agent, (c) By the governor, (d) and (e) Makes purchases in accordance with the laws of the State. (/) About 30,000

items purchased, (g) and (h) Testing is done by the division of highways lab- oratory, the department of agriculture laboratories, and the chemistry department of the University of Illinois, (i) No. (j) Yes.

Illinois State Department of Public Works and Buildings, Division of Highways,

Springfield. (6) Frank T. Sheets, chief highway engineer, (g) All materials used in highway construction and maintenance are tested, (h) A completely

equipped laboratory is maintained, (i) None. (J) None.

Indiana State Joint Purchasing Committee, Indianapolis. (6) Daily E. McCoy, secretary, (c) Body selected by a majority vote of institution heads, (d) Has authority to make purchases for State charitable and correctional institutions, (e) Specifications are formulated by a subcommittee of the purchasing

committee. (J) Chinaware, glassware, table cutlery, paints, oils, varnishes, dry

goods and notions, groceries and laundry supplies, coal, gasoline, oils and greases, yeast, automobile tires and batteries, and electric light globes.

Indiana State Highway Commission, Indianapolis. (6) Charles W. Ziegler,

chairman; John D. Williams, director; P. D. Meisenhelder, testing engineer.

(g) Project engineers in charge of construction are supplied with equipment for making such field tests as are practical, and samples are submitted to the laboratory, (h) The commission maintains its own testing laboratory for testing all materials used in the construction and maintenance of roads and bridges, (i) Not permitted to do any commercial testing. (J) Liaison is maintained between

the laboratory and the engineering experiment station and testing laboratory

of Purdue University which is the State engineering school. However, no

cooperative work is under way. Iowa Board of Control of State Institutions, State capitol, Des Moines. (6) H. L. Shropshire, purchasing agent, (c) By the governor and confirmed by

senate, (d) Formulate specifications, secure bids, and award contracts subject

to the approval of the board of control, (e) and (J) Standard specifications have

been prepared on a large number of items, (g) The State chemist makes arrange- ments for the testing of purchased commodities. (J) To some extent. Iowa State Highway Commission, Ames. (6) Carl C. Riepe, chairman;

R. W. Crum, engineer of materials and tests, (g) and (h) The commission

maintains a completely equipped laboratory for testing all the materials used in highway construction, (i) For other State highway departments. (J) Very

little. Kansas State Board of Administration, Topeka. (6) H. E. Shrack, State

business manager, (c) Composed of governor and three electors appointed by

him. (d) Formulate specifications and make purchases for all State institutions.

(e) Specifications are prepared by the business manager for approval of the board

of administration. (J) Dry goods, groceries, meats, lard and butterine, hardware, electrical supplies, stationery, drugs, queensware, flour and feed, lubricating

oils, etc. (; } Yes. Kansas State Highway Commission. (6) Gov. John W. Gardner, chairman,

Topeka; C. H. Scholer, engineer of tests, Manhattan, (c) Ex officio, (g) and

(h) All testing of road materials is handled through the road materials labora- tory of the engineering experiment station of the Kansas State Agricultural College and is supported by the fees charged for tests, (i) Although most of the work done is for the State highway commission, testing for private engineers

and manufacturers is also handled. (J) Only as given above. Kentucky State Purchasing Commission, Frankfort. (6) E. E. Shannon,

chairman, (c) Governor. The law requires that one member of the State high-
234 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

way commission and the commissioner of public institutions be members of the

board, (d) Purchase or supervise purchase of supplies of all kinds used by the

several State departments, (c) and (J) Nearly all specifications used are Government specifications, changes having been made where practicable, (g) and

(h) This State has the use of the public service laboratory located at the State

university, (i) No. (J) Yes. Kentucky State Highway Department. (6) Ben Johnson, chairman, Frankfort; Prof. D. V. Terrell, engineer of tests, Lexington, (g) and (h) All road

materials used in the State are tested at the laboratory of the University of Kentucky, which is maintained by the university and the State highway depart- ment. The highway department furnishes all necessary help and supplies, and

the professor of civil engineering of the college is in charge of the laboratory.

(i) Commercial testing is not done by the highway department. However, some commercial testing is done in this laboratory by the department of civil engineering, (j) There is an arrangement that when possible any work desired by the highway department is undertaken by the university. It often happens

that such problems are undertaken by the civil engineering department on regular assignment, the highway department benefiting by whatever facts are dis- covered, and the students benefiting by the experience gained.

Louisiana State Board of Audit and Exchange, Baton Rouge. O. H. Simpson, governor; Eugene F. Lyons, State auditor; L. B. Baynard, jr., State treasurer. Board is composed of five members, three of whom are the governor,

State treasurer, and State auditor. Louisiana State Board of Commissioners of the Port of New Orleans, New

Orleans. (6) Col. Marcel Garsaud, general manager; N. B. Rhoads, supervisor

of purchases, (c) Commission of five men appointed by the governor, (d) Administer the affairs of the Port of New Orleans, (e) Specifications formulated

by the engineering department in cooperation with the purchasing department. Use is made of specifications of the Federal Government and the American

Society for Testing Materials when applicable. (J) Building materials, rubber

goods, fuel, paint, conveyor belts, machinery, ship chandlery, conveying machinery, heavy heardware, etc. (g) and (h) The board maintains a laboratory equipped

for testing fuel oil, gasoline, lumber, sand, cement, etc. Use is also made of commercial laboratories at times, (i) None, (j) On occasions use laboratories at Tulane University for testing concrete slabs and cylinders, and reinforcing steel. Louisiana Highway Commission, Baton Rouge. (6) Maj. Frank T. Payne,

chairman; Nicholls W. Bowden, State highway engineer; John H. Bateman,

testing engineer, (g) and (h) The Louisiana Highway Commission and the Louisiana State University have an arrangement whereby the two organizations

operate a complete testing laboratory on a joint basis. The laboratory is under

the general supervision of the engineering experiment station of the University.

The employees of the laboratory, with the exception of the director, are full-time employees of the commission. To all intents and purposes the laboratory

operates directly as the laboratory of the commission, rendering reports directly to the commission engineers, (i) None, (j) The materials laboratory of the

engineering experiment station at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, is utilized for the conduct of all routine and research laboratory work.

Maine State Purchasing Agents Association, Augusta. (6) Samuel N. Tobey,

secretary, (c) Purchasing agents of State-owned institutions, (e) Standardize on commodities that may be used in common by the State institutions and make

purchases for the institutions. Maine State Highway Commission. (6) Charles H. Murray, chairman,

Augusta; H. W. Leavitt, testing engineer, Orono. (g) and (h) The State highway

commission maintains its laboratory at the University of Maine. At this labora-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 235

tory all highway materials used by the commission are tested. The commission

pays approximately 50 per cent of the expenses of the laboratory, (i) The tech- nology experiment station of the university conducts tests on a commercial basis. 0) The college laboratory and the State highway laboratory are used jointly

by the students of the university and for research projects for the technology

experiment station and the State highway commission.

Maryland State Central Purchasing Bureau, Whitaker Building, Baltimore.

(6) Walter N. Kirkman, State purchasing agent, (c) Members of central purchasing bureau are heads of institutions and large departments, specified by law.

(d) Determine and formulate standards of all materials, supplies, merchandise,

and articles of every description to be purchased for the using authorities of the

State, (e) Meetings are held from time to time to consider commodities to be

standardized. (J) Fuels, food products, and laundry supplies.

Maryland State Roads Commission, Garrett Building, Baltimore, (b) John

N. Mackall, chairman; F. C. Rossell, testing engineer, (g) and (h) For more than

10 years the commission has maintained laboratories for testing the materials used in road construction, (i) None, (j) It carries on research work in cooperation with the University of Maryland.

Massachusetts State Department of Mental Diseases, Statehouse, Boston.

(6) George M. Kline, M. D., commissioner, (c) By the governor, (d) Standardize for 15 institutions, hospital construction, equipment, food, and other

supplies and administrative procedure, (e) Committee of institutions' superin- tendents or stewards, may or may not be appointed to sit with or report to the commissioner. Decision of the commissioner is final. (/) Printed forms,

administrative reports, foods, institution requirements, plumbing fixtures, beds,

and other equipment and supplies, layout, etc. (g) Use Massachusetts department of public health laboratory, (h) No. (i) Occasional. Massachusetts State Purchasing Bureau, Statehouse, Boston. (6) George J. Cronin, State purchasing agent, (c) Heads of various State departments.

(d) Recommend to State purchasing agent articles which can be used in common

by all State departments, (e) When it is found that standardization is expedient, the State purchasing agent requests the heads of the departments to designate

representatives to advise him in regard to standards. (J) Such items as groceries,

fodder, cleaning materials, clothing, rubber footwear, tires, bituminous coal, electric lamps, stationery, soaps, etc. Work has just been completed on the

standardization of bread for the 42 institutions of the State, and work is being

undertaken on the standardization of lubricating oils for automotive and other machinery, (g) and (h) Commodities purchased on specification are tested in the laboratory connected with the purchasing bureau, and by outside agencies

when necessary, as in the case of cement, which is tested at the mills. Six chemists are constantly occupied in testing materials submitted with bids and

testing samples of materials delivered on bids, and they devote considerable

time, in addition to routine testing, to research work, such as the lubricating

problem referred to above, (i) No. (j) When the need of a neutral testing agency is apparent, use is made of college laboratories and chemical research

laboratories. Massachusetts Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, (b) William F. Williams, commissioner of public works, Boston; A. W. Dean, chief engineer, Boston; A. V. Bratt, chemist and testing engineer, South Boston.

(g) and (h) The department has maintained its own testing laboratory for several years for the testing of materials used in road construction and maintenance,

(i) None, (j) A college pipe testing apparatus is the only outside apparatus used. 91096—28 16
236 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Michigan State Administrative Board, Accounting and Purchasing Division,

Lansing. (6) Charles W. Foster, director of accounting and purchasing, (c) By

State administrative board organized by legislative action, (d) Formulate specifications and make purchases for all State departments and institutions except

Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, and the University of Michigan, (e) Specifications are prepared by the director of accounting and

purchasing. Uniform accounting system established and carried out under his supervision for all State departments and institutions except as above. Michigan State Highway Department. (o) Frank F. Rogers, commissioner,

Lansing; W. J. Emmons, director, State highway laboratory, Ann Arbor, (g) and (h) The State highway department laboratory, which is located at the University of Michigan, inspects all materials used by the department. The

director is aisip a member of the faculty of the college, and the supervisor of the

laboratory gives instruction to students in highway laboratory practice. All of the other members of the staff are employees of the highway department. Ce- ment samplers are located at various mills, and inspectors are maintained at stone and gravel plants and at certain concrete and clay pipe plants. Commercial

laboratories and other State laboratories handle a certain amount of plant

inspection of materials coming from other States. Whenever a construction contract is awarded the laboratory receives a copy of the award and is held

responsible for the inspection and testing of materials. Every shipment of material for either construction or maintenance is inspected, (i) Tests are made for counties, when desired, and plant inspection of aggregates is handled for any city

which requests it, but no other commercial testing is done. (J) The highway

department laboratory quarters include 14 laboratories and offices at the university, all of which are used by the department. Occasionally special tests are made by other departments of the university. During the winter months the

laboratory staff is engaged on research work.

Minnesota State Department of Public Institutions, Bureau of Purchases, St. Paul, (b) C. J. Swenden, chairman; W. A. Richards, purchasing agent, (c) By

the governor, through the board of control, (d) Establish specifications and

make purchases for 18 State charitable and eleemosynary institutions, (e) Specifications prepared by the purchasing agent for the approval of the board

of control. (J) Foodstuffs, laundry supplies, textiles, footwear, rubber hose, brushes and brooms, paints, hardware, clothing, blankets, beds, mattresses and

pillows, and shade cloth and window shades. Minnesota State Highway Department, St. Paul. (6) C. M. Babcock, commissioner of highways; J. T. Ellison, chief engineer; F. C. Lang, engineer of tests and inspection, (g) and (h) The Minnesota Highway Department maintains

central laboratories at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and at Duluth.

In addition, there are small field laboratories located on constructions projects.

(i) None, (j) The highway laboratory at Minneapolis is located in one of the

buildings of the University of Minnesota and is rented from the university.

The laboratories are used only by highway employees, although some of the

large testing machines are used in common with the university.

Mississippi Capitol Commission, Jackson. Ben S. Lowry, State treasurer. This commission makes all the purchases for the State capitol, appropriations

being made by the legislature for this purpose. The purchases for the colleges are made by a purchasing agent at these points. No specifications and standards have been formulated. (The establishment of a purchasing agency for pur- chasing supplies for all State departments, colleges, and institutions is being given

consideration.)

Mississippi State Highway Department, Jackson, (b) J. C. Roberts, chair* man; G. A. Draper, State highway engineer, (g) All testing for the State high-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 237

way department is made by commercial laboratories, except the testing of lumber, which is made by its inspectors, (h) None, (i) None. 0) None.

Missouri State Purchasing Agencies, Jefferson City. (6) Sam A. Baker, governor, (e) With the exception of the eleemosynary institutions, which are under

the control of a board, the several departments of the State buy their own supplies separately. The establishment of a centralized purchasing agency for the

State departments is now being given consideration. Missouri State Highway Commission, Capitol Building, Jefferson City.

(6) C. D. Matthews, chairman; T. H. Cutler, chief engineer; F. V. Reagel,

engineer of materials, (g) and (h) The highway department maintains its own testing laboratory in Jefferson City and also plant laboratories at cement

plants. Plant inspection is also made in the field in case of other road building

materials wherever the volume will warrant such inspection. General inspectors are maintained at division points for handling general work. Samples which

can not be tested in the field are sent to the main laboratory for tests, as are

also periodical check samples from all other operations, (i) A limited amount

of testing of road materials is made for municipal, county, and other agencies. In a few instances materials are tested on a commercial basis, although this work is not solicited, (j) Inasmuch as the highway testing laboratories are completely equipped, college testing and research laboratories have been used

to a very limited extent. However, the Missouri School of Mines and the State

university have cooperated fully when requested to do so. Montana State Purchasing Department, Helena, (b) J. E. Murphy, State purchasing agent, (c) By the governor, (d) Formulate specifications and

make purchases for all State departments and institutions, (e) Specifications

prepared by the State purchasing agent for approval of the governor. Montana State Highway Commission, Helena. (6) O. S. Warden, chairman;

Ralph D. Rader, State highway engineer, (g) and (h) The commission has for several years maintained a laboratory for testing many of the materials used

in road construction, (i) None, (j) Some use made of Montana Agricultural

College, Bozeman.

Nebraska State Board of Control, Lincoln. (6) W. H. Osborne, secretary,

(c) By the legislature, (d) and (c) Formulate specifications for supplies for

all penal, charitable, and educational institutions except State university and

normal school. (J) Flour and feed, groceries, meats and lard, laundry supplies,

shoes, shoe findings, men's clothing, dry goods, drugs, dishes, paper, coal, coffee and tea, tobacco, etc. (g) Compare deliveries with samples.

Nebraska State Department of Public Works, Bureau of Roads and Bridges,

Lincoln. (6) R. L. Cochran, State engineer; A. T. Lobdell, chief, bureau of roads and bridges, (g) and (h) The department of public works maintains a

laboratory at the University of Nebraska for testing the materials used in road

construction. This laboratory was established more than 25 years ago. (i) None, (j) As shown above. Nevada State Board of Finance, Carson City. Fred B. Balzar, governor; Ed. Malley, State treasurer; Edward C. Peterson, State controller. Board is composed of six members, three of whom are the governor, controller, and

treasurer. Nevada State Department of Highways, Carson City, (b) Gov. Fred B.

Balzar, chairman; S. C. Durkee, State highway engineer; Franklin Morrison,

testing engineer, (c) By the State legislature. Board of directors composed

of three members, with the governor as chairman. State highway engineer

by board of directors; testing engineer by State highway engineer, (g) and (h) All road surfacing materials used in the construction of highways are tested in the laboratory maintained by department. (£) None, (j) Two large testing
238 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

machines installed at the University of Nevada are used by the department

at its convenience. These are the only compression or tension machines available and, therefore, all tests of concrete, steel, and similar materials are conducted

at the university.

New Hampshire State Purchasing Department, Concord. (6) W. A. Stone,

purchasing agent, (c) By the governor, (d) Formulate specifications, (e) and (J) Specifications are formulated, or selected, by the purchasing agent from

various sources, (g) and (h) State laboratory and highway testing laboratory.

(i) Only to a small extent, (j) Largely for instruction. New Hampshire State Highway Department, Concord, (b) F. E. Everett,

commissioner, appointed by governor; W. F. Purrington, materials engineer,

appointed by the commissioner, (g) and (h) The State highway department

maintains a laboratory equipped for testing all the materials used in highway

construction, (i) None, (j) None. New Jersey State House Commission, Trenton. (6) A. Harry Moore,

Governor of New Jersey; Edward J. Quigley, State purchasing agent, (c) Body consists of governor, State treasurer, and State comptroller, ex officio, (d) Establish standards, determine the relation thereto of articles furnished, and use

State or other public or private laboratories for this purpose, (c) In cooperation

with advisory board, composed of one representative of each State using agency,

establishes standards and specifications for purchases to be made by the State purchasing agent, (f) Furniture, equipment, materials, supplies, printing, and

stationery, (g) and (h) Use is made of the various laboratories connected with

the State government, and when necessary apply to various commercial laboratories for special tests which the State laboratories are not in a position to make.

(j) College laboratories are sometimes called on for tests of textiles. New Jersey State Highway Commission, Trenton. (6) Gen. H. L. Scott, chairman; R. B. Gage, chemical engineer, (g) and (h) The commission maintains a fully equipped laboratory for the handling of the testing of all materials used in road construction, (i) None, (j) No use has been made of college

testing laboratories, but some work was recently done in connection with the United States Bureau of Public Roads. Some research is done with laboratories

of producing companies, and those of several States, in connection with the col- lecting of data for standards and specifications.

New Mexico State Officials, Albuquerque. R. C. Dillon, governor; Miguel

A. Otero, jr., State auditor; Warren R. Graham, State treasurer; Lois Randolph, Superintendent of public instruction. (This State has no organized

purchasing agency.)

New Mexico State Highway Commission, (b) Gov. Richard C. Dillon,

chief executive, Santa Fe; Charles Springer, president, Cimarron; W. C. Davidson, State highway engineer; Santa Fe; L. C. Campbell, materials engineer, Las Cruces. (g) and (h) Road materials for the highway department are tested

in a laboratory which is owned jointly by the highway department and the New

Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The laboratory is located

at the college, but is maintained and controlled by the highway department,

(t) The majority of its work is on a commercial basis, (j) Only as stated above. New York State Department of Standards and Purchases, Albany. (6) Frank R. Utter, superintendent of purchase and head of bureau of standards,

(c) By the governor, (d) Make purchases for all State agencies, (c) Standards

and specifications formulated by the New York State bureau of standards. (/) Food products, fuel, lubricants, textiles, rubber goods, paper, builders' hardware, road materials, etc. (g) State laboratory, (h) Good, (i) No. (J) Research laboratories.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 239

New York Commission of Highways, Albany. (6) Arthur W. Brandt, commissioner; William M. Acheson, chief engineer, in charge of testing laboratory;

W. A. Treadwell, engineer of tests, (g) and (h) The testing of all road materials is done in the laboratory, which functions under the division of engineering,

(i) None, (J) A limited use is made of college testing laboratories. North Carolina State Budget Bureau, Raleigh. (6) Gov. Angus W. McLean,

director, (c) Ex officio, (d) and (e) Each organization or establishment purchases for its own account, a purchasing officer being designated for each. There

are about 70 in the State. The purchasing is generally supervised by the director

of the budget, although the purchasing officers are appointed by the head of each

organization. These purchasing officers buy all supplies, materials, equipment,

and commodities necessary for each organization, (f) No attempt has been made

to formulate standards and specifications except for coal, for which a modifi- cation of the United States Navy standard has been adopted, (g) No arrange- ments are made for testing purchased commodities except coal, (h) No. (J) The testing laboratory of the State College of Agriculture and Engineering is used for testing coal. North Carolina State Highway Commission, Raleigh, (b) Frank Page,

chairman; E. H. Kivett, physical testing engineer, (g) and (h) The commission

maintains a laboratory equipped for testing all materials used in road construction, (i) No commercial testing done. (J) Cooperation from college laboratories on some special work.

North Dakota State Board of Administration, Purchasing Department, Bis- marck. (6) W. A. Donnelly, State purchasing agent, (c) By the board of administration, (d) Formulate specifications and make purchases for State

institutions and all office supplies for State departments, (e) Specifications

prepared by the State purchasing agent for approval by the board of administration. (/) All commodities, (g) Foodstuffs tested, (h) State regulatory

department, (i) State regulatory department. (J) None.

North Dakota State Highway Commission, Bismarck. (6) Gov. Arthur G.

Sorlie, chairman; H. G. Groves, engineer of tests, (c) Ex officio, (g) and (h) The commission maintains a laboratory in which all road materials are tested,

(i) None, (j) None. Ohio State Department of Finance, Purchases and Printing Division, Columbus.

(b) John P. Brennan, superintendent of purchases and printing, (c) By the

director of finance with the approval of the governor, (d) Formulate specifica- tions and make purchases for all State departments and institutions except the department of highways and public works, the State courts, and the State university, (e) Specifications are prepared by the superintendent of purchases and

printing in conjunction with the department director and in cooperation with

departmental officers, (j) Testing is done at the Ohio State University.

Ohio State Department of Highways and Public Works, Columbus. (6) George F. Schlesinger, director; A. S. Rea, engineer of tests, (g) and (h) The

State highway department makes tests on all classes of road materials. It maintains its own testing laboratory, which is located in the engineering experiment station of the Ohio State University, (i) None, (j) In addition to its own

laboratory, all of the facilities of the engineering college of Ohio State University

are available for testing and research work.

Oklahoma State Board of Public Affairs, Oklahoma City. (6) G. C. Wollard,

chairman; J. Robert Gillam, secretary, (c) By the governor with the consent of the senate, (d) Formulate and adopt standard specifications and make purchases for all State departments and institutions except the State highway commission, State fish and game commission, the agricultural schools, and the department of agriculture, (e) Specifications are prepared by the board. (J) Dry

goods, groceries, oil, coal, etc.
240 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Oklahoma State Highway Commission, Oklahoma City. (6) H. W. Leininger,

chairman; Dudley Wood, testing engineer, (g) and (h) The commission maintains its own testing laboratories, being represented by commercial laboratories only when materials come from outside of the State, (i) None. (J) The only

testing done in college laboratories is the tensile strength testing of steel, which

work is carried on in the Oklahoma University engineering laboratory.

Oregon State Purchasing Board, Salem. (6) Carle Abrams, secretary and

purchasing agent, (c) Consists of the governor, secretary of state, and State

treasurer, ex officio, (d) Formulate specifications and make purchases for State departments and institutions. New law makes this board the purchasing de- partment for all State activities, (e) Specifications prepared by the secretary for approval by the State board of control, if) All commodities required by State departments and institutions, (g) Tests have been made by commercial firms when technical analysis was required, (h) Some of the departments, including the highway, have their own laboratories, (i) None, (i) When requested.

Oregon State Highway Commission. (6) H. B. Van Duzer, chairman,

Portland; M. M. Finkbiner, engineer of materials, Salem, (g) and (h) The State highway commission operates a testing laboratory where all materials of construction and all concrete and bituminous mixes are passed upon, (t) Commercial

testing is not solicited, but is undertaken when requested by counties, cities, or

individuals at nominal prices, (j) College research laboratories are employed

for making tests for which the highway commission laboratory is not equipped.

The engineering research department of the Oregon Agricultural College has

just been organized, and it is anticipated that much good will result from its use along research lines. Pennsylvania State Bureau of Standards and Purchases, Harrisburg. (6) Walter G. Scott, director of standards and purchases, (c) State department of property and supplies, (d) Formulate and establish standards and specifica- tions for all articles, materials, and supplies to be approved by the administrative departments, boards, and commissions, and by State institutions, (e) A

conference of representatives of the different departments, boards, and commissions, and State institutions, called periodically, is divided into committees for the purpose of establishing and accepting standards and specifications. Wherever possible the specifications as established by the Federal Specifications Board

are accepted and followed by the above conference. (/) Textiles, groceries,

dairy products, meats, general office supplies, furniture, and numerous items of equipment.

Pennsylvania State Department of Health, Harrisburg. (6) L. G. Owens,

purchasing agent, (c) Legislature, (d) Purchase all articles required for insti- tutions maintained by this department, (e) Confer with users and suppliers

and secure all technical data available. (/) Canned goods, groceries, cotton

goods, etc. (g) and (h) Sent to laboratory for test when necessary, otherwise

physical examination by experienced person, such as engineer or purchasing

agent, (i) No. (j) Yes. Pennsylvania State Stewards' Association, care of Warren State Hospital,. Warren. (6) H. A. Ross, president, (c) Created at the request of the governor, (d) Association is composed of the superintendents and stewards of the

State institutions, hospitals, and normal schools organized to discuss problems

relating to institutional operation, and develop specifications for the approval

of the State departments of welfare, public instruction, and properties and supplies, for use by State-owned institutions. United States Government master

specifications are adopted when promulgated by the Federal SpecificationsBoard, (c) No formal procedure has been adopted. (/) Foodstuffs, feeds, fertilizer, footwear, dry goods, and clothing.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 241

Pennsylvania State Department of Highways, Harrisburg. (6) James L.

Stuart, secretary of highways; Samuel Eckles, chief engineerjfH. S. Mattimore,

engineer of tests, (g) and (h) This department maintains a fully equipped

laboratory for testing road materials, and also a force for inspecting and sampling materials at the sources of supply, (t) None, (j) Occasionally cooperate

with university testing laboratories on highway problems, and, upon request,

suggest research problems which would be of value in the highway field, but all routine testing and practically all research work is done in the laboratory of the

department.

Rhode Island State Public Welfare Commission, Purchasing Department,

Providence, (b) George H. Haines, purchasing agent, (c) By the State public

welfare commission, (d) Formulate specifications and make purchases for penal,

correctional, and charitable institutions under State board, and for any department upon request, (e) Specifications prepared by the State purchasing agent

for approval of the commission. (/) Beef, pork, lamb, mutton, provisions,

butter, oleomargarine, cheese, lard, compound lard, groceries, coal, and gasoline.

(g) Each commodity is handled on a different basis. Monthly analysis of oleo- margarine, made by the drug department, quarterly tests of coal by the fuel department; meats bought on hand-to-mouth basis and the usual method is used to determine freshness, etc.; groceries, canned fruit, etc., are carefully

examined and tested, (h) State boards, fuel department, and drug department

make tests for purchasing agent, (i) None, (j) Occasional tests made by the

State college.

Rhode Island State Board of Public Works, Providence. (6) Abram L. At- wood, chairman; John V. Keily, testing engineer, (g) and (h) The board maintains its own laboratory in which all road materials are tested. A new laboratory

is now being constructed which will be completely equipped for testing all materials used in State road construction. At present all cement is tested at the

point of manufacture, (i) Occasionally, (j) Brown University is called upon

for compression tests of concrete, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is now making tests on rock. South Carolina State Joint Committee on Printing, Columbia. (6) W. T. Walker, secretary, (c) Speaker of the house, president of the senate, (d) Authority to purchase all printing and office supplies only, (e) Specifications

prepared for each job of printing, (g) None, (h) None, (i) None, (j) None.

South Carolina State Highway Department, Columbia. (6) Ben M. Sawyer,

chief highway commissioner; A. E. Warren, testing engineer, (g) and (h) This

department maintains its own testing laboratory for testing materials for roads,

etc. Each carload of road material is sampled and tested either at the source

of supply or on delivery, (i) None. 0) None. South Dakota State Department of Finance, Division of Purchasing and

Printing, Pierre. (6) Jno. P. Biehn, secretary of finance and director of purchasing and printing, (c) By the governor, confirmed by the senate, (d) Purchase all commodities for all State institutions, (e) Standards and specifications

formulated in cooperation with the board of charities and corrections^ the board

of regents, the State engineer, the State chemist, the highway engineers, and the

several departments. (J) Specifications for printing, stationery, office supplies,

office furniture, and equipment have been completed. Work is in progress on

specifications for foodstuffs, clothing and dry goods, paints, janitor and laundry

supplies, and lubricating oils, (g) Tests are being made by the State chemist at

the State university, Vermilion, (i) None, (j) As referred to above. South Dakota State Highway Commission, Pierre. (6) Gov. W. J. Bulow,

chairman; C. J. Loomer, engineer of tests, (g) and (h) The commission maintains its own laboratory for the testing of materials entering into road and bridge

construction, (i) Yes, free of charge, (j) Occasionally.
242 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Tennessee State Department of Highways and Public Works, NashviUe.

(6) C. N. Bass, commissioner; D. D. McGuire, engineer of tests, (g) and (h) A division of tests has been organized to insure that material used in State construction meets the requirements of standard specifications. The department

maintains a very complete testing laboratory for handling all testing work.

(i) None. (J) Formerly the division supported a branch laboratory at the

University of Tennessee where some work was carried on cooperatively, but this arrangement is no longer necessary. Tennessee State Department of Finance and Taxation, Division of Purchasing,

Nashville. (6) Joel B. Fort, State purchasing agent, (c) By the commissioner

of finance and taxation, (d) Select specifications and make purchases for

all State departments and institutions, (e) Specifications are prepared by a committee on standardization composed of representatives of each State agency

using supplies for approval of the commissioner of finance and taxation. Texas State Board of Control, Division of Purchasing, Austin, (b) Sumner

M. Ramsey, secretary, (c) Members of the division are appointed by the board of control, (d) Formulate specifications and make purchases for all State departments and institutions except State prisons, (e) Specifications are prepared by the chief of the division of purchasing for approval by the board

of control. Texas State Highway Commission, Austin. (b) R. S. Sterling, chairman;

R. A. Thompson, engineer; H. T. Brewster, engineer of materials and tests.

(g) All road materials are tested either in a laboratory maintained by the department or in a commercial laboratory, (h) The laboratories of the University

of Texas and the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas are used by the department, some of the testing machines, the up-keep on machines and assistants being furnished by the department. (<) None. (J) Only as stated above. Utah State Department of Finance and Purchase, Salt Lake City, (b) P. A. Thatcher, director, (c) By the governor, (d) Formulate specifications and

make purchases for all State departments, (e) Specifications prepared by the

director for approval of the department of finance and purchase.

Utah State Road Commission, Salt Lake City. (6) Henry H. Blood, chair- man; Levi Muir, jr., materials engineer, (g) and (h) The commission maintains

its own laboratory equipped for testing all materials used in road construction. Vermont State Department of Finance, Purchasing Department, Montpelier.

(b) Donald Tobin, State purchasing agent, (c) By the governor, (d) Formulate specifications and make purchases for all State departments and institutions except supplies for military department, (e) The specifications are prepared by

the State purchasing agent.

Vermont State Highway Board. (6) George Z. Thompson, chairman, Proctor;

S. B. Bates, commissioner of highways, Montpelier; R. I. Rowell, materials

engineer, Montpelier. (g) Road materials for use in Vermont highways are sampled by the department inspectors on the various projects and by inspectors at the various plants where material is purchased. Samples are sent to the State highway laboratory, (h) The highway board maintains its own testing labora- tory known as the Vermont State Highway Laboratorj7

. (i) None, (j) The

department makes use of heavy testing equipment at the University of Vermont

for compression tests of over 50,000 pounds load, but its own laboratory is equipped to handle all other types of highway material testing.

Virginia State Purchasing Commission, Richmond, (b) Charles A. Osborne,

State purchasing agent, (c) By the governor, (d) Formulate specifications for all State departments and institutions, but purchases by the purchasing agent

are optional with the State departments and institutions, (e) Specifications pre- pared by the State purchasing agent for approval of the purchasing commUsion
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 243

Virginia State Highway Commission, Richmond. (6) H. G. Shirley, commissioner; Shreve Clark, assistant engineer, tests, (g) All material entering into

construction, betterment, or maintenance of all State highway roads and bridges

is tested for conformity to the department's specifications either directly by the

State or through its authorized representatives. Steel superstructure, reinforcing

steel fabricated outside of the State, creosote, cement, etc., are tested and in- spected by a commercial firm, at the sources of supply, (h) The State highway

department maintains its own department of tests. It is equipped to make both

chemical and physical tests of materials for road construction, (i) None.

(j) None. Washington State Department of Business Control, Division of Purchasing,

Olympia. (6) H. D. Van Eaton, supervisor of purchasing, (c) By the director

of business control, (d) Formulate specifications, purchase supplies and materials for all State departments and institutions, (e) Standards and specifications are formulated in the light of previous experience and in conjunction with A. S. T. M., National Bureau of Standards, and similar national bodies. (/) Standards and specifications formulated by division of purchasing in all instances except where engineers or other qualified persons are employed for that purpose.

(g) and (h) Tests are made by the University of Washington and the State College mechanical engineering and chemical engineering departments; also by the

State highway laboratory in Olympia. (i) None, (j) As stated above. Washington State Highway Department, Olympia. (6) Samuel J. Humes,

State highway engineer; O. A. Piper, construction engineer, (g) and (h) Road

materials are tested in the department's testing laboratory. In addition, resident engineers are supplied with equipment for making certain field tests. A small amount of material is tested by commercial laboratories. (£) Not for private

individuals or concerns. Tests are made at cost, however, for city and county

government, etc. (j) College laboratories have been called upon to a very

limited degree.

West Virginia State Board of Control, Purchasing Department, Charleston.

(6) C. A. Jackson, State purchasing agent, (c) By the governor with the consent

of the senate, (d) Formulate specifications and make purchases for all State

institutions and, upon specific request, for the State departments, (e) Specifications are prepared by the State purchasing agent in conjunction with board

colleagues. (/) Food and clothing items. West Virginia State Road Commission, Morgantown. (6) C. P. Fortney,

chairman; R. B. Dayton, materials engineer, (g) and (h) A complete testing

laboratory, maintained by the State road commission, is located in the Engineering Building of the West Virginia University. Shop work on bridges inspected

by commercial laboratories, (i) None, (j) Heavy testing machinery of the

university used by the road commission.

Wisconsin State Board of Control, Madison, (b) A. W. Bayley, secretary,

(c) By the governor with the consent of the Senate, (d) Formulate specifica- tions and make purchases for all charitable, curative, and penal institutions,

(e) Specifications are prepared by reference to Federal standards and to other

available specifications. (/) Groceries, meat, canned goods, blankets, flour, spices and extracts, teas and coffees, tires, etc. (g) and (h) The only service available at the present time for testing commodities purchased is through the

dairy and food commission of the State, located in the capitol building.

Wisconsin State Highway Commission, Madison. (6) J. T. Nemacheck,

chairman; H. J. Kuelling, State highway engineer; C. R. Stokes, materials engineer, (g) and (h) The commission maintains its own testing laboratory. At

the present time practically all types of road materials are tested there. The

laboratory is so equipped that practically all work is done by the employees of
244 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

the highway commission, (i) A small amount of testing is done on a commercial

basis, for example, physical tests of sand and gravel for parties contemplating

opening up commercial deposits, (j) The commission laboratory is located adja- cent to the Engineering Building of the University of Wisconsin. Use is often made of the larger machines of the university by the commission, and considerable research information is obtained from some of the problems worked out in the

university laboratories. Wyoming State Board of Supplies, Cheyenne. (6) Vincent Carter, chairman,

(c) Board composed ex officio of a body of three, State auditor, State treasurer, and State engineer. Auditor and treasurer elected by popular vote; engineer

appointed by the governor, (d) Formulate specifications and make purchases

for all State departments and institutions except the highway department and the State university. Regulate purchase of supplies and salaries paid employees

when not fixed by statute, (e) Specifications are prepared by the heads of the various departments or institutions and the board of supplies obtains bids on the

specifications as submitted. (/) None, (g) None, (h) None, (i) None, (j) None. Wyoming State Highway Department, Cheyenne. (6) S. W. Conwell, chair- man; W. A. Norris, materials engineer, (g) and (h) All materials entering into Federal aid, as well as State aid construction, are tested under the specifications of the United States Bureau of Public Roads. The department maintains its own testing laboratory and staff, (i) Sometimes called upon to make tests and

investigations for smaller units of government, and in a few cases for individuals. 0) Provisions have been made with the State university for a reasonable amount

of reciprocity and cooperative testing.
VII. GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

During the year the Committee on Standardization Survey, under

the chairmanship of Secretary Hoover of the United States Department of Commerce, made a comprehensive investigation of standardization activities in this country to determine the character of the

work being done and the expenditures being made annually. Reports

received from 243 trade associations and technical societies, from the

secretaries of 29 States, and from the officers of the Federal Government showed that during the year 1926 the officers and members of

these agencies expended the following amounts for standardization,

including office, printing, and travel expenses:

Trade associations and technical societies $3, 822, 516. 10

State governments 134, 240. 00

Federal Government 4, 250, 500. 00

Total $8, 207, 256. 10 In Chapter IV have been given outlines of the standardizing

agencies of the Federal Government, including the Federal Specifications Board; in Chapter V the standardization work of the National

Bureau of Standards has been presented briefly, and that of the

State and municipal purchasing agencies has been set forth in Chapter

VI. Much standardization work is being conducted by trade associations and technical societies in connection with their other activities. Outlines of their standardization activities are given in Chapter VIII.

A limited number of organizations have been created for the sole purpose of carrying on the work of standardization, or work directly

related thereto, namely, the American Engineering Standards Committee, which serves as the clearing house for industrial standardization, and the American Marine Standards Committee, the American

Society for Testing Materials, and the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards, the functions of which are fairly well indicated by their

titles. In the present chapter are given outlines of the standardization

activities of these organizations with special reference to their

accomplishments to date and programs for future work. Additional

information concerning the functions and procedure of their committees engaged in formulating specifications and standards can be

found in the Standards Yearbook, 1927.

AMERICAN ENGINEERING STANDARDS COMMITTEE

Organized in 1917 as the national clearing house for engineering

and industrial standardization, the committee serves as the agency

through which standardization by associations, societies, and govern245
246 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

mental agencies is passing to the stage of standardization on a

broadly national scale. The committee also acts as the official channel

of cooperation in international standardization and provides an

information service on engineering and industrial standardization

matters. It maintains headquarters in the Engineering Societies

Building, 29 West Thirty-Ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Dr. P. G.

Agnew is the secretary.

The American Engineering Standards Committee does not concern

itself with the technical details of a standard offered for approval,

but considers the procedure followed in the formulation of the stan- dard, the adequacy of the representation of the various interests

concerned on the sectional committee organized by the sponsor body

to formulate the standard, and the action by which the standard

has been adopted by the sectional committee and approved by the

sponsor. The sectional committee is made up of representatives

officially designated by the various bodies interested in the particular

standardization project in hand.

Work upon a standardization project is undertaken by the A. E. S. C. only upon a formal request from a responsible body, and then

only after the committee has assured itself that it is the desire of

industry that the work shall go forward. A formal conference or a

special committee of representatives of the bodies concerned with

the proposed project is asked to decide (1) whether the work shall

be undertaken; (2) if so, what its scope shall be; (3) how the work

shall be organized; (4) how it is to be related to any other work

having an important bearing on it. Advisory committees have been organized to suggest subjects for

standardization and determine the desirability of standardization

in several lines of industry, recommend sponsors, define and limit

the scope of projects, adjust conflicts, clear up ambiguities, follow

up and expedite work in progress in the development of standards,

and report from time to time upon progress within their fields of

activities. Three such committees are now functioning, the mining

standardization correlating committee, the safety-code correlating

committee, and a similar committee in the electrical field, recently

organized as the result of formal proposals made by the American

Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Electrical Manufacturers'

Council. It is expected that a similar step will be taken for the field of the mechanical industries in the near future.

Complete sets of standards approved by the foreign national standardizing bodies and a good majority of the standards issued by the

important organizations in this country are kept on file at the headquarters of the A. E. S. C, which maintains an information service

for the benefit of committees working under its auspices, of members

and sustaining members, and of American industry generally. The
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 247

A. E. S. C. acts as a central distributing agent for the standards and

specifications of the national technical societies and trade associations

listed in the National Directory of Commodity Specifications. It issues monthly a mimeographed bulletin for the benefit of sustaining

members, giving information concerning activities in foreign standardization work and reviewing proposed and approved American

standards and other developments in the American standardization

field. It has recently issued a printed discussion on the use of

standards and specifications in advertising. This deals with the

labeling of goods made under standards, with trade association

activities in promotion and enforcement of standards, and with the

advertising of products of standard lands and qualities as an aid to the consumer. Under the auspices of the A, E. S. C, 106 standardization projects

have been carried forward to completion as approved standards and

1 34 additional proj ects are in various stages of progress. In the accom- panying table is shown the distribution of these projects among the

industrial groups.

Projects Industrial groups

A. Civil engineering and building trades B. Mechanical engineering C. Electrical engineering D. Automotive

E. Transportation

F. Naval architecture and marine engineering Q. Ferrous metallurgy H. Nonferrous metallurgy K. Chemical

L. Textile M. Mining

O. Wood

P. Pulp and paper

Z. Miscellaneous

Of these the following were approved during 1927:

Group A. Civil engineering and building trades.—Building exits code; spiral

steel rods for concrete reinforcement. Group B. Mechanical engineering.—T-Slots, their bolts, nuts, tongues and cutters; tooth form of spur gears; safety code for mechanical power transmission

apparatus; cast-iron screwed fittings for maximum pressures of 125 and 250

pounds; steel flanges and flanged fittings for maximum pressures of 250, 400, 600,

900, and 1,350 pounds; code for design of transmission shafting; keys, gib head, square and flat; small rivets and special rivets; wrench head bolts and nuts and wrench openings; safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping; point

of operation hazards of rubber mills and calendars. Group C. Electrical engineering.—National Electrical Safety Code (revision); standards for hard drawn aluminum conductors. Group D. Automotive (automobile and aircraft).—Safety code for colors for traffic signals; safety code for automobile brakes and brake testing.
248 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Group K. Chemical industry.—Gas Safety Code.

Group M. Mining.—Safety code for coal mine drainage; mine tracks and sig« nals; wire rope for mines. Group 0. Wood industry.—Methods for testing wood.

Group Z. Miscellaneous.—Safety codes for prevention of dust explosions.

Twenty-four of the fifty codes on the national safety code program

have been approved by the A. E. S. C. The most important adopted

during the past year are those for the prevention of dust explosions in a number of important industries, those for forging and hot-metal

stamping, automobile brakes and brake testing, a code for rubber

machinery (point of operation hazards of rubber mill and production

calendars) and revisions of the gas safety code, and of the codes for

punch presses and abrasive wheels. Settlement of an important issue

in connection with the "National Electrical Code" has culminated in the admission, as approved material, for limited use, of nonmetallic

sheathed cable. Upon the initiative of State industrial commissions, arrangements

have been made for the revision under the procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, of the standard plan of reporting

and compiling accident statistics. An important program of unification of conflicting standards,

specifications, and practices is in the comprehensive work on standards for wrought-iron and steel pipe and tubing, that are to be developed under a representative sectional committee sponsored by the

American Society for Testing Materials and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Formal requests for new undertakings recently acted upon, or now

under consideration by the A. E. S. C, relate to standards for plumbing equipment, screw threads for rigid electrical conduits, small hose

couplings, face-to-face dimensions of ferrous flanged valves, household

refrigerators, sheeting, speeds of driven machinery, development and

revision of specifications and standards for electrical devices and materials with relation to fire and casualty hazards, and standards for

mercury arc rectifiers. The American Engineering Standards Committee is composed of

official representatives of member bodies, of which there are now 26,

comprising 34 separate national organizations, including 9 national

engineering societies, 18 national industrial associations, and 7 departments of the Federal Government.

The membership of the A. E. S. C. has been augmented during

recent months by the admission of the American Gear Manufacturers

Association and the Portland Cement Association, both of which

organizations have important interests in standardization work.

Participating in the work through some 2,000 officially accredited

representatives, are 285 national organizations, technical, industrial,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 249

and governmental. Of these nearly 200 are trade associations.

Subscribing directly to its support are 320 organizations and firms

interested in its work and listed as sustaining members.

AMERICAN MARINE STANDARDS COMMITTEE

This committee was organized primarily to promote simplification

of practice and economy in the construction, operation, and maintenance of ships and port facilities. In actual operation the committee has been regarded as a unit of the division of simplified practice

of the United States Department of Commerce, and its headquarters

are maintained in the Department of Commerce Building, Washington, D. C. A. V. Bouillon is the secretary.

The technical field comprises five divisions, viz, hull details, engineering (machinery) details, ship operation details and supplies, port

facilities; manufacture and construction. Only the first three divisions have so far been active. Each technical division is headed

and supervised by a technical committee appointed by the executive

board, which is elected annually by the membership.

One of the important functions of the American Marine Standards

Committee is to review its publications from time to time with a view

to their possible improvement, and users of the standards are asked

to cooperate with the committee by submitting constructive suggestions. Recent rules provide that a standard once approved shall,

in general, be maintained at least three years unless there arise

exceptional reasons for making changes. Each existing standard is to be reviewed by the technical committee concerned after three

years from the date of its adoption so as to ascertain whether changes

are desirable, considering the developments of industry and the

requirements of service.

Provision is made to coordinate the work with current progress in

related activities through contact established with other standardizing

bodies and through representatives appointed as advisory members of the executive board by the following organizations: American Insti- tute of Electrical Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers,

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society for

Testing Materials, National Fire Protection Association, and the

National Bureau of Standards. Moreover, the committee is officially

represented on such sectional and special committees of the American

Engineering Standards Committee as deal with matters in any way

related to or affecting marine activities. The American Marine Standards Committee now comprises about

330 member bodies, including shipbuilding firms, ship operators,

naval architects, marine engineers, manufacturers, and, generally,

educational, commercial, and Government interests related to the

marine industry.
250 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Prior to 1927 the committee's work had been of a preliminary

character. Thirty-two standards had been approved, but not put

in final form for convenient use. During the year 1927 most of these standards were printed and widely distributed. The total number of approved standards is now 53—21 having reached their

final stages during the year, as follows

Hull Details.—Metal rack for fire hose, saddle type; wooden rack

for fire hose; pilot ladder; tubular steel cargo booms, 5, 10, 15, 20,

and 30 tons capacity; lifeboat sizes and capacities, narrow and wide.

Engineering (Machinery) Details.—Flanged couplings for propeller shafts; loose couplings for inboard propeller shafts; tail shafts

and stern tube bearings; propeller keys; propeller nuts; stern tube

stuffing boxes; hubs for built-up propellers with recessed blades;

fairwater caps for built-up propellers with recessed blades; propeller

hub studs, nuts, and lock screws; packing gland for propeller hubs

(optional method); fire clay refractories for marine service

(specification)

Ship Operation Details.—General instructions for operation, care, and upkeep of watertube marine boilers. An important development of the standardization movement initiated by the committee

in the marine field is the organization in one of the largest shipyards

of a plant standardization committee made up primarily of heads

of the various departments. It is expected that the work of this

plant committee, in so far as it may be of general benefit to the

marine industry, will become closely allied to that of the American

Marine Standards Committee.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS

Organized for the purpose of promoting the knowledge of materials

of engineering and the standardization of specifications and methods

of testing, standardization is a most important function of the

society. Practically all of the society's committees are actively

engaged in the work of standardization and preparation of specifications. The headquarters of the society are at 1315 Spruce Street,

Philadelphia, Pa. C. L. Warwick is the secretary-treasurer.

Standards of the society are published triennially in a book of

standards (Part I on Metals and Part II on Nonmetallic Materials)

and supplements to this are issued in intervening years. Tentative

standards, which are offered for publication to secure criticism and

comment, are published in the annual proceedings and collected each

year in a book of tentative standards.

Among the current activities of the society the development of the

following standards may be cited as of outstanding importance: For

metals for high-temperature service; zinc coated and other metallic

coated products for increased resistance to corrosion; magnetic test-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 251

ing and analysis of metals; ferro-alloys; metallic materials for electric heating; die casting alloys; cement, concrete, and concrete products;

brick, hollow tile, and other ceramic products; refractory materials;

preservative coatings, including paints, varnishes, pigments, vehicles,

and paint thinners; petroleum products; road' and paving materials;

waterproofing and roofing materials; electrical insulating materials;

textile materials; slate; and naval stores. In the following table are shown the number of standards and tentative standards adopted in the year 1927 and the total number adopted

to date, the standards being classified in accordance with the five main heads under which the society's standardization activities are conducted:

Adopted in 1927 Total adopted to date

Standards

Revisions to stand- ardsTentative stand- ards

Standards

Tentative stand- ards

A. Ferrous metals 23

77

53

5

20

118

18

1

8

8

1118

89

5043

150

8

1820

26

105

6

B. Nonferrous metals

C. Cement, lime, gypsum, concrete, and clay products D. Miscellaneous materials.. E. Miscellaneous subjects Total... 95 58 45 340 175 The following standards and tentative standards were adopted in 1927:

A. Ferrous Metals.—Standard specifications for open-hearth

carbon-steel rails; manufacture of open-hearth steel girder rails of

plain, grooved, and guard types; low-carbon-steel track bolts;

structural silicon steel; boiler and firebox steel for stationary service;

steel plates for structural quality for forge welding; steel plates of flange quality for forge welding; cold-drawn steel wire for concrete

reinforcement; commercial quality hot-rolled bar steels; commercial

cold-finished bar steels and cold-finished shafting; carbon-steel bars

for railway springs; carbon-steel bars for railway springs with special

silicon requirements; carbon-steel bars for vehicle and general purpose springs; silico-manganese-steel bars for railway springs; chromevanadium-steel bars for railway springs; carbon-steel and alloy-steel

forgings; quenched and tempered carbon-steel axles, shafts, and other

forgings for locomotives and cars; quenched and tempered alloy-steel

axles, shafts, and other forgings for locomotives and cars; carbonsteel forgings for locomotives; carbon-steel car and tender axles; carbon-steel castings for railroads; lapwelded and seamless steel and

lapwelded iron boiler tubes; welded and seamless steel pipe; alloy9109&—28 -17
252 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

steel bolting material for high-temperature service; zinc-coated

(galvanized) sheets; welded wrought iron pipe; lapwelded and seamless steel and lapwelded iron boiler tubes; staybolt, engine bolt, and

extra refined wrought-iron bars ; hollow rolled staybolt iron; common

iron bars; malleable eastings; tungsten powder; spiegeleisen ; ferro- manganese; ferrosilicon ; ferrochromium ; and ferrovanadium.

Standard methods of test for magnetic properties of iron and steel; verification of testing machines; Brinell hardness testing of metallic

materials; sampling and chemical analysis of pig and cast iron;

sampling ferro-alloys; chemical analysis of ferro-alloys.

Recommended practices for carburizing and heat treatment of

carburized objects; for photography as applied to metallography and

rules governing the preparation of micrographs of metals and alloys.

Standard definitions of terms relating to wrought-iron specifications.

Tentative specifications for structural steel for locomotives and

cars, marine boiler steel plates, forged or rolled steel pipe flanges for

high-temperature service, lapwelded and seamless steel pipe for hightemperature service, cold-rolled strip steel, alloy tool steel, zinc-coated

(galvanized) iron or steel telephone and telegraph line wire, zinccoated (galvanized) iron or steel tie wires, zinc-coated (galvanized)

wire fencing, zinc-coated chain-link fence fabric galvanized after

weaving, and zinc-coated chain-link fence fabric galvanized before

weaving.

Tentative methods of testing zinc-coated (galvanized) iron and

steel wire and wire products; test for magnetic properties of iron

and steel at low inductions for audio and power frequencies; tension

testing of metallic materials; compression testing of metallic materials.

Tentative definitions of terms relating to heat-treatment operations

(especially as related to ferrous alloys). B. Nonferrous Metals.—Standard specifications for lake copper

wire bars, cakes, slabs, billets, ingots, and ingot bars; electrolytic

copper wire bars, cakes, slabs, billets, ingots, and ingot bars; phosphor

tin; phosphor copper; silicon copper; hard-drawn copper wire;

medium hard-drawn copper wire; soft or annealed copper wire; soft rectangular copper wire; bare concentric-lay copper cable: Hard,

medium hard, or soft; round and grooved hard-drawn copper trol- ley wire; manganese-bronze ingots for sand castings; manganesebronze sand castings; Muntz metal condenser tube plates; naval

brass rods for structural purposes; sheet high brass. Standard method of chemical analysis of brass ingots and sand

castings; chemical analysis of bronze bearing metal; verification of

testing machines; metallographic testing of nonferrous metals and

alloys; Brinell hardness testing of metallic materials.

Tentative specifications for brazing solder; bronze trolley wire;

yellow brass sand castings for general purposes; bronze castings in
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 253

the rough for locomotive wearing parts; car and tender journal

bearings, lined; copper tubing for refrigerators; rolled zinc; nonferrous insect screen cloth. Tentative methods of chemical analysis of aluminum and light

aluminum alloys, test for resistivity of metallic materials for electri- cal heating; test for change of resistance with temperature of metallic

materials for electrical heating, chemical analysis of metallic materials

for electrical heating, tension testing of metallic materials; compression testing of metallic materials.

C. Cement, Lime, Gypsum, Concrete, and Clay Products.—Standard

specifications for quicklime for use in the manufacture of sulphite

pulp, hydrated lime for the manufacture of varnish, quicklime for use in water treatment, hydrated lime for use in water treatment,

gypsum plasters, gypsum partition tile or block, specifications for

tests for hollow burned-clay load-bearing wall tile, and specifications

and tests for hollow burned-clay floor tile. Standard methods of sampling, inspection, packing, and marking

of quicklime and lime products; testing gypsum and gypsum products; making and storing specimen of concrete in the field; making

compression tests of concrete; securing specimens of hardened concrete from the structure; test for unit weight of aggregate for concrete; test for organic impurities in sands for concrete. Standard definitions of terms relating to specific gravity.

Tentative specifications for sand for use in lime plaster; building

brick (made from clay or shale); paving brick; clay fire brick for

malleable furnaces with removable bungs and for annealing ovens;

clay fire brick for stationary boiler service; clay fire brick for marine

boiler service ; required safe crushing strengths of sewer pipe to carry

loads from ditch rilling; and specifications and tests for hollow

burned-clay fireproofing, partition, and furring tile. Tentative methods of chemical analysis of limestone, quicklime,

and hydrated lime; test for field determination of approximate

apparent specific gravity of fine aggregate ; test for field determination

of approximate percentage of voids in fine aggregate; test for field determination of surface moisture in fine aggregate; testing brick;

test for resistance of fire-clay brick to thermal spalling action; testing

electrical porcelain.

Tentative definitions of terms relating to the gypsum industry, and

terms relating to refractories.

D. Miscellaneous Materials.—Standard specifications for raw lin- seed oil; destructively distilled wood turpentine; orange shellac; mineral iron oxide; ocher; chrome yellow; pure chrome green; reduced

chrome green; test for specific gravity of pigments; broken slag for

bituminous macadam base; broken slag for bituminous concrete base;

broken slag for bituminous concrete wearing course; broken slag for
254 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

bituminous concrete (coarse-graded aggregate type); broken slag for bituminous concrete (fine-graded aggregate type); structural wood

joist, planks, beams, stringers and posts; high-carbon coal-tar pitch

for use in constructing built-up roofs surfaced with slag or gravel;

high-bitumen coal-tar pitch for use in constructing built-up roofs

surfaced with slag or gravel; woven cotton fabrics saturated with

bituminous substances for use in waterproofing; asphalt-saturated

roofing felt for use in waterproofing and in constructing built-up roofs; coal-tar saturated roofing felt for use in waterproofing and in construct- ing built-up roofs; asphalt-saturated asbestos felt for use in constructing built-up roofs; asphalt roll roofing surfaced with powdered

talc; asphalt roll roofing surfaced with granular talc; slate-surfaced

asphalt roll roofing and slate-surfaced asphalt shingles; heavyweight

slate-surfaced asphalt roll roofing and heavy weight slate-surfaced

asphalt shingles; tolerances and test methods for electrical silk and

cotton tapes; textile testing machines; tolerances and test methods for cotton yarns, single and plied; tolerances and test methods for

cotton sewing threads; tolerances for numbered cotton duck; toler- ances and test methods for tire fabrics, other than cord fabrics;

tolerances and test methods for cord tire fabrics; tolerances and test methods for electrical silk and cotton tapes; tests for Osnaburg

cement bags.

Standard methods of test for specific gravity of pigments; routine

analysis of white pigments; routine analysis of dry red lead; routine

analysis of yellow, orange, red, and brown pigments containing

iron and manganese; routine analysis of yellow and orange pigments containing chromium compounds, blue pigments, and chrome

green; routine analysis of titanium pigments; analysis of grease;

test for burning quality of kerosene oils; test for burning quality of long-time burning oil for railway use; test for burning quality of mineral seal oil; test for distillation of gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, and

similar petroleum products; test for distillation of natural-gas gasoline; testing electrical insulating oils; test for steam emulsion of lubricating oils; test for sulphur in petroleum oils heavier than

illuminating oil; test for thermal value of fuel oil; test for water in

petroleum products and other bituminous materials; mechanical

analysis of sand or other fine highway material, except fine aggregates

used in cement concrete; test for the determination of bitumen;

test for the determination of proportion of bitumen soluble in carbon

tetrachloride; test for loss in heating of oil and asphaltic compounds;

float test for bituminous materials; test for specific gravity of road

oils; road tars, asphalt cements, and soft tar pitches; test for specific

gravity of asphalts and tar pitches sufficiently solid to be handled

in fragments; laboratory sampling and analysis of coal and coke;

testing small clear specimens of timber; conducting static tests of
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 255

timbers in structural sizes; sampling and analysis of creosote oil; test for coke residue of creosote oil; chemical analysis of zinc chloride;

testing bituminous mastics, grouts, and like mixtures; testing felted

and woven fabrics saturated with bituminous substances for use in

waterproofing and roofing; testing asphalt roll roofing surfaced

with fine or granular talc, slate-surfaced asphalt roll roofing and slate- surfaced asphalt shingles; testing molded insulating materials;

testing electrical insulating oils; testing woven textile fabrics.

Standard definitions of terms relating to specific gravity; terms

relating to coal and coke; the term slate; terms relating to textile materials.

Tentative specifications for boiled linseed oil; Prussian blue;

ultramarine blue; chrome oxide green; commercial para red; titanium

barium pigment; aluminum powder for paints; gold bronze powder;

high-carbon tar for surface treatment, cold application; low-carbon

tar for surface treatment, cold application) ; high-carbon tar cement

for use cold in repair work (cut-back product) ; low-carbon tar cement

for use cold in repair work (cut-back product); high-carbon tar for

surface treatment, hot application; low-carbon tar for surface treat- ment, hot application; high-carbon tar cement; low-carbon tar cement

coal-tar pitch for stone block filler; asphalt filler for brick pavements (blown type); mineral filler for sheet asphalt and bituminous

concrete pavements; rubber insulating tape; insulated wire and

cable; 30 per cent Hevea rubber; rubber insulating tape; tolerances

and test methods for rayon; tolerances and test methods for certain

light and medium cotton fabrics; specifications and tests for Cuban

(jute) raw sugar bags.

Tentative methods of testing shellac varnish; test for determination of wax in shellac (" machine-made" and dry-bleached refined

shellac); sampling and testing lacquer solvents and diluents; routine

analysis of white linseed oil paints; test for determination of toluol

insoluble matter in rosin (chiefly sand, chips, dirt, and bark); sampling petroleum and petroleum products; test for carbon residue of

petroleum products (Conradson carbon residue); test for cloud and

pour points of petroleum products; test for detection of free sulphur

and corrosive sulphur compounds in gasoline; test for neutralization

number of petroleum products and lubricants; test for penetration

of greases and petroleum; test for distillation of bituminous materials

suitable for road treatment; determination of sulphur in coal and

coke by the bomb-washing and sodium-peroxide-fusion methods;

test for distillation of creosote oil; analysis of roofing felt for fiber

composition; test for water absorption of slate; flexure testing of

slate; test for determining the insulating qualities of slate; testing

electrical porcelain; testing sheet and tape insulating materials for

dielectric strength; testing electrical insulating materials for power
256 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

factor and dielectric constant at frequencies of 100 to 1,500 kilo- cycles; testing untreated insulating materials; identification of textile fibers and their quantitative determination in mixed goods.

Tentative definitions of terms relating to coal and coke; terms

relating to textile materials. E. Miscellaneous Subjects.—Standard methods of metallographic

testing of nonferrous metals and alloys, verification of testing machines, Brinell hardness testing of metallic materials.

Standard definitions relating to metallography; terms relating to

specific gravity.

Standard rules governing the preparation of micrographs of metals

and alloys, including recommended practice for photography as applied to metallography.

Tentative methods of tension testing of metallic materials; compression testing of metallic materials.

As one of the five technical societies which united in the founding

of the American Engineering Standards Committee, the A. S. T. M.

has been especially active in the work of the A. E. S. C, to which

it has submitted many of its standards for approval. It is sponsor

or joint sponsor for 55 standardization projects or sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure, as follows:

This organization, made up of 1 1 representatives of lumber manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers, was created to act

as an executive steering organization in drafting recommendations

for the simplification of sizes, nomenclature, grades, and trade practices in the softwood and hardwood industries in cooperation with

the United States Department of Commerce and the United States

Department of Agriculture. Its headquarters are in the Transportation Building, Washington, D. C. Arthur T. Upson is the secretary.

Members of the central committee are appointed by their repre- sentative groups. The committee has no judicial authority in the

industry, but serves as a central clearing house between the industry

and the Government in encouraging the putting into practice of

those recommendations which have been indorsed by general conferences representing all branches of the trade and the public.

The central committee is served by two advisory committees,

namely, the consulting committee on lumber standards and the hardwood consulting committee, composed of about 30 members each.

Projects A. Ferrous metals

B. Nonferrous metals

C. Cement, lime, gypsum, and clay products D. Miscellaneous materials

1118

G20 CENTRAL COMMITTEE ON LUMBER STANDARDS
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 257

Recommendations approved by general conferences of all interested

lumber manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers are recognized as American lumber standards and published by the division of simplified practice for the benefit of the trade and the public.

The recommendations thus far published include lumber classifica- tions, nomenclature of commercial softwoods, shipping practfces,

basic provisions for structural material, softwood factory and shop

lumber, lumber inspection provisions, lunrber abbreviations, American standard moldings, and standards for red cedar shingles. Simplification of sizes, nomenclature, grades, and trade practices has been

accomplished in the softwood industry.

In 1926 the central committee completed work on standards for

softwood factory and shop lumber, the determination of singlestandard thicknesses for finished lumber based on the thicknesses of

standard unfinished lumber with allowance for shrinkage and planing, and the establishment of marketing practice covering short

lengths of lumber.

Basic grading provisions for hardwood lumber, formulated after

years of study by the National Hardwood Inspection Rules Committee largely, and by the Hardwood Manufacturers Institute, the

National Lumber Manufacturers Association, and the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, with the assistance of the Forest Products Laboratory of the United States Forest Service and of the

Department of Commerce, were completed in 1927. These provisions

had been approved by the hardwood consulting committee on June 2, 1926, subject to further development which was done by the abovementioned groups in the industry, and were approved June 16, 1927,

by unanimous vote of the central committee on lumber standards,

as American standards, subject to annual revision, under the auspices

of the Department of Commerce, and recommended to become

effective forthwith. The central committee also approved American

standards of nomenclature for commercial domestic hardwoods.

The central committee is now engaged on the following projects:

Uniform patterns for worked lumber, shipping weights and dryness

of lumber, structural timbers, supply and demand survey of American standard lumber, and further attention to hardwood standardization.
VIII. STANDARDIZING ACTIVITIES OF TECHNICAL SOCIETIES AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

A large percentage of the national technical societies, trade associations, and similar organizations make standardization one of the

important activities in their services to their members.

In compiling data for the following outlines of the standardization

activities of these organizations, particular attention has been paid

to the present status of these activities, accomplishments to date

and programs for future work, without reproducing the information

concerning their methods of appointing standardizing committees,

authority bestowed on these committees and their functions and

procedure, which can be found in the Standards Yearbook, 1927.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS

American Association for the Advancement of Science, Burton E.

Livingston, permanent secretary, Smithsonian Institution Building,

Washington, D. C. The only standardization activity of the association is in connection with the survey of scientific and engineering

symbols and abbreviations. The association is joint sponsor, with

four other organizations, for the sectional committee handling this

project, which is functioning under the rules of procedure of the

American Engineering Standards Committee.

American Association of Cereal Chemists, R. K. Durham, secre- tary-treasurer, Huntzinger Building, Kansas City, Mo. This association was organized in 1915 for the purpose of studying analytical

methods used in cereal chemistry and to develop standard methods

of examination and analysis for the good of the cereal industries.

The committee on methods of analysis has prepared a book of standard methods for cereal chemists. Another committee is studying

various methods now in use for standardizing laboratory baking

tests. American Association of Engineers, M. E. Mclver, secretar}7

, 63

East Adams Street, Chicago, 111. This association has organized a committee to study standard proposals and contracts for engineers

services and other work of like character. It has published minimum

specifications for highway engineering positions and has appointed

a committee to compile minimum specifications for railroad engineering positions.

American Association of State Highway Officials, W. C. Markham,

secretary, National Press Building, Washington, D. C. This association has been especially active in the promotion of the use of standardized specifications for materials used in constructing highways

258
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 259

and for the design and construction of steel, concrete, and timber

bridges. Standard methods of sampling and testing highway materials have been adopted by the association and these specifications,

together with all others so far issued through the association, have

been approved by the United States Secretary of Agriculture for use

in connection with Federal-aid road and bridge construction. The

association is officially represented on the joint concrete culvert pipe

committee (with six other organizations). It is joint sponsor for

two sectional committees functioning under the rules of procedure

of the American Engineering Standards Committee, as follows:

Method of test for penetration of bituminous materials (with three

other organizations), and safety code for colors for traffic signals

(with the National Bureau of Standards and the National Safety

Council). The association is officially represented on three additional

sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Walter

E. Hadley, secretary, 5 Mountain Avenue, Maplewood, N. J. This

organization concerns itself with research work on chemical processes

and application of dyes and chemicals to materials manufactured in the textile industry. Work is also going forward on methods of fastness to perspiration and fastness to light, fastness tests to dry

and wet heat, fastness to acids and alkalies, carbonizing, and sea water. The research committee is engaged in the formulation of standard methods of dye testing. This work is being performed in

various laboratories, representing consumers, textile manufacturers,

dyestuff manufacturers, and general testing laboratories. The

results of these tests will be embodied in a report to be presented at the association's annual convention. Progress has been made in

the endeavor to establish international standard methods of dye

testing, and a joint committee of European and American members

is being organized to study carefully the possibilities and advisability of such an undertaking. In this connection the British Society

of Dyers and Colourists has expressed its desire to cooperate. The

association maintains contact with the National Bureau of Standards

in research work on chemicals applied to textiles. American Association of Woolen and Worsted Manufacturers,

J. J. Nevins, secretary, 45 East Seventeenth Street, New York, N. Y.

All standardization work of this organization is conducted through

a joint committee on research and standardization composed of representatives of this association, the National Association of Wool

Manufacturers, and the National Association of Woolen and Worsted

Spinners. Recommendations of the association are submitted to the

joint committee before final adoption as standards.

American Automobile Association, Ernest N. Smith, general

manager, national headquarters, Washington, D. C. This association
260 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

served as joint sponsor, with the National Bureau of Standards, for the sectional committee on safety code for automobile brakes and

brake testing and is officially represented on the sectional committee on colors for traffic signals, functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

American Boiler Manufacturers Association, A. C. Baker, secretary, Rockefeller Building, Cleveland, Ohio. This association has

adopted various standards at different times which have been published in its proceedings and recently assembled in a single document.

In cooperation with the Stoker Manufacturers Association it has

adopted boiler and stoker definitions. It has adopted the standards

formulated by the boiler code committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and has issued definitions for " setting height"

for different types of boilers and charts for determining stack dimensions.

American Brush Manufacturers Association, George A. Fernley,

secretary, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This association

cooperated with the division of simplified practice of the Department

of Commerce in simplifying paint and varnish brushes and has

planned other activities of this kind for various additional lines of brushes.

American Bureau of Welding, William Spraragen, secretary,

division of engineering, National Research Council, 33 West Thirtyninth Street, New York. This bureau acts as an advisory board on

welding of the American Welding Society and of the division of engineering and industrial research of the National Research Council.

The following committees have completed their work: Electric arc welding, gas welding, and thermit welding. Continuing committees

are handling the following subjects: Welded rail joints, welding wire

specifications, pressure vessels, and structural steel. The committee on welded rail joints maintains a research associate at the National

Bureau of Standards doing research work on welded rail joints.

Standards or specifications formulated by the committees and approved by the bureau through its executive committee are issued to the welding industry as publications of the American Welding Society. The reports of the committee on welded rail joints have been

published also by the American Electric Railway Association.

American Ceramic Society, Ross C. Purdy, secretary, 2525 North

High Street, Columbus, Ohio. In formulating standards the society

has cooperated with the American Society for Testing Materials and

the National Bureau of Standards, full advantage being taken of

the specifications of the former and the research work of the latter. It has taken an active part in the industrial waste elimination program of the Department of Commerce. In cooperation with the

American Hotel Association it inaugurated the movement which

resulted in the simplified practice recommendation relating to hotel
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 261

chinaware. It has also taken an active part in the work of the

committee for simplification of paving bricks.

American Chemical Society, Charles L. Parsons, secretary, Mills

Building, Washington, D. C. Among the committees of the society

organized for cooperative activities or to carry on work having a bearing on standardization are the following: Cooperation with the

Chemical Warfare Service; hazardous chemicals and explosives (to

cooperate with the National Fire Protection Association), standard

apparatus, standard methods for the examination of water and sewage

(to cooperate with the American Public Health Association), standardization of biological stains, standardized methods for vitamin

research, supervisory on standard methods of analysis, metric committee (to cooperate with the American Metric Association, World

Trade Club, London and Manchester Metric Association). In 1925

the committee on guaranteed reagents of the society published specifications for 14 analytical reagents, and in 1926 published 23 specifications. The work is still going on. In 1920 and 1921 the committee

suggested certain metric unit weights for packages of reagent chemicals. The society committee on the metric system has advocated the use of these unit weights, and they have been adopted by several

manufacturers of fine chemicals. The soap and soap products

committee cooperated in the preparation of the United States Government specifications for soap. The committee on standard apparatus

published in 1921 and 1922 reports on elimination of sizes and shapes

of chemical laboratory apparatus. These reports were prepared in

cooperation with the committee on standardization of the Association

of Scientific Apparatus Makers of the United States of America (now

the Scientific Apparatus Makers of America), and have been followed

almost completely in the preparation of some recent catalogues of

dealers in chemical apparatus. In 1927 the committee made additional recommendations on elimination and is continuing work on

the standardization of dimensions of some types of laboratory

apparatus. The society committees on revision of methods of coal

sampling and analysis, standard methods for the examination of water

and sewage to cooperate with a committee of American Public Health

Association, standardization of biological stains, and standardized

methods for vitamin research, cooperate with committees of other

organizations on the subjects designated, and the supervisory committee on standard methods of analysis is responsible for the uniformity of standards for methods of analysis proposed by all committees

of the society.

American Concrete Institute, Harvey Whipple, secretary, 2970

West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, Mich. The institute is officially

represented on the following joint committees engaged in standardizing activities: Concrete culvert pipe, concrete and reinforced con-
262 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

crete, technical problems in cement manufacture, and cement.

Among its own committees carrying on standardizing work are the

following: Reinforced concrete building design and specifications;

fire resistance of concrete; aggregates; destructive agents and protective treatments; waterproofing; concrete floor finish; treatment

of concrete surfaces; field methods; reinforced concrete chimneys;

concrete bridges; standard concrete building units; concrete staves; concrete products plant operation; concrete pipe, drain tile, and

conduit. The institute has formulated and published 13 standard

specifications and 9 tentative specifications. Of these, the following were issued in 1927: Standard specifications for concrete building

block and concrete building tile, tentative building tile regulations

for the use of reinforced concrete, tentative specifications for concrete curb and concrete curb gutter, tentative specifications for concrete manhole and catch basin block. Committees of the association are working in cooperation with the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute regarding building regulations. It is expected that a revised

standard for reinforced concrete building design will be presented

at the next convention in 1928.

American Concrete Pipe Association, M. W. Loving, secretary,

33 West Grand Avenue, Chicago, 111. This association cooperates

to the fullest extent with the American Concrete Institute, the

American Society for Municipal Improvements, the American Society for Testing Materials, and with other organizations represented on the Joint Concrete Culvert Pipe Committee in the preparation

of specifications for concrete pipe, including drain tile, cementconcrete sewer pipe, reinforced concrete sewer pipe, and reinforced concrete culvert pipe.

The American Construction Council, Dwight L. Hoopingarner,

executive, 28 West Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. Organized to deal with the fundamental relations of the construction

industry to the public, the council pays particular attention to such

subjects as sound methods of building financing, the permanency of

building construction in relation to hazards of life and investment,

community building standards, and methods of securing quality

building materials. It advocates the use of materials nationally

recognized as standard and standard sizes and weights of materials,

in order to keep the costs at the minimum consistent with good

construction. It also deals with such subjects as making more

uniform the use of arbitration of commercial disputes, and the

promotion of better standards for all-year-round construction.

American Corn Millers Federation, Reynier Van Evera, secretary,

6 West Tenth Street, Kansas City, Mo. Under authority conferred

upon him at a meeting of the federation, the president appointed

a standardizing committee to formulate standards and specifications
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 263

for cream meal. These have been adopted by the federation. The

federation has also adopted a symbol to be licensed by the federation

to all millers who will agree to conform to the specifications.

American Cotton Manufacturers* Association, William McLaurine,

secretary, Charlotte, N. C. (See National Council of American

Cotton Manufacturers.)

American Dental Trade Association, John M. Clauser, chairman,

simplification committee, 315 North Tenth Street, St. Louis, Mo.

The members of this association's committees are appointed by the

president. The chairmen of the various manufacturers' sections of the association are members of the simplification committee, the

functions of which are to bring about simplifications desired by

manufacturers and dealers through correspondence and committee

meetings. The following standards have been adopted: Two standard finishes for dental equipment, or furniture; standard one-fourth

inch holes for lathe grinding wheels with a limit on the number of

sizes (round edge discontinued); a limit of six shades of powders

for crown and bridge cement; a limit of five classes of plaster and

four of investment containers; three standard lengths of gold shells; a standard end for lathe shaft to take all mandrels and chucks.

Attempts are being made to simplify shades of vulcanite rubber,

mouth mirrors, gold and vulcanite files, brush wheels, and many

other devices and materials used in the dental trade.

American Drop Forging Institute, Donald McKaig, secretary,

Union Bank Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. The institute has formulated

recommendations concerning good practice in manufacturing processes and quotation forms. It is serving as joint sponsor with the

National Safety Council for the sectional committee on safety code

for forging and hot-metal stamping functioning under A. E. S. C.

procedure.

American Drug Manufacturers Association, Carson P. Frailey,

secretary, Albee Building, Washington, D. C. In addition to its activities relating to the development and standardization of methods

for testing antiseptics and various other drugs, the association has

organized a number of committees to establish standards under the

auspices of its scientific section. Among these are committees

dealing with alkaloid and drug standards, analytical assay methods,

and chemical tests and standards. It has also organized a committee on standardization of glass containers, and a committee on catalogue

simplification to unify and standardize that part of pharmaceutical

catalogues which cover standard preparations.

American Electric Railway Association, J. W. Welsh, executive

secretary, 292 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Affiliated with

the parent association are certain dependent associations, each

interested in certain special phases of the electric railway industry.
264 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Of these the American Electric Railway Engineering Association is the one which deals with standards and specifications which, after

adoption, are published in the association's Engineering Manual.

Much work during the past year has been done by the committees

in preparation for the current editions of the Engineering Manual.

The association is a member of the American Engineering Standards

Committee, and, through it, takes active part in the consideration

of all proposed standardization and code work affecting the industry,

cooperating chiefly in the preparation of standards with the American

Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Railway Engineering

Association, the American Society for Municipal Improvements, the

American Society for Testing Materials, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Wood-Preservers' Association,

and other organizations. The association is sponsor or joint sponsor

for 13 sectional committees functioning under the rules of procedure

of the American Engineering Standards Committee, as follows:

Insulated wires and cables for other than telephone and telegraph use (with nine other organizations); specifications for tubular steel poles; recommended specifications for 600-volt direct-current overhead

trolley construction; recommended designs for joint plates for 7 and

9 inch girder grooved and girder guard rails; recommended designs

for 7-inch, 80, 91, and 102 pound plain girder rail for use in paved

streets; specifications for use in the manufacture of materials for

special track work. The association is officially represented on 29

additional sectional committees functioning under the A. E. S. C.

American Electrochemical Society, Colin G. Fink, secretary,

Columbia University, New York, N. Y. The society's radio-battery

committee has formulated standard tests for dry cells used in radio

.receiving sets, in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards

and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, suppiy

division. The corrosion committee of the society is determining the

best procedure for ascertaining the resistance to corrosion of various

metals and alloys. The electro deposition division of the society is promoting investigations in standardization of specifications for the

electrodeposition of copper and nickel.

American Electro-Platers Society, George Gehling, secretary,

5001 Edmund Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Although this society has

not formulated any standards, it maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards investigating the " spotting out "

of electroplated finishes. American Face Brick Association, R. D. T. Hollowell, secretary,

130 North Wells Street, Chicago, 111. In 1926 the association

reaffirmed the resolution adopted at the conference held in 1923

relating to face brick sizes set forth in Department of Commerce

Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 7. The association main-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 265

tains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards, doing

research work on the prevention of efflorescence on brick walls. American Forestry Association, O. M. Butler, executive secretary,

1523 L Street NW., Washington, D. C. This association has cooperated in the standardization movement by official representation on

the sectional committees on safety code for logging and sawmill

machinery, and specifications for wood poles, functioning under

A. E. S. C. procedure.

American Foundrymen's Association, C. E. Hoyt, executive secre- tary, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111.; R. E. Kennedy,

technical secretary, 909 West California Street, Urbana, 111. The

association is represented on all A. S. T. M. committees dealing

with specifications of interest to its members. It is sponsoring the

joint committee on molding sand research, which is standardizing

methods of testing and grading foundry sands, and the joint committee on pattern equipment standardization, which is formulating

recommended practices. This association is also joint sponsor with

the American Ceramic Society for the joint committee on foundry

refractories (with 10 other national organizations) whose endeavor

is to standardize tests for foundry refractories and to simplify the

number of shapes of refractories for steel, malleable, and gray iron

foundry furnaces. It is represented on the joint committee on the

investigation of the effect of phosphorous and sulphur in steel (with

10 other organizations). The association is joint sponsor for two

sectional committees functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee, as follows: Safety

code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries (with the

National Founders' Association); outside dimensions of plumbago

crucibles for nontilting furnaces in nonferrous foundry practice

(with the Plumbago Crucible Association). Its committees on

metals are cooperating with similar committees of the American

Society for Testing Materials. It is officially represented on five additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C.

procedure.

American Fruit and Vegetable Shippers Association, E. S. Briggs,

manager-secretary, 1425 South Racine Avenue, Chicago, 111. Committees are appointed by the president about the first of each year

to consider such subjects as come up during the course of the year, and submit their recommendations to the secretary's office. At

the annual meeting the committees meet and handle such subjects as are docketed for their consideration and render their reports to the

convention as a whole. The 14 committees of the association do

not formulate standards or specifications, but they serve to bring

to the attention of the membership the container standards set up

by the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Freight Container
266 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Bureau, and the food grades and standards of the United States

Department of Agriculture.

American Gas Association (Inc.), Alexander Forward, managing

director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. Committees have

been organized to deal with such subjects as flexible tubing, gas

ranges, space heaters, water heaters, central house heating equipment, mixed gas research, gas chemistry, carbonization, distribution,

and refractories. The gas association is joint sponsor for three sec- tional committees functioning under the rules of procedure of the

American Engineering Standards Committee, as follows: Specifications for cast-iron pipe and special castings (with three other organizations), pipe thread (with the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers), and gas safety code (with the National Bureau of Standards). The association is represented on 12 additional sectional

committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. It maintains

a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards doing

research work on the methods of testing gas appliances to determine

their safety. In addition, arrangements are being made with the

American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and other

allied heating professions and trades, to correlate the research work

being done by the association on the subject of house heating, with

the corresponding work of these organizations.

American Gear Manufacturers' Association, T. W. Owens, secretary, 2443 Prospect Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. This association is serving as joint sponsor for two sectional committees, as follows:

Gears (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers), trans- mission chains and sprockets (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Automotive Engineers), and is officially represented on the sectional committee on shafting, functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

American Grocery Specialty Manufacturers Association, H. F. Thunhorst, secretary, 53 Park Place, New York, N. Y. This association's technical committee on soaps cooperated with the Federal

Specifications Board in formulating the specifications for soap, which

have been adopted for use by the various Government departments.

The association has been active in the work of standardizing the

order books of its members and is now working on standard invoice

forms.

American Hardware Manufacturers Association, Charles F. Rockwell, secretary, 342 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. In cooperation with the National Hardware Association of the United States

this organization has been instrumental in reducing the number of

commercial sizes for steel sheets under the auspices of the division

of simplified practice, and it is officially represented on the sectional

committee on bolt, nut, and rivet proportions functioning under

A. E. S. C. procedure.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 267

American Hospital Association, William H. Walsh, M. D., executive

secretary, 18 East Division Street, Chicago, 111. This association

has organized a committee on simplification and standardization

of general furnishings, supplies, and equipment, and a committee on

dietary service and equipment, the functions of which are indicated

by their names. The sizes of hospital beds and hospital chin aware

have already been simplified, and the standardized sizes have been

widely adopted by the hospitals of the country. A statistical study

has been made of hospital linen to establish standard sizes. American Hotel Association, J. K. Blatchford, secretary, Auditorium Tower, Chicago, 111. This association, in cooperation with the

American Ceramic Society and the American Vitrified China Manufacturers Association, has been instrumental in launching a program

of standardization in table chinaware under the auspices of the

division of simplified practice, which has resulted in the formulation

of simplified practice recommendations relating to hotel, restaurant,

dining-car, and hospital tableware. It has issued a list of specifications for soaps and cleaning compounds in which are incorporated

the standard methods of test developed by the National Bureau

of Standards. The association was officially represented on the

advisory board which cooperated with the Department of Commerce in the preparation of the National Directory of Commodity

Specifications.

American Institute of Architects, Structural Service Department,

Le Roy E. Kern, technical secretary, 19 West Forty-fourth Street,

New York, N. Y. The institute's standardization work is conducted

almost entirely in cooperation with other national bodies through its structural service department. The institute has been instrumental

in the formulation of recommendations as to size and character of

advertising matter intended for architects and the development of a standard filing system for trade literature which is now in fairly

general use. It is represented officially on the National Committee

on Metals Utilization, the National Committee on Wood Utilization,

and the Building Code Committee of the United States Department

of Commerce; on committees of the division of simplified practice

of the department dealing with building materials and appliances;

and on committees of the National Fire Protection Association, the

American Construction Council, and the Chamber of Commerce of

the United States. The institute is joint sponsor for five sectional

committees functioning under the rules of procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, as follows: Elevators (with the

American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers); safety code for elevators and escalators

(with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the National

91096—28 18
268 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Bureau of Standards); safety code for lighting of school buildings

(with the Illuminating Engineering Society); symbols for electrical

equipment of buildings (with the American Institute of Electrical

Engineers and the Association of Electragists, International); safety

code for walkway surfaces (with the National Safety Council). The

institute is officially represented on 12 additional sectional committees

functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

American Institute of Baking, H. E. Barnard, president, 1135

Fullerton Avenue, Chicago, 111. The institute was founded and is conducted by the American Bakers Association for scientific research

and education. The manufacturer's sample is checked by duplicate

tests on a sample obtained on the market. If the products comply

with the claims of the manufacturer and are suitable for use in baking,

a certificate of registration is issued by the ins-titute. A contract is also made between the institute and the manufacturer governing

the use of the "seal of registration." The instutite has organized an advisory board for the National Research Council.

American Institute of Chemical Engineers, H. C. Parmelee,

secretary, Tenth Avenue at Thirty-sixth Street, New York, N. Y.

The institute engaged in the standardization work involved in developing an evaporator test code in cooperation with the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers, by which this code has been printed.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers, F. L. Hutchinson,

national secretary, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y.

The revised standards of the institute are being published in the

form of individual sections, each section dealing with standards for a specific subject, and 24 of over 40 proposed sections have been

completed, as follows: No. 1, general principles upon which temperature limits are based in the rating of electrical machinery; No. 5, standards for direct-current generators and motors and direct-cur- rent commutator machines in general; No. 7, standards for alter- nators, synchronous motors and synchronous machines in general;

No. 8, standards for synchronous converters; No. 9, standards for

induction motors and induction machines in general; No. 10, standards for direct-current and alternating-current fractional horsepower motors; No. 11, standards for railway motors; No. 13, standards for transformers, induction regulators and reactors; No. 14,

standards for instrument transformers; No. 15, standards for industrial control apparatus; No. 16, standards for railway control and

mine locomotive control apparatus; No. 19, standards for oil circuit

breakers; No. 22, standards for disconnecting and horn gap switches;

No. 30, standards for wires and cables; No. 33, standards for electrical measuring instruments; No. 34, standards for telegraphy and

telephony; No. 36, standards for storage batteries; No. 37, standards

for illumination; No. 38, standards for electric arc welding apparatus;
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 269

No. 39, standards for electric resistance welding apparatus; No. 41,

standards for insulators; No. 42, standard symbols for electrical

equipment of buildings; No. 45, recommended practice for electrical

installations on shipboard (Marine Rules); No. 46, standards for

hard-drawn aluminum conductors. Of these 24 standards, 6 have

been approved as American standards under American Engineering

Standards Committee procedure (Nos. 8, 14, 15, 37, 42, and 46). In

cooperation with the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,

Spanish translations of the A. I. E. E. standards Nos. 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10,

11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22, 30, 33, 37, and 41 have been published as United States Government documents. The institute is a member

body of the American Engineering Standards Committee, and is represented on the electrical advisory committee, the organization

of which was recommended to the American Engineering Standards Committee by joint action of the institute and the National

Electrical Manufacturers Association. The institute is sponsor or

joint sponsor for 19 sectional committees functioning under the rules

of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee,

as follows: Elevators (with the American Institute of Architects

and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers); rating of electrical machinery; insulated wires and cables for other than telephone

and telegraph use (with nine other organizations); symbols for electrical equipment of buildings (with the American Institute of Architects and the Association of Electragists, International); electrical properties of aluminum; radio (with the Institute of Radio Engineers)

industrial electrical-control apparatus (with the National Electrical

Manufacturers Association); instrument transformers; alternators,

synchronous motors and synchronous machines in general ; direct and

alternating current fractional horsepower motors; induction motors

and induction machines in general; direct-current rotating machines,

generators and motors; power line insulators for voltages exceeding

750 (with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association);

electrical installations on shipboard; scientific and engineering

symbols and abbreviations (with four other organizations); code on

protection against lightning (with the National Bureau of Standards)

line insulators for voltages not exceeding 750 (with National Electrical Manufacturers Association) ; mercury arc rectifiers; synchronous

converters. The institute is represented on 27 additional sectional

committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. Committees

of the institute are now at work on the following standardization

topics: Rearrangement of rules; Spanish translation; electric arc welding apparatus ; lightning arresters ; telegraphy and telephony defini- tions; definitions and symbols; graphical symbols; measurement of test voltages in dielectric tests; storage batteries; general principles upon

which temperature limits are based in the rating of electrical machin-
270 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ery and apparatus; switchboards for power and light; definition of

substation and related matters; air circuit breakers; rule for altitude

correction; nomenclature. The standards committee of the insti- tute is cooperating with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the development of the electrical section of the A. S. M. E.

power test codes. The institute also has been engaged for many

years in safety code work through its technical committee on safety

codes. The committee on application to marine work has recently

completed an extensive revision of the A. I. E. E. marine rules now

issued as a section of the standards and known as " recommended

practice for electrical installations on shipboard."

American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, H.

Foster Bain, secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York,

N. Y. All standardization work of the institute is conducted through

the cooperation of the mining standardization correlating committee.

It is officially represented on not only this committee but also on 23

sectional committees functioning under the procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee. It is serving as sponsor for two

of these sectional committees, as follows: Screening of ores; and

recommended practice for rock dusting of coal mines.

American Institute of Refrigeration, J. F. Nickerson, general

secretary, 5707 West Lake Street, Chicago, 111. This institute is a

federation of several national and State associations interested in

refrigeration, who join forces on certain subjects, including the

American Society of Refrigerating Engineers; American Warehousemen's Association, Cold Storage Division; Eastern Ice Association;

National Association of Ice Industries; National Association of

Practical Refrigerating Engineers; New York State Cold Storage

Association; Pacific States Cold Storage Warehousemen's Association; Refrigerating Machinery Association; and United States Fisheries Association. It has a standing committee on standards, to study

various subjects referred to it. Its special committee on standardization of ice cans is cooperating with similar committees of other

organizations. It is interested in the standardization of household

and commercial refrigerators and is also cooperating with other

organizations on this subject. It has been instrumental in securing

the adoption of some international standards through the Ins titut International du Froid and the international congresses on refrigeration that are held periodically.

American Institute of Steel Construction (Inc.), C. F. Abbott,

executive director, 285 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. ; Lee H.

Miller, chief engineer, Leader Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Steel

specifications issued by the institute are kept in harmony with those

of the American Society for Testing Materials. The institute is cooperating with the American Bureau of Welding and the American
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 271

Society of Civil Engineers in welding research activities. A committee of prominent engineers appointed by the institute completed on October 8, 1927, a standard specification for fireproofmg structural

steel buildings. Plans are under way for formulating drawing-room

standards. The institute is officially represented on four sectional

committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. Members who

adhere to the institute's code of standard practice are permitted to use the institute's symbol as a label for their commodities.

American Institute of Weights and Measures, William E. Bullock,

acting secretary, 115 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Although not a standards making body, the institute is concerned with education in

the importance of weights and measures standards, and with the col- lection and classification of records relating to weights and measures. American Medical Association, Bureau of Health and Public

Instruction, J. M. Dodson, executive secretary, 535 North Dearborn

Street, Chicago, 111. Through this bureau the association seeks to promote the health education of the public through the publication

of a monthly magazine, Hygeia, and a series of pamphlets on various

topics; by furnishing material to assist persons in preparing addresses on health topics; by radio talks; by cooperative activity with other

organizations, and by promoting special health activities. American Medical Association, Bureau of Investigation, Arthur J. Cramp, director, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Through

this bureau the association disseminates information on " patent

medicines," quackery and pseudomedicine in general. The bureau

publishes pamphlets, books, and educational posters on the subject;

it also has lantern slides illustrating various phases of the same subjects. Most of the information in regard to this branch of the association's activities appears in the book " Nostrums and Quackery," of which there are two volumes. The bureau also answers by mail any

inquiries dealing with the subjects of its investigation.

American Medical Association, Chemical Laboratory, Paul Nicholas Leech, director, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Through its chemical laboratory, the association determines whether

the chemical claims made for proprietary and unofficial medicinal

preparations are correctly stated, looks after the establishment of

standards whereby the identity and purity of such products may be

determined and controlled, and analyzes proprietary medicinal preparations that are offered to the medical profession and also those that

are sold direct to the public. It publishes an annual report of its work. It does no commercial testing.

American Medical Association, Council on Medical Education

and Hospitals, Nathan P. Colwell, M. D., secretary, 535 North

Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Through this council the association

conducts a clearing house for information regarding medical col-
272 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

leges, premedical, undergraduate, and graduate medical education,

licensure, hospitals, and clinical laboratories; inspects and classifies medical colleges and investigates graduate medical schools, hospitals,

and clinical laboratories, and publishes annual statistics, as well as pamphlets, on these subjects, including lists of approved colleges of

arts and sciences and junior colleges; medical and graduate medical

schools; hospitals approved for interne training; hospitals approved

for residencies in the specialties and approved clinical laboratories.

American Medical Association, Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, W. A. Puckner, secretary, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago,

111. Through its council on pharmacy and chemistry, the association investigates and reports on medicinal preparations that are put

on the market for physicians' prescription use. It publishes each

year "New and Nonofficial Remedies," in which are listed and

described all articles that stand accepted by the council on January

I of the year of publication.

American Mining Congress, J. F. Callbreath, secretary, Munsey

Building, Washington, D. C. The standardization activities of the

organization are carried on by the division of standardization, of which there are 2 branches—coal mining, with 8 major committees;

and metal mining, with 11 major committees. The following re- ports developed by the national standardization division have been

approved by the American Engineering Standards Committee:

Safety rules for installing and using electrical equipment in coal

mines (underground power transmission and power equipment),

wire rope for mines, coal-mine drainage, mine tracks and signals.

The American Mining Congress is sponsor or joint sponsor for eight

sectional committees functioning under the rules of procedure of the

A. E. S. C, as follows: Underground transportation in coal mines,

underground transportation in metal mines, ventilation in metal

mines, outside coal-handling equipment, ladders and stairs for mines,

safety code for coal-mine transportation, fire-fighting equipment in

metal mines (with the National Fire Protection Association), and

mechanical loading underground in metal mines. The congress is represented on 10 additional sectional committees functioning under

A. E. S. C. procedure.

American Oil Burner Association, Leod D. Becker, managing

director, 350 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Organized in 1923

as an association of oil-burner manufacturers, the scope has been so enlarged as to include oil companies, manufacturers of accessory

equipment, and dealers. Committees of the association are appointed

by the president to prepare reports for approval by the whole membership. Recommendations of a committee on general trade practices have been formally adopted by the association. Committees

are now engaged on the preparation of standard specifications for oil
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 273

now nearing completion and on standard installation practice which

will probably be completed in 1928. Research work for the members of the association acting cooperatively is conducted under the

auspices of the Oil Heating Institute, the managing director of which

is also the managing director of the American Oil Burner Association.

American Oil Chemists 1 Society, J. C. P. Helm, secretary, 705

Tchoupitoulas Street, New Orleans, La. Although this society has

issued no specifications of its own, it has cooperated actively in the

standardization work of the Interstate Cotton Seed Crushers' Association. The president appoints from the membership of the society a committee of five well-known competent chemists to meet with the

rules committee of the Interstate Cotton Seed Crushers' Association

to formulate official methods of analysis for adoption by the association.

American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association (Inc.)>

G. B. Heckel, secretary, 509 The Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa. This

association was organized in October, 1926, as a consolidation of the

National Varnish Manufacturers Association and the Paint Manufacturers Association of the United States. Standardizing activities are carried on by a committee on simplification organized jointly by

the National Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association (Inc.) and the

American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association (Inc.), which

is continuing its efforts to minimize the number of varieties of paints

and varnishes and sizes of containers.

American Paper and Pulp Association, Hugh P. Baker, executive

secretary, 18 East Forty-first Street, New York, N. Y. This asso- ciation has cooperated actively in the recommendations relating to the standardization and simplification of paper issued by the division of simplified practice. It has an advisory committee actively

cooperating with the National Bureau of Standards in technical

matters relating to the manufacture of pulp and paper.

American Petroleum Institute, division of standardization, C. A.

Young, director, 1508 Kirby Building, Dallas, Tex. Special committees of the institute have formulated standards and specifications

for belting, boilers, cable tool joints, rigs and derricks, pipe, tubular

materials, rig irons, rotary drilling equipment, wire rope, manila

cordage, working barrels, sucker rods, internal-combustion engines,

and steel tanks. Work is now going forward on the formulation of

codes on recommended field practice covering the material contained

in the various standard specifications adopted to date. The institute

grants to manufacturers the right to use its official monogram in the

manufacturing of certain standardized equipment upon certifying

that the material so marked complies with all of the conditions and

specifications contained in the official publication of the institute

relating thereto. The institute reserves the right to revoke the license
274 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

to use its monogram for any reason satisfactory to the board of directors. The institute has inaugurated a very extensive gauge schedule

for casing, drill pipe, line pipe, tubing threads, and taper-joint threads

for rotary and cable tool drilling. A complete set of master gauges

for cable-drilling tool joints, standardized at the National Bureau of Standards, has been sent to each regional district. American Pharmaceutical Association, E. F. Kelly, secretary, 10

West Chase Street, Baltimore, Md. An important standardization

activity of this association has been the preparation of an authoritative formulary, extra to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, containing preparations of a nonsecret character which are used by physicians. The

fifth edition of the National Formulary was published in 1926. The

passage of the national food and drugs act on June 30, 1906 made the

National Formulary a legal standard and placed it on a par with the

U. S. Pharmacopoeia in legal standing. This association has seven

other committees working on standardization besides the committee on National Formulary and the committee on U. S. Pharmacopoeia

above mentioned. The committee on recipe book has completed the

first edition of this work, which is intended to be a supplement to the

Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary. The committee on

pharmaceutical syllabus cooperates with a similar committee from the

American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy and the National

Association of Boards of Pharmacy in preparing a minimum course to be taught in the various colleges of pharmacy. The committee on

horticultural nomenclature represents the association in cooperating

with other scientific bodies in this important endeavor. The committee on physiological testing interests itself in the development of processes for the testing of those drugs and preparations which do

not lend themselves to other methods of standardization. The committee on weights and measures has for its principal activity the extension of the use of the metric system in pharmacy. This committee

also gives consideration to the general subject of weights and measures

so far as they affect pharmacy. The committee on international

pharmaceutical nomenclature cooperates with foreign associations in

bringing about uniformity as far as possible. The committee to cooperate with committees from the American Association of Colleges

of Pharmacy and the National Association Boards of Pharmacy

to obtain prerequisite legislation cooperates with these associations

not only to bring about prerequisite legislation, but also to standardize these requirements as far as possible. In 1926 the association

organized a committee to investigate the light-protecting properties of various colored glass containers and to determine the amount of protection afforded or deterioration produced by light from the ultra- violet and infra-red regions of the spectrum. It is expected that the

investigations of this committee will result in the preparation of
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 275

specifications for colored glass containers for the protection of medicaments.

American Public Health Association, Homer N. Calver, secretary,

370 Seventh Avenue, New York, N. Y. In cooperation with the

American Water Works Association, the association formulated standard methods of water analysis, the sixth edition of which was issued

in 1925. The translation of this document into French and German

is now being considered by the health section of the League of

Nations. The association has recently revised its standard methods

of milk analysis, the fifth edition of which has just come from the

press. The standardization program covers standard record forms for

health departments, standard forms for the tabulation of vital statistics, and similar matters. The general direction of its activities

is towards the standardization of methods rather than of materials.

American Railway Association, H. J. Forster, secretary, 30 Vesey

Street, New York, N. Y. Four of the seven divisions of this asso- ciation are vitally concerned with standards and specifications,

namely, operating, which deals with problems of operation; engineering, which deals with the location, construction, and maintenance

of railroads; mechanical, which deals with the construction and maintenance of rolling stock; and purchases and stores, which deals with

the purchasing, storing, distribution, and selling of materials and

supplies. (See sketches of the operating, mechanical, and purchases

and stores divisions and the American Railwa}r Engineering Association, which functions as the engineering division.)

American Railway Association, Freight Container Bureau, Edward

Dahill, chief engineer, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. This bureau is functioning to develop and prepare standard specifications

for shipping containers for commodities other than explosives and

dangerous articles. Twenty-one recommended standard specifications for containers have already been issued. It is expected that 15

additional recommended standard specifications for containers will soon be issued.

American Railway Association, Mechanical Division, V. R.

Hawthorne, secretary, 431 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This division is a consolidation of the former Master Car Builders'

Association and the American Railway Master Mechanics Association, and it includes an equipment painting section composed of the

former Master Car and Locomotive Painters' Association. Committees of the equipment painting section are at work on standards for

the painting of cars and locomotives. Other committees of the

division are working on specifications and tests for materials and

standards for various parts of cars and locomotives. The division

has issued many specifications for materials. It has 15 committees

working on standardization in some form. It is represented officially
276 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(with 10 other organizations) on the joint committee on the investigation of the effect of phosphorus and sulphur in steel. It is also represented on three sectional committees functioning under A. E.

S. C. procedure.

American Railway Association, Operating Division, J. C. Caviston,

secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. The division carries on

the activities of the operating committees of the American Railway

Association, and, in addition, includes the activities of the former

Association of Railway Telegraph Superintendents, American Association of Local Freight Agents, American Railway Chief Special

Agents and Chiefs of Police Association, and the American Railway

Chief Surgeons' Association. The division keeps up to date and

handles all questions pertaining to the interpretation of the standard

code of train rules, the standard code of interlocking rules, and the

standard code of block signal rules, which codes are the basis for all such rules on American railways. Specifications for torpedoes and

recommended standards for flags and crossing-gate lanterns, gradecrossing warning approach signs, etc., have been adopted. The

telegraph and telephone section has prepared specifications for a

large number of items used by the telephone and telegraph departments of the railroads.

American Railway Association, Purchases and Stores Division,

W. J. Farrell, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. Work of

the division is carried on by committees dealing with subjects relating

to purchasing and stores department operations. The more important

recommendations include standard rules for railroad stores department operation (standard stock book and master stock book), standard rules for railroad purchasing department operation, standard

material classification, standard scrap classification, standard reclamation practices, unit piling of material (a standard practice for

storing and caring for materials and supplies), distribution of materials (standard plan for efficient handling and distribution of material

to the users), standard types of stores department buildings and

facilities, and standardization and simplification of stores stock.

American Railway Association, Signal Section, H. S. Balliet,

secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. The membership of this

organization comprises railroad officials who are connected in an

official or supervisory capacity with the design, construction, maintenance, or operation of railway signaling devices. A committee on

committees determines the scope of the activities of the various

committees as occasion may require. Members of these committees

are selected from the various railroad organizations and assigned to the particular subjects desired. Reports of the committees are analyzed and voted upon by the railroad representatives before they

are published as specifications in the section's "Manual of Recom-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 277

mended Practice." There are committees on mechanical interlocking, power interlocking, direct-current automatic block signaling, maintenance rules and instructions, standard designs, direct-current relays,

alternating-current automatic block signaling, wires and cables, signaling practice, batteries, contracts, electrical testing, lightning protection, valuation, oils, pole lines, direct-current track circuits, electric

railway track circuits, electric railway signaling, and highway crossing

protection. This organization is officially represented on eight sec- tional committees functioning under the procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee.

American Railway Association, Telegraph and Telephone Section,

W. A. Fairbanks, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. This

section functions as a part of the operating division, American

Railway Association. Sixteen standing committees are actively

engaged in carrying on the work of the section. Consideration is being given to over 100 subjects, including the following important

groups: Outside plant, inside plant, protection against electrolysis,

electrical protection, message traffic, communication transmission

development, accident prevention and first aid for communication

employees, and radio and wire carrier systems. A loose-leaf manual

and pocket handbook have been provided for use by engineering and

supervisory forces and field forces. These publications contain 118

recommendations and specifications.

American Railway Car Institute, W. C. Tabbert, secretary, 61

Broadway, New York, N. Y. Among the objects of the asso- ciation is to cooperate with railroads and other purchasers and

with allied industries for the purpose of bringing about a standardization of designs and specifications and a uniformity of methods of purchasing and inspection. It has representatives on 15 standardizing committees, several of which are cooperating actively with the

American Engineering Standards Committee, the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers, and the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards.

American Railway Engineering Association, E. H. Fritch, secre- tary, 431 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This association

functions also as the engineering division of the American Railway

Association. As such it is divided into three sections—construction

and maintenance, electrical, and signal. In the construction and

maintenance section are committees on roadway; ballast; ties; rails; track; buildings; wooden bridges and trestles; masonry; grade

crossings; records and accounts; rules and organizations; water

service; yards and terminals; iron and steel structures; economics of

railway location, wood preservation, uniform general contract forms; economics of railway operation; economics of railway labor;

shops and locomotive terminals; a special committee on stresses in
278 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

railroad track and a special committee on standardization. In the

electrical section are committees on electricity, overhead and thirdrail working conductors, and crossings of power and other service

wires. For the activities of the signal section, see American Railway

Association, signal section. The association is represented on the

joint committee on standard specifications for concrete and reinforced concrete (with four other organizations); on the joint committee on studies of boiler feed-water problems (with four other organizations); and, on the joint committee on concrete culvert pipe (with

six other organizations). It is joint sponsor for two sectional committees functioning under the rules of procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, as follows: Insulated wires and

cables for other than telephone and telegraph use (with nine other

organizations) and specifications for railroad ties (with the United

States Forest Service). The association and its sections are repre- sented on 32 additional sectional committees functioning under

A. E. S. C. procedure.

American Refractories Institute, Dorothy A. Texter, secretary,

Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. This institute has cooperated in the final development of simplification and standardization of refractories in the malleable iron industry. It maintains a fellowship at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. In 1927 its committee

on classification of fire clay shapes other than straight tile issued a code of rules and formulas covering this subject which has been

adopted by the institute. Tentative specifications for boiler refractories have been prepared, and surveys relating to other commodities

are in progress. American Sanatorium Association, Walter L. Rathburn, secretary,

Newton Memorial Hospital, Cassadaga, N. Y. The committee on

standardization of this association has formulated certain sanatorium

standards now being used by the National Tuberculosis Association

in rating the tuberculosis sanatoriums and hospitals in the United

States. American Short Line Railroad Association, T. F. Whittelsey,

secretary, 1319 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. The association

has organized a purchasing department conducted under the name

of the consolidated purchasing agency. Moreover, it is cooperating

in the preparation of standards and specifications through official representation on two sectional committees functioning under the

procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

American Shovel Institute, George D. Mcllvaine, secretary, Oliver

Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. This institute has taken an active and

leading part in the movement which resulted in the standardization of shovels, spades, and scoops set forth in Simplified PracticeRecommendation No. 48 issued by the United States Department

of Commerce.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 279

American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Raymond Olney,

secretary, St. Joseph, Mich. The society has developed a standard

testing and rating code for farm tractors that has been adopted by

the farm-equipment industry. It has also adopted standards for

the power take-off for farm tractors, and is at present in the process

of developing standards for disk blades for disk plows, disk harrows,

and rolling coulters; detachable link belting for farm machinery;

and a standard method of rating ensilage cutters. The standards

committee of the society has formulated a very comprehensive

program, involving all phases of the application of engineering to agriculture, including farm power and machinery, farm structures,

land reclamation, and rural electrification. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, A. V.

Hutchinson, secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York,

N. Y. The society has developed and adopted codes for the testing

of heating boilers and ventilating fans, and has established a method

for testing ventilation. Its most recent work is the development of a code for rating of low-pressure heating boilers at the request of the

United States Bureau of Mines. Another important project is the

standard code for heat transmission of walls to determine the effective- ness of insulating materials in building wall constructions. A recent code is that for testing air filters. Work is also under way on standards for heating and ventilating garages prepared by a committee

cooperating with the National Fire Protection Association. It has

received the cooperation of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers and the Heating and Piping Contractors National Association in the revision of its code for testing low-pressure boilers. Its research program is carried out at its own laboratory conducted

at the Pittsburgh Experiment Station of the United States Bureau

of Mines. In cooperation with the United States Department of Commerce the society has been able to eliminate the steam type of radiator in favor of the water type, which has been found to be

thoroughly satisfactory for steam heating. In cooperation with the

National Association of Fan Manufacturers and the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers it has developed a standard test code for disk and propeller fans, centrifugal fans, and blowers. It cooperated with the National Education Association in the preparation of a code on schoolhouse planning. It has also approved a standard code for the installation of warm-air furnaces in residences,

sponsored by the National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating

Association. The society is sponsor for two sectional committees

functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering

Standards Committee, as follows: Ventilation safety code and safety

code for exhaust systems. It is officially represented on six sectional

committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. Work is going
280 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

forward in the development of a code of minimum requirements for

the heating and ventilation of buildings, on a code for testing building

insulation, and on standard rating for low-pressure boilers. American Society of Civil Engineers, George T. Seabury, secre

tary, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Research and

standardization work of the society is carried on by special committees appointed by the board of direction. Such committees have

been organized to deal with the following subjects: Stresses in rail- road track, bridge design and construction, standard construction

contracts, electrification of steam railways, flood-protection data,

hydraulics phenomena, impact in highway bridges, irrigation hydraulics, concrete and reinforced concrete arches, steel column,

cement, engineering contract bonding, and arbitration. A special

research committee has been appointed to study the effects of earthquakes on engineering structures, with special reference to the Japanese earthquake of September 1, 1923. The society is represented on the joint committee on standard specifications for concrete and

reinforced concrete (with four other organizations), and on the joint concrete culvert pipe committee (with six other organizations). It

is joint sponsor for three sectional committees functioning under

the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee, as follows: Structural steel shapes (with the Association of American Steel Manufacturers and the Society of Naval Architects

and Marine Engineers), manhole frames and covers (with the tele- phone group of the A. E. S. C), and scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations (with four other organizations). It is offi- cially represented on 19 additional sectional committees functioning

under A. E. S. C. procedure.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Calvin W. Rice,

secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Sixteen

professional divisions of the society have been organized on aeronautics, applied mechanics, fuels, hydraulics, iron and steel, machineshop practice, management, materials handling, national defense, oil and gas power, petroleum, power, printing machinery, railroad, textiles, and wood industries. Beginning January, 1928, each professional division will have its own quarterly publication. The technical committee activity of the society has grown very rapidly during

the past nine years, until now 1,064 engineers and others are serving on the 250 committees for which the society is sponsor or joint

sponsor. Under the main research committee 30 special research

committees have been organized. Some of these projects have

grown out of the activities of standards committees. At the present

time 69 research workers are employed full or part time on the following projects: Boiler furnace refractories, fluid meters, lubrication,

spark arresters, steam tables, elevators, strength of gear teeth, sub-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 281

stitute species for domestic woods, and effect of temperature on properties of metals. New committees on fuels research, velocity measure- ment of fluid flow, and physical constants of several refrigerants will shortly be organized. Eleven of the research fellows are at work at the National Bureau of Standards. The dimensional standardization and safety activities of the society are carried forward under the

procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee. At

the present time the society is sponsor or joint sponsor for 22 sectional

committees on standards and 5 sectional committees preparing

safety codes. The projects covered by the standards committee are: Transmission chains and sprockets; shafting; plain limit gauges for

general engineering; ball bearings; elevators; gears; standardization

and unification of screw threads; pipe flanges and fittings; bolt, nut,

and rivet proportions; scheme for the identification of piping systems;

small tools and machine tool elements; screw threads for fire-hose

couplings; plain and lock washers; machine pins; standards for drawings and drafting room practice; code for pressure piping; standards

for graphic presentation; pipe threads; wire and sheet metal gauges

wrought-iron and wrought-steel pipe and tubing; and motor frames.

The safety code committees are drafting national codes on mechanical power transmission apparatus; elevators; conveyors and conveying machinery; machinery for compressing air, and cranes, derricks,

and hoists. The society is represented on 69 additional sectional

committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. Recently the

following sponsorships have been accepted and sectional committees

are being organized to formulate the standards and codes : Plumbing

equipment, wire and sheet-metal gauges, wrought-iron and wroughtsteel pipe and tubing, and dimensions for electrical motor frames.

One of the society's most notable technical committee accomplishments is the development of the A. S. M. E. Boiler Construction Code

and its eight supplementary codes and interpretations. The code has

been officially adopted by 19 States and 15 cities in this country.

These codes cover boilers of locomotives; care of steam boilers in

service; heating boilers; material specifications; miniature boilers;

rules for inspection, unfired pressure vessels, and welding. The

preparation of the society's standard tests of power-plant and heat

apparatus, such as are most commonly undertaken in connection

with commercial transactions, is in the hands of a group of 20 committees guided by the main committee on power-test codes. Each of

these " individual committees" was organized to undertake the re- vision or formulation of a test code for such apparatus as: Boilers;

steam engines; steam and hydraulic turbines; pumping machinery;

compressors, blowers, and fans; locomotives; gas producers; and gas

and oil engines. This group of codes covers also such general topics

as: General instructions; definitions and values; fuels; stationary
282 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

steam boilers; reciprocating steam engines; steam turbines; reciprocating steam-driven displacement pumps; centrifugal and rotarypumps; displacement compressors and blowers; centrifugal and

turbo compressors and blowers; complete steam power plants;

condenser, water heating, and cooling equipment; refrigerating sys- tems; evaporating apparatus; steam locomotives; gas producers;

internal-combustion engines ; hydraulic power plants; instruments and

apparatus; and speed-responsive governors. The society has published in pamphlet form 14 dimensional standards; 2 safety codes, 2 research reports, and 15 power-test codes.

American Society for Municipal Improvements, C. W. S. Sammelman, secretary, Commercial Building, St. Louis, Mo. Nine committees of the society are at work revising the existing specifications

relating to bituminous, brick, cement, concrete, stone-block, and woodblock pavements; also sidewalks and curbs. They have prepared

specifications for broken stone and gravel roads, for sewers, and for girder rails. A standard municipal contract form has also been

prepared. The society's specifications, which are used as guides

for municipal engineers, are kept in harmony with the current specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials. These

two societies and the American Association of State Highway Officials and the United States Bureau of Public Roads are joint sponsors

for the sectional committee on method of test for penetration of bituminous materials, functioning under the rules of procedure of

the American Engineering Standards Committee. The society is officially represented on nine additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. It cooperates officially with

several other societies, including National Research Council, the

Illuminating Engineering Society, and the American Engineering

Council.

American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, W. H. Ross, secre- tary, 37 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. The society

has officially adopted a test code for steam-driven ice-manufacturing

plants, a standard ton for refrigeration, specifications for synchronous

motors for direct-connected ammonia compressors, and test code for refrigerating systems. The last mentioned was formulated in cooperation with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. It is serving as sponsor for the sectional committee on safety code for

mechanical refrigeration and is officially represented on seven additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

American Society of Safety Engineers. [See National Safety

Council.)

American Society of Sanitary Engineering, Frank L. Maar, secre- tary, 24 Washington Street, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. This society

functions through officers and committees which are appointed at its
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 283

annual conventions. It is serving as joint sponsor with the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers under A. E. S. C. procedure for a

sectional committee working on the standardization of plumbing

equipment.

American Society for Steel Treating, W. H. Eisenman, secretary,

4600 Prospect Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. Technical committees

of the society are now at work on the following subjects: Tool steel,

measuring case depth, heat treatment of water and oil hardening

gears, hardness testing of metals, mechanism of cementation, and

the heat treatment of crane chains, steel castings, relation of design

to heat treatment, heat treatment of spring steels, and heat treat- ment of spline shafts. The society is represented on the joint committee on definitions of terms relating to heat treatment (with the

American Society for Testing Materials and the Society of Automotive

Engineers), and other cooperative committees of these societies and

the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, National Research

Council, United States Bureau of Mines, the National Bureau of

Standards, the War Department, and the institute of metals division

of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.

American Specification Institute, Gardner C. Coughlen, acting

executive secretary, 160 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. As an

important step in the development of standardized specifications to accompany drawings for building construction and equipment, the

institute issues the Specification Record, comprising bulletins, specifications, outlines of specifications, and other correlated data. Specifications and information collected by the institute from other organizations and sources are made available for the use of institute members

by actual distribution in the form of bulletins and the Specification

Record.

American Vitrified China Manufacturers Association, Arthur E.

Mayer, president, care of Mayer China Co., Beaver Falls, Pa. This

association has taken an active part in the elimination of excess sizes and varieties of chinaware under the auspices of the division of

simplified practice, having cooperated in the initiation and formulation of simplified practice recommendations relating to chinaware

for hotels, dining cars, hospitals, cafeterias, and restaurants. American Walnut Manufacturers Association, George N. Lamb,

secretary, 616 South Michigan Boulevard, Chicago, 111. All the

committees of the association are appointed by its president. It has an inspection rules committee for walnut lumber which is studying

the effects of a certain proposal for the grading of hardwood lumber

upon the products of the members of the industry. Its veneer committee is investigating the possibilities of standardizing methods

of manufacture and classification of walnut veneers. 91096—28 19
284 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

American Warehousemen's Association, Ralph C. Stokell, executive secretary, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. Through its committee on simplification of forms and methods the association

initiated the movement which resulted in the preparation of the

simplified practice recommendation relating to warehouse forms.

American Water Works Association, Council of Standardization,

George W. Fuller, chairman, 170 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The

association has organized committees to deal with private fire protection services, standard specifications for water meters, standard

brass fittings and standard form of contract, and is officially represented on the American Committee of Electrolysis. Nine committees are now functioning in preparing material for a revised edition

of the "Manual of Water Works Practice," as follows: Methods of

water analysis, practicable loadings for purification processes, industrial wastes in relation to water supply, pumping station betterments,

physical standards for distribution system, standard specifications

for cast-iron pipe and specials, service connection practice, filter sand

testing and recording, and boiler feed water studies. The council

has added committees on steel standpipes and water towers and steel pipe lines. In cooperation with the American Public Health Association, the American Water Works Association publishes "Standard

Methods of Water Analyses," the sixth edition of which was issued

in 1925. In cooperation with four other organizations the association is making a study of boiler feed water problems. The association is joint sponsor for two standardization projects under the rules

of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee, as

follows—specifications for cast-iron pipe and special castings (with

three other organizations) and screw threads for fire-hose couplings

(with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the National

Board of Fire Underwriters). It is officially represented on three

additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C.

procedure.

American Welding Society, M. M. Kelly, secretary, 29 West

Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. For the purpose of joining

with other societies, associations, and Government departments in

cooperative research and standardization in welding, the society has

organized the American Bureau of Welding, which coordinates and

controls all research and standardization in welding of the society and

also acts as the welding research department of the National Research

Council. (See American Bureau of Welding.)

American Wood-Preservers' Association, E. J. Stocking, secretary,

111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. One of the duties assigned

to the executive committee is the printing of a "Manual of Recommended Practice" in which are published the specifications and

standards approved by the association, which now number 41. At
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 285

the 1928 annual meeting, reports relating directly or indirectly to the

revisions of old material in, and the addition of new material to, the

manual will be presented by committees on the following subjects:

Preservatives; preservative treatments; inspection; tie service re- ords; pole service records, posts, and research. The association is represented on the National Committee on Wood Utilization, on the

joint committee on methods of test for petroleum oils for wood

preservation (with the American Society for Testing Materials), and

on the joint committee to determine the strength of Douglas fir with

relation to moisture content (with the American Railway Engineering

Association, the United States Forest Products Laboratory, and the

West Coast lumber producers) . It is also represented on three sec- tional committees functioning under rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

American Zinc Institute (Inc.), Stephen S. Tuthill, secretary, 27

Cedar Street New York, N. Y. Standardization activities of the

institute are confined to cooperation with other organizations, especially the American Engineering Standards Committee and the American Society for Testing Materials. It is joint sponsor with the

A. S. T. M. for the A. E. S. C. sectional committees on zinc and

zinc ores and is officially represented on the A. E. S. C. zinc coating

sectional committee under A. S. T. M. sponsorship.

Arkansas Soft Pine Bureau, B. Greaves, secretary, Boyle Building,

Little Rock, Ark. This association's rules for soft pine lumber con- form to the American standards for yard lumber. It has adopted

the wood moldings and universal sizes formulated under the auspices

of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards.

Artistic Lighting Equipment Association, Granville P. Rogers,

managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. The

association's standardization committee, appointed by the board of directors, is empowered to act on all questions of standardization

submitted to it. It reports its findings and recommendations to the

board of directors, who in turn submit the matter to the membership

at a general meeting of the association. The advisability of standardizing holders for receiving the new type of inside-frosted lamps

is now being given consideration.

Ash Handle Association, C. E. Bell, secretary, care of La Fontaine Handle Co., Decatur, Ind. This association has adopted grading rules for ash handles for forks, hoes, rakes, shovels, and similar

implements. Its cooperative work with other organizations is carried

out under the auspices of the National Association of Wood Turners

(Inc.).

The Asphalt Association, J. E. Pennypacker, secretary, 441 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association's work of standardization is carried on in cooperation with various interested organiza-
286 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tions, such as the American Society for Testing Materials, the

American Society for Municipal Improvements, and the division of simplified practice of the United States Department of Commerce

in connection with the elimination of unnecessary grades of asphalt,

The association is conducting research which will tend toward

standardization of certain details of paving mixture design, this work

being done in cooperation with the Association of Asphalt Paving

Technologists. Work is going forward on the development of a standard test for measuring and controlling the stability of asphalt

paving mixtures.

Asphalt Shingle and Roofing Association, J. S. Bryant, secretary,

285 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Although the association

has formulated no specifications, members of the association have

cooperated actively with the Underwriters' Laboratories, the Federal

Specifications Board, and the American Society for Testing Materials

in the preparation of specifications for roofing products. All of the

members of the association, by official unanimous resolution, have

signified their willingness to supply asphalt and roofing materials

complying with Federal Government master specifications.

The Associated Cooperage Industries of America, C. G. Hirt,

secretary and manager, B-20 Railway Exchange Building, St. Louis,

Mo. Included among the various activities of the association are the establishment and maintenance of uniform grades for barrel

material, and standard specifications for various types of cooperage.

It has been cooperating with the Freight Container Bureau regarding the standardization of slack barrels for packing glass tableware,

and the recommendations submitted have been approved. It has

also cooperated with the Bureau of Explosives on tight barrels. Whenever called upon to do so, the executive committee investigates

any complaint filed by members for violation of its code of ethics or

unfair dealing and takes such action thereon as the circumstances

may require. The traffic department, an important activity of the

association, handles all matters pertaining to the transportation of

cooperage and takes necessary steps in protecting the traffic interests

of its members. An inspection service is maintained to pass upon

the quality of cooperage material, in accordance with the established

grade rules and specifications, at either the mill yard or destination.

It is furnished on the request of members when made in compliance

with the association's inspection rules. The association also maintains an arbitration service for the purpose of rendering an impartial

decision on any matters in controversy between members submitted

to arbitration by them in accordance with the arbitration code.

Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, Inspection

Department, H. O. Lacount, consulting engineer, 184 High Street,

Boston 9, Mass. The association has formulated and published a
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 287

large number of specifications for hazardous-process safeguards,

water-supply equipment, sprinkler systems, fire-protective appliances,

etc. Manufacturing firms are permitted to use the association's

identification mark of approval on devices specifically approved by

the association as to both design and construction. The inspection

department also issues a semiannual fist of its approved appliances

and a monthly publication covering the loss experience of the factory

mutual companies and matters of special interest from the standpoint of fire safety. The association cooperates with the American

Society for Testing Materials and the National Bureau of Standards

in standardization in fire-protection engineering. As a member of

the fire-protection group the association is joint sponsor (with the

American Society for Testing Materials) for a sectional committee

on rubber-lined fire hose, functioning under the rules of procedure

of the American Engineering Standards Committee. This group is represented on 10 additional sectional committees functioning under

A. E. S. C. procedure.

Associated General Contractors of America (Inc.), R. C. Marshall,

jr., general manager, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. This

association conducts its standardization work principally in cooperation with various groups including manufacturers, engineering and

architectural societies, and such agencies as the American Engineering Standards Committee, Federal Specifications Board, Department

of Commerce, and the Joint Conference on Construction Practices.

Its work of standardizing concrete mixers has been completed through

agreement between the association and all mixer manufacturers

of the country producing any considerable quantity of construction

machines. The machines standardized carry a name plate designating that they comply with A. G. C. standards, which assures the

purchaser of definite capacity and a satisfactory degree of per- formance. The manufacturers enter into agreement with the

association to abide by the standards, and if they fail to do so may

be denied the use of the plates. Other lines of equipment under

consideration for standardization are hoists and derricks, steam

shovels, and wheelbarrows. The association has given its approval

to practically all of the recommended practices of the Department

of Commerce pertaining to construction materials. In conjunction

with the engineering and architectural societies, operating through

what is known as the joint conference on standard construction

contracts, two standard documents have been developed, one for building construction, known as the standard document of the

American Institute of Architects, and one for private engineering

work, which is now issued by the joint conference. Independent

of this work, a standard form of municipal contract has been developed jointly with the American Society for Municipal Improve-
288 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ments. In addition to the actual contracts themselves, a standard

form of proposal has been developed for private building work.

Standard methods of computing equipment rentals have been

adopted, and a standard form of rental agreement used by contractors

as either lessor or lessee is now in effect. The association is working

in cooperation with the Bureau of Internal Revenue to establish

standard methods of handling depreciation on construction equipment. Tentative recommendations have been formulated and

adoption of the standards in the near future is expected.

Associated Knit Underwear Manufacturers of America, Roy ACheney, secretary, Union Station, Utica, N. Y. The association has

adopted a standard method of testing the breaking strength of knitted fabrics and standard sizes for various kinds of underwear.

"Work is now being done on the development of instructions for

washing knit rayon underwear, and the simplification in sizes of

fiber shipping containers. The association has organized a committee to cooperate with the Federal Specifications Board in the preparation of knit underwear specifications. The association has adopted

a standard mark protected by law, to be used by manufacturers on garments made to measurements certified to conform to tables

compiled by the National Bureau of Standards under license from

the association. A committee composed of jobbers, retailers, and

manufacturers has the right to revoke the license upon due proof

that the use of the standard mark has been willfully and knowingly

abused. The association tentatively adopted certain symbols for

designating different models of knit underwear and methods of measuring all kinds of underwear. It is making an investigation of the effect of twist in cotton yarn upon shrinkage of knitted fabrics

made of this yarn, and an effort is being made to eliminate unnecessary sizes of boxes used in packing underwear.

Associated Metal Lath Manufacturers, Wharton Clay, commissioner, 123 West Madison Street, Chicago, 111. Standardization

activities of the association have been confined largely to the elimination of excess varieties and sizes of metal lath through the division

of simplified practice of the United States Department of Commerce.

The association is cooperating in the activities of the American

Concrete Institute, American Construction Council, American

Society for Testing Materials, National Federation of Construction

Industries, and National Fire Protection Association. It is repre- sented on two sectional committees functioning under the procedure

of the American Engineering Standards Committee. It is also co- operating with the Department of Commerce building code committee, the Pacific Coast Building Officials Conference, and the

Florida Building Officials Conference on the compilation of a uniform

building code, and has published a pamphlet dealing with safety
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 289

from fire, in which are included certain recommended building ordi- nances. It has also published specifications for metal-lath construction, a solid partition handbook, and many other pamphlets regarding

plaster and stucco. Associated Tile Manufacturers, M. A. Illing, secretary, 420

Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association initiated

the movement which resulted in the development of the simplified

practice recommendation relating to white glazed tiles and unglazed

ceramic mosaic, including a color scheme for grade marking and the

issuing of package-grade or master-grade certificates. This association has also standardized a set of specifications for the installation

of tiles which have been published under the title " Basic Specifications for Tiles and Tilework."

The Associates for Government Service (Inc.), E. Stagg Whitin,

president, 730 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. One of the important functions of the organization is to assist State and city governments in coordinating their purchases under selected commodity

specifications. It is formulating specifications for commodities manufactured in the prisons of one State and sold to purchasing departments of other States. These specifications are developed as a result

of actual durability tests made in institutions and guided by committees of practical housewives. To supplement prison-made goods

the Associates for Government Service has compiled a list of manufacturers whose quality of merchandise and ability to deliver in con- formity with specified requirements make them eligible to receive

the association's certification. This certification is granted with

conditions for inspection at the source of production and is subject

to cancellation for failure in any way to live up to the specified

requirements. The organization was officially represented on the

advisory board which cooperated with the United States Department of Commerce in the preparation of the National Directory of Commodity Specifications.

Association of American Soap and Glycerine Producers (Inc.),

Roscoe C. Edlund, manager, 45 East Seventeenth Street, New York,

N. Y. The only standardization activities of this organization

are conducted by its glycerine group under the auspices of the

Glycerine Producers' Association, one of the parts of the Association

of American Soap and Glycerine Producers (Inc.).

Association of American Steel Manufacturers, J. O. Leech, secre- tary, care of Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. For 30 years the

activities of this association have been devoted to standardization.

It has issued specifications for structural and boiler steel, concrete reinforcement bars, rails, tie-plates, and bar steels. It has formulated standards of sampling and permissible variations for check

analysis and established permissible rolling variations for hot-rolled
290 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

bars and bar sizes of angles, tees, zees, and channels. The association

is represented on the Joint Committee on Investigation of the Effect

of Phosphorus and Sulphur in Steel (with 10 other organizations).

It is a member of the American Society for Testing Materials and the

American Engineering Standards Committee, and has cooperated

with these and other national standardizing bodies, including the

American Railway Association and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' boiler code committee, in promoting standard specifications. It is represented on three sectional committees functioning

under A. E. S. C. procedure.

Association of American Wood Pulp Importers, Hans Lagerloef,

president, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association

is represented officially (with the American Paper and Pulp Association and the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry) on a joint committee on approved pulp testing chemists for the paper

industry of the United States, which has formulated rules for the

weighing, sampling, and testing of wood pulp. The association is endeavoring to secure a uniform selling contract for wood pulp

imported from Finland, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. A panel of

six members have been picked from the association by the American

Arbitration Association, to be drawn from in case of disputes.

Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Charles A. Mullen,

secretary-treasurer, 84 Saint Antoine Street, Montreal, Canada.

This organization, which is international in scope, has committees on

present practice, research problems, subgrade problems, and professional practice. No final reports or recommendations for definite

standards have as yet been formulated.

Association of Dairy, Food, and Drug Officials of the United

States, W. G. Geagley, secretary, Lansing, Mich. This organization

is referred to by the short title "The Association of Food Officials. "

Its membership is restricted to individuals officially attached to Federal, State, county, or municipal departments or units legally

responsible for the enforcement of regulatory dairy, food, and drug

laws. Through its officers and members, the association promotes

and fosters the enactment and enforcement of uniform legislation and

administrative procedure and encourages cooperation among Federal,

State, county, and municipal officials. The association has made

recommendations for definite standards for dairy, food, and drug

products which may serve as guides for legislative action; proposals

for sanitation in the production, manufacture, and distribution and

sale of food and drug products.

Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, Preston S. Millar,

secretary, Eightieth Street and East End Avenue, New York, N. Y.

While promotion of the work of standardization is not one of the

primary functions for which this association was originated, never-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 291

theless it is joint sponsor for two sectional committees functioning

under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards

Committee, as follows: Insulated wires and cables for other than

telephone and telegraph use (with nine other organizations), and

rules for electricity meters ("Code for Electricity Meters") (with the

National Bureau of Standards and National Electric Light Association). It has recently revised a storage-battery manual which is in

effect a code of storage-battery practice, and in cooperation with the

Illuminating Engineering Society, it is preparing specifications for

residence fighting luminaries. As a member of the electric light and

power group, it is sponsor for the sectional committee on miscellaneous

fine materials. It is represented on 20 additional sectional committees

functioning under the A. E. S. C. procedure.

Association of Electragists, International, Laurence W. Davis,

general manager, 15 West Thirty-seventh Street, New York, N. Y.

The association has organized a committee on electragists standards

for wiring installations. This committee, in conjunction with the

technical staff of the association, has drawn up a complete outline

for the proposed standards and has published a preliminary draft of

three sections. The association is joint sponsor with the American

Institute of Architects and the American Institute of Electrical

Engineers for a sectional committee on symbols for electrical equipment of buildings, functioning under the rules of procedure of the

American Engineering Standards Committee. It is represented on

three additional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

Association of Feed Control Officials of the United States, L. E.

Bopst, secretary, College Park, Md. One of the important activities

of this organization is the formulation of standards and the adoption

of definitions for feeding stuffs. It has formulated a uniform feed

law which is being used as a model for adoption by the various States.

Its yearbook contains the definitions and standards, uniform registration forms, uniform labels for different types of feeding stuffs,

recommendations for labeling, and registration of mineral mixture

feeds that have been adopted by the association, as well as other

information relating to the work of the association. It cooperates

with the Federal Specifications Board in the formulation of the United

States Government master specifications for feeds and forage.

Association of Governmental Labor Officials of the United States

and Canada, Louise E. Schutz, secretary, 612 Bremer Arcade, St. Paul, Minn. The association is composed of the officials of the

departments of labor and industry of the various States and Provinces. Its standardization activities have been confined largely to the formulation and promulgation of industrial safety codes. By

formal resolution the president was authorized to appoint a committee on uniform safety laws in order to facilitate the adoption of
292 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

uniform safety codes in the States. It has organized a standing

committee on uniform statistical nomenclature, with the United

States Commissioner of Labor Statistics as chairman, to formulate

a standard plan for compiling industrial statistics to assist in accident

prevention. It has urged the adoption by the State departments of

the safety codes developed in cooperation with the American Engineering Standards Committee. The association is joint sponsor, with

the Laundryowners National Association and the National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies, for the sectional committee on

safety code for laundries functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

It is represented on 13 additional safety-code sectional committees.

Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers, John F. Kelly,

business manager, Empire Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Standardization of equipment and operating practices pertaining to the electrical

operation of steel mills is the major activity of this association. It has formulated and adopted rules for the safe operation of electric

overhead traveling cranes and engine stops. It also has adopted

standard specifications for electric overhead traveling cranes, main

roll drive motors, and general purpose motors for driving steel mill

auxiliaries. Standard dimensions for ball and roller bearings, used

in steel mill motors, have also been adopted, making it possible to interchange any of the several makes of antifriction bearings in a standard motor. During the coming year an attempt will be made

to standardize on antifriction bearing ratings and dimensions for

large mill bearings. The safety committee of the association will develop rules for the installation and safe handling of high-tension

switches and transmission lines. Another committee will investigate

the requirements for sizes and grades of brushes now being furnished

with electrical equipment.

Association of Manufacturers of Chilled Car Wheels, G. E. Doke,

president, McCormick Building, Chicago, 111. This association has

adopted specifications for chilled tread wheels for standard railway

and industrial service and has cooperated with the American Railway

Association, Mechanical Division, in the formulation of specifications for chilled tread wheels for locomotives, tenders, and cars. It has adopted specifications for foundry standard, inspection and

tests for chilled tread wheels, a uniform cost-accounting system, and

a uniform guaranty for 33-inch chilled car wheels. It furnishes

standard samples of car-wheel iron for laboratory use and maintains

completely equipped chemical, physical, and micro research laboratories. It has a standing committee in connection with the specifications for the foundry standard, chilled car wheel, and a committee

covering chilled wheel design development.

The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, W. W. Skinner,

secretary, P. O. Box 290, Pennsylvania Avenue Station, Washington,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 293

D. C. Representatives of this association serve with members of

the American Association of Dairy, Food, and Drug Officials and of

the United States Department of Agriculture on a Joint Committee

on Definitions and Standards for Food Products. The association

cooperates with the American Public Health Association in the

preparation of standard methods of milk analysis, and with the

committee on revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia in the

revision of the methods of tests for medicinal products. This asso- ciation has published a book of methods of analysis, and these methods

are accepted as authoritative in matters at issue before the Federal

and State courts. Association of Railway Electrical Engineers, J. A. Andreucetti,

secretary, Chicago & North Western Terminal, Chicago, 111. The

association has adopted performance specifications for short-time-duty

electric motors and has prepared recommendations concerning the

operation of train lighting, locomotive fighting, train-control equipment, manual on standard illumination for railway buildings and

standardization of electric construction and maintenance practice,

and electric welding and heating practice. It is joint sponsor, with

nine other organizations, for the sectional committee on insulated

wires and cables for other than telephone and telegraph use and is officially represented on the sectional committee on electrical safety

code functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

Better Bedding Alliance of America, S. J. Mills, secretary, 440

South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Among the stated objects of

this association is the encouragement of proper labeling of bedding

and the discouragement of any practice of deception. Its committee on publicity has been engaged actively in conducting educational

publicity to show the public what to buy in mattresses. It cooperated in the establishment of recognized types and sizes of beds,

springs, and mattresses under the auspices of the division of simplified

practice. This organization has recently appointed a committee to establish a standard name for each material used to fill mattresses,

or put them in groups with standard names. It will also put mattresses and pillow filling materials into two groups, under the headings

of "new materials" and " previously used materials."

Building Officials' Conference, H. E. Plummer, president, City

Hall, Portland, Oreg.; Fred W. Lumis, secretary, Building Commission, City Hall, Springfield, Mass. The interest of this organization

in standardization is in connection with materials used in building

construction, devices and appliances used in connection with building

operations, and matters of workmanship or manufacture, and building

requirements or regulations in general. It has been active in connection with the standardization of requirements for lime, stucco, and

hollow and solid building units. In 1926 reports were prepared on
294 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

wallboard and on steel joists. Plans are now being formulated for the

preparation of a standard building code covering the fundamentals

of building regulations.

Bureau of Envelope Manufacturers of America, Charles R. Stevenson, secretary-treasurer, 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York,

N. Y. This association has functioned from time to time as a committee of the whole industry, in cooperation with nonmember

companies, to establish standards for the industry on standard

substance number bases for paper for envelopes, standard nomenclature and sizes of envelopes, and standard tolerances for overruns and

underruns on* customers' orders. It has organized a standing committee on standardization which is attempting to obtain greater

standardization of envelope sizes and styles, reduction in number of standard sizes and styles, and simplification of nomenclature.

Bureau of Explosives, Col. B. W. Dunn, chief inspector, 30 Vesey

Street, New York, N. Y. This bureau functions as an agency for

cooperation between the Interstate Commerce Commission and the

American Railway Association so far as concerns the standardization

of containers for explosives and other dangerous articles. Specifications for such containers are published by the bureau in accordance

with the regulations of the commission. The bureau maintains a chemical laboratory for the study of explosives and containers, and a

force of traveling inspectors to insure compliance with the requirements of the specifications.

California Redwood Association, R. F. Hammatt, secretarymanager, 24 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. Standardization

work of this association is carried on in cooperation with the Central

Committee on Lumber Standards and the National Lumber Manufacturers Association. It has issued grading rules which conform in

essential particulars with American lumber standards.

Canners League of California, Preston McKinney, vice president

and secretary, 112 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. Fruit and

vegetable standards formulated by committees of this organization

appointed by its board of directors have been widely adopted. Its standard contract for canned goods has been formally approved by

the National Wholesale Grocers- Association. Working in cooperation with growers' associations and the California Development

Association, the league has secured the passage of a law which re- quires that all canned peaches, pears, apricots, and cherries of a grade below standards be marked with the word " seconds," embossed

in the top of the can. Working in conjunction with the California

State Board of Health, it has secured the passage of the canned vegetable inspection act, which provides protection to the entire industry

against the processing of vegetables susceptible to botulinus in a manner which is not safe. The league has adopted buying sizes for
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 295

cherries and plums. It cooperated with the California Canning

Peach Growers in further improving the terms of buying contracts,

both as to size of fruit and method of receiving. It has formulated

specifications for canned fruits, and issued a booklet containing not

alone standards, but digest of the " seconds" law, pro rata deliveryrules, etc. A new edition of this booklet, now in course of preparation, will include new standards for pie fruit and fruits for salad. The preserving section of the league has adopted specifications and

instructions to inspectors on strawberries; and approved standards on fresh fruit preserves and jelly. Its future work will consist of

standardization of canned tomatoes, fruit in cans smaller than those

designated in the specifications booklet, standardization of hydrometers used in its plants, and standardization of the nomenclature of

tin cans used in the industry.

Cast Iron Pipe Research Association, A. M. Campbell, chairman,

care of Glamorgan Pipe & Foundry Co., Lynchburg, Va. Standardization work of this association is confined largely to its cooperation

in the activities of the sectional committee on specifications for cast- iron pipe and special castings under the auspices of the American

Engineering Standards Committee; the compilation and publishing

of existing standards and specifications of cast-iron pipe, and the

investigation, through its technical committee, of changes in the

standardization and improvement in laying dimensions of various

pipe and fittings; the maintenance of a research associate on soil corrosion and electrolysis at the National Bureau of Standards; the

dissemination of information regarding the construction of water

works and promotional literature regarding the same where requested

by civic bodies.

Certified Milk Producers Association of America (Inc.)? Harris

Moak, secretary, 360 Park Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. This association

makes use of methods and standards for the production and distri- bution of " certified milk," formulated and officially adopted by the

American Association of Medical Milk Commissions (Inc.).

Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, Department of Manufacture, E. W. McCullough, manager, Washington,

D. C. During the seven years of its existence tins department has

been cooperating actively with the United States Department of Commerce in the movement toward the elimination of waste in

industry through standardization and simplification. Because of its friendly relations with business, the chamber of commerce has maintained contact with over 750,000 firms, corporations, and others

engaged in business covering practically every avenue of industry.

Through these relations with industry it has been able to act in a

liaison capacity in bringing forward from time to time trade groups,

both organized and unorganized, in which it has stimulated interest
296 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

in the program for waste elimination. Many of these groups had

arrived at the point where they were ready to reach a determination

as to a simplified practice program. In the course of the past seven

years many such groups have been brought in contact with the

division of simplified practice, and the work taken up from that point

and carried on in many instances to successful consummation. It has

assisted the United States Department of Commerce in explaining

to industry the service which it is rendering and has urged the need

for cooperation in many lines of industry in order to carry on the

work. It has suggested to many manufacturing groups concerned

in the establishment of definite standards both as to their materials

and products the advisability of maintaining contact with the

National Bureau of Standards. Through its department of manufacture, the chamber of commerce has in many cases cooperated with

the division of simplified practice in the formulation of simplified

practice recommendations. It is officially represented on the

planning committee acting in an advisory capacity to the division

of simplified practice, and on the advisory board which cooperated

with the United States Department of Commerce in the preparation

of the National Directory of Commodity Specifications. The

organization is officially represented on two sectional committees

functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering

Standards Committee.

Clay Products Association, George C. D. Lenth, secretary, Chamber of Commerce Building, Chicago, 111. This association is made up

of manufacturers of vitrified salt glazed clay sewer pipe, drain tile, wall coping, segmental block, and flue lining. The association maintains a fellowship at Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, where

studies are being made on the processes of the manufacturing of the

above articles, as well as improvements in manufacturing. The

association has several committees, among which is the committee on standardization, which has been in close cooperation with the

National Bureau of Standards. In addition to having membership

in technical organizations of various kinds, the association is a member

of the American Society for Testing Materials and has adopted that

society's specifications for clay sewer pipe and drain tile. The asso- ciation maintains a staff of engineers for the purpose of promoting

its commodities and for the education of engineers and users of their

products.

Coal Mining Institute of America, H. D. Mason, jr., secretary,

Edensburg, Pa. This organization takes an active part in the mining

standardization work going forward under the auspices of the American Engineering Standards Committee. It inaugurated the move- ment which resulted in the calling of the conference of coal producers,

dealers, and consumers which recommended the formation of a
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 297

sectional committee on the classification of coal based upon chemical

and physical characteristics. It is officially represented on 10

sectional committees functioning, under A. E. S. C. procedure.

Commission on Standardization of Biological Stains, H. J. Conn,

chairman, Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. The

commission is a cooperative organization (noncommercial) affiliated with the National Research Council and receives financial support

from the Chemical Foundation. The following societies have official connection with it and are cooperating through its agency : American

Association of Anatomists, Society of American Bacteriologists,

Botanical Society of America, American Chemical Society, Inter- national Association of Medical Museums, American Association of

Pathologists and Bacteriologists, and the American Society of Zoologists. It has formulated 42 specifications for biological stains. For batches of stains submitted to it and found satisfactory it issues

certificates in the form of labels to be attached to bottles containing

the stains. Common Brick Manufacturers ' Association of America, Ralph P. Stoddard, secretary, Guarantee Title Building, Cleveland, Ohio. In

cooperation with the American Face Brick Association, this association submitted to the division of simplified practice the resolution

which resulted in the conference at which the industry adopted a standard size for face brick and common brick. It also cooperated in

the initiation of the work on the building code committee of the

United States Department of Commerce. It maintains a research

associate at the National Bureau of Standards investigating the

physical properties of different grades of brick and brick masonry.

This association has prepared a standard section on " building code

requirements for brick masonry" which has been submitted for the

approval of a committee of disinterested experts, and which will,

after approval, be available for use in any building code. The

technical staff of the association assisted in formulating the new

tentative A. S. T. M. building brick specification.

Compressed Gas Manufacturers' Association, Franklin R. Fetherston, secretary, 120 West Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y.

Many standardization activities of this association are conducted

under the auspices of the American Engineering Standards Committee. With the American Gas Association and the International

Acetylene Association it forms the gas group of the A. E. S. C. It is officially represented on the sectional committees on identification of piping systems and safety codes for gas, mechanical refrigeration,

high-pressure piping, and compressed air machinery, functioning

under A. E. S. C. procedure. The association also cooperates with

the Bureau of Explosives in assisting the Interstate Commerce

Commission in the preparation of specifications covering gas trans-
298 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

portation equipment. Other standards for equipment used in the

compressed-gas industry are also developed from time to time as association standards. It has formulated tentative rules for the

safe handling and use of compressed gas cylinders and its executive

board has recommended that the members adopt as standard practice

the stenciling on each cylinder the name of the gas contained therein.

Concrete Products Association, Austin Crabbs, secretary, Box 343,

Davenport, Iowa. Although this association has not formulated any

standards or specifications, it has devised ways and means for insuring

that its members manufacture products to meet the requirements of

certain nationally recognized specifications, such as those of the

American Concrete Institute and the American Society for Testing

Materials. The association issues certificates of quality to its members when it is found that their products meet the requirements

of the American Concrete Institute standards. Before a member can

receive a certificate of quality, his product is tested by a representative of the association to ascertain whether or not it meets the requirements. These certificates are good for only the balance of the

membership year, and renewals can be obtained only upon tests made

of new specimens.

Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, M. A. Beeman, secretary,

Tribune Tower, Chicago, 111. The institute was organized to carry on research work and to standardize materials used in reinforced concrete construction. It initiated the movement which resulted in

the establishment of a simplified list of sizes of steel reinforcing bars

and spiral rods under the auspices of the division of simplified practice of the Department of Commerce. It also has adopted one

standard grade of billet steel for concrete reinforcement bars—the current intermediate grade of the American Society for Testing

Materials. Standard forms for proposals and contracts have been

adopted by the members of the institute to eliminate misunderstandings due to widely varying forms formerly used by the members.

In cooperation with the American Concrete Institute it has prepared

a composite building code for reinforced concrete construction, and

has published a handbook for architects and engineers. It has five committees on the following subjects: Grade of steel and standard

sizes; standard State mechanics' lien act; engineering practice;

standard practice and building code. It is working on the standardization of widths and depths of steel floor forms for use in ribbedfloor construction, in cooperation with various manufacturers of

steel floor forms not members of the institute, and on the preparation of standard diagrams, tables, and explanatory matter for use in

simplifying and standardizing the methods of design under the composite building code, in cooperation with the Portland Cement

Association and the Rail Steel Bar Association.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 299

Consolidated Classification Committee, R. C. Fyfe, chairman,

Chicago Union Station, Chicago, 111. This committee is composed

of the chairmen of the official classification committee, the southern

classification committee, and the western classification committee.

Under its auspices is prepared and published " Consolidated Freight

Classification," covering the ratings, rules, and regulations of the

official, southern, and western freight classifications which are filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Board of Railway

Commissioners of Canada, and various State railway and public

service commissions. Included among the rules are many specifications for freight shipping containers.

Converters' Association, Samuel M. Fisher, secretary, 291 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The committees of the association are appointed by the president after authority is obtained either from

the whole membership or the board of directors. The association

is endeavoring to eliminate the practice of misbranding merchandise

by selling cotton goods as of fast color when in fact they are not fast,

and to compile universal and standard definitions of the term "fast

color" in its general application to different degrees of fastness and

to fastness for different purposes, such as light, washing, etc., and

making recommendations as to the best procedure to be adopted for

the purpose of making the standards universal. It published a report

classifying the various degrees of fastness of colors to light and washing,

with simple tests for application in the event of controversy. The

association has organized a gray goods committee to clarify certain

phases of trade practices and minimize the possibility of misunderstanding arising between representatives of the two branches of the

cotton goods trade. It is attempting to set more accurate limitations on the use of the word "seconds" as applied to cotton goods,

so that the uncertainty now existing may be minimized as far as possible; to establish a more common practice in connection with

the proper relationship of the amount of "seconds," if any, which

should be permitted on a delivery under an order for "firsts"; and

to establish a uniform gray goods sales note which would prove

equitable to buyer and seller alike. Copper and Brass Research Association, W. A. Willis, manager,

25 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The members of this association

consist of copper-mining companies and copper and brass fabricating and distributing companies. The industrial units are repre- sented on committees of the American Society for Testing Materials

and are governed by specifications adopted by that society. The

association is officially represented on six sectional committees functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering

91096—28 20
300 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Standards Committee. It maintains two research associates at the

National Bureau of Standards doing research work on the investigation of safe loading of corrugated copper roofing, etc. Cordage Institute, J. S. McDaniel, secretary, 350 Madison Avenue,

New York, N. Y. This organization has formulated and adopted

standards for footage, nomenclature, and tensile strength of sisal,

manila, and java ply and yarn goods. These standards are now

in the process of being reviewed and expanded, the work being done

with the cooperation of the division of simplified practice. A committee of the institute is working with the American Petroleum

Institute in preparing standards of cordage use in oil-well production.

Cover Paper Manufacturers Association, E. H. Naylor, secretary,

44 Vernon Street, Springfield, Mass. This association has adopted

and promulgated certain trade customs relating to cover paper,

including standard sizes and weights.

Drill and Reamer Society, The, Herbert S. Blake, secretary, 74

Trinity Place, New York, N. Y. The standing committee on simplification and standardization is actively engaged in the task of eliminating from catalogue lists, sizes and styles of drills and reamers which the trade no longer demands, and is establishing proper standard basic mechanical sizes of these tools to be listed in revised catalogues.

Eastern Clay Products Association, Henry T. Shelley, secretary,

Colonial Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Among the committees

appointed by the president to deal with standardization matters are: The standards committee and the Mellon Institute Committee.

The association has published the following pamphlets: Standards

of manufacture of salt-glazed vitrified sewer pipe and fittings, fire clay flue lining and fittings, stovepipe and fittings, and wall coping

and fittings; comparative tests between salt-glazed vitrified sewer

pipe and machine-made concrete pipe; handbook for plumbers on

house sewers and house drains; sewage disposal for farms and suburban homes; tests of jointing materials for vitrified clay pipe, and

choice of materials for construction of sewers. The association

works in close harmony with the American Society for Testing

Materials and has adopted that society's dimensions for sewer pipe,

crushing strength, and methods of test. It has so standardized the

product of its members that all of them produce sewer pipe or chimney

flue lining which meet standard definite requirements.

Electric Hoist Manufacturers Association, E. Donald Tolles,

secretary, 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Specifications for portable overhead hoists so formulated as to be in harmony with the

specifications of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the

American Society for Testing Materials, and the former Electric

Power Club (now the apparatus division of the National Electrical
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 301

Manufacturers Association) have been formally approved and

promulgated by this association.

Electric Steel Founders' Research Group, R. A. Bull, director,

541 Diversey Parkway, Chicago, 111. This group was organized in

1920 to conduct research involved in solving certain manufacturing

problems. Although its standardization activities have been some- what restricted, those connected with the group participate in the

work of various committees doing standardization work relating to

steel castings and to refractories used in steel-casting manufacture.

Elevator Manufacturers Association of the United States, John W.

Ogren, commissioner, Conway Building, Chicago, 111. This asso- ciation has adopted a uniform form of contract, and forms for temporary and final acceptance of elevators. It has adopted as its standard the safety code for elevators, dumb-waiters, and escalators

approved by the American Engineering Standards Committee, and

it assists in maintaining a research associate at the National Bureau

of Standards, operating for the sectional committee on elevators,

functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. It maintains a permanent

committee for standardizing elevator engineering, and a permanent

committee for the standardization of manufacturing procedure.

Glass Container Association, I. G. Jennings, business manager,

22 East Seventy-fifth Street, New York, N. Y. This association has

a standardization committee, appointed annually, which sets up

standards for the various types of caps and closures for glass containers in cooperation with the manufacturers and the users. It has

adopted 23 standard specifications. Its future work will consist in

cleaning up on the few remaining types of closures being manufactured and reviewing the standards that have been set up from

time to time to make them conform with present-day operations.

The association maintains its own research laboratories, investigating processing in glass containers and problems encountered in

packing various products in glass.

Glycerine Producers Association, Roscoe C. Edlund, manager,

45 East Seventeenth Street, New York, N. Y. A glycerin research

committee and a glycerin trade practice committee have been

organized by the association. The glycerin research committee,

composed of chemists representing the principal producers, adopted

specifications for all grades of refined glycerin which were approved

by the board of directors and agreed to by the glycerin trade practice committee. Steps are being taken to insure that the specifications as finally approved will be in agreement with the United States

Government master specification for glycerin. Members of the

association that follow the association's formula in manufacturing

radiator glycerin are permitted to use the association's seal as a

label to indicate the quality of the glycerin. Specifications for
302 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

crude glycerin are to be considered later. Another committee

appointed by the board of directors is the radiator glycerin merchandising committee, which, in seeking to develop the best merchandising policies and practices in the marketing of radiator glycerin by member companies, has established standard sizes of containers and standard forms of sales contracts. Grain Dealers National Association, Charles Quinn, secretary,

Toledo, Ohio. The standard grades of grain advocated by the asso- ciation are those prepared by the United States Department of

Agriculture in accordance with the grain standards act passed by

Congress. In its effort to insure adherence to these standards by its members, the association has written into its by-laws a clause,

according to which any member found guilty by the Department of

Agriculture of a violation of this act stands expelled automatically

from the association, and notice of the expulsion is published in the

association's official organ.

Grinding Wheel Manufacturers Association of the United States

and Canada, F. R. Henry, secretary, Summit Street and Negley

Place, Dayton, Ohio. The association has adopted standard shapes

for grinding wheels and attachments established at a general conference called by the division of simplified practice at the request of

this association. It is joint sponsor with the International Association

of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions for the sectional

committee on safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive

wheels, functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

The Gypsum Industries, H. J. Schweim, chief engineer, 844

Rush Street, Chicago, 111. This organization cooperated in the initia- tion of the work of the Building Code Committee of the Department

of Commerce. In cooperation with the American Society for Testing

Materials' committee C-ll on gypsum, this organization has adopted

nine standard specifications. A subcommittee on stresses in gypsum

is having tests conducted at the National Bureau of Standards on gypsum fiber concrete and neat material with a view to having these

stresses standardized. It is represented on the A. E. S. C. sectional

committee on specifications for fire tests of materials and construction,

and the National Fire Protection Association committee on building

construction.

Hardwood Interior Trim Manufacturers Association, William R.

Friedel, secretary, 63 South Third Street, Memphis, Tenn. This

association has promulgated standard grading rules for hardwood in- terior trim and molding in cooperation with the National Hardwood

Lumber Association. It has adopted the American standard designs

and sizes of moldings prepared under the auspices of the American

Institute of Architects, Central Committee on Lumber Standards,

and the United States Department of Commerce.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 303

Hardwood Manufacturers Institute, J. H. Townshend, executive

vice president, Bank of Commerce Building, Memphis, Tenn. This

organization, which is composed of producers of hardwood lumber,

is officially represented on the National Committee on Wood Utilization, the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, and the Consulting Committee on Lumber Standards. In cooperation with the

National Hardwood Lumber Association it has formulated grading

rules covering specifications for the measurement and inspection

of hardwood lumber.

Heating and Piping Contractors National Association, Henry B.

Gombers, secretary, 50 Union Square east, New York, N. Y. Three

committees appointed by the president carry on the work of standardization for the association, namely, a standing committee on

standardization, a special boiler output committee, and a special

committee on certified heating. Through conferences with boiler

manufacturers the special boiler output committee has developed

a standard method for determining the output of boilers, and is engaged in compiling data to permit the selection of the proper boiler

for any chosen installation. During the past year the special committee on certified heating has developed a national program for

certified heating to replace the purely local programs formerly in

use. For the purpose of indicating to the purchaser that his heating

plant has been designed and installed in compliance with recognized

engineering standards, the association has adopted a national insignia

and certificate, and also a boiler plate for the identification of certified heating plants.

Hickory Handle Association, Guy E. Basye, secretary, care of

W. E. Bruner & Sons, Heber Springs, Ark. This association has

adopted grades for hickory tool handles. Its cooperative work with

other organizations is carried out under the auspices of the National

Association of Wood Turners (Inc.).

The Hollow Building Tile Association, J. S. Sleeper, secretary,

Conway Building, Chicago, 111. For more than eight years this

association has been engaged in standardization and simplification

work on hollow building tiles. In cooperation with the National

Bureau of Standards it has conducted research relating to hollow

tile and its uses and research on manufacturing problems, the results

of which are embodied in the reports and publications issued by the

association. Three research associates maintained at the National

Bureau of Standards have recently completed research work on the

fire resistance of hollow-tile walls, acoustics of hollow-tile walls, and

adhesion of plasters to hollow-tile backings. The association has

arranged with testing laboratories throughout the country to make

tests on hollow building tile in accordance with the standard method

of testing recommended by the National Bureau of Standards. The
304 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

association has assisted in the work of the building code committee

of the Department of Commerce on the following reports: Recommended minimum requirements for small dwelling construction and

recommended minimum requirements for masonry wall construction.

Its standards committee has been active in the formulation and

adoption of minimum standard sizes for hollow building tile contained

in the division of simplified practice recommendation for this commodity. It has also issued the following standards: Compressive

and transverse strength of hollow-tile walls, transmission and absorption of sound by some building materials, recommended practice for

arrangement of building codes, and tests of hollow tile and concrete

slabs reinforced in one direction. The association has cooperated

with committees of the American Society for Testing Materials in

the formulation of standards for tile. It is officially represented on

the sectional committee on specifications for fire tests of materials

and construction, functioning under the procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee.

Hollow Metal Door and Trim Manufacturers' Association, Charles

F. Burt, secretary, Union Trust Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The current activities of the association along standardization lines embrace

two projects for dimensional standardization and two for standardization of procedure. Standardization of cylinder locks for hollow

metal doors has been worked out in cooperation with the builders'

hardware manufacturers, the American Institute of Architects, and

the United States Department of Commerce, while a project for stan- dardization of door sizes and types is just being undertaken in cooperation with The National Fireproof Door Manufacturers' Association and the Department of Commerce. A project for standardization of template procedure has practically been completed in cooperation with the builders' hardware manufacturers and the Department of Commerce, while a project for standardization of symbols

and schedules is just getting under way in cooperation with the

builders' hardware manufacturers, The National Fireproof Door

Manufacturers' Association, the Department of Commerce, and

other interested organizations. The association has also worked out

complete standardization of the hollow metal swing door and complete specifications for all forms of hollow metal products, but these

have not yet been formally approved.

Horological Institute of America (Inc.), Paul Moore, secretary, care of National Research Council, Washington, D. C. Among the

stated objects of the institute, which was organized by the National

Research Council, are the development of standards for horological

schools and the establishment of a system of varying attainments for

watchmakers. It gives examinations to watchmakers in both the

theory and practice of watch repairing, and grants certificates to
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 305

those passing its requirements. The institute maintains a research

associate at the National Bureau of Standards doing research work

on the certification of watchmakers.

Hydraulic Society, C. H. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street,

New York, N. Y. This society is a trade association representing

the principal manufacturers of displacement and centrifugal pumps

in the United States. It cooperates with the United States Department of Commerce, the Chamber of Commerce of the United States,

the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Mining

Congress, the National Fire Protection Association, trade associations

of other industries, and all other technical and commercial organizations with which the pump industry has problems in common. The

society recommends standard definitions, terms, and practices where

such action appears to be feasible. The recommended standards are published in a "standards" pamphlet, which is now in its fourth edition.

Illuminating Engineering Society, L. H. Graves, general secretary,

29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. The standardization

work of the society is carried on by four committees which have been

placed on a representative basis with members nominated by and

officially representing various other organizations and now function

as sectional committees under the rules of procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, with the society serving as sponsor or joint sponsor, as follows: Code of lighting factories, mills, and

other work places; code of lighting school buildings (with the American Institute of Architects) ; automobile headlighting specifications

laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for

motor vehicles (with the Society of Automotive Engineers); and

illuminating engineering nomenclature and photometric standards.

All of these codes, specifications, and standards have been officially

approved as American standards. The society is also joint sponsor

(with the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies) for specifications for residence lighting luminaries. It is represented on

five additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C.

procedure.

Institute of American Meat Packers, W. W. Woods, executive

vice president, 509 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111. Through

its committee on packing-house practice and research, the following

commodities have already been standardized by the institute: Lard

cans; sausage, lard, and sliced-bacon cartons; cheesecloth and

muslin; paper; nailed wooden crates and boxes; hand trucks; beef

and pork trolleys; woodenware and cooperage; truck bodies; ropes

and twines. The institute conducts a central research laboratory

which is supported by the member companies. Its department of

scientific research is now engaged in problems concerning, among

other subjects, the curing and conservation of meats and specifica-
306 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tions for brushes used in packing-house work. It is planning to standardize scrapple pans.

Institute of Paint and Varnish Research, Henry A. Gardner,

director of laboratory, 2201 New York Avenue NW., Washington,

D. C. The institute has issued nearly 400 articles on the subject

of paint, varnish, color, and lacquers. It has also issued several

textbooks, including one entitled " Physical and Chemical Examination of Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, and Colors." This book contains all modern methods of testing the above-named products as well as specifications for their purchase, including all the latest United States Government master specifications for paint and

varnish materials. The institute is closely affiliated with the Ameri- can Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association, works in harmony with the National Bureau of Standards on research problems,

and cooperates with the Federal Specifications Board in preparing

specifications for paint and varnish.

Institute of Radio Engineers, Alfred N. Goldsmith, secretary,

37 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Standardization

represents an important part of the activities of the institute which

has formulated, adopted, and promulgated standard definitions of

terms and standard graphical symbols used in radio engineering.

The institute's committee on standardization is undertaking the

formulation of standard methods of testing radio apparatus in order to determine the important characteristics of such devices, particularly

those used in radiobroadcast reception. The committee is conducting

its work through five subcommittees covering the following subjects:

Vacuum tubes, circuit elements, receiving sets, electroacoustic

devices, and power supply. The institute is joint sponsor with the

American Institute of Electrical Engineers for a sectional committee on radio, and is officially represented on five additional sectional

committees organized according to the procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee. It is a member of the National

Fire Protection Association, and is represented on the radio advisory

committee of the National Bureau of Standards.

International Acetylene Association, A. C. Morrison, secretary,

30 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. This organization

cooperates with the Underwriters' Laboratories in the formulation

of standards for the construction of acetylene generators and acet- ylene consuming equipment, and with the National Board of Fire

Underwriters in the preparation of regulations for the installation

and operation of such equipment. This association, the American

Gas Association, and the Compressed Gas Manufacturers' Association form the gas group of the American Engineering Standards

Committee. It is officially represented on sectional committees on identification of piping systems, rating of rivers, safety code for
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 307

mechanical refrigeration, and colors for traffic signals, functioning

under A. E. S. C. procedure.

International Apple Shippers' Association, R. G. Phillips, secretary, 1108 Mercantile Building, Rochester, N. Y. This association

has for many years taken a very active part in standardization

matters relating to fresh fruits and vegetables. It was particularly

active in connection with the enactment of the United States apple

grading law approved August, 1912, the national standard barrel

law in effect July 1, 1916, the New York State apple grading law

enacted in 1915, and other pioneer measures relating to standaridzation of fruits and vegetables. It has given publicity in special

pamphlet form to the important laws of the State and Federal

Government relating to grades, marks, packing, packages, and

standards of fruit and vegetables, and to the Federal food and drugs

act.International Association of Electrotypers of America, H. G.

Guiteras, field secretary, Leader Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Two of

the main activities of this association lead directly to standardization. One is formulating for the industry a uniform method of

determining the cost of producing electrotypes, and the other is conducting research work to establish the best methods of making

electrotypes. The association maintains a research associate at the

National Bureau of Standards doing research work on electrotyping

problems.

International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Ethelbert Stewart, secretary, Bureau of Labor Statistics,

Washington, D. C. Standardization in the safety-code field represents an important part of the activities of this association. It is joint sponsor for five sectional committees functioning under the

rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee, as follows: Safety code for the use, care, and protection of

abrasive wheels (with the Grinding Wheel Manufacturers Association of the United States and Canada); safety code for mechanical

power transmission apparatus (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the National Bureau of Casualty and Surety

Underwriters); safety code for rubber machinery (with the National

Safety Council); safety code for woodworking plants (with the

National Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters); standardization of methods of recording and compiling accident statistics (with the National Council on Compensation Insurance, and the

National Safety Council). The association inaugurated, and is co- sponsor for, the revision of a code for standardization of industrial

accident statistics. It is represented on 27 additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.
308 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

International Association of Milk Dealers, R. E. Little, executive

secretary, 139 North Clark Street, Chicago, 111. The association has

adopted standards of sanitary thermometer connections for various

sizes of pasteurizing vats and tanks. In cooperation with similar

committees representing the Allied States Creameries Association

and the National Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers, the

association's committee on standardization of equipment has prepared specifications for standard interchangeable sanitary pipe and

fittings which have been adopted by the association. All sanitary

pipe and fittings used in the milk plants are now interchangeable.

This committee cooperated with committees of bottle manufacturers

And the Department of Commerce in the elimination of various

heights of bottles and cap seats and the establishment of standard

•sizes, and is now engaged in the work of revising the simplified

practice recommendation for milk and cream bottles with a view to securing a further reduction in types and looking toward a standard

bottle in each of the respective heights. Interstate Cotton Seed Crushers' Association (Inc.), George H.

Bennett, secretary-treasurer, 914 Santa Fe Building, Dallas, Tex.

The association has adopted definitions of grade and quality of cottonseed, cottonseed oil, peanut, soya-bean and coconut products, and

issued rules governing the sampling, inspection, weighing and sale of these commodities. In cooperation with the American Oil Chemists' Society it has formulated methods of chemical analysis. To

render these definitions, rules, and analyses effective any member of the association found guilty of misbranding or adulteration is dis- missed from membership. It cooperates with the United States

Department of Agriculture on research in oils and fats and on the

grading of cotton linters. It cooperates with the Produce Exchange

and the American Feed Manufacturers Association on trading rules. Action is now being taken by the refiners' division of the association

looking to a substantial reduction in the number of containers used

for vegetable shortening, in cooperation with the division of simplified

practice of the United States Department of Commerce. It publishes

annually a book of rules governing transactions between its members, methods of chemical analysis, definitions of grades and quality,

inspection, sampling, weighing and arbitration procedure. Lawsuits

between members have been practically abolished, so effective have

the arbitration rules proved in practice. In the book are given lists of official weighers and inspectors appointed by the association, and

of referee chemists certified by the American Oil Chemists Society.

Laundryowners National Association of the United States and

Canada, W. E. Fitch, general manager, Drawer 202, La Salle, 111. The association has published a manual of standard practice for the

power laundry washroom, the development of which is attributable
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 309

to the fellowship of three textile experts maintained by the association at the Mellon Institute for Industrial Research. There has

also been published a book entitled " Textile Fabrics—-The Selection

and Care from the Standpoint of Use, Wear, and Launderability,"

which is of vital interest to the manufacturer, converter, launderer,

and user of textile fabrics, and also to teachers of home economics,

and women's club-study groups. In its research work the association has received the cooperation of the Converters Association of New York, the Lowell Textile School, the National Association of Dyers and Cleaners, the National Association of Finishers of Cotton

Fabrics, and the National Bureau of Standards. The association is cooperating with the Good Housekeeping Institute, the National

Better Business Bureau, home economics department of Columbia

University, and Women's Wear and Daily News Record in the task

of establishing standards of fast color. Through its department of engineering the association is undertaking to standardize plant layouts, ventilation, heating, lighting, and building construction. In

the American Institute of Laundering (Inc.), maintained by the

association at Joliet, 111., practical applications are made of research

findings developed at the Mellon Institute and by the departments

of engineering and cost accounting. The association is joint sponsor,

with the Association of Governmental Labor Officials of the United

States and Canada and the National Association of Mutual Casualty

Companies, for the sectional committee on safety code for laundries,

functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

Leather • Belting Exchange, Louis W. Arny, secretary, 119 South

Fourth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This association collaborated in

the preparation of, and has officially approved the specifications for

leather belting promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board.

Unnecessary sizes of belting have been eliminated by the exchange.

It maintains a research laboratory at Cornell University to develop

better methods for manufacturing leather belting.

Machinery Builders ' Society, W. C. Fulmer, secretary, 50 Church

Street, New York, N. Y. The several sections of the society are active in standardization work. They have formulated standard

rules of obsolescence covering patterns, jigs, and fixtures; standard

practice of marking patterns; and a standard accounting and cost system. The hydraulic section developed a testing code for hydraulic

turbines which formed the basis for the A. S. M. E. code. The marine

section prepared specifications for bronze propellers which have been

formally approved by the society.

Malleable Iron Research Institute, Robert E. Belt, secretary,

Union Trust Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The institute has adopted

specifications for malleable castings equivalent to those of the
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

American Society for Testing Materials. It assists members, through

laboratory and engineering work, in the production of a product

which conforms to the requirements of these specifications. Member

plants submit to the institute's laboratory test pieces from every

heat. Quality certificates are issued to those members whose products

meet the requirements of the specifications. These certificates permit

the manufacturers to use the trade-mark of the institute and to advertise their products as having been certified to by it. It publishes

regularly the names of members whose product has met the requirements of the specifications.

Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings

Industry, Albert C. Taylor, general secretary, 103 Park Avenue,

New York, N. Y. This society was organized for the purpose of

formulating and promulgating standards, standard practices, and

specifications satisfactory to the valve and fittings industry, and to

serve as the medium of contact for its members with other bodies,

including Federal and municipal departments, in matters involving

development of standards, specifications and simplification programs

affecting the use of products of the industry. The society has working

committees on ferrous screw fittings, ferrous flange products, nonferrous screw fittings, nonferrous flange dimensions, safety valves,

underwriter valves and hydrants, materials and tests, marking and

terminology, screw threads, simplification of product, piping codes,

boiler code, steamboat inspection service rules and regulations, and

American marine standards. Official representatives are serving on

various A. S. T. M. committees, and on A. E. S. C. sectional committees on standardization of pipe flanges and fittings, pipe threads,

hose threads, zinc coating, cast-iron pipe, wrought-iron and steel pipe and tubing, drawings and drafting room practices, and national

piping code. The society is one of the sponsors of the sectional

committee on pipe flanges and fittings.

Manufacturing Chemists , Association of the United States, John I. Tierney, secretary, Woodward Building, Fifteenth and H Streets

NW., Washington, D. C. For more than 50 years this association

has been active in the movement for standardization of practice and

equipment in the chemical industry. It has adopted standard

tables for aqua ammonia, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric

acid, and zinc chloride. After many years' cooperation with the

Bureau of Explosives and the tank-car committee of the American

Railway Association a practical working arrangement has been

effected with both organizations whereby proposals for changes and

improvements in shipping containers are given concurrent consideration, with the result that agreement is almost uniformly reached and

united support is behind a proposal when finally submitted to the

Interstate Commerce Commission. Its standing committees have

..iJI
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 311

completed or are now at work on specifications for carboys, steel drums and tank cars, laboratory apparatus, hazardous chemicals

and explosives, and packages for the transportation of powdered

insecticides and other poisonous articles. In cooperation with the

American Chemical Society and the manufacturers of chemical

apparatus a committee of the association prepares specifications for

graduates, thermometers, and other laboratory apparatus.

Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association, Edward C. Singler,

secretary, 332 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. Among ^ie

stated purposes of the association are the establishment and enforcement of uniform grades and standards, and the making of the asso- ciation trade-mark the symbol of excellence in methods and materials.

Member firms are permitted to use the association's trade-mark on

maple, beech, or birch flooring which is standardized and guaranteed

by the association when passed upon by the association's official inspector. Simplified grade names have recently been adopted for

the different types of flooring, so that the order of merit of each grade

will be apparent to dealer, architect, and builder.

Milling Cutter Society, The, Herbert S. Blake, secretary, 74

Trinity Place, New York, N. Y. The committee on simplification

and standardization is actively engaged in eliminating from cata- logue fists, sizes and styles of milling cutters which the trade no

longer demands, and is establishing proper standard basic mechanical

sizes of these tools to be listed in revised catalogues.

Mine Inspectors Institute of America, C. A. McDowell, secretary,

P. O. Box 64, Pittsburgh, Pa.; William Boncer, president, mine

inspector, Richmond, Va. The institute is interested in all phases

of standardization relating to the selection, installation, or use of

equipment in mines. It is officially represented on the mining

standardization correlating committee. It is serving as sponsor

for a sectional committee on safety code for mine explosives and is represented on 11 additional sectional committees, functioning

under A. E. S. C. procedure, dealing with both coal and metal mining

equipment and the safe operation thereof.

Motor Vehicle Conference Committee, Russell Huffman, secretary,

366 Madison Avenue at Forty-sixth Street, New York, N. Y. This

committee was organized in 1919 and is a deliberative committee

representing the following organizations nationally active in the

\ motor-vehicle field: American Automobile Association, National

Automobile Chamber of Commerce, Motor and Accessory Manufacturers' Association, National Automobile Dealers Association, and

Rubber Association of America. It functions through a board

composed of one representative from each member organization.

The chief aim of the committee is to encourage equitable legislation

pertaining to the motor vehicle and its operation, and to bring about
312 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

uniformity of such legislation in all of the States, by research, education, cooperation and the dissemination of important facts of

interest to the public at large. It is cooperating in the preparation

of safety codes for colors for traffic signals and for automobile brakes,

and brake testing, by representation on sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

National-American Wholesale Lumber Association (Inc.), W. W.

Schupner, secretary, 41 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y.

i^iting for wholesale lumber dealers, many of whom represent small

and unorganized lumber mills, the association is serving to bring

together lumber manufacturers and retailers to establish standards

and market standardized lumber. It has participated actively

in the lumber standardization program through its representation on the central committee on lumber standards and on subcommittees

appointed to consider specific matters for recommendation to the

central committee.

National Association of Building Owners and Managers, Lewis B.

Ermeling, executive secretary, 134 South La Salle Street, Chicago,

111. Work of this association having a bearing on standardization

is carried on by its research committee and its committee on purchasing. The chairman of each committee is appointed by the officers of

the national association and each of the 37 affiliated associations

appoints representatives to serve on the two committees. During

the past year the research committee has made investigations of

corrosion in piping systems in service, and of hot water heating costs. The committee on purchasing has made an analysis of the results

obtained by the affiliated associations from collective buying of staple

commodities.

National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, Russell T. Fisher,

secretary, 80 Federal Street, Boston, Mass. {See National Council

of American Cotton Manufacturers.)

National Association of Dyers and Cleaners of the United States

and Canada, Ivan M. Tull, general manager, 7901 Georgia Avenue,

Silver Spring, Md. Standardized practices developed by research

under the auspices of the association have been recorded in its monthly journal. Some of these have been placed in the association's

textbook on garment cleaning, the second edition of which will be

published in January, 1928. During 1927, publication relating to the

effect of dry cleaning on silks and the removal of stains from cellulose acetate rayon were issued. Recommended practice for the cleaning

of furs and leathers and a revised specification for Stoddard solvent were sent to press in 1927. The association is maintaining a research

associate at the National Bureau of Standards engaged in developing

a method for the removal of tannin stains. For the expansion of its research activities it has established its own laboratories to provide
TANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 313

facilities for research work into the fundamental problems for the

dyers and cleaners industry and to serve as a school for instruction

whereby the standard practices developed by research can be taught

to the trade. Investigations are being made of the fastness of dyes

to dry cleaning, the corrosion of dry-cleaning equipment, and new

types of spotting agents.

National Association of Farm Equipment Manufacturers, H. J. Sameit, secretary, 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. One

of the chief functions of this organization is the work of simplification and standardization of farm machinery and equipment carried on by its nine trade departments, each operating under its own bylaws and having its own officers. The plow and tillage implement

division issued a book of standards in May, 1926 (with addenda

showing agreed modifications since that date), summarizing the

eliminations made by that branch of the industry since 1914. The

committee on wood materials conservation of the farm wagon department has compiled and published a pamphlet on specifications and

grading, and inspection rules for wagon material and wagon stock.

These rules have been adopted jointly by this association and the

National Hardwood Lumber Association. Among the special committees of the association is an advisory council to the research

department and a contact committee with the American Society of

Agricultural Engineers. At the association's request, the division

of simplified practice of the Department of Commerce, called a conference of manufacturers of bolts and nuts for farm equipment.

The result of this conference was the adoption of a certain limited

number of sizes and types of bolts and nuts which are contained in a

simplified practice recommendation for plow bolts. National Association of Glue Manufacturers, H. B. Sweatt, secretary, 1457 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Methods of test and technical problems of interest to the association are investigated by the

association's technical division, which is composed of one representai tive from each member firm. The division has formulated and published standard methods for testing the viscosity and jelly strength

of glue. The division directs the activities of a research fellow at

the Miner Laboratories, Chicago, 111. National Association of Hosiery and Underwear Manufacturers,

J. N. McCullaugh, managing director, 334 Fourth Avenue, New

York, N. Y. Standardization and research form the major part of

the work of this association. It has adopted the following standards

:

Method of measuring hosiery; hosiery box sizes; standard lengths for

women's, men's, children's, infants', % and % children's hosiery;

and standard percentage of oil in rayon yarns for knitting. The

association maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of

Standards. Standardization studies completed by the research
314 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

associate and submitted to the research committee are: Standard

percentage of moisture and regain for mercerized cotton yarns for hosiery and underwear, and standard percentage of moisture and

regain for combed and carded cotton yarns for hosiery and underwear.

The research associate has completed over 2,500 research problems

relating to the daily problems in manufacturing hosiery and underwear. The association is now inaugurating research work on standardization of lubricant for knitting and all other machinery used in the manufacture of hosiery and underwear, and standard lengths for

J/s and children's golf hosiery.

National Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers, Fred Rasmussen, executive secretary, Telegraph Building, Harrisburg, Pa.

Standardization work of this association is carried on by the committee on standardization of equipment representative of the dairy

products and ice-cream industries. It is formulating standards for ice-cream cans. In cooperation with similar committees of the Allied

States Creameries Association and the International Association of Milk Dealers, it has prepared specifications for a standard interchangeable sanitary fitting which have been accepted and approved

by this association. A standard cost-accounting system has been

developed by the association.

National Association of Manufacturers of Heating and Cooking

Appliances, Allen W. Williams, secretary, Columbus, Ohio. This

association is interested in standardization from the point of view of

simplification and safety. It has organized a committee on simplified

practice to deal with all types of stoves and ranges burning coal,

wood, or gas as fuel, composed of both members and nonmembers,

and serving as a point of contact between the stove industry and the

division of simplified practice. A program of simplification and procedure to secure its adoption has been agreed upon.

National Association of Marble Dealers, Victor Mosel, secretary,

Rockefeller Building, Cleveland, Ohio. In 1915 the association formulated principles governing the submission of bids and awarding of contracts for marble work, on a similar basis as applies to governmental work. In 1927 the association compiled standard specifications covering the erection of interior marble work. In addition to

its standard specifications, the association has issued a publication

entitled " Maintenance of Interior Marble.''

National Association of Master Plumbers of the United States,

George H. Drake, chairman standardization committee, 218 Lexington Avenue, Buffalo, N. Y. This organization has cooperated in the

formulation of simplified practice recommendations relating to vitre- ous china plumbing fixtures, range boilers and expansion tanks,

wrought iron and wrought steel pipes, valves and fittings, hot water

storage tanks, and brass lavatories and sink traps. Its standardiza-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 315

tion committee has prepared symbols for use on plumbing drawings

which have been adopted by the association. Steps are being taken

to have these symbols recognized as American standard.

National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies, J. M. Eaton,

secretary, 730 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Standardization in

the safety code field forms an important part of the work of this

association which is officially represented on the safety code correlating committee. It is joint sponsor for the sectional committee on

safety code for laundries (with the Association of Governmental

Labor Officials of the United States and Canada and the Laundryowners National Association), and is represented on 23 additional

sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

National Association of Purchasing Agents (Inc.), G. A. Eenard,

secretary-treasurer, 1 1 Park Place, New York, N. Y. Standardization

and simplification constitute important activities of this organization.

It brought together various bodies interested in standardizing cata- logue sizes and developed a standard size. It initiated movements for

the adoption of a national standard invoice form which later became

the simplified invoice form, and the promulgation of iron and steel scrap specifications which have been widely accepted and made simplified practice recommendations by the division of simplified practice.

The association also cooperated in the formulation of simplified practice recommendations for paper sizes, catalogue sizes, and standard

warehouse forms, and in the promulgation of standard contracts for pig iron, and coal and other fuels. In cooperation with the American

Engineering Standards Committee, the American Society for Testing

Materials, and other national organizations, it is actively engaged

in work on pattern equipment standardization, naval stores, gear

standardization, and other like movements. The association has

eight committees which are endeavoring to conclude simplification

i projects already under way, and have a number of new undertakings

that will react beneficially to industry at large. The national committee on office equipment cooperates with the Department of

Commerce and various associations in simplifying and improving

conditions surrounding the purchase of office equipment. The national committee on Government purchases is endeavoring, among

other things, to bring about the same economies in Government

purchases as are present in transactions of business houses. The

, iron and steel committee has cooperated with the American Railway

1 Association in developing the specifications for iron and steel scrap. The national committee on electrical contract forms initiated a co- operative movement between the National Electrical Manufacturers

Association, National Electric Light Association, American Electric

Railway Association, and its own committee in formulating standard

91096—28 21
316 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

contract forms for the purchase and sale of electrical machinery.

The national committee on textiles cooperates with the Department

of Commerce and the Cotton Textile Institute and trade associations

in improving conditions in textile fields. The association is enlisting

the cooperation of its various national committees in developing that

phase of standardization in which their particular committee would

be most interested. It is represented on the following committees

of the United States Department of Commerce through which most

of its work on standardization and simplification is done: The division of simplified practice planning committee, national committee on metals utilization, national committee on wood utilization, committee on simplification of desk sizes, consulting committee on lumber standards, and the committee on simplification of paint and

varnish brushes. The association is represented on four sectional

committees functioning under the rules of procedure of the A. E. S. C.

It was officially represented on the advisory board which cooperated

with the United States Department of Commerce in the preparation

of the National Directory of Commodity Specifications.

The National Association of Railroad Tie Producers, E. A. Morse,

secretary, Syndicate Trust Building, St. Louis, Mo. This association

has adopted the revised specifications for crossties and switch ties which were formulated by a sectional committee of official repre- sentatives of this and 12 other organizations and formally approved

as American standard by the American Engineering Standards

Committee. It has authorized its president to appoint a committee

to prepare and submit supplemental specifications covering crossties

under 6 inches in thickness or that have been rejected because of defects described in specifications now in effect. This committee,

which is now at work, will report its findings at the annual meeting

in April, 1928.

National Association of Sheet and Tin Plate Manufacturers,

Walter W. Lower, secretary-treasurer, Oliver Building, Pittsburgh,

Pa. This^organization was one of the first to formulate specifications

for steel scrap. It has also prepared a list of sheet mill tolerances

containing permissible variations in the furnishing of sheet steel. Valuable assistance was rendered by this association in the compilation of material for the division of simplified practice recommendation for sheet steel. Work is going forward on the standardization

of depreciation for the sheet-steel industry in cooperation with the

United States Treasury Department.

National Association of Sheet Metal Contractors of the United

States, W. C. Markle, secretary, 336 Fourth Avenue, Pittsburgh,

Pa. A committee of the association has been compiling material for a book relating to the best trade practice, together with specifications

for fabricating and erecting sheet metal work in all branches entering
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 317

into the construction and equipment of all types of buildings. The

association has been active in making effective the simplified practice

recommendations relating to the weights and thicknesses of terneplate, and the elimination of lighter than No. 28 gauge sheets for

roofing, eaves trough, and conductor.

National Association of Steel Furniture Manufacturers, J. D. M.

Phillips, secretary, Union Trust Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The

association has formulated specifications for various kinds of steel furniture, including book cases, chairs, desks, fifing cases, waste

baskets, lockers, tables, and wardrobes. It has cooperated in the

establishment of the standards for safes complying with the requirements of the Underwriters' Laboratories label service.

National Association of Waste Material Dealers, C. M. Haskins,

secretary, Times Building, New York, N. Y. This association has

been a pioneer in establishing standard classifications for waste

materials, including metals, rubber, paper, and cotton and woolen

rags. In drawing up standard classifications the association follows

its established plan of consulting the associations representing consumers of such material.

National Association of Wood Turners (Inc.), William A. Babbitt,

general secretary, Box 517, South Bend, Ind. Turning squares for wood turners have been standardized by the association. Other

standardizing activities are carried out by committees appointed

by one or more of its affiliated associations, namely, the Ash Handle

Association, the Hickory Handle Association, the Mid-West Association of Wood Turners, and the New England Association of Wood

Turners. Standards for ash and hickory handles have been adopted

by the interested associations.

National Association of Wooden Box Manufacturers, Paul L. Grady,

secretary, 844 Rush Street, Chicago, 111. The association has

compiled and issued a technical sheet which deals with the proper

construction of boxes, known as the " Nailing schedule. " In its book entitled " Wooden Box and Crate Construction," containing

detailed information relating to the use of wood in box and crate construction, box design, crate design, box and crate testing, and

structure and identification of woods, is a chapter devoted to box

and crate specifications. It has cooperated with the United States

Department of Commerce in publishing pamphlets on the use of wooden boxes and nailed wooden crates for the shipment of merchandise for domestic and foreign commerce. It is officially repre- sented on the consulting committee on lumber standards.

National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Walter Humphreys,

secretary, 80 Federal Street, Boston, Mass. The activities of this

association relating to standardization are carried on at present by

two committees—one on research and technical training and another
318 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

on the standardization of cost accounting. To the latter committee

have been added representatives of the committee on production

established immediately after a general conference of wool maufacturers held in June, 1927.

National Association of Woolen and Worsted Spinners, J. J. Nevins, secretary, 45 East Seventeenth Street, New York, N. Y.

The standardization activities of this association are conducted by a

joint committee on research and standardization composed of members of this association, the American Association of Woolen and

Worsted Manufacturers, and the National Association of Wool

Manufacturers. Recommendations of this organization are submitted to the joint committee before final adoption as the association's

standards.

National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, Alfred Reeves,

general manager, 366 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

organization has cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards,

Society of Automotive Engineers (Inc.), and the American Petroleum

Institute in the development of most suitable specifications for motor

fuels. It is officially represented on the sectional committees on

colors for traffic signals and safety code for automobile brakes and

brake testing, functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

National Board of Fire Underwriters, W. E. Mallalieu, general

manager, 85 John Street, New York, N. Y. Practically all of the

existing regulations of the board have been recommended by the

National Fire Protection Association, and were prepared by the

various technical committees of that association, the membership of

which committees includes in all cases a representative from the

engineering department of the board. Special consideration has

been given recently to specifications for the construction of automobile tank trucks, regulations on signaling installations, oil-storage rooms and buildings, pyroxylin finishes, fusion gas welding, the use

of compressed gases for lighting, heating, and cooking, and drycleaning establishments; municipal fire-alarm systems; dust explosions in starch factories; gasoline vapor-gas machines; lamps, and

systems; gravity and pressure tanks; foam-extinguishing systems;

dip tanks; spraying operations; rotary and centrifugal fire pumps.

In the standardization of fire-hose couplings the board has been very

active, and to date in about 2,300 cities and towns standard couplings

are used. The regulations of the board for the installation of hazardous and protective devices have been issued in 46 pamphlets.

The board has issued suggested specifications for gasoline automobile

fire apparatus; standard schedule for grading cities and towns of the

United States as to their fire defenses and physical conditions; code

of suggestions for construction and fire protection of dwelling houses,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 319

and a building code. Its future standardization work will consist in

revising existing regulations to keep them up to date. The board is joint sponsor for two sectional committees functioning under the

rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee, as follows: Screw threads for fire-hose couplings (with the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Water

Works Association), and insulated wires and cables for other than

telephone and telegraph use (with nine other organizations). The

board is represented on four additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. As a member of the fire- protection group the board is joint sponsor for specifications for fire tests of materials and construction (with the American Society for

Testing Materials and the National Bureau of Standards), and specifications for rubber-lined fire hose (with the American Society for

Testing Materials). (See the Underwriters' Laboratories.)

National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers Association of the United

States (Inc.), J. Dudley Smith, secretary, 342 Madison Avenue,

New York, N. Y. This association has a conference and style

committee, which forecasts styles and, in conjunction with other

branches of the industry, selects a limited number of shoe and

leather colors for the guidance of retailers, indicating what the merchants should provide for selling during the approaching seasons. The machinery and equipment of the boot-and-shoe industry is standardized probably to a greater extent than any other industry in this country, due largely to the fact that the majority of machines used

are manufactured by one large machinery company and leased to the factories for a term of years. In 1914 this association and the

National Shoe Retailers Association adopted standard measurements

for shoe cartons. National Building Granite Quarries Association (Inc.), H. H.

Sherman, secretary, 31 State Street, Boston, Mass. This association

has adopted a uniform proposal blank for use by all members in submitting estimates. This proposal form serves to standardize the

terms and conditions embodied in the estimates. It has also adopted

uniform contract forms which are recommended for general use on

contracts for granite work. These contract forms embody the terms

and conditions upon which the proposals are based. The association

has formulated complete granite specifications, which include standards of workmanship, requirements, and other essential details. National Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters, H. P. Stellwagen, secretary, 1 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. The bureau

is primarily and principally interested in standardization in the field of safety codes. It is sponsor or joint sponsor for seven sectional

committees, functioning under the rules of procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, for formulating safety codes for
320 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

the following subjects: Machine tools (with the National Machine

Tool Builders Association); mechanical power transmission apparatus (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the

International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions) ; conveyors^and conveying machinery (with the American

Society of Mechanical^Engineers) ; mechanical power control (with

the American Society of Mechanical Engineers); woodworking

plants (with the International Association of Industrial Accident

Boards and Commissions); tanneries; amusement parks (with the

National Association of Amusement Parks). The bureau is repre- sented on 37 additional sectional committees functioning under

A. E. S. C. procedure. The other work of the bureau has to do with

standardization in a still more general sense, particularly the standardization of rating methods and practice for the various forms of

casualty insurance.

National Canners Association, Frank E. Gorrell, secretary, 1739

H Street NW., Washington, D. C. Standardization committees

appointed by this association are working in cooperation with the

joint committee on definitions and standards of the United States Department of Agriculture on standard grades of various food products.

The conference^committee with wholesale grocers confers with like committees representingjjvarious associations of wholesale grocers on

matters of common interest regarding standard forms of contracts. The association has developed a classification of accounts for members

of the canning industry. Special attention is being given by the

association to proper trade terms in connection with labeling. It maintains a research laboratory for investigating canned food and

containers therefor, in cooperation with other organizations. It has

committees working on the standardization of tin plate for canners* cans and on the simplification of containers. Its tin-plate investigations are conductedjin^collaboration with manufacturers of steel,

tin plates, and cans. It cooperates with Federal and State officials in the enforcement of uniform regulations pertaining to proper and

intelligent labeling.

National Cinder Concrete Products Association, W. S. Giddings,

secretary, Philadelphia, Pa. This association has a research committee authorized to carryjon experiments to develop improved

manufacturing methods, which has completed experiments regarding

the following: Time of mixing concrete, grading of aggregate, and

compression of material into forms. Experiments are now being

made on screening andjproportioning cinder aggregate, on pressure

applied to material in the'mold, and on water-cement ratio. No

definite standards or specifications have as yet been adopted.

National Coal Association, Harry L. Gandy, executive secretary,

Southern Building, Fifteenth and H Streets NW., Washington, D. C.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 321

All standardization work of the association is conducted under the

supervision of the Mining Standardization Correlating Committee.

The association is officially represented on 13 sectional committees

functioning under the procedure of the American Engineering

Standards Committee.

National Committee on Metals Utilization, United States Department of Commerce Building, Washington, D. C. This committee was organized in 1926 for the purposes of carrying the principles of simplified practice more deeply into the metals-using field, to awaken

a nation-wide interest in the need for eliminating industrial waste

and to stimulate mass action in applying corrective measures. Its work has been closely coordinated with that of the division of simplified practice. During 1927 the committee assisted in the promulgation of the following recommendations issued by the division of

simplified practice: Steel reinforcing spirals; wrought iron and

wrought steel pipe, valves, and fittings; packing of bolts and nuts; metal spools and reels; spark plugs, piston-ring oversizes, brake

linings; taper roller bearings; flash-light cases; solid section steel sash; and one-piece porcelain insulators. In the field of specifications

the committee also cooperated with the division of simplified practice

in the issuance of the recommendations covering classification of iron and steel scrap and the grading of new billet steel for concrete

reinforcement.

National Committee on Wood Utilization, Axel H. Oxholm,

director, United States Department of Commerce Building, Washington, D. C. This committee was organized at the direction of the

President of the United States in 1925 for the purpose of furthering

a closer utilization of wood and for better manufacturing, distributing, and wood-using practices. The aim of the committee is to make reforestation commercially feasible through increased utiliza- tion of the raw material. The committee is composed of 133 members

representing various branches of the wood industry and trade. The

following organizations are officially represented on the committee:

The American Association of State Highway Officials, American

Institute of Architects, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, American Paper and Pulp Association, American

Railway Association, American Society of Agricultural Engineers,

American Society of Civil Engineers, American Wood-Preservers'

Association, Associated General Contractors of America, Building

Officials' Conference, Chamber of Commerce of the United States of

America, Columbia River Loggers Information Bureau, Council

of American Shipbuilders, Dimension Lumber Manufacturers Association, Furniture Manufacturers Association of Grand Rapids,

Longleaf Yellow Pine Manufacturers Association, Millwork Cost

Bureau, National American Wholesale Lumber Association, National
322 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Association of Builders' Exchanges, National Association of Purchasing Agents, National Association of Railway Tie Producers, National

Association of Real Estate Boards, National Association of Wood

Turners, National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, National

Grange, National Lumber Manufacturers' Association and its affil- iated regional and species associations, National Piano Technicians

Association, National Retail Lumber Dealers Association, National

Wood Chemical Association, National Association of Wooden Box

Manufacturers, New Hampshire Lumbermen's Association, Paperboard Industries Association, Pine Institute of America, Plywood

Manufacturers Association, United States League of Local Building

and Loan Associations, and the West Coast Lumber Trade Extension

Bureau. The committee has prepared a report on the marketing of

short lengths less than 8 feet in buildi g and construction. This

project is now being extended to industrial uses for short lengths.

Another bulletin, on the end-matching of softwood lumber, has been

prepared and distributed. This end-matching process facilitates the

use of short lengths and effects an appreciable saving in the use of raw material. Work has been started in educating the consumers

to the economy involved in the use of small dimension stock cut to exact size as needed by industry. Another bulletin, on the grade

marking of lumber, has been distributed in more than 200,000 copies.

The committee encourages the placing of grade designation on each

piece of lumber produced, so as to insure that proper grades are used for each purpose. A treatise on wood distillation is nearing

completion. It embodies recognized practices in vogue in the United

States and abroad. Other projects now in process of development

are as follows: Proper seasoning, handling, and care of lumber (four

bulletins); retail distribution of preserved lumber; manual of wood

construction, outlining how wood can be used to best advantage in

building and construction. The committee is also conducting a survey of nonutilized wood in the State of Virginia with a view to encouraging the establishment of by-products industries. It is planned to extend this survey to include other States at a later

date. Tests in regard to special types of machinery for the purpose

of converting top logs into well manufactured lumber have been

carried on for some time with good results. The committee is also

promoting the use of American lumber standards and standardization of plywood panels for industrial uses. Through exhibits it is demonstrating the use of properly designed containers with a view

to decreasing the weight without impairing the usefulness of boxes

and crates. In its efforts to put these recommendations into practice, the committee is cooperating with various Government agencies

as well as with private consumers. In the development of its projects

the committee cooperates with official and private agencies, notably
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 323

with the National Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce, and the Forest Products Laboratory of the Department of

Agriculture.

National Confectioners Association of the United States (Inc.)>

Walter C. Hughes, secretary, Conway Building, 111 West Washington

Street, Chicago, 111. For some time the association has been employing consulting chemists to analyze the products of its members and

others for adulteration. During 1927 the executive committee of

the association authorized the president to appoint a committee to formulate plans for standardization and research work.

National Council of American Cotton Manufacturers, Russell

T. Fisher, joint secretary, 80 Federal Street, Boston, Mass.; W.

McLaurine, joint secretary, Charlotte, N. C. This organization has

established no standards or specifications. However, its constituent

members, the American Cotton Manufacturers' Association and the

National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, have organized a

joint committee which receives proposed specifications from the

Federal Specifications Board and distributes copies to manufacturers

interested in the particular article covered thereby. After criticisms

have been compiled, the specifications are revised in accordance with

the majority opinion and submitted for the information of the Federal

Specifications Board. This joint committee has prepared a form of

contract sale note for staple gray goods, which has been approved and

adopted by the two associations.

National Crushed Stone Association, A. T. Goldbeck, director,

bureau of engineering; J. R. Boyd, secretary,^ Earle Building,

Washington, D. C. Standardization activities of the association

are conducted in cooperation with the American Society for Testing

Materials, The American Concrete Institute, or under the auspices

of the American Engineering Standards Committee and the National

Safety Council. It has organized a committee on welfare and safety

and one on standards. The last mentioned is composed of three

subcommittees on standardization of drilling equipment, standardization of commercial sizes of crushed stone, and standardization of

quarry tracks and cars. National District Heating Association, D. L. Gaskill, executive

secretary, 112 West Fourth Street, Greenville, Ohio. This association has formulated rules for computing the area of radiating surfaces

required for heating buildings which have been formally approved

by the association. It has also simplified, and made recommendations in relation to, underground installation and the conveying of

steam over considerable distances for heating buildings. It has con- ducted studies relating to the resistance of materials to temperatures.

National Door Manufacturers Association, N. L. Godfrey, secretary, Peoples Gas Building, 122 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago,
324 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

111. This organization, which includes manufacturers who were

affiliated with the former Wholesale Sash and Door Association and

a number of others who were not, is strictly a manufacturers' association. Although its standardization program has not yet been laid

out, it is maintaining contact with standardization work relating

not only to fabricated products, but also to raw materials, grades,

moisture content, etc., carried on by the Central Committee on Lumber Standards.

National Education Association, J. W. Crabtree, secretary, 1201

Sixteenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. One of the chief aims

of this association is that of raising standards in training and compensation for all members of the teaching profession. The following

committees of this association are working on standardization: Committee on standards and training for the elementary-school principalship, committee on educational nomenclature, committee on retire- ment allowance, committee on ethics of the teaching profession.

The association has published a pamphlet on standards for accrediting

teachers colleges. An important activity of the association has been

the publication of a book on the planning and construction of schoolhouse buildings. This book, which was prepared by its committee on standardization of schoolhouse planning and construction, in

cooperation with the American Society of Heating and Ventilating

Engineers, American Specification Institute, National Association

of Public School Business Officials, and the National Fire Protection

Association, is entitled " School House Planning." In it are set forth the steps necessary to plan and construct a school building.

Although the association has no authority to compel the use of the

book, it is being utilized voluntarily by school boards throughout

the country, and serves to establish uniform standards for the schools.

National Electric Light Association, Paul S. Clapp, managing

director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. Although the

association does not formally adopt standard specifications, its committees formulate drafts of specifications which are offered to the

membership as recommended practices. The association cooperates

in the activities of the division of simplified practice of the Department of Commerce, with the standards committees of various American societies, and with the International Electrotechnical Commission.

It is joint sponsor (with four other societies) for studies of boiler

feed water problems. It is joint sponsor for two sectional committees

functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering

Standards Committee, as follows: Insulated wires and cables for

other than telephone and telegraph use (with nine other organizations), rules for electricity meters (Code for Electricity Meters) (with

the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies and the National

Bureau of Standards). As a member of the electric light and power
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 325

group it is sponsor for a sectional committee on miscellaneous line

materials, and is also represented on 37 additional sectional committees functioning under the A. E. S. C. procedure.

National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Alfred E. Waller,

managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

association was formed by the merging of the Associated Manufacturers of Electrical Supplies, Electrical Manufacturers' Council, and

the Electric Power Club, the first of which became the supply division and the last named the apparatus division. Conference committees have been established in cooperation with the American

Institute of Electrical Engineers, Association of Iron and Steel

Electrical Engineers, Association of Railroad Electrical Engineers,

Compressed Air Society, Institute of Radio Engineers, Hydraulic

Society, International Electrotechnical Commission, Mutual Fire

Prevention Bureau, National Association of Fan Manufacturers,

National Association of Oil Burner Manufacturers, National Electric

Light Association, National Fire Prevention Association, National

Machine Tool Builders Association, Refrigerating Machinery Association, Society of Automotive Engineers (Inc.), Underwriters'

Laboratories, United States Department of Commerce, and the

United States War Department. The association is sponsor, or

joint sponsor, for the following sectional committees functioning

under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards

Committee: Standards for insulated wires and cables for other than

telephone and telegraph uses (with nine other organizations) -} standards for switch boxes and outlet boxes (with the American Institute

of Electrical Engineers), standards for power-line insulators for voltages exceeding 750 (with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers), standards for industrial control apparatus (with the American

Institute of Electrical Engineers), standard terminal markings for

electrical apparatus and standard mounting dimensions of electric motors (with American Society of Mechanical Engineers). The

association is also represented on some 40 additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. The association

has issued, and keeps under constant revision, the following publications covering standards for the manufacture, performance, and

test of electrical apparatus and supplies, as well as instructions for

their proper installations, operation, and care: Handbook of Supply

Standards, Handbook of Apparatus Standards, Handbook of Radio

Standards, Power Switchboard and Switching Equipment Handbook, Transformer Standards, Transformer Instructions, Motor and

Generator Handbook, Motor and Control Instructions, Control

Handbook, Building Equipment Control Specifications, Terminal

Markings for Electrical Apparatus, and Selection of Direct-Current

Motors for Ventilating Fans. The Handbook of Radio Standards
326 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

is published semiannually, and the supply and apparatus handbooks

of standards annually.

National Federation of Construction Industries, W. S. Hays, secretary, Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Organized to promote

closer cooperative relations between producers, manufacturers,

distributors, contractors, architects, engineers, realtors, financiers,

and other construction interests, the federation fosters the development and adoption of standards by its member establishments and

associations in the construction industry. Although it has not

formally adopted any standards, it is officially represented on four

sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

National Fence Manufacturers Institute, C. M. Best, secretary,

Henry W. Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. The institute has organized a standards committee to make recommendations concerning

standardization activities of interest to the institute membership.

It inaugurated the movement which resulted in the formulation

of the simplified practice recommendation relating to woven-wire

fencing which has been adopted by the industry.

National Fertilizer Association, Charles J. Brand, executive secre- tary, Investment Building, Washington, D. C. In its code of trade

practices, the association pays particular attention to the economic

desirability of reducing the number of grades of fertilizer. A committee of the association is actively engaged in making a study of

fertilizer analyses with the view of eliminating the unnecessary

multiplicity of grades.

National Fire Protection Association, Franklin H. Wentworth,

secretary, 40 Central Street, Boston, Mass. In addition to individuals and State and municipal departments and bureaus, the membership of this organization consists of national institutes, societies,

and associations interested in the protection of life and property

against loss by fire. It is therefore largely an association of associations. Among the subjects upon which its technical committees are now at work are: Automatic sprinklers, blower systems, building

construction, electric power houses, electric railway car houses and

cars, farm fire protection, field practice, fire pumps, fire records,

flammable liquids, garages, gases, hazardous chemicals and explosives,

laws and ordinances, manufacturing hazards, marine hazards, wharves,

private fire supplies, protection of records, pyrotechnics, salvaging

operations/ signaling systems, storage of combustible fibers, and

zoning. The standards of the association are officially adopted by

the National Board of Fire Underwriters and the organizations

interested in fire protection or prevention. The association is repre- sented on the joint fire-protection committee (with the American

Water Works Association and the International Association of Fire

Chiefs). It is sponsor or joint sponsor for five standardization
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 327

projects or sectional committees functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee, as follows

:

Safety code for building exits, regulations for electric wiring and

apparatus in relation to fire hazard (National Electrical Code, edition

of 1925), insulated wires and cables for other than telephone and

telegraph use (with nine other associations), fire-fighting equipment

in metal mines (with the American Mining Congress), safety codes

for the prevention of dust explosions (with the United States Department of Agriculture). As a member of the fire protection group, it

is joint sponsor for specifications for fire tests of materials of construction and specifications for rubber-lined fire hose. The association is represented on 14 additional sectional committees functioning

under A. E. S. C. procedure.

National Founders Association, J. M. Taylor, secretary, 29 South

La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Standardization, as such, is outside

the scope of the activities of the association. However, it is joint

sponsor, with the American Foundrymen's Association, for a safety

code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries, formulated

by a sectional committee under the rules of procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee and is represented on two additional sectional committees under the auspices of the A. E. S. C.

National Hardware Association of the United States, George A.

Fernley, secretary, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This association has been active in the elimination of excess sizes and varieties

of hardware under the auspices of the division of simplified practice,

having cooperated in the initiation and formulation of simplified

practice recommendations relating to builders' hardware; sheet

steel; eaves troughs, conductor pipe, conductor elbows, and fittings;

terneplate; loaded paper shot shells; shovels; flash lights; and package

sizes for insecticides and fungicides.

National Hardwood Lumber Association, Frank F. Fish, secretary,

Straus Building, Chicago, 111. For over 30 years the entire activities of the association have been devoted to the establishment and maintenance of uniform rules for the measurement and inspection of hardwood lumber. It has formulated and keeps under constant

review the only rules in use for this purpose. In addition to its general inspection rules committee, there are two special inspection

rules committees dealing with plywood and veneer. The association

maintains one or more licensed and bonded inspectors in each of the principal hardwood markets and producing centers of the United

States and Canada.

National Hay Association (Inc.), The, Fred K. Sale, secretary,

South Main Street, Winchester, Ind. The association has adopted

grade rules for hay and straw which form the basis for the specifications for these commodities promulgated by the Federal Specifications
328 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Board. It has also adopted trade rules and inspection and weighing

rules. When requested to do so it investigates the qualifications of inspectors and permits approved inspectors to make record of the

association's approval on their official certificates of inspection.

National Lime Association, G. B. Arthur, secretary, 927 Fifteenth

Street NW., Washington, D. C. Field research is an important

activity of this association. It has promulgated specifications for

lime plaster, lime stucco, lime mortar and lime in concrete, as well

as for lime in asphalt, concrete, and earth roads. Standard specifications are available on paper, strawboard, glass, leather, insecticides, fungicides and disinfectant, beet sugar, cane sugar and sorghum

sirup, bleaching powder, bleaching liquor, soda, sand-lime brick,

silica brick, pigments, cold-water paints, dyestuff and intermediates,

calcium carbide and cyanamide, rubber, lubricating greases, animal

glue and gelatin, varnish, and textiles. It has prepared recommendations as to use of lime in crop-growth protection, animal growth,

animal protection, animal products, sanitation, including treatment

of water supplies, treatment of sewage, and miscellaneous sanitary

uses. The association cooperated with the American Society for

Testing Materials in the preparation of specifications for quicklime

and hydrated lime for various purposes, and with the Building Officials Conference, in the formulation of the building-code requirements

for lime. It cooperated in the initiation of the work of the buildingcode committee of the Department of Commerce.

National Lumber Manufacturers Association, Wilson Compton,

secretary-manager, Transportation Building, Washington, D. C.

This organization comprises 13 regional associations of lumber manufacturers and timber owners. Standardization of grades, sizes, and

nomenclature of lumber, one of its important activities, is carried on by its manufacturers' standardization committee made up of one

representative from each regional or subscribing associaticn. The

association also has representation on the hardwood consultmg committee, which is an independent committee made up of hardwood

manufacturers, distributors, and consumers which reports direct to the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, made up of representatives of the entire lumber industry. The tentative grading standards for hardwood lumber formulated in June, 1926, by the hardwood

consulting committee, and recommended by it to the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, have been further developed by interested organizations of hardwood producers, distributors, and

consumers, largely the National Hardwood Inspection Rules Committee of the National Hardwood Lumber Association, with the

assistance of the Hardwood Manufacturers Institute, the National

Lumber Manufacturers Association, and other interested organizations, and were formally established, under the auspicesjjoi the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 329

Department of Commerce, by the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards, June 16, 1927, as American standard basic provisions

for hardwood lumber, subject to revision annually thereafter. The

association cooperated in the initiation of the work of the building

code committee of the Department of Commerce, and the work of

the National Committee on Wood Utilization. It has taken a leading part in the organization and activities of the Central Committee

on Lumber Standards and the Consulting Committee on Lumber

Standards. It is also cooperating with the American Railway Engineering Association and the American Society of Agricultural

Engineers by representation on their committees, and with the

American Engineering Standards Committee, on seven of whose

sectional committees it is officially represented. In cooperation with

other branches of the lumber industry, this association adheres as

far as possible to American lumber standards, and A. E. S. C. standards for railway cross and switch ties. The association has been

instrumental in formulating specifications for maximum spans for

joists and rafters, building code limitations on floor areas in buildings,

details of heavy timber mill construction, fire safe industrial buildings, frame construction details, and recommended requirements for

building codes. The association's work for the coming year will include the unification of patterns for worked lumber, standardization of the basis for the measurement of the dimensions and dryness

of American standard lumber, further work on grading of hardwood

lumber, standardization upon the so-called "7,000 series of moldings," and active cooperation with committees and organizations

preparing building laws and codes for adoption by cities or States. National Machine Tool Builders' Association, Ernest F. Du Brul,

general manager, 630 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The association

has 10 committees at work on various types of machine tools and

machine-tool elements, including tapers, tool posts, tool holders,

milling cutters, machine-tool speeds, and mounting dimensions of

electric motors. It has adopted the following standards: Code of

business practice, milling machine spindle noses and arbors, safety

code for grinding machines, steel wheel guards for grinding machines,

and tee slots for machine tools. The association is joint sponsor,

with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, for a sectional

committee functioning under the rules of procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, on small tools and machine-tool

elements. The association is represented on four additional sectional

committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

National Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association (Inc.), George V.

Horgan, general manager, 18 East Forty-first Street, New York, N. Y.

Although this association has no committee on standardization,

standardization activities are carried on by a joint committee on
330 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

simplification which represents the National Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association (Inc.) and the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association (Inc.), the last-named being a consolidation

of the former National Varnish Manufacturers Association and the

Paint Manufacturers Association of the United States. This committee has been instrumental in eliminating superfluous sizes of

containers and color varieties in paints, varnishes, etc. National Paper Box Manufacturers Association, Frank S. Records,

executive secretary, Liberty Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa.

This association has prepared and issued a dictionary of terminology

for the set-up paper box industry covering several hundred trade

terms, with their synonyms and accepted meanings relating to box

construction, materials, machine processes, and measurements and

types of boxes. It cooperated with the division of simplified practice in the establishment of standard minimum thicknesses of box

board contained in simplified practice recommendation for this

commodity.

National Paper Trade Association, A. H. Chamberlain, secretary,

41 Park Row, New York, N. Y. This association has cooperated

with the National Association of Purchasing Agents and the division

of simplified practice in developing standard sizes for catalogues and

paper in sheets. Its recommended weights for writing paper have

been adopted by the Writing Paper Manufacturers Association. It has adopted the standard sizes for tissue paper recommended by the

division of simplified practice.

National Paving Brick Manufacturers Association, E. L. Beller,

secretary, McCormick Building, Chicago, 111. The leading part in

the movement which has resulted in the standardization of the sizes and varieties of paving brick has been taken by this association,

which initiated the work by requesting the United States Department

of Commerce, through the division of simplified practice, to call a conference of representatives of manufacturers, distributors, and

users of paving brick for this purpose. It has acted as the authorized agent of the Department of Commerce in furnishing tabulations

and analyses of shipments of vitrified paving brick, upon which have

been based successive steps in the process of eliminating excessive

sizes and varieties.

National Petroleum Association, Fayette B. Dow, general counsel,

Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. The association has organized

a department of standards and tests, with groups in all of the

petroleum-refining centers in which members of the association are

located, which has been active in the preparation of specifications in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute, the American

Society for Testing Materials, the Society of Automotive Engineers,

and the Federal Specifications Board.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 331

National Pickle Packers Association, C. J. Sutphen, secretary,

Cunard Building, 140 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This

association has adopted standard specifications for cooperage used

in packing pickles in order to eliminate the confusion resulting from

the existence of packages of different dimensions, various thick- nesses of staves, and various sizes of hoops. The association has

adopted pickle standards and a uniform guaranty, which it publishes

in connection with its code of ethics. It also publishes an official chart showing various sizes of pickles.

National Research Council, Vernon Kellogg, permanent secretary,

Twenty-first and B Streets NW., Washington, D. C. The National

Research Council, which was established in 1916 by the National

Academy of Sciences, is a cooperative organization of the scientific men of America. Its essential purpose is the promotion of research

in the physical and biological sciences and the encouragement of the

application and dissemination of scientific knowledge for the benefit

of the Nation. It is composed of 11 major divisions. Its division

of chemistry and chemical technology is closely associated with the

following organizations, which are officially represented in its membership: The American Chemical Society, American Electrochemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and the

American Ceramic Society. This division acts as the American

section of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,

and appoints the American representatives on the committees of the

union, among which are committees for reformation of the nomenclature in organic, inorganic, and biological chemistry, the establishment of physical chemical standards, and the committee on

annual tables of constants and numerical data. Cooperating with

the division of engineering and industrial research are 12 organizations vitally interested in standardization which have appointed

official representatives to serve on the division, as follows: The

American Society of Civil Engineers, American Institute of Mining

and Metallurgical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American

Society of Refrigerating Engineers, American Society for Testing

Materials, American Society for Steel Treating, American Society

of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Illuminating Engineering

Society, Western Society of Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, and the American Welding Society. The work of the division

of engineering and industrial research is carried on through several

committees and advisory boards. Among these boards are those

for civil engineering, mining and metallurgy, mechanical engineering,

electrical engineering, highway research, and the American Bureau

of Welding, all of which, especially the American Bureau of Welding,

91096—28 22
332 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

deal with problems involving standardization. Among committees

of the division concerned with methods of standardization are the

committee on electrical insulation and the committee on heat trans- mission. In the division of anthropology and psychology two subcommittees of the committee on the psychology of the highway are concerned with standardization in the adoption of highway signs

and of tests for drivers. The functions of these subcommittees

are to study the devising of highway signs and signals which will be

in accordance with the correct principles of vision and mental reaction

and to study the possible adaptation of systems of mental and physiological tests to the examination of drivers of automobiles, public

and private. These subcommittees cooperate closely with the

committee of the national conference on street and highway safety on the study of causes of accidents, and with a committee on causes and prevention of highway accidents of the highway research board.

The activities of the subcommittee on signs and signals have consisted in a study of signal colors with special reference to the dominant wave lengths of the red and green standards in their relation

to color-blind drivers. The subcommittee on tests for drivers has

considered psychological methods to determine the competency of drivers. This subcommittee has cooperated with the committee

on uniform laws of the traffic conference, and in the matter of tests for drivers, with the officers of numerous taxicab companies. It has

suggested improved parking signs which have been adopted in part

by the Baltimore police department. Under the auspices of the

International Research Council and the National Academy of Sciences, the National Research Council has prepared the Inter- national Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry,

and Technology, which is being issued in six volumes, the first of

which was published in 1926 and the second in 1927.

National Retail Dry Goods Association, Lew Hahn, managing

director, 225 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. This

association has cooperated actively with other organizations in the

standardization of bed blankets, radio apparatus, and the size of the

United States flag. It has also engaged in the formulation of standards for accounting systems for retail stores, retail trade terminology,

standards of practice for retail advertising, standards of practice for

operation of certain nonselling departments in retail stores, and

retail store organization. The association at the present time is engaged in the formulation of standards for packing boxes and containers, and in cooperation with the division of simplified practice,

is putting forward the simplified invoice form.

National Retail Hardware Association, H. P. Sheets, secretary..

Meyer-Kiser Bank Building, Indianapolis, Ind. This association

has cooperated with other organizations in eliminating excess varieties
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 333

and sizes of hardware under the auspices of the division of simplified

practice. It has been active in the initiation and formulation of

simplified practice recommendations relating to builders' hardware,

loaded paper shot shells, cut tacks and small cut nails, woven wire

fence, garden hose, paint and varnish, paint and varnish brushes,

shovels, forged tools, files and rasps, and many other lines. National Safety Council, W. H. Cameron, managing director,

108 East Ohio Street, Chicago, 111. The council has issued a total of

80 safe-practice pamphlets, the last six in 1927, as follows: Competition, and aid in promoting accident prevention; safety inspections,

portable electrical hand tools; safety meetings; useful tables, formulas,

etc., for the safety man; engineering—a factor in accident prevention.

The council is sponsor or joint sponsor for 11 sectional committees

functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering

Standards Committee, as follows: Safety code for construction work;

identification of piping systems (with the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers); safety code for floor and wall openings,

railings, and toe boards; safety code for power presses and foot and

hand presses; safety code for forging and hot metal stamping (with

the American Drop Forging Institute); safety code for rubber machinery (with the International Association of Industrial Accident

Boards and Commissions) ; colors for traffic signals (with the American

Association of State Highway Officials and the National Bureau of

Standards); codes on colors for gas-mask canisters; safety codes for

textiles; safety code for paper and pulp mills; safety code for window

washing. The American Society of Safety Engineers, which functions as a division of the National Safety Council, is sponsor or joint sponsor

for three additional sectional committees, as follows: Safety code for

ladders, safety code for walkway surfaces (with the American Institute of Architects), safety code for compressed-air machinery (with

the American Society of Mechanical Engineers). The National

Safety Council is officially represented on 35 additional sectional

committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

National Sand and Gravel Association, V. P. Ahearn, executive

secretary, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C; Stanton Walker,

director, engineering and research division. Standing committees of

the association are actively engaged in standardization work on washed gravel ballast, standard specifications, standard depreciation scale, and engineering problems. The committee on washed

gravel ballast has recommended specifications for grading of washed

gravel ballast, prepared in cooperation with the American Railway

Engineering Association. These specifications have been adopted as tentative by both associations. The committee is continuing its work for the purpose of preparing recommendations for properties

other than grading and for the purpose of giving further consideration
334 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

to the tentative specification for grading. The standard specifications committee has recommended certain commercial sizes of sand

and gravel and the form of specifications for gravel. The committee on standard depreciation has studied standard depreciation practices

in the sand and gravel industry and has ascertained the economical

life for different items of equipment, with particular reference to land operations. The committee on engineering problems, recently

appointed, has recommended the establishment of a laboratory to be operated by the engineering and research division of the association and has outlined the procedure for financing it. This committee

will continue active work in exercising general supervision over the

activities of the laboratory after it has been established. The asso- ciation has been active in the preparation of publications dealing

with the uses of sand and gravel. Besides the monthly National

Sand and Gravel Bulletin it has issued technical bulletins entitled " Estimating Quantities of Materials for Concrete" and "Relation

of Aggregates to Concrete" and a circular summarizing specifications for sand used in concrete highway construction.

National School Supply Association, T. W. Vinson, executive

secretary, 53 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. This association has not organized any special committee on standardization or

simplification. However, through its trade-relations committee it has cooperated with the division of simplified practice of the United

States Department of Commerce in eliminating superfluous sizes of

composition blackboard. It also cooperated in the preparations for a conference on wood portable and folding chairs and is making

plans for additional conferences on various fines of school equipment.

National Slag Association, H. J. Love, secretary, Leader Building,

Cleveland, Ohio. This association's engineering and problems committee has made a comparative analysis of all available existing

specifications and suggested requirements for blast furnace slag for use in concrete structures and as road surfacing material. This committee is composed of members of the association, most of whom

in turn are on one or more standing committees of the American

Concrete Institute, the American Society for Testing Materials, and

other technical societies. The association is cooperating not only with

technical societies, but also with Government bureaus, universities,

colleges, State departments, firms, and individuals who possess laboratories in which construction materials are tested. It maintains a

research associate at the National Bureau of Standards, conducting

investigations on the durability of slag as a mineral aggregate.

National Slate Association, W. S. Hays, secretary, Drexel Building,

Philadelphia, Pa. The association has issued recommended specifications for slate roofs, floors, walks, and blackboards; and slate for

electrical, plumbing, and sanitary purposes. It has cooperated with .
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 335

the division of simplified practice in the simplified practice recom- mendations relating to structural slate, roofing slate, and blackboard

slate. In 1925 it published its standard specifications for slate for

floors, terraces, and walks in a folder entitled "The Charm of Slate

Floors and Walks." In 1926 it published its standard specifications

for slate for flat and sloping roofs in a book entitled "Slate Roofs."

There are under preparation standard specifications for structural uses and other possibilities in the use of slate. National Supply and Machinery Distributors' Association, George

A. Fernley, secretary-treasurer, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Although this association has no committee on standardization, it has organized a committee on simplification, which cooperates with

the division of simplified practice of the Department of Commerce.

National Syrup and Molasses Association, Daniel E, Forbes,

executive secretary, 1422 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. This

association has initiated standardization by appointing a committee

to make a survey of the industry preparatory to recommending

proper standards for sirups and molasses.

National Terra Cotta Society, F. S. Laurence, executive secre- tary, 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. This association has formulated standard specifications for the manufacture,

furnishing, and setting of terra cotta. It has also prepared a shortform specification for incorporation in the architect's specifications to be used in connection with standard specifications and the standard general conditions of the American Institute of Architects. The

association is officially represented on sectional committees on specifications for fire tests of materials and construction and architectural terra cotta and methods of setting, functioning under the rules

of procedure of the A. E. S. C. It maintains three research associ- ates at the National Bureau of Standards doing research work on

the investigation of architectural terra cotta. National Tuberculosis Association, Linsly R. Williams, managing

director, 370 Seventh Avenue, New York, N. Y. The association

has formulated standards for the diagnosis, classification, and disposition of pulmonary and glandular tuberculosis. It is intrusted with

the responsibility of rating and classifying by grades the tuberculosis

sanatoriums and hospitals of the United States, under the standards

adopted by the American Sanatorium Association.

National Wholesale Grocers' Association of the United States,

M. L. Toulme, secretary, 6 Harrison Street, New York, N. Y. In

cooperation with the Rice Millers' Association the association has

adopted a standard form of contract for the sale of rice based on

the grades and specifications of the United States Department of

Agriculture. It has approved the standard form of contract for

canned goods adopted in cooperation with the National Canners
336 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Association, the Canners League of California, Western Canners'

Association, and many other organizations representing producers

of food products.

New England Water Works Association, F. J. Gifford, secretary,

Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass. This association is cooperating

with the American Gas Association, American Society for Testing

Materials, and the American Water Works Association in serving as

joint sponsors for the sectional committee on specifications for cast- iron pipe and special castings and is officially represented on two

additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C.

procedure.

North Carolina Pine Association, The, G. L. Hume, secretary,

National Bank of Commerce Building, Norfolk, Va. The inspection

committee, appointed by the president of the association, handles all matters pertaining to the inspection, manufacture, and grading of

lumber, with authority to investigate these matters and make recommendations which are acted on at meetings of the association as a

whole. Its rules for the classification and inspection of pine include

the American standard grades and sizes. Northern Pine Manufacturers Association, The, W. A. Ellinger,

secretary, Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Minn. The bureau of

grades of this association is elected at each annual meeting to determine and publish what shall be the association's specifications for the

standard and uniform grades of lumber. It has completed the revision

of the association's grading rules to conform with the American

lumber standards.

Northern White Cedar Association, Norman E. Boucher, secretary, Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Minn. This association has

published standard specifications governing the manufacture and

grading of northern white cedar products, and has been especially

active in inducing adherence to these specifications. For carrying on

its work having a bearing on standardization, the association has

organized committees on the following subjects: Posts and shingles,

poles, ties, and pulpwood. Special representatives of the association

have been working with a sectional committee of the A. E. S. C. on

specifications for wood poles.

Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association, W. L. Claffey, secretary,

228 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. The association's standardization committee is appointed annually. It publishes oak-flooring

grading rules, rules governing reinspections, standard thicknesses and

widths, standard measurements, and standard counts of oak flooring.

During 1927 standard names were adopted for grades of oak flooring, to become effective January 1, 1928.

Paperboard Industries Association, G. K. Browder, general manager, 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This association,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 337

which has taken over the activities of three heretofore existing associations, namely, the Box Board Association, the National Container

Association, and the Folding Box Manufacturers National Association, is composed of manufacturers of paper board, corrugated and

solid fiber containers, and folding boxes. It maintains a research

laboratory for designing and testing shipping containers and interior

packing, in order to develop the best container and packing for the

shipments of certain articles. The association has issued a booklet

of standards containing standard gauge lists effective in the paper

board, container, and folding-box industries; standard mill specifications covering the purchase of board to be used in shipping containers and folding boxes, as well as standard trade customs. It is also working on proposed changes in specifications for shipping containers as prescribed by carriers. Members of the association are

privile ed to use its insignia in connection with the certificates used

by manufacturers showing that boxes bearing these certificates con- form to all construction requirements of the Consolidated Freight

Classification or the Official Express Classification.

Plate Glass Manufacturers of America, P. A. Hughes, secretary,

First National Bank Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. This association

has cooperated in the preparation of specifications for plate glass for

glazing purposes, which are included in the United States Government

master specifications for flat glass for glazing purposes.

Plumbago Crucible Association, C. H. Rohrbach, secretary, 90

West Street, New York, N. Y. As the result of investigation extending over several years the association inaugurated the standardization of crucible sizes on a scientific basis. It served as joint sponsor

with the American Foundrymen's Association for a sectional committee which formulated size numbers and outside dimensions of

plumbago crucibles for nontilting furnaces in nonferous foundry practice, approved as " tentative American standard" under A. E. S. C.

procedure.

Plywood Manufacturers Association, M. Wulpi, commissioner,

178 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. This association has taken an

active part in the formulation of grading rules for figured woods and

plain woods now forming a portion of the rules issued by the National

Hardwood Lumber Association for the measurement and inspection

of veneers, thin lumber, and plywood. The association has published a book entitled " Veneers and Plywood'' to be used as a refer- ence or textbook.

Portland Cement Association, W. M. Kinney, general manager,

33 West Grand Avenue, Chicago, 111. Organized to improve and

extend the uses of concrete, this association has cooperated with the

A. S. T. M. in formulating specifications and tests for Portland

cement recognized as the American standard, and all of its members
338 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

manufacture in accordance with these specifications. It is officially

represented on 8 A. S. T. M. committees, and on 15 committees of

the American Concrete Institute. It is represented, with four other

organizations, on the joint committee on standard specifications for concrete and reinforced concrete, and with six other organizations, on the joint concrete culvert pipe committee. It cooperated in the

initiation of the work on the building code committee of the Department of Commerce. It is officially represented on committees of the

American Concrete Pipe Association, the American Mining Congress,

American Petroleum Institute, American Railway Bridge and Building Association, the American Railway Engineering Association,

American Road Builders' Association, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, American Society for Municipal Improvements,

Building Officials Conference, National Fire Protection Association,

and National Safety Council. It is a member of the American

Engineering Standards Committee and is officially represented on

six sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

The association maintains six research associates at the National

Bureau of Standards doing research work on phase equilibria, synthetic cements, pure cement compounds, influence of minor constituents, catalytic effects, hydrolysis, hydration, disintegration,

thermal effects in the setting process, consistency, solution equilibria,

petrographic mineral analysis, optical constants of constituents, and

the X-ray examination of clinkers. In the association's own research

laboratory, investigations are being made of cement, concrete, concrete aggregates, cast stone, and cement stucco for the purpose of

developing standard specifications.

Radio Manufacturers Association, H. B. Richmond, director,

engineering division, 30 State Street, Cambridge 39, Mass. The

standardization work of this association is conducted as one of the

activities of the engineering division, the chairman of which is appointed by the board of directors. It has committees on standardization, appointed by the director of engineering. In its work the

standardizing committees have had the active cooperation of the

Institute of Radio Engineers, the National Bureau of Standards

and other organizations. In 1927 arrangements were made for clear- ing all radio standards through the American Engineering Standards

Committee. In order not to limit developments in the radio industry,

the standards formulated are issued as " recommendations. " The

following important subjects have been covered by recommended

standards : Arrestors and aerials ; wiring devices, including a standard

color code for battery cables, etc., rheostats; panels; condensors;

dials and vacuum tubes. During the current year, other suggestions

which are important to the industry will be taken up by the various

subject committees. The committee has prepared proposed stand-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 339

ards for antenna systems, loud speakers, panels, plugs, jacks and

switches, power equipment, power transformers, receiving sets, and

resistance units.

Refrigerating Machinery Association, The, Fred Nolde, secretary,

23 South Fifty-second Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Through its standardization committee, the association is officially represented on the

sectional committee functioning under the rules of procedure of the

A. E. S. C. under joint sponsorship of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Heating and Piping Contractors National Association, and the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve

and Fittings Industry in the preparation of national standards for

flanges, fittings, and valves. It is cooperating with the structural

service department of the American Institute of Architects on the

preparation of standardized specifications for refrigerating equipment. It is officially represented on a joint committee in the preparation of a national code of pressure piping. It is also represented on a joint committee with the National Electrical Manufacturers

Association and the Compressed Air Society for considering standardized specifications for synchronous motors for use in connection

with air compressors and refrigerating machines. It is represented on a joint research committee on welded pressure vessels, which

carries on research and experimentation through the National Bureau

of Standards on the welding of unfired pressure vessels. It is also

represented on a joint refrigerator and machine committee consisting

of representatives of refrigerator manufacturers organized for the

purpose of standardizing design and trade practices.

Rice Millers' Association, F. B. Wise, secretary, P. O. Box 1289,

New Orleans, La. In addition to establishing standard contract

forms and rules for sale which are adhered to by practically all rice shippers, the association issues inspection certificates based on the

grades and specifications for milled rice recommended by the United

States Department of Agriculture. It maintains a corps of samplers

in the field and a laboratory equipped to test rice for quality, grade,

and condition.

Rubber Association of America (Inc.)> The, A. L. Viles, general

manager and secretary, 250 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York,

N. Y. This association is composed of groups, known as divisions, of manufacturers of different classes of rubber goods, including

automobile fabrics; clothing; flooring; rubber and canvas footwear;

hard rubber; heels; soles; mechanical rubber goods; rubber-proofed

fabrics; druggists' sundries; pneumatic, solid, and cushion auto tires and pneumatic inner tubes; and also of general committees giving

attention to accounting, crude rubber, foreign trade, tax and traffic matters. The majority of the work of the association, all of which

is carried on through its several divisions and committees, relates
340 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

to the standardization of practices within the several industries and

to the standardization and simplification of the various manufactured products. Among the more important standardization activities are those relating to packages for tire accessories and repair

materials, inspection rules on automobile fabrics, gauges for rain

clothing, specifications covering installation of rubber flooring, di- mensions for hard-rubber battery containers, garden-hose sizes,

purchasers ' specifications for hose and belting, Federal specifications

for hospital rubber supplies, Federal specifications for rubber and

canvas footwear; delivery and inspection rules on proofed fabrics;

tire sizes and types, scrap rubber specifications and packing, and also the elimination of unnecessary variety in drug sundries, the adoption

of official crude rubber type samples and packing specifications as basis for transactions in crude rubber and the establishment of uniform cost accounting for rubber manufacturers. The association does

not issue construction or chemical specifications covering any rubber

products, its work on specifications being confined to the standardization and simplification of purchasers' existing specifications.

Rubber Heel Club of America, The, George A. Stetson, secretary,

370 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, 9, Mass. As a result of the work of a joint committee composed of rubber heel manufacturers of this organization and members of the National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers

Association to consider recommendations for the elimination of various sizes and the adoption of standard sizes, 24 different sizes of rubber heels for ladies and juniors have been adopted. This repre- sents a reduction of 18 sizes from the current 42 sizes. The sizes of men's whole heels and half heels were also reduced from 12 to 8, and 19 to 15, respectively. The work thus inaugurated is now being

carried on by the rubber heel and sole department of the Rubber

Association of America.

Sand-Lime Brick Association, G. W. Phelps, secretary, Flint,

Mich. This association cooperated actively in the compilation of data used as a basis for a recommended standard size of, and quality

specification for, sand-lime brick contained in a simplified practice

recommendation for this commodity. It has organized a standing

committee on simplified practice which keeps the association in- formed as to the degree of adherence to the simplified practice

recommendations.

Scientific Apparatus Makers of America, J. M. Roberts, secretarytreasurer, 460 East Ohio Street, Chicago, 111. Several years ago a committee was appointed by the association to confer with a similar

committee of the American Chemical Society relative to the elimination of useless sizes, shapes, and designs. Questionnaires were sent to the various members to obtain their opinion concerning the desirability of continuing or discontinuing certain items. The report of
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 341

the results was submitted|to a^committee of the American Chemical

Society to determine if the profession could dispense with certain

poor sellers. Where agreement was reached the items were eliminated. A list of the sizes and shapes retained as agreed upon was

published in 1927.

Sheet Metal Ware Association, Warren S. Smith, secretary, 342

Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. In 1924 this organization

initiated the movement which resulted in the elimination of excess

sizes and varieties of sheet-metal ware and the promulgation of the

current simplified practice recommendation relating to tinware,

galvanized and japanned ware. Sheet Steel Trade Extension Committee, W. C. Carroll, chairman;

Clayton L. Patterson, secretary, Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.

This committee, composed of representatives of sheet-steel manufacturers, has been organized for the purpose of improving and ex- tending the uses of sheet steel. It conducts scientific research,

including investigations on the application of coatings to resist corrosions, investigations to determine the cause of blistering of

galvanized sheets under various conditions, investigations of proper

paints for sheet steel, and tests for the purpose of ascertaining the

resistance of sheet steel to fire and lightning in farm and industrial

buildings, garages, and other structures. It has formulated specifications for galvanized sheets, and has adopted a designating brand

(Master Brand) which can be used only by those participating companies whose product meets the specifications as determined by an

analysis conducted by the committee's representatives. The product of these companies is subject to regular inspection by the committee. The committee is paying particular attention to various

tests for the purpose of ascertaining the resistance of the member

companies' products to fire and lightning in farm and industrial

buildings.

Silk Association of America (Inc.), The, Ramsay Peugnet, secretary, 468 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association has

been carrying on the following standardization activities: Broad silk rules, cost-accounting manual for broad silk manufacturers, cost- accounting manual for commission throwsters, glove silk rules, raw

silk rules, raw silk classification committee reports (first and second

edition), rules and customs of silk-thread manufacturers, rules governing commission throwing of silk, specifications covering domestic raw

silk waste, spun silk rules, standard Government specifications, thrown

silk rules, and washing practice and standard test for washfastness.

This work is being carried on by 13 standardization committees.

Future standardization work in contemplation includes the completion of cost-accounting manual for broad silk manufacturers; possible

addition to the raw silk classification system; extension of the work
342 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

in connection with promoting standard tests for raw silk throughout

the world, especially in the Orient; and continuance of revision of

market rules as trade customs become established: The association

is cooperating with the Laundryowners' National Association, textile chemists, and soap manufacturers in the development of formulas for

washing silk fabrics, taking into account the necessity of thoroughly

cleansing the fabric without removing the color. It is officially represented on the sectional committee on rating of electrical machinery

functioning under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee.

Society for Electrical Development (Inc.), Kenneth A. Mclntyre,

managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

society comprises in its membership all branches of the electrical

industry and is devoted to cooperative educational work. It has

inaugurated a so-called "red seal plan" for identifying a house that

is properly and adequately wired. The plan involves a wiring

specification, an inspection, and an award. Basically, the wiring

specification is a matter of numerical values; that is, the number

of circuits, switches, lighting and convenience outlets, properly

located to provide for the convenient use of the various lighting,

heating, and power applications in a home. The inspection is provided locally by a representative of a duly authorized operating

organization, who checks the specification against the job. If the

wiring installation conforms to the specifications, an award is made

consisting of a miniature red seal, permanently affixed to some part

of the main service panel, and a certificate signed by officers of the

operating organization is issued to the house. Further, as a prerequisite to the final and official award of the red seal emblem and

certificate, the wiring installation must meet the National Electrical

Code, or equivalent requirements.

Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, F. L. Bishop,

secretary, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. The standardization activities of this society are limited to work having a direct

bearing upon the teaching of engineering subjects. It is serving as

joint sponsor for two sectional committees functioning under the

rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee,

as follows: Scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations

(with four other organizations) and standards for drawings and

drafting room practice (with the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers).

Society of American Foresters, J. H. Fahrenbach, secretary, 314

Takoma Avenue, Takoma Park, Md. Although the society has never

formulated or adopted any specifications for materials, it has taken an

active interest in the work going forward under the auspices of the

American Engineering Standards Committee, and is officially repre-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 343

sented on the sectional committees on safety code for logging and

sawmill machinery; methods of testing wood; and specifications for

railroad ties, wood and steel poles.

Society of Automotive Engineers (Inc.), C. F. Clarkson, secretary

and general manager, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y.

For the formulation of engineering standards and recommended

practices for the automotive and related industries, the council of the society annually appoints a standards committee, the chairman

and vice chairmen of which are designated by the president. A

proposed standard is submitted to letter ballot of the society membership and, upon approval, is published as a society specification in the

society's handbook, which is revised and published in March and

September each year. In the present edition of the handbook are more than 600 specifications. In 1927, 58 standardization projects were passed upon by the society's standards committee and approved

by the society for adoption. Among these were specifications for

revisions of present standards for automobile instrument mountings,

automobile wiring systems and color codes, flywheel housing dimensions and tolerances, engine testing forms, iron and steel specifications, tail-lamp specifications, electric incandescent lamps, and clutch

facings. One of the most important revisions related to the specifications for screw and bolt heads and nuts. The standard dimensions

for mounting automobile bumpers were revised to meet present-day

conditions, and several important additions were included in the

listed sizes of taper roller bearings. Several important new specifications were adopted, including a strength and rigidity test for auto- mobile head lamps, requirements for signal lamps, small rivets,

plow bolts, round unslotted head bolts, T slots and bolts, definitions

for heat treatments for steels, split and tubular rivets, and tables of detail dimensions for ground and cut-thread hand taps. Advertising

in the handbook is limited to automobile parts or materials made in

accordance with the society's specifications, certificates being signed

by proper officials of the manufacturing firms to the effect that the

products advertised comply with the designated specifications. Of more than 100 current standardization subjects, many include various

parts and materials for airplanes; thrust ball bearings; automotive

power plants and mountings; material specifications and tests; auto- mobile headlighting specifications; tires and wheel equipment;

screws, drills, and taps; a variety of mechanical parts and fittings;

paints, varnishes, and enamels; and materials, such as substitutes for

upholstery leather. The society is joint sponsor for 10 sectional

committees functioning under the rules of procedure of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, as follows: Standardization and

unification of screw threads (with the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers); ball bearings (with the American Society of Mechanical
344 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Engineers); bolt, nut, and rivet proportions (with the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers); pins and washers (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers); transmission chains and

sprockets (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and

the American Gear Manufacturers Association); safety code for

aeronautics (with the National Bureau of Standards); automobile

headlighting specifications—laboratory tests for approval of electric

headlighting devices for motor vehicles (with the Illuminating Engineering Society) ; numbering of steels (with the American Society for

Testing Materials); wire and sheet metal gauges (with the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers); small tools and machine tool

elements (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and

the National Machine Tool Builders Association). The society is officially represented on 13 additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure. During 1927 the society was also

represented on about 30 other committees or boards of other national

organizations or governmental bureaus and departments, among

which are the American Automobile Association; the American

Bureau of Welding; American Society for Steel Treating; various

committees of the American Society for Testing Materials, and

committees of the National Bureau of Standards; Army and Navy

aeronautic conferences; consulting committees of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards; National Advisory Committee for

Aeronautics; National Research Council, advisory board of the

Governmental Technical Committee on Lubricants and Liquid

Fuels; National Screw Thread Commission; and the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce. The American Petroleum Institute

and the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce maintain four

research associates at the National Bureau of Standards doing

research on fuels, the Society of Automotive Engineers being responsible for the administrative details of their maintenance at the

bureau. The society directly maintains two research associates at the bureau doing research on automobile headlighting. The society

also maintains a production advisory committee and a motor vehicle

fleet operation and maintenance committee for the advancement of

all branches of the society's activities in these fields. Society of Industrial Engineers, The, George C. Dent, executive

secretary, 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. The society has

a committee on standard management terminology studying laws and

principles of the science of management. A second committee, consisting of six sections, is studying methods of eliminating preventable

wastes in management and manufacturing, including standardization and simplification. A third group, time study engineering

standardization committee, is working on simplification of motion-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 345

time studies and more practical methods of setting production standards and equitable wage rates and incentives.

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Daniel H.

Cox, secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. This

society has taken part in the standardization movement in cooperation with other interested organizations. It is a member of the

American Marine Standards Committee and is serving as joint sponsor

with the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Association of

American Steel Manufacturers, for the sectional committee on structural steel shapes functioning under the rules of procedure of the

American Engineering Standards Committee. It is represented on

11 additional sectional committees functioning under A. E. S. C.

procedure.

Society of Terminal Engineers, Charles H. Newman, secretary,

30 Church Street, New York, N. Y. This society is composed of

engineers, transportation and terminal officials, private and public,

professional and business men, manufacturers, builders, and others

who are interested in the planning, building, operating, and financing

of terminal facilities in the broadest sense. For these the society serves as a medium for collecting and interchanging information on all phases of terminals, for organizing and carrying on research in the

various branches of terminal activities, and for the advancement of

ethical and professional standards in terminal engineering, construction, and operation. While the society itself carriers on no standardization activities, it has organized a research committee to make

investigations relating to the engineering and operating phases of

terminal development. Moreover, it is represented on two A. E. S. C.

committees formulating safety codes for conveying and hoisting

machinery.

Southern Cypress Manufacturers* Association, J. R. Black, secre- tary-manager, Barnett Bank Building, Jacksonville, Fla. The

president of the association appoints annually a committee on grades

and specifications with power to act in handling all matters pertaining to standardization. The committee's recommendations for

changes in grading rules are discussed at general meetings of the

association held in May and November. During the year this committee met in Chicago with the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards, and brought all of the association's rules into conformity

with American lumber standards.

Southern Pine Association, H. C. Berckes, secretary, New Orleans,

La. One of the functions of the association is the maintenance of

standard grades for southern pine lumber and the supervision of the

mills to assure uniformity in their manufactured products. Through

the Central Committee on Lumber Standards and the National Com-
346 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

mittee on Wood Utilization it has cooperated with the Department

of Commerce in the national wood standardization program. Its standardization activities are conducted under the supervision of its grading committee, appointed annually, which has charge of the

association's inspection department. Its staff of inspectors visit the

plants of the member firms monthly to check up the work of the mill

graders. Firms receiving this service place the mark of the expert

grader on all of the lumber they make.

Southern Sash, Door, and Millwork Manufacturers' Association,

C. B. Harman, secretary, Candler Building, Atlanta, Ga. The asso- ciation has set up standards for sizes, grades, and designs for sashes,

doors, and millwork. It has established standard methods for millwork cost accounting. During 1926 the uniform millwork contract

committee prepared a uniform millwork contract and definition of

millwork, including standard specifications of manufacture, which

has been adopted by the association.

Southern Supply and Machinery Dealers Association, Alvin M.

Smith, secretary, Smith-Courtney Co., Richmond, Va. The standardization committee of this association, which is appointed by the

president upon authority of the executive committee, takes cognizance

of all standardization programs; studies the same, and is prepared

to participate in discussions at the meetings held for the consideration

of a program. In 1927 this association took part in the standardization of wrought iron and wrought steel pipe, valves and fittings, and

the packing of carriage, machine and lag bolts. Steel Barrel Manufacturers Institute, D. S. Hunter, secretary,

Bulkley Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The institute has adopted

minimum weights for barrels of various types and sizes, standard

threads for bung openings, and standard distances between rolling

hoops. It initiated the movement which resulted in the simplified

practice recommendation relating to the sizes of steel barrels and

drums. All members of the institute have pledged themselves to adhere to the standards developed by the institute or established

by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Steel Founders' Society of America, William J. Corbett, secretarymanager, Magee Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. The society cooperates

with the American Society for Testing Materials in formulating

specifications for steel castings, and is represented on the joint committees on pattern equipment standardization, on foundry refractories, and on the investigation of the effect of sulphur and phosphorus

in steel. As a result of its request, a committee on foundry practice

has been organized under the auspices of the United States Department of Commerce, to consider the placing of the weights of castings on blue prints sent to foundries.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 347

Structural Service Bureau, A. Lynwood Ferguson, managing

director, 112 South Sixteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Although

this bureau has not formulated any specifications, it has cooperated

actively in the preparation of standards, building codes, and specifications which have been promulgated by the National, State, and

municipal authorities, and in the compilation and issuance of specifications which have been adopted by the following organizations:

The Associated Tile Manufacturers, Common Brick Manufacturers

Association, National Slate Association, National Lime Association,

Eastern Clay Products Association, and a number of individual firms.

Tap and Die Institute, Herbert S. Blake, secretary, 74 Trinity

Place, New York, N. Y. The committee on simplification and standardization is actively engaged in the task of eliminating from cata- logue lists, sizes and styles of taps and dies which the trade no longer

demands, and is establishing proper standard basic mechanical

sizes of these tools to be listed in revised catalogues.

Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, W. G.

MacNaughton, secretary, 18 East Forty-first Street, New York,

N. Y. This association has voted upon and adopted officially 24

methods of testing paper, formulated in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards. Additional methods are being worked

upon at the present time. Work is also going forward on proposed

standard test conditions for determining the initial strength of pulp.

Through its committee on heat, light, and power this association is cooperating with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in

the development of a scheme for the identification of piping systems.

It is cooperating also with the American Society for Testing Materials

through its paper-testing committee.

Telephone Group. In connection with the standardization activities conducted under the auspices and procedure of the A. E. S. C.

the telephone industry operates as a group. The telephone group

is sponsor or joint sponsor for two sectional committees functioning

under the rules of procedure of the A. E. S. C. as follows: Manhole

frames and covers (with the American Society of Civil Engineers)

and specifications for wood poles. It is officially represented on two

additional committees functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

This group consists of the Bell Telephone System and the United

States Independent Telephone Association. The A. E. S. C. exec- utive committee representative of the group is F. L. Rhodes, of the

Bell Telephone System, 195 Broadway, New York, N. Y. C. C.

Deering, 19 South La Salle Street, Chicago, 111., is secretary of the

United States Independent Telephone Association. Within the Bell

Telephone System the work of standardization of materials and

methods is performed by groups of experts of the joint staff flexibly

91096—28 23
348 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

organized. The representative of the United States Independent

Telephone Association on the telephone group is appointed by the

president of that association. The association has organized a plant

division chiefly for the purpose of acting as a clearing house to gather

and promulgate facts of value to the member companies, and to act

for the association in its cooperative work with outside interests,

such as the American Engineering Standards Committee, the National

Electric Light Association, and the National Bureau of Standards.

It has been active in the organization and work of the American

Committee on Inductive Coordination, which includes representatives

of not only the telephone and electric light groups, but also the electric railway group and the steam and the electrified railroad group.

Textile Color Card Association of the United States (Inc.), The,

Margaret Hayden Rorke, managing director, 200 Madison Avenue

at Thirty-sixth Street, New York, N. Y. This association has developed a standard color card based upon a plan, in accordance with

which each color is given a standard name and standard number

consisting of four figures, which express as nearly as can be done the

character of the color. This card, known as the standard color card,

is used in the textile and allied industries of America to identify the

colors by the name or number assigned to them. The association

also issues the standard hosiery color card used by the hosiery industry

of America.

Tire and Rim Association of America (Inc.), The, C. E. Bonnett,

general manager, Guarantee Title Building, Cleveland, Ohio. This

association, composed of manufacturers of vehicle tires, rims, wheels,

bases, or their related parts, was organized for the purpose of con- ducting standardization and inspection work. The association has

formulated and adopted standards for rims, and carries on the work

of inspection to see that rims conform to the standards set by it. Tissue Paper Manufacturers Association, E. H. Naylor, secretary,

44 Vernon Street, Springfield, Mass. In cooperation with the National Paper Trade Association the association has adopted and promulgated standard sizes for tissue paper in accordance with simplified

practice recommendations of the United States Department of Commerce. Members of the association are authorized to use the official label and the seal of the association in guaranteeing the packages

to be in accordance with simplified practice recommendation as to

size and count. Turpentine and Rosin Producers Association, A. T. Hussey,

secretary, Whitney-Central Building, New Orleans, La. This asso- ciation sponsored and led the activity which resulted in the passage

of the Harrison Act, which established Federal standards for color

for rosin and provided for the establishment of standards for tur- pentine. It has also defined the various classes of turpentine and
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 349

rosin. The United States Federal standards for rosin and turpentine

have been adopted by France and England and are recognized in all countries importing French and American rosin and turpentine.

The use of these standards for sale of any of these commodities in

interstate commerce is compulsory. In cooperation with the

American Society for Testing Materials, the association has assisted

in standardizing methods for determining foreign matter in rosin and

it will ultimately establish standards in connection with this feature.

Work is now being done in a similar manner on establishment of the

melting point of rosin. Through the efforts of this association the

rosin and turpentine producing industry has been brought to realize

the value of carrying on technical and chemical research. The industry is attempting to standardize the rosin package through cooperation with various consuming industries.

Underwriters' Laboratories, Dana Pierce, president, 207 East

Ohio Street, Chicago, 111. For about 25 years the laboratories have

been maintained by the National Board of Fire Underwriters for examining and testing appliances and devices on contracts entered

into with the owners and manufacturers of such appliances and

devices respecting the recommendation thereof to insurance companies. Definite specifications relating to design details and per- formance characteristics have been formulated by the laboratories

with special reference to life and fire hazards and accident and theft

prevention. Arrangements are made with manufacturers for the

inspection of devices and materials at the factories by laboratories

inspectors, and standard goods are identified by stamps, transfers,

labels, or other markings whereby they may be recognized wherever

found. As a member of the fire-protection group of the American

Engineering Standards Committee, the organization is joint sponsor

for specifications for rubber-lined fire hose (with the American

Society for Testing Materials) and specifications for the fire tests of materials and construction (with the American Society for Testing

Materials and the National Bureau of Standards). The organization

is sponsor for specifications and standards for electrical devices and

materials with relation to fire and casualty hazards. It is officially

represented on 23 additional sectional committees functioning under

A. E. S. C. procedure. In cooperation with the National Board of Fire Underwriters, the National Fire Protection Association, and

many other insurance, technical, and engineering societies, it assists,

through its staff, in the formulating of standards and regulations

covering fire-loss prevention, accident, and theft. It has formulated

and adopted numerous standards for electrical materials and devices.

United States Pharmacopoeial Convention, Lyman F. Kebler,

M. D., secretary, 1322 Park Road NW., Washington, D. C. One of

the prime objects of this body is to establish uniform standards for the
350 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

use of those engaged in the practice of medicine and pharmacy in the

United States, whereby the identity, strength, quality, and purity

of certain recognized medicines and drugs may be accurately determined. Through its committee on revision the convention revises the

" United States Pharmacopoeia" at intervals of 10 years. The

Pharmacopoeia describes and gives standards for such drugs as are recognized therein. It is published by the board of trustees of the

convention. The tenth decennial revision became effective January

1, 1926. The companion book, the "National Formulary," the fifth edition of which became official July 1, 1926, is revised by the American Pharmaceutical Association and published and controlled by

this association. The United States Pharmacopoeia and National

Formulary, official at the time of investigation, are recognized as authorities by the national food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, and

similar laws of many States in the Union.

United States Potters Association, Charles F. Goodwin, secretarytreasurer, East Liverpool, Ohio. Though having no formal committee on standardization, this association is engaged in a number of standardizing activities. Its committees endeavor to establish uniform

shop conditions and practices throughout the industry, the committee on machinery makes an annual survey of new installations and

improvements in mechanical equipment, the committee on kilns and

firing reports new developments and has undertaken the study of

conditions which actually prevail in the most modern types of kilns. The research committee studies the fundamental processes involved

in the manufacture of pottery products for the purpose of standardizing the methods of testing the raw materials and the finished product.

In its research and standardization work the association cooperates

actively with the National Bureau of Standards, the chairman of

its research committee being chairman of the bureau's advisory

committee on ceramics.

United Typothetae of America, Edward T. Miller, secretary, 600

West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. This organization has published a dictionary of printing terms to include standard definitions of

the various operations in printing and binding. It publishes a standard form of proposal for printing in which are incorporated the

standard printing trade customs, a standard form for estimating

printing, and standard cost finding and accounting systems for

printers. Its research department has made a special study of

printing processes and methods. The organization has taken an

active part in promoting the standardization of paper sizes in cooperation with the National Paper Trade Association, the Writing Paper

Manufacturers Association, and the division of simplified practice.

Wallpaper Manufacturers' Association of the United States,

Henry Burn, president, 461 Eighth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 351

association has published trade regulations which include specifications relating to the width and length of wall paper. These regu^

lations, which affect nearly 75 per cent of the wall paper used, have

passed the test of the Federal Trade Commission. They furnish

protection to the purchasers of wall paper by requiring the word

" ungrounded'' to be printed on the side of the pattern of wall paper

which has not been covered with color prior to printing. The work

of formulating these trade regulations was done by a special committee appointed for that purpose. Changes can be made in them

only through the action of the association itself. West Coast Lumbermen's Association, Robert B. Allen, manager,

White-Henry-Stuart Building, Seattle, Wash. This association was

organized in 1901 to promote west coast forest products and to handle the subject of grading, statistical information, traffic, and similar

service. It has issued many publications having a direct bearing on standardization. All of its previous rules applying to the classi- fication, manufacture, and grading of Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, west

coast hemlock and western red cedar have been superseded by grading and dressing rules conforming to American lumber standards,

now issued in a single pamphlet. In its technical bulletins are included recommendations of the United States Forest Service relating

to working stresses for standard grades of Douglas fir and those of

structural grades of American Lumber Standards as adopted by the

building code committee of the United States Department of Commerce and by the American Railway Engineering Association. Membership in West Coast Lumbermen's Association is confined exclusively to mills of careful manufacturing practice. The by-laws of

the association state that no mill may be eligible to membership in

West Coast Lumbermen's Association whose grades are below the

test of grades efficiency established by the board of trustees of the

association, and that any member mill whose grades, over a reasonable period, shall fall below the test of grading efficiency established

by the association, shall forfeit its membership in the association.

Western Pine Manufacturers Association, A. W. Cooper, secre- tary-manager, Yeon Building, Portland, Oreg. The standardization

activities of this organization are carried on by the grading committee,

which has for many years supervised the development of standard

grades and sizes. These grades have been worked out and published.

This association has taken an active part in the American lumber

standards movement and has put into practice, with very minor

exceptions, the standard sizes of manufacture adopted cooperatively

by the manufacturers, distributors, and consumers of lumber.

Western Red Cedar Association, F. S. Fulwiler, secretary, Peyton

Building, Spokane, Wash. In 1918 and 1925 the association issued

its own specifications for western red cedar poles and for butt treating
352 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

of cedar poles in open tanks. During 1926 it cooperated, through

special representatives, with a committee of the American WoodPreservers' Association and tentatively accepted, subject to future

final action, the specifications reported by that committee for the

preservative treatment of poles of the durable species by nonpressure

processes. The association is represented on the sectional committee on wood poles functioning under A. E. S. C. procedure.

Wirebound Box Manufacturers Association, R. M. McClure,

secretary-treasurer, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. This

association has a standardization and specifications committee composed of four members, each of whom is in charge of the specifications department of the firm he is serving. These men are appointed

by the president with the approval of the board of governors. The

function of the committee is to pass upon all specifications for new

wire-bound containers, when requested, and to consider all proposed

changes or amendments offered in existing specifications authorized

by the Interstate Commerce Commission, by the Army, Navy, or other branches of the Federal Government, or other regulatory

agencies. To provide the data in support of their recommendations,

the committee supervises, conducts, or cooperates in the actual

testing of wire-bound boxes in the different box and crating laboratories, and in the design of new packages, these results being drawn

upon in the actual writing of the specifications. Its current activities are along this general line. The principal accomplishment in

1927 was the preparation of a set of general specifications for wirebound boxes at the request of the transportation division of the

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce and used by that division as a part of the material contained in its trade circular on wirebound boxes, " Domestic Commerce Series No. 12."

Writing Paper Manufacturers Association, E. H. Naylor, secretary, 44 Vernon Street, Springfield, Mass. Organized in 1861, this

is the oldest trade association in the United States. It has adopted

and promulgated certain trade customs relating to writing paper,

including standard sizes and weights. The weights fisted are those

recommended by the National Paper Trade Association. It has

approved a classification of cotton rags promulgated by the National

Association of Waste Material Dealers.
IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON STANDARDIZATION

[Compiled by Anne L. Baden, division of bibliography, Library of Congress, under the direction of William Adams Slade, chief bibliographer. The call numbers accompanying the entries are those of the Library of Congress] The following bibliography comprises references to the general

literature on standardization. Care has been taken to omit cita- tions to the specialized literature on the standardization of specific

commodities.

Adams, C. A.: Industrial standardization. American academy of political and social science. Annals, March, 1919, 82, pp. 289-299. H1.A4, v. 82. Cooperation (in standardization). American institute of electrical engineers.

Proceedings, July, 1919, 38, pp. 879-887. TK1.A613, v. 38. Engineering and industrial standardization. American institute of electrical engineers. Proceedings, April, 1919, 38, pp. 549-559. TK1.A613, v. 38. Agnew, Paul Gough:

Can industry make its own law. Mining Congress Journal, April, 1927, 13, pp. 257-259. TN5.A7, v. 13. Company standardization will continue its 1926 gains. Factory, January,

1927, 38, pp. 58-59. TS155.A3, v. 38. How business is policing itself. Nation's Business, 13, December, 1925, pp. 41-43. HF1.N4, v. 13. Industrial standardization in Europe. {In American mining congress. Report,

1921. Washington, D. C, 1922, pp. 698-704.) TN5.A5, 1921.

Industrial standardization urged. Electric Railway Review, October 13, 1923,

62, pp. 599-600. TF701.E25, v. 62. International standardization. American Machinist, October 26, 1922, 57, pp. 633-638. TJ1.A5, v. 57. The national standardization movement and the mining industry. Mining

Congress Journal, April, 1925, 11, pp. 143-144. TN5.A7, v. 11.

Industrial standardization bas grown amazingly during recent years, until there are national organizations in 19 countries carrying on standardization projects. The mining industry is a leader

in this movement. Progress in national standardization. {In American mining congress. Report,

1922. Washington, D. C, 1923, pp. 259-265.) TN5.A5, 1922. Standardization in Germany. Taylor society. Bulletin, December, 1923,

8, pp. 224, 228. T58.A2T3, v. 8. Standardization: Now a problem for managers. Factory, January, 1926, 36,

p. 37. TS155.A3, v. 36. Standardization work in Europe. American Machinist, July 29, 1920, 53, pp. 210-211. TJ1.A5, v. 53. The step toward industrial self-government. New Republic, March 17, 1926,

46, pp. 92-95. AP2.N624, v. 46. American academy of political and social science, Philadelphia: Industries in readjustment. Editor in charge of this volume: Clyde L. King. Philadelphia, The American academy of political and social science, 1919, 379 pp.

(Its Annals, vol. lxxxii, no. 171.) H1.A4, v. 82, no. 171.

Consult index under Standardization. 353
354 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

American engineering council. Waste in industry, by the committee on elimi- nation of waste in industry of the Federated American engineering societies. Washington, D. C, Federated American engineering societies; New York,

McGraw-Hill Book Co. (Inc.). 1921. xi, 409 p. incl. tables, facsims., forms,

diagrs. Contains bibliographies. T58.A6, 1921. American engineering standards committee: Notes on industrial standardization in Germany. New York, 1921. 8 pp.

Discusses: History; organization, and procedure; publication of standards; periodical publication;

special industry committees; characteristics of the continental work; German standards in foreign

trade; Russian engineering society; contact with industry; preferred numbers. One thousand simplification opportunities. American Machinist, May 31, 1923, 58, pp. 805-806. TJ1.A5, v. 58. Standardization: What it is doing for industry. New York, 1924. Pamphlet

Yearbook. New York City, American engineering standards committee,

1922- diagrs. TA1.A282.

American industry acknowledges its debt to Herbert Hoover. A symposium of appreciation of his work, by leaders of industry. Industrial Management,

April, 1926, 71, pp. 199-212. TA1.E59, v. 71. With special reference to standardization and waste elimination. American society for testing materials: A. S. T. M. standards. Issued biennially. Philadelphia, Pa., The Society.

1916- TA401.A64.

A. S. T. M. tentative standards. Philadelphia, The Society, 1917- TA401.A65.

Proceedings of the annual meetings. Philadelphia, The Society, 1899- TA401.

A5. Yearbook, 1910-1915, containing the standard specifications. Philadelphia,

Pa., 1910-1915. 6 v. List of publications in each volume. Superseded in 1916 by A. S. T. M. standards. TA401.A63.

L 'Association francaise de normalisation. G6nie Civil, April 16, 1927, 90, pp. 392-393. TA2.G3, v. 90. Auel, C. R. Organizing to prevent materials waste. Management and Administration, June, 1924, 7, pp. 669-674. T58.A2M3, v. 7. Australia. Institute of science and industry. An engineering standards associa- tion for Australia planned. Its Science and industry, January, 1921, 2, pp. 43-44. T1.A95, v. 2. Baring, R. Standardization. Engineering Progress, November, 1926, 7, pp. 305-308. TA1.E615, v. 7. Deals with standardization movements in all industrial countries. Baird, D. G. Eliminating needless cost and confusion. Industrial Management,

June, 1923, 65, pp. 334-337. Tal.E59, v. 65. Baker, H. P. How can a trade association bring about standardization in an

industry? Paper Trade Journal, 77, November 22, 1923, pp. 27-28. TS1080.P2, v. 77. Barnes, Julius H.: Standardization as a creator of new advertising. Printers Ink monthly,

March, 1923, 6, pp. 23-24, 100. HF5801.P75, v. 6. Voluntary adoption of standards of quality. Mechanical Engineering, May,

1923, 45, p. 325. TJ1.A72, v. 45. Basset, William Rupert. How far does it pay to carry simplification? System,

October, 1921, 40, pp. 413-415. HF5001.S9, v. 40. Bayle, Emile J. Outlining the pitfalls of industry. Part 2: Determining

standardized conditions. American Industries, 26, January, 1926, pp. 35-38. HD4802.A6, v. 26.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 355

Bennington, E. T. The standardization of product aids handling. Iron Age,

January 29, 1925, 115, pp. 344-346. T1.I7, v. 115. Bern, E. G. Some engineering aspects of standardization. General Electric Review, October, 1926, 29, pp. 736-741. TK1.G5, v. 29. Bletz, M. H. Promoting standardization work in the American Republics.

Pan American Union. Bulletin, November, 1925, 59, pp. 1095-1105. F1403.B955, v. 59. Bogart, Ernest Ludlow. Modern industry, by Ernest L. Bogart and Charles E. Landon. New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 1927. x, 593 pp. (Longmans' economic series). HD2321.B55.

"Bibliographical note" at end of most of the chapters. The benefits of standardization: pp. 567-568. Bretschneider, P. Geschichte und Tatigkeit des Osterreichischen Normenausschusses fur Industrie und Gewerbe. Zeitschrift des Osterreichischen Ingenieur und Architekten-Vereins, April 1, 1921, 73, pp. 81-82. TA3.03,

v. 73. Brisco, Norris Arthur. Economics of business. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1913. xiv p., 1 1., 390 pp. HF5351.B84.

"References" at end of each chapter. Consult index under Standardization. British engineering standards association. London. [Reports.] London, 1923-

1927.

Each report has separate call number. Brown, F. C:

Tremendous saving by standardization. Iron Age, January 15, 1925, 115,

p. 202. T1.I7, v. 115. Who profits from scientific work? Scientific Monthly, December, 1924, 19, pp. 655-660. Q1.S817, v. 19. Burgess, George K.: Standardization and its effect on industry American Machinist, May 19, 1927, 66, pp. 808-809. TJ1.A5, v. 66. The trend of standardization. (In American society for testing materials. Proceedings, 1923. Philadelphia, 1923. pp. 40-49.) TA401.A5, 1923. Burlingame, L. D. Standardization versus individuality. Mechanical Engineering, September, 1924, 46, pp. 529-530. TJ1.A72, v. 46. Burnett, R. S. The science of standardization. Society of automotive engineers. Journal, October, 1920, 7, pp. 343-345. TL1.S5, v. 7. Butterfield, C. B. The benefits of standardization as reflected by insurance

rates. (In American mining congress. Report, 1921. Washington, D.

1922, pp. 736-744.) TN5.A5, 1921. Butterworth, William. Coordinating our industries for war work. (In National

association of cotton manufacturers. Transactions, 1918. Boston, 1918, pp. 471-485. TS1550.N5, 1918.

Caillard, Sir Vincent. Simplification a matter of essential importance. Advertising World, October, 1925. Calkins, E. E. Twin peas in a pod. Atlantic Monthly, September, 1925, 136, pp. 311-318. AP2.A8, v. 136. Campbell, H., and A. Taub. Waste elimination through standardization. American Machinist, March 9, 1922, 56, pp. 363-364. TJ1.A5, v. 56.
356 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Cater, A; E. Cut out the overload. Advertising World, October, 1925. Chamber of commerce of the United States of America:

The war on waste continues in industry and government. Washington, 1924.

3. pp. (Its Bulletin no. 31.) Autographed typewritten sheets. HF296.A1335,

no. 31. Domestic distribution department. Commercial tower of Babel. Washington, D. C, 1926. 13 pp. Autographed typewritten sheets. Fabricated production department. Simplification and standardization—

means of reducing industrial waste. Washington, D. C, 1923. 13 pp. Autographed typewritten sheets. Chase* Stuart: The challenge of waste. New York, League for industrial democracy, 1925. 28pp. (League for industrial democracy, no. 2.) "Bibliography of eco- nomic waste," p. 28. " Wastes in production," pp. 23-25. HC106.3.C5, 1925. One dead level. New Republic, September 29, 1926, 48, pp. 137-139. AP2.N624, v. 48. The tragedy of waste, by Stuart Chase in conjunction with the Labor Bureau

(Inc.). New York, The Macmillan Co., 1925. 4 p. 1., 296 pp. Bibliography, pp. 281-292. Standardization and simplification, pp. 167-174. HC106.3.C53.

Chase, Stuart, and Frederick John Schlink: A few billions for consumers; Government testing and standards. New Republic, December 30, 1925, January 6, 1926, 45, pp. 153-155; 180-182. XP2.N624, v. 45. How standardization helps and hinders the buyer. New Republic, February

23, 1927, 50, pp. 12-15. AP2.N624, v. 50. Your money's worth; a study in the waste of the consumer's dollar. New

York, The Macmillan Co., 1927. viii p., 1 1., 285 pp. HD62.C5.

See chapters on "Standardization, good and bad"; "The consumer's stake in standards." Chisholm, Cecil. Simplified practice. London, Chapman & Hall (Ltd.), 1927.

xii, 151 pp. T58.C43.

" Bibliography of simplification," p. 147. Clamer, G. H. Standardization. American architect, July 9, 1919, 116, pp.

53-54. NA1.A3, v. 116. Clarkson, Grosvenor B. Industrial America in the World War; the strategy

behind the line, 1917-18, with an introduction by Georges Clemenceau. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1923. xxiii, 573 pp. HC106.2.C67.

Consult index under Standardization. Clay, Wharton. Engineering in trade association work. (Points out how trade

associations may help promote standardization.) Western society of engineers. Journal, Mareh 20, 1920, 25, pp. 181-220. TA1.W52, v. 25. Commons, John Rogers. Industrial government, by John R. Commons, Willis Wisler, Alfred P. Haake, O. F. Carpenter, Jennie McMullin Turner, and

.others. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1921. xii, 425 pp. HF5549.C7.

A study of eighteen industrial establishments visited from July to September, 1919. See index under Standardization. Conference on the elimination of waste in industry. Proceedings of the conference on the elimination of waste in industry, held under the auspices of the Central labor college of Philadelphia, April 9 and 10, 1927. Philadelphia,

1927. Connolly, L. Uniformity, conformity, even deformity; a fable for critics. Li- brary Journal, December 15, 1924, 49, pp. 1075-1076. Z671.L7, v. 49.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 357

Cooper, M. D. Commercial results of standardization. Wisconsin Engineer,

November, 1925, 30, pp. 27-28. TA1.W8, v. 30. Cooperation between the Government and industry in standardization. Science,

March 24, 1922, n. s., 55, pp. 310-311. Q1.S35, n. s., v. 55. Copeland, Melvin T. Economical advantages of the standardization of products.

Taylor society. Bulletin, April, 1921, 6, pp. 55-64. T58.A2T3, v. 6.

Discussion: p. 64-76. See also Industrial Management, January, 1921, 61, pp. 67-68. TA1.E59, v.61. Crocker, F. B. The boundaries and divisions of standardization. Electrical Review and Western Electrician, March 28, 1914, 64, pp. 639-640. TK1.E45,

v. 64. Electrical World March 28, 1914, 63, pp. 716-717. TK1.E5, v. 63. Daly, William B. The future of the standardization movement. Success is dependent upon educative process. When proper interest is created, tentative standards can be adopted. Resulting discussions will provide basis for permanent standards. Mining Congress Journal, April, 1923, 9, pp. 126-128. TN5.A7, v. 9. Derrick, Paul E. It can be done. Advertising World, October, 1925. Desmond, Shaw. Prussianizing America. North American Review, June, 1926,

223, pp. 256-267. AP2.N4, v. 223. Development, The, of industrial standardization in 1926. Safety Engineering,

January, 1927, 53, pp. 39-41. TH9201.A1S3, v. 53. Dickinson, Roy. Simplification in industry. What the Department of commerce is doing to cut out some of the waste due to too much diversification. Printers Ink, 120, September 21, 1922, pp. 170, 173-189. HF5801.P7, v. 120. Dodd, Alvin E. The standardization of qualities, quantities, and varieties. Purchasing Agent, November, 1921, 10, pp. 587-588. HF5437.A2P8, v. 10. Drury, A. Standardization with metric units. Journal of Electricity, November 1, 1919, 43, pp. 409-411. TK1.J7, v. 43. Du Brul, E. F. Economic aspects of standardization. American Machinist,

May 4, 1922, 56, pp. 660-662. TJ1.A5, v. 56. Dudley, Charles B.: The enforcement of specifications. (In American society for testing materials. Proceedings, 1907, 7, Philadelphia, 1907.) TA401.A5, 1907. The making of specifications. (In American society for testing materials. Proceedings, 1903, 3, Philadelphia, 1903.) TA401.A5, 1903. Durgin, William A.

:

Alice in modernland. Nation's Business, 11, June, 1923, pp. 13-15. HF1.N4, v. 11. A message from Herbert Hoover. (In American mining congress. Report,

1923. Washington, 1924. pp. 473-481.) TN5.A5, 1923. Standardization indorsed. Mining Congress Journal, August, 1924, 10, p. 369. TN5.A7, v. 10. Durley, R. J.: Industrial standardization progress. Canadian Engineer, December 2, 1924,

47, pp. 569-571. TA1.C2, v. 47. The standardization movement in Canada. (In American mining congress. Report, 1921. Washington, D. C, 1922. pp. 744-751.) TN5.A5, 1921. Dutton, Henry Post: Business organization and management. Chicago and New York, A. W. Shaw

Co., 1925. 2 p. 1., iii-xiv, 3-545 pp. HF5500.D85.

Bibliography, pp. 535-538. Standardization, pp. 50-57. See also index under Standardization. Organization and supervision. Chicago and New York, A. W. Shaw Co.; London, A. W. Shaw & Co. (Ltd.), 1927. viii, 122 pp. (The Shaw plant

and shop management library, vol. i.) TS155.S44. vol. i. Bibliography, pp. 121-122. Standards in control, pp. 63-65.
358 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Edwards, W. F. Standardization, past and future. Textile World, October 10, 1925, 68, pp. 2157-2158. TS1300.T36, v. 68. Eliminating waste. How standardization and simplification are stimulating mass production with the attendant result of saving of money and increas- ing of output. Commercial America, 22, April, 1926, p. 55. HF1.C6,

v. 22. Engineering and industrial standardization. Mechanical Engineering, February, 1927, 49, pp. 153-159. TJ1.A72, v. 49. Engineering index. New York, The American society of mechanical engineers,

1892. Z5851.E62.

See especially volumes issued since 1918, under Standardization, and cross references. Example of standardization in German industry. Mechanical Engineering,

January, 1924, 46, pp. 54-55. TJ1.A72, v. 46. Fahey, John H. The International chamber of commerce explained. Its organization, what it has accomplished and what it hopes to do. Export

Trade and Exporters' Review, 6, October 15, 1921, pp. 9-12. HF1.E65, v. 6. Farnham, Dwight Thompson. America v. Europe in industry. A comparison

of industrial policies and methods of management. New York, The Ronald

Press Co., 1921. xviii, 492 pp. T58.F25.

Standardization, pp. 181-208. Fawcett, Waldon:

The significance of Government standards. Purchasing Agent, March, 1921,

10, pp. 155-158. HF5.437.A2P8, v. 10. Standardization, a new influence in foreign trade. Far-reaching significance

of movement for greater degree of uniformity in merchandise is explained.

Belief held in some quarters that standardization would restrict free play of individuality in trade declared unfounded. Pacific Ports, 4, October, 1921, pp. 31-34. HF5001.P3, v. 4. Fearn, J. Standardization determination. Managing Engineer (London),

August, 1919, 6, pp. 83-86.

Feiker, Frederick M. Industrial standardization. Purchasing Agent, November, 1921, 10, pp. 600-602. HF5437.A2P8, v. 10. Forsyth, William W. A two-sided view of simplification. Advertising World,

October, 1925. France

Commission permanente de standardisation. Documents relatifs a la creation

. de la Commission permanente de standardisation. Paris, Imp. nat., 1919, 42 pp. The commission has also published Fascicule. Commission permanente de standardisation. Metallurgie, May 25, 1922, 54, pp. 749-750. Le projet de normalisation des dimensions dans l'industrie. G6nie civil, May 20, 1922, 80, pp. 455-456. TA2.G3, v. 80. Frederick, Justus George:

The great game of business, its rules, its fascination, its services and rewards- New York, London, D. Appleton & Co., 1920. ix p., 1 1., 175 pp. HF5351.F75.

The umpire and service standards, pp. 76-86; The wonders of standardization in the great game,

pp. 124-137. Standardization, bane or blessing? Outlook, January 12, 1927, 145, pp. 50-51. AP2.08, v. 145.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 359

Galliver, George A. Simplification in industry. Factory, October, 1921, 27,

pp. 463-466. TS155.A3, v. 27. Garde, G. Den danske standardiseringskommission. Ingenioren, February 27, 1926, 35, pp. 104-106. TA4.I41, v. 35. George, E. E. Industrial viewpoint on standardization. Electrical World, September 20, 1919, 74, pp. 635-636. TK1.E5, v. 74. Germany standardizing on a grand scale. Power, November 15, 1921, 54,

p. 783. TJ1.P7, v. 54. Gerstenberg, Charles William. Principles of business (3d ed., rev.). New York,

Prentice-Hall (Inc.), 1922. xiv, 821 pp. HF5351.G3, 1922.

Bibliography at end of each chapter. Consult index under Standardization. Gilbreth, Frank B. Standardization is the salvation of American industry.

Chemical Age (London), September, 1923, 31, pp. 385-386. TP1.C33, v. 31.

Gill, Conrad. Government and people; an introduction to the study of citizenship, by Conrad Gill, with the collaboration of C. W. Valentine. London,

Methuen & Co. (Ltd.), 1921. xi, 307 pp. JN321.G5.

Critical comment on standardization, p. 253. Glazebrook, Richard. National proving house and standardizing laboratory.

Engineer (London), March 8, 1918, 125, pp. 202-203. TA1.E5, v. 125.

Gliick, L. Die Werkstoffnormung und ihre Bedeutung fur Erzeuger und Verbraucher. Maschinenbau (Berlin), March 18, 1926, 5, pp. 252-255. Goudriaan, J., jr. Beschouwingen over Normalisatiemethodiek. Ingenieur

(The Hague), January 19, 1924, 39, pp. 33-38. TA4.I4, v. 39. Gramenz, K. Grenzen der Normung. Vereines deutscher Ingenieure, Berlin,

Zeitschrift, February 5, 1927, 71, pp. 181-184. TA3.V5, v. 71. Internationale Normung. Maschinenbau (Berlin), March 18, 1926, 5, pp. 249-251. Gratama, B. M.

:

Normalisatie op internationalen grondslag. Ingenieur (The Hague), March

6, 1926, 41, pp. 175-181. TA4.I4, v. 41. Tien Jahren Normalisatie 1916-1926. Ingenieur (The Hague), May 7, 1927,

42, pp. 408-415. TA4.I4, v. 42. Green, William. Labor and waste elimination. Taylor society. Bulletin, June, 1927, 12, pp. 407-410. T58.A2T3, v. 12. Gries, J. M. How far can you standardize? Nation's Business, 10, April, 1922, pp. 14-15. HF1.N4, v. 10. Hagemann, George E. Standards in German industry. Management Engineering, March, 1923, 4, pp. 183-188. T58.A2M3, v. 4. Ham, J. W. Cooperative standardization. General Electric Review, June, 1914,

17, pp. 529-531. TK1.G5, v. 17. Haney, Lewis H. Putting science into business. Administration, January, 1922,

3, pp. 74-80. HF5001.A4, v. 3. Harriman, N. F.: The evolution of standardization in industry. Industrial Management, March,

1927, 73, pp. 166-169. TA1.E59, v. 73. Sane limits of industrial standardization. Industrial Management, June, 1927,

73, pp. 363-365. TA1.E59, v. 73. Standardization from the consumer's point of view. Chemical Age (London),

October, 1922, 30, pp. 461-462. TP1.C33, v. 30. Standardization and specifications vital to better purchasing. Railway Age,

August, 1926. Standardization and Government purchasing. Forbes Magazine, March,

1927.
360 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Hartness, J. How simplification built profits for six concerns. System, November, 1921, 40, pp. 548-551. HF5001.S9, v. 40. Hathaway, H. K.: The necessity for standards. Taylor society. Bulletin. February, 1920, 5, pp. 12-39. Discussion, pp. 39-42. T58.A2T3, v. 5. Standards; successful development and operation of scientific management

call for the establishment and maintenance of standards. Taylor society.

Bulletin, October, 1927, 12, pp. 491-504. T58.A2T3, v. 12. Hellborn, A. V. Datenschliissel im Dienste der Normung. Technik und Wirtschaft, August, 1925, 18, pp. 230-236. T3.T26, v. 18. Hellmich, H. Normung, Spezialisierung and Typung als Mittel zur Hebung der

Wirtschaftlichkeit unserer Produktion. Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Beforderung des Gewerbfleisses, October, 1920, no. 8, pp. 110-117. Herzog, H. O. Industrial standards in Germany. American Machinist, November 2, 1922, 57, pp. 683-685. TJ1.A5, v. 57. Hijmans, Ernst:

Normalisatie. Ingenieur (The Hague), June 12, 1920, 35, pp. 411-429. TA4.I4, v. 35. Normung in Holland. Betrieb (Berlin), June 25, 1921, 3, pp. 582-595.

Hiscox, W. J. The reason why we must standardize manufacture. Electrician (London), June 10, 1921, 86, p. 725. TK1.E63, v. 86. Holbrook, E. A. Coordination of standards. (In American mining congress. Report, 1924. Washington, 1925. pp. 314-317.) TN5.A5, 1924. Hoover, Herbert: American progress in elimination of waste. United States. Bureau of Foreign

and Domestic Commerce. Commerce Reports, November 8-15, 1926, no. 44

no. 46, pp. 334-339, 396-401. HC1.R198, 1926, no. 44, 46. Industrial standardization. (In Hunt, Edward E., ed. Scientific management since Taylor, a collection of authoritative papers. New York, McGrawpm Book Co., 1924. pp. 189-196.) T58.H8.

Progress in elimination of waste. An extract from the fourteenth annual report

of the Secretary of Commerce. Washington, United States Government

Printing Office, 1927. 29 p. incl. tables. HC106.3.H62.

Reducing the U. S. "waste" line. Fundamental aims of campaign.

Transformations accomplished. Enormous economic savings effected. Recommendations that have been accepted. Commercial America, 23,

December, 1926, pp. 39-47. HF1.C6, v. 23. Reduction in prices through the elimination of industrial waste. An extract

' from the thirteenth annual report of the Secretary of Commerce. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1925. Cover-title, 28 p. incl. tables. HC106.3.H65.

Waste in industry. American Federationist, June, 1925, 32, pp. 470-472. HD8055.A5A2, v. 32. How standardization makes money easier. Literary Digest, 87, November 14, 1925, pp. 97-98. AP2.L58, v. 87. Hoyt, Homer:

High cost of choosing. Nation's Business, 8, October, 1920, p. 90 HF1.N4, v. 8. Industrial combination and the standardization of production. Journal of Political Economy, February, 1919, 21, pp. 95-104. HB1.J7, v. 27. Standardization a check to rising living cost. Innumerable varieties of staple

articles practically double the cost of each; 518 styles of piano stools an

: - illustration; some individuality should be preserved whatever the cost,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 361

Hoyt, Homer—Continued.

but opportunity is presented to save countless dollars. Annalist, October,

18, 1920, 16, p." 487. HG1.N6, v. 16. Standardization and its relation to industrial concentration. American acad- emy of political and social science. Annals, March, 1919, 83, pp. 271-277. H1.A4, v. 82. Hubbard, Henry D.: Standardization. Society of Motion Picture Engineers'

Proceedings, 1916. Hudson, Ray M.:

Are there any real obstacles to simplification? Factory, October, 1925, 35, pp. 537-538. TS155.A3, v. 35. Government cooperation in the national standardization movement. More

than 200 groups of industry are participating in the program of simplifica- tion and standardization inaugurated in 1921 by the Department of Commerce, and much good is accruing to industry as a whole. Mining Congress

Journal, April, 1927, 13, pp. 265-267. TN5.A7, v. 13. The promotion of standards. United States. Bureau of labor statistics. Monthly Labor Review, April, 1925, 20, pp. 756-759. HD8051.A78, v. 20. Simplification and standardization. American society for steel treating.

Transactions, March, 1924, 5, pp. 276-284. TA401.A5, v. 5. Also in Leon P. Alford's "Management's handbook," New York, The Ronald Press, 1924, pp.

987-1034. HF5500.A55. Simplification is saving millions. Effort of the Department of Commerce

to eliminate waste in manufacturing is already showing magnificent results and promises to reach into almost every phase of our national economic

problems. American Industries, 23, May, 1923, pp. 15-19. HD4802.A6,

v. 23. Simplification, the new fundamental in business. Railway Review, June 9, 1923, 72, pp. 962-963. TF1.R4, v. 72. Simplified practice and labor. American Federationist, February, 1926, 33, pp. 156-162. HD8055.A5A2, v. 33. Will 1926 competition force all industry to simplify? Factory, January, 1926,

36, p. 36. TS155.A3, v. 36. Hunt, Edward Eyre. The world economic conference. Taylor society. Bulletin, June, 1927, 12, pp. 383-390. T58.A2T3, v. 12.

Includes discussion of standardization proposals.

: Hunt, Robert W. The application of specifications. {In American society for testing materials. Proceedings, 1913, 13, Philadelphia, 1913.) TA401.A5,

1913. Iden, V. G. Standardization v. war progress. Iron Trade Review, July 11, 1918,

63, pp. 81-85. TS300.I745, v. 63. Imperial conference, London, 1926. Summary of proceedings and appendixes.

London, H. M. Stationery Ofrice, 1927. 2 v. tables, form. (Gt. Brit. Parlia- ment. Papers by command. Cmd. 2768-2769.) JV21 1927.

Industrial standardization, 1, pp. 53-55; 2, pp. 40-41, 73, 85, 106, 366-369. Impey, F. L. The British test of simplification. System, October, 1925, 48, pp. 431-433. HF5001.S9, v. 48. Industrial arts index, The. Subject index to a selected list of engineering and

trade periodicals. New York, The H. W. Wilson Co., 1914.—Z7913.I7.

Consult each volume under Standardization. Industrial standardization in Germany. Electrical World, November 19, 1921,

78, pp. 1023-1024. TK1.E5, v. 78. American Machinist, December 1, 1921, 55, p. 906d-e. TJ1.A5, v. 55. Machinery [Eng. ed. J, January, 1922,

28, p. 362. TJ1.M21, v. 28.
362 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Industry backs standardization movement. Mining Congress Journal, May,

1925, 11, p. 251. TN5.A7, v. 11. International chamber of commerce. Standardization. Paris, International

headquarters, 1921, 14. (Its Brochure no. 10.) HF294.I68 no. 10.

See also Brochure no. 18, pp. 91-92. International conference on standardization. Science, August 24, 1923, n. s., 58, pp. 136-137. Q1.S35, n. s., v. 58. International organization, An, for standardization [International standards

association]. Science, May 28, 1926, n. s., 63, p. 539. Q1.S35, n. s., v. 63. Mechanical Engineering, June, 1926, 48, pp. 622-623. TJ1.A72, v. 48. International standardization. Canadian Engineer, August 30, 1927, 53, p. 256. TA1.C2, v. 53. Electrical Review, June 25, 1921, 78, p. 1022. TK1.E45, v. 78. Electrical World, June 25, 1921, 77, p. 1504. TK1.E5, v. 77. International standardization conference. Proceedings of the International standardization conference held under the auspices of the American engineering standards committee, April, 1926. New York, 1926. International standards association. Proposed constitution. Electrical World,

May 1, 1926, 87, pp. 937-938. TK1.E5, v. 87. Johnson, R. W. How advertising affects standardization. Printers' Ink, 115, June 16, 1921, pp. 81-82. HF5801.P7, v. 115. Jones, Franklin Daniel. Trade association activities and the law; a discussion

of the legal and economic aspects of collective action through trade organizations. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. (Inc.), 1922. xii, 360 pp. HD2425.J6.

Standardization, pp. 80-102. Kimball, D. S. Quantity increase and cost decrease from applied standardization. Management and Administration, October, 1923, 6, pp. 437-443. T58.A2M3, v. 6. Knoeppel, Charles Edward:

Graphic production control. New York, The Engineering Magazine Co., 1920. 2 p. 1., vii-xxiii, 477 pp. T58.K5.

Consult index under Standardization. Organization and administration, New York, Industrial Extension Institute

[cl917]. xix, 445 pp. (Factory management course and service, [v. 6]). TS155.F48. TS155.K75.

Standardization, pp. 262-283. Includes discussion of design of product, machines, tools and supplies, raw materials, operations of manufacturing, policies and methods. Kronenberg, M. Das Wesen der Spezialisireung, Normalisierung, Typisierung

und ihre Bedeutung fur die deutsche Volkswirtschaft. Deutsche Rundschau,

October, 1921, 189, pp. 63-75. AP30.D4, v. 189. Kruse, Amos. Industriell standardisering. Teknisk tidskrift, January 27, 1922,

53, pp. 25-28. T4.T28, v. 53. Kudlich, Rudolfe. Standardization promotes safety. Mining Congress Journal,

October, 1924, 10, p. 477. TN5.A7, v. 10. Lakenan, C. B. Elimination of waste through standardization. {In American

mining congress. Report, 1924. Washington, 1925, pp. 310-313.) TN5.A5,

1923. Also in Mining Congress Journal, December, 1924, 10, pp. 553, 572. TN5.A7, v. 10. League of nations. International economic conference, Geneva, May 4, 1927. Documentation. Scientific management in Europe. Geneva, 1926. Geneva, Imp. Atar, 1927. 15 pp. T58.A2L4 1927 d. At head of title: C. E. I. 13. League of nations—International labour office.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 363

Lee, Kenneth. A British cotton manufacturer's view of simplification. Advertising World, October, 1925. Le Maistre, C:

The effect of standardization on production. Cassier's Industrial Management, January 10, 1924, 11, p. 13. TA1.E59, v. 11. Industrial standardization. Engineering Production (London), March, 1925,

8, p. 88. A short address on standardization. South Wales Institute of Engineers.

Proceedings, November, 1924, 40, pp. 331-337. TA1.S69, v. 40. Standardization and simplification with special reference to the saving of waste in industry. Engineering (London), September 25, 1925, 120, pp. 397-399. TA1.E55, v. 120. Lichtner, William O.: Promulgation of standards by the Taylor society . Taylor society. Bulletin,

August, 1920, 5, pp. 140-152. T58.A2T3, v. 5. Reducing the cost of standardization. Management Engineering, July, 1922,

3, pp. 25-28. T58.A2M3, v. 3. Lincoln, Edmond Earle. Applied business finance. Chicago, New York.

A. W. Shaw Co., 1923. xviii, 772 pp. HF5550.L45.

Standardization, pp. 560-562. Lloyd, E. F. American automatic tool. Journal of Political Economy, June,

1919, 27, pp. 457-465. HB1.J7, v. 27. McAllister, A. S.

:

Certification plan and testing service. Chicago Purchaser, August, 1926,

4, pp. 20-21 and 40-41.

Facilitating the use of specifications. Chicago Purchaser, August, 1927, 5, pp. 21 and 45-52. Standard specifications. The goal and progress toward it. Purchasing Agent,

June, 1925, 16, pp. 666 and 740-743. HF5437.A2P8, v. 16. McClellan, W. Methods, money, and management. Electrical World, June 18, 1927, 89, pp. 1325-1328. TK1.E5, v. 89. McCullough, E. W.: The economic progress of simplification. More than five-sixths of the number

of varieties formerly used have been eliminated in some industries. Iron Age, January 24, 1924, 113, pp. 285-287. T1.I7, v. 113. Industry's fighting equipment. Nation's Business, 9, August, 1921, p. 38. HF1.N4, v. 9. Marshall, Leon Carroll. Business administration. Chicago, 111., The University of Chicago press, 1921. xxiv, 919 pp. (Materials for the study of business.) HF5500.M3, 1921 a.

1 'References for further study" at end of most of the chapters. Consult index under Standardization. Mason, Frank Richardson. Business principles, organization, and efficiency.

Chicago, Lincoln institute of business, 1921. 1 p. 1., 5-457 pp. (Business

library. Lincoln institute of business.) HF5351.M3, 1921.

Previously published under title: Business principles and organization. Consult index under

Standardization. Matherly, Walter J.: Economic hindrances to standardization. American Machinist, June 28, 1923, 58, pp. 937-939. TJ1.A5, v. 58. The financial economies of simplified industrial practice. Annalist, October

16, 1922, 30, pp. 382, 384. HG1.N6, v. 20. 91096—28 24
364 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Mathews, C. H. Is standardization possible. Country now is reaping vast

benefits as result of standardized industrial operations that once were considered impossible; survey shows host of opportunities for further improvement. Mining Congress Journal, April, 1923, 9, pp. 131-133. TN5.A7, v. 9. Mehren, Edward J. Cost reduction drive in German industry. Engineering

News, August 25, 1927, 99, pp. 307-308. TA1.E6, v. 99. Power, July 19, 1927, 66, p. 109. TJ1.P7, v. 66. Meyncke, George M. Standardization and the executive. Machinery, December, 1924, 31, pp. 273-274. TJ1.M21, v. 31. Miller, Fred J. Scientific management and waste elimination. Taylor society.

Bulletin, June, 1927, 12, pp. 420-424. T58.A2T3, v. 12. Mitke, Charles A. Lower costs by standardization. (In American mining

congress. Report, 1924. Washington, 1925, pp. 304-309.) TN5.A5,

1924. Mitteilungen des Normenausschusses der deutschen Industrie. Betrieb (Berlin)

May, 1920-March, 1922, 2, pp. 281-303; 329-343; 345-358; 373-389; 401-

409; 3, pp. 89-90; 109-125; 135-141; 187-199; 207-219; 247-255; 259-266;

283-292; 299-315; 319-330; 339-348; 355-360; 367-379; 393-406; 4, pp.

1-9; 17-24; 30-37; 45-58; 65-69; 73-77; 93-99; 103-105; 111-128. Continued in Maschinenbau (Berlin), December 16, 1922-1927, 2-9. Moffett, L. W. Necessity halts industrial waste. Iron Trade Review, January

2, 1919, 64, pp. 65-68. TS300.I745, v. 64. Morrow, L. W. W.:

Action urged on standardization. Electrical World, May 21, 1927, 89, pp. 1057-1060. TK1.E5, v. 89. National standardization. Electrical World, September 3, 1927, 90, pp. 463-465. TK1.E5, v. 90. National standardization conference:

First, Denver, 1920. Proceedings of the First National standardization conference, held in connection with the twenty-third annual convention of the American mining congress, Denver, Colo., November 15-20, 1920. (In

American mining congress. Report, 1920. Washington, D. C, 1921, pp. 688-834.) TN5.A5, 1920. Also published separately. TN5.N3,

1920. Second, Chicago, 1921. Proceedings of the Second National standardization

conference, held in connection with the twenty-fourth annual convention

of the American mining congress, Chicago, 111., October 17-22, 1921. (In

American mining congress. Report, 1921. Washington, D. C, 1922, pp. 577-848.) TN5.A5, 1921. Also published separately. TN5.N3, 1921. Third, Cleveland, 1922. Proceedings of the Third National standardization

conference, held in connection with the twenty-fifth annual convention of the American mining congress, Cleveland, Ohio, October 9-14, 1922. (In

American mining congress. Report, 1922. Washington, D. C, 1922, pp. 141-523.) TN5.A5, 1922. Also published separately. TN5.N3, 1922. Fourth, Milwaukee, 1923. Proceedings of the Fourth National standardization conference, held in connection with the twenty-sixth annual convention

of the American mining congress, Milwaukee, Wis., September 24-29, 1923. (In American mining congress. Report, 1923. Washington, D. C, 1924, pp. 403-708.) TN5.A5, 1923. Also published separately. TN5.N3, 1923.

Fifth, Sacramento, 1924. Proceedings of the Fifth National standardization

conference, held in connection with the twenty-seventh annual convention

of the American mining congress, Sacramento, Calif., September 29 to October 4, 1924. (In American mining congress. Report, 1924. Washington, D. C, 1925, pp. 291-432.) TN5.A5, 1924. Also published separately. TN5.N3, 1924.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 365

National standardization movements in foreign countries. Mechanical Engineering, April, 1927, 49, p. 378. TJ1.A72, v. 49. Neuhaus, F.:

. Die deutschen Normungsarbeiten. Technik und Wirtschaft, January, 1926,

19, pp. 31-34. T3.T26, v. 19. Die Normung in Deutschland. Vereines deutscher Ingenieure, Berlin. Zeitschrift, October 11, 1924, 68, pp. 1065-1070. TA3.V5, v. 68. Abstract,

Engineering (London), July 25, 1924, 118, pp. 149-151. TA1.E55, v. 118. New international yearbook. A compendium of the world's progress for the year 1923. New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1924. 815 pp. AE5.I64, 1923.

Industrial standardization, pp. 716-717. New standardising body to meet in London (International standards association)

.

Electrical Review (London), May 28, 1926, 98, p. 786. TK1.E44, v. 98. Nicholas, F. The meaning of the American engineering standards committee

to the electrical industry. Public Service Management, October, 1926, 41, pp. 118-119. HD4421.P8, v. 41. Normblattentwurfe (Austrian industrial standards committee). Sparwirtschaft

(Vienna), January, March-April, July, 1926, no. 1, N1-N8; no. 3, N33-N35;

no. 4, N47-N49; no. 7, N89-N92.

Normenausschuss der deutschen Industrie. Berlin. Dinbuch. Dinorm e. v. 1923-. Each issue has separate call number.

North, Sir Jonathan. Trade revival and how to effect it. Advertising World,

October, 1925. Oesterreichische-Normenausschuss fiir Industrie und Gewerbe. Sparwirtschaft

(Vienna), May-December, 1924, nos. 9-24; pp. 45-51; 53-60; 61-65; 69; 73; 76; 81-82; 93; March, July, August, September, 1925, nos. 3, 7, 9; pp. 67-73;' 75-79; 83-88; January, March, April, July, 1926, no. 1, pp. N1-N8;

no. 3, pp. N33-N35; no. 4, pp. N47-N49; no. 7, pp. N89-N92.

Ontwerp-Standaardvormen der Hoofdcommissie voor de normalisatie in Nederland. Ingenieur (The Hague), June 21, 1919, 34, pp. 476-479. TA4.I4,

v. 34. Order out of chaos by standardization. Literary digest, 62, August 16, 1919, pp. 77-84. AP2.L58, v. 62. Pan American standardization conference:

First, Lima, 1924-25. Primera conferencia Panamericana para la uniformidad

de especificaciones reunida en Lima, Peru, del 23 de diciembre de 1924 al 6 de enero de 1925. Actas y demas documentaci6n. Publicacion oficial. Lima, Libreria e imprenta E. Moreno, 1927. vi, 474 pp.

First, Lima, 1924-25. Report on the first Pan American conference on uni- formity of specifications. Informe acerca de la primera Conferencia pan- americana sobre uniformidad de especificaciones. Pub. by Central executive

council Inter American high commission. Pub. por el Consejo central ejecutivo de la Alta comisi6n interamericana. Washington, Government

Printing Oflice, 1925. v, 103 pp. English and Spanish. TA180.P3.

Second, Washington, D. C, 1927. Announcement of the meeting. Pan

American Union Bulletin, May, 1927, 61, pp. 428-429. F1403.B955, v. 61. Second, Washington, D. C, 1927. Conclusions of the second Pan American

standardization conference held at Washington, May 9 to 11, 1927. {In

Pan American commercial conference. Third, Washington, D. C, 1927,

proceedings. Baltimore, The Sun book and job printing office (Inc.), 1927. Appendix. HF3212.P2, 1927.
366 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Pan American standardization conference—Continued.

Second, Washington, D. C, 1927. Informe acerca de la segunda Conferencia

panamericana sobre estandarizaci6n. Pub. por el Consejo central ejecutivo de la Alta comisi6n interamericana. Washington, Imprenta del gobierno,

1927. iii, 101 pp. Issued also in English. TA180.P3, 1927 a. Second, Washington, D. C, 1927. Report on the second Pan American standardization conference. Informe acerca de la segunda Conferencia panamericana sobre estandarizaci6n. Pub. by Central executive council, Inter American high commission. Pub. por el Consejo central ejecutivo de la Alta comisi6n interamericana. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1927. v. 40 pp. English and Spanish. TA180.P3, 1927 b. Second, Washington, D. C, 1927. Report on the second Pan American standardization conference. Pub. by Central executive council, Inter American

high commission. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1927. iii, 93 pp. Issued also in Spanish. TA180.P3, 1927. Pan American union. The first Pan American Conference on uniformity of

specifications. Its Bulletin, March, 1925, 59, pp. 241-246. F1403.B955,

v. 59. Pardoe, W. D. Simplification in industry; why it paid us to reduce our line and

make more goods. Factory, May 15, 1921, 26, pp. 1175-1177. TS155.A3,

v. 26. Parsonage, Edward E. How industry can get rid of its excess baggage. A17 manufacturers and distributors in America must give heed to the lesson ol standardization and elimination. Printers Ink, 119, June 1, 1922; pp. 44,

48. HF5801.P7, v. 119. Parsons, Floyd W. The benefits of standardization. Saturday Evening Post, 193, January 1, 1921, p. 31. AP2.S2, v. 193. Pasvoisky, Leo. Simplification, the key to business stability. American

Review, January, 1923, 1, pp. 10-16. AP2.A43, v. 1. See also issue for February.

Pennington, J. A. G. Standardization in Austria. American Machinist,

February 22, 1923, 58, p. 288. TJ1.A5, v. 58. Pepper, Charles Melville. American foreign trade; the United States as a world power in the new era of international commerce. New York, The

Century Co., 1919. xv, 350 pp. HF3029.P4.

Industrial standardization in Europe is discussed in chapter 3. Pioneers in standardization. Mechanical Engineering, September, 1926, 48, pp. 963-964. TJ1.A72, v. 48. Porstmann. Gesetzmassigkeiten in der deutschen Industrienormung. Werkstattstechnik, April 1, 1926, 20, pp. 217-220. TJ3.W4, v. 20. Pound, Arthur. Going after ten billion a year. Independent, May 23, 1925,

114, p. 595. AP2.I53, v. 114. Principles The, recommended to guide national industrial standardization. Mechanical Engineering, September, 1926, 48, pp. 964-965. TJ1.A72, v. 48. Progress in standardization. Swedish Export, June, 1926, 10, pp. 64-65. HF31.S8, v. 10. Progress is made in international standardization at the International standardization conference, New York City. Electric Railway Journal, May 1,

1926, 67, pp. 769-770. TF701.S65, v. 67.
STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 1928 367

Public affairs information service. Bulletin of the Public affairs information

service, a cooperative clearing house of public affairs information (annual

cumulation). White Plains, N. Y., and New York City, The H. W. Wilson

Co., 1915-. Z7163.P9.

Consult each volume under Standardization, and cross references. Rhodes, F. L. Industrial standardization. Society of automotive engineers.

Journal, March, 1925, 16, pp. 379-380. TL1.S5, v. 16. Roberts, Warren R.: The formulation and adoption of standards for American industries. Mining

Congress Journal, April, 1923, 9, pp. 115-116. TN5.A7, v. 9. The progress of standardization in the United States. A summary of 40 years

of patient effort to encourage progress without bringing too great incon- venience and costs to the users of modern mechanical devices. The organized

efforts and a list of the organizations interested in the movement. Mining

Congress Journal, September-November, 1923, 9, pp. 322-325; 362; 414-

417. TN5.A7, v. 9. Public interest in standardization. (In American mining congress. Report,

1923. Washington, 1924. pp. 482-487.) TN5.A5, 1923. Rock, G. H. Simplification and standardization. Marine Engineering, March,

1927, 32, pp. 127-129. VM1.M3, v. 32. Ruggles, C. L.: How standardization is strengthening our national defense. (In American

mining congress. Report, 1922. Washington, D. C, 1923. pp. 250-258.)

TN5.A5, 1922.

Includes discussion of the development and benefits of the standardization movement. Standardization strengthens the nation. Industrial economy campaign of highest value. Mining Congress Journal. November, 1922, 8, p. 1054. TN5.A7, v. 8. Russell, Charles Edward:

The new industrial era. Century, May, 1926, 112, pp. 1-11. AP2.C4,

v. 112. Take them or leave them—standardization of hats and houses and minds.

Century, June, 1926, 113, pp. 168-177. AP2.C4, v. 112. Schlink, Frederick John:

The advantages of standardization to industry. Management and Administration, November, 1924, 8, p. 496. T58.A2M3, v. 8. The benefits to industry resulting from standardized practice. Mechanical

engineering, July, 1925, 47, pp. 592-593. TJ1.A72, v. 47. The classification of engineering and industrial standards. Mechanical Engineering, February, 1925, 47, pp. 119-122. TJ1.A72, v. 47. Sharer, E. L. Hoover's fight on waste. Literary Digest, 92, March 19, 1927, pp. 22-23. AP2.L58, v. 92. Shaw, A. W.:

Simplification. Advertising World, October, 1925.

Simplification; a philosophy of business management. Harvard Business Review, July, 1923, 1, pp. 417-427. HF5001.H3, v. 1. Steps in simplification. Every day sees progress in the nation-wide simplifica- tion program. While the division of simplified practice of the Department

of Commerce, through its cooperation with trade organizations, is largely

responsible for large strides toward the simplification of industry, definite steps are being taken in varied lines. Factory, May, 1923, 30, p. 544

TS155.A3, v. 30.
368 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Shepard, George Hugh. The application of efficiency principles. New York,

The Engineering Magazine Co., 1917. x, 368 pp. (Industrial management library.) T58.S5.

Standards, p. 198-248. Shepherd, William G. Where the war left business. Everybody's Magazine,

February, 1919, 40, pp. 24-28. AP2.E9, v. 40. Simplification; what it is doing for business. Chicago, Marshall Jackson Co.,

printers, 1922. 72 pp. Reprinted from Factory and System. T58.S55.

Skinner, C. E.: Agencies promoting standardization. Electrical World, May 26, 1923, 81, pp. 1241-1243. TK1.E5, v. 81. Interest in standardization increases. Railway Review, January 23, 1926,

78, pp. 190-191. TF1.R4, v. 78.

. The progress of standardization in industry. Mechanical Engineering,

October, 1926, 48, p. 1029. TJ1.A72, v. 48. Variety through standardization. Mechanical Engineering, April, 1926,

48, pp. 327-329. TJ1.A72, v. 48. Why standardization? and just what is it? Factory, November, 1925,

35, pp. 723-724. TS155.A3, v. 35. Smarr, B. M. Standardization as a cost reducer. American Machinist, August

26, 1926, 65, pp. 357-358. TJ1.A5, v. 65. Smith, A. L. Simplification in industry; how trade associations help the manufacturer promote standardization. Factory, June 15, 1921, 26, pp. 1391-

1393. TS155.A3, v. 26. Smith, George Otis. The slrategy of minerals; a study of the mineral factor

in the world position of America in war and in peace. New York, London,

D. Appleton & Co., 1919. xix, 1, 371 pp. TN19.S6.

Standardization of various articles as a war measure: p. 323. Spreading the blessings of standardization. Literary Digest, 91, December 18, 1926: p. 74. AP2.L58, v. 91. With reference to the Imperial conference in London. Standardisation (at the World economic conference at Geneva last May) . Economist (London), August 13, 1927, 105, pp. 271-272. HG11.E2, v. 105. Standardiseringssporsmaalet i Norge. Teknisk ukeblad, February 24, 1922,

69, pp. 69-73. Standardization an asset to Germany. Iron Trade Review, January 10, 1924,

74, p. 167. TS300.I745, v. 74. Standardization and economy. Mining Congress Journal, April, 1924, 10,

p. 144. TN5.A7, v. 10. Standardization as an aid to the peace of the world. Electrical World, October 4, 1919, 74, p. 773. TK1.E5, v. 74. Standardization in Germany. Science, January 11, 1924, n. s., 59, pp. 32-33. Q1.S35, n. s., v. 59. Standardization of products; movement to simplify manufacture; international

progress. Irish Trade Journal, November, 1926, 2, pp. 23-25.

Stapleford, Frank E. Trade customs and standardization. Purchasing agent,

November, 1921, 10, pp. 636-638. HF5437.A2P8, v. 10. Stevenson, A. A.: American Engineering Standards Committee and national standardization. (In American mining congress. Report, 1921. Washington, D. C, 1922,

pp. 693-698.) TN5.A5, 1921.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 369

Stevenson, A. A.—Continued.

Significance of standardization to American industry and the Federal Government. Mechanical Engineering, January 26, 1922, 44, pp. 185-186. TJ1.A72, v. 44. American Machinist, January 26, 1922, 56, pp. 138-139. TJ1.A5, v. 56. Stratton, S. W.:

Relation of standards to the development of engineering. American society

of mechanical engineers. Journal, January, 1915, 37, pp. 38-40. TJ1.A72,

v. 37. Standardization and research. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, August, 1921, 13, pp. 727-728. TP1.J6, v. 13. Swenson, L. F. The best ways to introduce standards. Manufacturing Industries, October, 1926, 12, pp. 261-262. T58.A2M3, v. 12. Taber, A. T. The economics of standardization. Agricultural engineering,

March, 1921, 2, pp. 57-58. S671.A3, v. 2. Taussig, Frank William. Principles of economics, 3d ed. rev. New York, The

Macmillan Co., 1921. 2 v. HB171.T3, 1921.

References at end of each book. Consult index, v. 2, under Standardization. Taylor society, New York. Bulletin of the Taylor society, a society to promote

the science of management. New York, 1914-. T58.A2T3.

Thomas, Leon I. Simplification in industry. Factory, February 15, March 15, 1921, 26, pp. 451-453, 715-718, 752. TS155.A3," v. 26. Thorpe, Merle. What the International Chamber of Commerce meeting did. Greater New York, 10, September 12, 1921, pp. 12-15. HF296.N543, v. 10. Timmerman, A. H.: The manufacturers' viewpoint on standardization. Standardization permits

the manufacturer to build for stock during dull seasons, thereby insuring

employees continuous employment. Tremendous burden placed upon manufacturers through multiplicity of parts is eliminated by standardization. Mining Congress Journal, September, 1925, 11, pp. 444-445. TN5.A7, v. 11. Various viewpoints of standardization. American Machinist, May 21, 1925,

62, pp. 805-807. TJ1.A5, v. 62. Tingey, P. R. L. Industrial standardization. Cassier's Industrial Management, April-June, 1927, 14, pp. 129-131, 169-171, 211-212. TA1.E59, v. 14. Tipper, H. Human element as related to standardization. Automotive Industries, September 1, 1921, 45, pp. 432-433. TL1.A6, v. 45. Tomaides, J., and others. Die Normung in Oesterreichs Industrie und Gewerbe.

Zeitschrift des oesterreichischen Ingenieur und architekten Vereines, January 25, 1924, 76, pp. 23-34. TA3.03, v. 76. Trumbill, J. H. The common sense of standardization. Electrical World, February 28, 1925, 85, p. 483. TK1.E5, v. 85. United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (Dept. of Commerce).

Industrial standards. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1918-

Each issue has separate call number. In Spanish, French, and English.

United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Industrial standardization in Germany. Its Monthly labor review, December,

1921, 13, p. 117. HD8051.A78, v. 13. Labor's conference on the elimination of waste. Its Monthly labor review,

July, 1927, 25, pp. 41-43. HD8051.A78, v. 25.
370 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

United States. Bureau of standards: Alphabetical index and numerical list of United States Government master

specifications promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board. January

25, 1927. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1927. ii, 18 pp.

incl. tables. (Circular of the Bureau of standards, no. 319.) Supersedes

Miscellaneous publication no. 73. QC100.U555, no. 319. QC100.U58, 1927. Annual report. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903-QC100.U55.

Bulletin. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1905-. Plates, tables, diagrs.

" Bulletin of the Bureau of standards," papers, containing results of investigations, researches, etc., pertaining to scientific, technical, and manufacturing interests of the country. These papers are published also separately in a series "Scientific papers" ... of which nos. 1-206, 208, 210, 212 were first issued as "Reprintfs] from the Bulletin of the Bureau of standards"; nos. 207, 209, 211, 213, etc., as well as reissues or new editions of the earlier numbers, as "Scientific papers of the Bureau of standards." Decennial index to the Bulletin of the Bureau of standards. Volumes 1 to 10, inclusive (1904-1914). Washington, Government Printing Office, 1914. 19 pp. QC1.U5.

Circular. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903-QC100.U555.

Directory of commercial testing and college research laboratories. Washington, Government printing office, 1927-. (Miscellaneous publications, no. 90.) Compiled by the Bureau of standards, 1927. Handbook series. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1918- QC100.U565.

Limitation of variety recommendation. Washington, 1924-. Each issue has

separate call number.

Miscellaneous publications. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1918-

QC100.U57.

National Bureau of standards; its functions and activities. (2d ed.) October

29, 1925. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1925. vi, 113 pp.

incl. illus., tab., diagr. (Circular of the Bureau of standards, no. 1.) QC100.U555, no. 1 a. QC100.U58, 1925 a. National directory of commodity specifications. Washington, Government

Printing Office, 1925-. (Miscellaneous publications, no. 65.)

Classified list of existing commodity specifications formulated not only by public purchasers throughout the United States, but also by the nationally recognized trade associations, technical

societies, and public utilities. Primer A, of simplified practice, by Ernest L. Priest, assistant chief business

specialist, division of simplified practice. November, 1926. Washington,

Government Printing Office, 1926. iv, 58 pp. incl. illus., tables, diagrs.

QC100.U58, 1926 a. Bibliography of simplification. Comp. by A. W. Shaw publishing co., Chicago, Bl. pp. 48-54. Publications of the Bureau of Standards. (7th ed.—final.) Complete from

establishment of bureau (1901) to June 30, 1925. Washington, Government

Printing Office, 1925. 271 pp. (Circular of the Bureau of Standards, no. 24.) QC100.U555, no. 24. Z7144.W4U5, 1925.

For later publications of the Bureau of Standards see its Supplementary list of publications (annual)

Simplified practice. What it is and what it offers. Summary of activities of the division of simplified practice and description of services offered to American industries. November 26, 1924. Washington, Government

Printing Office, 1924. iii, 33 pp. incl. illus., diagrs., forms. QC100.U58, 1924.

Bibliography on simplification. (Reprint from Factory, March. 1924) pp. 27-33. Simplified practice recommendation No. 1-. Washington, Government

Printing Office, 1922-QC100.U575.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 371

United States. Bureau of standards—Continued.

Standards and specifications in the wood-using industries. Washington,

Government Printing Office, 1927-. (Miscellaneous publications, no. 79.) The first of a series of publications dealing with the standards and specifications in various industries which will be issued as rapidly as conditions will permit. Standards yearbook, 1927. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1927.

vi, 392 pp., plates, tables. (Miscellaneous publications, no. 77.) QC100.U57

no. 77. QC100.U576.

United States. Dept. of commerce:

Elimination of waste series. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1923-. Each issue has separate call number.

Fourteenth annual report of the Secretary of commerce (Herbert Hoover),

1926. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1926. 297 p. HF105.C23,

1926.

Standardization and simplification, pp. 14-21. Previous issues should be examined also. List of publications of the Department of commerce available for distribution by the issuing offices of the department and its field agencies or from the Superintendent of Documents and agents of his office, May 1, 1927. Washington, United States Government Printing Office, 1927. 135 pp. Z1223.C81,

1927.

Industrial standards series, pp. 67-69; Electrical standards series, p. 70. See also section on Bureau of standards, pp. 74-112. United States. War industries board. American industry in the war. A report

of the War industries board, by Bernard M. Baruch, chairman. Washington,

Government Printing Office, 1921. 421 pp. incl. tables, forms. HC106.2.A3,

1921 a. Standardization, pp. 68-69. Van Deventer, John Herbert: Planning production for profit; tested and selected methods of planning production, comp. from Industrial Management, the engineering magazine,

New York, The Engineering Magazine Co., 1921. xii p., 1 1., 333, [1] pp.

(Industrial management library.) TS155.V3.

Consult index under Standardization. Van Deventer, John H., and L. A. Hawkins. Extreme variety versus standardization. Industrial Management, November-December, 1923, March, MayJune, 1924, 66, pp. 253-264; 327-334; 67, pp. 129-135; 303-308; 343-347. TA1.E59, v. 66-67. Van Doren, Carl. The revolt against dullness. Survey, October 1, 1926, 57, pp. 35-39. HV1.C4, v. 57. Varley, H. Standardization and assimilation. Engineering and Industrial Management (London), November 17, December 8, 1921, 6, pp. 554-556,

650-652, 7, pp. 3-5. TA1.E555, v. 6-7. Wade, H. T.: International standards a by-product of the great World War. Industrial Management, April, 1918, 55, pp. 289-292. TA1.E59, v. 55. Standardization and the metric system. Iron Trade Review, January 31, 1918,

63, pp. 321-322. TS300.I745, v. 62. Walsh, Richard J., and Edward E. Hunt. Can't we all live better? Woman's

Home Companion, 53, June, 1926, p. 18. AP2.W714, v. 53. Waugh, F. A. Standardized world. School and Society, November 4, 1922, 16, pp. 527-529. L11.S36, v. 16.
372 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Weber, Gustavus Adolphus. The Bureau of Standards; its history, activities, and

organization. Baltimore, Md., The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925. xv, 299 pp.

pi. (Institute for Government research. Service monographs of the United

States Government, no. 35.) QC100.U58, 1925.

Bibliography, pp. 271-282. What is now being done nationally and internationally, and how the work is handled. Iron Age, April 29, 1920, 105, pp. 1258-1259. T1.I7, v. 105. Whiteford, J. F. British industry moving toward simplification. Industrial Management, April, 1925, 69, pp. 193-196. TA1.E59, v. 69. Whitney, Albert W.: The encouraging work of standardization. Iron Trade Review, February 1, 1923, 72, pp. 376-377. TS300.I745, v. 72. Limitations of standardization. Chemical Age (London), September, 1923, 31, pp. 387-388. TP1.C33, v. 31. The need for industrial standardization. Electric Railway Journal, April 7, 1923, 61, pp. 607-608. TF701.S65, v. 61. The place of standardization in modern life, with Introduction by Hon. Herbert

Hoover, chairman Central executive council Inter American High Commission. Pub. by central executive council, Inter American High Commission,

Washington, 1924. La normalizacion en la vida moderna, por Albert W.

Whitney . . . con Introducci6n por el honorable Sr. Herbert Hoover. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1924. iii, 19 pp. English and

Spanish. HM138.W5. Also in American institute of electrical engineers.

Journal, December, 1924, 43, pp. 1154-1157. TK1.A613, v. 43. The significance of the recent .standardization conference at Lima. Pan

American union. Bulletin, May, 1925, 59, pp. 459-461. F1403.B955, v. 59. Standardization. (In American mining congress. Report, 1923. Washington,

1924, pp. 403-472.) TN5.A5, 1923. Standardization means economy. Electrical World, January 5, 1924, 83, pp. 33-35. TK1.E5, v. 83. Why standardize? Survey, March 15, 1923, 49, pp. 801-802. HV1.C4, v. 49. Whitten, J. C. The commercial value of standardization. California. Dept. of

agriculture. Monthly bulletin, December, 1920, 9, pp. 637-638. S39. A3, v. 9. Discussion by George P. Weldon, pp. 638-641. Wiggin, Thomas H. How shall the benefits of A. S. T. M. standardization be

secured to the small user? (In American society for testing materials. Proceedings, 1924. Philadelphia, 1924.) TA401.A5, 1924. Williams, J. M. Simplification in industry; what simplification accomplished

for us. Factory, April 15, 1921, 26, pp. 952-953. TS155.A3, v. 26. Williams, S. J. Safety and standards. (In American mining congress. Report,

1921. Washington, D. C, 1922, pp. 720-725.) TN5.A5, 1921. Wright, F. L. Standardization, the soul of the machine. Architectural Record,

June, 1927, 61, pp. 478-480. NA1.A6, v. 61. Younger, John. Standardization and individuality. Automotive Industries,

August 4, 1921, 45, pp. 229-230. TL1.A6, v. 45.
X. STANDARDIZATION OF MEASUREMENT

FLOW SHEETS

To illustrate steps by which standards are made effective to the

ultimate users, a number of "flow sheets" are given in this chapter.

These show the lines along which specific magnitudes embodied in

the standards of the National Bureau of Standards are passed on

with a minimum of error to the laboratories, factories, and markets

where things must be measured for final use. Space permits only a few typical examples, but these give some

idea of the chief lines or channels of standardization flow so far as

it relates to standards of measurement. Similar flow sheets for all kinds of measurement would be needed to tell the full story.

Obviously the charts present only the bare outline, and the full portrayal for any single land of measurement would doubtless require a chart as complex as all of these combined.

The other factors in such standardization comprise : The standards

themselves and their secondary or working copies; the units of measurements, the definitions, methods, and devices for measuring; and

the continuous testing and research necessary for increasing the

accuracy of such measurements, and even for maintaining the present

precision of the standards used in science and industry.

373
374 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Color

j RATIONAL STANDARDS OF COLOR

CONCRETE WORKING STANDARDS

SPECTRAL TRANSMISSION OF TRANSPARENT MATERIALS

COLOR

SYSTEMS

MUNSELL & RIDGEAY ATLASES

FUNDAMENTAL

"SCALES OF VISUAL PSYCHO- PHYSICS

REFLECTION CF OPAQUE MATERIALS

COLOR TEMPERATURE

AND SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT SOURCES

SCIENCE

AND

TECHNOLOGY

STANDARDIZATION

OF GLASSES FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

CALIBRATION

LOVIBOND GLASSES

DATA FROM COLOR MEASUREMENTS

SCIENTIFIC 4 TECHNOLOGIC LITERATURE

DAYLIGHT LHJBS

STANDARD ARTIFICIAL SUNLIGHT

[INDUSTRIAL USES

COLORIMETRIC GRADING OF STANDARDIZATION

OF PRINTING

INKS

DYES FOR INDUSTRIAL

PRODUCTS; TEXTILES.

PAPERS, PAINTS. 4 PIGMENTS

COLORED

GLASSES FOR TECHNICAL

TRAFFIC SIGNALS FOR RAILWAYS

HIGHWAYS. MARINE

AND AER6NAUTICS Fig. 4
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 375

| MASS |

Density

I VOLUME

i DENSITY

(MASS * VOLUME)

ALCOHOL, WATER,

-I ACIO, ETC. B.S. Cir. No. 19

standard

density tables bureau of standards circulars and other publications

STANDARDIZATION

OF INSTRUMENTS

[HYDROMETER I — I

PETROLEUM OIL

B.S. Cir. No. 154

MILK AND CREAM

DEPT. OF AGR. BULLETIN NO. 98

MISCELLANEOUS

PICNOMETER —zr

_ INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENTS

ALCOHOL MANUFACTURERS

PETROLEUM REFINERS

STORAGE BATTERY

AND ACID MANUFACTURING

SUGAR INDUSTRY AND OTHERS

PRODUCERS

DENSITY OF SOLIDS

LIGHT ALLOYS AIRCRAFT AMD AUTOMOTIVE

COPPER, STEEL,

IRON, ETC.

PLATINUM AND PRECIOUS METALS

MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS

WHOLESALERS

Fig. 5
376 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Electricity

DERIVATION OF THE COMMERCIAL MEASUREMENT]

L OF ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY I INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF

LENGTH

(Meter)

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

OF MASS

(Kilogram)

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF

TIME (Mean Solar Second)

ABSOLUTE SYSTEM

OF ELECTRICAL UNITS

( Centimeter-Gram-Second

Syetem)

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

ELECTRICAL UNITS AND STANDARDS

(London, 1308)

INTERNATIONAL OHM DEFINED BY RESISTANCE OF MERCURY COLUMN

(Of Specified Mass, Length, and Temperature, and Constant Cross Section)

INTERNATIONAL AMPERE DEFINED BY SILVER VOLTAMETER

(Depositing Silver

at a Specified Rate)

INTERNATIONAL OHM AS MAINTAINED BY

BUREAU OF STANDARDS

IN COOPERATION WITH

FOREIGN NATIONAL LABORATORIES

INTERNATIONAL VOLT

DEFINED BY INTERNATIONAL OHM AND AMPERE

and Maintained by the Weston Normal Cell

INTERNATIONAL VOLT

AS MAINTAINED BY BUREAU OF STANDARDS

IN COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN

NATIONAL LABORATORIES

STANDARD TIME

AS REALIZED BY

U.S. NAVAL OBSERVATORY

BY MEANS OF STANDARD CLOCKS CHECKED BY STAR TRANSIT8

WORKING STANDARDS

OF RESISTANCE

OF BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(Manganin Wire and Sheet Resistors)

WORKING STANDARDS OF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

OF BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(Weston Normal Cells)

ELECTRICAL STANDARDS

OF MANUFACTURERS

OF

ELECTRIC METERS

AND INSTRUMENTS

STANDARD TIME DISTRIBUTED BY TELEGRAPH AND RADIO

BY

D.S. NAVAL OBSERVATORY

ELECTRICAL STANDARDS

OF STATE UNIVERSITIES

AND PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSIONS

PRIMARY

AND WORKING STANDARDS

OF RESISTANCE

OF ELECTRIC POWER COMPANIES

PRIMARY

AND WORKING STANDARD

OF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

OF ELECTRIC POWER COMPANIES

AMPERE (UNIT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT) AS REALIZED BY ELECTRIC POWER COMPANIES

BY REFERENCE TO THEIR STANDARDS OF RESISTANCE

AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

STANDARD TIME

A3 MAINTAINED BY ELECTRIC POWER COMPANIES

(by clocks regulated from telegraph & radio signals)

WATT CUNIT OF ELECTRIC POWER) AS REALIZED BY

ELECTRIC POWER COMPANIES AS REFERENCE TO THEIR STANDARDS OF CURRENT & ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

FOWER MEASUREMENTS

AS MADE BY ELECTRIC POWER COMPANIES

IN PLANT OPERATION

KILOWATTHOUR

(UNIT OF ELECTRIC ENERGY) AS REALIZED BY ELECTRIC POWER COMPANIES BY REFERENCE TO THEIR STANDARDS OF POWER AND TIME

ENERGY MEASUREMENTS AS MADE BY ELECTRIC POWER COMPANIES ON GENERATOR & PLANT OUTPUT

energy measurements

as made by electric power companies on requirements of individual customers Fig. 6
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 377

Electricity (Continued)

(Capacitance)

STANDARDS OF CAPACITANCE]

MAINTAINED BY AIR CONDENSERS

AND MEASUREMENTS OF

- RESIST- ANCE AND TIME

SECONDARY STANDARDS

OF CAPACITANCE

BY COMPARISON AND CALIBRATION OF MICA

CONDENSERS AT DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES

RESEARCH AND TESTING

DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

OF APPARATUS

MANUFACTURERS' STANDARDS STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES

TELEPHONY

ELECTRIC

POWER c

I radio|

FOR PHASE ANGLE COMPENSATION IN POWER CIRCUITS

COMPUTING

ALLOWANCES

FOR EFFECTS OF CAPACITANCE

BETWEEN

LONG DISTANCE LINES

INDUSTRIES USING

ELECTRICAL POWER

COMPENSATION

OF CIRCUITS FOR

INDUCTANCE

TRANSMISSION

OF POWER

AT HIGH

VOLTAGES

AND LONG

DISTANCES

CARRIER

CURRENT

TELEPHONY

FOR LONG DISTANCE

TELEPHONY

DESIGN

OF RADIO SETS

USE OF THE SAME CIRCUIT AT THE SAME

TIME FOR

SEVERAL CONVERSATIONS

TUNING RADIO

CIRCUITS FOR

BROADCASTING OR RADIO RECEPTION

STANDARDS

OF INDUCTANCE

(IN COMBINATION)

| GENERAL PUBLICj

Fig. 7
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Electricity (Continued)

(Inductance) PRIMARY STANDARD OF INDUCTANCE

BY DEFINITION

ABSOLUTE INDUCTANCE BASED ON CGS MEASUREMENTS

DETERMINED BY COMPUTATION

OF COILS OF KNOWN GEOMETRIC FORM

SECONDARY

STANDARDS OF INDUCTANCE

MAINTAINED BY COMPARISONS WITH STANDARDS OF CAPACITANCE

AND RESISTANCE

ITELEPHONYI RESEARCH AND TESTING LOADING

COILS = , RADIO

TESTING STANDARDS FOR MANUFACTURERS AND STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES

USED IN THE DESIGN

AND CONSTRUCTION OF APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTS DESIGN OF COILS

TECHNICAL STANDARDS

OF INDUSTRY

DEVELOPMENTS

AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

[TRADE

USERS OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND APPLIANCES

TfSBnoLoSy

OR

APPLICATION industryHoonsumeR 1

Fig. 8
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 192S 379

Fineness

(Grain size) FINENESS AND SIEVING

STUDIES DIMENSIONAL

STANDARDIZATION OF SIEVES

WORKING STANDARD NO. 200 CEMENT SIEVES CONFORMING

TO SIEVE SPECIFICATIONS

WORKING STANDARDS

OF FINENESS FOR CEMENT

CERTIFICATION OF SIEVES. USED IN RESEARCH

AND TESTING

CONTROL BY MANUFACTURERS

IN MAKING OF SIEVES

MANUFACTURER'S CONTROL

OF GRAIN SIZE

ACCEPTANCE OF CEiiEKT|

DELIVERED &

SERVICEABILI

JALIfY AMD

TY TO USERS Fig. 9 Q1096—28 25
380 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Metrology {Fundamental)

{Length)

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF LENGTH

THE INTERNATIONAL PROTOTYPE METER

Kept by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures Maintained by

the Leading Nations of the World

U.S. NATIONAL PRIMARY STANDARD OF LENGTH PROTOTYPE METER NO. 27 (Duplicate of the International Standard Made by the International Bureau) WAVE LENGTH OF CADMIUM RED RADIATION

NATIONAL WORKING STANDARDS

OF LENGTH

(Line Standards, End Standards, Wave Lengths)

PRECISE STANDARDS FOR

SCIENTIFIC & RESEARCH LABORATORIES

SPECIAL St LENGTH Mi DEVICES I SCIENCE &3ALES AND

:asuring

1SED IN RESEARCH

STANDARDS AND MASTER GAGES

FOR MANUFACTURERS OF PRECISION SCALES, GAGES AND MEASURING DEVICES

j STATE STANDARDS

LIMIT- GAGES, MECHANIC

SCALES AND MEASURING

DEVICES'

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

AND OTHER RESULTS OF

PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS

GEODETIC BASE-LINE

TAPES

COUNTY AND CITY SEALERS STANDARDS

INTERCHANGEABLE MACHINE PARTS

CLOTH,. WIRE AND OTHER

PRODUCES SOLD BY LENGTH) OR AREA. IN COMMERCE

STEEL TAPES

STATE AND . INTERNATIONAL

BOUNDARIES, GEODETIC

SURVEYS

LAND

BRIDGES. BUILDINGS. STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS,

ETC. Fig. 10
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 381

Metrology (Continued)

(Mass)

IS1SMATIOMI STANDARD Of MISS

TBS IBTCllTIOajU PROTOTT?! mMB/kM

0.8. BAT 10 BAL FBIXART STA3DASD 07 KAS6 (D^llOAW of International Standard?
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Metrology (Continued)

(Time) TIME

STANDARD = MEAN SOLAR SECOND - „ 1 MEAN SOLAR DAY 8Uoo

U.S. NAVAL OBSERVATORY DETERMINATION BY STAR OBSERVATIONS

BUREAU OF STANDARDS RIEFLER PRECISION CLOCK

RADIO SIGNALS FROM NAVAL OBSERVATORY COMPARED WITH

SECONDS SIGNAL FROM RIEFLER

CLOCK AS RECORDED ON CHRONOGRAPH

PERFORMANCE TESTS OF TIMEPIECES

FOR GOVERNMENT

DEPARTMENTS FOR MANUFACTURERS

FOR

PUBLIC

PRECISION SECONDS

TO BUREAU OF STANDARDS LABORATORIES

SCIENTIFIC! I T'TCTTSG RESEARCH Li£bTIMr

FOR HOROLOGICAL ^ INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

IN THE CERTIFICATION

OF WATCHMAKERS

Fig. 12
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 383

Light

(Luminous intensity)

| INTERNATIONAL UNIT OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY |

UNIT MAINTAINED BY

A GROUP OF 4¥PC INCANDESCENT CARBON

FILAMENT ELECTRIC LAMPS

UNITED STATES PRIMARY STANDARD

OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY

THE UNIT CANDLE

RESULTING- FROM AGREEMENT

BET! SEN TEE NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES OF FRANCE, GREAT

BRITAIN, AND TEE UNITED STATES

1309

WORKING STANDARDS CALIBRATED IN TERMS OF

TEE NATIONAL PRIMARY STANDARD

3Y DIRECT COMPARISON PROCEDURE ALLOWING

FOR COLOR DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN CARBON AND TUNGSTEH LAMPS

CERTIFICATION OF CARBON LAMPS FOR USE- AS

SHOP AND LABORATORY STABDABD8

BLUE GLASSES

STANDARDIZED LAMPS DISTRIBUTED TO INDUSTRY

AND TO LABORATORIES FOB PRODUCTION CONTROL

FLICKER

PHOTOMETBY

ZEIZRMINATION OF

LUMINOUS INTENSITY OF VACUUM OR GAS-FILLED

TUNGSTEN LAMPS

TESTS CF LIFE AND EFFICIENCY CF LAMPS.

LAMP HAKEBS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH

ILLUMINATING

ZNC-INSERING

FOR U.S. government

GENERAL PUBLIC Fig. 13
384 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Radioactivity

PRIMARY STANDARD OF RADIOACTIVITY

COMPARED AND CERTIFIED BY

RADIUM INSTITUTES OF

AUSTRIA, FRANCE AND ENGLAND

SECONDARY STANDARDS

COMPARISON BY USE OF

GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE

(USED TO STANDARDIZE

OTHER RADIOACTIVE

MATERIALS)

TESTS AT

BUREAU OF STANDARDS

MANUFACTURERS OUTPUT

OF RADIOACTIVE

MATERIALS

HOSPITALS AND

RADIUM- THERAPISTS

THERAPISTS'

DOSAGE

LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY

OF RADIUM PAINTS

FOR DIALS OF WATCHES

AND AERONAUTIC

INSTRUMENTS

[BETA GAMMA

ACCURATELY KNOWN AMOUNTS

OF RADIUM RAYS APPLIED

TO CURE OF CANCER AND

OTHER DISEASES

Fig. 14
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 385

Total Radiation

(Radiant energy) RADIOMETRY

INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF RADIOMETRY

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS

OF RADIATION OF BLACK BODY

SPECTRAL RADIATIONTOTAL RADIATION PYROMETRY

STANDARDS OF RADIATION

EFFECTS OF MATTER

ON RADIATION

TOTAL RADIATION

EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON MATTER

SPECTRAL RADIATION

ABSORPTION

OF RADIATION

EMISSION

OF RADIATION

REFLECTION

OF RADIATION

ACTINOELECTRIC PHOTO- THERMO- ELECTRIC ELECTRIC

PHYSIOLOGIC]

VISIBILITY

OF RADIATION

THERAPEUTIC] | GERMICIDAL

COLORIMETRY 1 PHOTOCHEMICAL Fig. 15
386 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Spectroscopy

{Wave lengths of light) STANDARD WAV* LENGTH

CADMIUM RED RADIATION

MEASURED SPEGTROSCOPICALLY

AND BY INTERFEROMETRY IN TERMS OF THE METER

1 METER - 1553164.13 RED WAVES OF CADMIUM RADIATION

1 WAVE LENGTH

6438. 4^9

ANGSTROMS

adopted Equivalent ftfi INTERNATIONAL METER (UNIT OF LENGTH) BY ACTION SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ( 1927

| PRECISE METROLOGY

HELIUM, NEON AND . KRYPTON LINES —J

USED AT BUREAU 07

STANDARDS FOR GRADUAT- ING SCALES FOR USE AS

BASIC WORKING LINE STANDARDS OF LENGTH FOR INDUSTRY

IDENTIFIED IN SPECTROSCOPY,

AS TERM DIFFERENCE 7 ID? - b lPl INTERPRETED AS ATOMIC ENERGY CHANGE CORRESPONDING TO A

FREQUENCY OF 15527. 3b WAVES PER CM

FOR ALL WAVE

LENGTH DETERMINATIONS

OF LIGHT

DEFINES "ANGSTROM" AS UNIT FOR

«AVE LENGTH 1A -.000155316413 WAVE LENGTHS OF CADMlUS RED RADIATION

SPECTROCHEMICAL USES

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE

ANALYSES OF MATERIALS

EQUIVALENT

USED DIRECT TO MAKE WORKING

STANDARDS OF LENGTH

MAKING LINE

AND END GAGES FOR USE IS FACTORIES

TESTING GAS2

BLOCKS FOR USE

AS BASIC INDUSTRIAL END STANDARDS

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION

OF NEBULAS,

STARS, COMETS

SPECTROPHYSICAL USES .

DEVELOPMENT AMD VERIFICATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL THEORY

DEFINING

COLORS BY WAVE LENGTHS

DETECTING

TRACES

fcF IMPURITIES

IN METALS

DIMENSIONING INDUSTRIAL

j PRODUCTS

IINDUSTRIAL USES]

DETJSRM] LINE-OFH0TI0H8. Dl PRESSURES,

TUBES CF

NING

SIGHT

arsiTiES, TEMPERASTARS

TEST OF "RED SHIFT"

CF SPECTRUM LINES PREDICATED BY RELATIVITY THEORY VACUUM WAVE NUMBERS USED IN THE ANALYSIS

OF ATOMIC STRUCTURES

TO DESCRIBE ELECTRON

TRANSITIONS GIVING

RISE TO SPECTRAL LINE3 Fig. 16
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1928 387

Temperature

( Thermometry)

THERMODYNAMIC CENTIGRADE SCALE OF TEMPERATURE

1GA3 THERMOMETRY'!

THERMOMETRY

FIXED POINTS

INTERPOLATION

INSTRUMENTS & FORMULAS

INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE

SCALE BASIC FIXED POINTS (STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE)

OXYGEN POINT LIQUID-VAPOR

-1H2.97°C

PLATINUM RESISTANCE

THERMOMETER -i90°-» o°c

BASED ON ICE

STEAM, SULPHUR

AND 6XYGEN

LOW TEMPERATURE

THERMOMETERS

ICE POINT MELTING ICE o.ooo°c

SULPHUR POINT LIQUID-VAPOR

444.6o°C

1 STANDARD INSTRUMENTS

PLATINUM RESISTANCE

THERMOMETER

0° bbO°C

BASED ON

ICE, STEAM AND SULPHUR

LIQUID-IH- GLASS TE33iCLZT»3

STEAM POINT CONDENSING

STEAM tQO.QOQ°C SILVER POINT SOLID-LIQUID 3b0.5°C

COLD POINT

SOLID-LIOUID

\o(>yc

STANDARD PLATINUM

COUPLE

b6o°_» 1063 °C EASED ON (AN- TIMONY!) SILVH

AND GOLD

OPTICAL

PYROMETER

10b3* -» 21 p

BASED

ON GOLD C2-U32

PYROMETERS

MANUFACTURERS' STANDARDS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF TEMPERATURES

AND PROCESS CONTROL REFRIGERATION, HEATING AND VENTILATING

ENGINEERING

MEDICAL

USES

CLINICAL THERMOMETERS

POWER PRODUCTION

HEAT

ENGINES

SCIENTIFIC &

TECHNICAL RESEARCH OR

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

l

HEAT PRO

]

& TEMPERATURE

CONTROL IN HEAT TREATMENTS OF PRODUCTS OF *ALL KINDS

METALLURGY, CERAMICS

AND SIMILAR INDUSTRIES Fig. 17
388 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Viscosity

CGS UMT

OF VISCOSITY

"THE POISE"

WORKING STANDARD Of VISCOSITY

(VISCOSITY OF WATER)

BASIS OF REFERENCE FOR CALIBRATING TEST INSTRUMENTS

XH TERMS OF THE POISE

VISCOSITY DEFINED AS RATIO OF SHEARING STRESS

(IN DYNES/ CKc ) TO THE RATE OF SHEAR ( RADIANS/ SEC .

SIMPLE

VISCOUS LIQUIDS

STANDARD VISCOSITY SAMPLES FOR STANDARDIZING

VISCOMETERS

TESTS OF INDUSTRIAL

MATERIALS, e.g., GLUE

BOUGHT BY U.S. GOVT. ON BASIS OF STANDARD "POISE"

METHODS OF DETERMINING VISCOSITY

RESEARCH

AND

TESTING CALIBRATION OF

VISCOMETERS

FOR CONTROL OF PRO- DUCTION PROCESS

FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS —

TESTING

APPARATUS

'VISCOMETER* DETERMINATION OF THE^

RELATION BETWEEN KINEMATIC AND SAYBOLT COMMERCIAL VISCOSITIES

FOR OILS

FUNDAMENTAL DATA]

[research!

, MAKING, SELLING

'BUYING AND USE OF OILS AND OTHER

LIQUIDS

TABLES OF DATA IN LITERATURE FOR RESEARCH WORKERS VISCOSITY STUDIES

THROW LIGHT

ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

OF SUBSTANCES AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, e.g., THE PROPERTIES 6? MATTER

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

TECHNOLOGY OF VISCOSITY FACTOR AS CORRELATED WITH SUITABILITY

"

:

' - ."

.

'

PRODUCTION CONTROL

OF MINERAL OILS BY VISCOSITY MEASURES

\ -f

TESTING FOR LABORA- TORIES SERVING USESS

TESTING

AND

| ACCEPTANCE COKTROLI

I OF DELIVERIES

STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF LUBRICATION

SERVICE TO USERS!

BIOCHEMICAL MACHINE SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN LUBRICANTS MAY BE USED TO FIX

TIMES OF RENEWAL FOR OILS Fig. 18
INDEX

Page

Aberration determinations, interference, method for 187 Abrasion, resistance of ceramic glazes to 167 Abrasive wheels 302 Accounting systems 332,350 Acetylene equipment 306 Acid 310

in leather 173 Acoustic ripple-tank research 32 Acoustical gypsum plaster 176 warning devices 39 Acoustics 303 Actions on International Conference on

Weights and Measures 6 Adjutant General's Office 93 Advertising of products of standard kinds ... 247 Advisory committees 129, 130, 131 Aerodynamics 33 Aeronautics 132,280,344 Aggregates for concrete, proportioning and

grading of 145 Aging of soft rubber goods... 208 Agriculture, Department of 63, 216 Agricultural Economics, Bureau of... 63,115 Air compressors 339 Air Corps 94 Aircraft engines, supercharging of. 137 radio research 133,134 structures 137 Air filters 279 Airplane parts 343 equipment. 134 Airways, lighting of 134 Alkalies 259 Alkaloid 263 Allegheny Observatory 120, 185

All wood Lime Co 120 Alternators.. 268 Altimeter, field. 133 Aluminum 247,269 Aluminum-beryllium alloys 221,222 Aluminum Co. of America 135 American Arbitration Association 290 American Association for the Advancement

of Science 258 American Association of—

Colleges of Pharmacy 274 Cereal Chemists.. 258 Engineers 258 Local Freight Agents 276 State Highway Officials. 68,258 Textile Chemists and Colorists 120,218,259 Woolen and Worsted Manufacturers 259 American Automobile Association 259

Boiler Manufacturers Association 260 Brush Manufacturers Association 260 Bureau of Welding 120, 180, 260 Ceramic Society 153, 260 Chemical Society. 95, 120, 206, 261 Committee on Electrolysis 163,284 Concrete Institute 261 Concrete Pipe Association 262 Construction Council. 262 Corn Millers Federation 262 Cotton Manufacturers' Association 263 Dental Association 158 Dental Trade Association _ 263 Drop Forging Institute 263 Drug Manufacturers Association 263 Electric Railway Association 180, 263 Electrochemical Society 199, 264 Electro-Platers Society 120,264 Engineering Council 202, 282 Engineering Standards Committee 93, 208, 209, 245 Face Brick Association 120,264 Forestry Association 265 Foundrymen's Association 181,265

Pag*

American Fruit and Vegetable Shippers

Association - 265 Gas Association. 79, 92, 120, 164, 266 Gear Manufacturers Association 266 Grocery Specialty Manufacturers Association. 266 Hardware Manufacturers Association 266 Hemp Brokers Association 85 Home Economics Association 67 Hospital Association 267 Hotel Association. 267

Institute of Architects 102, 267

Institute of Baking 268

Institute of Chemical Engineers 268 Institute of Electrical Engineers 209, 268 Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 270

Institute of Refrigeration 270

Institute of Steel Construction (Inc.), The. 270

Institute of Weights and Measures 271 Leather Chemists' Association.. 130 lumber standards 64 Marine Standards Committee 81, 249 Medical Association 219,271 Metric Association 261 Mining Congress 272

Oil Burner Association.. 272

Oil Chemists Society 120,200,201,273 Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association (Inc.) 273 Paper and Pulp Association 273 Petroleum Institute 120,

122, 130, 131, 139, 178, 224, 273 Pharmaceutical Association _ 274 Public Health Association 70, 275 Railway Association 120, 131, 275 Railway Car Institute 131, 277 Railway Chief Special Agents and Chiefs

of Police Association 276 Railway Chief Surgeons' Association 276 Railway Engineering Association 206, 277 Railway Master Mechanics Association. 275 Red Cross 92

Refractories Institute 278 Sanatorium Association 278 Scandinavian Foundation 120 Short Line Railroad Association 278 Shovel Institute 278 Society of Agricultural Engineers 279 Society Civil Engineers 129, 144, 206, 280 Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers ._ 279 Society of Mechanical Engineers 120,

130, 131, 171, 183, 280

Society for Municipal Improvements 282 Society of Refrigerating Engineers 282 Society of Safety Engineers.. 282 Society of Sanitary Engineering 282 Society for Steel Treating. 130, 283 Society for Testing Materials 72, 130, 153, 156, 175, 182, 183, 194, 250

Specification Institute 283 Telephone & Telegraph Co 92, 203

Vitrified China Manufacturers Association. 283 Walnut Manufacturers Association 283 Warehousemen's Association 284 Water Works Association 284 Welding Society 180, 284 Wood-Preservers Association 64, 284 Zinc Institute 182, 285 Ammonia - 310 compressors 282 Ampere in terms of mechanical units 159 Amusement parks 320 Analytical reagent chemicals 153 Army, United States 92, 180 Angles 290

Antiseptics 263 389
390 INDEX

Pago

Apparatus, control 2G8 laboratory 261, 311 Appliances, gas 266 Applied mechanics 280

Architectural terra cotta 335 Arkansas soft pine bureau 285

Artistic Lighting Equipment Association 285

Arts, Fine, Commission of. 109 Ash Handle Association 285 handles 211, 285, 317 Asphalt 286,328

Association, The 285 paving 286,290

roofing 286 Shingle and Roofing Association 120, 286 Assistant Secretary of War 92 Associated Cooperage Industries of America, The 286 Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. 286 General Contractors of America (Inc.)... 102,287 Knit Underwear Manufacturers of America

(Inc.) 120,217,288 Manufacturer of Electrical Supplies 325 Metal Lath Manufacturers 288 Tile Manufacturers 289 Associate? for Government Service (Inc.), The 289 Association of—

American Soap and Glycerine Producers

(Inc.).. 289 American Steel Manufacturers 289 American Wood Pulp Importers 290 Asphalt Paving Technologists. 290 Dairy, Food, and Drug Officials of the United States 290 Edison Illuminating Companies 290

Electragists, International 291 Feed Control Officials of the United States. 291 Governmental Labor Officials of the United

States and Canada 291 Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers 292 Association of Manufacturers of Chilled Car

Wheels 292

Official Agricultural Chemists, The 292 Railway Electrical Engineers 293 Railway Telegraph Superintendents 276

Scientific Apparatus Makers of the United

States of America... 261

Associations, trade 258 Atlantic Steel Castings Co 182 Atlas Lumnite Cement Co - 120 Attorney General 102 Australian Commonwealth Engineering Standards Association 44 Austria. {See Osterreich.) Autogenous welding 180 Automobile brakes 140, 247, 260, 312, 318

fabrics 339 headlighting 140, 305, 343 parts.. 343 Automobiles 311 Automotive engineering 139 Aviation engines, friction of 138 Bags, paper 194 Baking. 268

Ballast 277 Balloon tire tests 207 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 206 Bank checks 211 Banner Rock Products Co 120 Bar steels 289

Barrels 210,286,346 Bars, concrete reinforcement 156, 211, 289, 298 Batteries 161,268,277,291 Beacons, marker 133 Bearings 211, 281, 321, 343 Bed springs 293 Bedding 293 Beds 210,267 Beech flooring 311 Beet sugar 328 Belgium, Association Beige de Standardisation 46

Bell Telephone Laboratories 203 Belting 273, 309, 340 Beryllium 221,222 Bethlehem Steel Corporation 92 Better Bedding Alliance of America 293 Bibliography on Standardization 353

Pag*

Billet steel 298 Binding 350

Biological stains 261, 297 Birch flooring.. 311 Bituminous materials 259,282 Blackboards 211,331,335 Blankets.. 332 Bleaching liquor and powder 328 Block signal rules 276 Blowers 279,281,326 Board of Surveys and Maps of the Federal Government 82 Board on Engineer Equipment 94 Boiler code 281, 290, 3io

feed water 284, 324

steel 289

Boilers 80, 210, 260, 273, 278, 279, 281, 303, 314 Bolt containers 211 Bolts 266,281,313,321,343.346 Boston Navy Yard 195, 218 Bottles.... 211,308 Box board.... 210,330 Association 337 Boxes 305, 317, 330, 332, 337, 352 switch 325 Brakes, automobiles 140, 211, 260, 312, 318, 321 Brass 299 Branch testing laboratories 123 Breakers, circuit 268,270 Brick, building 179, 264, 297, 328, 340 masonry 297 paving. 210,261,330 Bridges 259,262,277,280

Brinell testing 179, 181 British Society of Dyers and Colourists 259 Broadcasting 202 Broken stone 282 Bronze propellers 309 Bronze, United States standard 109 Brushes 210,260,306,316,333 carbon 211 Budget, Bureau of the 95 Builders' hardware 211,304,327,333 Building and housing 128,141 Code Committee.. 141 codes 142,

288, 294, 297, 298, 302, 304. 319, 328, 329, 338, 347 construction 210, 262, 271, 277, 287, 293, 326, 327

fires, intensity and duration 162 materials.. 262,267,293,297,304

Officials' Conference 293

stones, weathering tests on 214

tiles 303 Buildings, Foreign Service 91 school 268,324 Bunting Brass & Bronze Co 120,JJS2 Bureau of—

Aeronautics of the Navy 132, 135 Agricultural Economics _ 63, 115 the Budget 95 the Census 69, 199 Construction and Repair 84 Chemistry and Soils 153 Efficiency 120 Engineering.. 86 Engraving and Printing 197, 199 Explosives. 286, 294 Fisheries 70 Foreign and Domestic Commerce 72 Home Economics 67 Immigration.. 83 Labor Statistics 83 Lighthouses 74 Medicine and Surgery 87 Mines 76 Ordnance 87

Prohibition. 109 Public Roads 68 Reclamation 82 Standards, National 79, 118 Supplies and Accounts 88 Yards and Docks 89 Bureau of Envelope Manufacturers of America 194 Bureau of Weights and Measures, Leningrad, U. S. S. R 198 Buttermilk, cultures _ 64 Cables 277, 278, 291, 293, 319^324, 325, 327
INDEX

Page

Cadmium red wave length 6 Calcined gypsum. 176 Calcium carbide 328 Calendar, international fixed 19 Calibration, test-car 205 California Redwood Association 294 Canada 47 Canal Zone 113 Candlepower comparisons 198 Cane sugar 328

Canisters, gas mask 333 Canned goods 294,335 Canners League of California 294 Canning 320 Cans 305,320

ice cream 314

lard 305 Capacitance 159,377 Caps, milk-bottle 211 Car wheels 292 Carbon dioxide, properties of 171

steels, density of. 184 Carboys 311 Carburizing, steel for.. 183 Carnegie Institute of Technology 120 Carpet wear test 216

Carriers' all-leather satchels 90 Cars- 275,277,311,323,326 Cartons... 305

Cartridges, metallic 211 Cases, flash-light— 211 Cast-iron pipe 295 Cast-Iron Pipe Research Association 120,295 Cast stone 338 Castings 283, 284, 295, 301, 309, 336, 343 Casualty insurance 320 Catalogue sizes 263,315,330 Cedar lumber 336

Celite Products Co 121, 206

Cells, dry 160 Standard 160 Cellulose, standardization of methods of de- termination 13 Celotex Co 121 Cement 145, 146, 253, 262, 280, 337 Cementation 283 Census, Bureau of the. 69 Central Committee on Lumber Standards— 256 Ceramic glazes, resistance to abrasion 167 mosaic 211,289 Ceramics 260 Cereal chemistry 258

industries 258

Certification 148 Certification plan 148, 150, 213

Certified Milk Producers Association of America (Inc.)_. 295 Ceskoslovenska Normalisacni Spolecnost 49 Chains, link 266,283 Chains, transmission... 281,344 Chairs 334 Chamber of Commerce of the United States

of America 72,295 Channels 290 Chasers, die head 210, 211 Checking agencies 150 Checks, bank 211 Cheesecloth 305 Chemical constants 331 Foundation 297 laboratory apparatus 261 standards 331 substances, physical constants of .. 153 Warfare Service 95 Chemicals 153, 259, 261, 311, 326 Chemistry 135, 151, 266 and Soils, Bureau of 153 International Union of Pure and Applied.- 11 Chicago Bearing Metal Co 182 Chief Coordinator 96, 97, 101

of Engineers._. 94 Children's Bureau.. 83 Chimney flue lining ._ 300 China fixtures... 314 Chinaware 210, 261, 267, 283 Chromium plating 199 Cinder aggregate and concrete 320

Circuit breakers 42, 268, 270 City planning and zoning 143

391

Fagt

Civil Service Commission, United States 107 City purchasing agencies 225 Clay bodies, physical properties of. 155 products 154, 253, 296, 300. Products Association 296 Clays, sagger 155 Cleaning 154, 156, 214, 312

Clinical laboratories 272 Coal and coke 77, 261, 296, 320 Coal dust 78, 79 handling equipment- 272 mines 77,78,248,272 Mining Institute of America 296 Code, boiler 310 building 141, 329, 338, 347

color. 343 head and eye 209 laundry 315

lighting 305 logging 209 piping 310

safety 208, 291, 307, 315, 318, 327, 329, 333, 344

traffic signal 209 Cold-water paints 328 Colorimetry 188 Color card 348 codes. - 343 standards 247, 306, 319, 332, 348, 373 temperature 188 Column, steel 280 Combustion, phenomena of 138, 139 Commerce, Department of.. 69,216 Yearbook. 72 Commercial standardization, relation to building codes... 142 standards 124,156

testing laboratories 124 Commission of Fine Arts 109,219 on Standardization of Biological Stains 297 Committee of Bureau of Physical-chemical standards 11 Committee on bromatology 13 ceramic products 12 liquid fuels 12 pure products for research 12

scientific and industrial property rights 13

solid fuels 12 standardization of the flag 219 standardization of inorganic nomenclature. 11 standardization of nomenclature of biological chemistry i 11 tables of constants. 12 thermochemical data. 12 Common brick 297 Common Brick Manufacturers' Association

of America , 121,179,297 Commonwealth Fund, The.. 121 Composition blackboard... 211 Compressed-air machinery 297, 333 Gas Manufacturers' Association 297

gases 318 Compressors 281, 282, 339 Comptroller General of the United States 103 Conciliation Service, United States 83 Concrete 145, 253, 261, 278, 280, 320, 328, 334, 337 arch dam, experimental 148 bridges — 259,262 pipe 259,261,262,278,280 gypsum fiber.. 302 mine stoppings ._ 147 mixers.. 287 products.. 298 Products Association 298

reinforced 261,278,280,298,338 reinforcement bars. 156, 211, 289 Reinforcing Steel Institute 298 structures 210,304,334 Conductivity, thermal.. 170,171 Conductor pipe 210 Conduits, electrical- 248 heating of 4?. Confections 323 Consolidated Classification Committee 299 Constant, gravitational 169 Constants, chemical 331 physical 119,153 Construction and Repair, Bureau of 84 building 262,326,333 Containers.. 71, 211, 263, 265, 273, 274, 275,

288, 294, 299, 301, 308, 310, 320, 332, 337, 352
392 INDEX

Pago

Continental-Mexican Rubber Co 121, 206 Contract forms 319, 320 municipal 287 Contracts and Adjustments, Interdepart- mental Board of. 92, 96, 101 Control apparatus 268 Converters' Association __ 299 Conveyors 320 Cooking appliances 314 Cooperage 286,305,331 Coordinating boards and agencies, Federal.. 96 Coordinator for Purchase 96

Traffic 101 Copper 299 and Brass Research Association. 121, 299 number of paper 193 electrotyping solutions 199 Copyright and patent protection 13 Cordage 300 Cordage Institute 129, 300 Corn 262 Corps of Engineers 94 Corrosion 87, 156, 199, 264, 295, 312, 341 Cost accounting 292, 314, 318, 340, 346, 350 Cotton duck 211 goods.. 299,323

linters 308 yarn 288,314 Cottonseed 308

oil.... 186,308 Cotton Textile Institute (Inc.) 121 County purchasing agencies 228 Couplings, hose 248,281,284,318 Cover Paper Manufacturers Association 300 Covers, manhole 347 Cranes 281,292 Crates. 305,317 Cream meal 263

Critical Tables, International 15, 332 Crossties... 316 Crucible Steel Casting Co., The... 121 Crucibles, plumbago 265.337 Crushed stone 323

Crystals, optical axis of single . 32 Cryogenic laboratory 7,9 Culvert pipe 259,261,338 Curbstones 211 Currency, paper 197 Cutters, ensilage 279 milling 311 Cyanamide 328 Cyanides for electroplating 199 C37linders, compressed gas 298 Cypress lumber 345 Dairy equipment. 314 Dairy, food, and drug products 290 Dam. experimental concrete arch 148 Dangerous articles.. 294 Denmark, Den danske Standardizeringskommission. 49 Density of pure iron and carbon steels 184 Density standardization 375 Dental equipment 158, 263 materials 157,158,263 trade 263 Department of Agriculture 63,256 Commerce 69 The Interior 81 Labor 83 State 91 Depreciation 288,316,334 Derricks. 281,287 Desk sizes 316 Detonation, measurement of 80, 139 Devices, electrical 349 Die-head chasers 210, 211 Dielectric tests 269 Dies.... 347 Dietary equipment and service 267 Directory of specifications 212 Diseases and pathological conditions, stand- ard nomenclature of 70 Disinfectant 328 Disk plows and harrows 279

District National Heating Association 323

District of Columbia 204 Division of simplified practice 249 Dodge Steel Co 121 Doors 304,323,346

Pas*

Drain tile 262,296 Drawings 281,283,315,342

Drill and Reamer Society, The 300

Drills 273, 300, 323, 343 Druggists' sundries (rubber) 339 Drugs. 263, 274 Drums. 210, 311, 346 Dry cells 160 Dry-cleaning solvent 154, 156 Dumb-waiters 301 Duralumin, embrittlement of 135 Dust explosions 248, 318, 327 Dyed fabrics.. 218 Dyes 218, 259, 312, 328 Earth-current meter 164 Earth roads 328 Eastern Clay Products Association 300 Eastern Ice Association 270 Eaves and eaves troughs 210, 317, 327 Efflorescence 265

Electragists standards 291

Electric Hoist Manufacturers Association 300

Electric Power Club 325

Electric Steel Founders' Research Group 301

Electrical apparatus and supplies... 248,

268, 209, 292, 293, 300, 318, 325, 327, 342 headlighting devices 344 insulation.. 332 measuring instruments 268

resistivity of metals.. 159

resistor steels 87

safety code 247 standards and units— 31, 42, 248, 376

units, consultive committee-- 8 Manufacturers' Council 325

Electricity 32, 36, 159, 278 meters 291, 324 Electrochemistry 264 Electrodeposition 264

Electrolysis 163, 199, 277, 295 Electroplating, cyanides for 199 Electrotypes- 307 Electrotyping 199, 200 Elevator Manufacturers Association of the United States.. 301 Elevator Safety Code Committee 121 Elevators 267, 269, 280, 281, 301 Employment Service, United States 83 Enamels 90, 167, 168 Encyclopedia of specifications 212 End gauge tests 36 End standards 221 Engineering 33 automotive.. 139 Bureau of_ 86 Foundation- _ 148 symbols and abbreviations 258, 280 Engineers, Corps of 94 Engines.... 273, 281, 282, 343 Ensilage cutters 279 Envelopes 294

Escalators.... 267, 301 Evaporator test code 268 Exhaust system 279

Exits, building 327 Explosions, dust 78,248,327 Explosives 77, 79, 80, 261, 294, 311, 326 Fabrics, dyed.. 218 knitted. 288 Face brick 264,297 Factory lighting 305 Fans 279,281 Farm equipment 279, 313 products... 64 Fastness, acid 259

color - 299 dye 313 measurements - 216 Fatigue machine, high-frequency 135 Fats 308 Federal Board for Vocational Education 104 budget system 96 coordinating boards and agencies 96 Liquidating Board 104 Purchase Board 97 Radio Commission 202

Specifications Board 63, 81, 97, 201, 202, 207, 212, 213 standardizing agencies 63
INDEX

federal Board for Vocational Education- PaSe Continued.

testing laboratories 123 Trade Commission 112

Traffic Board.... 101 and state laws relating to weights and

measures 224 Feed law 291 Feeding stuffs 291 Feldspar.. 154

Felts, roofing 193 Fencing 210,326,333 Ferrous metals 251

Fertilizer.... 326 Fiber containers... 288,337 Fiber determination of roofing felts. 193

Files 210 Filing system. 267

Filter sand... 284

Filters, air 279

color 186 Fineness (grain size), standards 379

Finishes, spotting out of plated.— 199 Finlands Standardiseringskommission 50 Fire apparatus. 281, 284, 287, 318, 326, 327, 349

tests 161, 162, 303, 319, 327, 335 clay 300

First-aid instruction, standardization of method of 77

Fisheries, Bureau of 70 Fishes - 70,71 Fittings 247,

284, 295, 300, 308, 310, 314, 321, 327, 339, 346 Flags 86,276 Flanged valves 248 Flanges. 281.310,339 Flash lights. 211, 321, 327 Flat glass 337 Flatware, sterling silver 211 Fleet Corporation, Merchant.. 115 Floor openings 333 Flooring.— 311,334,336,340 Florida Building Officials' Conference 142 Flue lining 296 Folding Box Manufacturers National Association... 337 Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration. 64 Food products 266, 293, 320, 336 Forage 291,327 Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Bureau of. 72 Foreign trade, standards in 129 Forest Products Laboratory 64, 257 Forest Service, United States 64, 65 Forest trees of the United States, check list of. 65 Forged tools 211 Forging 247,263 Formulary, National 350 Foundries. 211, 265, 327 Fourth International Congress of Refrigeration 171 Frames, manhole 347 France, Association Francaise de Normalisation 50 Freight classification, consolidated 194, 195, 299 Freight Container Bureau 265,275,286 Friction of aviation engines 138 Fruits 63,265,294,307 Fuel Conservation Committee 115 Fuels 12, 164, 177, 280, 315, 318 Fungicides 327,328 Furniture, steel 317 Furs, cleaning of 174 Galvanized sheets 341 ware.- 210 Garages 326 Garden hose.. 208 Garments, sleeping... 217 Gas appliances 266 engines _ 281 masks. 80,333

safety codes 248,297 Gases. 164,165,181,266,280,318,326 Gasoline vapor-gas machines 318 Gathmann Engineering Co 206 Gauge Steel Committee 182 Gauges 274, 281, 344 Gears 247,266,280,281,233,315 Gelatin 328 General Electric Co., The 181,203 General Land Office 82

393

Page

General Radio Co 203 General Supply Committee 91, 196 Generators 325 Geodesy 21,25 Geodetic Union, International 20 Geological Survey, United States 78, 153 Geophysical, International, Union 20 Germany, Deutscher Normenausschuss 51 Glarimeter, Ingersoll 201 Glass Container Association 301 Glasses 165,263,274,301,328,337 Glass substitutes, window 189 Glazed tiles 239 Glazes 165,166,167 Glues. 196,313,328 Glue Research Corporation 196 Glycerin 289, 301 Glycerine Products Association 301 Gold plate, rolled 200 Government Printing Office. 110 Governors, speed 282 Grain 302 Grain Dealers National Association 302 Grain weighing service, track scales in 205 Granite 319 Graphite — 200,220 Gravel 333 Gravitational constant 169 Gray goods. 299, 323 Greases, lubricating 328 Great Britain, British Engineering Standards

Association 52 Grinding machines 211, 302, 329 Grinding Wheel Manufacturers Association

of the United States and Canada 302 Groceries 266 Guaranteed reagents 261 Gypsum... 175, 176, 253, 302 Gypsum industries, the 121, 130, 302 Handles, tool 211, 285, 303, 317 Hard rubber — 339 Hardware 85, 211, 266, 304, 327, 333 Hardwood Interior Trim Manufacturers Association 302 Hardwood Manufacturers Institute 303 Hardwoods 64, 283, 302, 303, 327, 328 Harrows, disk 279 Harvard University 171 Hay 63,327 Hazardous chemicals 311,326 Hazardous-process safeguards 287 Head and eye code 209 Headhunting 140,304,343,344 Heat insulation 87, 171, 279, 303, 323, 332 Heat phenomena 37, 170 treatment of metals. ^ 283, 343 Heaters 266,314 Heating and Piping Contractors National

Association 303 Heavy-duty baggage trucks 90 Heels, rubber 340 Hemp 85 Henry, in terms of mechanical units 159 Hickory Handle Association 303 Hickory handles.. 211, 303, 317 High-frequency fatigue machine 136 High permeability alloys 32 High temperatures, strength of materials 183 Highway crossing protection 277 departments, State 230 Highways - 258,259,332 Hoists. 281,287,300 Holland, Centraal Normalisatie Bureau 55 Hollow building tile 211 Building Tile Association 121, 131, 179, 303 Metal Door and Trim Manufacturers'

Association 304 metal doors 304 Home Economics, Bureau of 67 Honey 83 Hoops 331 Horological Institute of America (Inc.) 121, 304 schools 304 Hose, fire and garden 208,

248, 287, 319, 323, 333, 340, 349 Hosiery — 313 Hospital equipment and supplies... 267,340 Hospitals 272,278,335 Housing 128,141,342
394 INDEX

Pas*

Hungary, Magyar Ipari Szabvanyosito Bi- zottsag 56 Hydrants 310 Hydraulic Society 305 turbines 309 Hydraulics 280 Hydrology, scientific 23 Hygienic Laboratory 92

Ice cans 270 Scream cans 314 Illuminating engineering nomenclature 305 Illuminating Engineering Society 305 Immigration, Bureau of. _ _ 83 Indentation testing 179 Independent establishments of the Federal Government 95 Index to specifications, Navy Department... 89 Indiana Limestone Co 214 Indiana Limestone Quarrymen's Association. 121 Inductance, standards 378 Induction in sheet steel, Magnetic 160 motors 268 Industrial control apparatus 325 hygiene and sanitation 92 standards publications 72 Inflammable liquids 326

Insecticides... 327,328

Institut International du Froid... 270

Institute of American Meat Packers 116, 305 Paint and Varnish Research 306 Radio Engineers 201, 306 Insulating materials, thermal 87, 170, 171, 279

Insulators, electrical 18, 211, 321, 325, 332 Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and

Adjustments 92,96,101 Interdepartmental Board on Simplified

Office Procedure 103 Interference method for aberration determinations. 187

Interior, Department of the 81 marble 314 Inter-American High Commission... 27,28,29 Interferometry in measuring length 31 Interlocking rules 276 International Acetylene Association 306 Apple Shippers' Association 307 Association of Electrotypers of America... 121,

200, 307 Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions 84, 3C7 Association of Milk Dealers. 308 Chamber of Commerce 74 Commission on Illumination.. 13 Conference on Weights and Measures 5 Congress for Testing Materials. 14, 201 Congress of Stockholm 219

Critical Tables 15 Economic Conference 74 Electrotechnical Commission. 201, 202

fixed calendar league 19 Geodetic and Geophysical Union 20

list of causes of death 70 radiotelegraph conference 25 radio conference 202 standardizing agencies 5 Standards Association 26 temperature scale 9,31 Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 11 volt - - 160 Interstate Commerce Commission 265,

294, 297, 299, 310, 346 Cotton Seed Crushers' Association (Inc.)-- 308 Invoice form 315, 332 Iodine number 13 Iron 173, 184, 199, 280, 292, 315, 343 Iron scrap 211

Italy, Comitato General per l'Unificazione

nell' Industria Meecanica 57 Japanese Engineering Standards Committee- 58 Japanned ware 210, 341 Jelly strength of glue 313 Joint Committee on Printing 110 Joint Navy and Coast Guard Board. 89

Joints, rail.... 260

Joists 294,329 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation 182 Kapok 85 Kilns 350 Knit underwear 288 Knitted fabrics 288

Knitting. Krypton for interferometry. Page

313 a-iyywu iur luterieromeiry 7 Labeling.. 148 150 247 Labor, Department of

"*". ' ' 83 Labor Statistics, Bureau of 33 Laboratoire d'Essais (Paris) 38 Laboratories, testing " 123 124, 272 Laboratory apparatus "~ ' 3u

Lacquers 39$ Ladders. "---.""""""272,333

Lamp-testing laboratory, Phoebus 27 ^

amP^«— - 17,198,318,343 Land Office, General 82

Lanterns SSSSSS. 276 Lard cans 305 Lath, metal 288 Laundry code ""292, 315 machinery 86^ 308 Laundryowners National Association of the United States and Canada 308 Laws, weights, and measures, Federal and

State 224 Leather. 39, 173, 174, 319, 328, 343

belting 309 Exchange.... 309 Length standards, flow sheet 380 Letter of submittal fi Liaison III.I.II"""! 129

Life hazards I.I-I.I.I-'.I 349 Light (luminous intensity) standard-.!." 383 Light-protecting properties. 274 Lighthouses, Bureau of 74 Lighting. 134, 268, 285, 291, 305 Lightning. . 209, 269, 277 Lime 175,253,293,328 Limestone research. 213 Lincoln Memorial. 110

Lines, steel pipe. 284 Lingual bars, dental 158 Linings, brake 211

flue.. 296

Linters, cotton 308 Liquid fuels 177, 318 Liquidation Board, Federal 104 Liquor, bleaching 328 Lithopone paints.. 200 Livestock 63

Localizer, field 133 Lockers, steel 210 Locks 304 Locomotives 275 Logging code 209, 265, 343 London and Manchester Metric Association. 261 Lovibond glasses... 186 Lubricants 77, 78, 177, 280, 314 Lumber 64, 84, 211, 283, 2S5, 294, 303,

311, 312, 316, 322, 327, 328, 336, 337, 345, 351 Machinability of steel 184 Machine, high-frequency fatigue 136 shoD practice 280

tools and elements 320, 329, 344 Machinery Builders' Society... 309 Machines 268,297,316,329,333 Magnetism 22,37 Magnetic measurements on sheet steel. 160 permeameters 159 Magnus Metal Co 121, 182 Mail pouches for paper making 196 Maison de Chemie 27 Malleable castings 309 iron industry 278 Iron Research Institute. 309 Manhole covers and frames 347 Manila rope waste for paper manufacture. ._ 195 Manual of the international list of causes of death 70 Manufacturers Rail Steel Committee. 206 Standardization Society of the Valve and

Fittings Industry.. 310

"willing-to-certify" 149 Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States.. „ 310 Maple flooring... 311 Manufacturers Association.. 311 Marble 214, 314 Marine Corps, United States. Marker beacons... _ 133 Masonry 178,27,, 29, Mass, standard of.. 381
IKDES 395

Face

Master Oar and Locomotive Painters' Association 275 Builders' Association 275

specifications... 9S track scales 205 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 171 Materials, building 262 handling 280 Mattresses. 210,293 Mead, Johnson & Co. 121 Meal, cream... 263 Measuring instruments 19, 39, 268 Meat trolleys 305 Meats 305 Mechanical refrigeration 86, 282, 297 rubber goods 339 Mechanics 178,280 Medical department 95 Medical Fellowship Board.. 121 Medicinal products 271, 293 Medicine and Surgery, Bureau of 87 Merchant Fleet Corporation 115 Mercury arc rectifiers 248 Metal gauges 344

lath 210,288

reels and spools.. 211 mining 272 Metals 159, 181, 182, 251, 252, 2S1, 283 Metallurgical circulars 182 Metallurgy 33,270 Meters, earth-current 164

electricity 291,324 radio 87 water 284 Meteorology.. 21 Metrology. 32, 380 Midvale Co., The... 121 Milk 275,293,295,308 Milling Cutter Society, The 311 Milling machines 311,329 Millwork.... 346 Mine-accident statistics- 77 rescue apparatus 77 safety standards.. 77

signals 248 stoppings... 78, 147 Mine Inspectors Institute of America 311 Mineral and metal statistics 77 Mines, United States Bureau of... 76,92 Mining and mining equipment 270, 272, 311 Mining Standardization Correlating Committee... 246 Mixers, concrete 287 Mohair fiber 216 Molasses 335 Molding sand 181,265 Moldings 285,302,329 Mortar 328 Mosaic, ceramic 211, 289 Motor fuels 139 Motor oils 177 Motor Vehicle Conference Committee 311 Motors, electric. . 268, 282, 293, 325, 339 Municipal agencies. 225 contract.. 287 index 144 Munsell Research Laboratory 121 Nails.... 333 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 132, 135, 136, 138, 139 National-American Wholesale Lumber Association (Inc.) 312 National Association of—

Boards of Pharmacy.. 274 Building Owners and Managers 312 Cotton Manufacturers— 312 Dyers and Cleaners of the United States and Canada 121, 129, 154, 218, 312 Farm Equipment Manufacturers... 313 Finishers of Cotton Fabrics 309 Glue Manufacturers 110, 117, 121, 197, 313 Hosiery and Underwear Manufacturers 121, 217, 313 Ice Cream Manufacturers 314

Ice Industries 270 Manufacturers of Heating and Cooking

Appliances 314 Marble Dealers 121,214,314 Master Plumbers of the United States 314

Pag»

National Association of—Continued. Mutual Casualty Companies.. 315

Practical Refrigerating Engineers 270 Purchasing Agents (Inc.) 315

.Railroad Tie Producers 316 Real Estate Boards 144 Sheet and Tin Plate Manufacturers 316

Sheet Metal Contractors of the United

States. 316

Steel Furniture Manufacturers 130,317 Waste Material Dealers 317 Wood Turners (Inc.) 317 Wooden Box Manufacturers 317 Wool Manufacturers. 317 Woolen and Worsted Spinners 318 National Automobile Chamber of Commerce. 122,

129, 130, 139, 318 Better Business Bureau 309 Board of Fire Underwriters 318 Boot and Shoe Manufacturers Association

of the United States (Inc.) 319

Building Granite Quarries Association

(Inc.) .— 319 Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters 31S1 Bureau of Standards 31, 80, 118 Canners Association 320 Coal Association 320s Cinder Concrete Products Association 320' Committee on Metals Utilization 321 Committee on Wood Utilization.. 73, 142, 285, 3211 Confectioners Association of the United

States (Inc.) 32£. Conference on City Planning 144

Container Association 337

Council of American Cotton Manufacturers. 32S- Crushed Stone Association 323- Directory of Commodity Specifications 212 Door Manufacturers Association 323 Education Association 324c Electric Light Association. 92,324: Electrical Manufacturers Association 325> Electrical Safety Code 20&

Federation of Construction Industries 326 Fence Manufacturers Institute 326

Fertilizer Association 326 Fire Protection Association 326 Fireproof Door Manufacturers' Association. 304 Formulary 274,350 Founders Association 328 Hardware Association of the United States. 32? Hardwood Lumber Association 65,327' Hay Association (Inc.), The.. 327" Knitted Outerwear Association... 12E Lime Association.. 121, 328- Lumber Manufacturers Association 195,328 Machine Tool Builders' Association 329

Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association (Inc.). 329 Paper Box Manufacturers Association 330? Paper Trade Association 330 Paving Brick Manufacturers Association.. 330 Petroleum Association 33C1 Pickle Packers Association.. 331 Physical Laboratory 31, 198, 219, 223 Research Council 69, 121, 331 Retail Dry Goods Association 332

Retail Hardware Association 332: Safety Council 80,92,333 Sand and Gravel Association 333 School Supply Association 334 Screw Thread Commission 81, 86, 94, 112: Slag Association 121, 334- Slate Association 334

standardizing agencies 31, 43" standards for farm products.. 64 Supply and Machinery Distributors' Association 335 Svrup and Molasses Association 335 Terra Cotta Society 122, 179, 33c Tuberculosis Association 335 Varnish Manufacturers Association 273f- Wholesale Grocers' Association of the United States 33c Naturalization Bureau. 84 Naval Experiment Station. 182

fuel oil testing plant.. 115 Medical Supply Depot, Brooklyn, N. Y... 87

Optical Shop 166

stores 315- 91096—28- -26
396 INDEX

Page

Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics 132, 135 Department 84, 92, 137-139, 165, 180, 219 Neon in interferometry 34 New England Water Works Association 336 New York State Cold Storage Association... 270 Nomenclature of fishes 70 Nomenclature (International Electrotechnical Commission) 16 Nonferrous metals 252 North Carolina Pine Association 336 Northern Pine Manufacturers Association... 336 Northern White Cedar Association 336 Norway, Norges Industriforbunds Standardiseringskomite 60 Nut containers 211 Nuts 266,281,313,321,343 Oak flooring 336 Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association 336 Ocean thermographs 69 Oceanography 23

Office equioment 315

Office Procedure, Simplified, Interdepart- mental Board on 103

Official standards and standard tests 92

Oil burners 272

Oil Chemists Association. 187

Oil-drilling equipment 224 Oilengines.. 281 Oil Heating Institute 273

Oil paintings, research on 39 Oil storage 318

Oils. . - - —- H5, 177, 186, 273, 277, 280, 308 Olive green enamel 90 Optics 38,185,187 Ordnance, Bureau of, Navy. 87 Ordnance Department, Army 94 Ores.... 270,285 Orthodontia wires, dental. 158 Osterreichischer Normenausschuss fur in- dustries und Gewerbe 45

Oversizes, piston ring 211 Overyoltage 200

Pacific Coast Building Officials' Conference. 142 Pacific States Cold Storage Warehousemen's

Association 270 Packages and containers 71, 331, 332 Packings and gaskets 208 Padlocks 85 Paint brushes 260 Paint Manufacturers Association of the United States 273 Paints 85, 200, 201, 273, 275, 306, 328, 330, 333, 343 Pan American Commission on Simplification

of Consular Procedure 74 Pan American Standardization Conference. 27,74 Panama Canal 113 Paper. 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 210, 211, 273, 290, 294,

300, 305, 315, 317, 328, 330, 347, 348, 350, 351, 352 board 337 boxes 330,337 currency- - 197 Paperboard Industries Association 336 Patent and copyright protection 13 Patent medicines. 271 Pattern equipment 265,315,346 Pavements 210, 261, 282, 286, 290, 330 Permeameters, magnetic 159 Petroleum 154, 177, 178, 280, 285, 330 Pharmacopeia 274,350 Pharmacy— 272,274 Phase equilibrium diagram 153 Phoebus Laboratory 27 Phosphorus . _ 181, 265, 276, 290, 346 Photographic method of determining detonation 80 Photometry 43,188,198,305 Physical constants 119,153

tests 39, 146 Physicians' pocket reference 70 Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt. 34, 198,223 Pickles 331 Piezooscillators 203 Pig iron 315 Pigments 328 Pine lumber... 336,345,351 Pipe, conductor and trough 210

fittings and flanges 281, 295, 308, 310

P«K«

Pipes- 248

259, 261, 262, 266, 273, 278, 280, 281, 284, k95,

296, 300, 308, 314, 321, 336, 338, 346 threads 266, 274, 281 Piping.... 297, 303, 310, 333, 339, 347 Piston ring oversizes 211 Pitot tube, standard 1 33 Plaster "289,

_303, 328

acoustical gypsum 175 Plate glass.. ~~Jm 337 Glass Manufacturers of America"— 337

Plating, chromium. igg Plows I"279,313 Plugs, spark 211 Plumbago crucibles —""""266, 337 Plumbago Crucible Association " '337 Plumbing equipment 198, 211, 248,"281, 314 Pywood... 327,337 Plywood Manufacturers Association 337 Poisonous articles 311 Poland, Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny " 61 Boles 264, 265, 277, 285, 336, 343, 347, 351 Porcelain insulators 211, 321 plumbing fixtures. ' 198 Portland cement 146,337 Portland Cement Association 122, 129| 337 Post Office Department. . 90

Postal Laws and Regulations " 90

Posts 285.336 Pottery.. 154,3.50 Powder, bleaching 328 Power control 320 Power-line insulators — 325 Pressure vessels 260 Prime movers 17 Printing.. 350

Joint Committee on 110 machinery 280

Office, Government 110 Prohibition, Bureau of. 108,109

tests for the Bureau of 108 Progress in standardization. 27

Propellers, bronze. 309

Protection, lightning 277 highway crossing 227 Protective coatings 192, 200 Preservatives, wood. 285, 352

Presses _ 333 Public Buildings and Public Parks 113 Health Service. 91,92 Roads, Bureau of. 68 school standardizing agencies 228 Publications, National Bureau of Standards. 118 Pulp and pulpwood 273, 290, 336, 347 and Paper Industry, Technical Association of 193 Pumps, displacement and centrifugal 282, 305

fire 318,326 Purchase, coordinator for 96 Purchase forms, commercial 211 Purchasing 275,276 Purchasing agencies, county 228 Federal.. 97 municipal 225 public schools 228 State... 229 Pure products for research 12 Pyrometry of iron and steel 173 Pyrotechnics 326 Pyroxylin finishes 318 Quarry cars and tracks 323 Quicklime, chemical - 175 Radiating surfaces 323 Radiation flow sheet 385 Radiator glycerin 301 Radiators 279 Radio 18, 25, 26. 133, 201, 202. 203, 269, 325, 332 Corporation of America - 203 equipment.. 202,306,338 International Technical Consulting Committee 26 Manufacturers Association 338 Radioactivity 34,384 Radiological Society of America 219 Radiotelegraph Conference, International 25 Radium standardization 219 Rafters - 329
INDEX 397

Page

Railings 333 Railroads 263, 275, 273, 280

Rails 205, 260, 264, 277, 280, 282, 289 Railway cars 277 motors 268

ties. 278 track scales.. 204 Rail Steel Bar Association. 298 Range boilers - 210, 314 Ranges 266,314 Rasps 210 Rating electrical machinery 16, rivers... , 3 Rayon 216, 218, 288.. 12, Razor blades Reactors 1 Reagent chemicals... 53, Reamers

Reclamation, Bureau of Rectifiers, mercury arc 248 Redwood lumber

Reels 211, Refractories 211, 265, 266, 278, 280, 301, Refrigerating Machinery Association, The...

Refrigeration 281, 2S2, 297, 307, Fourth International Congress of Refrigerators 86,248, Reichsanstalt, Physikalisch-Technische

219, Reinforced concrete.. 261, 278, 280, 298, Reinforcement bars 156, Remedies

Rental agreement

Research 119, 132, 133, 261, 266

associates of National Bureau of Standards.

Council, National

Service (Inc.) 122, Resistance coils, standard. _ Respiratory gases Resuscitation, prone-pressure method Rhenium, new element separated Rice 335 Rice Millers Association Riding qualities of vehicles. Rigs and derricks Rims

19 313

211 268

261 30082

269 294

321 346

339 339

171 270

198, 223 338

211 272

288

331 11969

17942

16592

35

339 339

140

273 348 Rivets 85, 247, 266, 281, 343 Riverside Portland Cement Co 122 Roads 277, 282, 328, 334 Rock dusting of coal mines. 77, 270 Rockwell numbers.. 179 Rods for concrete reinforcement- 247, 298 Roller bearings, taper 211 Rolling stock 275 Roofing 162, 193, 286, 317, 334, 335 Ropes 217, 218, 273, 300, 305 Rosin... 348 Rubber, properties of 85. 206, 208, 317, 328 Association of American (Inc.), The. 206, 208, 339

belting 340

flooring 207,340 goods 208,332 Heel Club of America 340

heels 340 hose. 319,327 machinery 333

tires. 339 Safety Code Correlating Committee... 246 codes 208, 248, 270, 281, 291, 297, 301, 302,

307, 309, 311, 312, 315, 319, 327, 329, 333, 343. 344 Council, National.. 92,80 from fire.— 288 laws 291 standards 209 Sanatoriums— 278,335 Sand 181,265,334 Sand-lime brick 328, 340 Sand-Line Brick Association. 340 Sanitary code 92 Sagger clays... 155 Salt containers 211 Samples, standard, for analysis 151 Sashes 211,346 Sawmill machinery 265,343

Scales, master track 204,205 School buildings and equipment... 279, 305, 324, 334

Scientific apparatus 340 makers of America 340 symbols and abbreviations 258

Pas*

Scoops... 211,278 Scope of standardization- 1 Scrap iron and steel. 315, 316 Screw Thread Commission, National. 81, 86, 94, 112 Screw threads 32, 86, 281, 284, 310, 319, 348

Sectional committee organization 246 Seismology.. 21 Sensitometry... 188 Sewers and sewage. 261,282,300,328 Shafting - 247,281,283 Sheathing paper 195 Sheeting.... 248 Sheet metal 160, 210, 266, 316, 327, 341 ware.. 341 Ware Association 341

Steel Trade Extension Committee 341 Shenandoah, airship 137

Shells, loaded paper shot 211 Shingles - 336 Ships 33, 34, 250, 269, 270, 345 Shipping containers 275, 299, 310, 337 Board Merchant Fleet Corporation, United

States..- - H4

Shirts, athletic - 217 Shoes 319 Shot shells, loaded paper. 211 Shovels, hand 211, 278, 327, 333 steam... --- 287

Signal Corps 96

Signals, fire - 318,326 mine --- 248

railway... 276 highway 259, 260, 307, 312, 318, 332, 333

Silk...... - 312,341

Silk Association of America (Inc.), The 341 Simplified practice 93, 209, 210, 211 Sirups 328, 335 Sixth International Congress of Photography. 189

Silica brick.... 154,328

Sizing 192

Slabs, concrete 304 Slag 334

Slate products 334,335 Sleeping garments 217

Slips, consistency of enamel 168 Soaps 261,266,267

Societies, technical 258

Society of American Foresters 342

of Automotive Engineers 122,

129, 130, 131, 139, 343

for Electrical Development (Inc.) 342

of Industrial Engineers, The 344

of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. 345

of Terminal Engineers 345

for the Promotion of Engineering Education 342 Soda 328 Softwood lumber 64, 285

Solar spectrum - 185

Solarization. 19^

Sole leather —- 1'3,174

Solvent, dry-cleaning.— 150 Sorghum sirup... 328 Sound laboratory 36 Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association - -- 345 Pine Association 345

Sash, Door, and Millwork Manufacturers

Association 346 SuddIv and Machinery Dealers Association 346 Spades.! 211,278 Spanish Artillery Academy 122 Spark plugs -

fA' 253 Specifications 78, 93, 127, 212, 2&&

Specifications Board, Federal 63,81,97 Spectroscopy, standard flow sheet 386 Spectrum, solar 185

Spelling tests... —~- 109

Spirals, reinforcing --- -- Sponsor, procedure 24b

Spools, metal ill

Spotting out of plated finishes 199

Springs, bed 210,293

Sprinklers 28/, 6M

Sprockets —- 266,344 Spur gears

Stains, biological 261, 297 tannin 31Z Stamping - - - - - 247, 263, 333
398 INDEX

Pago

Standard constants 2 Standardization, bibliography... 353 scope 1 survey 245 Standardizing agencies, federal 63 general 245 international- 5 State 229 Standards, Na"tion"arBureau"of."."r3i, 79, 80, 92, 118

Statistics, vital 69 Staves 331 State, Department of. 91

statistics, fishery 70 highway departments 230 purchasing agencies 229 Steam, properties of... 171,280 engines 287 shovels... 282 Steamboat Inspection Service. 81 Steam-cleaning process 214

Steel Barrel Manufacturers Institute 346

for various purposes. 184, 205, 260, 289, 298 Founders' Society of America 346 products 87, 210, 211, 259, 264, 266, 280, 283, 284, 294, 298, 301, 311, 316, 317, 320, 321, 327, 341, 343, 346 properties of 87, 160, 173, 183, 184, 276, 280, 283, 290, 343

mills 292 Sterling silver flatware 211 Stevenson Creek, Calif., Dam 148 Stoddard solvent 156 Stoker Manufacturers Association 260 Stokers. 260 Stone.... 213,214,282,323,338 Storage batteries 42, 161, 268, 291 Stovepipe, clay 300 Stoves 314 Straw 327 Strawboard 328 Structural materials 64, 260, 271, 2S9, 335 Structural Service Bureau... 347 Stucco.— 289,293,328,338 Sugar 328 Sulphite cellulose extract 173 Sulphur 181,265,276,290.346 dioxide 153 Supercharging of aircraft engines, 137 Supervising Architect 92 Supplies and Accounts, Bureau of 88 Supplies, electrical.. 325 water 328 Sweden, Svenska Industriens Standardizer- mgskoinission... 61 Switches, electrical 368, 32.". Switch ties, railway 316, 329 Switzerland, Schweizerische NormalienVereinigung 62 Symbols 3, 17, 268, 269, 280, 342 Synchronous machines 268, 282, 339 Tacks 333 Tank cars 311 trucks 318 Tanks 273,314,318 Tanneries 320 Tanners' Council of America. 130 Tannin stains 312 Tap and Die Institute. 347 Tappan Stove Co... 122 Taps 343,347 Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper

Industry 64, 193, 194, 347 Committee of the Board on Military Engineering 94

societies 258 Tees, steel 290 Telephones 263.276,277 TeleDhone grouo, A. E. S. C 347 Telegraphs 268,276,277 Temperature, color. 188

scale 9 Terminal markings, electrical apparatus 119 Terminals, railway. 277, 345 Terneplate 210, 317, 327 Terra cotta 335

Terrestrial magnetism and electricity 22 Test-car calibration 205 j

Page

Testing methods 35, 40, 77, 119, 123, 140, 145, 153, 156, 163, 177, 179,

181, 193, 194, 199, 201, 248, 343. Testing Materials, International Congress

for 14 Tests of apparatus and materials 40,

108, 146, 162, 179, 200, 207, 214, 269, 327, 335 Textile Color Card Association of the United

States (Inc.), The 348

Textiles 211, 216, 259, 280, 309, 328, 333, 348 Therapeutic apparatus 219 Thermal conductivity materials 170, 171 expansion 220 Thermit welding 260 Thermochemical data 12 standards 172 Thermometers 170,308 Thermometry, standard flow sheet 387 Third International Conference of Scientific Management 74 Thirteen-month calendar 20 Thread, pipe 266,274 Tie plates 289

Ties, railroad 277, 278, 285, 316, 329, 336, 343

Tiles 207, 211, 262, 289, 2%, 303, 304

Tillage implement 313 Timber. 645,259,329 Time measurements 1 Time, standard flow sheet 382 Tin plate 320 Tinware 210,341 Tire and Rim Association of America (Inc.), The 348 Tires 207,339,343,348 Tissue paper 348 Tissue Paper Manufacturers Association 348 Tobacco 63 Toe boards 333 Tool steels 184 Tools, band 211, 300, 311, 333, 344, 347 machine 329 Torpedoes 276 Track scales, Railroad 2C4,205 Tracks 248,264,277,280,323 Traction motors 18 Tractors, farm 279 Trade associations 258

Traffic Board, Federal 101 Train rules... 276

Traffic, Coordinator for 101 Signals 209, 247, 259, 260, 307, 312, 318, 332, 333 Transformers 268,325 Transmission chains 281,344 Transmission, heat 279

ultra-violet. 189 Treasury Department 91,196,197 Trim, interior, hardwood 302 Trolley 264 Trough piDe 210 Trucks, tank.. 318 Tuberculosis sanatoriums. 335 Tubes, vacuum 87 Tubing— - 87,248,266,273,281 Turbines.. 281,309 Turnbuckles- - 211 Turning squares, wood 317 Turpentine __. 348 Turpentine and Rosin Producers Association . 348 Twines... 305

Ultra-violet light 189,274 Underwear 217,258,314 Underwriters' Laboratories... 349 Union International de la Chimie Pure et Appliquee 172 Unit of length, definition 6 United States- Army 92,93,203 Bureau of Mines 92 Bureau of Public Roads 282 Civil Service Commission 107 Conciliation Service.. 83 Employment Service 83

Fisheries Association... 270 Forest Products Laboratory 285 Forest Service 257 Geological Survey 78, 153 Marine Corps 89 Navy 92,203
INDEX 399

United States— Continued.

Pharmacopoeia, 274,350 Pharmacopoeia! Convention 349 Potters Association 350 Public Health Service 92 Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation 114 Standard bronze 109 Veterans' Bureau 115 United Typothetse of America 110, 350 University of Rochester 165 Talves 248,310,314,321,339,348 Varnish brushes 260 Varnishes. 85, 200, 201, 273, 306, 328, 330, 333, 343 Vegetables- 63,265,294,307 Velocity of light 36 Veneer 283,327,337 Ventilation- 78, 272, 279

Vessels, fishing 71 pressure 260,339 Veterans' Bureau, United States.. 115 Viscosity 313,388 Vitamin research 261 Vitreous china plumbing fixtures _ 211

Vitrified clay pipe 300 Vocational education methods 104 Volatility of motor fuels 139 Volcanology 23 Volt, international _ 160 Voltages, standard _ 18 Vulcanization tests of rubber 206 Wagon material 313 Walkways 268,333,334 Wallboards.. 194,294 Walnut lumber.. 283 Wallpaper Manufacturers' Association of the United States 350 Walls 178,304,333 War Department 92, 133 Warehouse forms 284, 315 Washers. 281,344 Washington Navy Yard 181 Washington Terminal Co 90 Waste materials 317 Watchmakers 304 Water-analysis 275,284

Water-supply equipment 284, 287, 295, 328 Waterproofing 262 Watertown Arsenal 94, 182 Wave-length of light 185, 386 Wear of metals 182 Weather Bureau 69 Weights and Measures 35, 221, 223, 224, 271, 274 Weinstein Research Laboratories 122,157 Welded pressure vessels 339 Welding 180, 260, 268, 271, 281, 284, 293, 318 West Coast Lumbermen's Association.. 351 Western Pine Manufacturers Association 351 Red Cedar Association 351 Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. 203 Wet-nib tester 193 Wheelbarrows 287 Wheels, grinding 211,302 Wheels, vehicle. 292, 343, 348 White cedar products 336

'

' Wiliing-to-certify '' manufacturers 149 Wind-tunnel measurements _ 135 Window glass substitutes, ultra-violet trans- mission of 189 Wirebound Box Manufacturers Association. 352 Wire-bound boxes 352 Wire rope. 273 Wires 264, 268, 277, 278, 291, 293, 319, 324, 325, 327 Wiring, electric 291, 327, 342, 343 Women's Bureau.. 84 Wood and wood products 248, 265,

280, 285, 290, 305, 313, 317, 321, 343, 346, 347 Wood preservation 277, 285, 352 Wood Utilization, National Committee on.. 73 Wood-using industries, standards and speci- fications in 212 Writing Paper Manufacturers Association... 352 Wool.... 63,259,317 World Trade Club 261 X-ray research _ 37 standardization 219 Yale University 122 Yards and Docks, Bureau of 89 Yarns 288,300,313,314 Zinc 285 Zinc chloride 310 Zoning and city planning 143, 144