[Cite as Smallwood v. Shiflet, 2016-Ohio-7887.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

No. 103853

KENNETH SMALLWOOD, JR. 

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT 

vs. 

WILLIE SHIFLET 

DEFENDANT-APPELLEE 

JUDGMENT: 

REVERSED AND REMANDED 

Civil Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CV-14-837751 

BEFORE: Keough, P.J., E.A. Gallagher, J., and Celebrezze, J. 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 23, 2016 
APPELLANT 

Kenneth Smallwood, pro se 

Ross Correctional Institution 

P.O. Box 7010 

Chillicothe, Ohio 45601 

APPELLEE 

Willie Shiflet, pro se 

1823 W. 54th Street 

Cleveland, Ohio 44102 
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J.: 

{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Kenneth Smallwood, Jr., appeals the trial court’s decision 

entering judgment in favor of defendant-appellee, Willie Shiflet. For the reasons that 

follow, we reverse and remand. 

{¶2} In December 2014, Smallwood filed suit against his uncle, Shiflet for claims 

of fraud, conversion of property, and breach of a bailment contract. The complaint 

alleged that Shiflet was supposed to keep and maintain Smallwood’s personal property 

while Smallwood was in prison. It was alleged that when Smallwood’s stepfather, 

Leandro Sanchez, attempted to retrieve the property at Smallwood’s request, Shiflet 

refused to deliver the property. It was also alleged that Shiflet wrongfully sold the 

property. Smallwood requested $22,065 in actual damages and demanded punitive 

damages. Shiflet was personally served with the complaint on December 29, 2014. 

{¶3} In February 2015, Smallwood moved for default judgment because Shiflet 

failed to file an answer. The trial court scheduled a default hearing for March 10, 2015. 

On March 9th, Shiflet sent the trial court a letter, stating: 

This case has been dismissed in your court 2 times for lack of evidence. I 

wish to end this matter if possible[.] This man is wasting your time. 

Included is a letter from [Smallwood,] which I consider a threat. Please try 

to help me in this matter. 

{¶4} The trial court subsequently issued a journal entry construing Shiflet’s letter 

as an answer. Accordingly, the court found Smallwood’s motion for default as moot, and 

set a case management schedule. 
{¶5} Because Shiflet did not serve Smallwood with a copy of his “answer,” the 

trial court instructed the clerk to serve Smallwood with a copy of this communication. 

From the record, we glean that this did not occur. Because Smallwood did not receive a 

copy of the answer, he again moved for default judgment, which the court subsequently 

denied. Subsequently, Smallwood served Shiflet with a request for admissions. 

{¶6} After the deadline passed for Shiflet to respond to the request for admissions, 

Smallwood moved for summary judgment, relying entirely on the unanswered admissions 

that Smallwood contended were “conclusively deemed admitted.” Despite Smallwood 

filing a request for a ruling on his motion for summary judgment prior to trial, a bench 

trial commenced on October 19, 2015. The following day, the trial court issued a journal 

entry denying Smallwood’s motion for summary judgment finding that genuine issues of 

material fact precluded judgment. 

{¶7} On November 3, 2015, the trial court issued a written opinion finding that 

Smallwood failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence his claims for fraud, 

conversion, and breach of a bailment contract. Accordingly, the trial court entered 

judgment in favor of Shiflet. 

{¶8} Smallwood now appeals, raising three assignments of error.1

I. Default Judgment 

 1

Shiflet did not file an appellee brief. Therefore, pursuant to App.R. 18(C), this “court may 

accept the appellant’s statement of the facts and issues as correct and reverse judgment if appellant’s 

brief reasonably appears to sustain such action.” 
{¶9} In his first assignment of error, Smallwood contends that the trial court erred 

and abused its discretion in refusing to enter a default judgment where the defendant 

failed to file any responsive pleading to the complaint. He specifically lists the issues as: 

1. Whether the absence of any responsive pleading in the record 

demonstrates that the defendant is, in fact, in default? 

2. Whether it is an abuse of discretion to refuse to grant a default judgment 

where no such responsive pleading was made? 

{¶10} The grant or denial of default judgment is reviewed for an abuse of 

discretion. Beacon Place at Church Square Homeowners, Assn. v. Smith, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 103323, 2016-Ohio-619, ¶ 13, citing Goodyear v. Waco Holdings, Inc., 8th 

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91432, 2009-Ohio-619, ¶ 19. An abuse of discretion is more than an 

error of law or judgment, but rather, it is a finding that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, 

arbitrary or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 

N.E.2d 1140 (1983). 

{¶11} Civ.R. 55(A) provides that “[w]hen a party against whom a judgment for 

affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend as provided by these 

rules, the party entitled to a judgment by default shall apply in writing or orally to the 

court * * *.” “A default judgment is proper when, and only when, a defendant has not 

contested the plaintiff’s allegations by pleading or ‘otherwise defending’ such that no 

issues are present in the case.” Reese v. Proppe, 3 Ohio App.3d 103, 105, 443 N.E.2d 

992 (8th Dist.1981). See also Ohio Valley Radiology Assoc., Inc. v. Ohio Valley Hosp. 

Assn., 28 Ohio St.3d 118, 502 N.E.2d 599 (1986). 
{¶12} In this case, the record demonstrates that on the day before the default 

hearing on March 9, 2015, Shiflet filed a handwritten letter with the trial court. In the 

letter, Shiflet stated in relevant part that, “this case has been dismissed in your court 2 

times for lack of evidence. I wish to end this matter if possible[.] This man is wasting 

your time[.] * * * Please try to help me in this matter[.]” The trial court issued a journal 

entry on March 12, 2015, stating that it would construe Shiflet’s communication as an 

answer. Because the court accepted Shiflet’s letter as an answer, the court denied 

Smallwood’s motion for default as moot. At no time did Smallwood challenge this ruling 

by moving to strike Shiflet’s answer. 

{¶13} On appeal, Smallwood also makes no argument that the trial court abused its 

discretion in accepting or construing Shiflet’s handwritten letter as an answer. Instead, 

Smallwood focuses his argument on appeal on the trial court’s decision to deny as moot 

the motion for default. The basis for his argument is premised on the erroneous 

conclusion that Shiflet failed to answer the complaint. However, the record clearly 

demonstrates that Shiflet did file a correspondence that was construed as an answer. 

Whether this ruling was proper or an abuse of discretion has not been raised on appeal. 

{¶14} Accordingly, because Shiflet filed an answer, Smallwood was not entitled to 

default judgment. Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. Jackson, 81 Ohio St.3d 308, 311, 

691 N.E.2d 262 (1998) (when a defendant has filed an answer, there can be no default 

judgment), In re Crabtree, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-010290, 2002-Ohio-1135, ¶ 9 (“court 
cannot enter a default judgment against a party who has filed an answer”). The first 

assignment of error is overruled. 

II. Admissions 

{¶15} On May 5, 2015, Smallwood served Shiflet with the following request for 

admissions: 

1. Admit that in approximately May of 2011, you went to the residence of 

the plaintiff at 3161 W. 106th Ave., Cleveland, Ohio and loaded the list of 

property attached to the initial complaint in this action as “Exhibit A” 

belonging to the plaintiff on your truck. 

2. Admit that you went and took possession of the above items of property 

upon agreement with plaintiff to safeguard [a]nd maintain these items under 

bailment pendent to plaintiff’s release from incarceration; 

3. Admit that, on or about April 1, 2014, Leandro Sanchez advised you 

that plaintiff wished you to release the above noted property items to 

Sanchez, acting on Plaintiff’s behalf; 

4. Admit that, on or about April 1, 2014, you refused to deliver the 

property or release it to Leandro Sanchez upon plaintiff’s request 

5. Admit that you wrongfully converted the above noted property items for 

personal gain without permission, express or implied, of the plaintiff 

6. Admit that the approximate value of the property you wrongfully 

converted is $25,000. 

{¶16} When Shiflet failed to timely respond or answer the admissions, Smallwood 

moved for summary judgment and filed a notice of matters admitted with a copy of the 

request for admissions attached. Smallwood argued in his motion that Shiflet’s failure to 

answer the request for admissions resulted in conclusive admissions under Civ.R. 36, and 

such admissions were dispositive of the claims. The trial court denied Smallwood’s 
motion for summary judgment after trial commenced. In the trial court’s journal entry, it 

did not reference Shiflet’s Civ.R. 36 conclusive admissions. Additionally, in the trial 

court’s written judgment entry entering judgment in favor of Shiflet after trial, the court 

did not reference or indicate it considered the admissions. 

{¶17} In his second assignment of error, Smallwood contends that the trial court 

erred and abused its discretion in failing to consider the facts conclusively admitted by the 

defendant in discovery within the ultimate decision. After reviewing the issues and 

arguments raised, we find that Smallwood is not challenging the trial court’s denial of his 

summary judgment based on the admissions; rather, he is challenging the trial court’s 

failure to consider the admissions in rendering its verdict in favor of Shiflet. 

{¶18} Pursuant to the express language of Civ.R. 36(A), requests for admissions 

are “self-executing; if there is no response to a request or an admission, the matter is 

admitted. Unlike other discovery matters, the admission is made automatically and 

requires no further action by the party requesting the admissions.” State v. Cordell, 10th 

Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-361, 2008-Ohio-6124, ¶ 10, quoting Palmer-Donavin v. Hanna, 

10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-699, 2007-Ohio-2242, ¶ 10; T & S Lumber Co. v. Alta 

Constr. Co., 19 Ohio App.3d 241, 242, 483 N.E.2d 1216 (8th Dist.1984); St. Paul Fire & 

Marine Ins. Co. v. Battle, 44 Ohio App.2d 261, 269, 337 N.E.2d 806 (8th Dist.1975). 

Thus, once a party fails to timely respond to the requests for admissions, the defaulted 

admissions become fact, and a motion seeking confirmation of those admissions is not 

necessary. Cordell at id., citing Farah v. Chatman, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-502, 
2007-Ohio-697, ¶ 10; see also Natl. Mut. Ins. Co. v. McJunkin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

58458, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 1730 (May 3, 1990) (motion to deem matters admitted 

superfluous). 

{¶19} Request for admissions are deemed admitted unless the responding party 

serves upon the requesting party a timely written answer or objection to the request for 

admissions. Nunn v. Logan Servs. AC & Heating, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26895, 

2016-Ohio-3088, ¶ 46, citing Civ.R. 36(A)(1). Furthermore, Civ.R. 36(B) provides that 

“[a]ny matter admitted under this rule is conclusively established unless the court on 

motion permits withdrawal or amendment of the admission.” 

{¶20} In this case, Smallwood filed a “Notice of Matters Admitted” on July 9, 

2015, contemporaneously with his motion for summary judgment after Shiflet failed to 

respond to the admissions. Because Shiflet did not respond to the request for admissions, 

by operation of Civ.R. 36, the request for admissions are deemed admitted. Furthermore, 

the record before this court does not reveal that Shiflet ever moved to withdraw or amend 

his admissions. Therefore, because the request for admissions are conclusively 

established, the trial court abused its discretion when it failed to consider Shiflet’s 

admissions when rendering its final judgment. 

{¶21} Reviewing Shiflet’s admissions as they correspond to Smallwood’s causes of 

action for fraud, conversion, and breach of bailment of contract, we find that the 

admissions would only be dispositive of Smallwood’s claim for conversion of property. 

The elements of conversion are “(1) plaintiff’s ownership or right to possession of the 
property at the time of conversion; (2) defendant’s conversion by a wrongful act or 

disposition of plaintiff’s property rights; and (3) damages.” Schiff v. Dickson, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga Nos. 96539 and 96541, 2011-Ohio-6079, ¶ 30. 

{¶22} Through the admissions, Shiflet admitted that he took possession of 

Smallwood’s personal property to safeguard until Smallwood was released from prison. 

Shiflet further admitted that he wrongfully converted the property for person gain without 

permission. Finally, Shiflet admitted that the value of the property was approximately 

$25,000. Accordingly, regardless of Shiflet’s trial testimony, he could not escape from 

the admissions he previously made during discovery. See Johnson v. Cleveland Metro. 

Gen. Hosp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 55986, 1989 Ohio App. LEXIS 5243, 7-8 (Nov. 22, 

1989) (absent any objection or withdraw of an admission, the admitting party cannot 

contradict at trial the admission previously made); Am. Auto. Assn. v. AAA Legal Clinic of 

Jefferson Crooke, P.C., 930 F.2d 1117, 1120 (5th Cir.1991) (discussing Fed.R.Civ.P. 36, 

an admission that is not withdrawn or amended cannot be rebutted by contrary testimony 

or ignored by the trial court simply because it finds the evidence presented by the party 

against whom the admission operates more credible). 

{¶23} Therefore, judgment should have been entered in favor of Smallwood on his 

claim for conversion based on the Civ.R. 36 admissions. As for Smallwood’s other 

claims for fraud and breach of bailment of contract, the admissions do not satisfy the 

elements of those causes of action. 

{¶24} Accordingly, Smallwood’s second assignment of error is sustained. 
III. Final Judgment 

{¶25} Smallwood argues in this third assignment of error that the trial court erred 

and abused its discretion in entering judgment for the defendant where no evidence was 

adduced to support the verdict. Having sustained Smallwood’s second assignment of 

error, this assignment of error is hereby rendered moot. 

{¶26} However, we note that despite Smallwood’s assertion that he has been 

precluded from providing the trial transcript, this court has given him ample opportunity 

to provide a transcript to this court. Insofar as Smallwood contends he is indigent, he 

could have filed an App.R. 9(C) statement in lieu of a transcript. See State ex rel. Motley 

v. Capers, 23 Ohio St.3d 56, 491 N.E.2d 311 (1986) (a transcript is unavailable, for 

purposes of App.R. 9(C), to an indigent appellant unable to bear the cost of providing a 

transcript). Accordingly, because Smallwood failed to file a transcript or an App.R. 9(C) 

statement of the proceedings, we would be unable to review the merits of this assignment 

of error. 

{¶27} Judgment reversed. The case is remanded to the trial court to enter 

judgment in favor of Smallwood on his conversion claim in the amount of $22,065, as 

reflected in his complaint. 

It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into 

execution. 
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of 

the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, PRESIDING JUDGE 

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCURS; 

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., DISSENTS (SEE SEPARATE OPINION) 

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., DISSENTING:

{¶28} I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion. I find that the handwritten 

“communication letter” filed with the court by appellee Shiflet on March 9, 2015 in this 

case did not constitute an answer under the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure. Therefore, I 

would reverse and remand. 

{¶29} The record reflects that service of the complaint on Shiflet was obtained on 

December 29, 2014. When Shiflet failed to answer, Smallwood filed a motion for 

default judgment on February 11, 2015. The trial court conducted a case management 

conference on February 17, 2015, at which time it noted that Shiflet had failed to answer 

the complaint and instructed Smallwood to provide the court with proof of service, an 

original affidavit or proof of damages, a military affidavit, a proposed journal entry and a 

copy of a letter notifying Shiflet of a default hearing set for March 10, 2015. Smallwood 

provided the trial court with the requested documents prior to the date of the default 

hearing. 
{¶30} On March 9, 2015 the trial court received a handwritten letter from Shiflet 

which stated in relevant part that, “this case has been dismissed in your court 2 times for 

lack of evidence. I wish to end this matter if possible[.] This man is wasting your time[.] 

* * * Please try to help me in this matter[.]” The trial court issued a journal entry on 

March 12, 2015, indicating that it would construe Shiflet’s communication as an answer 

and denied Smallwood’s motion for default judgment as moot. The record reflects that 

Shiflet did not serve Smallwood with this communication. Upon motion of the plaintiff, 

the trial court ordered the clerk to serve Smallwood with a copy of Shiflet’s 

communication but, on May 15, 2015, Smallwood filed a renewed motion for default 

judgment asserting that he had still not received a copy of the communication. 

Smallwood objected to the “answer,” maintained that Shiflet remained in default and 

renewed his request for default judgment. The trial court denied Smallwood’s motion. 

{¶31} The question before us is whether Shiflet’s communication to the trial court, 

which he failed to serve upon Smallwood, properly qualified as an answer such that the 

trial court was correct in denying Smallwood’s motion for default judgment as moot. 

{¶32} Civ.R. 8(F) requires the court to liberally construe all pleadings to do 

substantial justice. Although this rule provides trial court with leeway in addressing the 

pleadings of pro se parties, such leeway is not boundless. In Kne v. Cleveland Auto Body 

Rustproofing, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 42202, 1980 Ohio App. LEXIS 13108 (Dec. 

18, 1980), this court held that a trial court erred in finding informal pro se correspondence 
addressed to the court which failed to comply with the formality and service requirements 

of Civ.R. 5 and 10 to constitute an answer. We explained: 

We recognize a person’s right to represent himself in an action rather than 

retaining the services of legal counsel. However, we cannot condone the 

adoption of two diverse standards for adherence to the procedural 

requirements of pleading. Although we realize procedural requirements 

perhaps are not applied as strictly to a lay person as they are to a 

professional, one who chooses to represent himself assumes the risk of 

failure when he does not meet the minimum requirements of pleading. The 

courts may be, and often are, flexible in their interpretation of the rules of 

procedure when dealing with pro se actions, however, to ignore the rules 

entirely invites disaster and is grossly unfair to those individuals who take 

precautions to protect themselves and hire counsel to further those ends. If 

we permit sloppy and careless procedure, we are encouraging chaos in the 

trial courts. 

Id., quoting Spratt v. Frederickson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 38579, 1979 Ohio App. 

LEXIS 10031 (Apr. 26, 1979). 

{¶33} Even in instances where courts have been willing to overlook procedural 

deficiencies in pro se answers defendants have still been required to, at a minimum, 

indicate their intent to defend the case and state in short and plain terms their defense to 

the claims asserted. See, e.g., Preferred Risk Grp. v. Barker, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 

93AP090064, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 963 (Mar. 2, 1994) (pro se answer did not comply 

with Civ.R. 8 and Civ.R. 10 but sufficiently stated in short and plain terms the defense to 

the claim asserted); Groehler v. Litton Sys., 6th Dist. Williams No. WMS-86-1, 1986 Ohio 

App. LEXIS 7731 (Aug. 1, 1986) (procedural requirements were not followed but based 

on the contents of answer indicated the defendant knew nothing and had no access to 
information which would help him remember anything about averments and allegations in 

the complaint). 

{¶34} I find that the correspondence in this instance fails the above standards in 

form, procedure and substance and, therefore, cannot be treated as a valid answer. 

Therefore, in my view, the trial court erred in failing to consider the merits of 

Smallwood’s motion for default judgment. Turner v. Alexander, 107 Ohio App.3d 853, 

859, 669 N.E.2d 565 (10th Dist.1995) (defendant having failed to properly answer, 

entitled plaintiff to have his motion for default judgment considered on the merits, which 

would include, if necessary, the opportunity to present evidence). 

{¶35} I would reverse and remand for the trial court to grant default judgment in 

favor of appellant.