Quick-Start Guide for Version 3.0 of EMINERS— 

Economic Mineral Resource Simulator

By Walter J. Bawiec and Gregory T. Spanski

A supplement to USGS Open-File Report 2004–1344, Version 3.0 of EMINERS— 

Economic Mineral Resource Simulator, by J.S. Duval

Open-File Report 2009–1057

First released June 2012

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Marcia K. McNutt, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth,

its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit 

http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS

For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications,

visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov

Suggested citation:

Bawiec, W.J., and Spanski, G.T., 2012, Quick-start guide for version 3.0 of EMINERS—Economic Mineral 

Resource Simulator: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009–1057, 26 p., available only at 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1057. (This report supplements USGS OFR 2004–1344.). 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual 

copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.
iii

Contents

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................................................... 2

Part I. Installation, Setup, and Application ..................................................................................................................... 2

Installation and Setup................................................................................................................................................. 2

EMINERS Application ................................................................................................................................................ 2

Part II. Understanding an EMINERS Output File ........................................................................................................... 9

Part III. Creation of Tables and Graphs by Use of Excel Templates............................................................................ 13

Using the Templates ................................................................................................................................................ 13

Graphs and Tables Available in the Templates........................................................................................................ 14

Part IV. Grade and Tonnage Models ........................................................................................................................... 18

References Cited......................................................................................................................................................... 22

Table

1. Listing of EMINERS model numbers, model names, commodities present, recommended template to use, 

and model sources. ........................................................................................................................................ 18
1 

Quick-Start Guide for Version 3.0 of EMINERS— 

Economic Mineral Resource Simulator

By Walter J. Bawiec and Gregory T. Spanski

Introduction

Quantitative mineral resource assessment, as developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 

consists of three parts: (1) development of grade and tonnage mineral deposit models; (2) delineation of 

tracts permissive for each deposit type; and (3) probabilistic estimation of the numbers of undiscovered 

deposits for each deposit type (Singer and Menzie, 2010). The estimate of the number of undiscovered 

deposits at different levels of probability is the input to the EMINERS (Economic Mineral Resource 

Simulator) program. 

EMINERS uses a Monte Carlo statistical process to combine probabilistic estimates of 

undiscovered mineral deposits with models of mineral deposit grade and tonnage to estimate mineral 

resources. It is based upon a simulation program developed by Root and others (1992), who discussed 

many of the methods and algorithms of the program. Various versions of the original program (called 

“MARK3” and developed by David H. Root, William A. Scott, and Lawrence J. Drew of the USGS) 

have been published (Root, Scott, and Selner, 1996; Duval, 2000, 2012). 

The current version (3.0) of the EMINERS program is available as USGS Open-File Report 

2004–1344 (Duval, 2012). Changes from version 2.0 include updating 87 grade and tonnage models, 

designing new templates to produce graphs showing cumulative distribution and summary tables, and 

disabling economic filters. The economic filters were disabled because embedded data for costs of labor 

and materials, mining techniques, and beneficiation methods are out of date. However, the cost 

algorithms used in the disabled economic filters are still in the program and available for reference for 

mining methods and milling techniques included in Camm (1991). 

EMINERS is written in C++ and depends upon the Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 programming 

environment. The code depends heavily on the use of Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) for 

implementation of the Windows interface. The program works only on Microsoft Windows XP or 

newer personal computers. It does not work on Macintosh computers. 

This report demonstrates how to execute EMINERS software using default settings and existing 

deposit models. Many options are available when setting up the simulation. Information and 

explanations addressing these optional parameters can be found in the EMINERS Help files. Help files 

are available during execution of EMINERS by selecting EMINERS Help from the pull-down menu 

under Help on the EMINERS menu bar. 

There are four sections in this report. Part I describes the installation, setup, and application of 

the EMINERS program, and Part II illustrates how to interpret the text file that is produced. Part III 

describes the creation of tables and graphs by use of the provided Excel templates. Part IV summarizes 

grade and tonnage models used in version 3.0 of EMINERS. 
2 

Acknowledgments

The authors thank USGS colleagues Michael L. Zientek and Mark J. Mihalasky for their 

insightful technical reviews of this manuscript and Peter N. Schweitzer for his help in understanding the 

code of this program. 

Part I. Installation, Setup, and Application

Installation and Setup

The EMINERS program can be used only on a Windows-based platform. 

1. Copy the file EMINERS.zip to a folder on your computer where the EMINERS program will 

reside. 

2. Unzip the EMINERS.zip file.

3. If the unzip process does not create a subfolder under EMINERS called EMINERS Output, 

create that folder.

EMINERS Application

To execute EMINERS, double click on the file EMINERS.EXE to launch the application. 

When this program is executed for the first time or when the locations of the EMINERS program and 

files are unfamiliar (for example, they are running from a compact disc), a window stating, “Unable to 

open EMINERS initialization file!” will appear.

1. Click OK. 

2. The window “Please locate the EMINERS configuration file (ModlData.txt)” appears. 

Navigate to the disk drive and then to the folder that contains the EMINERS configuration file 

(ModlData.txt). This step is necessary because the user may have copied these program files to 

various disk drives and file locations. 

3. Select ModlData.txt and click Open to open the file. The window “EMINERS - Eminer1”

opens. This window may be enlarged by dragging its corners. The window provides information 

on how to start using the program. 
3 

4. Under Actions in the menu bar in the window “Eminers – Eminers1,” select the option Setup 

Simulation Parameters from the pull-down menu. 

5. The window “Initial Data for Mark3” opens: 
4 

a. Enter your name in Enter your name here => box. This name will appear in the EMINERS 

output table. 

b. Enter the name of the assessment tract in Name of the Assessment Area=> box. The name 

may contain as many as 50 alphanumeric characters, although fewer are recommended 

because this information is used in output file names. Blank spaces, commas, or other special 

characters should NOT be used in assessment area names because their use can cause errors 

when the output files are created.

c. Enter a numeric value in How many models are to be run? box. If you are running 

EMINERS for a single deposit model, enter the number 1 or strike the TAB key to move to 

the next field. The output will produce results that can be incorporated into the Excel 

templates for graphs and tables. However, if more than one model is calculated per tract, or 

more than one tract is calculated and aggregated, while the EMINERS results for metal 

endowment are correct (assuming complete dependence), they are not in the proper format to 

be displayed in the Excel templates to create graphs and tables.

d. Choose which type of total you want. The default setting is Calculate the Grand Total. 

This will provide the proper format for the Excel templates.

e. Select the types of formats you want produced. Default settings are Include Standard 

Format Output and Provide Special Format for each Model. Information related to each 

of these output formats can be found by doing the following steps1

: 

1. Click on Help in the menu bar. 

2. Select EMINERS Help. 

3. Click on the Find TAB.

4. Search for the word “format.”

5. Click on the format of interest in the topics list.

6. Click on Display. 

f. Check the box next to Provide Special Format Output With Histogram. Including this 

option creates a CSV file that can be used with the Microsoft Excel templates to produce the 

tables and graphs for reports and presentations described in “Part III. Creation of Tables and 

Graphs by Use of Excel Templates.”

g. Click OK. 

6. The window “Select the first deposit model.” opens: 

a. Select the model you wish to use from this pull-down list. 

 

 1To use the Help files provided with EMINERS, users of Windows Vista and beyond (including Windows 7, Windows 

Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, and any version of Windows 8) must obtain and install the Windows Help program 

(WinHlp32.exe) appropriate to their operating systems. Microsoft support describes the reasons and necessary steps here: 

http://suppport.microsoft.com/kb/917607 (accessed March 23, 2012).
5 

b. Click OK. 

7. The window “Select the Type of Probability Function, Code Name, Probability Gro...”

opens: 

a. Enter a Code Name Here is a dummy variable field that can be used for tracking separate 

runs; it appears in the EMINERS output and does not need to be replaced. 

b. Pick Function Type; the default setting is Empirical. Use EMINERS Help, Find for more 

information. 

c. Check the appropriate value for Set Number of Probability Levels; for USGS studies, this 

number is determined by the assessment team doing the quantitative assessment. 

d. Click OK. 

8. The window “Estimate Number of Deposits” opens: 
6 

a. Enter an integer value for each level; you can use the TAB key to move through all data 

entry fields. Click on the Help button for more information. 

b. In most cases, accept the default value of –1 in the What is the Probability of Zero 

Deposits? box. The value of –1 allows the program to calculate the default probability of 

zero deposits. This calculation is dependent upon the input distribution and results in a 

nonzero value for the probability of zero deposits. If you are unsure about this option, enter a 

value of –1 and allow the program to calculate the probability of zero deposits. 

c. Click OK. 

9. The window “Open” appears. At this point, the location of the grade and tonnage input files in 

the Models-Input folder must be identified. 

a. Double click on the Models-Input folder. 

b. Click Open. 

10. The window “Locate Directory for CSV files and CLICK OK.” opens: 
7 

a. Navigate to the folder where the output files are to be saved; for example, the folder 

EMINERS Output that was created during the installation and setup. This folder can be 

used to store graphical output and tables. 

b. Do not change the file name or file type in this box. The default file name ‘x’ is 

automatically replaced by a new name generated by the software composed of the 

assessment area name, a model number, and a three-digit number with the form 

“AAAA_Modelnnn_Excell000.csv” where AAAA is the name chosen for the assessment 

area, and “nnn” will be the number of the deposit model used by EMINERS (for example, 

039). 

c. Click OPEN (which actually means “save”) to save the .csv file. 

11. EMINERS executes, and the results are displayed in the window “Eminer1.”
8 

This output shows the initial data entered into EMINERS and the results of the Monte Carlo 

simulation, which include calculated probabilistic ranges of estimated values for commodity 

endowments and deposit tonnage with estimated mean values for each range, and an estimate of the 

mean number of undiscovered deposits. An explanation of how to read and understand this file can be 

found in next section of this report. 

12. Under the File pull-down menu, click Save in the menu bar to open the window “Save As.” 

a. In the Save In: message box, browse to the EMINERS Output folder created earlier, and 

change the name of the file from “Eminer1.emr” to a unique name. We suggest using the 

assessment area tract name. The results of the simulation will be stored in a text file with the 

.emr extension. 
9 

b. Click Save. 

Files saved to the EMINERS Output folder include those listed in the image below:

You can print the results of this window by selecting File>Print. If you have Adobe Acrobat 

installed, you can create a PDF file of this output by selecting Adobe PDF as your printer.

If you want to view these results again after closing the “Eminer1” window, navigate to the 

folder containing the .emr file saved from this simulation and use Open to open the .emr file using 

either Wordpad or Microsoft Word. 

Part II. Understanding an EMINERS Output File

This chapter is designed to familiarize the user with the content of the EMINERS (.emr) output 

file. A single set of deposit estimates and a single type of deposit model are used. The resulting output 

report contains (1) a series of statistical summaries for each commodity and deposit tonnage included in 

the deposit model and (2) the expected mean number of deposits. 

For illustrative purposes, only the first page of what would be a multipage output report is 

shown. The report contains two basic types of output, which are outlined in red in the following xample: 

“Input Parameters Box” and “Simulation Results Box.” Each report contains a single set of input 

parameters, which appear in the Input Parameters Box, followed by from two to eight sets of simulation 

results, which appear in the Simulation Results Box. There will be one set of simulation results for each 

commodity, and one for deposit tonnage. An explanation of the EMINERS results can also be found in 

the EMINERS program Help file (Help/EMINERS Help/Discussion of the EMINERS program/Table of 

Contents/How to..../Interpret the Results). 
10

Input Parameters Box—contains a tabulation of input values that are provided by the user at 

the program interface at the start of a run. The numbers given below correspond to the red numerals 

enclosed in circles on the sample report. 

1. Name of the person supplying the input data and performing the run. 

2. Unique name for the assessment area. 

3. Date and time stamp indicating when the EMINERS run was performed. 

4. Number (1, in this example) indicates the number of models in the run, if multiple models are 

being run. Runs utilizing the supplied templates to create graphs and tables are limited to the use 

of only one model; this value will always remain 1.

5. Number (39, in this example) assigned to the deposit model in the EMINERS deposit model list 

(see table 1). 

6. Identifies the method (empirical versus lognormal) used to approximate grade and tonnage 

values in the deposit models. See the EMINERS Help file for more detail on the empirical 

method. 

7. A four-character code that is available to the user to further identify a tract being run. The 

default value QQ01 appears unless the user deletes or replaces the value. 

8. The value for the probability of zero deposits can be equal to –1 or 0 or can be in the range of 0 

to 1.0. 

9. Deposit model number (039, in this example) and model name and year (Porphyry Cu alldeposit-types 2008, in this example). 

10. Lists the undiscovered deposit estimate set (0, 2, 6, in this example) at the 90%, 50%, and 10% 

probability levels and the grade and tonnage model data approximation method (empirical or 

lognormal) used in a run. 

11. Random number generated by the program that was used in the Monte Carlo simulation of 

EMINERS.

Simulation Results Box—contains summary statistical information that characterizes the 4,999-

member simulation population that EMINERS generates during a run. An output file contains 

simulation results for each commodity in a deposit model. The underlying assumption is that the 

randomly simulated deposits constitute a representative sample of all possible results. For each 

commodity, the report contains the following items:

12. Header identifying the commodity (Cu, in this example) to which the statistical summary 

applies.

13. The results of the simulation calculations are provided in the form of tables of numbers, where 

the amounts (Amt.) have been ordered from the smallest to the largest values. The three columns 

under the general heading “Unconditional” refer to the unconditional probability that includes 

the possibility that no deposits may exist in the area of interest. The three columns under the 

heading “Conditional” refer to the probability of a given amount of copper given the condition 

that one or more deposits actually exist. 

14. The tables contain 3 columns of values, and 21 values. Total endowment simulation amounts are 

sorted by size from smallest to largest. The values are displayed from the smallest amounts of 

the distribution, and at an Index value interval of 250 (5 percentiles). Because these tables are 

the result of 4,999 separate simulations, the ordered data can be interpreted in terms of 
11

probabilities. For example, the 90th percentile is represented by a Prob = 0.9000 and an Index of 

500; the 50th percentile by a Prob=0.4999 and an Index of 2500 (with a value in this example of 

3.8 million metric tons or more of copper); and the 10th percentile by a Prob=0.0998 with an 

Index of 4500 (with a value in this example of 25 million metric tons or more of copper). Values 

in the Unconditional table are used in the templates to construct the curves in the Cumulative 

Distribution Graph figure (see Part III). 

15. The expected mean endowments associated with the two simulation distributions. A probability 

for the mean is obtained by using interpolation to determine the index value of the simulation 

run that falls closest in value to that of the mean.

16. Table listing the number of deposit scenarios simulated (N =), the number of times that each 

scenario was actually simulated (Freq(N) =), and the theoretical probability EMINERS assigned 

to each scenario (Prob(N) =). During execution, EMINERS applies a default distribution to the 

set of deposit estimate values provided by the assessment team to obtain theoretical probabilities 

for each deposit scenario ranging from 0 to a value equal to the largest value in a deposit 

estimate set. In the example, endowment simulations were run using 0 through 6 deposits and 

the default probabilities assigned were 0.2, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, and 0.15. For more detail on 

the assignment of default probabilities, see Root and others (1992). 

17. Number of simulations run where a 0 deposit scenario was used; used to calculate probability of 

having no endowment. In the example, there is a 0.2 probability that there is no copper 

endowment present. 

18. Mean number of undiscovered deposits estimated to be present in the assessment tract. 
12
13

Part III. Creation of Tables and Graphs by Use of Excel Templates

As demonstrated in Part I, the output files resulting from running the EMINERS program are a 

text file (x.emr) and an Excel file (x.csv). Part II explains how to read the x.emr file to examine the 

tabular simulation results for metal and rock endowments and mean number of undiscovered deposits 

from EMINERS. This section demonstrates use of the Excel file (x.csv) to supply input to Microsoft 

Excel templates that create graphics and tables suitable for publication.

Templates are available to report results for one to seven mineral commodities. To select the 

correct template, the user can count the number of metals listed in the x.emr file or check table 1 for the 

appropriate deposit type. For example, the “Porphyry Cu (2008), all deposit types” model (model 039; 

see table 1) calculates metal endowments for four commodities (copper, molybdenum, gold, silver) in 

addition to a rock tonnage, and so the four-metal Excel template should be used.

Templates available with EMINERS version 3.0 reside in the folder named Templates. Each 

template produces a cumulative frequency plot, a table of statistics for estimates of undiscovered 

deposits, and a table of resource calculations based on the Monte Carlo simulation. 

Using the Templates

1. Use Excel to open the .csv file saved from EMINERS.

2. In the 'x'_Excell000.csv worksheet, select all the data (range A1:F114 for a model with one 

metal and A1:R114 for a model with seven metals) and use the Ctrl + C keys to copy the data to 

the clipboard. 

3. From the Templates folder, open the appropriate Excel template, based on the number of 

commodities present. If a Microsoft Excel window opens and asks about updating links, click on 

Don’t Update. 

This demonstration uses the four-metal template:
14

4. If the DataPage worksheet is not visible, scroll left and select it.

5. Click in cell A1 if it is not already selected.

6. Right click in cell A1, select Paste.

Embedded formulae in the DataPage worksheet and other worksheets will automatically fill 

most of the remaining data cells and create the tables and chart. Limited additional user input is required 

and is discussed both below and in text blocks on the individual worksheets. 

Graphs and Tables Available in the Templates

1. Click on TAB CumDist Grph. 
15

The user must confirm that all the endowment curves are fully displayed. The preset scale 

range for the “Material” axis will accommodate a broad range of endowment estimates. If the curves are 

truncated at the high or low ends of the scale range, the range must be modified. Instructions for 

modifying the scale range settings and the scale annotation are posted in a message box in the worksheet 

adjacent to the graph. The graph scale can be modified only in Excel. 

A recommended procedure to use to import the graph into a Word document is also posted 

in the worksheet. The graph can also be exported as a .pdf file, which will require clipping. 

2. Click on TAB Deposits. 

Embedded formulae automatically fill most cells with values and insert the tract name in the 

table title. In cases where a three-tier approach is used to estimate undiscovered deposits, values are 

inserted automatically in the N05 and N01 cells, which are equal to the value appearing in the N10 cell. 
16

Before the table is ready for export, the user must insert values in cell J2 (Nknown) and A12 (tract 

area, in km2

). A recommended procedure to use to export the table to a Word document is posted 

in the worksheet. 

As an option, a table is also provided in which the names and estimates of individual assessors 

can be reported. The table structure requires minor modification (addition of rows) to accommodate the 

names of all assessors and the consensus estimate.
17

3. Click on TAB Resources. 

Embedded formulae automatically fill all cells with values and insert the tract name in the table 

title.
18

Part IV. Grade and Tonnage Models

The grade and tonnage models used in version 3.0 of EMINERS are listed in table 1. 

Table 1. Listing of EMINERS model numbers, model names, commodities present, recommended template to 

use, and model sources.

EMINERS 

model number Model name Commodities present Template to use Source

1 Amorphous graphite (1992) Amorphous graphite 1 metal Bliss and Sutphin, 

1992

2 Au-Ag-Te veins associated 

with alkalic rocks (1992)

Au, Ag 2 metal Bliss and others, 1992

3 Bauxite deposits, karst-type 

(1986)

Al 1 metal Mosier, 1986b

4 Bauxite deposits, laterite-type 

(1986)

Al 1 metal Mosier, 1986c

5 Bedded barite (1992) Barite 1 metal Orris, 1992a
19

Table 1. Listing of EMINERS model numbers, model names, commodities present, recommended template to 

use, and model sources.—Continued

EMINERS 

model number Model name Commodities present Template to use Source

6 Besshi massive sulfide (1986) Cu, Au, Ag, Zn 4 metal Singer, 1986a

7 Carbonatite deposits (1998) Nb, rare-earth oxides, 

P

3 metal Singer, 1998

8 Climax Mo deposits (1986) Mo 1 metal Singer, Theodore, and 

Mosier, 1986

9 Diamond kimberlite pipes 

(1992)

Diamond 1 metal Bliss, 1992d

10 Disseminated flake graphite 

(1990)

Disseminated flake 

graphite

1 metal Sutphin and Bliss, 

1990

11 Distal disseminated Ag-Au 

(1992)

Au, Ag 2 metal Cox and Singer, 1992

12 Dunitic Ni-Cu (1986) Cu, Ni, Co, Pd, Ir, Au 6 metal Singer and Page, 

1986a

13 Epithermal Mn (1986) Mn, Fe, P 3 metal Mosier, 1986a

14 Epithermal quartz-alunite Au 

(1993)

Cu, Au, Ag 3 metal Singer, Mosier, and 

Menzie, 1993

15 Epithermal veins, Comstocktype (1986)Au, Ag 2 metal Mosier, Singer, and 

Berger, 1986

16 Epithermal veins, Creede-type 

(1986)

Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn 5 metal Mosier, Sato, and 

Singer, 1986

17 Epithermal veins, Sado-type 

(1986)

Cu, Au, Pb, Ag, Zn 5 metal Mosier and Sato, 1986

18 Gold antimony deposits (1993) Sb, Au 2 metal Berger, 1993

19 Homestake Au (1993) Au, Ag 2 metal Singer, Mosier, and 

Menzie, 1993

20 Hot-spring Au-Ag (1992) Au, Ag 2 metal Berger and Singer, 

1992

21 Hot-spring Hg (1986) Hg 1 metal Rytuba, 1986

22 Komatiitic Ni-Cu (1986) Cu, Ni, Co, Pd, Ir, Au, 

Pt

7 metal Singer, Page, and 

Menzie, 1986a

23 Lacustrine borates (1992) B 1 metal Orris, 1992d

24 Laterite-saprolite Au (1992) Au 1 metal Bliss, 1992b

25 Lateritic Ni (1986) Ni, Co 2 metal Singer, 1986b

26 Low-sulfide Au-quartz veins 

(1986)

Au, Ag 2 metal Bliss, 1986

27 Low-sulfide Au-quartz veins, 

Chugach-type (1992)

Au, Ag 2 metal Bliss, 1992a

28 Marine bedded gypsum (1992) Gypsum 1 metal Orris, 1992e

29 Oolitic ironstones (1992) Fe, Si, P, Mn, Ca, Al 6 metal Orris, 1992b

30 Phosphate deposits, upwellingtype (1986)P 1 metal Mosier, 1986g

31 Phosphate deposits, warmcurrent-type (1986)P 1 metal Mosier, 1986j

32 Placer Au-PGE (1986) Au, Ag 2 metal Orris and Bliss, 1986

33 Placer PGE-Au (1986) Pt, Au, Os, Ir, Pd 5 metal Singer and Page, 

1986c

34 Podiform chromite, major 

(1986)

Cr, Pd, Pt, Ir, Rh, Ru 6 metal Singer, Page, and 

Lipin, 1986
20

Table 1. Listing of EMINERS model numbers, model names, commodities present, recommended template to 

use, and model sources.—Continued

EMINERS 

model number Model name Commodities present Template to use Source

35 Podiform chromite, minor 

(1986)

Cr, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru 6 metal Singer and Page, 

1986b

36 Polymetallic replacement 

deposits (1986)

Cu, Au, Pb, Ag, Zn 5 metal Mosier, Morris, and 

Singer, 1986

37 Polymetallic veins (1986) Cu, Au, Pb, Ag, Zn 5 metal Bliss and Cox, 1986

38 Porphyry Cu (2005), all 

deposit types

Cu, Mo, Ag, Au 4 metal Singer, Berger, and 

Moring, 2005

39 Porphyry Cu (2008), all 

deposit types

Cu, Mo, Ag, Au 4 metal Singer, Berger, and 

Moring, 2008

40 Porphyry Cu, BC-AK-subtype 

(1993)

Cu, Au, Mo, Ag 4 metal Menzie and Singer, 

1993

41 Porphyry Cu, Cu-Au-subtype 

(2005)

Cu, Mo, Ag, Au 4 metal Singer, Berger, and 

Moring, 2005

42 Porphyry Cu, Cu-Au-subtype 

(2008)

Cu, Mo, Ag, Au 4 metal Singer, Berger, and 

Moring, 2008

43 Porphyry Cu, Cu-Mo-subtype 

(2005)

Cu, Mo, Ag, Au 4 metal Singer, Berger, and 

Moring, 2005

44 Porphyry Cu, Cu-Mo-subtype 

(2008)

Cu, Mo, Ag, Au 4 metal Singer, Berger, and 

Moring, 2008

45 Porphyry Cu, giant-Andeansubtype (2008)Cu, Mo, Ag, Au 4 metal Singer, Briskey, and 

Cunningham, 2008

46 Porphyry Mo, low-F-subtype 

(1986)

Mo 1 metal Menzie and Theodore, 

1986

47 Potash-bearing bedded salt 

(2008)

Potash 1 metal Greta Orris, written 

commun.

48 Replacement Mn (1986) Mn, Fe, P, Cu 4 metal Mosier, 1986d

49 Replacement Sn (1986) Sn 1 metal Menzie and Reed, 

1986a

50 Rhyolite-hosted Sn (1986) Sn 1 metal Singer and Mosier, 

1986c

51 Sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn 

(1986)

Cu, Au, Pb, Ag, Zn 5 metal Mosier, 1986e

52 Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb 

(1993)

Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn 4 metal Singer, Mosier, and 

Menzie, 1993

53 Sedimentary Mn (1986) Mn 1 metal Singer, Mosier, and 

Menzie, 1993

54 Sediment-hosted Au (1992) Au, Ag 2 metal Mosier and others, 

1992

55 Sediment-hosted Cu (2003) Cu, Co, Ag 3 metal Cox and others, 2003 

(revised 2007)

56 Sediment-hosted Cu, redbedsubtype (2003)Cu, Co, Ag 3 metal Cox and others, 2003 

(revised 2007)

57 Sediment-hosted Cu, reduced 

facies-subtype (2003)

Cu, Co, Ag 3 metal Cox and others, 2003 

(revised 2007)

58 Sediment-hosted Cu, Revettsubtype (2003)Cu, Ag 2 metal Cox and others, 2003 

(revised 2007)

59 Serpentine-hosted asbestos 

(1993)

Asbestos 1 metal Orris, 1992c
21

Table 1. Listing of EMINERS model numbers, model names, commodities present, recommended template to 

use, and model sources.—Continued

EMINERS 

model number Model name Commodities present Template to use Source

60 Shoreline placer Ti (1986) Rutile, ilmenite, 

leucoxene, zircon, 

monazite

5 metal Attanasi and 

DeYoung, 1986

61 Silica-carbonate Hg (1986) Hg 1 metal Rytuba and Cargill, 

1986

62 Simple Sb deposits (1986) Sb 1 metal Bliss and Orris, 1986

63 Skarn Cu (1986) Cu, Au, Ag 3 metal Jones and Menzie, 

1986

64 Skarn Fe (1986) Fe 1 metal Mosier and Menzie, 

1986

65 Skarn Sn (1986) Sn 1 metal Menzie and Reed, 

1986c

66 Skarn W (1992) W 1 metal Menzie, Jones, and 

Elliott, 1992 

67 Skarn Zn-Pb (1986) Cu, Au, Pb, Ag, Zn 5 metal Mosier, 1986k

68 Sn greisen deposits (1986) Sn 1 metal Menzie and Reed, 

1986b

69 Sn veins (1986) Sn 1 metal Menzie and Reed, 

1986d

70 Solution-collapse breccia pipe 

uranium deposits (1992)

U 1 metal Finch, Pierson, and 

Sutphin, 1992

71 Southeast Missouri Pb-Zn and 

Appalachian Zn (1986)

Zn, Pb, Ag 3 metal Mosier and Briskey, 

1986

72 Superior Fe and Algoma Fe 

deposits (1986)

Fe, P 2 metal Mosier and Singer, 

1986

73 Synorogenic-synvolcanic NiCu (1986)Cu, Ni, Co, Pd, Au, Pt 6 metal Singer, Page, and 

Menzie, 1986b

74 Thorium-rare-earth veins 

(1986)

Th, REO 2 metal Bliss, 1992c

75 Unconformity U-Au (1986) U 1 metal Mosier, 1986f

76 Volcanic-hosted magnetite 

(1986)

Fe, P 2 metal Mosier, 1986h

77 Volcanogenic massive sulfide, 

Cyprus-type (1986)

Cu, Au, Pb, Ag, Zn 5 metal Singer and Mosier, 

1986a

78 Volcanogenic massive sulfide, 

kuroko-type (1986)

Cu, Au, Pb, Ag, Zn 5 metal Singer and Mosier, 

1986b

79 Volcanogenic massive sulfide, 

Sierran-kuroko-type (1992)

Cu, Au, Pb, Ag, Zn 5 metal Singer, 1992

80 Volcanogenic Mn, Cuban-type 

(1993)

Mn 1 metal Singer, Mosier, and 

Menzie, 1993

81 Volcanogenic Mn, Cyprustype (1988)Mn, Fe 2 metal Mosier and Page, 

1988

82 Volcanogenic Mn, Franciscantype (1993)Mn 1 metal Singer, Mosier, and 

Menzie, 1993

83 Volcanogenic Mn, Olympic 

Peninsula-type (1988)

Mn 1 metal Mosier and Page, 

1988

84 Volcanogenic U (1986) Mo, U 2 metal Mosier, 1986i
22

Table 1. Listing of EMINERS model numbers, model names, commodities present, recommended template to 

use, and model sources.—Continued

EMINERS 

model number Model name Commodities present Template to use Source

85 Wolframite-bearing quartz 

vein deposits (1992)

W 1 metal Menzie, Jones, and 

Elliott, 1992

86 Diapiric potash (2009) Potash 1 metal G. Orris (written 

commun., 2009)

87 Diapiric potash Canadian subtypePotash 1 metal G. Orris (written 

commun., 2009)

References Cited

The list below includes references cited in this report and sources for models listed in table 1. 

Many models are from U.S. Geological Survey Bulletins 1693 and 2004, which are available online at 

the addresses below, which are not repeated for each model citation:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b1693/ 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2004/ 

Attanasi, E.D., and DeYoung, J.H., Jr., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of shoreline placer Ti, in Cox, 

D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 270–

273. 

Berger, B.R., and Singer, D.A., 1992, Grade and tonnage model of hot spring Au-Ag, in Bliss, J.D., ed., 

Developments in mineral deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 23–25. 

Berger, V.I., 1993, Descriptive, and grade and tonnage model for gold-antimony deposits: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 93–0194, 24 p. 

Bliss, J.D., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of low-sulfide Au-quartz veins, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, 

D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 239–243. 

Bliss, J.D., 1992a, Grade and tonnage model of Chugach-type low-sulfide Au-quartz veins, in Bliss, 

J.D., ed., Developments in mineral deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 44–

46. 

Bliss, J.D., 1992b, Grade and tonnage model of laterite-saprolite Au, in Bliss, J.D., ed., Developments 

in mineral deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 50–51. 

Bliss, J.D., 1992c, Grade and tonnage model of thorium-rare-earth veins, in Bliss, J.D., ed., 

Developments in mineral deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 16–18. 

Bliss, J.D., 1992d, Grade-tonnage and other models for diamond kimberlite pipes: Nonrenewable 

Resources, v. 1, no. 3, p. 214–230. 

Bliss, J.D., and Cox, D.P., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of polymetallic veins, in Cox, D.P., and 

Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 125–129. 

Bliss, J.D., and Orris, G.J., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of simple Sb deposits, in Cox, D.P., and 

Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 184–186. 

Bliss, J.D., and Sutphin, D.M., 1992, Grade and tonnage model of amorphous graphite, in Orris, G.J., 

and Bliss, J.D., eds., Industrial minerals deposit models—Grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 92–437, p. 23–25. 

Bliss, J.D., Sutphin, D.M., Mosier, D.L., and Allen, M.S., 1992, Grade-tonnage and target-area models 

of Au-Ag-Te veins associated with alkalic rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–208, 

15 p. 
23

Camm, T.W., 1991, Simplified cost models for prefeasibility mineral evaluations: U.S. Bureau of Mines 

Information Circular 9298, 35 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/usbmic/ic9298/html/cammfrms.htm.) 

Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, Barry, and Diggles, M.F., 2003 [revised 2007], 

Sediment-hosted copper deposits of the world—Deposit models and database: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2003–107 version 1.3, 50 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-107/. 

Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., 1992, Grade and tonnage model of distal disseminated Ag-Au, in Bliss, 

J.D., ed., Developments in mineral deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, 

p. 20–22. 

Duval, J.S., 2000, A Microsoft Windows version of the MARK3 Monte Carlo mineral resource 

simulator: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00–415, 1 CD-ROM. (Also available at 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-415/.) 

Duval, J.S., 2012, Version 3.0 of EMINERS—Economic Mineral Resource Simulator: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 2004–1344, available only at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1344. (Version 

3.0 of EMINERS updates version 2.0, released in 2004 as USGS OFR 2004–1344. Version 2.0 of 

EMINERS superseded USGS OFR 2002–0380.) 

Finch, W.I., Pierson, C.T., and Sutphin, H.B., 1992, Grade and tonnage model of solution-collapse 

breccia pipe uranium deposits, in Bliss, J.D., ed., Developments in mineral deposit modeling: U.S. 

Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 36–38. 

Jones, G.M., and Menzie, W.D., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of Cu skarn deposits, in Cox, D.P., and 

Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 86–89. 

Menzie, W.D., Jones, G.M., and Elliott, J.E., 1992, Tungsten—Grades and tonnages of some deposits, 

in DeYoung, J.H., Jr., and Hammarstrom, J.M., eds., Contributions to commodity geology research: 

U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1877, p. J1–J7. 

Menzie, W.D., and Reed, B.L., 1986a, Grade and tonnage model of replacement Sn, in Cox, D.P., and 

Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 62–63. 

Menzie, W.D., and Reed, B.L., 1986b, Grade and tonnage model of Sn greisen deposits, in Cox, D.P., 

and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 71–72. 

Menzie, W.D., and Reed, B.L., 1986c, Grade and tonnage model of Sn skarn, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, 

D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 58–60. 

Menzie, W.D., and Reed, B.L., 1986d, Grade and tonnage model of Sn veins, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, 

D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 67–69. 

Menzie, W.D., and Singer, D.A., 1993, Grade and tonnage model of porphyry Cu deposits in British 

Columbia, Canada, and Alaska, U.S.A.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93–0275, 9 p. 

(Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr-93-0275/.) 

Menzie, W.D., and Theodore, T.G., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of porphyry Mo, low-F, in Cox, 

D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 120–

122. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986a, Grade and tonnage model of epithermal Mn, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., 

Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 166–167. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986b, Grade and tonnage model of karst type bauxite deposits, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, 

D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 258–260. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986c, Grade and tonnage model of laterite type bauxite deposits, in Cox, D.P., and 

Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 255–257. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986d, Grade and tonnage model of replacement Mn, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., 

eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 105–107. 
24

Mosier, D.L., 1986e, Grade and tonnage model of sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, 

D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 202–204. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986f, Grade and tonnage model of unconformity U-Au, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., 

eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 249–250. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986g, Grade and tonnage model of upwelling type phosphate deposits, in Cox, D.P., and 

Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 234–236. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986h, Grade and tonnage model of volcanic-hosted magnetite, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, 

D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 172–174. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986i, Grade and tonnage model of volcanogenic U, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., 

Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 162–164. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986j, Grade and tonnage model of warm-current type phosphate deposits, in Cox, D.P., 

and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 237–238. 

Mosier, D.L., 1986k, Grade and tonnage model of Zn-Pb skarn deposits, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., 

eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 90–93. 

Mosier, D.L., and Briskey, J.A., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of southeast Missouri Pb-Zn and 

Appalachian Zn deposits, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. 

Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 224–226. 

Mosier, D.L., and Menzie, W.D., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of Fe skarn deposits, in Cox, D.P., 

and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 94–97. 

Mosier, D.L., Morris, H.T., and Singer, D.A., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of polymetallic 

replacement deposits, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 101–104. 

Mosier, D.L., and Page, N.J, 1988, Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of volcanogenic manganese 

deposits in oceanic environments—A modification: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1811, 28 p. 

(Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b1811/b1811.pdf.) 

Mosier, D.L., and Sato, Takeo, 1986, Grade and tonnage model of Sado epithermal veins, in Cox, D.P., 

and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 155–157. 

Mosier, D.L., Sato, Takeo, and Singer, D.A., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of Creede epithermal 

veins, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

1693, p. 146–149. 

Mosier, D.L., and Singer, D.A., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of Superior Fe and Algoma Fe 

deposits, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 1693, p. 228–230. 

Mosier, D.L., Singer, D.A., Bagby, W.C., and Menzie, W.D., 1992, Grade and tonnage model of 

sediment-hosted Au, in Bliss, J.D., ed., Developments in mineral deposit modeling: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 26–28. 

Mosier, D.L., Singer, D.A., and Berger, B.R., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of Comstock epithermal 

veins, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

1693, p. 151–153. 

Orris, G.J., 1992a, Grade and tonnage model of bedded barite, in Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D., eds., 

Industrial minerals deposit models—Grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 92–437, p. 40–42. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/ofr-92-0437/.) 

Orris, G.J., 1992b, Grade and tonnage model of oolitic ironstones, in Bliss, J.D., ed., Developments in 

mineral deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 41–43. 
25

Orris, G.J., 1992c, Grade and tonnage model of serpentine-hosted asbestos, in Orris, G.J., and Bliss, 

J.D., eds., Industrial minerals deposit models—Grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 92–437, p. 2–4. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/ofr-92-0437/.) 

Orris, G.J., 1992d, Preliminary grade and tonnage model of lacustrine borates, in Orris, G.J., and Bliss, 

J.D., eds., Industrial minerals deposit models—Grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 92–437, p. 56–59. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/ofr-92-0437/.) 

Orris, G.J., 1992e, Preliminary grade and tonnage models of marine bedded gypsum, in Orris, G.J., and 

Bliss, J.D., eds., Industrial minerals deposit models—Grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 92–437, p. 53–55. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/ofr-92-

0437/.) 

Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of placer Au-PGE, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, 

D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 261–264. 

Root, D.H., Menzie, W.D., and Scott, W.A., 1992, Computer Monte Carlo simulation in quantitative 

resource estimation: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 1, no. 2, p. 125–138. 

Root, D.H., Scott, W.A., Jr., and Selner, G.I., 1996, Computer program for aggregation of probabilistic 

assessments of mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96–94, 1 diskette. 

Rytuba, J.J., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of hot-spring Hg, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., 

Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 178–179. 

Rytuba, J.J., and Cargill, S.M., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of silica-carbonate Hg, in Cox, D.P., 

and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 181–182. 

Singer, D.A., 1986a, Grade and tonnage model of Besshi massive sulfide, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, 

D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 136–138. 

Singer, D.A., 1986b, Grade and tonnage model of lateritic Ni, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., 

Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 252–254. 

Singer, D.A., 1992, Grade and tonnage model of Sierran kuroko deposits, in Bliss, J.D., ed., 

Developments in mineral deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 29–32. 

Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 98–235, 7 p. 

Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C., 2005, Porphyry copper deposits of the world—Database, 

map, and grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1060, 9 p. and 

data files, available only online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1060/. (Superseded by USGS OpenFile Report 2008–1155.) 

Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C., 2008, Porphyry copper deposits of the world—Database 

and grade and tonnage models, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1155, 45 p. and 

data files, available only online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1155/. 

Singer, D.A., Briskey, J.A., and Cunningham, C.G., 2008, Grade and tonnage model of giant porphyry 

copper deposits, Appendix 1 of Cunningham, C.G., and others, Quantitative mineral resource 

assessment of copper, molybdenum, gold, and silver in undiscovered porphyry copper deposits in the 

Andes Mountains of South America: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1253, p. 64–67, 

available on CD-ROM and at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1253/. 

Singer, D.A., and Menzie, W.D., 2010, Quantitative mineral resource assessments—An integrated 

approach: New York, Oxford University Press, 219 p. 

Singer, D.A., and Mosier, D.L., 1986a, Grade and tonnage model of Cyprus massive sulfide, in Cox, 

D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 131–

135. 
26

Singer, D.A., and Mosier, D.L., 1986b, Grade and tonnage model of kuroko massive sulfide, in Cox, 

D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 190–

197. 

Singer, D.A., and Mosier, D.L., 1986c, Grade and tonnage model of rhyolite-hosted Sn, in Cox, D.P., 

and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 169–171. 

Singer, D.A., Mosier, D.L., and Menzie, W.D., 1993, Digital grade and tonnage data for 50 types of 

mineral deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93–280, version 1.0, on CD-ROM. (Also 

available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr-93-0280/.) 

Singer, D.A., and Page, N.J, 1986a, Grade and tonnage model of dunitic Ni-Cu, in Cox, D.P., and 

Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 24–27. 

Singer, D.A., and Page, N.J, 1986b, Grade and tonnage model of minor podiform chromite, in Cox, 

D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 34–

38. 

Singer, D.A, and Page, N.J, 1986c, Grade and tonnage model of placer PGE-Au, in Cox, D.P., and 

Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 265–269. 

Singer, D.A., Page, N.J, and Lipin, B.R., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of major podiform chromite, 

in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, 

p. 38–44. 

Singer, D.A., Page, N.J, and Menzie, W.D., 1986a, Grade and tonnage model of komatiitic Ni-Cu, in

Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 

18–23. 

Singer, D.A., Page, N.J, and Menzie, W.D., 1986b, Grade and tonnage model of synorogenicsynvolcanic Ni-Cu, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 28–31. 

Singer, D.A., Theodore, T.G., and Mosier, D.L., 1986, Grade and tonnage model of Climax Mo 

deposits, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 1693, p. 73–75. 

Sutphin, D.M., and Bliss, J.D., 1990, Disseminated flake graphite and amorphous graphite deposit 

types—An analysis using grade and tonnage models: CIM Bulletin, v. 83, no. 940, p. 85–89.