^i7/>ntL

Firt Research Informatjon SeWiert

National Bt^reau of Standlardle

BWg. 225, Rm. A46 ^

Washington, D.C. 20234

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

3012

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OP REFRACTORY QUALITIES OP CONCRETES

FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARN UP, POWIsR CHECK,

AND MAINTENANCE APRONS

by

W. L. Pendergast, R. A. Clevenger, Edxsrard C. Tuma

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards is suggested in the following listing of

the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section is engaged in specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description

of the activities, and of the resultant reports and publications, appears on the inside of the back

cover of this report.

Electricity. Resistance Measurements. Inductance and Capacitance. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. Applied Electricity. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length. Gage.

Heat and Power, Temperature Measurements. Thermodynamics. Cryogenics. Engines and

Lubrication. Engine Fuels. Cryogenic Engineering.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrcmietry. Solid State

Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Measurements, Infrared Spectroscopy.

Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-Rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Ramological Equipment. Atomic Energy Commission Instruments Branch.

Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Cheipistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pvne Substances.

Mechanics. Soimd. Mechanical Instruments. Aerodynamics. Engineering Mechanics. Hydrauhcs. Mass. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber.. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Organic Plastics. 'Dental Research.

’

MetaUurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallmgy. Mechanical MetaUiurgy. Corrosion.

Mineral Products. Porcelain and Pottery. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials. Constitution and Microstructure. Chemistry of Mineral Products.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Conditioning. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Machine

Development,

Electronics. Engineering Electronics. Electron Tubes. Electronic Computers. Electronic

Instrumentation.

Radio Propagation. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular Propagation Services. Frequency Utilization Research. Tropospheric Propagation Research. High

Frequency Standards. Microwave Standards.

Ordnance Development. These three divisions are engaged in a broad program of research

Electromechanicfd Ordnance, and development in advanced ordnance. Activities include

Ordnance Electronics. basic and applied research, engineering, pilot production, field testing, and evaluation of a wide variety of ordnance materiel. Special sl^s and facilities of other

NBS divisions also contribute to this program. The activity is sponsored by the Department of

Defense.

Missile Development. Missile research and development: engineering, dynamics, intelligence,

instrumentation, evaluation. Combustion in jet engines. These activities are sponsored by the

Department of Defense.

9 Office of Basic Instrumentation • Office of Weights and Measures.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

O903-21-I1I128 December 3I, 19^3 3012

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OP REFRACTORY QUALITIES OP CONCRETES

FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARET UP 5 POWER CHECK,

AND IIAINTENANCE APRONS

by

We Lo Pendergast, R. A« Clevenger, Edward C. Tuma

Refractories Section

Mineral Products Division

Sponsored by

Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Washington, D. C.

Reference: NTU-’^FAiY I42O OO8-I

NBS File No. 9.3/1134-0

NBS.

Approved

:

R. A. Heindl, Chief

Refractories Section

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCf

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Th» publication, reprln

unlett permission isobt 25,D,C, Such permit

cally prepared If that

Approved for public release by the

“

i-y- r' 1 -w T r- ardt.Waahlngton Director of the National Institute of ,, ,

1 hat baan spaclfl- Standards and Technology (NIST) o^n use. on October 9, 2015.

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OP REFRACTORY QUALITIES OP CONCRETES

FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM UP, POWRR CHECK,

AND PIAINTENANGE APRONS

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

The technical requirements are the same as those

given in the NBS Report 2832 with a change in one of

the five conditions of exposure of the concrete specimens

before tes-cing. The exposure before testing the specimens

are as follows /~1__7 ^

1. Twenty-eight da.ys in fog- room.

2. Seven days in fog-room, plus 21 days in

ordinary laboratory air.

3 . Cured as in No e 2 plus heating at 250°C.

4 . Cured as in No 0 2 plus heating at ^oo°c.

5. Cured as in No. 2 plus heating at 1000°c.
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1. INTRODUCTION

The objective of the investigation is the determination

of the physical properties of concretes that in 11 evaluate

their suitability for use in jet aircraft warpnup, power

check, and maintenance aprons.

2. MATERIALS: PREPARATION AMD TESTING

2 . 1 Cements

The specific gravity of the three hydraulic cements

included in this project has been determined'' by the A.ScT.M.

method, Designation Cl88 . it was also determined by

a modification of that method which Included substituting

distilled water for kerosene and adding p drops of emulsified

silicone def earner.

2 0 2 Aggregates

seven tons of building brick, West Virginia, hard fare,

one of the ceramic aggregates included in this project,

have been crushed and screened. Eleven screens are

necessary to grade the aggregate. Sufficient am.ount of the

eleven screen sizes from - 1 l/2” to -100 have been screened.

The properties of the aggregate determined were: the

percentage of wear in the Los Angeles abrasion test; the

correction factor for use with the air meter; the bulk

specific gravity, the percent absorption; and the unit

weight in pounds per cubic fooc.

By the Concreting Materials Section, Mineral Products

Division, National Bureau of Standards.
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2o3 Concretes

In the preceding report /^3_7 inf omation vras given

relative to the properties of three fresh concretes

designed xj-lth Blnostone as an aggregate. Since that time

five complete sets of specimens of these concretes

containing either portland, portland pozzolan, or high

aj.-umina hydraulic cement, have been cured. The fog-room

curing for one set of each concrete was 20 days. The

other four sets of each concrete x^rere cured for seven days

in the fog-room plus 21 days under ordinary laboratory

conditions. Three of the latter four sets were subjected

to hear exposures of either ^00 , 750? or 1000°C. All

specimens have been tested.

During the current quarter 34 one- cubic foot trial

batches of concretes were designed, mixed, and specimens

fabricated

.

Sixteen of these 3^1- concretes were designed X\rith

olivine aggregate. Six of these l6 contained portland

cement, six portland pozzolan, and four high alumina

hydraulic

.

Also, twelve of the group of 34 concretes were

designed with crushed building brick aggregate. Pour of

these 12 contained portland, portland pozzolan or high

alumina hydraulic cement.
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Furthermore 5 another six of t>ie 34 conoretes were

designed igith ollv.ine aggregate but substicuting tha

natural aggregate? White Iiarsh sand? for gO percent of

the fines +100? and -100), Two each of these six

concretes contained portland, portland pczzolan? or high

a luiri ina hydr au 1 i c c eme nt .. Grouping the concretes according to the aggregates

used in their design? systsmatic changes were made in

such group in the ratio of coarse to fine aggregate? the

amount of m:...:ing water and air -entraining agent. These

changes in design of the concretes were made to yield air

contents of 4 1/2 percent? plus or minus 1 l/2 percent?

a slump of 2-inches? and a flexural strength of 6y0 psi

after 22-day fog-room curing.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Cements

The specific gravit^i^ of the three cements? as

deterriiined by two methods follows:

Identity Snecific Gravity Method'* .. ' (B'r

North American Portland 3.11 3»26

Green Bag Portland pozzolan 3»13 3 c 14

Universal Atlas Lumnlte 3.09 3cl3

•5!- The results given in colmn

ASTN Method /~2. / and those

modified method' previously

(A) were determined by the

in column (B) by the

described

.

- ll -

The purpose of determining the specific gravity of

these cements in water was to obtain a value for this

property that would be comparable with the value as it

occurs in concrete at the time the test for air content

is made

.

3 • 2 Aggregate s All dense aggregates , used in this phase of the

project, were graded to conform with Budock’s specification

No, 45Ya 7. The coarse sizes are to conform with

paragraph 2 ~ of tliis specification and the fines to

paragraph 2-03.

Figure 1 shows the permissible limits of the combined

coarse and fine aggregates as required by specification

U^Ya. ~t also defines the range used in designing the

concreaes for this project.

^ • 3 Concretes

Table 1 gives the results of the tests for the three

concretes designed with Eluestone aggregate after eight

different exposures. The portland-Bluestone concrete was

designed using a six and. one-half sack mix, the pozzolanBluestone concrete a seven sack mix, and the LuraniteBluestone concrete a seven and one-half sack mix. All

other properties of the fresh concretes are given in a previous report /~ 7 >
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Tlie resul ts Indicate ’ttiat the concretes inet the

specifj.ed strength req,uirGment of 6^0 psl &ftor a 2 8- day

fog-rocm curing.. However, the ranid decrease in strength

after heat enpcsure of 300 °G and above indicate that

concretes designed with Blue stone, a doiorrh. bic -lirsestono ,

a.ggrec;£.te .are possibly net suitable for such exposures c TabJe 2 gives the results of tests on each of 3U

one-cubic foot trial irlxes o.f concretes. Results are also

given for the one concrete (olivirio sggregaue with highalvriin;. hydraulic cerrioiit) that was selected as caTiplylng

with t.he specified reoyiireraent s . Three five-cubic foot

batches of this selecued concrete was mixed and specirriens^

for a complete serlss of tests, were fabricated.

The results indicate that due to the weakness of

olivine as an aggregate there may be some difficulty in

selecting a design using either portland or portland

pozzolan, that will meet the flexural strength requirements.

This maybe accounted for because of the higher 28-day

compressive strength of uhe high-aluraina hydraulic miortar

which is approxlm.ately 13”00 psi greater than that of either

Portland or portland pozoolsn mortar

.

The results indicate that there will be no difficulty

in selecting a design for concretes, with crushed building

brick as the aggregate and any one of the three cements,

having the required strength.

b

Tb.o results of the six trial mixes, using a combination

ol’ ollrine and Wliite Marsh sand as aggregate, indicate

that changes in design X'jill be necessary. The purpose of

the incorporation of a natural aggregate, as fines, was

because of its greater availability and ease of preparation

a::id consequently both lower cost and speedier production

of concrete.

The air contents of the concretes, as deterrained by

the pressure method and also by the gravimetric method are

given in tao.le 2 . Swanberg and Thomas /~5_7 found there

was a direct relation between the values obtained for

entrained air in concrete as determined by the two methods.

In their x’ork a specific gravity of 3»lu used in

calculating air by the gravimetric m.ethod. The air contents,

as detenuined by the two methods, of a num.bor of concretes

included in this project are shown graphically in figure 2.

These concretes all conbained olivine as the aggregate but

variod in the type and amount of cement used. The graph

shows a direct relation between the results as determined

by the two methods. The pressure methods, consistently gives

higher air content values in concretes with olivine as the

aggregate. However, additional data indicates that in

concretes with Bluestone as the aggregate tlie values

air content determined by the pressure method fall slightly

below the line describing a direct relation.

7

In calculating the percent air content, of the concretes

by the gravimetric method, each of three values was used for

the specific gravity of the coments. The values were, that

determined in water (this method has been described previously)

the ASTN method and 3<>l5> v.'bioh is permitted when the

specific gravity has not been actually determined. The direct

relation, for the air contents of concrete determined by the

pressure method and the gravimetric method respectively, more

nearly approaches the ideal when making use of the specific

gravity values of the cements detercmined in water. This is

especially t/ ,e of the concretes containing portland cement.

3 . 4 C onferenc e Messrs L, A. palmer, M» P. Harrington, and P. Knoop,

Bureau of Yards and Docks, conferred at this Bureau on

November l6 , 19b3 with li. A. Heindl and Vh L. pendergast of

the Refractories Section relative to this project. The

conference was a result of the transfer of the administration

of the project to the Bureau of Yards and Docks at Washington

from Port Hueneme . The program of the project, the method

of attack, and the inclusion of additional work was discussed.

Mr. P. Harrington visited this Bureau during the latter

par'G of December to obtain inform.ation on the size, shape, and

num.ber of specimens necessary for a complete test. The present

plans are that the NAVCDRSLAE are to fabricate test specimens

and forward them to the Bureau for test. It has also been

suggested that we Include in our test data the, "Depth of Wear",

as well as the "Weight of Dust" when reporting abrasion loss.
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FJTEEREHCES

/'i_7 The sui'.sti'Gutlon of a 2^0 °C exposure for

the 750 °C exposure was discussed during the

tTovember I6 conference and authorized in a letter to this Bureau dated November 20, 1953

.r2_7 Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity

of Hydraulic Cement, 1952 Book of A.S., TJMo

Standards^ Part 3'^

Z”3 .

7

; B.S. Report NOo 2832.

Z~4_7 Specification for Portland Cement Concrete

Pavement for Airports. Department of the

Havy^ Bureau of Yards and Docks 0

The Keasurement of Air Entrained in Concrete.

John H.. Swanberg and T. ¥. Thomas Proceedings

A.ScT.Mo, Vol. 47. P- 869 . 1947 ^

120

TABLE

1-

PROPERTIES

OP

CURED

AlTD

HEAT-TREATED

CONCRETES

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TARIJ-. 2 - PBOPEKTIES CP CCNCBETES

ProportIona Vinaol Air Content Wel^ of Water Romerka ReATks

by Weight :C ana nt to Coarse and to

Floe Aeerecate

Ccuiisit Content

c

. - Cement

Sacks/yd3

of CoDcr«te %

Oela/ydJ

of CoDCrete % % inches Ibs/ft^ pal

P-O-A 1:4.06j1.91 6.59 .015 36.0 0.61 1.57 2.5 171.86 .49 Harsh ; easily

placed 560 All aggregatefractured

P-0^ 1:4.06:1.91 6.34 .030 36.0 3.70 4.42 2.5 165.80 .50 Very good 490 Few pull-outs; mostly fractured aggregate

P-O-C 1:3.43:1.64 7.13 .030 39.5 2.90 4.62 4.5 164.94 .49 ^eily placed 480 do

P-O-D 1:3.27:1.51 7.74 .030 36.2 2.72 3.72 2.3 167.53 •U

Good; easily

placed 615

All aggregate

fractured; few

atpTi air voids

P-O^ 1:3.44:1.47 7.62 .030 36.1 2.30 3.57 3.0 168.40 .42 Placed well 575 Pew pull-outs; few large air voids

P-O-F 1:3.50:1.50 7.59 .030 34.6 2.16 3.02 1.5 169.70 .40 Placed well - —

Z-O-A 1:4.06:1.91 6.51 .015 36.0 1.25 1.72 2.3 170.13 .50 Harsh; easily

placed 560 All aggregate fractured

Z-0^ 1:4.06:1.91 6.43 .025 36.3 2.16 3.C7 2.0 166.40 .51 Fair; slightly

on dry side 620 do

Z-O-C 1:3.43:1.64 7.31 .025 39.2 1.36 2.87 3.0 168.40 .48 Placed well

but sticl^ 6J.5 do

Z-0-0 1:3.17:1.46 7.51 .030 38.6 5.91 5.87 4.0 159.74 .46 Placed well;

sticlgr 565 All aggregate

fractured; few large air voids

Z-O-B 1:3.37:1.44 7.81 .025 34.0 2.70 2.04 1.5 169.26 .39 Placed fair; sticky 650 Few pull-outs of large aggregate5 lbw large air voids Z-O-F 1:3.37:1.51 7.78 .025 34.2 1.97 1.92 0.8 170.56 .39 Placed fair —

L-O-A 1:2.75:1.84 7.82 .025 41.7 1,60 2.20 8.0 165.80 .47 Placed well 645 All aggregate fractured

L-O-B 1:2.75:1.84 7.61 .035 39.6 4.75 4.60 5.5 161.03 .46 Placed well butstarted to set in 30 minutes 620

Few pull-outs mostly aggregate fracture

L-O-C 1:2.53:1.75 8.09 .033 41.5 3.43 4.49 7.0 162.34 .46 Placed well 655 All aggregate fractured

L-O-D 1:3.16:2.11 7.16 .035 35.? 2.60 3.07 1.5 167.97 .u Placed well 720 AH aggregate

fractured; few large air voids

L-0-1 1:3.16:2.

U

7.09 .035 38.5 2.98 2.92 2.3 166.66 .45 Placed well — —

L-0-2 1:3.16:2.11 7.09 .035 38.5 2.98 3.17 2.0 166.66 .45 do — —

L-0-3 1:3.16:2.U 7.16 .035 38.5 2.98 3.02 2.0 168.40 .45 do — —

1:3J»6:1.84 6.02 .030 34.20 8.49 £/ 4.0 153.68 .50 Placed well 365

All aggregate tured;iarge air p-cm-c 1:3.83:1.78 6.76 .010 33.00 2.20 2.72 1.8 166.66 .43 Fair 545 voids

do

Z-CWt-B 1:3.86:1.82 6.12 .025 33.10 9.40 £/ 3.8 153.24 .48 Good 445 do z-cm^c 1:3.78:1.78 6.70 .010 33.50 3.44 3.22 1.8 164.07 • 44 Good 560 do

L~om~D 1:3.09:2.07 6.52 .040 33.90 9.35 2.6 151.08 .43 Good 570 do

1/-0W-C 1:3.00:2.00 6.94 .025 38.40 4.44 4.69 6.0 157.88 .49 Good 495 do
TABLE 2 - PBOreHTIES OP PFESH^CCWCRBTES (COOTIOTIED)

Identify

cation^'

Proportions 71nsol Air Content Weight of i^ter Reonrks

by Weight: Cement

to Coarse and to

Fine Aiureeate

ueaern k/^tent Resin by weight of

Cemait

Water Content Gravimetric

Method

Air Meter Method Sl\mp fresh Concrete

Cement Ratio Fresh Concrete

Flexural Strength Cured Concrete

Sacks/ydi

of Concrete %

Gals/ydJ

of Concrete % %

incbee psl

P-B-A 1:3.25:1.53 5.80 .020 32.40 10.80 £/ 3.0 128.14 .50 Placed well;

sticl^, over

sanded

555

AU over 1/2" aggregate ; pulloxits; air voids

present, especially around pullouts.

P-^-B 1:3.12:1.47 6.54 .010 35.75 2.70 4.04 1.8 139.83 .49 Harsh but placed well 715

Few pull-outs;

large air voids

where aggregate

pulled out ; small voids distributed

P-B-C 1:2.79:1.28 7.00 .010 38.38 4.00 4.84 2.8 136.80 .49 do - -

P-B-0 1:2.54:1.13 7.58 .010 37.50 4.79 4.84 2.5 136.36 .44 do - -

Z-B-A 1:3.19:1.50 6.19 .015 35.80 5.65 £/ 1.6 335.07 .51 Placed well

sticky; over

sanded

585

Large aggregate

pulled out; large

and “gnpn air voids around

pull-oxrts

Z-B-B 1:3.06:1.44 6.35 .010 37.75 5.41 5.69 2.5 134.13 .53 Fair; wouldnot place well any drier

555 Sams as P-B.B

Z^-C 1:2.67:1.22 7.42 ,»n. 38.40 2.37 3.1i 1.5 139.83 .46 Fair; sticl^ increase water and aggregate

725 Pew pull-outs; few large air

voids

Z-B-0 1:2.51:1.13 7.85 none 40.60 1.30 2.22 1.5 3jW.69 .46 Harsh but placable — —

1:2.52;1,68 6.62 .030 35.22 8.08 £/ 2.3 132.03 .47 Good placability

slightly sticky 545

Urge aggregate

pulled out; air

voids around

pull-outs

L-B-B 1:2.47:1.65 6.76 .015 38.00 6.45 5.29 3.5 133.33 .50 Harsh but placable 605 Some as F-Q-6

L^-C 1:2.11:1.53 7.24 .010 a.6o 7.15 6.54 7.0 131.17 .51 Placed well; too much water — —

L-B-D 1:2.11:1.53 7.94 .010 38.60 3.72 3.97 2.5 138.09 .43 Placed well; too dry — —

y For convenience the fleaunl etrmgtb of Bpeein»ni, febrlc*ted from trial batehee and cured for 28 daje in tog-rooa, are Included, if tested. y The firat lettere:? - Portland CeMirt; Z Portland Pozzolan Cement; L - Limnite, a hi^-alumina hydraulic canant. The eeconl letter* 0 - Olivine; B Building Brick; C«H = Olivine and hfhite Marsh Sand (+50 to -100). The last lettere^A to F inclusive, indicates trial mix made In a 1-cubic foot sixer. The last ma^ralB: 1 to 3 inclusive, indicate fiml selected nix mde in 5-«ublo foot mixer. Three batches of the selected nix were necessary to fabricate the required number of epecimois. y Above capacity of air meter.

3Aci|

(J948|MJ|W)qoh13IAI 3anSS3dd ‘aiv lN30a3d

PERCENT

AIR;

GRAVIMETRIC

METHOD

(Unit

Weight)

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