STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A14-0358

State of Minnesota,

Respondent,

vs.

Brian Kenneth Moore,

Appellant.

Filed May 11, 2015

Affirmed

Johnson, Judge

Sherburne County District Court

File No. 71-CR-11-1862

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Matthew Frank, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, 

Minnesota; and

Kathleen A. Heaney, Sherburne County Attorney, Leah G. Emmans, Assistant County 

Attorney, Elk River, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jenna Yauch-Erickson, 

Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Johnson, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and 

Larkin, Judge. 

S Y L L A B U S

A district court must instruct the jury on the statutory definition of “force” in 

Minnesota Statutes section 609.341, subdivision 3, if a defendant is charged with thirddegree criminal sexual conduct in violation of Minnesota Statutes section 609.344, 

subdivision 1(c), which requires evidence that the defendant used “force or coercion to 
2

accomplish [sexual] penetration,” and if the state seeks to prove that the defendant used 

force to accomplish the penetration.

O P I N I O N

JOHNSON, Judge

Brian Kenneth Moore was charged with third-degree criminal sexual conduct in 

violation of section 609.344, subdivision 1(c), of the Minnesota Statutes. That particular 

form of third-degree criminal sexual conduct requires proof that a defendant used “force 

or coercion to accomplish [sexual] penetration.” In this case, the state sought to persuade 

the jury that Moore used force, but not coercion, to accomplish sexual penetration. A 

Sherburne County jury returned a verdict of guilty.

On appeal, Moore’s primary argument is that the district court erred by not 

instructing the jury on the statutory definition of the word “force,” which he contends is 

different from the common understanding of the word. Moore makes the argument for 

the first time on appeal because he did not object to the district court’s instruction on that 

ground. We conclude that the district court erred because the jury instruction stating the 

elements of the charged offense did not include the legislature’s definition of “force,”

which is meaningfully different from the lay definition. We conclude, however, that the 

district court’s error is not plain and, furthermore, did not affect Moore’s substantial 

rights. We also conclude that the district court did not err in excluding certain evidence 

that Moore sought to introduce. Therefore, we affirm the conviction.
3

FACTS

Moore was convicted of committing criminal sexual conduct against a woman, 

P.B., with whom he previously had had a consensual sexual relationship. That 

relationship began in another state in 2004, when P.B. was married to another man. Both 

Moore and P.B. later moved to different states, but they maintained contact and 

occasionally met and engaged in consensual sexual conduct. On a few of those 

occasions, according to P.B.’s trial testimony, they engaged in “rough sex” and in sexual 

conduct that she described as domination and submission. Certain sexual episodes also

involved the infliction of physical pain through slapping and hair pulling. This sexual 

relationship continued until 2009. Moore and P.B. saw each other in December 2010, 

when Moore was living in Minnesota and P.B. was visiting relatives in the state. They 

met at a mall in St. Cloud, accompanied by P.B.’s daughter, but did not engage in sexual 

conduct. 

Moore and P.B. saw each other again the following year. Moore was in a sexual 

relationship with and living with another woman, A.W. P.B. was living in the eastern 

United States, was engaged to be married to another man, and was 26 weeks pregnant. In 

July 2011, P.B. was required to be in Minnesota for a court hearing concerning the 

custody of two children from her prior marriage. Before her trip, she contacted Moore by 

instant message and text message and asked for assistance with transportation and other 

matters. In one text message to P.B., Moore wrote that he was looking forward to having 

sex with her, and P.B. responded that she did not want to have sex with him because she 

was committed to her fiancé. Moore and P.B. later exchanged additional text messages
4

that were sexually suggestive. In one text message, P.B. wrote: “stop tempting me. It is 

hard enough.” In another text message, P.B. wrote: “I want to but my heart and 

conscience are telling me no. I know that I will tell [my fiancé]. I can’t risk losing him.” 

P.B. arrived in Minnesota on July 5, 2011. Moore picked her up at the airport, 

drove her to a hotel in the city of Elk River, and helped her check in. They spent time 

together the next day, along with P.B.’s two children and A.W. and her child. Moore also 

ran errands for P.B. In the late afternoon, P.B. went back to her hotel room, while Moore 

and A.W. went to a bar to play volleyball with friends. At approximately 7:00 p.m., P.B. 

sent a text message to Moore, asking, “If it’s not too late, will you stop by?” P.B. later 

testified that she wanted to ask Moore whether she could stay at the home he shared with 

A.W. on the following night, P.B.’s last night in Minnesota, in which case she would 

check out of her hotel in the morning. Moore responded by writing that he would stop by 

the hotel later that night. He and A.W. spent the evening with friends at two bars. At 

approximately 11:30 p.m., P.B. sent another text message to Moore, saying, “come see 

me if you can,” and “I need to talk to you.” 

Moore and A.W. went to P.B.’s hotel at approximately 1:30 a.m. A.W. waited in 

the car while Moore went inside the hotel. Moore entered P.B.’s hotel room with an 

extra key card that she had given him earlier, when he ran errands for her. P.B. was 

sleeping but awoke to a “sharp pain” in her breast and realized that Moore was on top of 

her and was biting her breast. She tried to sit up but could not do so because Moore was 

holding her arms down with his hands and was pressing one of his legs against her 

stomach. Moore then rubbed and licked one of P.B.’s thighs. She was “astonished” and 
5

told him “no” repeatedly while crying. Moore pushed her onto her stomach. She pulled

her legs underneath her to protect her pregnant belly. When P.B. cried into her pillow, 

Moore pulled her head up by her hair and told her that it was merely a dream. Moore 

penetrated her vagina with his penis for a couple of minutes until he ejaculated. P.B. 

experienced pain while Moore was penetrating her. A.W. testified at trial that Moore 

returned to the car after approximately ten minutes, and her testimony on that point was 

corroborated by hotel surveillance cameras.

After Moore left the hotel room, P.B. called her fiancé and told him that Moore 

had raped her. Her fiancé said that she should call the police, and they agreed that he 

would do so. Police officers came to P.B.’s hotel room shortly thereafter to take her 

statement and gather evidence. P.B. was transported by ambulance to a hospital, where a 

nurse performed a sexual-assault examination. The nurse observed five small lacerations

on the walls of P.B.’s vagina that are consistent with a sexual assault. Meanwhile, police 

officers brought Moore and A.W. to the police station for questioning. Moore initially 

said that he had only kissed P.B. On further questioning, he said that they had had 

consensual sex. 

In December 2011, the state charged Moore with third-degree criminal sexual 

conduct, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.344, subd. 1(c) (2010). The case was tried over 

two days in October 2013. The state called five witnesses: P.B., the nurse who 

performed the sexual-assault exam, two Elk River police officers, and A.W. The defense 

called one witness: a former employee of the hotel who also was Moore’s neighbor. The 

jury found Moore guilty. The district court imposed a sentence of 48 months of 
6

imprisonment but stayed execution of the sentence, ordered jail time with credit for time

in detention, and placed Moore on probation for 15 years. The district court’s sentence is 

a downward dispositional departure from the presumptive guidelines sentence of 41 to 58

months of imprisonment. Moore appeals.

ISSUES

I. Did the district court err by excluding evidence of P.B.’s mental-health 

diagnosis?

II. Is Moore entitled to a new trial because the district court did not instruct the 

jury on the statutory definition of the word “force,” as used in the third-degree criminalsexual-conduct statute?

ANALYSIS

I.

Moore argues that the district court erred by excluding evidence of P.B.’s mentalhealth diagnosis. 

In April 2012, Moore moved to compel discovery of P.B.’s psychotherapy 

records. The district court ordered that the records be produced for an in camera

inspection before the omnibus hearing. In October 2012, the district court ordered that 

some of the psychotherapy records be produced to Moore because they contained 

information that was relevant to the proceeding. 

In March 2013, Moore filed a motion in limine in which he sought, among other 

things, a ruling that evidence concerning P.B.’s mental health was admissible. The 

district court ruled that either party could examine P.B. about certain aspects of her 
7

medical history, which the district court identified in a confidential attachment to its 

order. But the district court also ruled that Moore could not introduce evidence of, 

among other things, P.B.’s mental-health diagnosis.1 The district court reasoned that 

evidence of P.B.’s mental-health diagnosis and certain other subjects would be “highly 

prejudicial, offer little relevance to the issues the jury will have to decide, and will 

distract the jury from the issues raised in the case.” 

Consistent with its in limine ruling, the district court allowed Moore’s trial counsel 

to examine P.B. about some of the symptoms of her diagnosis, such as specific incidents 

in the past when she could not remember events that she had experienced. The district 

court also allowed Moore’s trial counsel to examine P.B. about her responses to a 

questionnaire administered by her psychotherapist. But Moore’s trial counsel was not 

allowed to examine P.B. about her mental-health diagnosis or to introduce certain other 

evidence explaining the diagnosis. 

When ruling on Moore’s motion in limine, the district court applied the following 

statute, which is captioned, “Psychotherapy evidence”:

(a) In a prosecution under sections 609.342 to 

609.3451 . . . , evidence of the patient’s personal or medical 

history is not admissible except when:

 

1

The district court’s order was filed under seal. On appeal, Moore submitted the 

district court’s order to this court in a confidential addendum, as required by the rules of 

appellate procedure. See Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 112.01, subd. 1; see also Minn. R. Civ. 

App. P. 112.03. In this opinion, we refer to the mental-health issues in only a general 

way because we strive to maintain the confidentiality of the detailed information that has 

been filed under seal in the district court and in this court. See Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 

112.01, subd. 1; Minn. R. Pub. Access to Recs. of Jud. Branch 4, subd. 1(g)(2); see also 

Coursolle v. EMC Ins. Grp., Inc., 794 N.W.2d 652, 655 n.1 (Minn. App. 2011).
8

(1) the accused requests a hearing at least 

three business days prior to trial and makes an offer of 

proof of the relevancy of the history; and

(2) the court finds that the history is relevant 

and that the probative value of the history outweighs 

its prejudicial value.

(b) The court shall allow the admission only of 

specific information or examples of conduct of the victim that 

are determined by the court to be relevant. The court’s order 

shall detail the information or conduct that is admissible and 

no other evidence of the history may be introduced.

Minn. Stat. § 609.347, subd. 6 (2014). This statute essentially requires a district court to 

conduct the type of balancing that is required by rule 403 of the Minnesota Rules of 

Evidence. Compare id., subd. 6(a)(2), with Minn. R. Evid. 403. In this case, the district 

court did so by referring to the probative value and the potentially prejudicial nature of 

the challenged evidence. The district court also considered the potential for the evidence 

to distract the jury from the issues it was required to decide. In addition, the district court 

complied with the first sentence of subdivision 6(b) by expressly permitting Moore to 

introduce relevant evidence of specific incidents in which P.B. exhibited symptoms of her 

mental-health issues. 

Moore agrees that the admissibility of his proffered evidence is governed by 

section 609.347, subdivision 6.2 He acknowledges that this court applies an abuse-of-

 

2

In framing his appellate argument, Moore refers to a criminal defendant’s 

constitutional right to a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense, which is 

protected by the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution. See State v. 

Jenkins, 782 N.W.2d 211, 225-26 (Minn. 2010). The United States Supreme Court 

caselaw holds that an evidentiary rule that “infringes upon a weighty interest of the 

accused and is arbitrary or disproportionate to the purposes the rule is designed to serve”
9

discretion standard of review to the district court’s evidentiary ruling. See State v. Vang, 

774 N.W.2d 566, 576-77 (Minn. 2009) (applying Minn. R. Evid. 403); State v. Morris, 

606 N.W.2d 430, 435 (Minn. 2000) (applying section 609.347, subdivision 3). He 

contends that the district court erred by limiting his cross-examination of P.B. on the 

subject of her mental-health diagnosis and by limiting his extrinsic evidence relating to 

that particular diagnosis. He contends that the evidence is relevant and highly probative 

“because it is key to the central issue of this trial: consent.” Moore further contends that 

evidence of P.B.’s mental-health diagnosis would not be highly prejudicial. In response, 

the state contends that the district court did not err in its ruling, in large part because the 

district court allowed Moore’s trial counsel to question P.B. extensively about her 

mental-health issues. 

We agree with the state that it is appropriate to put Moore’s argument in context 

by considering the evidence that the district court allowed Moore to introduce on the 

same subject and closely related subjects. See, e.g., State v. Nissalke, 801 N.W.2d 82, 

102-03 (Minn. 2011) (concluding that exclusion of alternative-perpetrator evidence was

not error because defendant introduced other evidence relevant to that theory). We also 

 

violates the defendant’s constitutional right to present a complete defense. State v. Pass, 

832 N.W.2d 836, 841-42 (Minn. 2013) (quoting Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 

324-25, 126 S. Ct. 1727, 1731 (2006)) (alterations omitted). But “evidentiary rules 

designed to permit the exclusion of unfairly prejudicial, confusing, or misleading 

evidence are unquestionably constitutional.” Id. (quotations omitted). Moore does not 

develop an argument that section 609.347, subdivision 6, is inconsistent with the 

constitutional right to a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense. 

Accordingly, we construe Moore’s argument to contend that the district court erred in its 

application of Minnesota law concerning the admissibility of evidence about P.B.’s 

psychotherapy.
10

agree that Moore’s trial counsel devoted a significant portion of his cross-examination of 

P.B. to questions concerning her mental-health issues and memory issues. Specifically, 

Moore was allowed to introduce a substantial amount of evidence concerning symptoms 

and behaviors arising from P.B.’s mental-health diagnosis. The district court 

appropriately reasoned that the evidence directly related to P.B.’s diagnosis has less 

probative value. In doing so, the district court appropriately heeded the statutory 

command that it “shall allow the admission only of specific information or examples of 

conduct of the victim that are determined by the court to be relevant.” Minn. Stat. 

§ 609.347, subd. 6(b). The district court also appropriately reasoned that P.B.’s privacy 

interests weigh against admission of the evidence. That consideration is evident in the 

purpose of section 609.347, subdivision 6. Indeed, Moore’s trial counsel acknowledged 

to the district court that the “stigma” associated with a mental-health diagnosis is a reason 

that favors exclusion of the evidence. Moreover, the district court’s concern about juror 

distraction was reasonable because P.B.’s mental health was of secondary importance. 

The district court’s written order states that consent was “the most critical fact to be 

determined by the jury,” and the district court reasoned that the history of Moore’s and 

P.B.’s sexual practices was most probative of the issue of consent. In light of the 

evidence of P.B.’s mental-health symptoms that the district court admitted, the district 

court weighed the proper factors in concluding that her mental-health diagnosis would be 

substantially more prejudicial than probative. 

Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding evidence of P.B’s 

mental-health diagnosis.
11

II.

Moore argues that the district court erred by not including the statutory definition 

of the word “force” in the jury instruction that explains the elements of the offense with 

which he was charged. 

A district court must instruct the jury in a way that “fairly and adequately 

explain[s] the law of the case” and does not “materially misstate[] the applicable law.” 

State v. Koppi, 798 N.W.2d 358, 362 (Minn. 2011). An appellate court reviews jury 

instructions “as a whole to determine whether [they] accurately state the law in a manner 

that can be understood by the jury.” State v. Kelley, 855 N.W.2d 269, 274 (Minn. 2014). 

A district court has “considerable latitude” in selecting the language of jury instructions. 

State v. Gatson, 801 N.W.2d 134, 147 (Minn. 2011). Accordingly, this court applies an 

abuse-of-discretion standard of review to a district court’s jury instructions. Koppi, 798 

N.W.2d at 361.

At the instructions conference, the prosecutor raised a question as to whether the 

district court’s instruction on third-degree criminal sexual conduct should include the 

statutory definition of the word “coercion.” After Moore’s trial counsel objected, the 

prosecutor withdrew the request, noting that a definition of “coercion” is unnecessary 

because the state’s theory is that Moore penetrated P.B. using force, not coercion. 

Neither the prosecutor nor Moore’s trial counsel raised a question concerning the

definition of the word “force.” 

The district court gave the following jury instruction to explain the charge of thirddegree criminal sexual conduct:
12

The statutes of Minnesota provide that whoever 

intentionally engages in sexual penetration with another

person and uses force or coercion to accomplish the 

penetration is guilty of a crime.

The elements of criminal sexual conduct in the third 

degree are first, the defendant intentionally sexual penetrated 

[P.B.]. Sexual intercourse constitutes sexual penetration if 

there is any intrusion, however slight, of the penis into the 

female genital opening. Cunnilingus constitutes sexual 

penetration if there is any contact between the female genital 

opening of one person and the mouth, tongue or lips of 

another person.

Second, the sexual penetration occurred without the 

consent of [P.B.]. Consent means a person’s words or overt 

actions that indicate a freely given present agreement to 

perform a particular sexual act with the defendant. Consent 

does not mean the existence of a prior or current social 

relationship between the defendant and [P.B.], or that [P.B.] 

failed to resist a particular sexual act.

Third, the defendant used force or coercion to 

accomplish penetration. Fourth, the defendant’s act took 

place on or about July 7, 2011, in Sherburne County. If you 

find that each of these elements has been proved beyond a 

reasonable doubt the defendant is guilty. If you find that any 

element has not been proven beyond a reasonable doubt, the 

defendant is not guilty. 

This instruction is nearly identical to a pattern jury instruction for third-degree criminal 

sexual conduct. See 10 Minnesota Dist. Judges’ Ass’n, Minnesota Practice – Jury 

Instruction Guides, § 12.21, at 301 (5th ed. 2006).

Moore concedes that he did not object to the jury instruction on the ground he now 

argues on appeal and that this court should review only for plain error. See Minn. R. 

Crim. P. 31.02; Gatson, 801 N.W.2d at 146-47. Under the plain-error test, an appellant is 

entitled to relief on an issue to which no objection was made at trial only if (1) there is an 
13

error, (2) the error is plain, and (3) the error affects the appellant’s substantial rights. 

State v. Griller, 583 N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn. 1998). If these three requirements are 

satisfied, an appellant also must satisfy a fourth requirement, that the error “seriously 

affects the fairness and integrity of the judicial proceedings.” State v. Little, 851 N.W.2d 

878, 884 (Minn. 2014). If an appellate court concludes that any requirement of the plainerror test is not satisfied, the appellate court need not consider the other requirements. 

State v. Brown, 815 N.W.2d 609, 620 (Minn. 2012).

A. Whether District Court Erred

We begin by considering whether the district court committed an error. See 

Griller, 583 N.W.2d at 740. As stated above, a district court’s jury instructions must 

“fairly and adequately explain the law of the case” and must not “materially misstate the 

applicable law.” Koppi, 798 N.W.2d at 362. Moore relies on State v. Vance, 734 

N.W.2d 650 (Minn. 2007), overruled on other grounds by State v. Fleck, 810 N.W.2d 

303, 311 (Minn. 2012), for the proposition that “jury instructions must define the crime 

charged and explain the elements of the offense to the jury.” Id. at 656; see also State v. 

Milton, 821 N.W.2d 789, 806 (Minn. 2012). Moore essentially asks this court to 

conclude that the jury instructions did not say enough to “fairly and adequately explain”

the crime of which he was charged, Koppi, 798 N.W.2d at 362, or did not say enough to 

“define the crime charged and explain the elements of the offense to the jury,” Vance, 

734 N.W.2d at 656.

The extent to which a district court must explain the law of the case, define the 

crime charged, and explain the elements of the offense naturally depends on both the 
14

facts and the law in a particular case and, thus, is not well suited to a bright-line rule. In 

Peterson v. State, 282 N.W.2d 878 (Minn. 1979), the supreme court stated that “the 

elements of the crime should be explained, but detailed definitions of the elements to the 

crime need not be given in the jury instructions if the instructions do not mislead the jury 

or allow it to speculate over the meaning of the elements.” Id. at 881. The qualifier in 

that statement suggests that detailed definitions of an element of an offense may be 

necessary if, without the additional detail, the instructions could mislead the jury or cause 

the jury to speculate about what the state must prove to obtain a guilty verdict. See id.

Moore contends that, in this case, the district court’s instruction on third-degree 

criminal sexual conduct needed additional details concerning the definition of the word 

“force,” for two reasons. First, he asserts that the legislature defined the word “force” for 

purposes of the criminal-sexual-conduct statute and, thus, gave the word a specific 

meaning as a matter of law. See Minn. Stat. § 609.341, subd. 3. Second, he asserts that 

the statutory definition of force is narrower than the common understanding of the word, 

which jurors are more likely to know and apply in their deliberations, absent an 

instruction on the statutory definition. He contends that the differences between the 

statutory definition and the lay definition give rise to the possibility that a jury might find 

a defendant guilty based on conduct that is within the lay definition but not within the 

statutory definition. For these reasons, Moore contends that the district court’s 

instruction in this case, which did not provide any definition of “force,” did not 

adequately explain the law to the jury.
15

Moore’s argument has merit. The word “force,” as used in the statute that Moore 

is charged with violating, has a specific meaning. The legislature has determined that, in 

this particular context, “force” means:

the infliction, attempted infliction, or threatened infliction by 

the actor of bodily harm or commission or threat of any other 

crime by the actor against the complainant or another, which 

(a) causes the complainant to reasonably believe that the actor 

has the present ability to execute the threat and (b) if the actor 

does not have a significant relationship to the complainant, 

also causes the complainant to submit.

Minn. Stat. § 609.341, subd. 3.3 The term “bodily harm” is defined in the criminal code 

to mean “physical pain or injury, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.” 

Minn. Stat. § 609.02, subd. 7. Meanwhile, the lay definition of the word “force” is 

different in significant ways. When used as a noun, the word traditionally meant “1. 

Strength or energy; active power; vigor,” or “3. Power, violence, compulsion, or 

constraint exerted upon a person or thing.” Webster’s New International Dictionary 985 

(2d ed. 1946); see also Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 482 (9th ed. 1986) 

(stating nearly identical definition). A more contemporary dictionary defines the word 

similarly to mean, “[2.]b. The use of physical power or violence to compel or restrain.” 

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 685 (5th ed. 2011). Another 

dictionary defines the word as “2. strength or power exerted upon an object; physical 

 

3

This definition is reflected in a pattern jury instruction. See 10 Minnesota Dist. 

Judges’ Ass’n, Minnesota Practice – Jury Instruction Guides, § 12.01, at 264-65 (5th ed. 

2006). The pattern instruction for the elements of third-degree criminal sexual conduct 

makes a cross-reference to the pattern instruction stating the definition of “force,” 

without stating clearly that the definition should be included in the jury instructions. See 

Minnesota Practice – Jury Instruction Guides, § 12.21, at 301 n.1 (citing Minnesota 

Practice – Jury Instruction Guides, § 12.01, at 264-65).
16

coercion; violence.” The Random House Dictionary of the English Language 748 (2d ed. 

1983). We have found only one dictionary that includes a sense of the word that 

resembles the statutory definition: “[3.]c. violence or such threat or display of physical 

aggression toward a person as reasonably inspires fear of pain, bodily harm, or death.” 

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 887 (3d ed. 1961). 

We agree with Moore that the most-common lay definition of the word “force” is 

different from, and in some ways broader than, the statutory definition. In the context of 

this case, the legislature’s definition of the word requires proof that a defendant either 

inflicted, attempted to inflict, or threatened to inflict bodily harm to P.B.4 See Minn. Stat. 

§ 609.341, subd. 3. As stated above, “bodily harm” means “physical pain or injury, 

illness, or any impairment of physical condition.” Minn. Stat. § 609.02, subd. 7. But the 

lay definitions of “force” usually do not reference bodily harm, physical pain, injury, 

illness, or physical impairment, either by those terms or similar terms. Thus, a jury 

applying the common understanding of the word “force” to the elements of third-degree 

criminal sexual conduct could find a defendant guilty of the offense merely by 

concluding that he exerted “strength,” “energy,” or “power” against a victim, without any 

actual, attempted, or threatened infliction of bodily harm, as required by the legislature. 

Such an outcome would be inconsistent with a defendant’s right to “a jury determination 

that he is guilty of every element of the crime with which he is charged.” State v. 

Caldwell, 803 N.W.2d 373, 384 (Minn. 2011) (citing Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 

 

4We confine our analysis to the first part of the definition because, in this case, 

there is no suggestion that Moore committed another crime against P.B. or threatened to 

do so.
17

466, 477, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 2356 (2000), and In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 

1068, 1072 (1970)) (other citations omitted).

For these reasons, this case is different from Peterson, in which the supreme court 

concluded that the challenged instruction, which omitted a statutory definition, was not 

erroneous. See, 282 N.W.2d at 882. In Peterson, “the commonly understood meaning of 

‘great bodily harm’ was sufficient to convey the essentials of the element to the jury” 

and, significantly, was consistent with the statutory definition of that term. See id. at 

881-82. But in the present case, the lay definition of the word “force” is different from 

the statutory definition because the lay definition describes some conduct that is not 

within the statutory definition. For that reason, the jury instruction in this case did not 

accurately state the applicable definition of the word “force.” See State v. Bustos, ____ 

N.W.2d ____, 2015 WL 1452894, *6 (Minn. Apr. 1, 2015) (concluding that jury 

instruction was erroneous because it was broader than statutory definition of “domestic 

abuse”); State v. Ihle, 640 N.W.2d 910, 916-17 (Minn. 2002) (concluding that jury 

instruction was erroneous because it did not reflect narrow limits of prior supreme court 

opinion).

Thus, the district court erred by not including the statutory definition of “force” in 

the jury instruction on third-degree criminal sexual conduct.

B. Whether Error Is Plain

We next must determine whether the district court’s error is plain. See Griller, 

583 N.W.2d at 740. An error is “plain” if it is clear or obvious, and an error is clear or 

obvious if it “contravenes a rule, case law, or a standard of conduct, or when it disregards 
18

well-established and longstanding legal principles.” State v. Brown, 792 N.W.2d 815, 

823 (Minn. 2011) (citation omitted). To determine whether an error is plain, this court 

“examines the law in existence at the time of appellate review.” State v. Kelley, 855 

N.W.2d 269, 277 (Minn. 2014).

Neither the supreme court nor this court previously has held that a jury instruction 

on third-degree criminal sexual conduct in violation of section 609.344, subdivision 1(c), 

must include the statutory definition of “force.” Similarly, neither the supreme court nor 

this court previously has held in any other type of prosecution that a jury instruction was 

erroneous because the instruction did not include a statutory definition of a word in the 

elements of the offense.5 In Peterson, the supreme court provided useful guidance but 

nonetheless approved of the instruction given in that case. 282 N.W.2d 881-82. Thus, 

the Peterson opinion did not provide clear warning that the jury instruction in this case 

must include the statutory definition of “force.” Similarly, the Ihle opinion involved an 

analogous situation but did not answer the question presented by Moore’s appeal because 

the Ihle court was not concerned with a statutory definition. See 640 N.W.2d at 917. 

Indeed, Moore’s appellate brief cites Ihle but not with emphasis. In addition, the Bustos

 

5

In several other states, appellate courts have held that a district court’s jury 

instructions were erroneous because they omitted a legal or statutory definition of a word 

in the elements of the offense. See, e.g., McKee v. State, 488 P.2d 1039, 1043 (Alaska 

1971); Griego v. People, 19 P.3d 1, 7 (Colo. 2001); Abercrombie v. State, 478 N.E.2d 

1236, 1239 (Ind. 1985); State v. Kellogg, 542 N.W.2d 514, 518 (Iowa 1996) In re 

Pouncy, 229 P.3d 678, 682 (Wash. 2010); Lucero v. State, 14 P.3d 920, 923 (Wyo. 

2000). Similarly, some state appellate courts have stated that definitions should be 

included in jury instructions if the lay definition of a key word differs from the statutory 

or legal definition of that word. See, e.g., People v. Griffin, 94 P.3d 1089, 1093 (Cal. 

2004); Kitchens v. State, 279 S.W.3d 733, 737 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Dix, 273 

N.W.2d 250, 256-57 (Wis. 1979).
19

opinion does not speak to the issue presented by Moore’s appeal because Bustos concerns 

a jury instruction that makes an affirmative misstatement of law. 2015 WL 1452894 at 

*6; see also Koppi, 798 N.W.2d at 362-64; State v. Kuhnau, 622 N.W.2d 552, 556-57

(Minn. 2001). In the present case, the district court did not misstate the elements of the 

charged offense but, rather, failed to include details that are necessary to fully explain the 

applicable law. Accordingly, the pre-existing caselaw did not “clearly require[]” a

district court to include a statutory definition in its jury instructions in the present 

circumstances. See Milton, 821 N.W.2d at 807 (concluding that error is not plain).

Thus, the district court’s error is not plain. This conclusion is sufficient to uphold 

the conviction.

C. Whether Instruction Affected Moore’s Substantial Rights

Although we need not do so, see Brown, 815 N.W.2d at 620, we next consider 

whether the district court’s error affected Moore’s substantial rights. Griller, 583 

N.W.2d at 740. An error affects a defendant’s substantial rights “if the error was 

prejudicial and affected the outcome of the case.” Id. at 741. “In the context of jury 

instructions, we have held that an error affects substantial rights when there is a 

reasonable likelihood that a more accurate instruction would have changed the outcome 

in this case.” State v. Gutierrez, 667 N.W.2d 426, 434-35 (Minn. 2003) (quotation 

omitted). An appellant bears a “heavy burden” in seeking to satisfy the third 

requirement. State v. Davis, 820 N.W.2d 525, 535 (Minn. 2012).

To establish that Moore used “force” to accomplish sexual penetration, the state 

needed to prove that he either (1) inflicted, attempted to inflict, or threatened to inflict 
20

bodily harm on P.B. or (2) committed or threatened to commit another crime against P.B. 

See Minn. Stat. § 609.341, subd. 3. As previously noted, we may confine our analysis to 

the first part of the definition of “force,” which is concerned with bodily harm, because 

there is no suggestion in this case that Moore committed or threatened another crime 

against P.B. Proof of “bodily harm” requires evidence of “physical pain or injury, illness, 

or any impairment of physical condition.” Minn. Stat. § 609.02, subd. 7. The state 

introduced evidence that Moore caused P.B. physical pain. She specifically testified that 

she awoke to a “sharp pain” because Moore was biting one of her breasts. In addition, 

she testified that Moore pulled her hair and that she and Moore previously had engaged in 

hair pulling in past sexual encounters for the purpose of causing pain. Furthermore, the 

state introduced evidence that Moore caused P.B. physical injuries consisting of five 

small lacerations on the walls of her vagina. Accordingly, the state introduced evidence 

that is sufficient to persuade a properly instructed jury that Moore used “force” in his 

sexual penetration of P.B.

The third requirement of the plain-error test is not concerned solely with whether 

the evidence is sufficient to prove the elements of the charged offense. The key question 

is whether “there is a reasonable likelihood that a more accurate instruction would have 

changed the outcome in this case.” See Gutierrez, 667 N.W.2d at 434-35 (quotations 

omitted). Our analysis of this question must account for the reality that “force” was not 

the most important issue at trial. See Kelley, 855 N.W.2d at 284 (concluding that plain 

error in not giving accomplice-liability jury instruction did not affect appellant’s 

substantial rights in part because defense “did not focus on accomplice liability”). 
21

Rather, consent was the most important issue. The district court said so when ruling on 

Moore’s motion in limine. In closing argument, the prosecutor emphasized P.B.’s text 

message to Moore that she did not want to have sex with him, as well as her testimony 

that she told Moore “no” while he assaulted her. Likewise, Moore’s trial counsel 

emphasized Moore’s statement to officers that the sexual intercourse was consensual, 

P.B.’s suggestive text messages to Moore before she arrived in Minnesota, and P.B.’s 

motive to lie in order to explain her bruised breast and thereby preserve her relationship 

with her fiancé. In his appellate brief, Moore states that consent was the “central issue” 

at trial. If Moore had had the benefit of a more-complete explanation of the elements of 

the charged offense, it appears that he still would have had the same difficulty in 

persuading the jury that P.B. consented to sexual conduct.

Moore contends that the prosecutor’s closing argument demonstrates that the 

erroneous instruction affected his substantial rights. Specifically, he asserts that the 

prosecutor assumed and applied an incorrect understanding of force. Moore is correct 

that part of the prosecutor’s argument is inconsistent with the statutory definition of 

“force.” But that misstatement represents only one isolated comment in a closing 

argument that spans approximately 12 pages of the trial transcript. Elsewhere in her 

closing argument, the prosecutor discussed force in a way that is consistent with the 

statutory definition, by stating that Moore penetrated P.B. with “force so that she has 

injuries.” In any event, we must assume that, if the district court had instructed the jury 

on the statutory definition of force, the prosecutor would have conformed her argument to 

that definition. For the reasons discussed above, we are unable to conclude that there is a 
22

reasonable probability that a properly instructed jury would have considered the evidence 

and the statutory definition of “force” and reached the conclusion that Moore did not use 

force when he sexually penetrated P.B. See Milton, 821 N.W.2d at 809.

Thus, the district court’s erroneous instruction did not affect Moore’s substantial 

rights. This conclusion also is sufficient to uphold the conviction. Therefore, Moore is 

not entitled to a new trial despite the district court’s error in instructing the jury.

D E C I S I O N

The district court did not err by excluding evidence of P.B.’s mental-health 

diagnosis. The district court’s error in its jury instruction on the elements of the charged 

offense of third-degree criminal sexual conduct was not plain and did not affect Moore’s 

substantial rights. 

Affirmed.