[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 16-15705

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 2:16-cv-14259-RLR

ROLANDO GUS PAEZ,

Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(January 7, 2020)

Before MARTIN, TJOFLAT, and TRAXLER,

* Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

* Honorable William B. Traxler, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Fourth Circuit, 

sitting by designation.

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 1 of 13 
2

We publish this opinion in place of our July 31, 2019 opinion, which was 

vacated by order of the Court on December 23, 2019.

Rolando Gus Paez is a state inmate who filed a petition under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2254 for a writ of habeas corpus that looks to be untimely. His case presents the 

question of whether in this circumstance a district court may, on its own initiative 

and without hearing from the State, decide that the statute of limitations bars the 

petition. This District Court did just that, and dismissed the petition filed by Mr.

Paez without ordering a response from the Secretary of the Florida Department of 

Corrections.

After oral argument and careful consideration, we affirm the District Court.

I.

In 2004, Mr. Paez pled no contest to second degree murder and two cocaine 

charges in St. Lucie County (Florida) Circuit Court. The state court sentenced him 

to four years imprisonment followed by two years of “community control.” In 

2010, while still on community control, Mr. Paez was arrested for violating the 

terms of his supervised release. In response, the state court revoked his community 

control and sentenced him to 25 years on the murder charge and 15 years on the 

cocaine charges, all to run concurrently. 

After years of state postconviction litigation over the sentences imposed for 

his violation of community control, in 2016 Mr. Paez filed a § 2254 petition 

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 2 of 13 
3

asserting three claims. First, he said the state court lacked jurisdiction to sentence 

him for the violation of his community control. Second, he said his sentence for 

community control violation in turn violated his double jeopardy rights. And third, 

he argued he is actually innocent of the crimes charged. Mr. Paez’s petition also 

set forth some of the relevant dates his state postconviction motions were filed and 

decided. No attorney appeared on behalf of the Secretary of the Florida 

Department of Corrections, who has custody of Mr. Paez. An email address 

belonging to the Florida Attorney General does appear on the docket, and some 

filings are marked as having been sent to this address. However, the Florida 

Attorney General never filed anything in the case.

Mr. Paez’s petition was assigned to a magistrate judge. Rule 4 of the Rules 

Governing Section 2254 Proceedings in the United States District Courts required 

the magistrate judge to do a preliminary assessment of Mr. Paez’s petition and 

dismiss “[i]f it plainly appears from the petition . . . that the petitioner is not 

entitled to relief.” After conducting this review, the magistrate judge took it upon 

himself to calculate the timeliness of Mr. Paez’s petition.

A § 2254 petition must be filed within a year of, as relevant here, the date 

the challenged conviction becomes final. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). The 

limitations period is tolled while properly filed state postconviction motions are 

pending. Id. § 2244(d)(2). The magistrate judge took judicial notice of the filing 

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 3 of 13 
4

dates of Mr. Paez’s postconviction motions and the dates of orders resolving those 

motions, as reflected in state court docket entries for Mr. Paez’s criminal cases. 

These docket sheets were available online but never made a part of the record.

The dates Mr. Paez gave in his petition together with those reflected on the 

electronic dockets made it appear that his petition was untimely. Based on those 

dates, the magistrate judge recommended sua sponte dismissing Mr. Paez’s 

petition under Rule 4 without ordering the Secretary to respond. The District 

Court adopted the Report and Recommendation over Mr. Paez’s objections.

This appeal followed. Our Court granted Mr. Paez a certificate of 

appealability on the issue of whether the District Court erred in dismissing the 

petition as untimely. Because Mr. Paez was proceeding pro se, the Court 

appointed Joseph A. DiRuzzo, III, to represent him on appeal. We appreciate Mr. 

DiRuzzo’s diligent representation of Mr. Paez and his service to the Court.

II.

This case presents two distinct issues. The first is whether the District Court 

could properly take judicial notice of the online state court dockets in Mr. Paez’s 

criminal cases. The second is whether it was error to dismiss Mr. Paez’s petition 

as untimely without ordering the Secretary to respond. We review a district court’s 

decision to take judicial notice of a fact for abuse of discretion. Lodge v. Kondaur 

Capital Corp., 750 F.3d 1263, 1273 (11th Cir. 2014). We also review a district 

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 4 of 13 
5

court’s decision to sua sponte raise the statute of limitations for abuse of discretion. 

Day v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 198, 202, 126 S. Ct. 1675, 1679–80 (2006). Our 

review leads us to conclude the District Court acted properly when it took notice of 

the state court dockets as well as when it sua sponte dismissed the petition without 

ordering a response from the Secretary.

A.

Federal Rule of Evidence 201 permits a court to “judicially notice a fact that 

is not subject to reasonable dispute because it . . . can be accurately and readily 

determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. 

R. Evid. 201(b)(2). State court records of an inmate’s postconviction proceedings 

generally satisfy this standard. See Cunningham v. Dist. Att’y’s Office, 592 F.3d 

1237, 1255 (11th Cir. 2010); Moore v. Estelle, 526 F.2d 690, 694 (5th Cir. 1976) 

(“[W]e take judicial notice of prior habeas proceedings brought by this appellant in 

connection with the same conviction. This includes state petitions, even when the 

prior case is not made part of the record on appeal . . . .” (citations omitted))1

; see 

also Porter v. Ollison, 620 F.3d 952, 954–55 (9th Cir. 2010) (noticing “any state 

1 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted as 

binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1, 1981. 

Id. at 1209.

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 5 of 13 
6

court dockets or pleadings that have been located (including on the Internet) and 

for which it is proper to take judicial notice”).

The dates the District Court noticed from the online state court dockets 

constitute judicially noticeable facts under Rule 201. The dockets can be found on 

the website for the Clerk of the St. Lucie County Circuit Court, who is the public 

officer responsible for maintaining records of the St. Lucie County Circuit Court.2

 

See Fla. Const. art. VIII, § 1(d). The dockets reflect the dates of proceedings in 

Mr. Paez’s cases, from first appearance through to the Florida appellate courts’ 

resolution of his postconviction motions. The docket entries also have links to 

electronic versions of many of Mr. Paez’s filings, as well as to many state trial and 

appellate court orders on Mr. Paez’s postconviction motions. We have no reason 

to think these docket entries do not accurately reflect the dates in Mr. Paez’s cases. 

The District Court could properly notice the state court docket sheets in these 

circumstances.3

2 The docket entries can be found at: https://courtcasesearch.stlucieclerk.com/. Mr. 

Paez’s case numbers are 56-2003-CF2667B and 56-2003-CF2934A. We were able to access the 

docket sheets using these case numbers with no trouble.

3 This ruling is consistent with non-binding opinions from prior panels of this Court. See

Boyd v. Georgia, 512 F. App’x 915, 917 (11th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (unpublished); United 

States v. Brown, 526 F.3d 691, 711–13 (11th Cir. 2008), vacated on other grounds, 556 U.S. 

1150, 129 S. Ct. 1668 (2009); United States v. Ayuso, 272 F. App’x 833, 835–36 (11th Cir. 

2008) (per curiam) (unpublished).

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 6 of 13 
7

However, we caution that “the taking of judicial notice of facts is, as a 

matter of evidence law, a highly limited process. The reason for this caution is that 

the taking of judicial notice bypasses the safeguards which are involved with the 

usual process of proving facts by competent evidence in district court.” Shahar v. 

Bowers, 120 F.3d 211, 214 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (en banc). “In order to 

fulfill these safeguards, a party is entitled to an opportunity to be heard as to the 

propriety of taking judicial notice.” Dippin’ Dots, Inc. v. Frosty Bites Distrib., 

LLC, 369 F.3d 1197, 1205 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks omitted and 

alteration adopted). Rule 201 does not require courts to warn parties before taking 

judicial notice of some fact, but, upon the party’s request, it does require an 

opportunity to be heard after the court takes notice. Fed. R. Evid. 201(e).

These safeguards have particular importance in the context of determining 

the timeliness of § 2254 petitions. We know that online state court dockets may 

not always reflect the correct filing date for purposes of calculating the statute of 

limitations. For example, Florida and this Court both follow the “mailbox rule,” 

which deems inmate papers filed the date of mailing or, absent an indication of the 

mailing date, the day the inmate signed them. See Washington v. United States, 

243 F.3d 1299, 1301 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam); Haag v. State, 591 So. 2d 614, 

617 (Fla. 1992); Waters v. Dep’t of Corr., 144 So. 3d 613, 617 (Fla. 1st DCA 

2014). And by its nature, the docket will show the date a pleading was docketed 

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 7 of 13 
8

rather than the date it was mailed or signed. On top of that, inmates may not have 

ready access to their legal papers, leaving them unable to dispute the accuracy of 

any docket entry. Neither may they have access to an Internet connection. This 

would make disputing or even reviewing an online docket entry impossible where, 

as happened here, a district court fails to make the docket sheets part of the record. 

We think the best practice would be to include copies of any judicially noticed 

records as part of the Order that relies upon them, so as to ensure the inmate 

receives them. Cf. Rodriguez v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 748 F.3d 1073, 1076–77 (11th 

Cir. 2014) (holding the State must serve all documents referenced in an answer to a 

§ 2254 petition on the petitioner).

While we urge caution, we conclude proper safeguards were followed in this 

case. Mr. Paez had an opportunity to object to the Report and Recommendation 

after the magistrate judge took judicial notice of the dates from his state court 

dockets. Mr. Paez did not ask to be heard. See Fed. R. Evid. 201(e) (requiring a 

hearing where the party requests one). Neither did he dispute the accuracy of the 

docket entries the magistrate judge relied upon. Finally, Mr. Paez gave no 

indication he lacked the ability to dispute the docket sheets—because of, say, his 

lack of an Internet connection. The docket entries here were properly noticed, and 

the procedure followed here gave Mr. Paez an opportunity to ask to be heard on the 

propriety of judicial notice. Thus, we see no abuse of discretion.

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 8 of 13 
9

B.

Having concluded the docket entries relied upon by the District Court were 

properly noticed, we now turn to the second issue. That is, whether the District 

Court erred in sua sponte dismissing Mr. Paez’s § 2254 petition without ordering 

the Secretary to respond.

Rule 4 requires district courts to dismiss § 2254 petitions without ordering

the State to respond “[i]f it plainly appears from the petition and any attached 

exhibits that the petitioner is not entitled to relief.” This preliminary review calls 

on a district court to perform a screening function, ordering summary dismissal 

where a petition makes no meritorious claim to relief. See Rules Governing 

§ 2254 Cases, R. 4 advisory committee notes (“[I]t is the duty of the court to 

screen out frivolous applications.”). The procedure serves to “eliminate the burden 

that would be placed on the respondent by ordering an unnecessary answer.” Id. 

To survive Rule 4 review, a § 2254 petition must set forth facts that, if true, 

would establish a constitutional violation entitling the petitioner to relief. See

Borden v. Allen, 646 F.3d 785, 810 (11th Cir. 2011) (holding that a § 2254 petition 

must comply with the “fact pleading requirements of [Habeas] Rule 2(c) and (d)” 

to survive dismissal under Rule 4). If a petition does not set forth a sufficient 

factual basis for habeas relief, the petition is “legally insufficient on its face,” and 

the district court must dismiss it. McFarland v. Scott, 512 U.S. 849, 856, 114 S. 

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 9 of 13 
10

Ct. 2568, 2572 (1994). Dismissal under Rule 4 represents “a judgment that the 

claims presented are nonmeritorious” based on the facts alleged. Borden, 646 F.3d 

at 812.

We hold that the District Court did not err by sua sponte dismissing Mr. 

Paez’s § 2254 petition after giving him notice of its decision and an opportunity to 

be heard in opposition. Our conclusion is supported by the text of Rule 4, the 

Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 4, and Supreme Court precedent.

First, the text of Rule 4 does not restrict summary dismissals to merits-based 

deficiencies. As we’ve already noted, the district court must dismiss a § 2254 

petition “[i]f it plainly appears from the petition and any attached exhibits that the 

petitioner is not entitled to relief.” Rules Governing § 2254 Cases, R. 4. Both a 

procedural bar and a merits-based deficiency could lead a district court to conclude 

that the petitioner is “not entitled to relief.” See id.

Our reading of the rule is supported by the Advisory Committee Notes. In 

1976, when the rule was adopted, the Advisory Committee recognized the 

suggestion “that an answer should be required in every habeas proceeding.” Rules 

Governing § 2254 Cases, R. 4 advisory committee notes. The Advisory 

Committee rejected this idea, saying that district courts have a “duty . . . to screen 

out frivolous applications and eliminate the burden that would be placed on the 

respondent by ordering an unnecessary answer.” Id. In support of this broad 

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 10 of 13 
11

interpretation of Rule 4, the Advisory Committee cited Allen v. Perini, 424 F.2d 

134 (6th Cir. 1970). In Allen, the Sixth Circuit held that a district court has the 

authority to dismiss a “petition sua sponte for failure to exhaust State remedies,” 

even if the State has not responded to the petition and raised that procedural bar to 

relief. Id. at 138–39. As the Sixth Circuit put it, “[if] at any time during the course 

of a habeas corpus proceeding the District Court finds that the prisoner has not 

exhausted the remedies available to him in the courts of the State, the petition 

should be dismissed.” Id. The Allen court went on to explain that a response from 

the State is not needed “when the petition is frivolous, or obviously lacking in 

merit, or where . . . the necessary facts can be determined from the petition itself.” 

Id. at 141. This description clearly encompasses the case we consider here, where 

the petition was dismissed for lack of timeliness.

Finally, our interpretation of Rule 4 is aligned with Supreme Court 

precedent. In Day, the Supreme Court confronted the question of “whether a 

federal court lacks authority, on its own initiative, to dismiss a habeas petition as 

untimely, [if] the State has answered the petition without contesting its timeliness,” 

547 U.S. at 202, 126 S. Ct. at 1679, or has erroneously conceded the timeliness 

issue, see id. at 205, 126 S. Ct. at 1681. The Supreme Court ruled that a district 

court may act on its own initiative to dismiss a petition in such a circumstance, 

provided the court “accord[s] the parties fair notice and an opportunity to present 

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 11 of 13 
12

their positions.” Id. at 210, 126 S. Ct. at 1684. The Supreme Court rejected the 

petitioner’s countervailing interpretation of Rule 4, in part because it would make 

it nearly impossible for courts “to raise AEDPA’s time bar sua sponte.” Id. at 207 

n.6, 126 S. Ct. at 1682 n.6. This reasoning applies with even greater force at the 

Rule 4 stage, where district courts “must” dismiss petitions that plainly present no 

entitlement to review.

Other Circuits agree that a district court may sua sponte dismiss a § 2254 

petition if the petition’s untimeliness is “clear from the face of the petition itself.” 

Kilgore v. Att’y Gen. of Colo., 519 F.3d 1084, 1089 (10th Cir. 2008); see Valdez 

v. Montgomery, 918 F.3d 687, 693 (9th Cir. 2019) (holding that the district court 

did not err by sua sponte dismissing plainly untimely § 2254 petition where the 

court provided the petitioner with “adequate notice and an opportunity to respond” 

(quotation marks omitted)); cf. Shelton v. United States, 800 F.3d 292, 295 (6th 

Cir. 2015) (holding that the district court erred by sua sponte dismissing habeas 

petition on timeliness grounds because the petitioner did not have an “opportunity 

to challenge the arguments that the district court invoked in finding the motion 

untimely”). And our pre-Day precedent does not suggest otherwise. See Jackson 

v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 292 F.3d 1347, 1349 (11th Cir. 2002) (per curiam) 

(holding that, “even though the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, the 

district court may review sua sponte the timeliness of the section 2254 petition.”).

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 12 of 13 
13

Here, Mr. Paez was provided ample notice and opportunity to explain why 

his petition was timely in his form petition and again when he was given the 

opportunity to respond to the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation that 

his petition be summarily dismissed as untimely. See Magourik v. Phillips, 144 

F.3d 348, 359 (5th Cir. 1998) (holding that plaintiff “was afforded both notice and 

a reasonable opportunity to oppose” procedural default when he was given an 

opportunity to object to magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation that 

“placed [him] on notice that procedural default was a potentially dispositive 

issue”). Beyond that, the Secretary was notified of the court’s action and had an 

opportunity to respond, including an opportunity to inform the District Court if it 

intended to waive the timeliness defense. The Secretary remained silent. To this 

day, no one contests that the petition was untimely, and the State has never 

indicated a desire to waive the limitations bar. The District Court thus complied 

with Day and Rule 4 and its dismissal was not an abuse of discretion.

III.

For these reasons, the District Court did not abuse its discretion when it 

dismissed Mr. Paez’s § 2254 petition without ordering the Secretary to respond in 

some form. We therefore AFFIRM the dismissal of his petition.

Case: 16-15705 Date Filed: 01/07/2020 Page: 13 of 13