J-S34034-18

*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,

 Appellee

 v.

CARL LEE COLLINS,

 Appellant

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IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

 

 No. 1811 WDA 2017

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 11, 2017

in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0012112-1993

BEFORE: BOWES, STABILE, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED JULY 26, 2018

Carl Lee Collins (Appellant) appeals from the October 11, 2017 

judgment of sentence imposed following a resentencing hearing pursuant to 

Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012),

1 and Commonwealth v. Batts 

(Batts II), 163 A.3d 410 (Pa. 2017). We affirm.

This Court previously summarized the facts of this homicide. Briefly,

on August 31, 1993, while Appellant was 16 years old, he shot and killed a 

man during a robbery in Pittsburgh. Specifically, after observing Odell 

Mahaffey and Claude Mason drive around Elmore Square, Appellant told his 

friend that “if they come back around again, it’s on[.]” N.T., 3/17-

 

1

In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held that a “mandatory 

[sentence of] life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of 

their crimes violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and 

unusual punishments.” 567 U.S. at 465 (internal quotations omitted).
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3/21/1994, at 168. When Mahaffey and Mason drove around again and 

asked Appellant if Mason’s brother was nearby, Appellant concocted a ruse, 

telling Mason that his brother was on the phone behind a building. After 

Mason checked behind the building and realized that Appellant was lying, 

Appellant robbed Mahaffey and Mason at gunpoint and forced them to pull 

their pants down. Mahaffey and Mason did not have anything to turn over in 

the robbery. Appellant shot Mahaffey in the stomach, and ran away 

laughing. Commonwealth v. Collins, 679 A.2d 843 (Pa. Super. 1996) 

(unpublished memorandum at 1-4). 

On March 21, 1994, a jury convicted [A]ppellant of second[-

]degree murder and related offenses[. O]n May 17, 1994, 

[A]ppellant was sentenced to an aggregate, mandatory sentence 

of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

On May 15, 1996, this [C]ourt affirmed the judgment of 

sentence[. O]n October 31, 1996, our [S]upreme [C]ourt denied 

appeal. Commonwealth v. Collins, 679 A.2d 843 

(Pa.[ ]Super.[ ]1996) (unpublished memorandum), appeal

denied, 685 A.2d 542 (Pa.[ ]1996). Appellant has [] pursued 

multiple, unsuccessful PCRA petitions.

Commonwealth v. Collins, 118 A.3d 456 (Pa. Super. 2015) (unpublished 

memorandum at 1). 

Following the decision in Montgomery v. Louisiana, ___ U.S. ___, 

136 S.Ct. 718 (2016), that Miller applies retroactively to cases on collateral 

appeal, Appellant pro se filed his fifth PCRA petition on February 23, 2016, 

seeking resentencing for his second-degree murder conviction based on 

Miller and Montgomery. 
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The PCRA court granted Appellant’s PCRA petition, and a resentencing 

hearing was held on October 11, 2017. At the resentencing hearing, the 

PCRA court considered two pre-sentence investigation (PSI) reports, two 

sentencing memoranda, a report from the mitigation expert, testimony from 

Appellant, testimony from individuals on behalf of Appellant and the victim, 

and the arguments of counsel before fashioning Appellant’s new sentence of 

30-years-to-life imprisonment. N.T., 10/11/2017, at 3, 5-6, 8-52. Appellant 

filed a post-sentence motion requesting a reduced minimum sentence of 27 

or 28 years. Appellant’s Post-Sentence Motion, 10/18/2017, at 2. The PCRA 

court denied the motion without a hearing. Appellant pro se timely filed a 

notice of appeal,2 and the PCRA court appointed new counsel to represent 

Appellant on appeal.

3

 

On appeal, Appellant presents the following issues for our 

consideration: (1) whether the PCRA court erred in applying 18 Pa.C.S. 

§ 1102.1 retroactively in violation of the ex post facto clauses of the United 

States and Pennsylvania constitutions; and (2) whether Appellant’s sentence 

is manifestly excessive because the PCRA court failed to consider certain

mitigating factors. Appellant’s Brief at 3.

 

2 “This Court is required to docket a pro se notice of appeal despite Appellant 

being represented by counsel[.]” Commonwealth v. Williams, 151 A.3d 

621, 624 (Pa. Super. 2016).

3 Both Appellant and the PCRA court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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Appellant first claims that the PCRA court, in violation of the ex post 

facto clauses of the United States and Pennsylvania constitutions, applied 18 

Pa.C.S. § 1102.1(c)(1) retroactively by imposing the 30-year mandatory 

minimum sentence “and did not merely rely on that provision for guidance in 

an independent assessment of an [appropriate] sentence of incarceration to 

impose.” Appellant’s Brief at 16. A claim that a sentence violates the ex 

post facto clause implicates the legality of Appellant’s sentence. See 

Commonwealth v. Perez, 97 A.3d 747, 750 (Pa. Super. 2014). “Issues 

relating to the legality of a sentence are questions of law[.] ... Our standard 

of review over such questions is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” 

Commonwealth v. Cardwell, 105 A.3d 748, 750 (Pa. Super. 2014) 

(citations and quotations omitted). 

Following the holding in Miller, the Pennsylvania General Assembly 

enacted 18 Pa.C.S. § 1102.1 to establish the sentencing scheme for

juveniles convicted of first- and second-degree murder after June 24, 2012 

(i.e., post-Miller). For juveniles convicted pre-Miller, the statute does not 

apply. Instead, a sentencing court may impose a minimum term-of-years 

sentence and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment, “exposing these 

defendants to parole eligibility upon the expiration of their minimum 

sentences.” Batts II, 163 A.3d at 439. In determining the minimum termof-years sentence in pre-Miller cases, lower courts must consult the 

sentencing requirements codified at 18 Pa.C.S. § 1102.1 for guidance. Id.
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at 457. Specifically for a juvenile convicted of second-degree murder preMiller, the portion of section 1102.1 that a lower court must consider is the 

guidelines set forth in subsection 1102.1(c)(1), see Commonwealth v. 

Melvin, 172 A.3d 14, 22 (Pa. Super. 2017), which provides, in relevant 

part, as follows.

(c) Second degree murder.--A person who has been convicted 

after June 24, 2012, of a murder of the second degree[] and 

who was under the age of 18 at the time of the commission of 

the offense shall be sentenced as follows:

(1) A person who at the time of the commission of the 

offense was 15 years of age or older shall be sentenced to 

a term of imprisonment the minimum of which shall be at 

least 30 years to life.

18 Pa.C.S. § 1102.1(c)(1). 

At the resentencing hearing, the PCRA court considered two PSI

reports, two sentencing memoranda, a report from the mitigation expert, 

testimony from Appellant, testimony from individuals on behalf of Appellant 

and the victim, and the arguments of counsel regarding how the court 

should consider the guidelines set forth in subsection 1102.1(c)(1), before 

fashioning Appellant’s new sentence. N.T., 10/11/2017, at 3, 5-6, 8-52. In 

its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the PCRA court stated that it 

considered the lay and expert testimony, [Appellant’s] exhibits 

and evidence of his rehabilitation activities, evaluated the Miller

age-related factors[4] and imposed a sentence which took all of 

 

4 As the Court in Batts II explained,

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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these factors into consideration. The new sentence – 30 years 

to life – is a significant downward departure from the prior life 

sentence without the possibility of parole and reflects 

[Appellant’s] efforts towards rehabilitation. 

PCRA Court Opinion, 3/15/2018, at 10-11. 

Appellant argues that the PCRA court’s application of the Miller agerelated factors, codified in subsection 1102.1(d), “suggests the [PCRA court] 

actually applied provisions of [s]ection 1102.1 rather than considered them 

for guidance.” Appellant’s Brief at 15. We have held that a sentencing court 

must consider the Miller age-related factors only in cases where the 

(Footnote Continued) _______________________

[t]he Miller Court concluded that sentencing for juveniles must 

be individualized. This requires consideration of the defendant’s 

age at the time of the offense, as well as “its hallmark features,” 

including:

immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate 

risks and consequences[;] ... the family and home 

environment that surrounds him—and from which he 

cannot usually extricate himself—no matter how 

brutal or dysfunctional[;] ... the circumstances of the 

homicide offense, including the extent of his 

participation in the conduct and the way familial and 

peer pressures may have affected him[;] ... that he 

might have been charged and convicted of a lesser 

offense if not for incompetencies associated with 

youth—for example, his inability to deal with police 

officers or prosecutors (including on a plea 

agreement) or his incapacity to assist his own 

attorneys[;] ... [and] the possibility of rehabilitation 

... when the circumstances [i.e. (the youthfulness of 

the offender)] most suggest it.

Batts II, 163 A.3d at 431 (citations omitted). See also 18 Pa.C.S. 

§ 1102.1(d) (articulating these factors). 
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Commonwealth is attempting to meet its burden of overcoming the 

presumption against juvenile LWOP sentences. Commonwealth v. Melvin, 

172 A.3d 14, 24 (Pa. Super. 2017). Here, the Commonwealth was not 

seeking a LWOP sentence. Thus, the Miller age-related factors did not need 

to be considered, because “application of the Miller factors [wa]s 

immaterial.” Commonwealth v. Machicote, 172 A.3d 595, 602 n.3 (Pa. 

Super. 2017), appeal granted, ___ A.3d ___, 2018 WL 2324339 (Pa. May 

22, 2018). However, there was nothing prohibiting the trial court from 

considering these mitigating factors. See Commonwealth v. Simpson, 

829 A.2d 334, 339 (Pa. Super. 2003) (stating that courts may consider other

factors relevant to sentencing that are not already included in the sentencing 

guidelines). 

Moreover, the PCRA court engaged in an extensive analysis of the 

record, consulted the guidelines set forth in subsection 1102.1(c)(1) for 

guidance, and imposed an individualized sentence of 30-years-to-life 

imprisonment in accordance with Batts II. See Melvin, 172 A.3d at 22 

(affirming Melvin’s judgment of sentence in a pre-Miller case where the 

“PCRA court found persuasive the ‘logic’ of subsection 1102.1(c)(1) and 

imposed a thirty-year-to-life sentence” compliant with Batts II).

Accordingly, Appellant has not convinced us that the PCRA court applied 

section 1102.1 ex post facto resulting in an illegal sentence.
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Appellant’s second claim implicates the discretionary aspects of his 

sentence. It is well settled that, with regard to the discretionary aspects of 

sentencing, there is no automatic right to appeal.

Before [this Court may] reach the merits of [a challenge to the 

discretionary aspects of a sentence], we must engage in a four 

part analysis to determine: (1) whether the appeal [was timelyfiled]; (2) whether Appellant preserved his issue; (3) whether 

Appellant’s brief includes a concise statement of the reasons 

relied upon for allowance of appeal with respect to the 

discretionary aspects of sentence; and (4) whether the concise 

statement raises a substantial question that the sentence is 

appropriate under the sentencing code.... [I]f the appeal 

satisfies each of these four requirements, we will then proceed to 

decide the substantive merits of the case.

Commonwealth v. Disalvo, 70 A.3d 900, 902 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citations 

omitted).

Appellant has satisfied the first three requirements: he timely filed a 

notice of appeal; he sought reconsideration of his sentence in a postsentence motion; and his brief includes a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement. 

Therefore, we now consider whether Appellant has raised a substantial 

question for our review.

The determination of what constitutes a substantial question must be 

evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Commonwealth v. Paul, 925 A.2d 

825, 828 (Pa. Super. 2007). “A substantial question exists only when the 

appellant advances a colorable argument that the sentencing judge’s actions 

were either: (1) inconsistent with a specific provision of the Sentencing 

Code; or (2) contrary to the fundamental norms which underlie the 
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sentencing process.” Commonwealth v. Griffin, 65 A.3d 932, 935 (Pa. 

Super. 2013) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

Appellant contends that the PCRA court “failed to consider 

[Appellant’s] educational achievements and nonviolent prison adjustment 

over the last 24 years and existence of strong family support to aid his 

adjustment into society.” Appellant’s Brief at 12. This amounts to an 

allegation that his minimum sentence is manifestly excessive because the 

PCRA court failed to consider certain mitigating factors. 

“[P]rior decisions from this Court involving whether a substantial 

question has been raised by claims that the sentencing court 

‘failed to consider’ or ‘failed to adequately consider’ 

sentencing factors [have] been less than a model of clarity and 

consistency.” Commonwealth v. Seagraves, 103 A.3d 839, 

842 (Pa.[ ]Super.[ ]2014) (citing [Commonwealth v. Dodge, 

77 A.3d 1263 (Pa. Super. 2013)]). In []Dodge, this Court 

determined an appellant’s claim that the sentencing court 

“disregarded rehabilitation and the nature and circumstances of 

the offense in handing down its sentence” presented a 

substantial question. Dodge[, 77 A.3d] at 1273.

This Court has also held that an excessive sentence 

claim—in conjunction with an assertion that the court failed to 

consider mitigating factors—raises a substantial question.

Commonwealth v. Caldwell, 117 A.3d 763, 769–70 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en 

banc) (some citations and quotation marks omitted). Based on the above 

precedent, we find that Appellant has raised a substantial question and will 

review the merits of his claim. 

We review discretionary-aspects-of-sentence claims under the 

following standard.
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If this Court grants appeal and reviews the sentence, the 

standard of review is well-settled: sentencing is vested in the 

discretion of the trial court, and will not be disturbed absent a 

manifest abuse of that discretion. An abuse of discretion involves 

a sentence which was manifestly unreasonable, or which 

resulted from partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will. It is more than 

just an error in judgment.

Commonwealth v. Malovich, 903 A.2d 1247, 1252–53 (Pa. Super. 2006) 

(citations omitted).

Appellant contends that the PCRA court placed too much weight on the 

seriousness of the crime, and too little weight on his rehabilitative efforts. 

Appellant’s Brief at 20-24.5 Our review of the sentencing transcript indicates 

otherwise. 

I do find that [Appellant] was clearly 16 years old when 

this happened and three months. The crime has always 

identified [Appellant] as the shooter. This is a totally senseless 

crime. The victim had no money. There was certainly no reason 

to shoot him let alone humiliate him as well as his friend. I find 

this to be a particularly heinous crime.

[Appellant’s] childhood has two stories. He had a very 

difficult childhood and was raised by an abusive, alcoholic 

mother who was also mentally ill. There, however, was some 

support from his father and clearly support from his brother. 

Today, [Appellant] claims to have a relationship with his brother. 

... I do not question, however, that his brothers are supportive 

of him, have been a good influence and continue to support him.

Although [Appellant] was hanging -- and I put that in air 

quotes -- with the Bloods in this case when the crime occurred, 

he said that he was not an active member. I have no reason to 

 

5 Appellant also disagrees with the PCRA court’s assessment of the homicide 

as heinous. Given the facts of this case, recounted supra, we find no error 

in the PCRA court’s assessment of this homicide as heinous. 
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disbelieve that. There were also some admissions of drug and 

alcohol use. 

However, I find most significant in this case 

[Appellant’s] development at the institutions in which he 

has been placed. In the beginning, he had some minor 

misconduct, but none for the past many years. I do find it 

interesting, as [the attorney for the Commonwealth] pointed out, 

that in 2008, he was still professing his innocence and did so 

through a PCRA hearing before this [c]ourt which the [c]ourt 

found ... his witness to be not credible.

I do also find that he, in part at least, began his rehab in ...

1995[,] which was when the first certificate was issued, and this 

was long before the Miller decision. This is important to me 

because I’ve had a number of juveniles [who] have come before 

me [who] started rehabilitating after the Miller decision. 

[Appellant] has a huge list of accomplishments, and most 

important is his dedication to help others and to improve their 

lives. I think, [Appellant], that you were sincere in making 

yourself a better person, so the sentence is vacated, and I’m 

going to sentence [Appellant] at the second[-]degree murder 

case to serve a term of 30 years to life imprisonment.

N.T., 10/11/2017, at 50-52 (emphasis added). 

Contrary to Appellant’s claim, the PCRA court placed the greatest 

weight on the mitigating factor of Appellant’s rehabilitative efforts. As 

outlined supra, the PCRA court considered two PSI reports, two sentencing 

memoranda, a report from the mitigation expert, testimony from Appellant, 

testimony from individuals on behalf of Appellant and the victim, and the 

arguments of counsel regarding guidance from section 1102.1. N.T., 

10/11/2017, at 3, 5-6, 8-52. See Commonwealth v. Boyer, 856 A.2d 

149, 154 (Pa. Super. 2004) (stating that where the sentencing court has the 

benefit of a PSI report, it is presumed to have considered all relevant 
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information); Commonwealth v. Eicher, 605 A.2d 337, 355 (Pa. Super. 

1992) (concluding that “[b]ecause it is apparent from the []sentencing 

transcript that the sentencing court did not focus solely on the seriousness 

of the offenses but expressly applied the relevant mitigating factors in 

fashioning appellant’s sentence, we find no merit to appellant’s claim that 

the mitigating factors were ignored or assigned insufficient weight by the 

lower court.”). We find that the PCRA court considered all relevant 

information, conducted an extensive analysis of the record before it, and 

crafted an individualized sentence that placed great weight on Appellant’s 

rehabilitative efforts. Accordingly, because Appellant’s sentence is compliant 

with subsection 1102.1(c)(1) and Batts II, and the PCRA court had the 

benefit of two PSI reports, two sentencing memoranda, and a mitigation 

expert report, we find that the PCRA court did not abuse its discretion. 

After a thorough review of the record, we find Appellant has presented 

no issue on appeal that would convince us to disturb his judgment of 

sentence.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 7/26/2018