1

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

For the Fifth Circuit

No. 01-50698

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ELROY HERNANDEZ-BAUTISTA, PRUDENCIO GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ, AMADO

OCHOA-BERNAL, JESUS GUTIERREZ-GUZMAN, JOSE GUTIERREZ-GUZMAN, and

JESUS ORNELA-YANEZ

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court

For the Western District of Texas, Pecos Division

June 11, 2002

Before DUHÉ, BARKSDALE, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.

DENNIS, Circuit Judge:

The United States appealsfrom a final judgment of the district court granting the defendants’

motions for judgment of acquittal after the jury returned guilty verdicts against Elroy HernandezBautista, Prudencio Garcia-Rodriguez, Amado Ochoa-Bernal, Jesus Gutierrez-Guzman, Jose
1Although Hernandez-Bautista’s counsel participated fully in the trial, he did not file a brief

in this appeal or appear at oral argument.

2

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).

3The discrepancy between the spelling of some defendants’ names in the indictment and on

appeal is unexplained.

4The grand jury also charged the defendants with involving a person under eighteen years of

age, Amado Ochoa-Bernal’s younger brother, in their criminal enterprise in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 861(a). At trial, however, the judge refused to admit evidence of the brother’s age and dismissed

the count at the conclusion of the government’s case.

5The agentstestified circumspectly about the operation and location ofthese sensors because

revealing their exact locations might lead to destruction of the sensors or avoidance of the sensors

by illegal traffic.

2

Gutierrez-Guzman, and Jesus Ornela-Yanez .

1

 Because we conclude that no “rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,”2 we affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A grand jury charged, by superseding indictment, that “Eloy [sic] Hernandez-Bautista,

Prudencio Garcia-Rodriguez, Amado Ochoa-Bernal, Jesus Gutierrez-Guzman, Jose GutierrezGuzman, and Jesus Ornelas-Yanez [sic],3

and others, aiding and abetting one another, knowingly did

possess with intent to distribute 100 kilograms or more, but less than 1000 kilograms, of marijuana”

in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2.4 The defendants entered pleas of not guilty.

Three United States Border Patrol agents assigned to the Van Horn, Texas border patrol

station, Chris Rick, William Crow, and Estavan Zamora, testified at trial. Their patrol area included

Chispa Road, a 17-mile dirt road between the U.S.-Mexico border and Farm to Market Road (FM)

2017. According to the agents, six electronic sensors on Chispa Road can inform border patrol

agents of vehicular traffic near the border and the relative speed at which a vehicle is traveling.5 In
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addition, personnelsensors, at undisclosed locationsin the Chispa Road area, can indicate pedestrian

traffic crossing the border. The agents acknowledged, however, that these sensors do not record all

vehicular and pedestrian traffic in the Chispa area. The sensors cannot detect the size or weight of

a vehicle. 

The agents testified that during the afternoon and evening of March 1, 2001, approximately

ten sensors, both personnel and vehicle, indicated traffic in the Chispa Road sector. There is no

indication in the record that agents responded to these sensor alerts. Shortly after 10:30 p.m. that

night, the Chispa Road sensors indicated a vehicle traveling north from the border at great speed.

Agent Rick, who had been with the Van Horn border patrolfor two and one-half years, drove to the

intersection of FM 2017 and Chispa Road to await the arrival of the speeding vehicle. He testified

that the night was very dark, overcast, and rainy. 

After waiting for almost an hour without seeing any sign of the vehicle that had set off the

sensors, Agent Rick called for assistance and continued to wait. Just as two more agents arrived on

the scene, Rick, using night vision goggles, saw a pickup truck traveling rapidly towards him. The

truck turned onto FM 2017, then turned left onto Highway 90 heading towards Van Horn. Rick

testified that he followed the truck, which immediately“chopped itsspeed and began swerving.” Rick

initiated a traffic stop assisted by Agents Crow and Zamora. Rick told the driver, HernandezBautista, that he was conducting a U.S. immigration inspection and asked where he was born.

Hernandez-Bautista showed the agents his immigration documents and a driver’s license issued to

him in Chicago, Illinois. Agent Rick testified that Hernandez-Bautista, who appeared very nervous,

said that he was coming from Mexico. Rick asked for permission to search the vehicle, which

Hernandez-Bautista granted. The agents found nothing illegal. They did find a couple of two-way
6Agent Zamora, who assisted Agents Rick and Crow on the stop, testified, consistent with

a report that he had written nearly two months after the incident, that he talked extensively with

Hernandez-Bautista during the stop and wastold a somewhat different story. The district court later

struck allofZamora’stestimonyabout his conversationwithHernandez-Bautista because HernandezBautista’s counsel was not provided with a copy of Zamora’s report before trial.

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radios. Agent Crow, who speaks Spanish fluently, testified that Hernandez-Bautista told him “that

he had gone down to the river with some buddies and had left them down there fishing; he was on

his way back to Van Horn to pick up a tire or to get a tire fixed from an abandoned vehicle that was

down on Chispa Road, down the river road with a flat tire. He attempted to fix it, wasn’t able to fix

it, and was on his way to Van Horn at that time.”6 The truck that Hernandez-Bautista was driving

had Texas license plat es and appeared to have been recently spray painted white. There was no

luggage or spare tire in the truck.

Believing the situation to be suspicious, Agent Rick asked Hernandez-Bautista to accompany

him to the Van Horn border patrol station for a more thorough search by dogs trained to detect

contraband. Hernandez-Bautista agreed and followed Rick to the station. Again, nothing illegal was

found in the truck. Around midnight, Agent Rick released Hernandez-Bautista, then followed him

to a nearby motel where he checked in for the night. 

Agents Crow and Zamora proceeded to Chispa Road and found a truck with a flat tire as

described by Hernandez-Bautista. Using his flashlight, Crow, an agent with 22 years experience,

noticed a footprint, or track, with a running “W” pattern in the middle of Chispa Road adjacent to

the abandoned truck. He then found a group of tracks heading northeast from the road. He followed

these tracks, which included the running “W,” a “fine line horizontal gripper or boot,”and a “broken

bar work boot” for about 100 yards, then returned to his vehicle, leaving Agent Zamora to continue

following the tracks. Agent Crow testified that he was using a technique called “leapfrogging” to
7Because Agent Smith did not testify, there is no record of his observations that night.

5

speed up the trailing process by looking for tracks ahead of the ones already found.

Zamora, a new agent with lessthan seven months experience in the field, followed the tracks

for another 500 yards in an easterly direction. At that point Zamora received a call on his radio

informing him that Crow had found more tracks on the Listening Post/Observation Post (LP/OP)

Road east ofZamora’slocation. Agent Zamora stopped tracking the prints leading away from Chispa

Road and climbed up a 300 foot incline to the LP/OP, which is located on a ridge overlooking the

area. If the footprints that Agent Zamora had been tracking were the same as those discovered by

Agent Crow, the persons who made those footprints would have had to ascend this ridge. Zamora

had difficulty climbing the ridge because of the darkness, loose rocks, and vegetation. At the

LP/OP, Agent Zamora relieved Agent Smith, who had been manning the post,7and began to operate

the LORIS scope, which registers heat sources such as human beings and animals and illuminates

them on a screen. With LORIS, however, it is very difficult to judge distance between the operator

and objects on the screen. Furthermore, the heat source must be in the direct line of sight of the

system for an image to register. Zamora used the LORIS to look northeast from the LP/OP for signs

of people in the area where Chispa Road meets FM 2017, but detected nothing except animals and

his fellow agents. Zamora then moved with the LORIS to the intersection of FM 2017 and Highway

90, approximately three miles from Chispa Road. Again, the LORIS failed to detect any significant

heat sources indicating pedestrian traffic.

While Zamora wassearching with the LORIS scope, Crow followed the tracks he had located

on the LP/OP road for about 250 feet until he came to an arroyo. In the arroyo he and Agent Smith

discovered five duffel bags containing a total of 121 kilograms of marijuana. Crow estimated that
8The jury could infer that there was a one-half mile gap between the point that Zamora

stopped tracking and the point where Crow picked up tracks on the LP/OP road based on the agents’

estimation of the distances they tracked and the distance between the marijuana and the abandoned

pickup truck.

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the marijuana was about a mile and a half from the abandoned pickup truck.8 There were tracks all

around the marijuana, and Crow found tracks leading away from the arroyo in a southerly direction.

Crow followed these tracks for approximately 100 yards, but did not attempt to follow them further

in the darkness and down the steep ridge. Instead, he called Zamora on the radio and told him to

relocate to the LP/OP Road with the LORIS scope. Once in position on the LP/OP Road, Zamora

looked south with the scope and panned back and forth acrossthe landscape. Eventually, he detected

six individuals heading away from his location. Zamora informed the other agents and watched the

six figures for approximately 30 to 45 minutes. He was able to detect them intermittently until they

finally went out ofsight somewhere east of Needle Peak. Meanwhile Agents Smith, Rick, and Crow

carried the marijuana to Crow’s vehicle.

Smith and Rick then drove downChispa Road to a point south ofthe Needle Peak area. They

walked toward the general area where Zamora had last detected the six figures on the LORIS scope

and found Ornela-Yanez, the Ochoa-Bernal brothers, Garcia-Rodriguez, and the Gutierrez-Guzman

brothers sitting together on the ground. The men had with them a backpack containing cans of food

and water. Rick estimated that about an hour and a half had passed between loading the duffel bags

and disco vering the six men. Crow said that he looked at the soles of the men’s shoes. Crow

testified, “[T]he tracks left by the shoes of the Defendants were similar to those tracks that I saw on

the ground.” He estimated that the men were nearly three miles from the arroyo where the agents

found the marijuana. The agents then took the men to the Van Horn border patrol station. 
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Once at the station, the agents interviewed the six men and asked them to lift up their shirts.

According to the agents, some of the men, including Jose and Jesus Gutierrez-Guzman, had red

marks on their backs as if they had been carrying heavy objects. The agents took pictures of the

defendants, the duffelbags, and the plastic-wrapped packages ofmarijuana. They also photographed

the soles of five pairs of footwear. The agents asked each man if he knew Hernandez-Bautista, and

they all denied knowing or having met him before. They also denied any knowledge of the existence

of marijuana or duffel bags. They uniformly told the agents that they were illegal aliens coming to

the United States to work. 

The agents testified that they later destroyed the drugs and the duffel bags without notice to

the defendants’ counsel and did not preserve the evidence for trial. The defendants’ provision bag,

which had been brought to the border patrolstation, disappeared and no inventory ofits contents was

made. The three agents testified that none of them made any contemporaneous notes or reports of

the night’s events. Although another agent wrote a report, he did not testify and the report was not

introduced at trial.

Six weeks after the defendants’ arrests, agents returned to the Chispa Road area and took

photographs in preparation for trial. One agent took photographs of the ground that allegedly

showed the tracksthat Agents Crow and Zamora had tracked six weeks earlier. The agent who took

the photographs did not testify.

In contrast to the government’stheory of a drug-smuggling attempt by the defendants, three

of the alleged marijuana backpackers testified that they were illegal aliens attempting to find work in

the United States. Jose Gutierrez-Guzman and his wife testified that they have three children and live
9See Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 269 (10th ed. 1998).

10Envelopes from the letters were entered into evidence.

11All three of the men are married and have young children.

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in Garcia de la Cadena, in the State of Zacatecas, one of the poorest places in Mexico. Jose’s wife

told the jury that the men in Garcia de la Cadena regularly form small groupsto travel together to the

United States to find work. Jose and his wife testified that the men from Zacatecas usually crossed

the border with the help of a coyote, a person who smugglesillegal immigrantsinto the United States

for a fee.9 Jose testified that in 1998 he successfully crossed the border with a group of 14 men from

his village, including his brother and Prudencio Garcia-Rodriguez. The men, aided by a coyote,

crossed into Arizona by walking through the desert. They traveled to Alexandria, Virginia by car

where Jose, his brother, and Garcia-Rodriguez found construction work. Both Jose and Jesus

Gutierrez-Guzman sent money and letters home to Zacatecas.10 Jose testified that in Virginia they

could earn almost three times the amount of money in one day than they could in a week at home.

Jose Gutierrez-Guzman, his wife, and Garcia-Rodriguez’s wife testified that in late February

2001, Jose, his brother Jesus, and Prudencio Garcia-Rodriguez decided to leave their families again

to seek employment in the United States.11 Jose’s wife said that he and Jesus hoped to return to

Virginia to work in construction again. Garcia-Rodriguez’s wife told the jury that Prudencio intended

to look for work in Chicago where his brother and sister-in-law live. The three men traveled by bus

for 20 to 22 hours to reach Ciudad Juarez, located across the border from El Paso, Texas.

Jose Gutierrez-Guzman testified that upon their arrival in Juarez, the men went to a hotel

located near the bridge between the United States and Mexico where the coyotes usually wait for
12According to the defendants’ testimony, the men from Zacatecas had never met OchoaBernal or Ornela-Yanez before.

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customers. Near the bridge, the men from Zacatecas found a coyote who promised to obtain fake

identification cards and take them acrossthe border for a fee. According to Jose Gutierrez-Guzman,

the coyote told them to give him their clothes because the extra clothing would raise questions at the

border. After they paid the coyote and he left, presumably to obtain the necessary paperwork, the

men had some doubts and tried to find him again. Although the coyote had said he lived in the area,

no one seemed to know anything about him.

While they were searching for the coyote, the Zacatecas men met Amado Ochoa-Bernal and

Jesus Ornela-Yanez, who were also looking for coyotes to take them across the border.12 OrnelaYanez’s wife told the jury that she has permanent resident status in the United States, which allows

her to cross the border freely. Ornela-Yanez and his wife testified that they have two boys and live

in Ciudad Juarez with her parents. They testified that her mother had been very ill with heart

problems, and they needed money to pay her medical bills. Because Ornela-Yanez had previously

worked with his uncle at a dairy in Morton, Texas, he intended to return there to work. According

to Ornela-Yanez and his wife, the plan was for Ornela-Yanez to cross the border and then call his

wife to tell her where he was so that she could drive across the border and pick him up. 

Ornela-Yanez testified that the group from Zacatecas told him and Ochoa-Bernal about the

coyote taking their money and clothes and not returning. After discussing the matter with OchoaBernal and the Zacatecas men, Ornela-Yanez suggested that they all try to cross together as a group

without a coyote. Ornela-Yanez testified that he invited everyone to his father’s house where he

proposed that they cross the border near his family’s ranch, down the river from Juarez. Everyone
13The Bracero Program allowed Mexican laborers into the United States for temporary

agricultural work from 1951-1964. AFL-CIO v. Dole, 884 F.2d 597, 601 (D.C. Cir. 1989).

10

agreed to the plan and they went to a store in Juarez and purchased provisionsfor their trip including

a backpack, bottled water, cans of sardines, beans, and salmon, crackers, and drinks to prevent

dehydration. Ornela-Yanez said the bag weighed about 10 kilograms. They picked up OchoaBernal’s younger brother, Soccoro, who also wanted to go to the United States.

Ornela-Yanez told the jurythat hisfather drove themto the area where Ornela-Yanez’sfather

had successfully crossed the border in the past as a worker in theBracero Program.13 Ornela-Yanez’s

father instructed them to cross the Rio Grande quickly and then follow Chispa Road north until they

reached U.S. Highway 90. According to the defendants, they crossed the border and began walking

along beside the Chispa Road, taking turns carrying the provisions bag. Ornela-Yanez said that they

were careful not to walk on the road itself because they did not want U.S. Border Patrol agents to

see their footprints. The day was overcast and cloudy, with sporadic rain. Whenever they heard

vehicles on the road, which happened several times, they moved into arroyos to avoid being seen.

At some point during their journey, they crossed over Chispa Road. They continued walking after

dark. When they eventually saw vehicle lights ahead of them in the dark, the men at first thought they

were seeing the headlights of cars on Highway 90. But when they saw that the vehicle had lights on

top, like border patrol cars, they quickly fled south. After putting a locally prominent feature, Needle

Peak, between themselves and the lights, they sat down to rest. They had come at least 13 miles from

the border. About 30 minutes later, Border Patrol agents discovered the men southeast of Needle

Peak and took them to the town of Van Horn.

JoseGutierrez-Guzman testified that before their arrest he had never met Hernandez-Bautista.
14Speaking through an interpreter, Jose Guiterrez initially stated, “I don’t know which one

it is,” because “I don’t ever see the bottom of them.” He later testified that he wore a brown boot

that looked like one of the shoes in the photograph, but was the color of another one.

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He told the agentsthat he knew nothing about the bags with marijuana. He said the agents had asked

him to remove his shirt at the border patrol office, but that there were no red marks on his body. He

testified that could not identify any of the shoes in the government’s photograph as the ones he was

wearing the night he was arrested.14 

JesusGutierrez-Guzmantestified that he had never possessedmarijuana and could not identify

any of the footwear in the photograph as his. He acknowledged that the agents had requested that

he take off his shirt at the station, but said that he had not seen any red marks on his body. He was

not asked during the trial if he knew Hernandez-Bautista.

Ornela-Yanez denied crossing the border with marijuana and denied seeing any marijuana on

the journey. He said he has never possessed marijuana. On cross-examination Ornela-Yanez pointed

to one of the five shoes in the government’s photograph that he thought was his shoe. He was not

asked if he knew Hernandez-Bautista. Neither Garcia-Rodriguez nor Ochoa-Bernal testified.

The government’s theory at trial was that Hernandez-Bautista had driven across the border

from Mexico with the six men and the five duffel bags of marijuana in his truck. The government

hypothesized that Hernandez-Bautista stopped at the abandoned pickup truck to let the men out.

According to this theory, the six men then hiked to the arroyo with the marijuana and left it there.

The men were on their way back to Mexico when they were detected by the border patrol agents.

The parties stipulated that (1) the substance in the duffel bags had been tested by an expert

and was determined to be marijuana; (2) the amount of marijuana seized was 121.14 kilograms; (3)
1526James Wm. Moore, et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 629.05[1] (3d ed. 1997); United

States v. Baytank, Inc., 934 F.2d 599, 606 (5th Cir. 1991).

16United States v. Loe, 262 F.3d 427, 432 (5th Cir. 2001).

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there were no fingerprints on the marijuana packages; and (4) the agents did not examine or test the

duffel bagsfor hair or fibers. Agent Crow testified that the photograph of the soles of the defendants’

footwear showed a running “W,” a “fine line horizontal gripper or boot,”and a “broken bar work

boot,” similar to the tracks he had followed near the abandoned pickup truck. No one marked which

boot came from which defendant, however, and the actual footwear was not introduced at trial.

Furthermore, fromthe photographs ofrecord, we cannot determine that the marksidentified byCrow

match the soles of the defendants’ footwear. The court denied a defense request for a jury view of

the area where the events occurred.

On June 22, 2001, the jury returned a guilty verdict asto each ofthe defendants. Immediately

after the jury rendered its verdicts, however, the judge granted judgments of acquittal as to all of the

defendants pursuant to FederalRule ofCriminalProcedure 29, which providesthat a courtshallorder

the entry of judgment of acquittal if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction. The United

States filed a notice of appeal. The district court subsequently conditionally granted defendants’

motion for a new trial, should the judgments of acquittal be reversed on appeal. The United States

did not appeal from the district court’s conditional granting of the motion for a new trial.

ANALYSIS

We give no deference to a district court’s decision that the evidence admitted at trial was

insufficient to support the jury’s guilty verdict.15 “Instead, we review de novo a district court’s grant

of a judgment of acquittal, applying the same standard as the district court.”16 We must determine,
17Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original).

18United States v. Ortega Reyna, 148 F.3d 540, 543 (5th Cir. 1998).

19United States v. Dean, 59 F.3d 1479, 1484 (5thCir.1995)(citation and quotations omitted).

20United States v. Cano-Guel, 167 F.3d 900, 904 (5th Cir. 1999). 

21United States v. Stone, 960 F.2d 426, 433 (5th Cir. 1992).

22United States v. Fuller, 974 F.2d 1474, 1477 (5th Cir. 1992).

23Baytank, 934 F.2d at 616.

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therefore, whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.”17 In doing so, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to

the government, drawing all reasonable inferences in support of the verdict.18 “However, we must

reverse a conviction if the evidence construed in favor of the verdict gives equal or nearly equal

circumstantial support to a theory of guilt and a theory of innocence of the crime charged.”19

A conviction for possession of marijuana with intent to distribute requires proof that the

defendant (1) knowingly (2) possessed marijuana (3) with intent to distribute it.20 To aid and abet,

a defendant must associate with the criminal venture, participate in it, and seek by his actionsto make

the venture succeed.21 We must determine whether a rational jury could have found each defendant

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.22

Hernandez-Bautista

While the jury “is free to choose among reasonable constructions of the evidence,”23 we can

find little evidence to support Hernandez-Bautista’s conviction. The government has failed to

establish that Hernandez-Bautista became associated with, participated in, or somehow acted to
24See United States v. Chavez, 947 F.2d 742, 745 (5th Cir. 1991). 

25Id. 

26U.S. v. Delgado, 256 F.3d 264, 274 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing United States v. Lombardi, 138

F.3d 559, 561 (5th Cir. 1998)). 

27Cf. United States v. Carroll, 591 F.2d 1132 (1979) (traces ofmarijuana found in bed oflead

vehicle contributed to reasonable suspicion to stop load vehicle).

14

further the possession and distribution of the marijuana that the agentstestified they found on March

1, 2001.24 While actual physical possession is not necessary to convict for aiding and abetting,25a

defendant must share in the intent to commit the offense as well as play an active role in its

commission.26 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, we conclude that no

rational trier of fact could find Hernandez-Bautista guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence,

considered in a light most favorable to the government, supports a finding of only a possible

connectionbetweenHernandez-Bautista, the marijuana, and the other defendants. The government’s

evidence indicatesthat Hernandez-Bautista was never seen or detected within one and one-half miles

of the marijuana stash that the agents said they found. The agents did not find any tangible evidence

of connexity between Hernandez-Bautista or histruck and the other defendants. Although the agents

found a pair oftwo-way radiosin Hernandez-Bautista’struck, there is no other evidence in the record

that tends to prove that the radios were used or intended for use to communicate with the other

defendants. The agents found no evidence in the truck that it was used to transport people or

marijuana.27 No marijuana or other evidence of connexity was found in the abandoned truck on

Chispa Road. There was no evidence of any familiarity between Hernandez-Bautista and the other

defendants. Because the evidence supports a theory of innocence at least as much as a theory of guilt
28See United States v. Dean, 59 F.3d 1479, 1484 (5th Cir.1995).

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and of the crime charged, we conclude that the district court did not err in granting an acquittal.28

Jose and Jesus Gutierrez-Guzman, Garcia-Rodriguez, Ornela-Yanez, and Ochoa-Bernal

The government’s evidence that each of these defendants aided and abetted possession with

intent to distribute marijuana is constitutionally insufficient to convict, considering the evidence of

record and the government’s burden of proof. We agree with the district court that the government

has failed to introduce sufficient evidence to support any rational juror’s finding of each of the

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The government agents found the six men, not in

proximity to the marijuana that the government alleges they possessed, but nearly three miles away

from the arroyo where the marijuana was hidden. Furthermore, a steep ridge covered in vegetation

lies between the location of the marijuana and Needle Peak where the men were found. According

to the government’s theory, the defendants climbed up this ridge in the dark carrying heavy packs.

Yet there was no evidence introduced at trial that the men had engaged in a strenuous climb through

roughterrain. Jose Gutierrez-Guzman, Jesus Gutierrez-Guzman, and Ornela-Yanez all denied having

any knowledge of the marijuana. The agents also testified that all of the men denied knowing

Hernandez-Bautista or about the presence of marijuana in the desert when questioned at the border

patrol station. 

The government failed to establish support for a rational finding beyond a reasonable doubt

that the tracks found around the marijuana bundles matched the defendants’ footwear the night they

were arrested. The border patrol agents followed the footprints found near the marijuana bags for

only a short distance. The agents did not discover the men by tracking their footprints, but found

them after being advised by Agent Zamora that he had detected six individuals on the LORIS scope.
16

The agent most knowledgeable about tracking could only testify that “the tracks left by the shoes of

the defendants were similar to those tracks that I saw on the ground.” Furthermore, he

acknowledged that millions of shoes existed with soles capable of leaving tracks with the same

features. From the photographs of record, we cannot determine that the tracks in the desert,

identified by Crow as “accurately purport[ing] to show what [he] saw” as he tracked the night of

March 1, 2001, match the marks on the soles of the footwear in the government’s photograph. The

agents did not continuously track the footprints leading from the pickup truck to the marijuana or

from the marijuana to the defendants. 

The defendantstold storiesthat were consistent with their situations. They testified that they

had previously crossed the border illegally to work in the United States and the government offered

no cogent evidence to prove that they had different motives at the time of their arrest. In addition,

the men were prepared for a long walk through the desert with provisions of food and water. Several

vehicle and pedestrian sensors indicated traffic earlier that day before border patrol agents decided

to apprehend the speeder on Chispa Road at 10:30 p.m. The agents admitted that people

continuously cross the border in the Chispa Road area without being detected by sensors. 

The defendants’ behavior was consistent with their innocence of the charged offense. The

men in the desert did not flee when apprehended by the agents, but submitted to their authority. The

alleged red marks on the men’s backs, if any, could have been caused by the straps of the provisions

bag, which they took turns carrying and which disappeared while in the care and custody of the

government.

No one testified to having seen any of these defendants in possession of marijuana or large

bags, other than their provisions bag. The jury heard Agent Zamora agree that many undocumented
17

aliens used the Chispa Road area to come into the country, a statement that supports a theory of

innocence and the defendants’ story. Agent Crow conceded that the duffel bags of marijuana could

have been in the arroyo for several days before they were found. 

After having reviewed the record in its entirety and the arguments of counsel, we conclude

that the evidence is insufficient to support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The

government has not sufficiently proven a theory linking Hernandez-Bautista in his pickup truck

heading north on Chispa Road, six men on foot in the desert, an abandoned pickup truck with a flat

tire facing southbound towards the border, and five bags of marijuana located in an arroyo several

miles away from the defendants. Considering all of the relevant factors, no rational trier of fact could

find the essential elements ofthe crimes charged by any of the defendants beyond a reasonable doubt.

We reach this conclusion after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the government

and having drawn all reasonable inferences in support of the verdict. 

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.