En 

R 

Form 78-A 10 

1978 Census f 

Area 

ri' Iture 

I 

U.S. DEPARTMENT ,OF COMMERCE 

AU.9ust 1978 Bureau of the Census 

ENUMERATOR'S REFERENCE MANUAL 

1978 Census of Agriculture Area Sample 

Table of Contents 

Page 

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... , 1 

Purpose and Use of This Manual ........................ , 1 

ENUMERATOR'S JOB AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE... 1 

Your Job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 

Your Crew Leader .................................... 2 

PURPOSE OF CAAS ......... , ......... , . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. 2 

Sample Segment .................................... , 3 

CENSUS TERMS AND FORMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 

Terms You Must Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 

Materials You Will Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 

Confidentiality. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 

Interviewing ....................................... , 6 

Starting an Interview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 

Conducting the Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 

Legal Right. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 

Closing the Interview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 

Information Used Only for Statistical Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 

CAAS and Bureau of the Census Are Not Linked to USDA . . .. 8 

CHAPTER II. LOCATING AND CANVASSING THE SEGMENT. .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. 9 

Map and Segment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 

Canvassing the Segment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 

Location of Segment Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 

Segments Bounded by Roads or Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 

Segments Bounded by Political Lines ................... " 9 

Segments Bounded by Section Lines ....................... 9 

Dwellings on Segment Boundary ......................... 10 

Know Your Boundaries ................................ 10 

Segment Number ..................................... 10 

Maps ............................................ " 10 

Map Legend ....................................... " 10 

Map Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 

How to Find Your Segment ............................ 11 

Measured Distances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 

Making Corrections on Your Segment Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 

How to Use Your Map to Find Your Location .............. 11 

Preliminary Drive Through of the Segment ............... " 12 

Division of Segment into Pieces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 

Summary of Rules for Using Your Map .................... 14 
II 

Page 

CHAPTER III. RECORD BOOK, FORM A3 ........................ , ......... 15 

A3 Record Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 

Purpose of Form A3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 

What to List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 

List Heads of Households As You Come to the Dwelling .... " 16 

Enter A3 Line Numbers on Map ......................... 16 

Habitable Vacant Dwelling Units ......................... 16 

New Construction .................................... 16 

What Places to Visit ................................... 16 

Places for Which a Listing is Not Required ................. 17 

Families With Two or More Homes ....................... 17 

GroupQuarters ...................................... 18 

HOW TO FILL FORM A3 ................................. 19 

Summary for Completing the A3 Listing Sheet .............. 19 

Column 1: A3 Line Number ........................ 19 

Column 2: Heads of Households or Persons With 

Agriculture Operations Living in the Segment .. 20 

Column 3: Mailing Address to Include ZIP Code ........ 20 

Columns 4,5, and 6: For Persons Named in Column 2 .... 20 

Column 7: A 1 Required? .......................... 20 

Column 8: Type of Organization .................... 21 

Types of Organizations Defined ........... , 21 

Column 9: Anyone (Else) Living in This Household With 

Agricultural Operations ................... 22 

Column 10: Remarks and Reminders .................. 23 

Column 11: Date Completed ........................ 23 

Review of the A3 Form ................... 23 

CHAPTER IV. THE AGRICULTURE QUESTIONNAIRE ....................... 25 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS .............................. 25 

When an A 1 is Required ............................... 25 

HOWTOFILLFORMA1-AGRICULTUREQUESTIONNAIRE.25 

Two or More A 1 's For One Operator ..................... 25 

Home Use .......................................... 25 

F FA and 4-H Projects ................................. 26 

Description of the A 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 

Read Bold Face Type to Respondent ..................... 26 

Instructions in Light Face Type ......................... 26 

How to Enter Response to Questions ..................... 27 

Read Instructions From Your Manual for 

Clarification to the Respondent ......................... 27 

Ask the Operator to Make Estimates ...................... 28 

Round Off Cents to the Nearest Dollar .................... 28 

Fractions ......................................... " 28 

Ask the Questions as Worded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 

Read Questions in the Column Headings ................... 28 

SUMMARY FOR FILLING FORM A 1. ...................... 29 

DETAI LED INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE 

AGRICULTURE QUESTIONNAIRE ........................ 30 

Page 1 of Questionnaire ................................ 30 

A 1 Identification (Part 1) .............................. 30 
Page 

Telephone Number ................................... 30 

Year Begin Operation ................................. 30 

Federal Employer Identification Number .................. 31 

Type of Organization (Part II) ........................... 31 

Type A - Individual or Family Operations ............. 31 

Type B - Partnership Operations .................... 32 

Type C - I ncorporated Under State Law. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 

Type D - Other Organizations, Cooperatives ........... 34 

Estates or Trust, Prison Farm ............ 34-35 

Indian Reservation ., ..................... 35 

Grazing Association ....................... 35 

BASIC FARM DATA .................................... 37 

Section 1 - Acreage for the Entire Year of 1978 ............ 37 

Item 1 - Land Owned ............................ 37 

Item 2 - Land Rented or Leased from Others. . . . . . . . .. 38 

Item 3 - Land Rented or Leased to Others ............ 38 

Item 4 - Acres In This Place ....................... 39 

Item 5 - Name and Address of Landlord .............. 40 

Item 6 - Land Rented to Others .................... 40 

Item 6a - Owned Land Rented or Leased to Others ...... 40 

Item 7 - Land Used by Grazing Permits .............. 40 

Item 8 - Acres Set-Aside Under the Federal 

Farm Program ........................... 41 

Item 9 - Location of Agricultural Activity ............ 41 

Item 9a - Principal County ......................... 41 

Item 9b - Other Counties .......................... 41 

Section 2-8 - Crops Harvested From This Place in 1978 ...... 41 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS .............................. 41 

Crops Relate to "Acres I n This Place". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42 

Acres and Quantity Harvested ........................... 42 

Flash Cards ......................................... 43 

I rrigated Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43 

Home Use .......... , ........................... , ... 43 

Value of Sales ....................................... 43 

Crops Not Listed on A 1 ............................... 43 

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INFORMATION REQUIRED 

FOR SECTIONS 2 THROUGH 8 ........................... 43 

Section 2 - Field Corn Harvested for Grain or Seed, 

Field Corn for Silage or Green Chop, Wheat, Oats, 

Barley for Grain; Sorghums for Grain or Seed; Sorghums 

for Silage or Green Chop, Soybeans for Beans; Cotton, 

Tobacco, Irish Potatoes, and Sweetpotatoes ................ 43 

Item 1 - Field Corn for Grain or Seed ................ 44 

Item 2 - Field Corn for Silage or Green Chop .......... 44 

Items 3, 4, and 5 - Wheat, Oats, and Barley for Grain ..... 45 

Item 6 - Sorghums for Grain or Seed (include Milo) ..... 45 

Item 7 - Sorghums for Silage or Green Chop 

(exclude Sorghum - Sudan Crosses) ......... , 45 

Item 8 - Soybeans for Beans ....................... 45 

Item 9 - Cotton ................................. 45 

Item 10 - Tobacco ............................... 45 

Items 11 and 12 - I rish Potatoes, Sweetpotatoes and Yams. 46 

II. 
IV 

Page 

Section 3 - Dry Hay, Grass Silage, Haylage or Green Chop ... , 46 

Item 1 - Alfalfa and Alfalfa Mixtures for Hay 

or Dehydrating ......................... , 47 

Item 2 - Small Grain Hay ......................... 47 

Item 3 -- Other Tame Dry Hay, Clover, Lespedeza, 

Timothy, Bermuda Grass, Sudan Grass, etc .... , 47 

Item 4 - Wild Hay ............................... 47 

Items 5 and 6 - Grass Silage, Haylage, and Green Chop .... 47 

SECTIONS 4-8 - GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS .............. , 48 

Section 4 - Fruit Trees, Grapevines, Citrus and Nut Trees .... , 49 

Item 1 - Acres of Bearing and Nonbearing Trees ........ 49 

Item 2 - Fruit and Nut Trees on the Place ............ , 49 

Section 5 - Vegetables, Sweet Corn, Melons, Etc ............ 50 

Item 1 - Acres of Vegetables Harvested in 1978 ........ 50 

Item 2 - Vegetable Crops Harvested or Will Be 

Harvested For Sale From This Place in 1978? .. , 50 

Beans, Peas, Melons, Onions, Peppers, 

Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli ............. , 51 

Section 6 - Nursery or Greenhouse Products Grown For Sale .. 52 

I tern 1 - Area Irrigated .......................... , 52 

Item 2 - Products Grown on This Place For Sale 

in 1978 ................................ 52 

Sod Harvested ................................. 52 

Mushrooms .................................. , 52 

Value of Sales ................................ , 53 

Section 7 - Berries Harvested For Sale .................... 53 

Section 8 - Other Crops Harvested From This Place 

in1978 ............................................ 54 

Broomcorn, Hops ................................. 54 

Cowpeas For Dry Peas, Rice, Sugar Beets for 

Sugar, Sugarcane .................................. 55 

Section 9 - Value of Crops Sold ........................ , 55 

Value of Products Harvested by Others ................ , 56 

Item 1 - Grain Sold in 1978 .................... 56 

Item 1 a - Government CCC Loans on Grains ........ 56 

Item 2 - Cotton and Cottonseed ................. 56 

Item 2a - Government CCC Loans on Cotton ........ 57 

Item 3 - Tobacco ............................ 57 

Item 4 - Field Seeds, Hay, Forage, and Silage ....... 57 

Item 5 - Vegetables, Sweet Corn and Melons ....... 57 

Item 6 - Fruits, Nuts, Berries ................... 57 

Item 7 - Nursery and Greenhouse Products ......... 57 

Item 8 - Other Crops ......................... , 57 

Section 10 - Land Use in 1978 ......................... , 57 

Item 1 - Copy "Acres In This Place" from 

Section 1, Item 4 ........................ , 57 

Item 2 - Cropland............................... 58 

Item 2a - Cropland Harvested ...................... , 58 

Acres Reported Harvested in Sections 2-8 .... , 59 

Item 2b - Cropland Used for Pasture or Grazing ......... 59 

Item 2c - Cropland Used for Cover Crops ............. , 59 
Page 

Item 2d - Cropland on Which All Crops Failed ......... . 59 

Item 2e - Cropland in Cultivated Summer Fallow ....... . 60 

Item 2f - Idle Cropland .......................... . 60 

Item 3 - Woodland ............................. . 60 

Item 3a - Woodland Pastured ...................... . 60 

Item 3b - Woodland Not Pastured ................... . 60 

Item 4 - Other Pastureland and Rangeland ........... . 60 

Item 5 - All Other Land ......................... . 61 

Item 6 - Total Acres ............... , ............ . 61 

Section 11-lrrigated Land in 1978 ..................... . 61 

Item 1a - Irrigated Harvested Land .................. . 61 

Item 1b - Irrigated Pastureland and Rangeland ......... . 61 

Item 1c - Other Lands Irrigated .................... . 62 

Item 1d - Total Land Irrigated ..................... . 62 

Sections 12-16 - Livestock and Poultry - General 

Information ......................... . 62 

Number On This Place (Inventories) .................. . 62 

Number Sold or Moved From This Place .............. . 62 

Section 12 - Cattle and Calves ......................... . 63 

Item 1 - Total Cattle and Calves ................... . 63 

Item 1 a - Beef Cows ............................. . 63 

Item 1b - Milk Cows ............................. . 63 

Item 1 c - Heifers and Heifer Calves .................. . 63 

Item 1d - Steers and Bulls ......................... . 63 

Sum of Entries in Items 1 a, 1 b, 1 c, and 1 d ............. . 64 

Cattle and Calves Sold or To Be Sold in 1978 

Items 2, 3, and 3a ................................ . 64 

Gross Value of Sales for Cattle and Calves, 

Items 2,3, and 3a ................................ . 64 

Item 2 - Calves Weighing Less Than 500 Pounds ....... . 64 

Item 3 - Cattle Including Calves Weighing 500 

Pounds or More ......................... . 64 

Item 3a - Fattened on Grain or Concentrates .......... . 64 

Item 4 - Dairy Products Sold ..................... . 65 

Section 13 - Hogs or Pigs ............................. . 65 

Item 1 - Total Hogs and Pigs ...................... . 65 

Item 1a - Hogs and Pigs for Breeding ................ . 65 

Item 1 b - Other Hogs and Pigs ..................... . 65 

Item 2 - Litters Farrowed ........................ . 65 

Item 3 - Hogs and Pigs Sold ...................... . 66 

Item 4 - Feeder Pigs Sold ........................ . 66 

Section 14 - Sheep and Lambs ........................ . 66 

Item 1 - Total Sheep and Lambs ................... . 66 

Item 1a - Total Ewes 1 Year Old or Older ............ . 66 

Item 2 - Sheep and Lambs Shorn .................. . 67 

Item 3 - Gross Value of Sales of Sheep, Lambs, 

and Wool .............................. . 67 

Section 15 - Horses, Bees, Fish, Other Livestock and 

Animal Specialties ........................ . 67 

Fish and Other Aquaculture Products ................. . 67 

Bees ..... " ................... , ................ . 67 

Pelts .......................................... . 68 

V 
VI 

Page 

Items 1-3 - Inventory, NumberSold and Gross 

Item 4-

Item 5-

Item 6-

Value of Sales ........................... 68 

Other Livestock or Animal Specialties ....... " 68 

Quantity and Value of Sales ................ 68 

Fish and Other Aquaculture Products 

Grown in Captivity ....................... 68 

Section 16 - Poultry, Such as Chickens, Turkeys, Ducks, Etc ... 69 

General Instructions ............................... 69 

Item 1a - Hens and Pullets of Laying Age ........... 69 

Item 1 b - Pullets 3 Months Old and Older ........... 69 

Item 1 c - Pullets, Chicks, and Pullets Under 3 Months. 69 

Item 2 - Broilers, Fryers ....................... 70 

Item 3 - Turkeys ............................. 70 

Item 3a - Turkeys for Slaughter ................ " 70 

Item 3b - Turkeys for Breeding ................... 70 

Item 4 - Other Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70 

Item 5 - Poultry Hatched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70 

Item 6 - Incubator Egg Capacity ................. 70 

Item 7 - Value of Sales ....................... , 71 

Section 17 - Income From Machine Work, Customwork, 

and Other Agricultural Services ............... 71 

Item 1 - Amount Received from Machine Work 

Customwork, and Other Agricultural Services ... 71 

Item 2 - Kind of Work Done ....................... 71 

Section 18 - Sales Directly to Consumer for Human 

Consumption ............................. 71 

Item 1 - Gross Value of Direct Sales ................. 71 

Item 2 - Products Sold ........................... 71 

Section 19 - Type of Organization ....................... 72 

Section 20 - Operator Characteristics and Occupation. . . . . . .. 72 

Item 1 - Residence.............................. 72 

Item 2 - Race .................................. 72 

Item 3 - Age................................... 72 

Item 4 - Sex................................... 72 

Item 5 - Spanish Origin ........................... 72 

Item 6 - Occupation ............................. 72 

Item 7 - Work Off This Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73 

Section 21 

- Foreign Ownership ......................... 73 

Item 1 - Non-citizens of the United States ............ 73 

Item 2 - Land Held by Foreign Corporations, 

Unincorporated Associations and 

Foreign Governments ..................... 73 

Section 22 - Commercial Fertilizer and Lime Used in 1978 ., 73 

Item 1 - Cropland Fertilized ....................... 73 

Item 2 - Pastureland and Rangeland Fertilized ......... 73 

Item 3 - Tons of Lime .......................... " 73 

Section 23 - Insecticides, Herbicides, Fungicides, Nematacides, 

Other Pesticides or Other Chemicals ........... 74 

General Instructions ............................... 74 

Items 1a, b, c, d - Sprays, Dusts, Granules, 

Fumigants, Etc .......................... 74 
Page 

Item 2 - Chemicals for Defoliation or Growth Control .. , 75 

Item 3 - Chemicals Used for Insect Control, 

Section 24-

Item 1 -

Item 2-

Treatment of Buildings, Etc ................. 75 

Machinery and Equipment on This Place ....... 75 

Value of Machinery and Equipment .......... 75 

Selected Inventory of Automobiles, Trucks, 

Tractors, Equipment and Machinery On 

This Place .............................. 76 

Item 2a - Automobiles............................ 76 

Item 2b - Motortrucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 

Item 2c - Wheel Tractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 

Item 2d - Grain and Bean Combines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 

Item 2e - Corn Heads for Combines .................. 76 

Items 2f and 2g - Other Corn Pickers, Picker-Shellers, 

and Cotton Pickers (excluding Strippers) .. . . .. 76 

Item 2h - Mower Conditioners ...................... 76 

Item 2i - Pickup Balers ............................ 76 

Item 2j - Field Forage Harvesters .................... 77 

Section 25 - Total Expenditures for Energy and Petroleum 

Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77 

Item 1--8 - Expenditures for Gasoline, Diesel, 

Oil, Electricity, Etc ....................... 77 

Items 1-4 - Gallons Purchased ...................... 77 

Items 1-4 - Storage Capacity ..................... " 77 

Section 26 - Production Expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78 

General Instructions ............................. " 78 

Item 1 - Livestock and Poultry Purchased ............ , 78 

Item 2 - Feed.................................. 78 

Item 2a - Commercially Mixed Formula Feeds 

Item 3-

Item 4-

Item 5-

Item 6-

Item 7-

Item 7aItem 8-

Item 9-

Purchased. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78 

Animal Health Cost ..................... " 79 

Seeds, Bulbs, Plants and Trees ............. " 79 

Commercial Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79 

Chemical Cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79 

Hired Farm Labor ........................ 79 

Hired Farm or Ranch Workers ............... 80 

Contract Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80 

Customwork and Rental of Machinery and 

Equipment ............................. 80 

Section 27 - Estimated Current Market Value of Land 

and Buildings ............................. 81 

General Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81 

Section 28 - Sheet of Agricultural County Census ........... 81 

CHAPTER V. SPECIAL SITUATIONS .. ................................... 82 

Purpose of This Chapter ............................... 82 

Places of Two or More Tracts ........................... 82 

Part of Land in Segment and Part of Land Out of Segment ..... 82 

Places Operated by Landlords ........................... 83 

Places Operated by Tenants or Sharecroppers ............... 83 

Tenant's Share Plus Landlord's Share Equals Total ........... 83 

Places With New Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83 

VII 
VIII 

Page 

Partnership ......................................... 84 

Corporations and Institutions ........................... 84 

HiredManager ....................................... 85 

Farm or Ranch Operators Living in Urban Areas ............. 85 

Indian Reservations ................................... 85 

Institutions (Schools, Experiment Stations, 

Military Installations, Prisons, Etc.) ....................... 85 

Grazing Permits (Section 1, Item 7) ...................... 86 

Contract Farming .................................... 86 

Farming Combined with Nonfarm Activities ................ 87 

Quit Farming Before the Day of Enumeration .............. 87 

Acres Operated Changed ............................... 87 

"Zero Acres in Place" ................................. 88 

Two or More Uses of Land ............................. 88 

Doublecropping .................................... " 89 

Interplanted Crops and "Skip Row" Planting ............... 89 

Crops Harvested in Orchards .......................... " 89 

Two or More Cuttings of Hay ........................... 89 

Vegetables .......................................... 89 

Fruits and Nuts ...................................... 90 

Report Livestock Where They Are ..................... " 90 

Other Special Situations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90 

No One Home (NOH) .............................. 90 

Head of Household Not Home on First Visit ............. 92 

Unable to Complete A 1 on First Visit. ................. 92 

Refusals and Other Difficult Cases ................... , 92 

How to Handle Respondent Who Answers 

Only Some Questions .............................. 92 

Complete Refusals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93 

Avoid Argument with Respondent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93 

CHAPTER VI. CONVERSION FACTORS ................................... 94 

Purpose .......................................... " 94 

How to Use Conversion Factors ......................... 94 

Corn, Sorghums, and Legumes .......................... 94 

Hay and Silage ....................................... 95 

Table: Conversion of Hay Bales to Number of Bales/Ton ...... 95 

Table: Conversion of Silage to Tons ...................... 96 

Field Seeds ......................................... 97 

Strawberries, Cranberries and Other Small Fruits ............ 97 

Fruit and Nut Trees ................................... 98 

Table: Conversion of Trees to Acre Equivalents ............ , 98 

Nursery and Greenhouse Products ...................... " 98 

Other Crops .................................... ~ . . .. 98 

Table: Conversion of Fractions to Nearest Tenth ............ 99 
Page 

CHAPTER VII. REVIEW YOUR COMPLETED WORK ........................ 103 

General ........................................... 103 

Reviewing the A 1 Questionnaire ....................... , 103 

Daily Review of the Record Book and the Segment Map . . . .. 103 

Final Review of the Segment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103 

1. Final Review ofthe Segment Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103 

2. Final Review of the A3 Listing Pages .................. 104 

3. Final Review of the A 1 Questionnaires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104 

CHAPTER VIII. OTHER DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ................... 106 

Record ing Progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 106 

Recording Progress and Costs ..... ~ ..................... 107 

Transmitting Completed Work .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108 

Other Responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108 

APPENDIX: Exhibit 1 - Extract From the Census Act, 

Title 13, U.S. Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109 

GLOSSARY OF TERMS ... , ................... " ......... " .......... 111-118 

INDEX ...............................•.... '" ................... 119-122 

. 

1)( 

Purpose and Use 

of This Manual 

Your Job 

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 

This manual contains instructions for YOU - the Bureau of 

the Census enumerator for the 1978 Census of Agriculture 

Area Sample (CAAS). 

It has eight chapters, an appendix, and a table of contents. 

Each chapter is divided into paragraphs containing the 

explanations and instructions that you will need to do your 

job as a CAAS enumerator. The appendix contains a glossary 

of terms and definitions, an exhibit of the Census Laws and 

an Index. The Table of Contents can help you locate the 

main topics covered in this manual. For topics not listed 

in the Table of Contents refer to the Index. 

You will use this manual during your classroom training 

and during the entire period of your employment as an 

enumerator. Become familiar with it before you start your 

enumeration work so you can find instructions quickly when 

you need them. Do not try to IIget by" on the basis of what 

you think you know. Keep this manual with you and use it 

throughout your period of employment for the 1978 Census 

of Agriculture Area Sample. 

USE IT DURING INTERVIEWS 

USE IT BETWEEN INTERVIEWS 

USE IT AT HOME 

ENUMERATOR'S JOB AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE 

You and approximately 1,600 other enumerators have the 

job of doing the field work for the 1978 Census of Agriculture Area Sample (CAAS). Each of you will be assigned 

designated areas called "sample segments." You must 

account for every head of household living in the segment 

and for every other person living in the· segment who is 

associated with a separate and distinct agricultural operation 

in 1978. Some segments will contain few households that 

have agricultural operations, and others will include many 

households that may have extremely large agricultural 

operations. 

Enumeration for CAAS is a combination of canvassing, 

listing, and interviewing. In general terms your job is to: 

1. Systematically travel all roads, streets, paths, etc., 

in your segment, looking for dwelling units. This is called 

canvassing. 

2. List in the A3 Record Book, the name and mailing 

address of each head of household who lives in the 

segment and every other person living in the segment who 

is associated with separate agricultural operations. Also 

list habitable vacant units. 

1 
2 

Your Crew Leader 

3. Mark the location of each habitable dwelling unit on a 

segment map with a symbol, and write its A3 line number 

beside it. 

4. Obtain a completed Agricultural Questionnaire (Form 

A 1) for each person living in the segment who has or had 

separate agricultural operations in 1978. 

5. Review your work to make sure the entries are complete 

and legible. 

6. Report progress, cost, and payroll information and turn 

in completed materials to your crew leader. 

You are not permitted to discuss politics, to do any 

soliciting, selling, nor to do community, church, or political 

work while you are enumerating. You are expected to give 

your full attention to this job, do your work conscientiously, 

follow all instructions in this manual, and take good care of 

the forms and questionnaires you fill while working on 

this job. 

The successful completion of the job depends on you. 

At the completion of training, your crew leader will give you 

your assignment and a supply of the materials you will need. 

Your crew leader will observe you while you are enumerating 

and review your work. As necessary, he or she will suggest 

where improvement is needed. 

If you have questions or problems you cannot answer, write 

them down, then contact your crew leader for assistance. 

Let your crew leader know in advance if more questionnaires 

or other materials will be needed so that your work will not 

be delayed. 

PURPOSE OF CAAS 

A mail-out/mail-back procedure was used in both the 1969 

and 1974 Censuses of Agriculture. The mailing lists of farm 

operators for those censuses were compiled from a combination of sources. Evaluation studies have shown that the 

mailing lists of farms or ranch operators were not adequate 

to assure that all agricultural operators were on the list, 

especially those of part-time or small scale operations. 

CAAS is being conducted to supplement the mailing list for 

the 1978 Census of Agriculture and to provide State 

estimates for farms and ranches not on the list. CAAS will 

provide more information on agricultural operations and 

improve the quality of the census data. 
Sample Segment 

Terms You Must Know 

3 

The word "sample" as used in this survey means that only a 

portion of the households in the United States will be 

enumerated. These households are located in small areas of 

land called "sample segments." The combined data from all 

sample segments will represent the entire United States. 

The segment has been outlined in red on the segment map. 

Each segment is identified by a segment number. 

Most segments will be in rural areas and many of the people 

living there will be farmers and ranchers. However, some 

segments will be in urban areas where few farm or ranch 

operators live. All segments, both rural and urban, must be 

thoroughly enumerated according to the instructions 

contained in this manual. 

CENSUS TERMS AND FORMS 

The following census terms appear throughout this manual 

and will be used frequently in the training class. It is 

important that you become familiar with them. 

1. Canvassing - Traveling in a systematic fashion every 

street, road, path, alleyway, and court in the segment 

and looking for dwelling units. 

2. Enumeration - Listing information about a person or 

place and completing an Agriculture Questionnaire 

when required. 

3. Segment - An area of land clearly outlined in RED on 

your map. 

4. Dwelling Unit - Is a house, apartment, a group of rooms, 

or a single room, occupied as a separate living quarter, 

or if vacant, intended for occupancy as a separate living 

quarter. "Separate living quarters" are those in which the 

occupants do not live and eat with other person(s) in the 

building and which have direct access from the outside 

of the building or through a common hall. If vacant, 

the criteria of separateness and direct access apply to the 

intended occupants. Examples of dwelling units include 

the following: 

a. Houses 

b. Mobile homes 

c. Townhouses 

d. Condominiums 

e. Apartments 
4 

Materials You Will Use 

f. Cottages and vacation homes 

g. Group quarters such as boarding houses, college 

dormitories, hospitals, etc. 

h. Unusual living quarters such as boxcars, old buses, 

houseboats, lean-to's, etc., which might be occupied 

or are obviously intended for occupancy. 

5. Place - Land on which agricultural operations were or 

will be conducted at any time in 1978 under the day-today control or supervision of one person or partnership. 

Control may be exercised through ownership or 

management or through a lease, rental or cropping 

arrangement. Land managed for someone else is always 

considered to be a separate place. A place may consist 

of one or more tracts. 

6. Person in charge, or "operator" - The person who 

controls the farming operations on a place, either doing 

the work himself or directly supervising the work. This 

person does not necessarily need to be the owner of the 

place, he or she may be a member of the owner's household, or a tenant, renter, sharecropper or hired manager. 

He or she is generally the person making the decisions as 

to what and when to plant crops and when to harvest 

and sell, also when to make purchases, sales, and other 

decisions about livestock on the place. A foreman, 

hired hand, etc., are not considered as in charge unless 

they are making the above decisions. 

7. Respondent - The person who gives the information for 

the survey. That is, the person who "responds" to the 

questions asked. 

A "portfolio" will be given to you with your assignment. 

Here you will keep the forms and records that you need for 

your work. You will use the following materials: 

1. Segment Map - shows the area, outlined in red, to be 

enumerated. The map will be inside an envelope attached 

to the back cover of the A3 Record Book. 

2. County Map - shows each segment assigned to you for 

enumeration. The map may not cover the entire county, 

but it will include that part where your segment(s) is 

located. The map will also be inside an envelpe in the 

back of the Record Book. 

3. Record Book (Form A3) contains pages for listing 

names and addresses of each head of household living in 

the segment and any other person living in ihe segment 

who is associated with a separate agricultural operation. 

In addition, habitable vacant dwelling units will be listed 
Confidentiality 

5 

here. The pages provide space for entering other 

pertinent information about each listing. 

4. Agriculture Questionnaires (Form A 1) a form for 

reporting detailed information about agricultural operations of a farm or ranch operator who lives in the 

segment at the time of enumeration. 

5. Payroll and Administrative Forms - Refer to your 

Administrative Handbook for One-Time Survey Employees, Form 11-65, for exhibits and specific instructions 

for filling these forms. 

a. Form BC-27, Time and Cost Distribution Report for 

Intermittent Employees. 

b. Form BC-27 A, Field Employees's Record of Travel 

Expenses. 

c. Form BC-27B, Field Employee's Record of Other 

Reimbursable Expenses. 

d. Form BC-27C, Field Employee's Worksheet for 

Recording Number of Local Telephone Calls and/or 

Messages. 

e. Form BC-27D, Interviewer's Cost Report. 

6. The basic accident and injury forms that will be used if 

you are injured or have a motor-vehicle accident while 

on official business. 

The law requires that all information collected by the Census 

Bureau be kept confidential. Extracts from the Census Act 

are shown in the Appendix. On or before your first day of 

training you will take an oath that you will never reveal 

Census information to anyone who is not a sworn employee 

of the Census Bureau. Keep in mind that you must not 

reveal Census information to any unauthorized personnel 

including members of your own family. 

To make sure you keep the oath, follow these rules: 

1. Do not repeat any information you receive as a Census 

enumerator to anyone except your supervisor or other 

Census employees. 

2. Do not let anyone go with you while you are working 

except your supervisor or another Census employee. 

3. Do not let the respondent see the Listing Sheets in your 

A3 Record Book at any time. 

4. Do not leave completed questionnaires where they can 

be seen by anyone except your supervisor or another 

Census employee. 
6 

I nterviewi ng 

Starting an Interview 

5. Interview the respondent privately or with only members 

of his or her family present. If necessary, explain that 

you are not supposed to get the information in the 

presence of anyone outside the family not employed by 

the Census Bureau. However, if the respondent says 

he or she doesn't object to having friends or neighbors 

present, proceed with the interview. 

Your maps are not confidential. You may show them to 

respondents whenever you need help in locating places. 

During your enumeration work, you will conduct many 

interviews. Try to make a good impression on the respondent with the proper attitude right from the start of each 

interview. Wear neat, conservative clothes suitable for the 

area you are enumerating. Do not let anything about your 

attitude or appearance be annoying or distracting to a 

respondent. 

An identification badge, representing your official authorization to ask the Census questions, will be given to you during 

the training class. Always have the badge pinned to your 

clothing while you are enumerating. The respondent has the 

right to see your official authorization before giving you 

any information. 

As you approach the farm or ranch, you should pay 

particular attention to any type of agricultural activities 

such as livestock and poultry, crops being grown or harvested, 

farm machinery and equipment, chicken houses, storage 

bins, etc., that may be associated with the place. These 

observations may be useful when conducting the interview. 

For example, a respondent may indicate that they have 

no agricultural operations, yet you saw some chickens in 

the backyard as you drove into the place. In this case you 

should ask the respondent about these chickens and any 

other agricultural operations observed around the place. 

Greet the respondent, give your name, and explain that you 

are working for the United States Bureau of the Census. 

Following is an example of the type of introduction you 

should use: 

"Good morning." My name is and I 

am from the United States Bureau of the Census. We are 

conducting a survey for the 1978 Census of Agriculture and 

I need to ask you some questions." 

A pleasant and friendly attitude on your part will help you 

get the respondent's cooperation. Then start asking the 

questions on Form A3. If, at any point during the interview, 

the respondent asks why the information is wanted, give 

further explanation as necessary. Tell the respondent that 
Conducting the Interview 

Legal Right 

7 

his or her dwelling is in an area which has been selected for 

a survey which is part of the 1978 Census of Agriculture, 

that all information for an individual person or place is kept 

absolutely confidential, and that the survey has nothing to 

do with taxes or law enforcement. For additional background information on the Census of Agriculture, refer to 

the publicity brochures and pamphlets distributed during 

the training session. 

Combine a friendly attitude with a business-like manner. It 

is important for the respondent to realize that serious 

attention should be given to the questions and that you, the 

enumerator, are authorized to ask the questions. Never 

bring up the mandatory nature of this survey. If you are 

asked whether there is a law requiring the Census enumeration you should, of course, indicate that there is. If 

necessary, point out Section 142 of the Census Act in the 

Appendix at the back of this manual. If the respondent 

asks for the purpose of the law, explain that the primary 

reason for the census law is to confirm the importance of a 

complete and accurate census, not to penalize persons for 

not complying. 

Be courteous at all times and read explanations from this 

manual for any questions the respondent has difficulty 

understanding. Keep in mind the following points while 

you are interviewing: 

1. Avoid "talking down" to the respondent or acting as 

though you feel the questions are "over his or her head." 

2. Always treat the respondent with respect. People 

find it more difficult to refuse a pleasant and friendly 

enumerator. 

3. Try not to interview the respondent in the presence of 

anyone outside the immediate family. There are some 

questions that a respondent might answer incorrectly, 

or not answer at all, if outsiders are present. 

4. Do not show surprise at the answers you receive, either 

by your tone of voice or facial expression. Such 

reactions on your part may cause respondents to give 

wrong answers. 

5. Never tell a respondent that you do not believe the 

information given is correct. If you have reason to doubt 

the accuracy of any answers, tactfully repeat the question. 

Then record the respondent's reply as given. 

6. Do not become involved in lengthy discussions with the 

respondent about politics or government farm programs. 

Explain politely that you are not permitted to discuss 

such mattE1rs while you are working for the Census 

Bureau, and that the Bureau of the Census is not a 

policy making branch of the Federal Government. 
8 

Closing the Interview 

Information Used Only for 

Statistical Estimates 

CAAS and Bureau of the 

Census Are Not Linked 

to USDA 

Listening to the respondent until he or she has finished 

making a statement is one of the most important elements 

of interviewing. Failure to do so can result in wrong entries 

on the questionnaire, for example: 

1. Not listening to the last half of the answer because you 

were busy recording the first half may result in 

incomplete information or missing important information 

related to other sections of the A 1. 

2. Interrupting the respondent before he or she has finished, 

especially if the respondent hesitates. The respondent 

may be hesitating simply to recollect some fact. 

3. Not giving the respondent time to think. Sometimes 

people will immediately answer "don't know" when they 

are merely considering a question. Give the respondent 

an opportunity to finish a statement before you repeat 

the question or ask additional questions. If you rush the 

respondent or are impatient or nervous, you may lose 

valuable information. Wait for the respondent to finish 

talking before you finish listening. 

After you have completed and reviewed the questionnaire 

and the A3 Listing, ask the respondent to tell you who lives 

in the next dwelling on your enumeration route. Asking 

such questions at every place you visit will help you do a 

more thorough canvassing job in your assigned segment. 

When you have completed the interview, be sure to thank the 

respondent. Let the respondent know that he or she has 

made a contribution to the success of the survey. You 

might say something like this: "Thank you very much for 

your cooperation, Mr., Mrs., or Miss. . You have 

been most helpful. 

Some respondents may worry about how the information 

will be used. You should explain that the information 

collected from individual farms will never be given to the 

Department of Agriculture, the Internal Revenue Service, 

or to any other agency or individual not employed by the 

Bureau of the Census. It will only be used to obtain 

statistical totals. 

The Census of Agriculture Area Sample and the Bureau of 

the Census are not connected with Department of Agriculture or with any other State or Federal Government agencies. 

The Bureau of the Census does not make recommendations 

or decisions about agricultural policies and programs for the 

Federal Government. By law, the information for this survey 

cannot be used for checking on acreage allotments, price 

support payments, crop loans, income, taxes, or any other 

features of the program administered by the Department of 

Agriculture or by any other agency or organization. 
9 

CHAPTER II. LOCATING AND CANVASSING THE SEGMENT 

Maps and Segment 

Canvassing the Segment 

Location of Segment 

Boundaries 

Segments Bounded by 

Roads or Streams 

Segments Bounded by 

Political Lines 

Segments Bounded by 

Section Lines 

A segment map will be inside an envelope attached to the 

back cover of the A3 Record Book. The number of segments 

per county will vary but the average will be about two 

segments per county. 

Canvassing is traveling in a systematic fashion every street, 

road, path, alleyway and court in the segment and looking 

for habitable dwelling units. This is one of the most 

important phases of your work. Following are some guidelines and instructions to assist you in carrying out this phase 

of your work. Review these guidelines and instructions and 

become familiar with them. Any points that are not clear 

to you or that you have questions about should be discussed 

with your crew leader. 

The first step in canvassing is to look at your map and 

segment boundaries. The segment boundaries are clearly 

outlined with heavy red lines. The red line represents the 

exact boundary of the area to be enumerated. In some 

cases, the boundary may follow a road that no longer exists 

or a stream that has changed its course since the map was 

made. If so, use the location where the road or stream 

previously existed as the boundary for enumeration. Verify 

the previous location of the road with the local residents, 

if necessary. 

If the boundary of the segment is a road or stream, consider 

the center of the road or stream as your boundary for 

enumeration. The dwellings on one side of the road or 

stream are in the segment; those on the other side are outside 

the segment. 

In some cases, part of a segment boundary may be a city 

limit, county, or other political jurisdiction line that does 

not coincide with a road, river, or other physical feature of 

the land. Find out from local residents the actual location 

of the city limit, county, or other political jurisdiction line. 

If the actual location does not coincide with the boundary 

line drawn on your segment map, use the boundaries as 

drawn on the segment map. Never change the boundaries 

on any of your maps unless your crew leader authorizes you 

to do so. 

In areas where the public land survey was completed and 

where land is divided into sections of one square mile, the 

segment boundaries may be section lines. People living in 

such areas generally know in which section they live. Ask 

them to help you locate the segment and to determine its 

exact boundaries. 
10 

Dwellings on Segment 

Boundary 

Know Your Boundaries 

Segment Number 

Maps 

Map Legend 

Map Scale 

You may find a dwelling located on a segment boundary. 

If so, consider the dwelling to be in the segment only if its 

main entrance is inside the segment boundary. 

You must know the precise location of your segment 

boundaries because you must account for all habitable 

dwellings within the segment. If you have any difficulty 

identifying any of the segment boundaries, call your crew 

leader. Do not proceed with enumeration until you are 

sure of the exact boundaries. Your work will be unacceptable if you enumerate in the wrong area. Likewise, if you 

miss any habitable dwelling units within your segments, 

you will be required to return and enumerate them before 

your crew leader will accept your work as complete. 

Each segment has been assigned its own number. The 

segment number is printed in red on the map. This number 

will also appear on a label in Part A of the Record Book 

cover. If the segment number on the map and the Record 

Book are not identical, contact your crew leader before 

you begin enumeration. 

The segment maps are copies of the best detailed road maps 

available to the Bureau of the Census. Segment maps for 

census taking are generally marked with houses, churches, 

and other structures in addition to roads, streams, and 

bridges. Such detailed maps are not issued very often and 

your maps may not be entirely up to date. For example: 

roads, houses and other structures built since the map was 

issued will not be shown. Also, some roads and buildings 

shown on the map may no longer exist. You may supplement your Census map with the latest road map for the 

county or counties assigned to you. Try to get a free map 

if possible; however, you are authorized to spend up to 

$3.00 for purchasing additional maps of the area. 

Your map should contain a "legend," or list of symbols 

representing such ground features as roads, streams, houses, 

churches, schools, etc. The legend explains the markings 

on the map. The symbols will help you to determine exactly 

where you are in the county and to locate the boundaries 

of each segment in your assignment. They will also help you 

find the dwellings that you must visit within the segments. 

The map should contain a scale of miles that will be useful 

for locating your segment. If you do not live in the area 

or if you are not familiar with the roads, use this scale to 

measure distances. 

Use your pencil to measure the distance between two points 

on the map. Place the pencil on the map so the point of the 

pencil is at "0" on the scale and your fingers (for the distance 
How to Find Your Segment 

Measured Distances 

Making Corrections on Your 

Segment Map 

How to Use Your Map to 

Find Your Location 

11 

to be measured) at the other end of the scale. You can then 

read the distance in miles directly from the scale. Once 

you know the distance on the map from where you are to 

where you want to go, you can measure the same distance 

on the ground by using your automobile odometer (mileage) 

reading. There may be a slight error in the mileage scale on 

the map or in your odometer, so you may find that the 

measurements will not match exactly. Usually, however, 

they will be accurate enough to bring you within sight of 

the point you are seeking. 

If you live outside the county, it may be necessary to use a 

State highway map in conjunction with the Census map. 

Identify the approximate location of the segment, select the 

roads to travel and proceed to the segment. If the segment is 

bounded by clearly defined features such as roads, railroads, 

or rivers, you should have little difficulty determining when 

you have reached the segment. In some cases, however, 

segment boundaries may be drawn along county, township, 

or other political jurisdiction lines that do not follow any 

clearly defined ground features. Such boundaries will be 

harder to locate and you will need to depend almost entirely 

on measured distances from your map and from your 

odometer readings to know when you have reached the 

segment. Then find out from local residents where the 

actual political jurisdiction line is located. 

In a few cases the segment boundary will be an imaginary 

line which does not correspond to any physical feature, 

political jurisdiction or township line. To locate the segment 

boundary, measure the distance on your car's odometer from 

a known physical feature that appears on the segment map to 

the imaginary line. 

As you travel in and around your segments, compare your 

segment map with the actual land features. Even though the 

map is not entirely up-to-date, it should agree in most 

respects with what you find. You may, however, find some 

roads, houses, schools, or other ground features that are not 

shown on the map. Also, the map may show roads or buildings that no longer exist. You may even find that a stream 

has changed its course since the map was made. 

To help you do a thorough canvassing job, correct the 

map as necessary to make it agree with the actual ground 

features. Draw in vacant house symbols ( c::J ), occupied 

hOlfe symbols (_)-' _sc .. hool symbols (.), chu rch symbols 

( ), cemetery kttJJ), commercial structures ( .. ), or 

other structures in the segment that are not shown on your 

map. Mark X through structures shown on the map that no 

longer exist ( .. ). Draw a wavy line through roads that no 

longer exist. Example: ~ ~ ~ 

Most maps have a "North" directional arrow printed on them. 

To use you r map properly, lay it out flat so the arrow points 

north. If you are not sure which direction is north, place 
12 

Preliminary Drive-Through 

of the Segment 

Division of Segment into 

Pieces 

the map in such a position that the symbols on the map agree 

with the features on the ground. Find the road you are on 

and note the nearest city, town or other locality that is the 

same on the map as it is on the ground. If you place your 

map correctly, all the symbols on it should be in the same 

relationship to one another as the corresponding features 

on the ground. For example, if there is a railroad (111111 ) 

to the left of a highway, (J::I:I::£) the symbol for the railroad 

on the map should be to the left of the symbol for the highway. Streams ( ~) and power line symbols (.-. -.-) 

may also appear on the map that will help in finding your 

location. 

The segments were drawn based on earlier housing unit 

counts and it may be necessary to make revisions in some 

segment boundaries prior to doing further field work. 

Before you begin enumeration, drive through the major roads 

of the segment and make a rough estimate of the number of 

habitable dwelling units in the segment. If your estimate of 

the number of dwellings exceeds 250 or is three times greater 

than the approximate number of dwellings shown on 

the Record Book cover (part A, item 3), contact your 

crew leader. 

Do not attempt to make an exact count of the dwelling 

units during the preliminary drive-through. The purpose 

of the preliminary drive-through is for you to make a rough 

estimate of the number of dwellings in the segment. When 

conducting the preliminary drive-through, be sure to watch 

for housing communities, apartment complexes, townhouse 

projects, condominiums, etc., that have been constructed 

within the past ten years. Clusters of recently constructed 

dwelling units such as these will often cause the approximate 

number of dwellings in Part A of the record Book Cover to 

be incorrect. Generally familiarize yourself with the segment 

during the preliminary drive-through. Take note of the 

location of dwelling units, unmapped roads, prominent 

physical features, and anything else that will help you when 

canvassing the segment. 

Do not spend more than two hours on the preliminary 

drive-through. If you need more than two hours for this, 

contact your crew leader. 

After you have become familiar with the map and the 

segment boundaries, divide the segment into pieces and plan 

a route of travel according to the procedures described below. 

A piece is an area of land in the segment bounded by intersecting roads or roads intersecting the segment boundary. 

a. Use roads and road intersections shown on your map to 

divide the segment into pieces. 
13 

b. Plan a route of travel that will take you through the 

segment piece by piece, avoiding backtracking as much 

as possible. 

c. Number the pieces on the map in the order you plan to 

canvass them. 

d. Show where you will begin canvassing the first piece by 

entering on the map the word, "Start" and an arrow 

showing your direction of travel. 

e. Travel around each piece in a clockwise direction. 

f. In sparsely populated areas where there are long stretches 

of road with few dwelling units, canvass both sides of the 

road at the same time listing dwelling units on both 

sides. However, if you are on a road that is part of the 

segment boundary, be sure to canvass only that side of 

the road that is inside the segment. 

\. 

\ 

t 

'f 

j" 

I 

~'1 

~-0 

~-~ 

4 
14 

Summary of Rules for Using 

Your Map 

g. In populated urban areas, canvass only one side of the 

road at a time, listing dwelling units only on that side. 

In addition, canvass only one side of the road when it 

would be dangerous for you to canvass both sides. For 

example, do not canvass at the same time both sides of 

a four-lane or heavily traveled highway. 

h. Canvass all roads to determine if any habitable dwellings 

exist. 

i. Canvass each dead-end road as you come to it whether 

it is on your right within the piece you are traveling 

around or on your left in a bordering piece of the same 

segment. 

j. The above illustration shows a segment with the pieces 

numbered in order of travel. Note that each piece is 

bounded by a road or the segment boundary. 

k. You may find some roads in the segment that are not 

shown on the map. If you do, draw them on the segment 

map and identify each such road by its name or number. 

If an unmapped road crosses the piece boundary, first 

canvass and draw the part within the piece on your 

right. Next canvass and draw any part within the 

bordering piece. Then resume canvassing the piece where 

you stopped on your route of travel. 

I. When you finish canvassing and listing a piece, look over 

your map to be sure you did not miss any roads. Then 

enter a check mark next to the piece number, even 

though you may have callbacks yet to make. 

m. Begin canvassing each day at the place where you stopped 

the day before. 

Always keep in mind that your map shows you your assignment area. You will need to use it constantly to be sure you 

find all dwelling units within the segment. 

Follow these rules for using your segment map: 

1. Canvass the entire area in an orderly (clockwise) pattern 

within the boundaries shown on the segment map. Do 

not canvass any of the area outside the red boundary 

lines. 

2. Use the map to plan a route of travel to follow while 

enumerating. 

3. Show your segment map to local residents. Ask them to 

help you locate houses or roads that may not be shown 

on the map. You might miss places, so be sure you ask 

questions of people in the area. 

4. Correct the map as necessary so that it agrees with the 

ground features in the segment. 
A3 Record Book 

Purpose of Form A3 

What to List 

15 

CHAPTER III. RECORD BOOK, FORM A3 

You will receive an A3 Record Book for each assigned 

segment. The Record Book consists of a front cover, a 

conversion table, sixteen A3 Listing Sheets and two Note 

Pages. The front cover has four parts. A label will appear 

in Part A which identifies the segment number, State, county 

and the approximate number of dwelling units in the segment. 

This label will be on the A3 Record Book when you receive 

it. If it is not, contact your crew leader. 

Part B is a record of enumeration. Here your name, address, 

etc., will be entered. 

Part C is a record of your work. Enter here the daily total 

of A3 lines and A 1 Questionnaires you complete. Also, 

enter the total number of outstanding callbacks. Additional 

instructions for filling Part C appear in Chapter VII of this 

manual. 

Part D is a summary of your work for the segment. Your 

crew leader and the Regional Office supervisor will make 

their entries in this part after conducting a review of your work. 

Conversion tables are printed on the inside cover of the A3 

for your use when completing questionnaires. 

The A3 Listing Form has four main purposes: 

1. It provides a record of the names and addresses of each 

head of household living in the segment and every other 

person living in the segment who has agricultural operations separate from those of the household head. 

2. It shows whether an Agriculture Questionnaire (Form A 1) 

is required for the persons listed. 

3. It provides a place for recording callback information. 

4. It provides your supervisor with a record of the work you 

completed and of cases requiring further action. 

You must list on Form A3: 

1. Every head of household living in the segment. 

2. Every other person living in the segment who has 

agricultural operations separate from those of the household head. 

3. Every habitable vacant dwelling unit in the segment. 
16 

List Heads of Households 

as You Come to the Dwelling 

Enter A3 Line Numbers 

on Map 

Habitable Vacant 

Dwelling Units 

New Construction 

What Places to Visit 

list on the A3 Listing Sheet the head of each household as 

you come to them on your route of travel even if you cannot 

complete the enumeration at that time. When you come to a 

dwelling and find no one home, try to get the resident's 

name from the outside markings of the mailbox or ask 

neighbors for the name of the family living there. Do not, 

under any circumstances, look inside the person's mailbox. 

If you cannot get the full name of the head of the household, 

enter only his last name until you are able to complete the 

enumeration. Use good judgement and common sense to 

insure that all dwelling units are listed. 

Enter the A3 line numbers next to the matching symbol on 

your map to show the location of every occupied dwelling. 

Do this as you make the listings. Use both the map and 

Form A3 to help you cover your segment completely. 

If you locate a habitable dwelling unit for which a dwelling 

symbol does not appear on the map, enter a dwelling symbol 

( _ ) and the A3 line number on the map. Enter the symbol 

on the map as near as possible to its exact location. If there 

are a group of dwellings clustered in an area, you may show a 

range of line numbers on the map in that location such as: 

10-17, meaning that dwellings listed on lines 10 through 17 

of the A3 are located in this area. When you have completed 

the listing of a segment, the A3 line numbers should generally 

follow an orderly pattern on your map in piece after piece 

of the segment. 

Habitable vacant dwelling units should be recorded on the 

A3 Listing Form. Enter the word "VACANT" in column 2 

and enter the physical address or a brief physical description 

of the unit in column 10. If a habitable vacant dwelling is 

encountered, but no dwelling symbol appears on the map, 

enter the symbol ( D) and A3 line number on the map. If 

the dwelling appears to have been lived in recently, check 

with neighbors to determine if anyone presently lives there. 

Do not list houses under construction at the time of your 

VISit. List only those structures that are habitable. If the 

unit is occupied but the residents are not at home at the time 

of your visit, follow the "No One Home" procedures in 

Chapter V of this manual. 

Visit every habitable dwelling in the segment. Examples of 

dwelling units you will visit include: 

1. Houses 

2. Mobile homes 

3. Townhouses 
Places for Which a Listing 

is Not Required 

Families With Two 

or More Homes 

17 

4. Condominiums 

5. Apartments 

6. Cottages and vacation homes 

7. Group quarters such as boarding houses, college dormitories, hospitals, etc. 

8. Unusual living quarters such as boxcars, old buses, 

houseboats, lean-to's, gas stations, etc., which might be 

occupied or obviously intended for occupancy. 

You may find some areas that have become built-up or 

urbanized. Do not assume that no one in the area had any 

agricultural operations in 1978. Visit each of these households and complete an A3 Listing. When you complete your 

A3 Listing for such places you will determine whether or not 

an A 1 is required. 

Do not list the following: 

1. Any dwelling unit outside the segment boundary. 

2. Any structure not used and not intended for use as a 

dwelling unit. 

3. Vacant dwelling units that are unfit for human habitation. 

"Unfit for human habitation" is defined as a structure 

previously intended for residential use, but where the 

floor, walls, windows, and/or doors no longer protect 

the interior from the elements. 

4. Dwelling units being torn down. 

5. Living quarters that have been condemned, provided 

there is a condemned sign or notice posted and the 

building is vacant. . 

6. Structures used only for business purposes. 

7. Living quarters under construction. 

8. Vacant trailers and mobile homes on a sales lot. 

9. Trailers used as overflow living space for a main house. 

10. If you are in doubt as to whether or not to list a dwelling 

unit, always list it. 

Some families may at the same time have two or more homes 

and may spend part of the time in each. If their usual place 

of residence is located in the segment, you should list them 
18 

Group Quarters 

in the A3 Record Book and complete an A 1 for them if they 

had or expect to have any agricultural operations in 1978. 

Usual place of residence is where the family lives more than 

50 percent of their time during the year. Only one location 

can be the usual place of residence. For example, the Browns 

live a majority of the time in a home in the city, which is 

located outside the segment, but they also own and operate 

a farm in the segment where they live part of the time. 

Their usual place of residence cannot be at both places. The 

farm house would be listed on the A3 Listing Form as 

"vacant," and no A 1 would be required for the Browns even 

though they had agricultural operations in the segment, since 

their usual place (50 percent or more of the year) of 

residence is outside the segment. However, if they lived on 

a farm in the segment and conducted a business in town by 

commuting back and forth, an A 1 would be required for the 

agricultural operations. 

If a farmer lives out of the segment all the time (leaving the 

farm house unoccupied) and travels back and forth to the 

farm to do the farm work, list the farm house on the A3 

Form as vacant, and no A 1 is required. 

Group quarters are dwelling units where people do not have 

separate living arrangements. Group quarters are located 

most frequently in institutions, boarding housings, military 

barracks, college dormitories, fraternity and sorority houses, 

hospitals, monasteries, convents and ships. A house or 

apartment is considered a group quarters only if it is shared 

by the person in charge and 9 or more unrelated persons, or 

if there is no person in charge and the unit is shared by 10 

or more unrelated persons. 

If you encounter in your segment a group quarters, do the 

following: 

1. Determine the person in charge. 

2. List the name and address of the person in charge in 

columns (2) and (3) of the Listing Sheet. If there are 

two or more persons in charge, list the name of the 

individual easiest (most convenient) to enumerate. 

3. Ask the person in charge the questions in the Listing 

Sheet. 

4. Ask the person in charge the question in column (9) to 

determine if anyone else living in the group quarters 

is associated with an agricultural operation. List all 

individuals identified by the respondent on the next 

line(s) of the Record Book and contact these individuals 

to complete the A3 Listing for them. 
Summary for 

completing the 

A3 Listing Sheet 

Column 1: 

A3 Line Number 

19 

5. Accept the answer from the person in charge as to the 

number of individuals associated with a farm. Do not 

list all members of the group quarters on the A3. List 

only those identified by the person in charge as described 

in (4) above. 

6. If the person in charge cannot answer the question in 

column (9), contact your crew leader. 

HOW TO FILL FORM A3 

Ask the questions in order and skip questions according to 

the instructions in column headings. FaiJure to follow 

instructions will result in failure to obtain the required A 1 's. 

It may also result in your obtaining A 1's when they are 

not needed. 

In many situations, the questions should be asked as stated 

on the A3 Form. For example, if you are talking to the 

head of the household, ask, "Did you operate a farm or 

ranch in 19787" However, if you are talking to someone 

else, substitute the name of the person to whom the questions relate such as: "Did Mr. Jones operate a farm or 

ranch in 19787" Always be sure the respondent realizes 

that the questions in columns 4,5, and 6 relate to the person 

listed in column 2. 

The following is a summary for filling the A3 Listing Sheet. 

1. Use a different line for each head of household and for 

each other person living in the household who has 

agricultural operations separate from those of the household head. 

2. Fill the columns in order across the form according to 

the instructions at the bottom of each column heading. 

Skip columns as instructed. If no skip instructions are 

given, go to the next column. Never assume that you 

know the answer to any question. 

3. Mark entries for questions requiring "Yes" or "No" 

answers by placing an "X" in the appropriate box. 

4. When no entry is required, leave the space blank. 

5. Use the Remarks and reminder column as needed. 

A3 line numbers are printed on the form in numerical 

sequence throughout the Record Book. If more than one 

Record Book is required for a segment, renumber the A3 

line numbers in the second book consecutively, starting with 

the number following the last number of the first book. 
20 

Column 2: 

Heads of Households or 

Person with Agricultural 

Operations Living in 

the Segment 

Column 3: 

Mailing Address to 

Include ZIP Code 

Columns 4, 5, and 6: 

For Persons Named 

in Column 2 

Column 7: 

A 1 Required? 

List every household head living in the segment in column 2 

of the A3 Listing Form. Enter the person's first name first; 

for example, "John O. Jones." Be sure to write or print 

legibly. Try to interview the head of the household. If the 

household head is not available, try to get the required 

information from some other responsible person, such as 

the spouse, children 16 years of age and older, hired 

employees, etc., but list the name of the head of household 

even though someone else gives you the information. If you 

do not interview the household head, record the name of 

the person you interviewed in column 10. 

Enter the mailing address of the person listed in column 2. 

This address should be as complete as possible including box 

number, route number, ZIP code, etc. 

The answers to columns 4, 5, and 6 determine whether an 

Agriculture Questionnaire (A 1) is required for the person 

listed in column 2. 

Pay particular attention to the responses to these questions 

in conjunction with your observation around the premises. 

Some people do not think of themselves as farmers; yet, 

they frequently keep a few livestock or poultry or grow some 

crops. One of the major objectives of this survey is to obtain 

information on these types of operations. If you receive a 

"No" answer to questions 4, 5, and 6 but you observe 

agricultural activity around the dwelling unit, tactfully 

inquire about the agricultural activity. If the head of the 

household or other members of the household are associated 

with the agricultural activity, make the necessary corrections 

on the A3 Listing Form and complete an A 1 as required. 

If you mark "Yes" in column 4, skip to column 7. If the 

"No" box is marked in column 4, ask the question in 

column 5. 

If you receive a "Yes" answer in column 5, skip to column 7. 

If you get a "No" answer for both columns, 4 and 5, ask the 

questions in column 6. Regardless of the answers to the 

questions in column 6, next fill column 7 for the person 

listed on that line. 

A "Yes" response in either columns 4, 5, or 6 will qualify 

the person listed in column 2 as a farm or ranch operator 

and an A 1 must be completed. A "No" answer to columns 4, 

5, and 6 determines that the person is not a farm operator 

and no A 1 is required. 

The "Yes" or "No" box in column 7 must be checked for 

every person listed in column 2. Enter an "x" in the "Yes" 

box whenever anyone of the columns 4,5, or 6 have a "Yes" 

answer. If you mark the "Yes" box and later determine the 
Column 8: 

Type of Organization 

Types of Organization 

Defined 

21 

A 1 is not needed, draw a circle around the "Yes" box and 

mark "X" in the "No" box. For example, if one member of 

a partnership is listed in column 2 and it is later determined 

that he or she is not the senior partner, draw a circle around 

the "Yes" in the appropriate box and write a note in column 

10 to explain that the respondent was not the senior partner. 

If you start an A 1 and later determine it is not needed, 

return the partially completed A 1 with your completed work 

A 1's for the segment and explain in "Remarks" on the A 1 

why the form was only partially completed. In cases where 

callbacks are necessary, you might not know at the time you 

make your A3 Listing whether or not an A 1 will be required 

for the place. If you are not sure, leave column 7 blank until 

you determine whether an A 1 is needed. Mark column 7 

"No" only if columns 4, 5, and 6 are all answered "No." 

The question in column 8 is intended to determine the type 

of organization that best describes the agricultural operation 

and is asked only if an A 1 is required ("Yes" marked in 

column 7). The column is sub-divided into four parts: A, 

8, C, and D. 

In column 8, mark only one box per line. If an individual is 

associated with more than one farm or ranch operation, 

complete an A3 line for each operation with which the person 

is associated. For example, if an individual had his or her 

own private farming operation and was a member of a 

partnership farming operation, you would fill one A3 line 

for the private operation and another for the partnership 

operation. In addition, you should explain the situation in 

column 10. 

Use the following definitions to identify the different types 

of agricultural operations. Mention each type of organization 

to the respondent to determine if the person has more than 

one operation. 

A. An Individual or Family Operation is defined as a farm, 

ranch or business organization controlled and operated 

by an individual. It includes family operations that are 

not incorporated and not operated under a partnership 

agreement. 

B. A Partnership Operation is defined as two or more 

persons who have agreed on the amount of their contribution (capital and effort) and the distribution of profits. 

Co-ownership of land by husband and wife does not 

necessarily mean that a partnership exists unless there is 

some formalized agreement (oral or written) as to sharing 

of contributions, decision making, profits and liabilities. 

C. Corporation, including family corporation is defined as 

a legal entity or artificial person created under the laws 

of a State to carryon a business. This definition does 

not include cooperatives. 
22 

Column 9: 

Anyone (Else) Living in 

This Household with 

Agricultural Operations 

D,. Other is to include organizations which are not readily 

classified in the first three groups. Some examples are: 

(1) Estate - undivided property still in or subject 

to probate. 

(2) Trust - the farm is operated by a person as trustee 

for someone else who may not be of age, may be in 

a hospital or some other kind of institution, or is 

otherwise unable to carryon his own business. 

If an estate or trust property was operated by others 

under a rental agreement, box A, B, or C should 

be marked. 

(3) Indian reservation - the farm or rangeland is owned 

by an Indian reservation and operated for the general 

benefit of reservation residents. Indian reservations 

are not to be included in the CAAS. However, 

I nd ians operating farms or ranches separate from the 

Indian reservation and who own or have allotted 

land on the reservation should report all the land 

they operate in the same manner as any other farm 

or ranch operator not associated with an Indian 

Reservaton. 

(4) Grazing association - An association of ranchers or 

other livestock operators who join together to acquire 

control of large acreages of grazing land for use by 

its members. 

(5) Cooperative - the farm is operated as an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise or association 

created and formed jointly by the members. 

(6) Institution - farm is operated as part of a school, 

prison, hospital, religious organization, etc. 

(7) Experiment station - the farm is operated primarily 

for research by either a public or private agency 

and perhaps, but not necessarily, in conjunction 

with a university. 

After determining the type of organization, enter an "X" 

in the appropriate column and go to the A 1. 

The question in column 9 is asked for each head of household listed and for anyone, other than the household head 

who had agricultural operations in 1978. 

If the head of the household has an agricultural operation, 

ask, "Is anyone else in this household associated with a 

separate farm or ranch operation?" If the head of the 

household has no agricultural operation, you should ask, 

"Is anyone in this household associated with an agricultural 

operation ?" 
Column 10: 

Remarks and Reminders 

Column 11: 

Date Completed 

Review of the A3 Form 

23 

In both of these situations repeat the question until a "No" 

answer is received. If a "Yes" response is given, list the name 

of the person on the next line and interview this person or 

a knowledgeable respondent for the required information. 

For those A3 line entries indicating that an A 1 is required, 

ask the question in this column after you complete the A 1. 

Use column 10 for any notes that will help you complete 

the enumeration, make explanations or give information that 

you need to pass on to your crew leader, and to write in the 

respondent's name if the person is not the household head. 

The following illustrations, a brick house on the right side of 

road 996 one mile east of junction 334, or a small house 2 

miles north of junction 556 and 636, or a green house with 

white roof on road 999 two miles south of city limits, are 

examples of physical descriptions and would help another 

person locate the place. 

Also enter in column 10 reminders about return VISItS, or 

"callbacks." In general, enter in column 10 any information 

that will help you locate the dwelling when making the 

callback. 

For example, if the mailing address would not enable you or 

another to find the place again, enter brief directions to the 

unit or a physical description of the dwelling. 

If more space is needed to record the column 10 information, 

use the Notes Page in the back of the A3 Record Book. 

Enter the A3 line number before each remark in the Notes 

Page to identify it. 

Enter the date in column 11 only after you have: 

1. Answered all required questions for the A3 Listing Form. 

2. Entered the A3 line numbers next to the dwelling symbol 

on the segment map. 

3. Completed and reviewed the A 1, if required, for the 

operator listed on the line. 

The absence of an entry in column 11 is a reminder to you 

and your crew leader that there is something more to be 

done. Problem cases turned over to your crew leader should 

not have a date entered in this column until your crew 

leader has resolved the matter or cleared the case. 

Briefly review your entries on the A3 Listing Sheet before 

you leave the place where you obtained the information. 
24 

In cases where you must make callbacks, do your review at 

the time of your final visit. Make sure you have done the 

following: 

1. Enter the correct name and address. 

2. Enter the A3 line number on your map. 

3. Filled a Questionnaire (Form A 1) when you have marked 

"Yes" in either columns 4,5, or 6, and column 7. 

4. Marked column 7 "Yes" when an A 1 is required. 

5. Asked the question in column 9 for other members of 

the household and received a "No" answer. 

6. Entered in column 11 the date when you completed all 

the forms required for the place. 
25 

CHAPTER IV - THE AGRICULTURE QUESTIONNAIRE 

When an A 1 is Required 

Two or More A 1's for One 

Operator 

Home Use 

General Instructions 

This chapter contains general and specific instructions for 

completing the A 1 Agriculture Questionnaire Form. These 

instructions are in the same general order as the questions 

on the A 1. 

An A 1 is required for persons who answer "Yes" to any of 

the questions in columns 4, 5, or 6 on the A3 Listing Sheet. 

You must fill an A 1 Form for the following: 

1. Every head of the household, living in segment at the 

time of the enumeration, who operated a farm or ranch 

or had any agricultural operations in 1978. 

2. Every other person living in the segment at the time of 

enumeration who had agricultural operations separate 

from those of the household head. 

How to Fill Form A 1 - Agriculture Questionnaire 

Instructions for the questions within each section of the A 1 

Form are given in a latter part of this chapter. Item numbers 

are to the left of each question and the questions for 

each section are in numerical sequence starting with "1." 

Instructions for you on some questions are also given on the 

questionnaire in light face print. You should read and be 

familiar with these instructions before beginning your 

enumeration. 

Fill only one A 1 for each operator unless he or she has 

separate and distinct operations for which separate records 

are kept. For example, if a farm operator living in the 

segment had an individual farm operation and was the senior 

partner of a partnership operation, two separate questionnaires would be required for this person. Two questionnaires 

would also be required for a person who lives in the segment 

and operated a farm as a hired manager for someone else 

and had a separate operation of his/her own. 

For households that only had a garden for home use, no A 1 

is required. If the household had an unusually large garden 

(more than 1 acre), inquire more closely whether the 

operator sold any products. An A 1 is required for those 

households selling products. 

Complete an A 1 for those households having any livestock or 

poultry even though only for home use. 
26 

FFA and 4H Projects 

Description of the A 1 

Read Bold Face Type 

to Respondent 

Instructions in Light 

Face Type 

Agricultural activities of sons, daughters, wives, hired 

employees, etc., of a household head will normally be 

included on the A 1 completed for the head of the household. 

FFA and 4H projects should be included as part of the 

operations of the head of the household. If FFA and/or 

4H projects are the only agricultural activities in the household, complete an A 1 in the name of the head of the 

household. 

The questionnaire is divided into 28 sections separated from 

one another by heavy black lines. Each section contains 

questions relating to a specific subject. The answer to the 

first question in a section often determines whether you need 

to ask the remaining questions in that section. 

WHEN CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW, ALWAYS HEAD 

TO THE RESPONDENT ALL QUESTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS PRINTED ON THE A1 IN BOLD FACE TYPE. For 

example, in section 1, item 2, you would only read to the 

respondent, "During 1978, how many acres did or will you 

rent or lease from others?" 

Instructions in light face type on the questionnaire are to 

help you obtain the correct information. 

You should not read these instructions to the respondent 

unless it is necessary to help the respondent understand the 

question. For example, read to the respondent the sentences 

in light face type below question 2 of section 1, if he or she 

needs further explanation on what to include in acres rented 

or leased from others. Sometimes the instructions in light 

face type tell you to do something. For example, the instructions below items 5 and 6 of section 1 merely tell you to 

list additional landlords or renters in the "Remarks" space 

on page 2. 

Some instructions in light face print instruct you to skip to 

the next section if the answer to a preceding question is 

"No" or "None." 

Omit questions only when the instructions tell you to skip. 
27 

Other instructions in light face type tell you what items to 

include in the answers. The following example from section 

3 of the A 1 illustrates the different styles of type. 

Section 3 - Was or will any DRY HAY, GRASS SILAGE, HAYLAGE, or GREEN CHOP 

003 

be cut or harvested from this place in 1978? (Include sorghum-sudan crosses 

and hay cut from pastures.) 

1 0 YES - Complete this section 

20 NO - Go to section 4 

If cuttings were or will be made for both dry hay and grass silage, haylage, or green 

chop from the same fields, report the acreage in the appropriate items under DRY HA Y 

and also under GRASS, SILAGE, HAYLAGE, and GREEN CHOP. 

How to Enter Response 

to Questions 

Read Instructions From Your 

Manual for Clarification to 

the Respondent 

You can help with the promptness and accuracy of CAAS 

if you use the following rules when entering the respondent's 

answers to the A 1 questions. 

1. Make your entries in the proper spaces. 

2. Print any explanations in the margins of the page, 

opposite the item referred to or in the" Remarks" space 

at the bottom of page 2. 

3. Include the section and item number when entering 

notes in the remarks space. 

Many questions can be answered by marking X in a box (00). 

Questions followed by "None" boxes require an answer by 

either marking the "None" box or by entering the appropriate 

data. For example, see section 2, questions 1 through 12. 

A "Yes" answer to some lead-in questions require the 

completion of a section and a "No" response permit skipping 

to the next section. For example, in section 3, if a respondent answers "Yes" to the lead-in question then ask about the 

number of acres harvested, the quantity harvested, and the 

number of acres irrigated for each type of hay, grass silage, 

haylage and green chop. However, a "No" response permits 

you to skip to the next section. 

The questions and explanations on the A 1 are worded to 

make their meaning clear to the majority of respondents. 

If the respondent has difficulty understanding a question, 

read it a second time. If the respondent still does not understand, read to him or her the explanation for the question 

from this manual. If you still have problems give an 

additional explanation in your own words, but be sure you 

do not change the meaning of a question. 
28 

Ask the Operator to 

Make Estimates 

Round Off Cents to 

Nearest Dollar 

Fractions 

Ask the Questions 

As Worded 

Read Questions in the 

Column Headings 

If a farm operator does not recall exact figures to a question, 

ask for an estimate. To help the respondent, explain that the 

Census Bureau does not always expect exact figures. For 

crops that are not yet harvested or sold, suggest that the 

operator make the best estimate he or she can based on the 

present condition of the crop, or anything else that might 

help him or her estimate the probable amount. The farm 

operator is in a better position than anyone else to estimate 

his or her own acreage, production, sales, income, etc. 

For dollar items, only whole dollars are needed. Round off 

cents to the nearest dollar. The "Cents" column is shaded -

always leave it blank. 

Do NOT include fractions in your answer unless the "Tenths" 

column is provided, as the "Tenths" columns for reporting 

acres of I rish Potatoes in section 2. Report fractions (i.e., 

less than one acre) in tenths of the whole number. For 

example, 4 and }'2 acres of tobacco should be reported as 

4 5/10. As necessary, use the table inside the Record Book 

cover to help you make these conversions. Be sure to enter 

the fraction in the "Tenths" column. For other cases, round 

fractions to the nearest whole acre. For example, if the 

household had only one-half acre with some chickens on it, 

report one acre on the A 1. 

Ask the questions in the order given on the questionnaire. 

Be sure to read the questions as worded so that the same 

questions will be asked in the same way to all respondents 

throughout the United States. The Census Bureau requires 

this uniform procedure so that the answers provide comparable information and this will be obtained only if all 

enumerators use exactly the same wording when asking 

the questions. 

Many of the column headings on the A 1 contain a lead-in 

question followed by a listing of specific items. In order to 

obtain the required information, read to the respondent the 

question in the column headings for items listed in the 

sections. For example, in section 2, item 1, if the respondent has field corn for grain or seed, you should ask the 

question in the column headings as follows: 

How many acres were or will be harvested? 

How much was or will be harvested? 

How many acres were or will be irrigated? 

Follow this procedure for all other column headings and any 

other items which do not appear on the A 1 in question form. 
29 

Summary for Filling Form A 1 

1. Fill only one A 1 for each operator unless he or she has 

separate and distinct operations for which separate records 

are kept. For example, if a farm operator hasan individual 

farm operation and is the senior partner of a partnership 

operation, two separate questionnaires would be required. 

Two questionnaires are also required for managers of 

places, if they operate a farm as a hired manager for 

someone else and have separate operations of their own. 

Whenever possible, get the information from the person 

in charge of the farming operations. If this is not possible, 

GET THE BEST INFORMATION YOU CAN from some 

other responsible person on the place. 

2. If the operator wants to see a copy of the questionnaire, 

lend the person a blank copy from your portfolio so 

they can follow the questions as you ask them. 

3. Ask all questions as they are worded on the questionnaire. 

4. Follow the instructions for each question as given in this 

chapter. Read instructions (printed in light face type) 

whenever the respondent needs an explanation of a 

question. 

5. You may use a pencil or pen to fill the A 1 's. Write or 

print all entries neatly, clearly, and in the proper space. 

6. Mark "X" in the appropriate entry box ( IXI). These 

questions will involve a "Yes," "No" or "None" response. 

7. Report acres to the nearest whole acre except where the 

questionnaire provides for tenths of an acre to be 

reported. 

8. Report amounts in the unit of measure called for on the 

questionnaire. Enter whole numbers only. As necessary, 

use the conversion factors in Chapter V I of this manual, 

or inside the cover of the A3 Record Book Cover. 

9. Report whole dollars in the dollar column. The cents 

column is shaded - leave it blank. 

10. Never erase an entry. If you make a mistake, draw a neat 

line through the entry and write the correct figure above 

it or somewhere else in the proper space. Example ~?1 . 

If you mark a box in error, circle that box @ and mark 

the correct box. If necessary, use the marginS of the A 1 

for making corrections. Draw an arrow pointing to the 

item to which the correction applies. 

11. Put a dash in the answer space for questions not requiring 

entries, or leave the space blank. 
30 

Page 1 of Questionnaire 

A 1 Identification (Part 1) 

Telephone Number 

Year Begin Operation 

12. Use the margins or the Remarks space at the bottom of 

page 2 on the questionnaire for unusual entries or situations, or to list additional information. 

13. Whenever you cannot find the answer to a problem in 

this manual, write a note about the problem in a separate 

note book or inside the front cover page of this manual 

and tell your crew leader about it the next time you talk 

to him or her. . 

14. If you start filling a questionnaire and discover one is 

not needed, terminate the interview and explain the case 

in the Remarks space. Be sure to return the partially 

completed questionnaire with your completed forms. 

You are not expected to remember everything in this manual. 

However, you are expected to know how to use the manual 

to find the answers you need. 

Detailed Instructions for Completing the 

Agriculture Questionnaire 

Page 1 of the A 1 is for recording Identification information 

(Part 1) as well as information on the type of organization 

(Part II). 

It will assist you in determining who is in charge of the 

agricultural operation such as the junior partner, senior 

partner, or a hired manager so that you will know when an 

A 1 is needed, since the information on the A3 Listing Form 

may not always clearly define who is in charge of the agricultural operation. 

Mark "X" the type of organization as shown on the A3 

Listing Sheet and ask the respondent each of the questions 

pertaining to that type of organization. Be sure to follow 

the skip instructions to obtain all required information about 

the particular type of organization. 

After determining that an A 1 is required (indicated by a 

"Yes" in Column 7 of the A3 Record Book Listing Sheet), 

transcribe items 1-6 from the A3 Record Book. Transcribe 

these items to the A 1 at the time of the interview. 

Ask the respondent the identification items 7-9. 

Item 7 - Obtain the telephone number to include the area 

code. The telephone number is necessary in case additional 

information is needed about the agricultural operation. 

Item 8 - You are to determine what year the operator began 

to operate any part of this place. Some operators have lived 
Federal Employer 

Identification Number 

Type of Organization 

(Part II) 

Type A - Individual or 

Family Operation 

31 

on the farm their entire life, but the answer to this question 

should be the year when they began to actively operate 

the farm. 

Item 9 - Operators of farms and ranches with hired 

employees will generally have an Employer Identification 

Number (E.I. number), a nine digit number obtained from 

the Federal Government for use in the preparation of Federal 

Form 943 on Agricultural Employees. Ask each respondent 

this question and enter the E.!. number if they have one. If 

they indicate that they do not have one, mark the "No" box. 

Some States also issue an E.\. number. It may be the same as 

the E.!. number issued by the Federal Government or it may 

be different. Be sure to record only the number issued by 

the Federal Government. 

Part 1\ of page 1 has been divided into four types of organizations (types A through D). Only one type is to be filled 

for each A 1. If the respondent had two separate and distinct 

operations, such as a partnership operation and an individual 

operation, two questionnaires are required; one for the 

partnership operation and one for the individual operation. 

Mark "X" the type of organization as shown on the A3 

Listing Sheet and ask the respondent each of the questions 

pertaining to that type of organization. Be sure to follow 

the skip instructions to obtain all required information about 

the type of organization. Only ask the questions for the one 

type. If the operator is involved in more than one type of 

organization, a separate A3 line and A 1 should be filled. 

An Individual or Family Operation is defined as a farm, 

ranch or business organization controlled and operated by an 

individual or a family or by a husband and wife. It includes 

family operations that are not incorporated and not operated 

under a partnership agreement. 

Item 1 - Some farms and ranches are operated under 

different names or a combination of names. For example, 

John S. Smith may be listed in the A3 Record Book as the 

person in charge of the agricultural operation, but for tax 

records or other purposes the farm and ranch is operated 

as John S. & Mary L. Smith. Enter this other name for 

Item 1. These additional names and addresses will be helpful 

in locating the name of the operator on our mailing list. 

If the respondent indicates that the farm or ranch is not 

operated under another name, mark the "No" box. 

Item 2 - If the operator of a farm or ranch received mail 

during the past two years at any add ress other than the one 

listed in the A3 Record Book, enter the other name and 
32 

Type B - Partnership 

Operation 

address here. Some respondents may use a separate post 

office box or address for business mail, or a new address 

that may have recently been given to the place. 

Record these changes in the space provided in item 2. If the 

respondent indicates that in the past two years, mail has not 

been received at another address, mark the "No" box. 

Item 3 - Ask the respondent if the farm or ranch employs 

a hired manager who is primarily in charge of the farm or 

ranch operation. Make certai n that the respondent clearly 

understands the Census definition for a hired manager. Do 

not include foreman, hired hand, etc., as a hired manager. 

(Refer to definition in the Glossary of a hired manager.) 

If a hired manager was employed, mark the "Yes" box and 

go to item 4. If no hired manager was employed, mark the 

"No" box and skip to page 2. 

Item 4 - If a hired manager is employed for the farm or 

ranch operation, record his or her name and mailing address 

regardless of where he or she lives and complete the 

remainder of the A 1. 

A Partnership Operation is defined as two or more persons 

who have agreed on the amount of their contribution (capital 

and labor) and the distribution of profits. 

Item 1 - The partnership name will normally differ from the 

name recorded in the A3 Record Book but the mailing 

address may be the same. Since a partnership consists of 

two or more persons, the name of each person may appear 

in the name of the partnership or it may be operated under 

a name completely different than that of the partners. Enter 

the name and mailing address used for the partnership 

operation. 

Item 2 - This item is to determine how many partners make 

up the partnership. This figure is also entered in section 19 

when you get to this part of the A 1. 

Item 3 - Enter the name and mailing address of each partner. 

If one of the partners is the person named in Part I, mark 

(X) the first box. It is not necessary to list this person's 

name or address again. 

If there are more than two other partners to list, use the 

"Remarks" space on page 2. 

Item 4 - Ask the respondent if the partnership hires a 

manager who is primarily in charge of the farm or ranch 

operations. 

If a hired manager is employed, mark the "Yes" box and 

go to item 5. 
Type C - Incorporated 

Under State Law 

33 

If a hired manager is not employed, mark the "No" box and 

skip to item 6. 

Item 5 - If you determine that the partnership employs a 

hired manager, then you would ask item 5. If the hired 

manager is the person named in Part 1, mark (X) the first 

box and skip to page 2. 

If the hired manager is someone other than the person named 

in Part 1, specify the name and mailing address of this person 

and end the interview. 

Item 6 - If you determined in Item 4 that there is no hired 

manager, skip to Item 6 to find out which partner is 

primarily in charge of the farm or ranch operation . 

• If the partner determined to be primarily in charge is the 

partner listed in Part 1, mark (X) the first box and skip 

to page 2. 

• If the partner determined to be primarily in charge is an 

. "other" partner, mark (X) the second box, specify the 

partner's name; and end the interview. 

• If none of the partners are primarily in charge mark (X) 

the third or "None" box and go to item 7. 

Item 7 - Determine who is the eldest partner. If the eldest 

partner is the person named in Part 1, mark (X) the first box 

and skip to page 2. If the eldest partner is not the person 

entered in Part 1, specify the name of the eldest partner and 

end the interview. 

A corporation is defined as a legal entity or artificial person 

created under the laws of a State to carry on a business. It 

includes family corporations but not cooperatives. Mark (X) 

Type C if the farm or ranch is operated as a corporation. 

Item 1 - Enter the name and address of the corporation. 

Usually the address will be a local address or the same as 

reported in item 6 of Part 1. However, the agricultural 

operation may be a subsidiary of (owned by) another 

corporation. If so, enter the name and home office address 

of the parent corporation. 

Item 2 - A family held corporation is one in which 51 

percent or more of the stock is owned by persons related by 

blood or marriage. 
34 

Type 0 - Other Organizations, 

Cooperative, Estate or Trust, 

Prison Farm, Grazing Association, 

Indian Reservation 

Item 3 - Always ask item 3. You cannot assume you know 

the answer to this question. 

Item 4 - Corporations frequently have farms and ranches at 

different locations. If the corporation has other separate and 

distinct agricultural operations, in addition to the operation 

being included on this A 1, mark (X) the "Yes" box and list 

the State and county and name of each operation. If not, go 

to item 5. 

Item 5 - Some corporations may use more than one name 

and address. Information is needed on the additional names 

and addresses so that the Bureau of the Census can check to 

see if the name is already on the mailing list. If a "Yes" 

answer is received to this item, mark the "Yes" box and 

enter the name and mailing address. If a "No" answer is 

received, mark the "No" box. 

Item 6 - Determine if a hired manager is primarily in charge 

of the farm or ranch operations. If a hired manager is 

employed, mark the "Yes" box and go to item 7. If a hired 

manager is not employed, mark the "No" box and skip to 

item 8. 

Item 7 - If you determine in item 6 that a hired manager is 

employed, you would ask item 7. If the hired manager is 

the person named in Part 1, mark (X) the first box and skip 

to page 2. 

If the hired manager is someone other than the person named 

in Part 1, specify the name and mailing address of this person 

and end the interview. 

Item 8 - If you determine in item 6 that there was no hired 

manager, skip to item 8, "Who is primarily in charge of the 

farm or ranch operations." 

• If the person in charge is the person named in Part 1, 

mark (X) the first box and skip to page 2 . 

• If the person in charge is someone other than the person 

in Part 1, mark (X) the second box. Specify this person's 

name and mailing address and end the interview. 

Item 1 Include in Type D those organizations which 

cannot be classified in Type A, B, or C of Part II. Mark (X) 

Type D and ask the respondent, "What type of organization 

operates or controls the operation of this farm or ranch 

unit?" 

Explanations of the different types of organizations to be 

included are: 

(a) Estate - undivided property still in or subject to probate. 
35 

(b) Trust - the farm is operated by a person as t'rustee for 

someone else who may not be of age, may be in a 

hospital or some other kind of institution, or is otherwise 

unable to carryon his own business. 

Estate or trust may be further defined as a property, 

funds or other assets administered for the benefit of 

an individual(s) or organization(s). 

(c) Cooperative - A voluntarily organized association 

controlled by its members or patrons. Frequently the 

word "cooperative" is part of the association's name. A 

cooperative should be reported under OTH E R type of 

organization even if it is incorporated. 

(d) State or Local Government - Examples of State and 

Local Government organizations that may have agricultural operations are: State prisons, State or county 

correctional homes, State research farms, State or county 

hospitals, State or county poor farms or camps, and 

State tuberculosis sanitariums. 

(e) Federal Government - Hospitals, Federal prisons and 

reformatories, camps, research farms and training or 

industrial schools are examples of some Federal 

organizations that may have agricultural operations. 

(f) OtherI nd ian Reservation - See Chapter V III, page 22 and 

Chapter V, page 85. 

G razing Associations - An association of ranchers or 

other livestock operators who join together to acquire 

acreage of grazing land for use by its members. Very 

often the land is leased from Federal or State Governments, but it is also leased from private land owners. 

Because the words, "grazing association" are frequently 

included in the name of the organization, most associations are easily recognizable. A grazing association 

should be reported under OTHER type of organization 

even if it is incorporated. 

Institution - School, hospital, religious organizations 

that are operated privately. 

Item 2 - Enter the name and mailing address for the 

organization which exercises direct control over the farming 

and ranching operations. For example, if a State prison 

operates a farm, enter the name and address of the prison. 
36 

Item 3 - Enter the name and mailing address for this farm 

or ranch operation. 

The name and mailing address of this organization that 

operates or controls the operation of the farm or ranch is 

not always the same as the name and address of the farm or 

ranch it operates. 

Item 4 - Farms or ranches may use more than one name 

and/or address. Determine whether the farm or ranch used 

any other name or mailing address in the past two years. 

If a "Yes" answer is received to this item, mark the "Yes" 

box and enter the name and mailing address. If a "No" 

answer is received, mark the "No" box and ask item 5. 

Item 5 - Determine if a hired manager is primarily in charge 

of the farm or ranch operations. Respondent reports that 

there is a hired manager, make certain that the person meets 

the definition of hired manager (refer to Glossary in 

Appendix) and is not just a foreman or a hired farm hand. 

If a hired manager was employed, mark the "Yes" box and 

go to item 6. If a hired manager was not employed, mark 

the "No" box and skip to item 7. 

Item 6 - If you determine in item 5 that a hired manager 

was employed, you would ask item 6. If the hired manager 

is the person named in Part 1, mark (X) the first box and 

skip to page 2. 

If the hired manager is someone other than the person named 

in Part 1, specify the name and mailing address of this person 

and end the interview. 

Item 7 - If you determined in item 5 that there was no hired 

manager, skip to item 7, "Who is primarily in charge ..... ?" 

• If the person in charge is the person named in Part 1, 

mark (Xl the first box and go to page 2 . 

• If the person in charge is someone other than the person 

in Part 1, mark (X) the second box. Specify this person's 

name and mailing address and end the interview. 
37 

BASIC FARM DATA 

This part of Chapter IV deals specifically with the basic 

farming and ranching questions for CAAS. Specific instructions for the sections in the A 1 Questionnaire are covered 

in this part. 

SECTION 1 - Acreage For The Entire Year Of 1978 

Item 1. Land Owned 

This section is for recording information on all agricultural 

land the operator was associated with at any time during 

1978 and for reporting the names and addresses of all 

landlords and renters. 

The entri.es in this section will determine the "Acres In This 

Place;" that is, the land on which the agricultu ral activities 

of the farm or ranch were or will be conducted. Acres in 

this place should include all land operated by the respondent 

either by ownership, rental or share arrangement or other 

arrangements in 1978 - cropland, woodland, pastureland, 

rangeland, idleland, wasteland and any other land - not just 

planted land. Included also should be separate fields, 

meadows, and orchards which are controlled and operated 

as one agricultural production unit by the operator in this 

county and all other counties. All agricultural operations 

conducted on this land should be reported on this form. 

~ Section I - First, I would like to ask you about all the land you used in 1978. 

Include all agricultural land owned, rented, or used by you, your spouse, or 

by the partnership, corporation, or organization for which you are reporting. 

Includ. ALL LAND, REGARDLESS OF LOCATION OR USE - cropland, 

pasture/and, rangeland, woodland, Idle land, house lots, etc. 

• During 1978, how many acres did you or will you - Number of acres 

None 043 

1. Own at anytime? • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • . • • • . . . • . . •. ! I /00 

f-------1 

2. Rent or lease from others? Including land worked on shares; 

used rent tree in exchange for services, payment of taxes, etc. 044 

Include leased Federal, State, and rai/road land. (Exclude land 

used on a per-head basis under a grazing permit.) Also complete 70 item 5 below. 4................................ 1 ~ I t.,,0"'4S,--------! 

34 Rent or lease to others? Including all land worked on shares / 

by others and land subleased. A Iso complete Item 6 below. • • • .! 0 

4. ACRES IN THIS PLACE - AOO acres owned (Item 1) and 

acres rented (item 2), then SUBTRACT acres rented TO 

OTHERS (item 3), and enter the result In this space. ___ ~. 

046 

130 

a. Is 

to operate 

••• the In correct 19781 number of acres that you operated or expect J 

[ I YES [[ NO - Vef//y and adjust as necessary. 

These acres are the "ACRES IN THIS PLACE" for thIs census report 

If zero acres in this place, refer to chapter V In your Enumerator's Reference Manual. 

Report in this item all land the operator owned or expects 

to own during 1978. It is to include land owned by the 

operator's spouse or both under title, purchase contract, 

homestead law, or as heir or trustee of an undivided estate . , 
38 

Item 2. Land Rented or 

Leased From Others 

Item 3. Land Rented or 

Leased to Others 

even though part of it was rented out in 1978. Include all 

separate fields and tracts of cropland, pastureland, rangeland, 

woodland, idleland, wasteland and so forth both inside and 

outside the segment. 

I nclude all land that the operator was associated with in 

1978, regardless of location or use, but do not include 

holdings of residential property not associated with agricultural operations unless farm equipment is kept there. 

Report in this item the total number of acres the respondent 

rented or leased or expects to rent or lease from others 

during 1978. Include in this total land worked on shares, 

land used rent free in exchange for services, payment of 

taxes, etc., even though the landlord may have supplied 

equ ipment, ferti I izer or other materials. Include th is land, 

even if at the time of enumeration, the operator no longer 

rents or has use of the land that was rented earlier in the 

year. This item should also include: 

1. All Federal (Forest Service, Taylor Grazing, military 

reservations, etc.), State, and railroad land rented or 

leased by the acre, but do not include here government 

land from grazing permits or special license used on a 

per-head or animal-unit basis. "Permit" land is accounted 

for in item 7. 

2. All land used under other arrangements such as upkeep 

of land, buildings and fences, providing services, 

construction of fences or buildings, payment of taxes, 

etc. For example in some parts of the country, land 

owners let others use their land free to keep the weeds 

and brush from growing up on it. 

3. All tracts of land regardless of location. If the operator 

did not rent or lease any land or does not expect to rent 

or lease any land from others during 1978, mark the 

"None" box. Do not ask item 5 if a "None" response is 

obtained to item 2. 

Report in this item the total number of acres the operator 

rented or leased or expects to rent or lease to others during 

1978. This item should include all land that was: 

1. Used by others at any time in 1978, regardless of whether 

the operator owned or rented it from others, Le., land 

subleased. 

2. Worked on shares for the operator, even if the operator 

supplied equipment, fertilizer, or other materials, and 

some supervision. 
Item 4. Acres In This Place 

39 

Do not report in item 3 land as rented to others: 

1. Pastureland or rangeland used by others on a per-head 

basis. For example, in the Midwest, wheat farmers 

frequently permit others to graze cattle on their wheat 

fields in the fall for a set fee per-head, per month, or 

per pound gain. 

2. Land from which others bought a crop that was ready for 

harvest. Example, a tobacco farmer may raise a field of 

corn and sell it to a dairy farmer when the corn is ready 

for harvest. 

If the respondent did not rent or lease or does not expect 

to rent or lease acres of land to others in 1978, (item 3) 

mark the "None" box and go to item 4. 

Do not ask item 6 if a "None" response is obtained in item 3. 

The entry for "Acres In This Place" must represent the total 

of all land operated by the person in charge. Do not ask the 

respondent this item. Calculate the acres yourself for the 

entries from items 1,2, and 3. 

Acres owned in 1978 - as reported in item 1 

+ Acres rented or leased from ·others in 1978 - as reported 

in item 2 

- Acres rented or leased to others in 1978 - as reported 

in item 3 

= Total "Acres In This Place" 

For example, if 100 acres are owned, 40 acres are rented 

from others, and 10 acres are rented to others, there are 

130 "Acres In This Place." (100+40-10=130). Repeat 

the acreage figures used in your calculations to give the 

respondent a chance to check the information he or she has 

given you about the land operated in 1978. You wUl have to 

vary your wording to fit the facts but in cases where you 

have entries in items 1, 2, and 3, it should be approximately 

as follows: 

"Adding acres owned and acres rented from 

others, then subtracting acres rented to others, I get 

___ acres in this place. "Is this the correct number of 

acres that you operated or expect to operate in 1978?" 
40 

Item 5. Name and Address 

of Landlord 

Item 6. Land Rented to 

Others 

Item 6a. Owned Land Rented 

or Leased to Others 

Item 7. Land Used by 

Grazing Permits 

If you receive a yes answer to the above question, mark the 

"Yes" box and indicate to the respondent that the remaining 

questions of this report refer to these acres. It is 

important to establish the correct entry for item 4 since the 

remainder of the questionnaire applies to the "Acres In This 

Place." Therefore, verify that the correct number of acres has 

been obtained in item 4. If a discrepancy exists, verify and 

adjust as necessary so that the number of "Acres In This 

Place" is correct. 

You will complete item 5 only if acres are reported in item 2. 

This information is requested to aid in eliminating duplication in the census. Enter the name and address of each 

landlord and the number of acres the operator rented or 

leased from each listed landlord. Include land the operator 

used rent free or worked on shares. If additional space is 

needed, use the Remarks space at the bottom of page 2. 

If land is leased from a Federal or State agency or is Indian 

land, railroad land, etc., give the name and address of the 

agency directly involved with the leasing arrangements and 

specify the type of rental arrangement in the Remarks space 

on page 2. 

You must verify that the sum of the acres reported for item 5 

equals the entry for item 2. 

You will complete item 6 only if acres are reported in item 3. 

Report the name and address of each renter and the number 

of acres rented to each in 1978. Report land assigned to 

tenants or sharecroppers as land rented to others, even if the 

landlord directed the farming operations and shared the crop. 

Do not include land worked by other members of the 

operator's household under the supervision of the operator. 

You must verify that the sum of the acres reported in item 6 

equals the entry in item 3. 

Determine for this item how many of the acres reported in 

item 3 as rented or leased to others were or will be owned. 

If you determine that none of the land rented or leased to 

others is owned or expected to be owned, mark the "None" 

box and ask item 7. Land "set-aside" in the Federal Farm 

Program is not considered as rented to others. 

Enumerators in the Western States may find a person who 

has a Federal or State permit (or license) to graze a certain 

number of livestock on a per-head basis such as Forest 

Service, Taylor Grazing, Indian Reservation, etc. Include any 

livestock kept on this land in this report. Acres of land used 

under grazing permit should, however, be excluded from the 

A 1. Mark the appropriate "Yes" or "No" box and ask item 8. 
Item 8. Acres Set-Aside 

Under the Federal 

Farm Program 

Item 9. Location of 

Agricultural 

Activity 

Item 9a. Principal County 

Item 9b. Other Counties 

41 

Under the provisions of the 1978 Set-Aside Farm Program, 

producers of wheat, corn, grain sorghums and barley had the 

option of setting aside a percentage of their cropland. By 

complying with the program, the farmer or rancher is eligible 

for price support loans, disaster payments, and deficiency 

payments. Acreage set-aside under the provisions of this 

program had to be in or put to an approved conserving cover 

crop. This means those farmers and ranchers complying with 

the program would normally have cropland for cover crops, 

soil improvement, etc., to report in section 10 of the questionnaire. I n some cases, stubble residue from the 1977 crop 

may have met the requirements of the law and the acreage 

would be reported as "idle" cropland in section 10. Report 

the number of acres in the space provided. If there were no 

acres set-aside, mark the "None" box and ask item 9. 

Farm or ranch operators in some counties may also have 

received permission from their county Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (A.S.C.S.) office to use the 

set-aside acreage for pasture. This land is reported in section 

10, item 2b as "cropland used for pastu re and grazing" even 

though the land was planted to a cover crop. Small grain 

hay may have also been made from diverted acreage which 

is to be reported as "Harvested cropland." 

This item relates to the location of agricultural activity. It is 

important because the principal county determines in which 

county the reported data for the farm will be tabulated. 

Principal county is the one where the largest value of the 

agricultural products were raised or produced. Enter the 

principal county and State, and number of acres operated 

by the operator in that county. 

If the "Acres In This Place" (section 1, item 4) are located in 

more than one county, list the names of the additional 

counties, States, and number of acres on the "Other counties" 

lines. As indicated by the bold face type on the A 1, this 

question should always be asked. 

All of the "Acres In This Place" must be accounted for 

county-by-county. Use the Remarks space on page 2 of the 

A 1 if additional space is needed. 

SECTIONS 2-8 - Crops Harvested From This Place in 1978 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 

The following are general instructions for recording data in 

sections 2-8. Specific instructions for each section appear 

after these general instructions. 
42 

Crops Relate to II Acres 

In This Place" 

Acres and Quantity 

Harvested 

The questions for crops always relate to the II Acres In This 

Place" as recorded in section 1, item 4. Do not include 

crops raised on land which was rented or leased to others or 

crops from land worked on shares by others in 1978. You 

will recall that these acres were deducted when calculating 

"Acres inThis Place." 

After determining that a particular crop was or will be 

harvested in 1978 it will be necessary to ask the following 

for each crop: 

1. The number of acres harvested or to be harvested. 

2. The quantity harvested or to be harvested (excluding 

vegetable crops, land nursery and greenhouse products). 

3. The number of acres that were or will be irrigated. 

If a particular crop listed in sections 2 and 3, was not or is 

not expected to be harvested, mark the "None" box and go 

to the next crop. 

The entries for crops harvested or to be harvested must 

include the total acres and total quantity harvested or to be 

harvested from this place during the entire year 1978. 

Obtain an estimate of production for any crop planted in 

1978 and intended for harvest in 1978 but may not be 

harvested in 1978 due to inclement weather. For example, a 

farmer may have a 1978 cotton crop that will not likely be 

harvested before the spring of 1979 due to weather conditions. However, do not include such crops as wheat planted 

in the fall of 1978 for harvest in 1979. Exclude 1977 crops 

harvested in early 1978 that were intended to be harvested 

in 1977 but could not be harvested because of weather 

conditions. Example, corn planted in 1977 and not 

harvested until 1978 because field conditions were not 

favorable for farm equipment being brought into the field. 

Include all methods of harvesting, i.e., cutting, digging, 

picking, or gathering - whether by hand or machinery. 

Acres harvested should include all land from which any crop 

was harvested, even if the crop was a partial failure and had 

a very low yield. Do not include as harvested, land planted 

to crops that failed completely. 

When filling out the crops sections, enter the acres harvested 

in the appropriate column. Report fractions of acres only 

where specified. For all other cases, round fractions of 

acres to the nearest whole acre. 

Report quantity harvested in the unit provided. Some crops 

permit the quantity harvested to be reported in more than 

one unit of measure; for those crops, use the unit of measure 

preferred by the respondent. Chapter VI provides conversion factors for your use if the respondent cannot give you 

information in the units of measure required. 
Flashcards 

Irrigated Land 

Home Use 

Value of Sales 

Crops Not Listed on A 1 

43 

Sections 4-8 contain large lists of crops. Rather than 

reading these lists of crops to the respondent, flash cards 

have been developed to show to the respondent. F lash cards 

are referred to on the A 1. If the respondent is reluctant to 

or is not reading the flash card, you must read the list of 

crops to the respondent. 

Report the acres of each crop irrigated. I rrigation is the 

application of water by any artificial or controlled means. 

It is not necessarily a systematic, recurring activity; irrigation can be a one-time operation. If the same crop was 

irrigated more than once, report the acreage only once. 

Land used during the year to grow more than one crop 

should be reported irrigated for each crop grown. 

Do not report as sold any crops kept for home use by the 

operator and his or her family or by families of hired workers 

on the place. Also do not report as sold any crops kept for 

feed or seed on the place where grown. 

For questions on value of sales, report the total gross value 

of quantities sold from the place, regardless of who did the 

selling or shared the receipts. 

Do not deduct any expenses from the total value of sales 

figures. 

Space has been provided below the listed crops to write in 

the names of any crops which are not included in the list. 

If a respondent reports an unlisted crop, enter the crop name 

and the code number on the next available line above the 

list of crops. The code for unlisted crops appears opposite 

the word, "Specify." Use this code for all unlisted crops 

reported for the same crop group. For example, mungbeans 

and hairy vetch, are not listed in section 8. Report such 

crops using code 773. 

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR SECTIONS 2 THROUGH 8 

SECTION 2 - Field Corn Harvested for Grain or Seed, Field Corn for Silage or Green 

Chop, Wheat, Oats, and Barley for Grain; Sorghums for Grain or Seed; 

Sorghums for Silage or Green Chop, Soybeans for Beans; Cotton, Tobacco, 

I rish Potatoes and Sweetpotatoes. 
44 

Item 1. Field Corn for 

Grain or Seed 

Item 2. Field Corn for 

Silage or Green 

Chop 

Now I would like to ask you about the agricultural operations on this place in 1978. 

Since you may not have harvested, sold, bought, etc., all of the items that you plan 

to this year, you may need to estimate the answer to some questions. 

~ Section 2 - Were or will any of the following crops be harvested from this place in 1978? 

How many acres How much was or How many acres 

were or will be will be harvested 1 were or will be 

harvested? Irrigated? 

1. Field corn for grain f 068 

None 067 _____ OR __ B_u~ > 069 or seed (Report quantity l on a shefledMweight Cwt. basis.) .••••••.••••• [1 070 07 072 

2. Field corn for Silage Tons, or green chop • ...•.... [I green 

073 07' 1075 

3. Wheat for grain •..•.••. [I Bu. 

076 077 078 

4. Oats for grain ••••••••• [] Bu. 

079 080 08' 

5. Barley for grain ••.•.••. [~I Bu. 

083 Bu. ~ 08' 6. Sorghums for grain or seed 082 ,- - - - - OR- - Lb~~ 

(Include milo) ••••••••• [I 085 086 087 ./ [...-0..-

----- -

The following are specific instructions required for each item 

in section 2. 

Report the acres of field corn harvested or to be harvested in 

1978 for grain or seed, quantity harvested or to be harvested 

in 1978 on a shelled-weight basis and acres irrigated. (Use 

conversion factors in Chapter VI, if necessary.) 

Report field corn for silage or green chop in item 2. 

If the land was hogged or grazed following harvest for grain 

or silage, the acreage should be reported only as having been 

harvested for grain or silage. Report quantity harvested in 

item 1 using either bushels or hundred weight. 

Report quantity harvested in item 2, in tons of green weight. 

Do not report the following in section 2: 

a. Sweet corn, field corn harvested for vegetable use, or 

popcorn. 

b. Sweet corn for fresh market, canning or freezing. This 

should be reported in section 5. 

c. Sweet corn for seed. This should be reported in section 8. 

Write "Sweet corn for seed" code 773 in the space 

provided for "Crop Name" and code. 

d. Field corn cut for dry fodder, hogged or grazed. This 

should be reported in section 8. 

e. Popcorn should be reported in section 8, code 662. 
Items 3, 4, and 5. 

Wheat, Oats, and 

Barley for Grain 

Item 6. Sorghum for Grain 

or Seed (Include 

Milo) 

Item 7. Sorghums for Silage 

or Green Chop 

(Exclude Sorghum -

Sudan Crosses) 

Item 8. Soybean for Beans 

Item 9. Cotton 

Item 10. Tobacco 

45 

The questions in these items relate only to wheat, oats, and 

barley that were or will be combined or threshed (harvested) 

on the place in 1978. Any of these crops cut and fed 

unthreshed should be reported in section 3, items 2,5, or 6. 

Wheat, oats, or barley hogged or grazed (not harvested) are 

reported in section 10, item 2b only, as "used only for 

pasture or grazing." Any acres combined or threshed must 

be reported in the first column, the quantity harvested in 

the second column and acres irrigated in the third column of 

section 2. These acres are included in section 10, item 2a. 

Report the total acres harvested, total quantity harvested 

and total acres irrigated of all sorghums and milo harvested 

for grain or seed. Include sorghums or milo harvested by 

cutting the heads from stalks for feeding unthreshed. 

If the land was hogged or grazed following harvest, the 

acreage should be reported only as having been harvested for 

grain or seed. Do not report sorghum cut for dry forage or 

hay, sorghums hogged or grazed and sorghums for sirup in 

section 2. Report these crops in section 8 when used for 

these purposes. 

If two crops of sorghums were harvested for silage or other 

uses from the same planting, report the acreage only once, 

but report the total quantity harvested from both crops. 

Several varieties of sorghums are grown for silage and green 

chop. If it is not a sudan cross, report the acres harvested 

and the quantity harvested here. 

Sorghum sudan-crosses are hybrid plants produced by 

crossing a sorghum and sudan grass. Report these crops in 

section 3 when cut for hay or silage. 

Report the total acres of soybeans harvested or to be 

harvested in 1978, total quantity harvested or to be harvested 

in 1978 and total acres irrigated for beans. Soybeans are 

frequently doublecropped with wheat and acreage of each 

separate crop must be reported in section 2 also. 

If cotton was grown in a "skip row" pattern, count as acres 

harvested only the land occupied by cotton. If the "skip 

row acreage was not used for another harvested crop, report 

it in section 10, item 2f, as idle cropland. If a soil-improvement crop was grown but not harvested on the "skip row" 

acreage, report it in section 10, item 2c, as a cover crop. 

Report the total acres, quantity harvested, and acres irrigated, 

of all types oJ tobacco harvested, from the place in item 10. 

Be sure to include the landlord's share in quantity harvested. 
46 

Items 11 and 12. 

Irish Potatoes, 

Sweetpotatoes , 

and Yams 

If "skip row" or "sled rows" were used, count as harvested 

only the acreage occupied by the harvested tobacco. The 

area occupied by the "skip rows" should be reported as 

"idle cropland" in item 2f of section 10, if no other use was 

made of it. If a cover crop for soil-improvement was grown 

but not harvested, report it in section 10, item 2c. 

Report for the following crop: I rish potatoes, sweetpotatoes 

and yams the total acreage, total quantity harvested and total 

acres irrigated (exclude home use) regardless of who shared in 

the crop. Report Irish (white) potatoes in item 11 and 

sweet potatoes and/or yams in item 12. Include potatoes 

grown on a partnership or contract basis. If-the potatoes 

were graded for sale, be sure to include the culls in 

quantity harvested. 

SECTION 3 - Dry Hay, Grass Silage, Haylage or Green Chop 

First, ask the respondent, "Was or will any dry hay, grass 

silage, haylage, or green chop be cut or harvested from this 

place in 1978?" If yes, mark the "Yes" box and complete 

the remaining items in section 3. If no, mark the "No" 

box and go to section 4. 

If two or more cuttings of the same crop were or will be 

made from the same field: 

a. Report the acreage only once in the column for acres 

harvested and the column for acres irrigated. 

b. Report the total tons from all cuttings. 

If hay was or is expected to be cut from the same land from 

which small grains were harvested for grain, report the 

acreage cut for hay in section 3 and the acreage for grains in 

section 2 or 8 as appropriate. 

In some areas (especially in the New England States) hay is 

frequently given to others in return for their cutting and 

removing it from the field. This practice helps to control 

weeds, brush, trees, etc. Inquiries should be made about any 

land from which hay was cut or is expected to be cut in 1978. 

Any hay cut and removed from the place should be reported 

on the landlord's questionnaire in section 3 as hay harvested. 

Enter the name and address of the person who cut and 

removed or is expected to cut and remove the hay from the 

place in the Remarks space of page 2. 

Hay cut from public or other land (roadsides, median strips, 

railroad right-of-ways, State, Federal, etc.) whether rent 

was paid or not should be included as wild hay by the person 

cutting the hay. Report both the acres and quantity 

harvested in section 3. If the acreage cut is not known, 
Item 1. Alfalfa and Alfalfa 

Mixtures for Hay 

or Dehydrating 

Item 2. Small Grain Hay 

Item 3. Other Tame Dry 

Hay, Clov,er, 

Lespedeza, Timothy, 

Bermuda Grass, 

Sudan Grass, etc. 

Item 4. Wild Hay 

Item 5 and 6. 

Grass Silage, 

Haylage, and 

Green Chop 

47 

obtain the respondent's best estimate. This acreage should 

also be reported in section 1, item 2 as land rented or leased 

from others. 

Do not report straw except to report the value of sales from 

it in section 9, item 4. 

For those crops not harvested or not expected to be harvested, mark the "None" box and proceed to the next item. 

Alfalfa is frequently cut several times per year. Report the 

acreage only once, but report the total tons from all cuttings. 

In some States, the first cutting is grazed by sheep or other 

animals and subsequent cuttings are harvested for dehydration or hay. Quantity harvested by grazing in this case 

should be omitted. Report the tons of alfalfa hay harvested 

in terms of dry weight. If the operator does not know the 

number of tons, obtain his or her best estimate. 

This question relates to hay made from such crops as: wheat, 

oats, barley, rye, etc., in 1978. Report the acres and 

quantity of these crops harvested for hay. Also, report 

mixtures of small grain hay in this item. Such hay may have 

been harvested from acreage diverted in the 1978 Federal 

Farm Program. 

Include in this item all dry hay made from such crops as 

clover, lespedeza, fescue, timothy, Bermuda grass, Sudan 

grass, orchard grass, etc. Report the acres harvested, quantity 

harvested and acres irrigated of each crop or mixture of 

crops. Exclude dry hay made from alfalfa and alfalfa 

mixtures and small grain crops. Dry hay made from these 

crops is to be included in items 1 and 2. 

Report in item 4 all hay cut chiefly from wild or native 

grasses even if it had fill-in seedings of other grasses. Include 

acres and production of wild hay cut from public or other 

land whether rent is paid or not. Estimate acreage, if 

necessary. 

If both dry hay and grass silage were harvested from the same 

land, report the total acreage of that land in these items for 

both crops. The grass silage would be reported in item 5 

of section 3 and the hay in items 1,2,3, or 4 of this section 

depending on the kind of hay. When reporting grass silage, 

include acres and total quantity from all cuttings, whether 

harvested from land cut for hay or from land used for pasture. 

If green hay was cut from the same land from which small 

grains were harvested, report the total acreage in the 

appropriate items for both hay and small grains. 

Report production of hay in dry weight and grass silage, 

haylage, and green chop in green weight. 
48 

SECTIONS 4-8 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 

For sections 4-8, lead-in (screening) questions determine 

whether it is necessary to ask further questions in the section. 

These sections require that crop names and crop codes be 

entered from a list of crops provided in each section. To 

report a particular crop in any of these sections, (1) find the 

crop name and code for the crop reported by the respondent, 

(2) enter the crop name and code in the first two columns 

of the first available line in the section, and-(3) complete the 

remaining columns for each crop as requested in the column 

headings. 

When inquiring about different kinds of fruits, vegetables, 

etc., rather than read all the crops on the A 1, show the 

respondent the flash card for the appropriate section. 

Even though the flash cards can be an effective aid in 

completing these sections, it may be necessary to use other 

methods as well. Some respondents may prefer to follow 

along on a blank A 1. Others may not want to bother with a 

blank A 1 or a flash card. In these cases, it will be necessary 

to read the list of crops to the respondent. Always try to 

use the flash cards if possible, but be flexible enough to use 

one of the other methods if necessary. 

The following exhibits the types of entries to be made in 

these sections: 

Example: A farmer harvested 20 acres of alfalfa seed, 

producting 6,000 pounds, and 30 acres of red clover seed; 

yielding 8,400 pounds. (He did not irrigate either crop.) 

He would enter the following in section 8: 

Section 8 - Were or will any other crops be harvested Irom this place in 1978 - such as rice, 

008 peanuts, field seeds, sugar crops, or other crops not previously reported? 

'.81 YES - Complete thl. section 

2 [J NO - Go to section 9 

.Whlch craps Were or will be harvested from this place In 19781 (Show Flash Card) 

Crop name Code 

How many acres 

were or will be 

harvested? 

Haw much 

was or will 

be harvested? 

:Jd ~, 000 

How many 

acres were 

or will be 

Irrigated? 

A dash has been placed in the "Acres irrigated" column to 

indicate that no acres were irrigated and the question had 

been asked. 

If additional space is needed for reporting write-in crops, 

use the Remarks space at the bottom of page 2. 
49 

SECTION 4 - Fruit Trees, Grapevines, Citrus and Nut Trees 

Item 1. Acres of Bearing 

and Nonbearing Trees 

Item 2. Fruit and Nut Trees 

On the Place 

If there was a combined total of 20 or more fruit trees, 

including grapevines, citrus and nut trees, on this place in 

1978 which normally bear fruit or would have been expected 

to produce fruit, nuts or grapes, mark the "Yes" box and 

complete the remaining items in the section. For example: 

5 grapevines, 5 apple trees, 5 peach trees, and 5 plum trees 

would total 20 fruit trees. Include trees and vines for home 

use as well as those produced for sale. 

If you determine that there is not a combined total of 20 

or more fruit trees on the place, mark the "No" box and 

go to section 5. 

If you receive a "Yes" response to the lead-in question, ask 

item 1 and report the total number of acres for those fruit 

trees that were in bearing and nonbearing fruit orchards, 

citrus or other groves, vineyards and nuts on the place in 

1978. Enter this figure in the Total acres box to the right 

of item 1. Also report the total number of these acres that 

were or will be irrigated. Enter the total acres to the nearest 

tenth (1/10) (expressed in fractions only) of an acre in item 1. 

When you need to estimate the acres in trees, find the planting distance between trees; then divide the total number of 

trees by the number per acre that corresponds with the 

planting distance, as given in Chapter V I. 

If fruit trees and nut trees are planted in borders or are 

interplanted among other crops, estimate the number of 

acres that would be required for them if they were planted 

in the usual orchard way. 

The conversion chart in Chapter VI will help estimate the 

acres in trees if the number of trees and the approximate 

distance between the trees is known. 

After recording the total acreage in item 1, obtain a breakdown of this acreage by crop in item 2. Count bearing and 

nonbearing trees and vines and include trees not harvested 

due to cold weather, unsatisfactory prices, labor shortage, 

etc. Do not count trees and vines that have been abandoned 

and are not being maintained for production. Make use of 

the flash card for the list of crops whenever possible. Show 

the flash card to the respondent after you ask item 2. Record 

information for this item as requested by the column 

headings. (Crop name, code, etc.) If additional space is 

required, use the Remarks space on page 2. 
50 

SECTION 5 - Vegetables, Sweet Corn, Melons, Etc. 

Item 1. Acres of Vegetables 

Harvested in 1978 

Item 2. Vegetable Crops Harvested 

Or Will Be Harvested For 

Sale From This Place 

In 1978 

The initial question determines whether any VEGETABLES, 

SWEET CORN, MELONS, ETC. were or will be harvested 

FOR SALE from this place in 1978. If yes, mark the "Yes" 

box and complete items 1 and 2 in the section. If no, mark 

the "No" box and go to section 6. 

If you received a "Yes" response to the initial question, 

ask the respondent to report the acres once even though 

two or more crops were harvested from the same acres or the 

same acres were irrigated more than once. 

In item 2, report the crops harvested for sale in the allotted 

space along with the identification code number. If more 

than one crop was harvested from the same acres, report the 

acres from each crop. Do not report gardens unless vegetables are sold from them. 

The following illustration shows how to report two crops 

harvested from the same land during the year. Example, 

A farmer indicates that he/she had 8 acres of land from 

which vegetables, were harvested during 1978 and it was 

all irrigated. He/she would report the 8 acres in item 1 for 

land from which vegetables were harvested and 8 acres 

irrigated. The farmer indicates that 5 acres of lettuce was 

harvested from a field and the field was replanted to lettuce 

and harvested again; he/she would report in item 2 for the 

individual crop, 10 acres of lettuce harvested (accounting 

for the double cropping). He/she indicates that both crops 

of lettuce were irrigated, therefore; acres of lettuce irrigated 

would be 10. He/she also harvested 3 acres of radishes from 

another field, and the field was replanted to radishes and 

harvested again, the farmer would report 6 acres of radishes 

harvested in item 2 (accounting for double cropping). Both 

crops of radishes were also irrigated, therefore; the acres of 

radishes irrigated would be 6. 

Section 5 - Were or will any VEGETABLES, SWEET CORN, MELONS, etc., be 

harvested FOR SALE from this place in 1978? 005 , l~ I YES - Complete this section 

2 0 NO - Go to section 6 

For Florida, report for September 1, 1977 through ,--------rH-o-w-m-an-y-ac-re-s-w-.r-ie ,i 

August 31, 1978 harvest season; lor aI/ other Acres States report for calendar year 1978. or will be Irrigated? I 375 376 

1. From how much land were or will a /10 0': /10 :, vegetables be harvested In 1978? •••••••••• 'L-__ ~_--'-_---L_c::....-,tJO<.-1_---t 

i 2. Which vegetable crops were or will be harvested Irom this place in 1978? (Show Flash Card) I I f more than one vegetable crop was harvested from the same acres, report acres for 

each crop. Report crops grown under protection in section 6. 

How many acres were Crop name Code or will be harvested? 
Beans 

Peas 

Melons 

Onions 

Peppers 

Cabbage 

Cauliflower and Broccoli 

51 

Report whole acres and tenths of acres for the acres of 

vegetables harvested for sale. Include vegetables for fresh 

market and for sale to canners, freezers, dehydrators, and 

other processors. Include vegetables grown under contract. 

Consider all vegetables grown under contract as sold from the 

place where grown. Do not report home gardens unless 

vegetables are sold from it. 

If the farm is operated by an institution (prison, hospital, 

etc.,) consider as sold any vegetables harvested on the farm 

that were or will be consumed by inmates of the institution. 

Report vegetable crops harvested in the calendar year 1978 

for all States except F lorida. (See instructions on A 1.) 

Report dry field and seed peas, dry lima beans, other dry 

field and seed beans in section 8. Do NOT include in section 

5 vegetables grown in greenhouses, under glass, or other 

protection. These crops are to be reported in section 6. 

The following are some vegetables which should be reported 

in section 5; they are either not included on the list in section 

5 or need further clarification. 

Report snapbeans (bush and pole types) in code 381 and 

green lima beans in code 429. 

Report green peas including English in code 441 and blackeyed and other green cow peas in code 409. 

Report watermelons in code 473. Report cantaloupes, 

muskmelons, Persian melons in code 395, honeydew melons 

in code 423. 

Report dry onions with code 433 and green onions with 

code 435 in section 5. However, the shallot type of onion 

should be reported with code 475. 

Sweet peppers are to be reported with code 443 and hot 

peppers with code 445. These crops are listed in section 5. 

(Include chili, cayenne and tabasco as hot peppers in code 

445.) Report pimientos as pimientos using code 475. 

Report all types of cabbage such as: Chinese, common, 

savoy, and red cabbage using code 391. 

Report only the greenheaded variety of broccoli as broccoli 

(code 385) and white-headed broccoli as cauliflower 

code 399. ' 
52 

SECTION 6 - Nursery or Greenhouse Products Grown For Sale 

Item 1. Area Irrigated 

Item 2. Products Grown On This 

Place For Sale in 1978 

Sod Harvested 

Mushrooms 

If there were or will be any Nursery or Greenhouse Products, 

sod, bulbs, flowers, flower seeds, vegetable seeds and plants, 

vegetables under glass or other protection, or mushrooms 

grown for sale on this place in 1978, mark the "Yes" box 

and complete the remaining items of section 6. 

If no nursery or greenhouse products were or will be grown 

for sale on the place in 1978, mark the "No" box and go to 

section 7. 

If you receive a "Yes" response to the screening question, 

ask item 1. Report the square feet and/or acres irrigated for 

all nursery and greenhouse products. If the same area was 

watered by artificial means several times during the year, 

report the area only once, regardless of the number of water 

applications. Report area irrigated in square feet for 

products grown in greenhouses or under other protection, 

and in acres for products grown in the open. Obtain the 

respondent's best estimate of the area irrigated, if the exact 

area is unknown. 

After asking item 2, show the respondent the flash card with 

the list of products for section 6. Include all flowers and 

plants grown on this place for sale, including retail and 

wholesale, to individuals, florists, and others. Include those 

sold on consignment by florists and other outlets. Report 

cut flowers, flowering plants, potted plants, florist greens, 

bedding plants, trees, shrubs, vines, and ornamentals in the 

items as specified. 

For crops grown in hot beds or cold frames, report only the 

area actually in the beds or frames. 

For plants produced in the open, obtain the area of plants 

in acres and tenths of acres. 

For plants produced under glass or other protection, report 

the area of plants in square feet. 

Report the greenhouse area only once for each product or 

category as listed at the bottom of the section, even though 

the same product was grown more than once. 

Report the total acres of sod harvested from this place in 

1978 and the dollar value of the sod. Acreage planted to 

grass intended for sale as sod in subsequent years and not 

harvested in 1978, should be reported as "Cropland idle" in 

section 10, item 2f. 

Report the square feet of bed space used for mushrooms in 

1978 only once, even though the space was harvested more 

than once or more than one crop was grown during the 
Value of Sales 

53 

year. For example, if two crops of mushrooms were 

harvested from an area of 20,000 square feet of bed space, 

report 20,000 square feet of area used. Note in the margin of 

the page the number of times mushrooms were harvested 

from that area. 

Report the value of all sales from bulbs, flowers, flower 

seeds, vegetable seeds and plants, nursery and greenhouse 

products, sod, and vegetables and mushrooms in the last 

column of this section. Estimates are acceptable if exact 

figures are not available. 

Do not include products bought for resale without additional growing. 

Report the total value of sales (wholesale or retail) for those 

products grown on this place and sold directly from this 

place, but report only the wholesale value of any products 

sold through a retail outlet which is not on this place or if 

it is a separate business. 

SECT ION 7 - Berries Harvested For Sale 

If there were or will be any strawberries, cranberries or other 

berries harvested for sale from this place in 1978, mark the 

"Yes" box and complete the remaining items in the section. 

If there were or will not be any berries harvested for sale in 

1978, mark the "No" box and go to section 8. 

If you receive a "Yes" response to the lead question, ask the 

respondent, "Which crops were or will be harvested from this 

place in 1978?" After asking this question, show the 

respondent the flash card for section 7, and record the 

information as requested by the column headings (crop 

name, code, acres harvested, quantity harvested, and acres 

irrigated). If additional space is required, use the Remarks 

space on page 2. 

Although this section generally refers to tame or cultivated 

berries of all kinds, wild blueberries harvested for sale should 

also be reported here. 

Report in acres and tenths of acres and give the quantity 

harvested. If less than 1/10 acre was harvested, do not report 

the acreage or the quantity of berries harvested. 
54 

SECTION 8 - Other Crops Harvested From This Place In 1978 

Broomcorn, 

Hops 

Cow peas For Dry Peas 

This section is for reporting information on those crops not 

reported in other sections. Complete section 8 in the same 

manner as sections 4, 5, 6, and 7. If the crop is not listed 

on the report form, write in the name of the crop and use 

code 773 for each crop not listed. 

Give special attention to the units of measures provided for 

the list of crops at the bottom of section 8. 

Quantity harvested must be reported in the units of measures 

specified on the form. For example, alfalfa seed is to be 

reported in pounds, flaxseed in bushels, and sunflower seed 

in pounds and so forth. If the respondent provides the 

answer(s) in units of measure other than those specified for 

each crop, make a note along the margin of the questionnaire 

and use the conversion tables in Chapter V I at a later time to 

make the necessary revisions. 

Use code 773 for crops that do not appear on the list, such as 

broomcorn and hops. Be sure to write in the name of the 

crop and report quantities harvested in pounds. 

Report the following dry field and seed beans in section 8: 

Navy or pea beans 

Great northern 

Small white 

Flat small white 

White narrow 

Pinto 

Red kidney 

Small red 

Cranberry bean 

Yelloweye 

Black turtle soup 

B lackeye bean 

(California only) 

Garbanzo 

Garden varieties of beans 

harvested for seed 

Report dry lima beans, both large and baby limas as 

harvested for dry beans, code 557. 

Report cowpeas for dry peas in this section. Also, report 

cowpeas hogged, grazed, or cut for silage in this section as 

other crops. Blackeyed and other green cowpeas, green peas, 

snap beans, and green lima beans harvested for fresh market 

canning, or freezing should be reported as vegetables in 

section 5. 
Rice 

Sugar Beets 

Sugarcane 

SECTION 9 - Value of Crops Sold 

55 

Cowpeas, other peas, and beans left on vines and harvested 

with the vines that are cut for hay should be reported in 

section 3, item 3. 

Report rice in one of the units of measure given. 

Report on separate lines the acreage devoted to production 

of beets for sugar, code 719, and the acreage devoted to sugar 

beet seed production, as other crops, code 773. 

Report the acreage of sugarcane for sugar, sirup and seed. 

If more than one use was made of the crop, prorate the 

acreage on the basis of each use and report sugarcane for 

seed using code 725, and sugarcane for sirup, code 773. 

In Florida and Texas, report sugarcane cuttings from 

November 1977 through April 1978; do not report any 

cuttings for November-December 1978. For other States, 

report the 1978 crop year. 

Do not report flower seeds and vegetable seeds in section 8. 

These crops should have been reported in section 6, code 500. 

The questions in this section are asked to obtain a measure 

of the value of crops of agricultural production in each 

county, State, and the United States. Report the gross value 

of all crops sold or removed or expected to be sold or 

removed from this place in 1978, regardless of the year they 

were produced before deducting for expenses and taxes. 

Do not report net income or the value of crops sold from 

land rented to others. If the operator rented land from 

others or worked land on shares for others include the value 

of the landlord's share of any products removed from this 

place. If the operator is the senior partner operating as a 

partnership, include the total value of all products sold from 

the place for all partners. Include the value of crops placed 

under Government loan or seal in 1978, along with the value 

of all crops sold. 

Sales from nonfarm related activities such as trading and 

speculation, should not be reported on this A 1. 

If a product was sold through a co-op or other organization 

which makes payments in several installments over a period 

of time, report the amount received in 1978, regardless of 

the year in which the crop was harvested. 
56 

Value of Products 

Harvested By Others 

Item 1. Grains Sold in 1978 

Item 1a. Government CCC Loans 

on Grains 

Item 2. Cotton and 

Cottonseed 

This value should relate to the gross market value of the 

product before deduction of any production or marketing 

expenses, such as harvesting, hauling, or selling expenses. 

These expenses are to be reported under the appropriate 

items of section 26. Whenever crops were harvested by 

contractors, cooperatives, or by others, and the operator 

received a price for the products which did not include the 

cost of harvesting, hauling, etc., report the gross value to 

include those costs. If records do not show such. figures, 

separately, obtain the farm or ranch operator's best estimate 

of the cost for these services and include them with the 

value of the product sold. 

Also be sure that the cost of these services are included in 

the proper production expense items of section 26. 

Landlords should not report the sale of crops, animals, or 

other farm products produced by cash tenants, share tenants, 

or sharecroppers. These sales will be reported by tenants 

and sharecroppers if they live in a segment selected for this 

survey. Landlords should report only those products sold 

from the part of their land they operate, as reported in 

section 1, item 4. Enter the dollar value for each item having 

sales. If sales were not made for a particular item, mark the 

"None" box and ask the next item. 

Individuals or organizations who have other farm operators 

produce agricultural products for them under a contract 

arrangement should not include their production of their 

report. This production will be reported by the form operator 

who produces the agricultural commodity under the contract 

agreement. 

The gross market value of the following crops should be 

reported here: 

Corn for grain, sorghums (include milo) for grain, rice, wheat, 

oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, proso millet, spelt, lentils, 

mustard seed, soybeans, dry beans, dry peas, and cowp.eas, 

flaxseed, sunflower seed, popcorn, and safflower. 

I nclude in the dollar value any part of the receipts given to 

landlords and the value of cottonseed paid to the gin for 

ginning. 

Consider any grains placed under Government CCC loans 

(or seal) during 1978 as sold. Report the loan amount in 

item 1 and then again in item 1 a. 

The value of grain fed on this place should be excluded. Do 

not report the value of sales for corn and sorghum silage, and 

sorghum hay in this item, but in item 4. After determining 

the total dollar value of sales for item 1, ask the operator 

how much of this total will be received in 1978 from Government CCC loans. If none, mark the "None" box and ask 

item 2. 

Enter in item 2 the total dollar value of sales in 1978 from 

cotton and cottonseed, including Government CCC loans. 
Item 2a. Government CCC 

Loans On Cotton 

Item 3. Tobacco 

Item 4. Field Seeds, Hay, 

Forage, and Silage 

Item 5. Vegetables, Sweet 

Corn, and Melons 

Item 6. Fruits, Nuts, Berries 

Item 7. Nursery and 

Greenhouse Products 

Item 8. Other Crops 

SECTION 10 - Land Use in 1978 

Item 1. Copy" Acres In This 

Place" from Section 

1, item 4 

57 

After determining the total dollar value of sales in item 2, ask 

the respondent how much of this total will be received in 

1978 from Government eee loans. Enter the dollar value 

in the box provided. If none, mark the "None" box. 

Report in item 3 the total dollar value of sales in 1978 

from all types of tobacco. Include only receipts from 1978 

sales regardless of year the tobacco was grown. 

Report the value of any sales from the hay and forage crops 

reported in section 3 and field seeds reported in section 8. 

Include value of sales for any corn and sorghum silage, and 

sorghum hay. Also include the value of sales from any field 

seeds or grass seeds not in section 8. 

Include fresh market sales and sales to canners, freezers, 

dehydrators, and other processors of any of the crops listed 

in section 5. The value should include the gross value 

including harvesting and marketing cost, even if paid for 

by others. Value of vegetables grown under glass or other 

protection should be reported in item 7. Do not include 

I rish potatoes or sweetpotatoes. Report these in item 8. 

Report the sale of any of the products listed in sections 4 and 

7 to include berry crops, grapes, tree nuts, citrus fruits, 

deciduous tree fruits and all other fruit and tree nuts. 

Report in item 7 the total value of sales for all products 

listed in section 6. Include vegetables grown under glass or 

other protection. 

For item 8, include the value of sales from the following 

crops: peanuts, I rish potatoes, sweetpotatoes, sugar beets, 

sugarcane, broomcorn, popcorn, mint for oil, hops, etc. 

None of these crops should have been reported in items 1-7. 

If two or more crops from this item were sold, enter the 

combined sales for these crops. 

All land in the "Acres In This Place" must be allocated to 

the appropriate land use items in section 10. Each "Acre 

In This Place" should be reported only once in this section. 

For example, if the operator harvested a grain crop in 1978 
58 

Item 2. Cropland 

Item 2a. Cropland Harvested 

and then let cattle graze on the stubble, report the land as 

harvested cropland, but do not report it as cropland used 

for pasture or grazing. Respondents will not always break 

down the "Acres In This Place" in the same order as listed 

in this section. For this reason, a flash card has been 

developed for you to show the respondent to assist in giving 

a breakdown. Show the flash card immediately after reading 

the lead statement, "In 1978, how many acres of cropland 

were or will be harvested" for this section. Report in whole 

acre units. The total in item 6 of this section must equal 

the entry in section 1, item 4. 

~ Seclion 10 - The next queslions refer 10 Ihe use of Ihe land in Ihis place during 1978. 

If Ihe same land had more than one use in 1978, REPORT THAT LAND 

ONLY ONCE in Ihe first "use" lisled below Ihal applies. (Show Flash Card) 

1. Copy ACRES IN THIS PLACE from section I, item 4, page 2 .... 

2. In 1978, how many acres 01 cropland were or will be -

3. Harvested? (Include all "land from which crops were Of wilt be 

harvested or hay was or will be cut. and all land In orchards, 

citrus groves, vineyards, and nursery and greenhouse products. 

Add acres in sections 2-8. This total must be equal to or less 

than the total acres reported harvested in sections 2-8.) ••• 

b. Used for pasture or grazing? (Include rotation pasture and 

grazing land that could have been used for crops without 

additional Improvements.) •••••••••••••••••••••••• 

c. Cropland used for cover crops, legumes, and soll .. improvement grasses, but NOT harve.ted and NOT pa.tured? ••••••••• 

d. Land On which all crops lalled? (Exclude land in orchards 

and vineyards on which the crop failed. Such acreage is to 

be reported in item 2a.) ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 • 0 • 

e. in cultivated summer lallow? •••••••••••••••••••••• 

I. Idle? •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••• 

3. How many acres of woodland were or {ao Pastured? 0 • 0 ••• 

will be - (Include a/l woodlots and 

timber tracts ard cutover and deforested ? 

land with young timber growth.) • • •• • b. Not pa.tured .••• 

4. How many acres 01 other pasture land and rangeland did you have 

In 1978? (Include any pasture/and other than cropland and 

woodland pasture.) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

5. How many acres 01 all other land did you have In 1978, such as 

house lots, ponds, roads, wasteland, etc.? (Include any land not 

reported In items 2 through 4 above.) • ................... 

6. TOTAL ACRES - Add the acres reported in items 2 through 5 

(Should be the same as item 1 above.) 

Acres 

None Number 01 acres 

787 

[,1 788 

0 789 

[I 

790 

0 

L] 791 

0 793 

794 

[] 95 

CJ 796 

[J 797 

0 ,. 798 

, ... .... 

Do not ask item 1. Transcribe the figure for "Acres In 

This Place" from section 1, item 4, page 2. 

Enter the number of acres in the applicable parts provided 

for item 2. If no acres are reported for a specific part of item 

2, mark the "None" box and ask the next part. 

Include in item 2a all acreage from which crops were 

harvested in 1978. Report any crop that was harvested 

from the acreage used for "skip row." Include land from 

which wild or tame hay was harvested, land in orchards, 

citrus groves, and vineyards (both bearing and nonbearing) 
Acres Reported Harvested 

in Sections 2-8 

Item 2b. Cropland Used for 

Pasture or Grazing 

Item 2c. Cropland Used for 

Cover Crops 

Item 2d. Cropland On Which 

All Crops Failed 

59 

including those trees on which the 1978 bloom or fruit were 

freeze-killed; all acres in greenhouses, nurseries, and sod for 

sale; and any other acreage from which a crop was harvested, 

even if the crop was considered a partial failure and the 

yield was very low. 

The sum of the acres reported harvested in sections 2 through 

8 should be equal to or greater than the entry for item 2a due 

to more than one crop being harvested from the same acres. 

Include land in planted crops that were hogged off, pastured, 

or grazed before harvest. Corn, sorghums, soybeans, and 

cowpeas, hogged or grazed should be reported in item 2a. 

Consider corn, sorghums, soybeans, and cowpeas as harvested 

when they are hogged or grazed, if not harvested for grain 

or cut for silage. 

ENUMERATOR: 

Before completing this item, add the acres reported harvested 

in sections 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 plus the acreage reported for 

item 1 in sections 4 and 5, and compare this SUM to the 

total acres of cropland reported harvested in section 10. 

Cropland harvested in section 10 must be equal to the total 

unless there was double cropping. If not equal, go back and 

check with the respondent on the totals in sections 2-8, 

the entry in section 10, item 2a and make necessary corrections. 

Remember that the same acres should be reported for each 

individual crop in section 2-8, but that they are to be included 

only once in item 2a, section 10. 

Include in item 2b rotation pasture and all other land used 

only for pasture or grazing in 1978 that could have been 

used for crops without additional improvements. Include 

any cropland grazed under the provisions of the 1978 Federal 

Farm Program. 

Report land used in 1978 to grow cover crops, such as 

legumes and soil-improvement grasses for controlling erosion 

or to be plowed under for improving the soil. 

Do not include any acreage from which crops were harvested 

or used for pasture or grazing. 

If all of a crop failed (except fruit or nuts in an orchard, 

grove, or vineyard being maintained for production) and no 

other crop was harvested and the land was not pastured or 

grazed, report the acres in 2d. If some of the acreage of a 

crop was harvested, report the harvested acreage in item 2a 

of section 10 and in sections 2 through 8, as appropriate. 

Report the remainder (the actual failed acreage) in item 2d 

provided it was not used for pasture or grazing. Include as 

crop failure acreage not harvested because of low prices or 

labor shortages. 
60 

Item 2e. Cropland in Cultivated 

Summer Fallow 

Item 2f. Idle Cropland 

Item 3. Woodland 

Item 3a. Woodland Pastured 

Item 3b. Woodland Not Pastured 

Item 4. Other Pastureland 

and Rangeland 

Report in item 2a land in orchards and vineyards on which 

the crop failed. 

Any cropland not harvested and not pastured that was 

plowed and cultivated or on which weeds were controlled 

through the use of herbicides, and which was left unseeded 

for 1978 harvest for the purpose of controlling weeds and/or 

conserving moisture should be reported here as cultivated 

summer fallow. Include cropland summer-fallowed iR 1978, 

even though it may have been planted to wheat, etc., for 

1979 harvest. 

Idle cropland refers to any land which could have been used 

for crops without any additional improvement and which 

was not reported in items 2a to 2e. 

Report land not harvested in 1978 but occupied by growing 

crops intended for harvest in 1979 or later years as idle 

cropland. Examples are acreages devoted to young strawberries, new sugarcane planting, etc. 

Idle cropland also includes land plowed again aher first 

clearing it of brush, but which has been idle (not used for 

either crops or pasture) for one or more years. Skipped 

rows in crops such as cotton and tobacco is to be reported 

here if the land was not used for any other purpose and 

not reported as cropland harvested. 

Item 3 refers to woodland that was or will be pastured and to 

woodland on the place not pastured. It refers to all woodlots and timber tracts, natural or planted, and to cutover and 

deforested land with young timber growth which has or will 

have value for wood products. It does not include cutover 

or deforested land that has been improved for pasture. Do 

not include sagebrush or mesquite land as woodland. Report 

sagebrush and mesquite land in item 4. 

Include all woodland used for pasture or grazing in 1978. If 

none, mark the "None" box and ask item 3b. 

Include in item 3b all woodland not used for pasture or 

grazing in 1978. Diverted land planted to trees under one of 

the adjustment programs should be included. This includes 

land planted for Christmas tree production or reforestation 

which is not pastured. See Chapter V. If not, mark the 

"None" box and go to item 4. 

For item 4, include any land used or to be used for pasture 

or grazing other than cropland or woodland pastured. 
Item 5. All Other Land 

Item 6. Total Acres 

61 

Other pastureland and rangeland will usually include land 

which may be called "meadow" or "prairie" and which 

may be composed of bunchgrass, shortgrass, buffalo grass, 

bluestem, bluegrass, switchgrass, etc. It also includes land 

predominantly covered with brush or browse, pastureland 

or rangeland containing desert shrubs, sagebrush, mesquite, 

greasewood, mountain browse, salt brush, cactus, juniper 

pinon, etc. 

I nclude in item 5 land in house lots, ponds, roads, lanes, 

wasteland, and all other land in this place that does not fit 

any of the other land uses listed above. 

This is the total of all entries reported for items 2 through 5 

and should be the same as item 1 for this section. If there is 

a difference, then recheck items 2 through 5 to find the 

discrepancy and make corrections. 

SECTION 11 - Irrigated Land In 1978 

Item la. Irrigated Harvested 

Land 

Item lb. Irrigc;lted Pastureland 

and Rangeland 

Irrigation refers to the adding of water to land by any 

artificial or controlled means, such as: sprinklers, furrows or 

ditches, spreader dikes, flooding, and subirrigation. Preplant, 

partial and supplemental irrigation are to be included. 

Report each acre only once, regardless of the number of 

times it was irrigated or harvested. 

The lead question determines if any land was irrigated on 

this place in 1978. If the "Yes" box is marked, complete 

this section; if the "No" box is marked, go to section 12. 

Report the acres of irrigated land from which crops were 

harvested in 1978 and all irrigated land in bearing and nonbearing fruit and nut crops. Irrigated hay land should be 

included if hay was cut from it. The entry in this item may 

be less than or equal to, but not exceed, the entry in 

section 10, item 2a. 

For item 1 b, ask the respondent to give a combined total of 

any acreage used only as pastureland and rangeland which 

was irrigated at least once during the year. This figure 

should not exceed the sum of acres reported in section 10, 

items 2b and 4. 

Include land irrigated by spring flooding if water was 

diverted or spread by dams, spreader dikes, canals, ditches, 

pipes, or other works. 
62 

Item 1 c. Other Lands 

Irrigated 

Item 1d. Total Land 

Irrigated 

Enter in item 1c any irrigated land other than that reported 

in items 1a and 1b. Include here land not harvested due to 

crop failure, labor shortage, idle land, land in cultivated 

summer fallow, or land in cover crops and soil improvement 

grasses. 

Add the acres reported in items 1 a through 1 c and enter the 

total in the space for item 1d. This total cannot be greater 

than the entry for item 6 of section 10. 

SECTIONS 12-16 - Livestock and Poultry - General Information 

Number on This Place 

(I nventories) 

Number Sold or Moved 

From This Place 

Report all livestock and poultry expected to be on the acres 

shown in section 1, item 4 on December 31, 1978, regardless 

of who owned them - the operator, a landlord, neighbors, 

hired help, investors, or others. Livestock and poultry 

raised, fed, or pastured under contract or on a custom basis 

are to be reported on the place where they are expected to 

be located on December 31. If on December 31, 1978 

livestock are expected to be: (a) moved from one place to 

another; (b) on unfenced land; or (c) 'grazing in national 

forests, grazing districts, open range, or on land used under 

permit, they should be reported by the person who will be 

responsible for them at that time and reported as being on 

the place operated by that person. Do not report as on this 

place any livestock or poultry that will be: (a) on land 

rented to others; or (b) owned by the operator but which will 

be on someone else's farm or feedlot on December 31. 

Report all livestock and poultry sold or to be sold from 

this place in 1978. Report the number of live animals that 

have been sold in 1978 plus the estimated number that 

will be sold between the time of enumeration and 

December 31, 1978. Include those sold from this place by 

hired workers and members of the family of the person in 

charge. Livestock and poultry raised under contract or on a 

custom basis for others are to be reported as sold when they 

are removed from this place. Include as sold animals sold or 

to be sold for a landlord or given to a landlord or others in 

trade or payment for goods, services, or use of land. If 

animals were removed from this place to be fed, produced, or 

grown by others on a contract basis, report them· as sold 

when they were removed from this place. Do not include 

as sold, animals bought and then resold within 30 days, 

or any livestock or poultry slaughtered by the operator for 

his own home use. 
SECTION 12 - Cattle and Calves 

Item 1. Total Cattle 

and Carves 

Item 1 a. Beef Cows 

Item lb. Milk Cows 

Item lc. Heifers and 

Heifer Calves 

Item ld. Steers and Bulls 

63 

If there were or are expected to be any cattle or calves 

on this place in 1978, mark the "Yes" box and complete 

the remaining items in this section. If it is determined that 

no cattle were or will be on the place in 1978, mark the 

"No" box and go to section 13. 

Report the total number of cattle and calves of all ages 

expected to be on this place on December 31,1978. Include 

all cattle on feed and bulls. Remind operators with dairy 

herds to include any beef cattle, and those with beef herds 

to include any dairy animals. Include cattle and calves on 

unfenced land or grazing in national forests, grazing districts, 

or open range as being on this place. Do not include cattle 

quartered on other farms or in feedlots which are not part of 

this place. 

Prior to asking item 1, read the following statement, "As of 

December 31, 1978, how many ... ?" If the respondent 

indicates none, mark the "None" box and skip down to the 

question which reads, "Of the cattle and calves sold or to be 

sold ... ?" 

If cattle and calves are expected to be on this place as of 

December 31, 1978, enter the total number of cattle and 

calves. Prior to asking items 1a-1d, ask the respondent "Of 

these cattle or calves, how many will be - 1 a. Beef cows? 

1b. Milk cows kept for production of milk or cream for 

sale or home use? 1c. Heifer and heifer calves? 1d. Steers, 

steer calves, bulls and bull calves?" 

Report as beef cows, cows regardless of breed, that were not 

used for the production of milk for sale or for home 

consumption. (Young cows are often referred to as heifers -

count them as cows if they have calved.) Sometimes the 

question on beef cows is misunderstood as beef cattle by 

some respondents when asking them to report the number 

of "beef cows." Be sure to obtain the number of beef cows 

and not the number of beef cattle. Places with beef cow 

herds will most often have heifers and heifer calves, as well as 

steers and bulls to report. 

Include cows regardless of breed kept for the production of 

milk or cream for sale or home use. Include dry milk cows 

and milk heifers that had calved. 

Include as heifers and heifer calves all female cattle that will 

not have calved as of December 31, 1978. 

Include bulls, bull calves, steers, and steer calves of all ages. 
64 

Sum of Entries in 

Items 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d 

Cattle and Calves Sold or to 

be Sold in 1978. Item 2, 

3 and 3a 

Gross Value of Sales for 

Cattle and Calves. 

Item 2,3, and 3a 

Item 2. Calves Weighing Less 

Than 500 Pounds 

Item 3. Cattle Including Calves 

Weighing 500 Pounds or 

More 

Item 3a. Fattened on Grain 

or Concentrates 

The sum of the entries for 1 a, 1 b, 1 c, and 1 d must equal 

the figure in item 1. Correct any discrepancy with the 

respondent on these items. 

I nclude cattle fed on this place on a contract or custom-basis. 

Also report as sold, cattle moved from this place in 1978 

to a feedlot for further feeding. Report the number of live 

animals that have been sold in 1978, plus' the estimated 

number that will be sold between the time of enumeration 

and December 31, 1978. 

Include the total value of sales without deducting cost of 

feed, cost of purchases, or cost of hauling and selling, etc. 

If the sales price is not known, obtain the best estimate of 

their value when the livestock left this place. Do not report 

the value of sales of livestock owned by the operator but 

held on and sold from someone else's place. For example, 

do not report cattle purchased elsewhere, fed in, and sold 

from a feedlot not part of this place. For cattle moved from 

the operator's place to a feedlot for further feeding, record 

the operator's best estimate of their market value when the 

livestock left this place. Report separately the value of sales 

of calves, sales of cattle, and the value of sales of cattle fattened on grain and concentrates for slaughter. 

Prior to asking items 2 and 3 in this section, read the following 

to the respondent: "Of the cattle and calves sold or to be 

sold from this place in 1978, how many will be ... ?" If 

the operator has difficulty in reporting the number of cattle 

and calves sold by weight - that is, those weighing less 

than 500 pounds, from those weighing 500 pounds or more, 

ask the operator to give his or her best estimate of the number 

for each group. 

Report the total number of calves weighing less than 500 

pounds that will be sold in 1978 for any pu rpose. Obtain 

the expected gross value of sales for the number reported. 

Report the total number of cattle, including calves, weighing 

500 pounds or more that will be sold in 1978 for any purpose. Obtain the expected gross value of sales forthe number 

reported. 

Report the total number of cattle and calves weighing 500 

pounds or more that will be sold for slaughter in 1978 after 

being fattened on grains or concentrate on this place for 30 

days or more. Normally, cattle fattened on grain or concentrates for slaughter are expected to produce carcasses that 

would grade "USDA Good" or better. 
Item 4. Dairy Products Sold 

SECTION 13 - Hogs or Pigs 

Item 1. Total Hogs and 

Pigs 

Item 1a. Hogs and Pigs 

for Breeding 

Item 1 b. Other Hogs 

and Pigs 

Item 2. Litters Farrowed 

65 

Do not report in this item veal calves fattened primarily 

on milk, or dairy cows fed only the usual dairy ration before 

being sold. Do not include cattle and calves sold for further 

feeding or placed in custom feedlots not on this place. 

Report the gross value of all milk, cream, and other dairy 

products sold or expected to be sold from this place in 1978. 

Include the total value before handling costs and other 

deductions were made. 

Do not include goat dairy products here; report them in 

section 15. 

If there were or are expected to be any hogs or pigs on this 

place in 1978, mark the "Yes" box and complete the remaining items in this section. 

If there were or will be no hogs or pigs, on this place in 1978, 

mark the "No" box and go to section 14. 

If you receive a "Yes" to the lead question, ask the respondent item 1. 

Report the total number of hogs or pigs of all ages expected 

to be on this place on December 31, 1978. Enter this total 

in the inventory box provided. 

Report the number of hogs and pigs used or to be used for 

breeding. Include bors, bred sows, bred gilts, other sows 

and gilts intended for breeding and young males to be used 

for breeding. 

Report all other hogs or pigs, including pigs intended for 

home slaughter. Include all hogs and pigs being raised for 

slaughter. 

NOTE: The sum of items 1a and 1b must equal the total 

reported in item 1. 

Resolve any discrepancy with the respondent. 

Report the number of litters in item 2a farrowed on this 

place between December 1, 1977 and May 31, 1978 and 

report the number of litters in item 2b for those that were or 

will be farrowed between June 1, 1978 and November30, 1978. 

Do not report .the number of pigs produced during each 

farrowing. 
66 

Item 3. Hogs and Pigs 

Sold 

Item 4. Feeder Pigs Sold 

SECTION 14 - Sheep and Lambs 

Item 1. Total Sheep 

and Lambs 

Item 1a. Total Ewes 1 Year 

Old or Older 

Report the total number of hogs and pigs (including those 

purchased from someone else) sold or expected to be sold 

from the place in 1978. Also report the value of sales without 

deducting expenses such as cost of feed, livestock purchased, 

cost of marketing, and so forth. If the sales price is not 

known obtain an estimate of their value when they left the 

place. 

Of the hogs and pigs sold or to be sold from the place, report 

the number sold or to be sold as feeder pigs for further 

feeding. Report their value at the time they left the place. 

If the gross value of sales price is not known, obtain the best 

estimate of their value when they left the place. To be 

classified as feeder pigs, the pigs should have been born on 

this place. Pigs purchased from someone else should be 

reported only in item 3 if sold from this place in 1978. 

If there were or are expected to be any sheet or lambs on 

this place in 1978, mark the "Yes" box and complete the 

remaining items in the section. If there were or will be no 

sheet and lambs on this place in 1978, mark the "No" 

box and go to section 15. 

If you receive a "Yes" to the lead-in question, ask item 1. 

Report the total number of ewes, rams, wethers, and 

lambs of all ages expected to be on this place on December 31, 1978. Include sheep and lambs on unfenced 

land or grazing in national forests, grazing districts, or open 

range as being on this place. 

Include animals of all ages in the number sold, without 

regard to ownership or who shared the receipts, if the animals 

were located on this place for 30 days or more, and were 

sold or removed from this place in 1978. 

Both columns must be asked in item 1, and you must receive 

a none response for both before you mark the "None" box. 

If you mark the none box in item 1, skip to item 2. 

Report the total number ewes one year old or older expected 

to be on this place on December 31, 1978, whether or not 

they are being kept for breeding purposes. If the respondent 

indicates none, mark the "None" box and ask item 2. 
Item 2. Sheep and Lambs 

Shorn 

Item 3.. Gross Value of 

Sales of Sheep, 

Lambs, and Wool 

67 

Report the number shorn or expected to be shorn on this 

place in 1978. Also, the total pounds, grease (uncleaned) 

basis, of all wool shorn in 1978, whether from one or two 

shearings of each animal. Include all sheep and lambs shorn 

during the year, whether or not they are still on this place. 

Count the number of animals shorn only once, even if they 

were shorn more than once during 1978. If the respondent 

indicates none for both columns, mark the "None" box and 

ask item 3. 

Report the gross value of all sheep, lambs, and wool sold or 

to be sold from this place in 1978. If the respondent 

indicates none, mark the "None" box and go to section 15. 

SECTION 15 - Horses, Bees, Fish, Other Livestock and Animal Specialties 

Fish and Other Aquaculture 

Products 

Bees 

This section relates to horses, bees, fish, and all other livestock and animal specialties not reported in other sections 

of the report form. 

Report the expected inventory on the place December 31, 

1978 and the total sales during 1978. Number sold and value 

of sales apply to entire year of 1978. Report the number 

sold during 1978, plus the estimated number that will be 

sold between the time of enumeration and December 31, 

1978. 

Number sold and value of sales apply to the entire year 

of 1978. 

Both inventory and sales columns must be asked whenever 

it is indicated that the item was or will be on the place at 

anytime in 1978. 

Report acres under water for aquaculture, such as fish, 

oysters, shrimp, and for hydroponics. Include the quantity 

of such things as fish and other aquaculture products raised 

in captivity when they are sold. Fish may be reported in 

either pounds sold or number sold. 

An A 1 form should be completed for places that keep only 

bees even though there is no other agricultural operations 

on the place. Report the number of colonies or hives of bees 

in item 4, code 839. Report the number of colonies or hives 

on the place in the first column. Honey sales are to be 

reported in item 5, code 868. 
68 

Pelts 

Items 1-3. 

Inventory, Number 

Sold and Gross Value 

of Sales 

Item 4. Other Livestock 

or Animal Specialties 

Item 5. Quantity and 

Value of Sales 

Item 6. Fish and Other 

Aquaculture Products 

Grown in Captivity 

Pelts from chinchillas, rabbits, foxes, and other fur-bearing 

animals are to be reported in item 4. Report the inventory, 

if any, number sold, and the total value of sales from each 

of these animals. The number of female mink expected to 

be on this place December 31,1978 used or to be used for 

breeding should be reported in the first column of item 3a. 

For any livestock, livestock products, or animal specialties 

mentioned in these items, three separate questions must be 

asked. Ask the respondent: (1) "How many (of each item) 

do you expect to have on this place December 31, 1978?" 

(2) "What was or will be the total number (of each item) 

sold in 1978?" and (3) "What was or will be the Gross Value 

of Sales (for each item) in 1978?" 

A none response to just one or two of these questions is not 

sufficient to mark the "None" box for the item. A none or 

no response must be received to all three questions for the 

item before marking the "None" box for the item. 

Complete this item in the same manner as "items 1-3." 

Report any other livestock not previously reported above. 

Report the livestock name or animal specialty and code from 

List A. A flash card for List A has been developed for you 

to show to the respondent at the time you ask this item. 

A flash card for List B should be shown to the respondent 

when this item is asked. Report the quantity sold in 1978 as 

well as the gross value of sales for other livestock items 

contained in List B. Report in the space provided the name 

and code for any item mentioned. 

If it is determined that none of the products from List B 

apply, mark the "None" box and ask item 6. 

For fish and other aquaculture products grown in captivity 

on this place in 1978 as shown in List C, determine, (1) 

acres under water for fish production, (2) total quantity sold 

in 1978 and (3) gross value of sales. A flash card for (List 

C) has also been developed for this item. Hand this flash card 

to the respondent whenever you ask item 6. 

If none of the entries in List C apply, mark the "None" 

box and go to section 16. 
69 

SECTION 16 - Poultry, Such as Chickens, Turkeys, Ducks, etc. 

General Instructions 

Item 1a. Hens and Pullets 

of Laying Age 

Item 1 b. Pullets 3 Months 

Old and Older 

Item 1c. Pullet Chicks and 

Pullets Under 

3 Months 

A substantial portion of the poultry and egg production in 

this country is conducted as specialized operations involving 

thousands of birds. The operator, or person in charge, may 

own the birds or share ownership with a feed dealer, a 

poultry dealer, or other person; or the birds may be owned 

by someone else. The person who furnished the housing and 

labor should include the poultry on his or her report form 

whether or not he or she owned them. If the respondent 

does not know the number sold, value of sales, feed costs and 

so forth, obtain his or her best estimates. If there was or are 

expected to be any poultry, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, 

etc., on this place in 1978, mark the "Yes" box and complete 

the section. If it is determined that there was or will not be 

any poultry, mark the "No" box and go to section 17. For 

items 1-4, ask both columns before determining whether 

the "None" box should be marked. If there is not a positive 

answer for each entry in both columns, mark the "None" 

box and go to the next item. 

It is possible that a respondent may answer "Yes" to the 

lead-in question in section 16 and answer none to all the 

other questions. For example, a farm operator may have had 

50 chickens on the farm until J!Jly 4 and then slaughtered 

them for home use. This farmer would have no inventory 

on this place December 31, 1978 nor have sold any in 1978. 

In this case make note in Remarks explaining the operator's 

situation. 

Report the total number of hens and pullets of laying age 

expected to be on this place December 31, 1978 for the 

production of hatching and table eggs. Be sure to include 

hens in molt. 

In the sold column include any old or cull hens sold or to be 

sold from this place during 1978. 

Report all pullets 3 months old or older not yet of laying 

age expected to be on this place December 31, 1978. Sales 

of "started" pullets should be reported for this item in the 

"sold" column. 

Include pullet chicks and pullets under 3 months old that 

will be on th is place December 31, 1978. 
70 

Item 2. Broilers, Fryers 

Item 3. Turkeys 

Item 3a. Turkeys for 

Slaughter 

Item 3b. Turkeys for 

Breeding 

Item 4. Other Poultry 

Item 5. Poultry Hatched 

Item 6. Incubator Egg 

Capacity 

Include all batches and lots of broilers that will be produced 

on this place and sold or moved or expected to be sold or 

moved in 1978, including those raised under contract. 

Report the number of birds expected to be on this place on 

December 31, 1978, regardless of who owns them; and 

report all sales of broilers, fryers, capons, roasters, cornish 

hens, and other meat-type chickens, regardless of who 

received payment for them. Do not report sales of chickens 

from laying or breeding flocks in this item - report them in 

item 1 a, 1 b or 1c. Report broilers raised on this place by 

other family members unless you complete a separate A 1 

for them. 

Turkeys should always be reported on the report form of the 

person who furnished the housing and labor, whether he or 

she owned the turkeys or raised or kept them under contract. 

Report the number of turkeys for slaughter expected to be 

on this place on December 31, 1978, regardless of who 

owned them. Report the total number of turkeys sold or 

to be sold for slaughter during 1978 in the sold column. Do 

not report sales of turkeys from breeding flocks in this item 

- report them in item 3b. 

Report all turkey hens kept for breeding expected to be on 

this place on December 31, 1978. In the sold column include 

any old or cull turkey hens that were or will be sold or 

moved from this place during 1978. 

Include ducks, geese, pigeons, (squabs), pheasants, quail, 

game birds, and all other poultry not listed in items 1, 2, or 

3. Record the name of each species expected to be on the 

place December 31, 1978, and the corresponding code from 

the list shown at the bottom of this section. Give the number 

expected to be on this place December 31,1978 and the 

number sold or to be sold during 1978. 

Report the total number of poultry hatched or expected to 

be hatched in 1978 and placed or sold. Include chickens, 

turkeys, ducks, etc. Do not include hatched poultry that 

were destroyed. 

Report the total incubator egg capacity expected as of 

December 31, 1978. Count all usable incubator egg capacity 

on the place whether or not it was or will be used in 1978. If 

none, mark the "None" box and ask item 7. 
Item 7. Value of Sales 

71 

Report the gross value of sales from poultry and poultry 

products (eggs, broilers, etc.) sold or expected to be sold 

from the place in 1978, whether the poultry were sold alive 

or dressed. Do not deduct any cost of production or 

marketing such as feed, electricity, feed containers, trucking, 

or taxes. Include the market value (estimate, if necessary) 

of any poultry produced under contract and taken from the 

place, the value of any poultry given to landlords, and the 

landlord's share of receipts from the sale of any poultry. 

If none, mark the "None" box and go to section 17. 

SECTION 17 - Income From Machine Work, Customwork, and Other Agricultural Services 

Item 1. Amount Received For 

Machine Work, Customwork, and Other 

Agricultural Services 

Item 2. Kind of Work Done 

If there was or will be any income from machine work, 

customwork, and other agricultural services provided to 

others in 1978, mark the "Yes" box and complete the 

section. If no machine work, customwork and other agricultural services was done for others, mark the "No" box 

and go to section 18. Report any income received and to be 

received in 1978 from customwork such as planting, plowing, 

spraying, harvesting, preparation of products for market, etc., 

or machine work or other agricultural services done on 

another farm. (Do not include as income exchange work on 

another farm unless the farm or ranch operator received 

cash payment for the service performed.) 

Describe the kind of work that was or will be done. Use the 

remarks space of page 2 if more space is needed. 

SECTION 18 - Sales Directly To Consumers For Human Consumption 

Item 1. Gross Value 

of Direct Sales 

Item 2. Products Sold 

If there were or will be any crops, livestock, or livestock 

products sold directly to individuals for human consumption, 

mark the "Yes" box and complete the section. If there 

have been no such sales and none are expected in 1978, mark 

the "No" box and go to section 19. Report whether or not 

the farm operator sold or expects to sell in 1978 any 

products raised or produced on this place directly to consumers through road-side stands, farmers markets, pickyour-own or other such arrangements. 

Report the gross value of expected sales in 1978 before 

deducting taxes and expenses. 

Describe the kind of products sold directly. Use the Remarks 

space on page 2 if more space is needed. 
72 

SECTION 19 - Type of Organization 

Complete section 19 by transcribing the information from 

Part II, page 1 of the A 1. 

SECT ION 20 - Operator Characteristics and Occupation 

Item 1. Residence 

Item 2. Race 

Item 3. Age 

Item 4. Sex 

Item 5. Spanish Origin 

Item 6. Occupation 

Obtain the operator characteristics and employment information as they apply to the person primarily responsible for 

the operations of the farm or ranch business. 

Mark the appropriate box to show whether or not the 

operator, person in charge, or the senior partner lives on the 

place. This place refers to the acres of larid reported in 

section 1, item 4 of the A 1 report. Refer to item 1, section 

1, instructions on pages 37 and 38. 

This item is needed to provide census of agriculture information by race of the farm operator. Mark the box which best 

describes the operator's race. If the operator's race is other 

than one of those listed in item 2, check the box marked 

"Other" and write in the race of the person in the space 

provided. This question should be completed by asking the 

respondent and showing the flash card. 

Report the age of the operator on his or her last birthday. 

Indicate the sex of the operator by marking the appropriate 

box. 

Ask the respondent if operator or person in charge of 

the place is of Spanish origin or descent and mark the 

correct box. 

If the operator or person in charge of the place will spend the 

majority (50 percent or more) of his or her work time 

farming or ranching in 1978, mark the box opposite 

"farming." The "Other" box should be marked for operators 

spending less than fifty percent of their work time at farming 

or ranching operations. For partnership operations, consider 

the total amount of work time for all the partners involved. 

If a person is retired and spends the majority of his or her 

work time working on a farm or ranch, mark the box for 

farming. 
Item 7. Work Off-This Place 

SECTION 21 - Foreign Ownership 

Item 1. Non-citizens of the 

United States 

Item 2. Land Held by Foreign 

Corporations, Unincorporated Associations 

and Foreign Governments 

73 

Six ranges are listed for classifying the number of days the 

operator will work off the place in 1978. Show the flash 

card to the respondent and mark the box that ind icates the 

total number of days the operator, senior partner or person 

in charge will work at least 4 hours per day off the place in 

1978 for pay. 

Include work for pay on someone else's farm and all nonfarm 

work such as work in factories; truck driving; skilled or 

unskilled work; operating a store, filling station, repair shop, 

insurance or real estate business, motel, etc.; any nonfarm 

business or professional work, even if the person in charge 

has his office or workroom on the place that he farms. 

Do not include exchange work where the operator of this 

place exchanges help with another farmer with no payment 

in cash or in kind involved. 

If any land in this place was or will be held under foreign 

ownership in 1978, mark the "Yes" box and complete the 

section. If either NO or DON'T KNOW are marked, go to 

section 22. If the lead-in question is answered "Yes" report in 

item 1 the total acres in the place owned by individuals who 

are not citizens of the United States. If none, mark the 

"None" box and ask item 2. 

Report in item 2 the total acres in the place owned by 

foreign-held corporations or unincorporated associations, or 

a foreign government. If none, mark the "None" box and 

go to section 22. 

SECTION 22 - Commercial Fertilizer and Line Used in 1978 

Item 1. Cropland Fertilized 

Item 2. Pastureland and 

Rangeland Fertilized 

If there was or will be any commercial fertilizer, including 

rock phosphate or lime used on this place in 1978, mark the 

"Yes" box and complete the section. If there was not or 

will not be any commercial fertilizer used, mark "No" 

and go to section 23. Report the total number of acres of 

harvested cropland and pastureland, and rangeland fertilized 

with commercial fertilizer. Exclude cropland used for only 

pasture. If more than one application was or will be applied 

to the acreage, report the acreage only once. If no cropland 

was or will be fertilized, mark the "None" box and go 

to item 2. 

Report the total number of acres of pastureland and rangeland on which commercial fertilizer was used or is expected 

to be used in 1978. If more than one application was 

made to the acreage, report the acreage only once. This item 
74 

Item 3. Tons of Lime 

refers only to the acreage reported in section 10, items 2b 

and 4. If no pastureland or rangeland was or will be fertilized, 

mark the "None" box and go to item 3. 

Report the number of tons of lime and the total number of 

acres to which lime was applied or is expected to be applied 

on this place in 1978. If more than one application of lime 

was applied to the acreage, report the acreage only once. Do 

not include lime, gypsum, or land plaster used for sanitation 

purposes. If no lime was or will be applied, mark the "None" 

box and go to the next section. 

SECTION 23 - Insecticides, Herbicides, Fungicides, Nematacides, Other Pesticides 

or Other Chemicals 

General Instructions 

Items la, b, c, d. 

Sprays, Dusts Granules, 

Fumigants, etc. 

This section is for reporting the number of acres on the place 

on which insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematicides 

and other pesticides were or will be used in 1978 to control 

insects, diseases, nematodes, weeds, and for defoliation or 

growth control on various crops. It also request information 

on whether any chemicals were or will be used to control 

insect on livestock and poultry, sanitation purposes, and so 

forth. Do not include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, 

nematicides, other pesticides, other chemicals used for home 

gardens. Report all acres treated regardless of who provided 

the materials; i.e., farm or ranch operator, landlord, tenant, 

or contractors. Count each acre only once, with reference to 

anyone chemical, applied to a specific crop even though the 

chemical may have been applied more than once. Report all 

land treated even if the crop was never harvested. 

If any insecticides, herbicides, etc., were or will be used on 

this place in 1978, mark the "Yes" box and complete the 

section. If none were or will be used, mark the "No" box 

and go to section 24. Report the total number of acres on 

which sprays, dusts, granules were or will be applied to 

control or prevent insects, nematodes, diseases, weeds, or 

brush in 1978. 

If more than one application is made to the same crop, count 

each acre once. If chemicals are applied to more than one 

crop raised on the same land, count the acres once for 

each crop. 

Do not include mechanical methods of removing insects 

from plants. 

I nclude fallow land treated for weed control for a crop to 

be grown in 1979. I nclude measures such as pre-emergence 

spraying (spraying before the plants appear) designed to 

prevent the growth of weeds, grass, or brush. Do not include 

land treated in 1977 to prevent weeds in 1978. 
Item 2. Chemicals for 

Defoliation or Growth 

Control 

Item 3. Chemical Used for 

Insect Control, Treatment 

of Buildings, etc. 

75 

Report the total number of acres where chemicals were or 

will be used for defoliation or growth control. Include 

chemicals for thinning of fruit, controlling harvesting dates, 

plant growth regulators, and for defoliants or desicants to 

remove leaves or to kill plants. 

Mark as appropriate the "Yes" or "No" boxes in item 3a 

and 3b to show whether or not any chemicals were or will be 

used to control insects on livestock or poultry, for treatment 

of buildings, sanitation or rodent and bird control, etc. 

Include lime used for spraying or sanitation purposes, 

gypsum, and other chemicals. Do not include lime or liming 

materials used to condition the soil. 

SECTION 24 - Machinery and Equipment On Th.is Place 

Item 1. Value of Machinery 

and Equipment 

This section is for recording the estimated market value of 

all machinery, equipment, implements, and tools on the place 

and to provide a count of selected vehicles, machinery, and 

equipment expected to be on the place December 31, 1978. 

You are to obtain the estimated current market value of 

automobiles, trucks, tractors, combines, and any other 

machinery, equipment and implements kept on the place and 

used in the farm operations. However, the count or inventory 

is not intended to provide information on all pieces of 

equipment and machinery used on farms and ranches. You 

are to include in the inventory data only the listed items on 

the questionnaire. 

This item is for reporting the estimated market value of all 

machinery, equipment, and implements usually kept on this 

place and used for the farm or ranch business that will be on 

this place December 31, 1978. The total value of all 

machinery and equipment is needed. Estimate what the 

various items would sell for at current market value such as 

at an auction, farm sale, etc. Do not report share interest 

(1/2, 1/3, etc.) If the respondent does not report a market 

value for item 1, machinery, equipment, etc., you should 

probe further. With few exceptions, every farm or ranch 

operator will have machinery, equipment, implements, tools, 

etc., for operation of the business. 

Do not report the depreciated value or the original cost 

unless that represents the current market value. If you fill 

more than one A 1 for an operator, include only the equipment and machinery on the A 1 for the place where the 

equipment and machinery is usually kept. Write a note of 

explanation on each A 1 if the equipment is kept on more 

than one farm. Include all listed machinery and equipment 

on the place regardless of whether it was owned leased 

rented from .others or temporarily borrowed. Do no~ includ~ 

equipment that wasn't used in either 1977 or 1978. 
76 

Item 2. Selected Inventory of 

Automobiles, Trucks, 

Tractors, Equipment, 

and Machinery 

On This Place. 

Item 2a. Automobiles 

Item 2b. Motortrucks 

Item 2c. Wheel Tractors 

Item 2d. Grain and Bean 

Combines 

Item 2e. Corn Heads for 

Combines 

Items 2f and 2g. Other Corn 

Pickers, Picker-shellers, and Cotton 

Pickers (Excluding Strippers) 

Item 2h. Mower Conditioners 

Item 2i. Pickup Balers 

If you receive a "None" response to the lead-in question for 

any items listed, mark the "None" box and go to the next 

item. Do not ask the questions in the second column for 

those items where a none response to the lead-in question 

is received. 

Report all automobiles kept on this place and used for 

"farm or ranch business" regardless of who owned them. 

"Farm or ranch use" includes every activity associated with 

the agricultural operation. 

Report all pickup trucks and truck-trailer combinations kept 

on this place and used for the farm or ranch business. Also, 

include jeeps and station wagons used mainly as a truck. Do 

not include school buses. 

Report only those wheel tractors that were used for farm or 

ranch purposes in 1978. Do not include implements with 

built-in power units such as self-propelled combines or power 

buck rakes, or power units of truck-trailer combinations. Do 

not include tracklaying tractors. 

Report the number of self-propelled grain and bean combines 

(used for harvesting and threshing operations) to be on this 

place on December 31, 1978. Include grain combines 

equipped with cornpicking head attachments. Do not 

include any pull-type grain and bean combines. 

Report the number of cornpicker head attachments to be 

on this place on December 31, 1978, that were used on 

grain combines in 1977 or 1978 for picking and shelling. 

Include in item 2f all other types of corn pickers used to 

harvest corn either "shelled" or "on the ear." Also, include 

all cotton pickers used to harvest cotton in item 2g. 

Several different types of machines are used for conditioning 

hay. This item should include those machines used to cut 

and crimp or crush hay for conditioning. Do not include 

machines used only to cut, or used only to crimp and crush 

the hay. Inventory data are desired on only those machines 

that will both cut and crush hay for conditioning. These 

machines mayor may not be used to windrow hay. Report 

those machines that will likely be on the place December 31, 

1978 and that were used in 1977 or 1978. 

Report all types of pickup balers to include string, wire, 

square, round (small or large). Do not include stqtionary 

balers. 
Item 2j. Field Forage 

Harvesters 

77 

Report cylinder, shear bar, or flywheel type harvesters used 

to cut or chop forage crops in the field. 

SECTION 25 - Total Expenditures For Energy and Petroleum Products 

Items 1-8. 

Expenditures for 

Gasoline, Diesel, Oil, 

Electricity, etc. 

Items 1-4. 

Gallons Purchased 

Items 1-4: 

Storage Capacity 

Report in this section information for energy and petroleum 

products used for the farm or ranch operation. To insure 

that the respondent understands the energy and petroleum 

products questions, a flash card has been developed for this 

section. Show the flash card to the respondent after you 

have asked the lead-in question for this section. The first 

column of this section is for recording the expenditures and 

expected expenditures for energy and petroleum products 

used in the farm business during 1978. If separate figures 

are not available for these different items, obtain the 

respondent's best estimate. 

Do not report expenses on: 

1. Automobiles for personal use of the family, 

2. Tractors and other farm equipment used for customwork 

on other farms or off this place, 

3. Trucks used to haul for others, 

4. Cooling and heating of the farm house, and 

5. Any other expenses not related to the farming activities 

of this place. 

Include only expenses related to the farm or ranch operation. 

If an item was not purchased, such as coal or wood, and 

used in the farm or ranch operation, mark the "None" box. 

Report in the second column of this section the gallons of 

the various fuels purchased for the farm business in 1978. 

Include purchases from bulk delivery, filling stations, and 

any other market outlets. If the respondent does not know 

the number of gallons, perhaps he or she can give you an 

average price per gallon and the gallons purchased can be 

calculated based on the information in the first column. 

Report in the third column of this section the farm fuel 

storage capacity for gasoline, diesel, LP gas, butane, propane, 

and fuel oil. Include the total capacity of all storage tanks 

including mobile storage tanks. Some farmers and ranchers 

have mobile tanks on trucks and trailers as well as stationary 

storage facilities. If the same storage tank is used for the 

farm dwelling and for the other parts of the farm business, 

report the whole storage tank. 
78 

SECTION 26 - Production Expenses 

General Instructions 

Item 1. Livestock and 

Poultry Purchased 

Item 2. Feed 

Item 2a. Commercially Mixed 

Formula Feeds 

Purchased 

I nclude the respondent's estimates of expenses incurred and 

to be incurred by the operator, landlord, contractors, buyers, 

and others for production of crops, livestock, and other 

agricultural products in 1978. Do not include in the 

expenses of production the expenses connected with performing customwork for others; the operation of nonfarm 

activities, businesses or services; or household expenses not 

related to the farm business. Also, do not include expenses 

or sales related to nonfarm activities such as: trading and 

speculation in the commodities market or livestock dealer 

activities. If you receive a non-response to any item in this 

section, mark the "None" box and ask the next item. 

Report in item 1 the total expenditures by the operator, 

landlords, or by others for purchase of all livestock and 

poultry bought during 1978 for production on this place. 

I nclude amounts spent for the purchase of cattle, calves, 

hogs, pigs, sheep, lambs, goats, horses, chicks, poults, started 

pullets, etc. For livestock or poultry grown under contract 

or fed on a custom basis on this place, report the value 

(estimate, if necessary) at the time they came on this place. 

In item 2, include the value and amount of all feed purchased 

and to be purchased by the operator or others for use on this 

place in 1978. Include grain, hay silage, mixed feeds, concentrates, etc. If feed was supplied by others, as in broiler 

contracts, estimate the cost of the feed used on this place. 

Do not include the cost of feed for livestock fed off this 

place, but include the cost of feed fed to cattle or sheep 

while they are on "permit" grazing land. 

Do not include on the report form for a tenant operator, 

payments made by the tenant to his landlord for grain grown 

on the tenant's place. Do not include payments made by a 

contractor to the operator for grain grown on this place and 

fed to livestock under contract on this place, or payments for 

grain for livestock owned by the operator of this place but 

fed on contract off this place. If the answer to item 2 is 

none, skip to item 3. 

Of the total feed purchased, enter in item 2a the number of 

tons that were or will be commercially mixed formula feed, 

supplement, concentrates, etc. Include the estimated cost of 

all commercially mixed feed supplied by the landlord and the 

estimated cost of that supplied by a contractor for livestock 

fed on this place under contract. Report the total amount of 

each type of feed purchases. 
Item 3. Animal Health Cost 

Item 4. Seeds, Bulbs, Plants 

and Trees 

Item 5. Commercial Fertilizers 

Item 6. Chemical Cost 

Item 7. Hired Farm Labor 

79 

Do not include in item 2a: 

1. Ingredients purchased separately such as: soybean meal, 

cotton seed meal and urea. 

2. The cost of feed grinding and mixing. (Report this 

expense in item 9 of section 26.) 

3. Feed grains purchased as feed grains by the operator. 

(Report in item 2.) 

4. The value of feed grains produced on this place. 

Report the total cost of animal medicine and veterinarian 

services for the place in 1978. Include the cost of medicine, 

antibiotics, etc., which were or will be purchased separately 

and mixed in the feed. Also, include the cost of serums and 

vaccines. 

Include only the cost of items purchased or the estimated 

cost of seed furnished by contractors. Do not include the 

. value of seed grown on this place. 

For nurseries and greenhouses do not include the cost of 

products purchased for resale without additional growth. 

Report the total cost of all commercial fertilizer - including 

rock phosphate and gypsum - purchased in 1978 for use on 

this place, but do not include the cost of application. 

Include the cost of fertilizer purchased by other people 

(landlords, contractors, custom operators, etc.) and applied 

on the land in this place; and include the full value of 

fertilizer purchased with the help of a Federal program, such 

as the Agriculture Conservation Program. Report the application cost in item 9. 

Report the cost of all agricultural chemicals used on the 

place in 1978. Include the cost of insecticides, herbicides, 

fungicides, other pesticides, lime, etc. Exclude the cost of 

applying these chemicals in this item; report the application 

cost in item 9. 

Report the total amount paid for farm labor including regular 

workers, seasonal workers and casual workers. Includeall 

payments for labor, social security taxes and payments to 

members of the operator's family if they received cash for 

farmwork. Combine all payments whether made by the 

hour, month, or by the unit of work done and enter the 

total here. 
80 

Item 7a. Hired Farm or 

Ranch Workers 

Item 8. Contract Labor 

Item 9. Customwork and 

Rental of Machinery 

and Equipment 

Consider as hired farm labor any work which was or will be 

necessary for the agricultural operations of this place that 

was paid for in cash. Personal or business checks are considered cash for this purpose. 

Some common examples of farm work include: working 

in fields and orchards; feeding and caring for livestock; 

irrigating crops; hauling feed, cleaning and caring for milking 

equipment; maintaining and repairing machinery and other 

farm equipment on this place; construction or repairing farm 

buildings and fences with regular help;- planning farm or 

ranch work; keeping farm or ranch records; supervising hired 

farm employees; etc., if done by regular farm help. 

Report in item 7a the number of farm or ranch workers who 

worked on this place: (1) 150 days or more and (2) less than 

150 days. 

Do not report expenses for work received in exchange for 

work or housework. Do not include as "farm labor" the 

expense of new construction or repair of buildings by 

workers hired specifically for that purpose. 

Report the amount paid to a contractor, crew leader, cooperative or any organization that has been hired to do a job that 

may involve one or more agricultural operations and who is 

free to hire whatever manpower or equipment needed to do 

that job. Fruits, vegetables, berries, etc., are commonly 

harvested by contract labor. 

A contract usually involves a specific payment and is legally 

binding. Equipment for the job may have been provided by 

the operator of the place, the person or company which was 

contracted to do the job, or it may have been hired from 

someone else. 

If the operator hired equipment from someone other than a 

person or company that was contracted to do the job, report 

the expense in item 9. 

Report the cost of having any customwork done on the 

place such as plowing, spraying, harvesting, preparation of 

products for market, grinding and mixing feed, combining, 

corn picking, drying, silo filling, dusting, fertilizing, etc. 

Exclude the cost of cotton ginning. 

Report expenses for the rental or leasing of machines such as 

tractors, combines, plows, etc. Do not include labor to run 

the machine rented or leased and fuel cost. This should be 

reported as hired labor in section 26, item 7. 
81 

SECTION 27 - Estimated Current Market Value of Land and Buildings 

General Instructions This section is for recording the operator's estimated current 

market value of the land and buildings for the acres reported 

in section 1, item 1, 2, and 3. 

When determining the current market value, refer back to 

the corresponding items in section 1 for the acreage. Ask the 

items in section 27 only if the corresponding entry in section 

1 has a reported acreage figure. The value to be reported 

here relates to the same acreage plus the buildings and other 

improvements on it. If the entry in section 1 is none, mark 

"None" for the corresponding item in section 27 without 

asking it. If the operator can only give a per acre market 

value, use the acreage figures in section 1 and mUltiply it by 

the dollar figure to obtain the current market value. If the 

operator does not know the market value of land rented from 

others, ask him or her to make an estimate of the current 

value. Tell the operator that his or her best estimate will 

be acceptable. Be sure to include the value of buildings and 

other real estate improvements on the place in conjunction 

with the land value. 

SECTION 28 - Sheet of Agricultural County Census 

When you have finished asking all the questions related to a 

particular farm or ranch operation, sign the form, and enter 

the date you completed the A 1 questionnaire. Next, ask the 

respondent the following "When the data have been 

tabulated, do you want a summary sheet, showing major 

Census results for your county?" Mark the appropriate 

"Yes" or "No" box. Then, return to the A3 Listing sheet 

and ask the question in the heading of column 9. 
82 

Purpose of this Chapter 

Places of Two or More Tracts 

Part of Land in Segment and 

Part of Land Out of Segment 

CHAPTER V. SPECIAL SITUATIONS 

This chapter contains instructions for handling special 

situations. You are likely to meet some of the situations 

described here as you enumerate and you must know how to 

handle them. Do not try to memorize all these instructions. 

However, make sure you know where to find them when you 

need them. 

You will sometimes find "places" that consist of two or more 

separate tracts of land. A farm operator may rent or lease 

tracts of pastureland or hayland, separate orchards, fields, 

and meadows from one or more landlords in addition to the 

land owned. Such separate tracts may adjoin the land where 

the operator's dwelling is located or they may be in several 

different locations. Some tracts may be in your segment; 

others may be outside of it. If the operator lives in the 

segment, report all land operated by that person on the same 

questionnaire, whether it is in one large tract or in several 

separate tracts, regardless of the location. Cropland or 

grazing land used for only part of the year should also be 

included in the total acres. Be sure to include as "Acres 

I n This Place" (section 1, item 4) all land the operator works 

on shares, and all land operated rent free at anytime 

during 1978. 

Do not include, in item 4, land that a farm or ranch operator 

rented or leased to someone else or land that was worked on 

shares for him or her by others. Such land will be included in 

this survey only if the person who operates it lives in a 

segment selected for this survey. 

Part of the land for a place may be in the segment and part 

of it out of the segment. If the operator lives in the segment, 

complete an A 1 for all land he or she operated, including 

tracts inside and outside the segment. Often you will find 

tracts of land inside your segment that are operated by a 

person living outside the segment. In this situation, if the 

operator lives outside the segment boundary, no A3 listing or 

A 1 is required. 

Tracts of land which are not part of a farm or ranch, and 

where no one lives, such as wasteland, desert, or land in 

Christmas trees should not be listed on Form A3 and no A 1 

is required for such land. However, if these tracts of land are 

associated with any agricultural operations, include them on 

an A 1 if the operator lives inside the segment boundary. If 

these tracts of land are not part of a place with other agricultural operations, no A 1 is required even though the person 

in charge lives in the segment. For example, if an individual 

has 10 acres of Christmas tre~ and no other agricultural 

operation, no A 1 is required. If this person lives in the 

segment, list his name on the A3 Listing Sheet, mark "No" 
Places Operated by Landlords 

Places Operated by Tenants 

or Sharecroppers 

Tenant's Share Plus Landlord's 

Share Equals Total 

Places With New Operators 

83 

for columns 4-7, and explain in the Remarks column that 

the person has only a Christmas tree operation. (The "No" 

box is marked in this case even though Christmas trees are 

normally considered a nursery product.) However, if the 

person had other crops, livestock, poultry, etc., on the place, 

in addition to the Christmas trees, an A 1 would be required 

covering all tracts of land. 

For this survey, a landlord is a person who rented or leased 

land to others, or had land that was worked on shares by 

others for a part of the crops, livestock or products, cash 

rent, rent free or other arrangements. If a landlord also 

operated land, an Agriculture Questionnaire is required only 

for the land he or she operated. Land leased by landlords to 

tenants or sharecroppers in section 1, ,I Land Rented to 

Others" must not be included as part of the "Acres In This 

Place" in item 4. This land will be reported in both item 1 

and item 3 of section 1. The entries for crops, land use, 

livestock etc., on the landlord's A 1 must relate only to the 

land the landlord operates. Do not include on the landlord's 

A 1 any of the operations conducted by the tenants or 

sharecroppers, nor the share of the crop or products given to 

the landlord in exchange for the use of the land. 

In cases where land is rented from landlords or others, used 

rent free, or worked on shares for landlords or others, the 

tenant or sharecropper is the person in charge. All of the 

agricultural operations and production must be reported on 

the tenant or sharecroppers A 1 questionnaire, whether the 

land is rented from only one landlord or from two or more. 

The entries on a tenant's A 1 questionnaire for crops 

harvested, value of crops sold, and number and value of 

livestock and livestock products must include any shares 

given to the landlord as well as the shares kept by the tenant. 

Similarly, the expenditures in section 27 must include the 

amounts paid by both the landlord and the tenant for the 

named items of expenses for the place operated by the 

tenant. Only selected production expenses are to be 

reported in this section. Expenses for taxes, depreciation, 

interest, insurance, etc., are not requested. 

Always complete the A 1 in the name of the operator living in 

the segment at the time of enumeration. In some cases, an 

operator may have recently moved into the segment from 

another State where he or she had agricultural operations 

during 1978. Even so, an A 1 must be completed for his or 

her 1978 operations so long as these operations were 

conducted in the United States. For example, if Mr. John 

Smith operated a farm in Illinois for part of 1978 and later 

moved to a sample segment area in Florida in September 
84 

Partnerships 

Corporations and Institutions 

1978, one questionnaire would be required for his or her 

entire operations in both places. On the other hand if Mr. 

Henry Brown lived in the segment part of 1978, but was 

living out of the segment at the time of enumeration, no 

questionnaire would be required for him even though he had 

agricultural operations inside the segment in 1978. 

Fill only one questionnaire for places operated in partnership 

by two or more persons. Include all land used for the 

partnership operation. Fill the A 1 in the name of the partner 

who was mainly in charge of the agricultural operations on 

the place if that person lives in the segment. If all partners 

share the work and management responsibilities about 

equally, consider the eldest partner or senior partner as 

the person in charge and fill the A 1 in his or her name if he 

or she lives in the segment. If neither the partner who is 

mainly in charge, the senior partner, nor the elder partner 

live in the segment, no A 1 is required. However, if one of 

the the above partners lives in the segment, an A 1 is required. 

List the name of other partners in Part B, item 3 on page 1 

of the A 1. Use the Remarks space of page 2, if the partnership had more than 3 partners. 

Father-son partnerships are quite common. If both father 

and son operate the land, usually consider the father to 

be the person in charge and fill the questionnaire in his 

name. If, however, the son has primary responsibility for the 

farm operation, and lives in the segment, consider him to be 

the person in charge and obtain the A 1 data from him. 

Remember that the person who owns the farm property and 

equipment is not necessarily the person in charge of the 

agricu Itu ral operations. 

Brothers often operate farms in partnership. If one of the 

brothers is primarily in charge of the agricultural operation 

and lives in the segment, fill the A 1 in his name. Otherwise, 

fill the A 1 in the name of the eldest brother if he lives in 

the segment. 

For all partnerships, if the "person in charge" lives in the 

segment, report on the same A 1 all partnership land and all 

the agricultural operations on that land. 

Report any land that a partner operated separately for 

himself or herself on a separate A 1 questionnaire if he or 

she lives in the segment. Do not include such land on the A 1 

for the partnership operation. 

Fill an A 1 Questionnaire for all farm or ranch land held by 

a corporation, or by a school, hospital, prison, experiment 

station, grazing association, or other institution, only if the 

manager lives in the segment the largest part (50 percent or 

more) of the time. Do not include land or buildings used 

mostly for nonfarm purposes. Enter the name of the 
H ired Manager 

Farm or Rancl:l Operators 

Living in Urban Areas 

Indian Reservations 

I nstituti ons 

(Schools, Experiment 

Stations, Military 

Installations, Prisons, etc.) 

85 

manager of the agricultural operations on the A3 Listing 

Sheet and the name of the corporation or institution in the 

Remarks section. This information must also be entered in 

Part 1, page 1 of the A 1 Questionnaire. On A 1 Questionnaires 

for institutions, report as sold any agricultural items 

produced on land operated by the institution and consumed 

by inmates or patients of the institution. 

A hired manager is a person who is paid a salary or wage 

(and sometimes a commission) to operate a farm or ranch for 

an individual or family, a partnership or corporation, an 

institution, or other organizations. The manager is responsible for purchases, sales, making decisions involving the crop 

or livestock operations for the farm or ranch, and sometimes 

supervises others in performing these operations. 

As such, the manager is the person in charge of the place he 

or she manages. Do not confuse a hired manager with a 

foreman, caretaker, share operator, or hired person who 

merely carries out the employer's instructions. 

As such, the hired manager is the person in charge of the 

place he or she manages. Do not confuse a hired manager 

with a foreman, caretaker, share operator, or hired person 

who merely carries out the employer's instructions. 

Sometimes people living in urban areas operate places outside 

of the town, village, or city limits where they live and go to 

the place daily or less frequently. These places may be in 

your segment; but if the head of the household and members 

of the family do not live there more than 50 percent of their 

time, no A 1 is required. List the place on the A3 Listing 

Sheet and explain in the Remarks column. If the operator 

stays away from the farm or ranch during the week and his 

family lives on the farm or ranch during the week, complete 

an A 1 Questionnaire for the agricultural operation. 

Indian Reservations are to be excluded from CAAS. If 

your segment includes part of an Indian Reservation, check 

with your crew leader prior to enumerating the segment. 

You may find farm or ranch operators living in your segment 

who have agricultural operations on Indian Reservations. 

In this case, complete an A 1 for them as you would any 

other agricultural operation and include in the "Acres In This 

Place" the land used on the Reservation. 

People living on property owned and/or managed by institutions such as schools, hospitals, prisons, experiment stations, 

military installations and other institutions are to be listed 

in the A3 Record Book according to the same rules for all 

other segments. If the person listed on the A3 Listing 

Sheet operates a farm or ranch for one of these institutions 

and requires an A 1, complete only page 1 of the A 1. 

Normally the box for Type D organizations would be marked 

for these operations, but some of the larger operations may 
86 

Grazing Permits 

(Section 1, Item 7) 

Contract Farming 

be incorporated requiring the box for Type C organizations 

be marked. A hired manager will generally be in charge of 

these places. Explain in the Remarks (column 10) of 

the Listing Sheet and in the Remarks space of the A 1, the 

business relationship of this person to the agricultural operations of the institution. Example, Mr. Brown is a hired 

manager in charge of the dairy farm for the XYZ college. 

Also explain this situation to your crew leader. 

In some Western States, government lands are used for 

grazing livestock under permit or special license, with payments made by the operator to the government on a 

per-head or animal unit basis. Do not include this land in 

section 1; however, you must include in the appropriate 

section of the questionnaire any livestock the operator 

expects to have on permit land on December 31, 1978. 

I n contract farming operations, the contractor may furnish 

all or part of the seed, fertilizer, spray materials, feed, etc. 

Report all contract operations on the questionnaire for the 

person who grew the crops or kept the livestock or poultry. 

Combine the figures relating to the contract operations with 

those for the farmer's own operations. Report all expenditures for the place on the questionnaire for the farm operator, 

whether these expenditures were incurred by the contractor, 

canner, freezer, feed dealer, etc., or the farm operator. 

Also, report the total gross sales on the questionnaire for the 

farm operator, whether or not the operator received any 

income from the sales. If the farmer does not know the 

amounts spent or received by others, ask the farmer to give 

his or her best estimate. Do not report payments made 

to the farmer by the contractor. This payment will not be 

the full market value of the product. For example, a farmer 

may receive 15 cents per bird from the contractor for raising 

broilers, but the total market value of the birds when 

removed from the farm is $1.10 per bird. The latter 

figure should be used when reporting the value of poultry 

sold from the place. I n crop contracts, the farmer usually 

either grows a crop for a canner, or another processor 

furnishes the land for the period required to grow and 

harvest the crop. In either case, report crops grown under 

contract on the questionnaire for the farmer and consider 

them as sold from that place using "market value" at that 

time. Record the amount harvested in the column for 

"quantity harvested." 

I n livestock and poultry contracts, the farmer usually keeps 

and feeds the livestock or poultry until they reach a specified 

weight. If the livestock or poultry are expected to be on the 

farmer's place December 31, 1978, include them on his or 

her questionnaire. Value-of-sales questions relate to all sales 

made or expected to be made during the entire year. Report 
Farming Combined With 

Non-farm Activities 

Quit Farming Before the 

Day of Enumeration 

Acres Operated Changed 

87 

all livestock, broilers, and other poultry produced under 

contract arrangements and moved from the place during 

1978 as sold from the place where they were raised. 

Sometimes farming is combined with nonfarm activities. For 

eXqmple, a cotton farmer may have his or her own cotton 

gin; a sugarcane plantation may have its own sugar mill. 

Omit milling operations when filling questionnaires for 

sugarcane plantations and omit ginning operations when 

enumerating cotton farms. 

When processing operations are mainly used for the raw 

materials produced on the farm, consider the processing 

operation as a part of the farm operation. For example, 

packing-shed operations for an apple orchard or a potato 

farm are part of the farm operation. The expenditures for 

these packing-shed operations should be reported on the 

farmer's A 1 as part of the farm operation. If custom packingshed operations are done for others, this part of the 

operational expense should be deducted from the farm 

operation expenses. 

If you find a person in the segment at the time of enumeration who had agricultural operations during 1978, but quit 

farming before the day of enumeration, complete an A 1 

for the land used for 1978 crop and livestock production 

activities, and for sales data for the portion of the year that 

he or she operated a farm or ranch. 

Normally, this person would not be expected to report 

poultry, livestock, machinery, or equipment inventories. 

Explain in the Remarks space of the A 1 that this person quit 

farming or ranching during 1978 and give the approximate 

date. Complete an A 1 for all land the farmer operated 

during 1978. 

Even though part or all of the land used by an operator 

during 1978 is no longer under his or her control on the day 

of your visit, the person should be considered a farm 

operator, and the acres, crop and I ivestock activities for such 

land associated with the "Acres In This Place" should be 

included on the A 1 Questionnaire. Also, include land 

acquired during 1978 for agricultural operations, even 

though the operator did not use it for crop or livestock 

production in 1978. Explain the changes in acres in the 

Remarks space of the A 1. A farmer may have acquired land 

in the fall of 1978 and had no crop on it in 1978. I n this 

case, obtain the farmer's best estimate of the production 

on this land even though it may be also reported by 

another operator. 
88 

"Zero Acres I n Place" 

Two or More Uses of Land 

If the entry in section 1, item 4 of the A 1 is "0", and -

1. if the operator had crops or livestock activities on the 

land for any portion of the year: 

a. complete the rest of the A 1 

b. explain the situation in the Remarks space of the A 1 

about why there were zero "Acres In This Place" at 

the time of enumeration. 

2. If all the land was operated by a renter or sharecropper 

(you are enumerating the landlord) for all of 1978: 

a. do not complete the entire form. 

b. complete items 1-4 of section 1 and enter the sharecropper or tenant's name and -address in section 1, 

item 6. 

c. explain briefly in the Remarks space of the A 1 that 

the landlord did not operate a farm or ranch in 1978, 

for example, "all land rented out," "sold the farm," 

"retired," etc. 

d. return the partially filled A 1 with the completed A 1's 

for the segment. 

Use of the same land for more than one purpose is a common 

farming practice. For example, a farmer may use a tract of 

land for crops and also use the same tract for the grazing of 

livestock, either before or after the crops are harvested. In 

such a case, include these acres only once in section 10, 

item 2a and in the questions for the individual crops. 

Report the land in section 10 in the first category (question) 

that applies to its use. Therefore, any land from which crops 

were harvested in 1978 must be reported ih section 10, 

item 2a. Such land must not be reported again in section 10 

even though it may also have been used for pasture, grazing, 

or other purposes. Corn, soybeans, sorghums, and cowpeas 

are the only crops to be considered as harvested crops when 

hogged or grazed. (See section 8 of A 1.) 

Soybeans and cowpeas hogged or grazed have not been listed 

in section 8 of the A 1, so you must write in the name of 

these crops and use code 773, when applicable. If th~se 

crops were harvested for grain, seed, silage, etc., before being 

hogged or grazed, report as harvested, in item 2a of section 

10, the acreage for the individual crop. Most crops when used 

for only pasture or grazing are to be included only in item 2b 

of section 10. Soybeans may also be plowed under for soil 

improvement, so write soybeans in the space provided in 

the "Crop name" column in section 8 and use code 773. 

Acres of cropland used for soil improvement are reported 

in item 2c of section 10. 
Doublecropping 

Interplanted Crops and 

"Skip Row" Planting 

Crops Harvested in Orchards 

Two or More Cuttings 

of Hay 

Vegetables 

89 

In cases where the acres in a tract of land were used for 

the harvest of two or more crops in 1978, report the acres 

of each crop harvested in the appropriate section. However, 

report the acres from that tract only once for "Crops 

harvested" in section 10, item 2a. For example, if green 

peas were harvested from a 3 acre tract in 1978 and then 3 

acres of sweet corn were planted and harvested in 1978 from 

the same land, report 3 acres for green peas and 3 acres for 

sweet corn in section 5 of the A1. In section 10, item 

2, however, include these 3 acres only once for acres 

of cropland. 

If two crops were grown together in alternating strips in the 

same field, report the portion of the field used for each 

crop. Example: A 60-acre field was planted in cotton and 

soybeans, with two rows of cotton followed by an area of 

the same width planted in soybeans. Thirty acres of soybeans would be reported in section 2, item 8 and 30 acres of 

cotton in section 2, item 9. Sixty acres of harvest cropland 

would be reported in section 10, item 2a. 

When a crop is grown and harvested in an orchard, report 

the combined acres of the crop and of the orchard. For 

example, if a vegetable crop was grown among trees in a 

10-acre orchard, report 10 acres for the vegetable in 

section 5 and 10 acres for the orchard in section 4. Report 

the same 10 acres only once in section 10, item 2a. 

Hay or forage crops are often cut from the same land more 

than once during the year. In section 3, report only once 

the acres from which such crops were cut but include the 

total quantity harvested from all cuttings. 

Example: A farmer had a 12 acre field of alfalfa, wh ich 

he cut three times for dry hay, harvesting 24 tons of alfalfa 

each time. In section 3, item 1 you would enter 12 acres 

and 72 tons. In section 10, item 2a, you would enter 12 

acres from which crops were harvested. 

Report acres of vegetables harvested FOR SALE. Do not 

report acres of vegetables grown only for home use. Report 

the total acreage of each vegetable crop harvested. 

Example: I f a farmer harvested 10 acres of lettuce from a 

field in 1978, then the farmer replanted the field to lettuce 

and harvested the 10 acres again, report 20 acres of lettuce 

(code 427) harvested in section 5. However, in item 1 of 

section 5 and in item 2a of section 10, only 10 acres would 

be counted for each item. 
90 

Fruits and Nuts 

Report Livestock Where 

They Are 

Other Special Situations 

No One Home (NOH) 

In counting the combined total of 20 or more trees and vines, 

include those for home use as well as those maintained for 

sale of the production. 

If crops other than fruit and nut trees and vines are interplanted with fruit and nut trees or vines, report the total 

acres for BOTH the orchard and the interplanted crop 

harvested. 

Example: If 20 acres of cotton were grown in a 30 acre 

pecan orchard, you would report 20 acres in section 3, 

item 9 and 30 acres of pecans in section 4. Report only 

30 acres of cropland harvested in section 10, item 2a. 

Report all livestock and all poultry that the farm operator 

expects to have on the place December 31, 1978, whether 

owned by the farm operator, his landlord, neighbors, hired 

help, or others. Include chickens and livestock grown or 

fed under contract. The Census Bureau does not need to 

know who owned the chickens or livestock, but it does need 

to know how many were on each place for which a questionnaire is required. 

Any livestock or poultry slaughtered for home use on the 

place in 1978 would require a "Yes" answer to the lead 

questions of sections 12 through 16, even though there 

were none on the place on the date of enumeration. This 

means there may be a "Yes" answer to the first question 

yet no inventory on December 31, 1978, or any sales figures. 

Livestock and poultry slaughtered for home use are not to be 

reported as sold. Consider livestock running loose on 

unfenced land or grazing in national forests or grazing 

districts, or on open ranges, as being on the place operated 

by the person in charge of them whether or not he 

owns them. 

In addition to the special situations previously mentioned, 

you will need to familiarize yourself with handling dwelling 

units where no one is home (NOH) as well as those respondents reluctant to provide the required information for 

the census. 

The following are procedures to assist you if either of the 

above situations occur. 

1. If no one is home (NOH) on your first visit, contact 

neighbors and try to complete the A3 listing. 

a. If you complete the listing from neighbors and determine that an A 1 is not required, no further work is 

needed for the case. 
91 

b. If the information you obtain from neighbors indicates 

that an A 1 is required, you will have to revisit the 

dwelling to complete the A 1. Ask neighbor when 

someone is likely to be home at the NOH dwelling. 

(1) Telephone the NOH dwelling and make a definite 

appointment for the interview. If you make 4 

phone calls to the NOH dwelling but no one 

answers, make 1 return personal visit to the 

dwelling. Make this return visit at a time when 

someone is likely to be at home. If no one is 

home at the time of this second visit, fill the 

heading items of an A 1 and write "NOH" in 

large letters across the first page. 

(2) If you are unable to get the telephone number for 

the NOH dwelling, make no more than two 

personal visits to the unit. Make these visits at 

times when the residents are likely to be at home. 

If no one is home at the time of these two visits, 

fill the heading items of an A 1 and write "NOH" 

in large letters across the first page. 

2. If neighbors cannot provide sufficient information to 

complete the A3 listing, ask when someone is likely to 

be home and telephone the NOH dwelling at that time 

and try to complete the listing. 

a. If you complete the listing and determine that an A 1 is 

not required, no further work is needed for the case. 

b. If you determine that an A 1 is required, make a 

definite appointment for the interview. 

c. If you make 4 phone calls to the NOH dwelling but no 

one answers, make 1 return personal visit to the 

dwelling. Make this return visit at a time when someone is likely to be home. If no one is home at the 

time of this second visit, complete the A3 Listing 

Sheet based on your observation of the area. If 

necessary, get the household head's (or other resident's) 

name from outside of the mailbox or other exterior 

markings of the house. However, under no circumstances should you tamper with private mail or open 

a mailbox. In addition enter a brief physical 

description of the dwelling in column 10. These 

cases should be referred to your crew leader if you 

cannot resolve them. 

(1) If the dwelling does not appear to be a farm, mark 

the "No" box in columns 4 thru 7 of the A3 as 

appropriate. Enter the date you completed this 

line in column 11 of the A3. Do not fill an A 1 for 

this case. 
92 

Head of Household Not 

Home on First Visit 

Unable to Complete A 1 

on First Visit 

Refusals and Other 

Difficult Cases 

How to Handle Respondents 

Who Answer Only Some 

Questions 

(2) If the dwelling appears to be a farm, mark the 

"Yes" boxes in columns 4 thru 7 of the A3 as 

appropriate. Enter the date you completed this 

line in column 11 of the A3. Fill the heading 

items of an A 1 and write "NOH" in large letters 

across the first page. 

3. If you are unable to get the telephone number for the 

NOH dwelling, make 2 personal visits to the unit. Make 

these visits at a time when someone is likely to be home. 

If no one is home at the time of these visits, follow the 

procedures in paragraph 2c above. 

If the head of household is not home on your first visit, try 

to get all the required information from the wife or some 

other responsible person on the place. Record the respondent's name in column 10 for future reference. In most cases, 

you should be able to complete the A3 Listing by talking 

with the wife or some other knowledgeable respondent. If 

you are not able to get all the information but you are sure 

that an A 1 is required, leave the A 1 for the operator or some 

other knowledgeable respondent to complete, or make an 

appointment to come back later and complete it. Be sure to 

leave an information sheet with them to assist him or her in 

completing the A 1. You should try to return within the 

next day or two to complete the enumeration. 

There may be other cases where you are not able to complete 

an A 1 on your first visit. For example, if the operator is 

doing some work which cannot be conveniently stopped, he 

or she may be unwilling to talk to you when you call. If so, 

explain that you are required to get a questionnaire for his 

or her agricultural operation, and you would like to do so in 

a way most convenient for him or her. In this situation, you 

have the option to either leave a questionnaire for the farmer 

to complete and for you to pick up later or make a definite 

appointment to call back to complete the A 1. 

Now and then you may find a person who seems suspicious 

or uncooperative. This person may refuse to answer certain 

questions or refuse to give you any information at all. The 

best way to prepare yourself for such a respondent is to 

know your job - know why the census is being taken, and 

why the census is important to him or her and to the country. 

Do not under any circumstances "threaten" uncooperative 

respondents with the mandatory provisions of the census law. 

If the respondent answers some questions but not others, 

try this approach: Place a check mark beside the question 

the respondent refuses to answer and continue with the 

remainder of the questionnaire. When you come to the end, 

go back to the questions for which you have no answers and 

ask them again. Very often a respondent will answer a 
Complete Refusals 

Avoid Argument With 

Respondent 

93 

question the second time it is asked even though it was 

refused the first time. If the respondent continues to refuse 

to answer specific questions the second time they are asked, 

you have at that point obtained as much information as 

possible from that person. Return the partially filled A 1 

with your other completed work for the segment. Count 

this A 1 as completed on your progress report. 

If a respondent refuses to give you any information at all, 

ask if the respondent prefers to complete the questionnaire 

himself or herself. If the person agrees to complete the 

questionnaire, leave a questionnaire and an instruction sheet 

on how to complete it. Suggest that you call for it the next 

day. Continue to be friendly and courteous. Show that you 

are sincere in your efforts to do a good job and that you 

want to cooperate with the respondent. If necessary, point 

out once more that all information is strictly confidential, 

that information about an individual person or place will 

never be revealed to anyone other than Census employees 

and that all Census personnel are sworn to confidentiality 

under penalty of fine or imprisonment. 

If you still cannot get the required information either from 

the household head or some other knowledgeable member of 

the household, complete the A3 Listing Form based on your 

observation of the area. Try to get the household head's (or 

some other adult resident's) name and mailing address from 

either the mailbox or other exterior markings on the house. 

Do not try to get this information from neighbors. In 

addition, enter a brief physical description/address of the 

unit in column 10 and enter the date you completed the line 

in column 11 of the A3. 

a. If the dwelling does not appear to be a farm, mark the 

"No" box in columns 4 thru 7 of the A3 and describe 

the circumstances of the refusal in column 10. Do not 

fill an A 1 for this case. 

b. If the dwelling appears to be a farm, mark the "Yes" 

boxes in columns 4 thru 7 of the A3 as appropriate and 

describe the circumstances of the refusal in column 10. 

Complete the identification items on an A 1 and write 

"R E F USA L" in large letters across the first page. 

Discuss all refusal cases with your crew leader the next 

time you talk with him or her. Your crew leader may 

give you additional information on how to deal with 

the refusal or he or she may try to handle the case. 

Some respondents may want to argue with you about the 

value of the survey. Little is gained by entering into an 

argument. It is better to avoid an argument of any sort, but 

be prepared to give reasons of support for the Census of 

Agriculture. 
94 

1. Purpose 

2. How to Use Conversion 

Factors 

3. Corn, Sorghums, 

and Legumes 

Section 2, Item 1 

Section 2, Item 6 

Section 2, Item 8 

Section 8, Code 584 

Section 8, Code 656 

CHAPTER VI. CONVERSION FACTORS 

A respondent may not always be able to give you information in the units of measure required for the Agriculture 

Questionnaire. In such cases, you will need to convert the 

reported figures to the required unit using the conversion 

factors in this chapter. For items which a conversion factor 

is not given, ask the respondent for his or her best estimate 

of the weight per unit or make a note in the margin of the 

unit reported and the conversion will be made in Washington. 

To assist you in using the factors, the section and item or 

code numbers have been entered in the left margin. The 

conversion factors given do not necessarily have official 

standing; however, they are accurate enough for the purpose 

of this survey. 

I n most cases when you need to use conversion factors, you 

will either multiply or divide the respondent's figure by the 

appropriate conversion factor to get the entry in the unit 

required for the questionnaire. Following is an example 

of how to use the factors: 

F or section 2, item 5, an operator reports 12-1/2 tons of 

barley. The conversion factor for barley says there are 48 

pounds to a bushel. Twelve and one-half tons are equal to 

25,000 pounds. Dividing 25,000 by 48, you get 520.8 

bushels. You would round this result and enter 521 on the 

questionnaire for the quantity of barley harvested. 

Corn: 

56 lb. shelled corn .......................... = 1 bu. 

70 lb. ear corn, husked ...................... = 1 bu. 

To measure corn in a crib: 

1 bu. of ear corn (70 lb.) occupies about 2-1/2 cu. ft. 

Bushels of ear corn in a crib (rectangular shape) length X 

Sorghums: 

width X 

average depth X 

2/5. 

56 lb. of sorghum grain ...................... = 1 bu. 

Pounds per bushel 

Soybeans ....................................... 60 

Cowpeas ........... " .................. , ....... 60 

Peanuts (unshelled) 

Virginia type .................................. 17 

Runners, Southeastern ...................... ~ ... 21 

Spanish ...................................... 25 
Section 8, Code 773 

Section 2, Item 3 

Section 2, Item 4 

Section 2, Item 5 

Section 8, Code 686 

Section 8, Code 605 

Section 8, Code 599 

Section 8, Code 575 

Section 8, Code 773 

Section 8, Code 680 

677 

683 

4. Hay and Silage 

Section 3 

95 

Velvetbeans ..................................... 60 

Wheat ...... , .................................. 60 

Oats ........................................... 32 

Barley ......................................... 48 

Rye ........................................... 56 

Flaxseed ....................................... 56 

Emmer and spelt ................................ .40 

Buckwheat ..................................... 48 

Mustard seed ................................ 58-60 

Rice: .......................................... 45 

100 lb .................................... = 1 bag 

162 lb .................................. = 1 barrel 

Hay crops: 

If a respondent can report only the number of bales, find out 

the approximate weight per bale, in pounds. Match this 

weight with the corresponding number of bales estimated to 

equal 1 ton, as given in the following table. Divide the total 

number of bales by the number per ton; enter the result 

to the nearest whole ton. For example, a farmer reports 

830 bales of hay, averaging 40 pounds per bale. The table 

shows that it takes 50 40-pound bales to equal one ton. 830 

divided by 50 equals 16-3/5 tons. You would round this 

result and enter 17 tons on the questionnaire. 

Approximate weight Number of bales 

per bale of hay needed to equal 

(pounds) 1 ton 

30 ......................................... 67 

35 ......................................... 57 

40 ......................................... 50 

45 ......................................... 44 

50 ......................................... 40 

55 ......................................... 36 

60 ......................................... 33 

65 ......................................... 31 

70 ......................................... 29 

75 ......................................... 27 

80 ......................................... 25 

85 ......................................... 24 

90 ......................................... 22 

95 .................................... , .... 21 

100 ......................................... 20 

105 .......................................... 19 

110 ......................................... 18 

115 ......................................... 17 
96 

Section 2 and 3, Items 

2 and 5 Respectively 

Silage: 

If necessary to estimate the quantity of silage harvested, 

first find out what type of silo the farm operator has. Then 

estimate the total quantity of silage for each type of silo 

according to the following instructions: 

Upright silos: Ask the operator for the depth of the silage 

when placed in the silo and for the inside diameter of the 

silo. Match depth with diameter in the following table to 

find the approximate tons of silage. For example, if a farmer 

reports silage to be 30 feet in a silo with a 13-foot diameter, 

you would enter 80 tons of silage on his questionnaire. 

Depth of Inside diameter of si 10 (feet) -

silage 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

(feet) Approximate tons of silage 

20 ..... . 27 .. . ... . .. .. . .. . ., .. 22 . ..... 30 37 .. . ., . .. . . .. ... . 

24 .... .. 34 41 49 ., . .. . .. . . ... 

26 .... .. 38 46 55 65 ... .. . ... . 

28 ..... . 43 52 61 72 84 " . . , .. 

30 ..... . 47 57 68 80 92 106 121 

32 . ..... 51 62 74 87 100 115 131 

34 . ..... 56 67 80 94 109 125 142 

36 .... .. ... 73 86 101 117 135 153 

38 ...... . .... .. . 93 109 126 145 165 

40 ...... ... .. . 100 117 135 155 177 

42 . ..... ... ... . ... . 124 144 165 188 

44 ...... . ... ... . ... . . , .. 152 174 198 

46 ....... .. . .... . .... .. , .. ... . 184 209 

48 ....... ... .. . ... . . " . ... . .. . 220 

50 ..... .. .. . .... '" . ... . ... . .. . . .. 

Pit, Trench, or Bunker Silos: 

40 Ibs.of silage occupies 1 cubic foot 

1 ton of silage occupies 50 cubic feet 

. ... 

... . 

... . 

... . 

... . 

.... 

148 

161 

173 

186 

200 

212 

224 

236 

248 

261 

18 

... . 

. ... 

. ... 

... . 

... . 

... . 

.... 

180 

194 

209 

224 

237 

251 

265 

279 

293 

19 20 

... . ... . ... . . ... 

. ... ... . '" . ... . 

... . ... . 

.. " .... 

... . .. . 

... . ... 

216 . .. 

233 258 

249 276 

264 293 

279 310 

295 327 

310 344 

326 361 

Tons of silage per silo: length X average width X average 

depth X .02 
6. Field Seeds 

Section 8 

Section 2, Item 11 

Section 2, Item 12 

Section 2, Item 9 

Section 8, Code 557 

Section 8, Code 663 

Section 8, Code 773 

7. Strawberries, Cranberries 

and other Small Fruits 

Section 7 

97 

Pounds 

per bushel 

Alfalfa seed ..................................... 60 

Bluegrass seed ............................... 14-30 

Clover seed ..................................... 60 

Millet seed (other than Proso) ....................... 50 

Orchardgrass seed ................................ 14 

Sunflower seed .............................. 24-32 

Timothy seed .................................. .45 

Vetch seed ...................................... 60 

I rish potatoes: 

60 lb ..................................... 1 bu. 

100 lb. . .................................. 1 cwt. 

20 cwt ................................... 1 ton 

165 lb. or 2-3/4 bu. . ........................ 1 bbl. 

1-2/3 bu ................................. 100-lb. 

bag (cwt.) 

Sweet potatoes: 

55 lb ................................... = 1 bu. 

50 lb .................................. = 1 crate 

Cotton: 

500 Ibs ............................ = 1 bale gross 

Dry field and seed beans: Pounds per bushel 

Lima, dry .................................... 56 

Others, dry ................................... 60 

Popcorn: 

70 lb ............................ = 1 bu. ear corn 

56 lb .............................. =1 bu. shelled 

ear corn 

Sugarcane for sirup: 

11.45 lb .................................. = 1 gal. 

Cranberries: 

1 barrel ................................. =100 lb. 

1/4 barrel ................................ = 25 lb. 

Other berries and small fruits: 

1 qt ................................... =1-1/2 lb. 

2 pints ................................... = 1 qt. 

1 24-qt. crate ...................... = 36 lb. stemmed 

strawberries, 

blackberries, and 

raspberries 
98 

8. Fruit and Nut Trees 

9. Nursery and Greenhouse 

Products 

Section 6 

10. Other Crops 

When necessary to estimate the acres in fruit and nut trees, 

first find out the planting distance between trees. Then 

divide the total number of trees by the number per acre that 

corresponds with that planting distance, as given in the 

following table. The result represents the approximate 

acreage. For example, if the planting distance is 25' x 25', 

there are 70 trees per acre and 700 trees would represent 

10 acres. 

Number of fruit and nut trees per acre 

Planting distance Number Planting distance Number 

(feet) per acre (feet) per acre 

8 x 8 · . .. . 680 22 x 24 . · . ... . · . .. . 82 

8 x 10 .... . . · . · . 545 24 x 24. ... . .. · . 75 

8 x 12. ... · . .. . 454 25 x 25. · . · . · . 70 

9x9 . . · . . . . .. 538 26 x 26. · . . .. .. . 64 

10 x 10. · . . . 436 27 x 27. · . · . . . · . · . 60 

10 x 12. .. . · . .. 363 28 x 28 .. · . . . · . · . 56 

12 x 12 ... · . .... .. . 302 28 x 30 ... · . ... . . .. 52 

12 x 14. .. . . . · . 259 30 x 30. ... . . . .. 48 

14 x 14 .. .. . .. . · . 222 32 x 32 .. · . ... . · . 43 

15 x 15 ..... 194 35 x 35. ., .. . . . ... 35 

16 x 16. · . · . .. . 170 36 x 36 .. .. . . .. · . 34 

18 x 18 .. · . .. . · . 134 40 x 40 .. · . . ..... · . 27 

18 x 20. · . . , . .. . 121 40 x 45. . ... ..... . 24 

18 x 22 ... · . .. . . . 110 45 x 45 .. . .. ...... . 22 

20 x 20. .. . . , .. . . 109 45 x 50 . . ... ... . . .. 19 

20 x 22. · . . . · . 99 50 x 50. ... .. . . . · . 17 

20 x 24. . . . .. .. . 91 55 x 50. · . . .. .. . 16 

22 x 22. .. . · . · . 90 60 x 60 .. · . · . 12 

Land area: 

144 square inches .. ................... = 1 square foot 

9 square feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = 1 square yard 

30-1/4 square yards . .................... = 1 square rod 

160 square rods ....... ...................... = 1 acre 

640 acres .......... ................ ... = 1 square mile 

or 1 section 

1 acre .. ........................... = 160 square rods 

Broomcorn: 

4,840 square yards 

43,560 square feet 

333 Ib ..................... ........... = 1 bale of 

broomcorn 

brush. 

6 bales ..................... .......... .. = 1 ton of 

Hops: 

broomcorn 

brush. 

200 lb. . ................................ =.1 bale 
11. Conversion of Fractions 

to Nearest Tenth 

Sections 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

15 

Section 4, Code 123 

Section 4, Code 225 

Section 4, Code 231 

99 

Report fractions, when required, to the nearest tenth according to the following table. The nearest tenth will be the 

fraction shown at the bottom of the column in which the 

denominator appears for a specific numerator. For example, 

if the fraction reported is 1/3, look on the line for 1 as 

numerator and 3 as denominator; then use the figure at the 

bottom of the column where the denominator appears. 

Thus, 1/3 is to be reported as 3/10. 

Numerator 

THE FRACTION REPORTED 

Denom i nator 

1 ...... .... .. .. '" . ... . 2 . ., . 3 4-6 7-19 

2 ••••.• '" . .. , . 3 . ... 4 5 6-7 8-12 13-39 

3 ...... '" . 4 '" . 5 6 7-8 9-11 12-20 21-59 

4 ...... .... 5 6 7 8 9-11 12-15 16-26 27-79 

5 ••.... '" . 6 7 8-9 10-11 12-14 15-19 20-33 34-99 

6 •..•.. 7 8 9 10 11-13 14-17 18-23 24-40 41-119 

7 •••••• 8 9 10 11-12 13-15 16-20 21-27 28-46 47-139 

8 ...... 9 10 11-12 13-14 15-17 18-22 23-31 32-53 54-159 

9 ...... 10 11-12 13 14-16 17-19 20-25 26-35 36-60 61-179 

Nearest 

tenth .. 9/10 8/10 7/10 6/10 5/10 4/10 3/10 2/10 1/10 

NONCITRUS FRUIT OR GRAPES 

Apples: 

1 bushel. ................................. = 45 lb. 

1 Northwest box ........................... = 44 lb. 

Peaches: 

1 bushel. ................................. = 48 lb. 

3/4 bu. basket ............................. = 36 lb. 

1/2 bu. basket or box ....................... = 24 lb. 

1 Western lug box .......................... = 20 lb. 

1 California fruit box ....................... = 18 lb. 

1 ton ................................. = 2,000 lb. 

1 lb. dried peaches ........... =7-1/2 lb. fresh fruit for 

Pears: 

clings or 6-1/2 lb. fresh 

fruit for freestones 

1 bu. (California). .......................... = 48 lb. 

1 box Western ............................. = 46 lb. 

1 bu. other ............................... = 50 lb. 

40 bu ................................... = 1 ton 

1 crate, Western 

(4-1/2" x 16" x 16-1/2") ................. = 22 lb. 

1 lb. dried pears ................ = 6-1/2 lb. fresh fruit 
100 

Section 4, Code 147 Cherries: 

1 bu. unstemmed ........................... = 56 lb. 

1 qt. unstemmed ......................... =1-3/4 lb. 

1 bu. stemmed ............................. = 64 lb. 

1 qt. stemmed .............................. = 2 lb. 

1 Campbell lug ............................ = 16 lb. 

I cherry lug ............................... = 20 lb. 

4 qt. climax basket .......................... = 6 lb. 

Section 4, Code 135 Avocados: 

1 single-layer flat ........................... = 13 lb. 

1 bushel. ................................. = 50 lb. 

1 lug ................................ = 12-15 lb. 

Section 4, Code 177 Grapes: 

1 bushel. ......................... " ........ = 48 lb. 

1 American type 4 qt. climax basket ............. = 6 lb. 

1 American type 12 qt. basket ............ = 18-20 lb. 

1 European type lug ........................ = 28 lb. 

1 European type 4-basket crate ................ = 20 lb. 

1 box, sawdust pack ........................ = 34 lb. 

1 ton ................................. = 41.67 bu. 

Section 4, Code 177 1 lb. raisins (dried) .................. =4-3/10 lb. fresh 

Section 4, Code 243 Plums and prunes: 

1 bushel. ................................. = 56 lb. 

1/2 bu. basket ............................. = 28 lb. 

California, 4-basket crate ................. = 28-34 lb. 

1 bx. Northwestern suitcase .................. = 161b. 

1 lb. dried fruit, California ........ =2-7/10 lb. fresh fruit 

Other States ................ = 3 to 4 lb. fresh fruit 

Section 4, Code 129 Apricots: 

1 bushel. ................................. = 48 lb. 

1 lug (Brentwood) (1/2 bu.) .................. = 24 lb. 

1 4-basket crate ............................ = 26 lb. 

6 lb. fresh fruit .................... = 1 lb. dried fruit 

Section 4, Code 207 Olives: 

1 lug box ............................. = 25-30 lb. 
Section 4, Code 261 

Section 4, Code 357 

Section 4, Code 321 

Section 4, Code 261 

Section 4, Code 261 

Section 4, Code 261 

261 

261 

261 

N.A. 

Section 15, Code 861 

101 

Figs: 

1 single-layer crate box ....................... = 6 lb. 

1 California deep crate ...................... = 15 lb. 

1 lb. dried fruit - California .......... = 3 lb. fresh fruit 

Other States ................... = 4 lb. fresh fruit 

NUT TREES: 

1 bu. of walnuts ........................... = 50 lb. 

1 bu. of almonds ........................... = 37 lb. 

OTHER FRUITS 

Nectarines: 

1 bushel. ................................. = 50 lb. 

1 California fruit box (2 layers) ................ = 18 lb. 

1 California fruit box (1 layer) ................ = 12 lb. 

1 Sanger lug ............................... = 23 lb. 

1 L.A. lug ................................ = 30 lb. 

1 4-basket crate ............................ = 30 lb. 

Mangos: 

1 bushel. ................................. = 55 lb. 

1 Florida avocado box ....................... = 16 lb. 

Quinces: 

1 bushel. ................................. = 48 lb. 

Guavas: 

1 bushel. ................................. = 54 lb. 

Japanese persimmons: 

1 fruit box (1 layer) ........................ = 12 lb. 

1 fruit box (2 layers) ........................ = 18 lb. 

Pineapples: 

1 crate ................................... = 70 lb. 

MILK: 

1 gallon ................................. = 8.6 lb. 

HONEY: 

1 gallon ................................ = 11.8 lb. 
102 

Section 4 

Code 

297 

309 

303 

267 

279 

315 

315 

297 

267 

279 

297 

267 

CITRUS FRUIT 

California 

and Kind of fruit and unit of measure Arizona 

(Pounds) 

Valencia oranges 75 

Nave I oranges 75 

Temple oranges 75 

Other oranges 75 

Tangerines and mandarins 75 

Tangelos Box -

Grapefruit - Arizona 64 

California (Imperial and 

Riverside counties) 64 

Other California areas 67 

Lemons 76 

Limes -

Limes Bushel -

Oranges i 37Vl 

Grapefruit Carton 32 

Lemons ! 38 

Oranges Mesh bags -

(~ box) 

Grapefruit -

Other Texas Florida States 

(Pounds) (Pounds) (Pounds) 

85 90 90 

85 90 90 

85 90 90 

85 90 90 

100 95 -

- 90 -

80 85 -

- - -

- - -

90 90 -

- 80 -

- 50 -

- - -

- - -

- - -

45 45 -

40 40 -
General 

Reviewing the A 1 

Questionnaire 

Daily Review of the 

Record Book and the 

Segment Map 

Final Review of 

the Segment 

103 

CHAPTER VII. REVIEW YOUR COMPLETED WORK 

High standards of accuracy have been established for the data 

collected in this census. In order to meet these standards, 

you will be expected to review all of your completed work 

before submitting it to your crew leader. 

After you complete an A 1 questionnaire, scan over your 

answers quickly so you can correct any omissions or inconsistencies before leaving the operator. 

At the end of each day review the segment map and the 

A3 Record Book. 

When you complete a segment, make a final review of your 

work before you submit it to your crew leader. 

The main purpose of reviewing each A 1 questionnaire is to 

make sure it is complete. All entries should be: 

Neat and legible. 

Written in the spaces provided. 

Recorded in the quantities asked for. 

Use the checklist on pages 104-105 when reviewing 

completed A 1 questionnaires. This checklist will help you 

eliminate omissions and inconsistencies on the questionnaires. 

Review your segment maps and A3 Record Book each day 

to make sure you have followed procedures correctly and to 

plan your next day's work. Check to see that you are making 

all appropriate map entries on a daily basis. 

When you have finished a segment, carefully review your 

work before submitting it to your crew leader. Your crew 

leader will also review your completed work. 

Review your completed work in each segment as outlined 

below. 

1. Final Review of the Segment Map 

Your segment map should indicate that you made a 

complete canvass. 

a. The starting point should be shown on your map. 

b. Each piece should have a checkmark to indicate that 

it was canvassed. 
104 

C. The A3 line numbers should be entered next to the 

symbols for occupied dwellings. 

d. An /IX" should be drawn through symbols for dwellings 

and buildings which no longer exist. 

e. Roads which no longer exist should have a wavy 

line drawn through them and new roads should be 

drawn in. 

2. Final Review of the A3 Listing Pages 

During your final review of the A3 Listing Pages, check 

the following: 

a. Verify that there is a completed A 1 questionnaire for 

each /IX" in the /lYes" box of column 7 or an explanation in column 10, "Remarks" why an A 1 was not 

obtained. 

b. Check that appropriate entries have been made in 

column 9 for each listing. 

c. Verify that remarks entered in column 10 do not 

require further action. 

d. Verify that all callbacks have been completed and the 

completion date entered in column 11. 

e. Check that all entries are complete and legible for 

each listing. 

3. Final Review of the A 1 Questionnaires 

Use the following checklist to review the completed 

A 1 questionnaires. 

a. Part 1 - Identification. Are items 1 through 9 completed as necessary? Be certain that items 1-6 have 

been transcribed correctly from the A3 Record Book. 

b. Part II - Type of Organization. Have the questions for 

the appropriate type of organization been completed? 

c. Section 1. Is the entry in item 4 computed correctly 

based on the answers to items 1, 2, and 3? Are items 

5-8 completed as required? Does the sum of the 

acres reported in item 9 equal item 4? 

d. Section 2. Are the appropriate entries completed or 

the "None" box checked for each of the crops listed? 

e. Sections 3-8. Review the screening question at the 

beginning of each section to determine if they should 

contain entries. If so, review each section required 
105 

to be filled and be certain entries are complete. Are 

the names and code numbers entered for all write-in 

entries? 

f. Section 9. Compare the items in section 9 with the 

crops reported harvested in sections 2-8. For example, 

if tobacco, vegetables, or fruit crops were reported 

harvested in sections 2,4,or 5 respectively, you should 

have value of sales reported in items 3, 5, and 6 of 

section 9, excluding that for home use. 

g. Section 10. The entry in item 6 must equal the entry 

in item 1. If not, explain the situation in the Remarks 

space. The entry in item 6 must also equal the entry 

in item 4 of section 1. 

h. Section 11. If "Yes" to the screening question, does 

the acreage of land irrigated (by use) compare with the 

appropriate items in sections 2-8. 

i. Sections 12 through 16. Review the screening q uestions preceeding each section to determine if they are 

to be filled. If a section is to be filled be certain you 

have either an "X" in the "None" box, or a numerical 

entry for each type of livestock in the appropriate 

columns. I n section 12, check to see if the entries in 

items 1a through 1d equal item 1. In section 13, 

check to see if items 1 a and 1 b eq ual item 1. In 

sections 15 and 16 is the name and code number 

furnished for all write in entries? 

j. Sections 17 and 18. If screening questions are 

answered "Yes," are data items complete? 

k. Sections 19-21. Are data entries complete as 

necessary in each section? 

I. Sections 22-28. Be certain screening questions, 

"None" boxes or data entries are complete. If sections 

22 and 23 have acreage reported, are expenses for 

these products reported in items 5 and 6 of section 

26? Did you sign and date the questionnaire in 

section 28? 
106 

CHAPTER VIII. OTHER DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 

Recording Progress 

1. Date 

2. Number of A3 

I ines completed 

3. Number of AI's 

completed 

4. Callbacks 

outstanding 

This chapter contains instructions for recording and reporting 

progress and costs, turning in work, and other administrative matters. 

Use Part C, Enumerator's Daily Work Record, on the front of 

the A3 Record Book to keep a daily record of the work you 

complete (see illustration 1). At the end of each workday: 

1. I n item 1 enter the date. 

2. I n item 2 enter the number of A3 lines (listings) completed. Completed lines are those where you have 

entered a date in column 11. This count should include 

all listings made during the day regardless of whether 

they are farm operators, vacant houses, nonfarm 

dwellings but excluding listings which require callbacks. 

3. In item 3 enter the number of A 1 questionnaires 

completed. To obtain this entry, count the number 

of A3 listings which have (X) entered in the "Yes" 

portion of column 7 and the date entered in column 11. 

As an additional check, count the A 1 questionnaires 

that you have completed for that day. 

4. In item 4 enter the total number of listings for which 

you have not entered a completion date in column 11. 

In other words, this entry is a cumulative count of 

dwelling units for which you must callback either by 

telephone or personal visit to complete the A3 listing 

and/or the A 1 questionnaire. 

Illustration 1 

Part C of A3 Record Book Cover 

/0/10 10/1/ /0//,2" /0/13 

~~ oZ7 ~o 020 

c2 02 / 3 

/ ~ / 0 
Reporting Progress 

and Costs 

107 

Each Monday, report your progress and costs to your crew 

leader. The crew leader will give you the exact time to make 

your report. It may not be feasible for the crew leader to 

meet with all enumerators each Monday. If you are not 

scheduled for a meeting, be sure to telephone this information to your crew leader on Monday. 

1. For each segment worked, report the following information for all work conducted during the previous week 

(Sunday through Saturday): 

a. The segment number 

b. The total number of A3 lines completed for the 

segment 

c. The total number of A 1's completed for the segment 

2. Also report for each segment the total number of callbacks outstanding as of Saturday of the previous week. 

For example, using illustration 1 above, assume the 

enumerator worked in only one segment 4 days during 

the week ending 10/14. The enumerator would report 

to the crew leader: 

a. The segment number 

b. 103 A3 lines completed 

c. 8 A 1 Questionnaires completed 

d. No callbacks outstanding (since this was the case 

on 10/13, the last day the enumerator worked in the 

segment illustrated). 

3. As stated in your training, you will record the hours 

worked, miles driven and other reimbursable expenses 

each day you work using the BC-27 series payroll forms. 

You will turn in your completed payroll forms to the 

crew leader every other Monday, at the end of each 

2-week payroll period. Instructions for filling your 

payroll forms are contained in Form 11-65 Administrative Handbook for One-Time Survey Employees. 

However, at each Monday meeting, your payroll entries 

must be reported for the preceeding week (Sunday 

through Saturday) as follows: 

a. Total hours worked, from section I of the BC-27. 

b. Total miles driven, from section I of the BC-27 A. 

c. Total Per diem cost, from section III of the BC-27 A. 

d. Total of Other costs, i.e., parking fees, road tolls, 

etc., as shown on Forms BC-27B and/or BC-27C. 
108 

Transmitting Completed 

Work 

Oth@r Responsibilities 

Turn in completed work by segment during the meetings 

with your crew leader. Before turning in a segment as 

completed: 

1. Review the A 1 questionnaires and the A3 Record Book 

as outlined in Chapter VII. 

2. Place the A 1 questionnaires in line number order inside 

the cover of the A3 Record Book. 

3. Check that the appropriate maps are in the A3 Record 

Book. 

After completing the final segment of your assignment, 

contact your crew leader. The crew leader may have some 

additional work for you. If not, he or she will collect your 

most recent payroll forms, I.D. badge, final segment, and 

miscellaneous materials. 

As a Census Bureau employee, you have several additional 

responsibilities: 

Maintaining the confidentiality of Census Bureau 

information. 

Completing your assignment quickly and accurately. 

Completing payroll forms accurately and completely. 

Refraining from certain types of political activities, as 

covered by the Hatch Act. 

These responsibilities are discussed in detail in Form 11-65, 

Administrative Handbook for One-Time Survey Employees. 

Review the Administrative Handbook before you begin 

your assignment. 
APPENDIX 

EXHIBIT 1 - EXCERPTS FROM THE CENSUS ACT, TITLE 13, U.S. CODE 

CHAPTER 5 - CENSUS 

SUBCHAPTER II - POPULATION, HOUSING, AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION, 

DRAINAGE, AND UNEMPLOYMENT 

Section 142. Agriculture, irrigation, drainage. 

(a) The Secretary shall in 1979, in 1983, and in every fifth year beginning after 1983, 

take a census of agriculture. 

(b) In conjunction with the census to be taken under subsection (a) of this section in 1979, 

in 1988, and every tenth year beginning after 1988, the Secretary shall take a census of 

irrigation and drainage. 

(c) The data collected in each of the censuses taken under this section shall relate to the 

year immediately preceding the year in which such census is taken. (Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 

1158, 68 Stat. 1020, amended Aug. 28, 1957 Pub. L. 85-207, §10, 71 Stat. 483; 

Mar. 15,1976, Pub. L. 94-229,§1, 90 Stat. 210.) 

SUBCHAPTER V - GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE, PRELIMINARY AND SUPPLEMENTAL 

STATISTICS, AND USE OF SAMPLING 

§193. Preliminary and supplemental statistics 

In advance of, in conjunction with, or after the taking of each census provided for by this 

chapter, tne Secretary may make surveys and collect such preliminary and supplementary 

statistics related to the main topic of the census as are necessary to the initiation, taking 

or completion thereof. (Added PUb. L. 85-207, §14, Aug. 28, 1957, 71 Stat. 484.) 

§ 195. Use of sampling 

Except for the determination of population for purposes of apportionment of Representatives in Congress among the several States, the Secretary shall, if he considers it feasible, 

authorize the use of the statistical method known as "sampling" in carrying out the 

provisions of this title. (Added Pub. L. 85-207,§14, Aug. 28,1957,71 Stat. 484, amended 

Oct. 17, 1976, PUb. L. 94-521,§10, 90 Stat. 2464.) 

CHAPTER 7 - OFFENSES AND PENALTIES 

SUBCHAPTER II - OTHER PERSONS 

§221. Refusal or neglect to answer questions; false answers 

(a) Whoever, being over eighteen years of age, refuses or willfully neglects, when requested 

by the Secretary, or by any other authorized officer or employee of the Department of 

Commerce or bureau or agency thereof acting under the instructions of the Secretary or 

authorized officer, to answer, to the best of his knowledge, any of the questions on any 

schedule submitted to him in connection with any census or survey provided for by subchapters I, II, IV, and V of chapter 5 of this title, applying to himself or to the family to 

which he belongs or is related, or to the farm or farms of which he or his family is the 

occupant, shall be fined not more than $100. 

109 
110 

(b) Whoever, when answering questions described in subsection (a) of this section, and 

under the conditions or circumstances described in such subsection, willfully gives any 

answer that is false, shall be fined not more than $500. 

(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, no person shall be compelled to 

disclose information relative to his religious beliefs or to membership in a religious 

body. (Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1158,68 Stat. 1023, amended Aug. 28,1957, Pub. L. 

85-207,§15, 71 Stat. 484; Oct. 17,1976, Pub. L. 94-521,§13, 90 Stat. 2465.) 

8222. Giving suggestions or information with intent to cause inaccurate enumeration 

of population 

Whoever, either directly or indirectly, offers or renders to any officer or employee of the 

Department of Commerce or bureau or agency thereof engaged in making an enumeration 

of population under subchapter II, IV, or V of chapter 5 of this title, any suggestion, advice, 

information or assistance of any kind, with the intent or purpose of causing an inaccurate 

enumeration of population to be made, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned 

not more than one year, or both. (Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1158,68 Stat. 1023, amended 

Aug. 28, 1957, Pub. L. 85-207,§16, 71 Stat. 484.) 

§ 223. Refusal, by owners, proprietors, etc., to assist census employees 

Whoever, being the owner, proprietor, manager, superintendent, or agent of any hotel, 

apartment house, boarding or lodging house, tenement, or other building, refuses or willfully neglects, when requested by the Secretary or by any other officer or employee of the 

Department of Commerce or bureau or agency thereof, acting under the instructions of the 

Secretary, to furnish the names of the occupants of such premises, or to give free ingress 

thereto and egress therefrom to any duly accredited representative of such Department or 

bureau or agency thereof, so as to permit the collection of statistics with respect to any 

census provided for in subchapters I and II of chapter 5 of this insofar as such survey 

relates to any of the subjects for which censuses are provided by such subchapters I and II, 

including, when relevant to the census or survey being taken or made, the proper and 

correct enumeration of all persons having their usual place of abode in such premises, shall 

be fined not more than $500. (Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1158, 68 Stat. 1023, amendHd Aug. 28, 

1957, Pub. L. 85-207,§17, 71 Stat. 484.) 

8224. Failure to answer questions affecting companies, businesses, religious bodies, and 

other organizations; false answers 

Whoever, being the owner, official, agent, person in charge, or assistant to the person in 

charge, of any company, business, institution, establishment, religious body, or organization 

of any nature whatsoever, neglects or refuses, when requested by the Secretary or other 

authorized officer or employee of the Department of Commerce or bureau or agency 

thereof, to answer completely and correctly to the best of his knowledge all questions 

relating to his company, business, institution, establishment, religious body, or other organization, or to records or statistics in his official custody, contained on any census or other 

schedule or questionnaire prepared and submitted to him under the authority of this title, 

shall be fined not more than $500; and if he willfully gives a false answer to any such 

question, he shall be fined not more than $10,000. (Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1158, 68 Stat. 

1024, amended Aug. 28, 1957, Pub. L. 85-207, §18, 71 Stat. 484; Oct. 17, 1976, Pub. 

L. 94-521, § 14, 90 Stat. 2465.) 
111 

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 

The following terms and definitions are for your use in carrying out your assignment on 

this survey. 

1. Acres in Place -

2. Animal Specialty -

3. Acquaculture -

4. Army worm -

5. Barrow6. Beef cow7. Boar8. Boar pig -

9. Broiler (Fryer) -

10. Bull --

11. Bush hogging -

12. Callback -

13. Cane hay -

14. Canvassing -

15. Contract laborSee definition for Place. 

A term used to cover animals other than cattle, hogs, sheep 

or poultry, and the products they produce. Examples are 

fur-bearing animals, horses, catfish, bees, worms, honey, 

mohair, goats milk, mares urine. 

The cultivation of plant and animal life such as sea plants, 

fish; oysters, shrimp and clams, as the natural produce 

of water. 

A yellow and gray larva of a certain moth; so called because 

it travels in large groups, destroying crops and grasses. 

A castrated male pig, usually fed to finish for slaughter. 

A cow which did not supply milk for home use or for sale. 

A mature uncastrated male hog, usually kept for breeding 

purposes. 

A young uncastrated male hog not yet used for breeding. 

A chicken raised to maturity in about 8-12 weeks and sold 

for meat. 

A mature uncastrated male bovine usually kept for breeding. 

The cutting of weeds, grass, brush, small trees, etc., with 

a heavy rotary mower, called a "Bush Hog." Several makes 

and brands of these machines are sold. One of the original 

brand names of these mowers was "The Bush Hog." These 

machines are normally pulled from behind a tractor and the 

cutting blade is turned from the power take-off ofthe tractor. 

A return visit or telephone call to a place. One or more 

callbacks will be necessary whenever you are not able to 

complete the enumeration on your first visit to the place. 

(See Chapter 5.) 

Generally, sorghum cut for hay. 

Traveling in a systematic fashion every street, road, path, 

alleyway, and court in the segment and looking for dwelling units. 

Labor is obtained through a contractor or crew leader. The 

contract workers are not paid directly by the farm operator. 

Instead the operator pays the contractor crew leader an 

agreed amount for the completion of contracted tasks. 
112 

16. Corn head -

17. Corn picker -

18. Corn picker-sheller -

19. Cooperative -

20. Corporation -

21. Cow22. Crops--

23. Cull -

24. Cultivated summer 

fallow land -

25. Dwelling -

26. Double cropping -

A mechanical device mounted on the front of a combine 

for the removal of ears of corn from the stalk. 

A machine for removing the ears of corn from the stalks 

and delivering the ears to a wagon or trailer. These machines 

are usually an attachment that mounts on a tractor, and a 

wagon or trailer is pulled behind the tractor to catch the corn. 

Same as a corn picker described above, except this machine 

also shells the corn or removes the corn kernels from the cob. 

A voluntarily organized association controlled by its members or patrons. Frequently the word ;"Cooperative" is part 

of the association's name. A cooperative should be reported 

under OTHE R type of organization even if it is incorporated. 

A corporation is a legal form of organization separate from 

its owners (shareholders). It is created (incorporated) under 

the laws of the individual States. The State then recognizes 

its existence as a corporation and permits it to engage in 

activities (for example, farming) provided for in its articles 

of incorporation. Corporations may include both large 

incorporated companies and family corporation farms that 

filed articles of incorporation. 

A female bovine animal that has given birth to one or more 

calves. 

Commodities such as grains, vegetables, hay, fruit, and nuts, 

cotton, tobacco, etc., and specialty items such as nursery and 

greenhouse products. (Exclude timber or tree farming and 

Christmas trees.) 

-A nonproductive or inferior animal eliminated from the herd 

or from the flock, very low grade - could be crops or 

livestock. 

Defined as "seeding land to crops in alternate years under 

practice which requires that the seed-bed be worked periodically during the growing season of the idle year sufficiently 

to control weeds and conserve moisture." Do not include 

any land from which crops were or will be harvested during 

1978. Land on which winter wheat was planted last fall, 

abandoned in the spring and left idle until this fall would not 

be considered summer fallow. 

Any occupied house, apartment, mobile home, or trailer, or 

other housing accomodation; also vacant houses. (Houses 

under construction but not yet occupied are not considered 

dwellings.) 

When two or more crops were or will be harvested from the 

same land during the same year, but at different times; 

example: soybeans following wheat. 
27. Ewe28. Enumeration -

29. Fallow land -

30. Family held 

corporation -

31. Farm manager -

An adult female sheep usually kept to produce offspring 

and wool. 

Listing information about a person or place and completing 

an agriculture questionnaire when required. 

Defined as "seeding land to crops in alternate years under 

practice which requires that the seed-bed be worked periodically during the growing season of the idle year sufficiently 

to control weeds and conserve moisture." Do not include 

any land from which crops were or will be harvested 

during 1978. 

One in which 51 percent or more of the stock is owned by 

persons related by blood or marriage. 

A person hired to manage a farm for someone else. (See 

definition of Hired manager.) 

32. Fat cattle - Cattle weighing 500 pounds or more and fattened on grain 

or concentrates for 30 days or more and sold for slaughter. 

33. Feeder pig - A young pig, usually recently weaned; fed to finish for 

slaughter. 

34. Field forage harvesters - May be either self-propelled or pull type. They harvest corn, 

sorghum, green chop and other crops as a silage or forage. 

Different attachments are available for different crops. 

Internally rotating knives cut the crop to a fine forage which 

is often blown out of a shute in the rear of the machine to 

a following wagon. 

35. Fish raised in captivity - Refers to fish sold from ponds, raceways, tanks, etc. 

36. Fuel oil -

37. Furrow irrigation -

38. Gelding -

39. Gilt40. Grass silage -

A petroleum product used for heating purposes on farms. It 

is not commonly used for equipment or machines that have 

internal combustion engines. 

The application of water to land by use of plowed furrows. 

The water is usually supplied to the furrows from irrigation 

ditches. 

A castrated male horse. 

A young female swine, usually kept for breeding purposes. 

Grass harvested in a green state and preserved in a succulent 

condition by partial fermentation in a container such as a 

silo or pit. Also called ensilage. 

113 
114 

41. Grazing associations42. Group quarters -

43. Habitable -

44. Harvested cropland -

45. Haylage -

46. Head of household -

47. Heifer -

48. Hired farm labor -

An association of ranchers or other livestock operators who 

join together to acquire control of acreages of grazing land 

for use by its members. Very often the land is leased from 

State or Federal governments, and some States require that 

they be nonprofit organizations. Because "grazing association" is frequently included in the organization name, most 

of them are easily recognizable. A grazing association should 

be reported under OTHER type of organization even if it 

is incorporated. 

Dwelling units where people do not have separate living 

arrangements. Group quarters are located most frequently 

in institutions, boarding houses, mi litary barracks, college 

dormitories, fraternity and sorority houses, hospitals, 

monasteries, convents, and ships. A house or apartment is 

considered a group quarter only if it is shared by the person 

in charge and nine or more unrelated persons, or if there is 

no person in charge and the unit is shared by 10 or more 

unrelated persons. 

Any dwelling unit is habitable regardless of its condition. A 

vacant dwelling unit is habitable only if the roof, walls, 

windows, and/or doors no longer protect the interior from 

the elements. 

Land from which crops were or will be harvested at any time 

in 1978. This also includes any land with fruit or nut trees 

or grapevines regardless of whether or not any quantity was 

harvested in 1978 (except for abandoned orchards), includes 

land in nursery products and greenhouse area also. 

Very similar to grass silage. 

Defined as a person who is regarded as the one in charge by 

the members of the household. In most cases, the head is a 

married man and the chief breadwinner of the family. For a 

married couple, list the husband as "Head" if he is living 

in the household. Only one head may be designated for each 

dwelling unit. In some cases the head is a parent of the 

chief earner or is the only adult member of the household. 

List an armed forces member as head only if he/she lives in 

the dwelling unit. 

If two or more unrelated persons are sharing a unit, designate 

one as "Head." If one of the unrelated persons owns the 

dwelling unit or has signed a lease to rent it, assign that 

individual as "Head." 

A female bovine that has not had a calf. 

The employment of a directly paid worker or workers by the 

farm operator. Paid members of the operator's family are 

to be included. Any work which was necessary to the 

agricultural operation of the place that was paid for in cash. 

(Personal or business checks are considered as cash.! 
49 Hired manager50. Idle cropland -

51. Inter-cropping -

52. Inter-planting -

53. Irrigation -

54. Landlord -

55. Layer56. Machine hire and 

customwork -

57. Mare58. Milk cow59. Mohair60. Molt61. Mower conditionsA person who is paid a salary or wage (sometimes with a 

commission) to operate land for another person or corporation, institution or other organization. He or she is usually 

respon~~:"'le for the day-to-day agricultural operation on that 

land and may supervise others in performing those operations. 

As such, he or she is the person in charge of the place 

managed. Do not confuse him or her with a caretaker or 

hired person who merely carries out the employer's instructions. Hired manager is also the person making the decisions 

on what crops or livestock to produce, and responsible for 

maintaining records. 

Cropland from which no crops were or will be harvested 

in 1978. 

Growing two crops on the same land at the same time; 

example: cotton grown in the same field with sorghums 

such as two rows cotton and two rows sorghums. Also 

known as inter-planting. 

Same as inter-cropping. 

The application of water by any artificial or controlled means 

- sprinklers, furrows or ditches, spreader dikes, etc. Includes 

supplemental, partial, and preplant irrigation. 

The owner or holder of land which he leases to others. 

A mature frmale chicken kept for egg production. 

Includes the hiring of a machine necessary for the agricultural operations of the place. This also includes rental of 

machinery whether by day, month, or year. The labor for 

the operator of the hired machinery if included in the hiring 

arrangement is to be included in the machine hire cost. If 

the machine operator is paid by the farm operator, the 

expense is hired labor. 

A mature female horse. 

A cow which supplies milk for home use or for sale. May be 

of any breed. 

Long lustrous hair from the Angora goat. 

Casting off of feathers, skin, horns, etc., before new growth. 

A self-propelled or pull type farm implement used to cut 

hay and condition or crimp it. Many modern conditioners 

also windrow the hay. Rollers which crimp the hay are 

responsible for making the hay dry faster which is the 

purpose of the conditioning. 

62. Multipurpose chemicals - Spray or dust, containing a combination of chemicals to 

control more than one thing such as insects as well as diseases. 

115 
116 

63. Nematocides64. Nematodes -

65. Operator -

66. Partnership -

67. Pasture land -

68. Permit grazing land -

69. Person in charge, 

or "operator" -

70. Piece -

71. Place -

72. Poultry73. Poults --

Chemicals used to control or destroy nematodes. 

Cylindrical parasitic worms in animals, plants, or free-living 

in soil or water. 

(See "Person in charge") 

A combination of two or more persons engaged in an agricultural operation. 

Land that can be used for grazing by livestock, especially 

cattle and sheep. 

Federal lands used under grazing permits or special licenses 

on a per head or animal unit basis are not to be included as 

leased or rented land. All land administered under Section 3, 

of the Taylor Grazing Act is permit land. Essentially all 

land grazed under authorization of the Forest Service is 

perm it land. 

Permit land generally is open to livestock from\ numerous 

operators (the operator does not have exclusive use of the 

grazing privileges for an area). Federal lands used under a 

lease arrangement provide an operator with exclusive use of 

grazing privileges. 

Some private lands are used on a permit or per-head basis. 

Privately owned land where the operator pays a grazing fee 

on a per-head basis, usually grazing grain stuble, etc., is not 

considered as leased land. 

The person who controls the farming operations on a place, 

either doing the work himself or directly supervising the 

work. This person does not necessarily need to be the owner 

of the place; he or she may be a member of the owner's 

household, or a tenant, renter, sharecropper, or hired 

manager. He or she is generally the person making the dayto-day decisions. 

An area of land in the segment bounded by intersecting 

roads or roads intersecting the segment boundary. 

All land on which agricultural operations were or will be 

conducted at any time in 1978 under the day-to-day control 

or supervision of one person or partnership. Control may be 

exercised through ownership or management or through a 

lease, rental or cropping arrangement. Land managed for 

someone else is always considered to be a separate place. It 

may consist of one or more tracts. 

Domestic fowl raised primarily for eggs, meat or feathers. 

A young turkey; or less commonly, a young chicken, 

pheasant, or the like. 
74. Production expenses -

75. Probing -

76. Rangeland -

77. Renter78. Respondent -

79. Roughage -

80. Segment -

81. Separate agricultural 

operation -

82. Sharecropper -

83. Shoat (Shote) -

84. Skip row -

85. Sled row -

86. Sod harvested -

87. SowExpenses paid by the farm or ranch operator or anyone else 

for the production of crops, poultry, livestock and other 

agricultural products on the farm or ranch. 

A means of providing the respondent with encouragement or 

stimulus, to keep thinking about the question that has been 

asked. It indicates to the respondent that the question is 

important, and provides additional time for the respondent 

to organize his or her thoughts and feelings. 

Usually pastureland in the Western States used for grazing 

cattle or other livestock. 

Someone who rents land from a landlord. He (the renter) 

mayor may not own land of his own, and he mayor may not 

operate the land he rents (he may sublease rented land to 

someone else). 

The person who gives the information for the survey. That 

is, the person who "responds" to the questions asked. 

A coarse or bulky livestock feed that is high in fiber such as 

hay or silage. 

An area of land clearly outlined in RED on your map. 

A farming or ranching activity associated with one or more 

enterprises. It is a distinct establishment that can be identified by separate records or for which separate tax returns 

are filed. 

A tenant farm operator who provides a share of the crop 

produced in lieu of cash rent. Generally, the landlord also 

provides in full or part some input such as seed, fertilizer, etc. 

A young pig of either sex, usually weaned and weighing less 

than 150 pounds. 

When planting a certain number of rows of a given crop, 

then skip a certain number of rows before planting rows of 

the same crop again. The skip portion of the field mayor 

may not be planted in another crop. 

The unplanted area of skip rows between the planted rows of 

tobacco for the movement of equipment and machinery. 

Normally, the share of two rows is left between each four 

rows of planted tobacco for seed rows. 

When the first two or three inches of soil is taken up for the 

purpose of using the grass that is already growing in the soil. 

This sod is used to cover bare ground such as new yard where 

grass is desired. 

A mature female swine, that has had at least one litter of 

pigs, usually kept for breeding purposes. 

117 
118 

88. Springer -

89. Stallion -

90. Started Pullet -

91. Steer -

92. Stock cattle -

93. Succession crops -

94. Summer fallow -

95. Tenant96. Tenure -

97. Tract98. Wether lamb -

99. Woodland -

100. Yearling -

A pregnant cow or heifer due to calve shortly. 

A male horse used for breeding purposes. 

An immature female chicken to be used for egg production. 

A castrated male bovine, fed or grazed for slaughter. 

A term that may be used by respondents to describe a 

"cattle herd." 

Same as double cropping. 

Defined as "seeding land to crops in alternate years under 

practice which requires that the seed-bed be worked periodically during the growing season of the idle year sufficiently 

to control weeds and conserve moisture." Do not include 

any land from which crops were or will be harvested during 

1978. Land on which winter wheat was planted last fall, 

abandoned in the spring and left idle until this fall would 

not be considered summer fallow. 

A person who farms land owned by another person and pays 

rent in crops and/or livestock. 

The ownership status of land. There are three categories of 

tenure. Full owners own all the land which they operate. 

Part owners own some of the land which they operate and 

rent the rest from a landlord. Tenants rent all of the land 

which they operate. 

A contiguous area of land devoted to one or more crops or 

other uses. 

A male sheep castrated before it reaches maturity. 

Refers to all woodlots or timber tracts, natural or planted 

and to cut-over and deforested land with young growth 

which has or will have value for wood products. Woodland 

may be grazed by livestock. Sagebrush or mesquite land 

does not qualify as woodland. 

An animal more than one year old, but less than two y.ears 

of age. 
119 

INDEX 

A Harvested .............................. 58 

Idle .................................. 60 

(A 1) Agriculture Questionnaire .............. 25,30 

Asking the Questions ...................... 28 

Boldface type ........................... 26 

Description ............................ 26 

Summer fallow .......................... 60 

Used for cover crops .. , ................... 59 

Used for pasture or grazing ........ , .......... 59 

Custom work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 80 

Review of Completed A 1 .................. 104 

Summary for Filling A 1 .................... 29 

A3 Form, Record Book ...................... 15 D 

How to fill ............................. 19 

Purpose ............................... 15 

Review .............................. 104 

What to list ............................ 15 

Acres In This Place .................... 39,42,61 

Acres set-aside under Federal Farm Program ......... 41 

Dairy Products ............................ 65 

Dwelling (definition) ......................... 3 

Difficult cases (see refusals) .................... 92 

Division of segment ......................... 12 

Double cropping ........................... 89 

Alfalfa .................................. 47 

Animal fed under contract ................. 62, 64 

E 

B 

Energy and petroleum products ................. 77 

Boundaries - (segment) ................... 16, 18 

Bees ................................... 67 

Berries .................................. 53 

Broomcorn ............................... 54 

Employer Identification Number ................ 31 

Enumerator (Job and Responsibility) .............. 1 

Enumeration (defined) ........................ 3 

Estate ............................... 22, 34 

Broilers ................................. 70 Estimates by operator ....................... 28 

Expenditures ............................. 78 

c Extract from Census Act .................. 109, 110 

Enumeration plan .......................... 12 

Callbacks ................................ 92 

Canvassing ................................ 9 

Cattle and calves ........................... 63 F 

Beef cows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63 

Fattened cattle .......................... 64 FFA program ............................. 26 

Milk cows ............................. 63 Federal, State, railroad and school land ............ 38 

Census Terms .............................. 3 Fertilizer ........................... 73,74,79 

Canvassi ng .............................. 3 Field seeds .......................... 44,46,55 

Dwelling unit ............................ 3 Fish ................................... 67 

Enumeration ............................ 3 F lash cards ............................... 43 

Place .................................. 4 Forms 

Person in charge (operator) .................. .4 A 1 (Agriculture Questionnaire) ................ 5 

Respondent ............................. 4 A3 (Record Book) ......................... 5 

Check list: for A3 Record Book ............... 104 BC-27, Time and Cost Distribution Report 

for A 1 Questionnai re ............... 104 for Intermittent Employees ................. 5 

Chemicals ......................... 74,75,104 BC-27A, Field Employee's Record 

Confidentiality ............................. 5 of Travel Expense ....................... 5 

Conducting the interview ...................... 6 BC-27B, Field Employee's Record 

Conversion factors ...................... 94-102 of Other Reimbursable Expenses ............. 5 

Corn ................................... 44 BC-27C, Field Employee's Worksheet for 

Contract farming ........................... 86 Recording Number of Local Telephone Calls 

County maps .............................. 4 and/or messages ........................ 5 

Cover crops .............................. 59 BC-27D, Interviewers Cost Report .............. 5 

Cooperatives ........................... 22,35 Payroll and Administrative forms ............... 5 

Corporations ........................ 27, 33, 84 Forage crops ........................... 54, 55 

Cotton ................................. 45 Foreign ownership of land ..................... 73 

Cropland ............................. 58,89 Fraction of acres ........................... 28 

Failure ............................... 59 Fractions converted to tenths .................. 99 

Fertilized .............................. 73 Fungicides ............................... 74 
120 

G Legal right ................................ 7 

Listing form (A3) .......................... 15 

Gas stations .............................. 17 Purpose ............................... 15 

Glossary of Terms ..................... 111-118 Howtofill ............................. 15 

Government CCC loans ....................... 57 Line numbers ........................... 16 

Grains ............................ .44,45, 56 What to list ............................ 15 

Grass silage ............................... 47 Heads of households ...................... 16 

Grazing associations ................... 22,35,114 Places to list ............................ 16 

G razing permits ............................ 86 What not to list .......................... 17 

Group quarters ......................... 17, 18 Lime ................................... 73 

Livestock - General Information ................ 62 

H Locating place on map ....................... 11 

Locating segments .......................... 11 

4-H Club ............................... 26 

Hay crops ............................... 95 M 

Small grains ............................ 47 

Wild ................................. 47 Machinery and equipment ..................... 75 

Heads of households ........................ 16 Mailing address ................. : .......... 20 

Hens and pullets ........................... 69 Maps ................................... 10 

Herbicides ............................... 74 Corrections ............................ 11 

Hired farm labor ........................ 79,80 County ................................ 4 

Hogs and pigs ............................. 65 Enter A3 Line Numbers on maps .............. 16 

Feeder pigs ............................. 66 Legend ............................... 10 

Litters farrowed ......................... 65 Rules for using your map ................... 14 

Sales ................................. 66 Scale ................................. 10 

Home use ................................ 25 Segment ............... '.' .............. 9 

Hops ................................... 54 Materials you will use ........................ .4 

Horses .................................. 67 Measured distances ...................... 10, 11 

House symbols ............................ 11 Mushrooms .............................. 52 

N 

Identification badge .......................... 6 Name and address of landlord .................. 40 

Idle cropland ............................. 60 Nematacides .............................. 74 

Incubator egg capacity ....................... 70 New construction .......................... 16 

Indian Reservation ..................... 22,35,85 Nursery and greenhouse products ................ 57 

Individual or family operation ............... 21,31 

Insecticides .............................. 74 o 

Interplanted crops .......................... 89 

Institution .......................... 22,35,85 Occupation .............................. 72 

Interviewing ............................... 6 

Introduction ............................... 1 P 

I rish potatoes ............................. 46 

Irrigation ........................ 43,52,61,62 Partnership ............................ 32,84 

Pastureland ........................... 60, 73 

J Payroll and Administrative Forms ................. 5 

Pelts ................................... 68 

Job, your ................................. 1 Person in charge ................... ' ........ .4 

Pesticides ................................ 74 

L Place .................................... 4 

PI ace to visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 16 

Labor, contract ............................ 80 Poultry - General Information ................. 69 

Land Hatched ............................... 70 

Acres In This Place ....................... 39 Value of sales ........................... 71 

Irrigated ........................ .43, 61, 62 Principal county ........................... 41 

Owned ............................... 37 Production expenses ........................ 78 

Rented or leased from others .............. 38,40 Livestock and poultry ..................... 78 

Rented or leased to others ................ 38,40 Feed ................................. 78 

Set·aside under Federal Farm Program ........... 41 Commercially mixed feeds .................. 78 

Landlord ................................ 40 Animal health cost ........................ 79 

Lead-in questions .......................... 48 Seeds, bulbs, plants, trees ............ ' ....... 79 
121 

R T 

Race ................................... 72 Telephone number ....................... 30,91 

Record Book (A3) ........................ 4, 15 Tobacco ................................ 45 

Refusals and other difficult cases ................ 92 Trees 

Remarks space ............................ 23 Bearing and non-bearing .................... 49 

Review of work ........................ 103, 105 Fruit and nut ........................... 49 

Residence ............................... 72 Type of Organization ..................... 21, 31 

Respondent ............................... 4 Cooperative ......................... 22, 35 

Rules for filling Form A3 ..................... 19 Corporation ....................... 21,33,84 

Rules for filling Form A 1 ..................... 30 Estate ............................. 22, 35 

Grazing Association .................... 22,35 

s Indian Reservation ................... 22,35,85 

Individual or family .................... 21,31 

Sales Partnership ........................ 21,32,84 

Cotton and cotton seed .................... 56 Trust .............................. 22, 35 

Field seeds, hay, etc ....................... 57 Institution ..................... 22,35,84, 85 

Fruit, nuts, berries ........................ 57 Turkeys ................................. 70 

Grains ................................ 56 

Nursery and greenhouse products .............. 57 V 

Tobacco .............................. 57 

Vegetables ............................. 57 Vacant dwelling ......................... 3, 11 

Sales to consumers for human consumption ......... 71 Vegetables .......................... 50,51,89 

Segment ................................. 3 Val ue of sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 55, 56, 64, 67, 68, 71 

Boundary .......................... 9, 10, 82 

Dwelling unit ............................ 3 W 

Roads or streams .......................... 9 

Political lines ..... ~ ...................... 9 Weights and measures 

Section lines ............................. 9 (conversion factors) ................... 94, 102 

Canvassing .............................. 9 Wild hay ................................ 47 

Division into pieces ....................... 12 Wheat .................................. 45 

Drive-through of segment ................... 12 Woodland ............................... 60 

Number ............................... 10 

Sample ................................ 3 y 

Silage ....................... .44,45,46,47,96 

Silo capacities ........................... 96 Year begin operation ........................ 30 

Sheep and lambs shorn ....................... 67 

Value of sales ........................... 67 Z 

Skip row .......................... 46,89, 117 

Sled row ............................ 46, 117 Zero acres in place ........................... 88 

Sod harvested. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 52 

Sorghums ................................ 45 

Soybeans ................................ 45 

Special situations ........................ 82-93 

Sweet potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 46 

* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978-757-112/81 Region No. 5-11