IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-0092

Filed April 10, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF M.A. and M.A.,

Minor Children,

F.F., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fayette County, Linnea M.N. Nicol, 

Judge.

A mother appeals the juvenile court’s dispositional review order and finding 

of reasonable efforts. AFFIRMED.

Kristin R. Schiller Herman, Calmar, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Sarah Dooley Rothman of Rothman Law Office, Independence, attorney 

and guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Chicchelly, JJ.
2

BOWER, Chief Judge.

In this child-in-need-of-assistance proceeding, the mother appeals the 

juvenile court’s dispositional review order and finding of reasonable efforts. Upon 

review, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

This family has been involved in department-of-health-and-human-services 

investigations and the juvenile court for years, which has included child abuse

assessments founded due to dangerous substances, presence of illegal drugs, 

and denial of critical care. The parents also have histories of criminal activity, 

primarily relating to drug use. 

The mother and father divorced in 2017, pursuant to a stipulated decree, 

agreeing to shared physical care of their three children: M.A., born in 2006; O.A., 

born in 2007; and M.A., born in 2010. In 2019, the district court modified the 

dissolution decree, placing physical care of the children with the father due to the 

department’s involvement. Thereafter, the father moved with the children to 

Nebraska without input from the mother, limiting the mother’s contact with the 

children. In response, the mother filed a petition to modify the decree, requesting 

physical care of the children. 

In late 2021, the district court entered a modification order, placing physical 

care of the children with the mother in Iowa, noting the father’s “actions in alienating 

his children from [the mother] is detrimental to their best interest” and finding 

“[b]ecause [the mother] will encourage a relationship between the children and 

their father and [he] refuses to do so, she has the ability to provide superior care.” 

The parents’ daughters, M.A. and M.A., moved back to Iowa to live with the mother. 
3

Apparently, O.A. refused to move to Iowa and was allowed to stay in Nebraska 

with the father.1

In February 2023, the family again came to the department’s attention upon 

reports of methamphetamine use in the home by the mother and other adults. M.A. 

and M.A. reported being aware the mother was “using drugs again,” and stated 

they were “responsible” for caring for their younger half-siblings, B.F., born in 2019, 

and H.H., born in 2022.

2

 B.F. and H.H. tested positive for methamphetamine. The

children were removed from the mother’s custody, placed with the paternal 

grandmother,3 and adjudicated in need of assistance (CINA).4 The father 

requested custody of M.A. and M.A., and a home study of the father’s home was 

initiated. 

The mother began inpatient substance-use treatment in May. Although the 

children were allowed to live with her at the treatment facility, M.A. and M.A. were 

allowed to remain with their grandmother, per their request. The guardian ad litem 

also opined the M.A. and M.A. should not be placed with the mother at treatment, 

“agree[ing] that it is in their best interests to not switch schools for a third time in 

less than a year.” The guardian ad litem further opined the mother’s contact with 

them “should be supervised until she demonstrates an ability to have appropriate 

contact with them.” The guardian ad litem reported the mother’s contacts with the 

children “have been consistently aimed at denying her responsibility for the 

1 O.A. has remained in the father’s care. He is not part of these proceedings. 

2 B.F. and H.H. are not at issue in these proceedings. 

3 B.F. and H.H. were later moved to a different placement.

4 M.A. and M.A. were adjudicated CINA pursuant to Iowa Code 

section 232.96(3)(b) (2023).
4

situation, blaming the teens for the situation that she created, and have not shown 

an ability to have a positive relationship with them.”

The children repeatedly expressed “their desire to live with the[] father in 

Nebraska.” The department authored a dispositional report in May, noting the 

children were “looking forward to being able to move back to live with their dad in 

Nebraska when the home study is finalized.”5 The department and guardian ad 

litem recommended the children’s placement with the father. 

A dispositional hearing began in June and was reset to July to allow for 

additional time. After the first part of the hearing, however, the court authorized 

the department “to facilitate an extended visit of the children with the[] father in 

Nebraska.” The court further ordered, “The current services shall continue with 

the addition of counseling for [the older child].”

The court entered a dispositional order in August. The court observed the 

children, who were thirteen- and seventeen-years-old, were “adamant that they 

wish to be placed in the home of their father” and “return to what they consider 

their ‘home’ school district in Nebraska.” The court noted the children’s 

relationship with the mother was “strained” and ordered “[c]ounseling [to] be 

provided to improve the relationship between the mother and [the children].” The 

court further noted the mother had not “requested additional or more intensive 

services.” The court transferred custody of the children to the father, and the 

children “officially moved” to Nebraska at the end of August. The mother did not 

appeal that order.

5 By that time, the father’s home study had been conditionally approved. It was 

formally approved in June.
5

In October, the mother filed a motion for reasonable efforts, claiming the 

department’s “reunification services are not sufficient.” Specifically, the mother 

challenged her lack of visitation with the children and the lack of family counseling 

as well as individual counseling for the children. The mother also requested a 

“refrigerator list” be provided “so that she knows what the expectations are for her 

to resume custody of the children.”

The mother’s motion came before the court at a review hearing less than 

one week later. After receiving a number of exhibits and hearing the parties’ 

arguments, the court entered a dispositional review order and denied the motion. 

The mother appeals.6

II. Standard of Review

We review decisions in CINA proceedings de novo. In re L.H., 904 N.W.2d 

145, 149 (Iowa 2017). We are not bound by the factual findings of the court, but 

we give weight to those findings. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa 2014). The 

court’s “determinations must be based upon clear and convincing evidence.” Id.

at 41. Our primary consideration is the best interests of the children. In re D.S., 

563 N.W.2d 12, 14 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997).

6 The State argues the mother’s claims relating to the older M.A. are “moot as the 

child has attained the age of majority.” Indeed, “[a] child in a child in need of 

assistance proceeding is defined as a person under eighteen years of age.” In re 

H.G., 601 N.W.2d 84, 85 (Iowa 1999). Accordingly, “age . . . help[s] define the 

jurisdiction of the juvenile court in a child in need of assistance proceeding.” Id. at 

86. In determining this jurisdiction, “the age . . . of the child at the time the 

proceeding is initiated is controlling.” Iowa Code § 232.61(2). “[O]nce a court 

obtains jurisdiction over a person and the subject matter of a case, it retains 

jurisdiction until a final disposition has been made.” In re K.N., 625 N.W.2d 731, 

734 (Iowa 2001) (quoting H.G., 601 N.W.2d at 86). Here, because the court did 

not “dismiss [M.A.’s] CINA case,” see In re R.P., No. 20-1348, 2021 WL 211624, 

at *1 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 21, 2021), we retain jurisdiction of this appeal.
6

III. Discussion

A. Transfer of Custody to the Father. The mother claims the court “erred 

when it transferred custody of M.A. and M.A. to the father.” The State contends 

the mother failed to preserve error on this argument, and we agree. Normal errorpreservation rules apply in CINA cases. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773 

(Iowa 2012). Those rules require a party to challenge an order by appeal. Here, 

the court entered a dispositional order on August 28, 2023, in which the court 

ordered, in part: “The least restrictive disposition available in the circumstances, 

which is in the best interest of the children in interest, is that custody of [M.A. and 

M.A.] should be transferred to . . . their father, and non-custodial parent subject to 

visitation with . . . the children’s mother . . . .” The mother did not appeal the 

dispositional order. “Therefore, the principles of res judicata bar [her] claim.” In re

D.S., 563 N.W.2d 12, 15 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997) (recognizing the principles of res 

judicata bar a parent’s claim when the claim arises from a different order than the 

one the parent appealed); In re Marriage of Guyer, 522 N.W.2d 818, 821 (Iowa 

1994) (“Principles of res judicata preclude a court from relitigating an issue or claim 

that has been previously decided.”); In re A.A., No. 10-1102, 2010 WL 3503981, 

at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 9, 2010) (“[A]ny error claimed to have been made at the 

permanency hearing or within the ruling prior to the termination proceeding was 

not preserved for our review.”).

B. Continued Removal from the Mother’s Custody. The mother claims she 

“argued for return of custody at the dispositional review hearing on October 20, 

2023” and she also “argued it was in the best interests of the children to be returned 

to her custody through [her] objections to [the guardian ad litem] report filed on 
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October 19, 2023.” The State contends the mother failed to preserve error on this 

argument, claiming, “[a]t the disposition review hearing held October 20, 2023, the 

mother did not argue that the children should no longer be removed from her care.” 

Indeed, the mother’s “position” at the dispositional review hearing related to the 

lack of reasonable efforts being made rather than the continued removal of the 

children. However, insofar as the mother’s “position [was set forth] in the 

documents” filed by the mother’s attorney and provided the mother “believes it is 

in the best interests of the children to be returned to her custody,” we find this issue 

preserved. 

The mother has demonstrated progress by completing inpatient treatment, 

as well as participating in therapy. However, significant issues remain concerning

the mother’s ability to have “appropriate contact” with the children and parent the 

children safely. As the guardian ad litem reported, “The children are happy and 

healthy in their father’s care and no longer required to take a parental role with 

their younger half-siblings.” The younger M.A. submitted a thoughtful and detailed 

letter to the court, expressing her desire to remain in Nebraska with the father. The 

children’s report cards indicate they are “flourish[ing],” and the older M.A. was 

making plans for high school graduation and college. The children participated in 

video visits with the mother and communicated with her via electronic messaging. 

However, conflict between the mother and the children persisted, which needed to 

be addressed before their relationships could be repaired. The court found 

continued removal of the children from the mother’s home was in their best 

interests but also emphasized the need for the children to participate in counseling, 

stating in part:
8

The goal in this case is reunification and I hear [M.A. and 

M.A.], their desire to stay with their father at this time. It was a tough 

call for me to allow them to be placed so far away from their mother

but I heard them. I heard them say that’s what they desired, that’s 

where they would be happiest and so I did that, but I did that on the 

condition that there would be active participation in visitation and that

there will be active participation in counseling.

And if the only counseling that can be arranged to be paid for 

is telehealth, I expect you to try telehealth because the department 

is obligated to provide reasonable efforts and you are obligated to try

telehealth if that’s the only counseling we can pay for, and 

participating in reunification services from the comfort of your own 

home with your father is the least I expect of you.

I expect you to participate in counseling. I expect you to be 

telling your counselor the issues that you have with your mom and I 

expect us to be able to be working on that stuff.

I won’t place you in your father’s home hours, hours away 

from where we could be having regular visits weekly and have you 

not participating in services. I won’t have it.

We echo the court’s sentiment relating to the children’s participating in 

therapy and making efforts to repair their relationship with the mother. However, 

upon our review, we affirm the court’s dispositional review order finding continued 

removal from the mother’s custody better serves the children’s best interests.7

C. Reasonable Efforts. The mother claims the court erred in denying her 

motion for lack of reasonable efforts, based on the department’s failure to arrange 

“regular and frequent visitation” and “act[] with more urgency in scheduling 

individual counseling for M.A. and in scheduling family counseling between the 

children and the mother.”

7 The mother further claims the court “erred when it omitted a finding regarding the 

best interests of the child-in-interest” in the review order. We disagree. In our 

review of the court’s order and the detailed discussion by the court on the record 

at the hearing, we conclude the court properly considered and issued a decision 

in furtherance of the children’s best interests.
9

We first turn to the visitation issue. After the children went to Nebraska, the 

mother had one visit in July and one visit in August. The next visit was scheduled 

to take place on September 16, but the mother agreed it had to be rescheduled

because the maternal grandmother, who was supervising the visit, was “on 

vacation.” The visit was rescheduled for September 30, but the grandmother 

cancelled because she “was experiencing a medical emergency.” The next visit 

was scheduled to take place the day of the review hearing. At the hearing, the 

mother suggested the department find another supervisor for visits and stated the 

maternal grandmother was unable to supervise the visit. The guardian ad litem 

stated:

The family had not notified the department that the family-arranged 

supervisor was not available. My understanding is that 

arrangements have now been made for providers to actually 

supervise and make sure the visit happens, but if there is a 

supervision issue, the department needs to be notified about it so 

they can address that to ensure that they are making reasonable

efforts.

I would also note that the visits we are discussing are the inperson visits. There is video contact, telephone contact and as of 

last night Snapchat contact between the mother and the teenagers, 

frankly more than they want but that is happening . . . .

In denying the mother’s motion for lack of reasonable efforts, the court 

found, “Due to the distance between the mother’s home and the father’s home it 

is difficult to arrange for regular and frequent visitation.” We also note visits were 

difficult to arrange because the children were involved in school and other 

activities, despite the father making efforts to facilitate visits when possible.8 We 

also observe the mother did not take issue with the maternal grandmother 

8 The evidence does not support the mother’s claim the father “interfered” with her

visits. 
10

supervising visits until the eve of the review hearing. See In re L.M., 904 N.W.2d 

835, 840 (Iowa 2017) (noting an “objection to the sufficiency of services should be 

made ‘early in the process so appropriate changes can be made’” (citation 

omitted)). For these reasons, we reject the mother’s claim relating to visitation.

Regarding counseling, as soon as the children began living in Nebraska, 

the father attempted to schedule therapy appointments, but their insurance was 

denied. He then began working to obtain different insurance for the children. The 

department noted the father was unable to purchase insurance because he was 

“still paying child support on all three kids (including [O.A.,] the girls’ older brother) 

and this is causing a financial strain on the family.” The father also filed a motion 

to be relieved of his child-support obligation to the mother. The department noted 

the mother “has been sent paperwork . . . to fill out and return and she has not 

done so yet, causing a delay in the stop of child support.” The father reported “[a]s 

soon as the [children] are approved for Medicaid in Nebraska [he] will get them 

signed up for counseling.” At the hearing, the father testified, “I can’t afford to put 

them on my insurance because of the $900 [for child support] is taken out. I can’t 

get it. . . . I have been trying for two months.” The father’s attorney reported 

providers in Nebraska were not “willing to take Iowa Medicaid in Nebraska 

unfortunately.” 

When the idea of telehealth counseling was brought up to the children, the

children believed it would be “pointless.” The court was not persuaded by the 

children’s resistance, stating in part: “It sounds like the insurance issue could be 

solved by doing it telehealth from a provider who will accept the Iowa Title XIX and 

I expect that to happen.” The court also directed the department to have the 
11

children engage in counseling, even if the method was less than ideal. Under 

these circumstances, we conclude the department made reasonable efforts toward 

reunification. 

We affirm the dispositional review order and finding of reasonable efforts. 

AFFIRMED.