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NIST Technical Note 1545

NIST Technical Note 1545

Attenuation of Radio Wave Signals

Coupled Into Twelve Large Building

Structures

C.L. Holloway

W.F. Young

G. Koepke

K.A. Remley

D. Camell

Y. Becquet1

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology

325 Broadway

Boulder, CO 80305

1. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

August 2008

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U.S. Department of Commerce

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary

National Institute of Standards and Technology

James Turner, Deputy Director
Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be

identified in this document in order to describe an experimental

procedure or concept adequately. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the

National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the entities, materials, or equipment

are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1545

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note 1545, 240 pages (August 2008)

CODEN: NTNOEF

U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington: 2008

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Internet bookstore: gpo.gov Phone: 202-512-1800 Fax: 202-512-2250

Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
Contents

Executive Summary iv

1. Introduction 1 2. Frequency Bands 2

3. Transmitters 4

4. Receiving Antenna and Measurement System 5

5. Building Structure Descriptions and Experimental Set-up 6

5.1 New Orleans, LA Apartment Building 6

5.2 Philadelphia, PA Sports Stadium 7

5.3 Phoenix, AZ Office Building 8

5.4 Colorado Springs, CO CO Hotel Complex 9

5.5 Boulder, CO Grocery Store 10

5.6 Gaithersburg, MD Office Building 10

5.7 Bethesda, MD Shopping Mall 11

5.8 Silver Spring, MD Office Building 12

5.9 Washington, DC Convention Center 12

5.10 Boulder, CO Apartment Building 13

5.11 Commerce City, CO Oil Refinery 14

5.12 NIST Boulder, CO Laboratory 15

6. Experimental Results 16

6.1 New Orleans, LA Apartment Building Results 18

6.2 Philadelphia, PA Sports Stadium Results 19

6.3 Phoenix, AZ Office Building Results 19

6.4 Colorado Springs, CO, CO Hotel Complex Results 19

6.5 Boulder, CO Grocery Store Results 20

6.6 Gaithersburg, MD Office Building Results 20

6.7 Bethesda, MD Shopping Mall Results 20

6.8 Silver Springs, MD Office Building Results 21

6.9 Washington, DC Convention Center Results 21

6.10 Boulder, CO Apartment Building Results 21

6.11 Commerce City, CO Oil Refinery Results 22

6.12 NIST Boulder, CO Laboratory Results 22

7. Summary of Results and Conclusions 22

8. References 34

9. Figures 34

in
Executive Summary

This is the fourth in a series of NIST Technical Notes (TN) on propagation and detection of radio

signals in large building structures (apartment complex, hotel, office building, sports stadium,

shopping mall, etc.). The first, second, and third NIST Tech Notes (TN 1540, TN 1541, and TN

1542) described experiments for radio propagation in a structure before, during, and after

implosion. The data in these reports give first responders and system designers a better

understanding of what to expect from the radio-propagation environment in disaster situations.

The goal of this work is to create a large, public-domain data set describing the attenuation of

radio signals in various building types in the public safety and cellular telephone bands.

With the above goal in mind, measurements were carried out on 12 different large building

structures. Frequencies near public safety and cell phone bands as well as ISM and wireless LAN

bands (approximately 50 MHz, 150 MHz, 225 MHz, 450 MHz, 900 MHz, 1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz,

and 4.9 GHz) were chosen for these experiments. We carried out these "radio-mapping"

experiments to provide data on how radio signals at the different frequencies coupled into the

different building structures. Radio transmitters similar to those used by first responders were

used, as well as specially designed transmitters for the higher frequencies. These different

transmitters were carried throughout various large building structures, while the received signal

was recorded at a fixed receive site located outside the large structures. From this we determined

the field-strength variability throughout the structures. Transmitters were also carried around the

perimeter of the structures with a fixed receiving site on the outside. The results of these signalstrength measurements and the statistical analysis of the data for these radio-mapping

experiments are presented here.

Beside plots of the raw datasets, a series of tables that summarize the processed data by

frequency bands are presented in this report. This enables easier comparisons between results

from different building or structure types. (Note that the exact frequencies are provided in each

of the individual site discussions.) Table entries include a building or structure identifier, the

actual frequency tested, the specific reference level used to normalize that particular data set, and

then median, mean, and standard deviation results for the normalized data.

Differences in building types make it difficult to make very strong general statements based on

the collected data. However, we do observe some general trends in the data. First, examination of

the standard deviation yields some interesting insights. In particular, if we exclude the first receiver site for the NIST laboratory in Boulder, we see that the average standard deviation for

the six lower frequency bands ranges from 1 1.8 dB to 13.4 dB. Limited data were collected for

the upper two frequencies; but if we include those results, the upper limit of the range increase to 14.9 dB. Across all eight frequency bands, the range of maximum standard deviation covers 16.8

dB to 22.3 dB, with 22.3 dB occurring at 900 MHz. The minimum standard deviation values

range from 3.9 dB to 12.1 dB, with 3.9 dB occurring at 1.8 GHz.

Second, in almost all cases, the median value for the power received is less than the average

power received. The typical difference is between 2 dB to 3 dB. This suggests that median value

may be a better measure for representing the general behavior of the building, or at least a more

conservative performance measure.

IV
Third, the histograms (which approximate probability density functions, PDFs) and the empirical

cumulative density functions (CDFs) do not appear to follow any typical density function. To

some extent, each individual test case will generate a unique density. However, the data do not

seem to suggest an obvious average or best approximate density function that could be used as a

collective representation of the buildings.

The data presented in this report aid in understanding the issues faced with first responders

communicating into and within large building structures. For example, the large amount of

attenuation for the signals coupling into the different structures indicates to system designers

what a communication link must overcome in order to provide a reliable system. In addition, the

measured signal variability indicates the dynamic environment these different buildings present

to a communication system.

The results in this report are the fourth in a series of reports detailing experiments performed by

NIST in order to provide better understanding of the first responded s radio propagation

environment. The first three reports cover implosion experiments that were performed in three

different building structures: an apartment building in New Orleans, LA, a large sports stadium

(the "Veterans Stadium") in Philadelphia, PA, and a convention center in Washington, DC.

Looking ahead, other experiments at different frequencies in other building structures are being

performed and will be published separately. We will are also performing measurements to simulate and test the performance of adhoc networks in various building structures; the results of

these experiments will also be published separately.

Attenuation of Radio Wave Signals Coupled Into Twelve Large

Building Structures

Christopher L. Holloway, William F. Young, Galen Koepke, Kate A. Remley

Dennis Camell, and Yann Becquet

Electromagnetics Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305

In this report, we describe our investigation of radio communication problems faced by

emergency responders (firefighters, police, and emergency medical personnel) in disaster

situations. A fundamental challenge to communications into and out of large buildings is the

strong attenuation of radio signals caused by losses and scattering in the building materials and

structure. Besides attenuation, another challenge is the large amount of signal variability that occurs throughout these large structures. We designed experiments in various large building

structures in an effort to quantify radio-signal attenuation and variability faced by emergency

responders. We carried RF transmitters throughout these structures and placed receiving

systems outside the structures. The transmitters were tuned to frequencies near public safety, cell

phone bands, and Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands, including wireless Local Area

Network (LAN) frequencies. This report summarizes the experiments, performed in large

building structures. We describe the experiments, detail the measurement system, show primary

results ofthe data collected, and discuss some ofthe interesting propagation effects we observed.

Key words: attenuation; building shielding and coupling; emergency responders; radio

communications; radio propagation experiments; signal variability; weak-signal detection

1. Introduction

When emergency responders enter large structures (e.g., apartment and office buildings, sports

stadiums, stores, malls, hotels, convention centers, warehouses, etc.) communication to individuals on the outside is often impaired. Cellular telephones and mobile-radio signal strength

is reduced due to (a) attenuation caused by propagation through the building materials, and (b)

scattering by the building geometry [1-8]. Also, the large amount of signal variability

throughout the structures causes degradation in communication systems.

Here, we report on a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) project to investigate communications problems faced by first responders (firefighters, police and

emergency medical personnel) in disaster situations involving large building structures. As part

of this effort, we are investigating the propagation and coupling of radio waves into large

building structures. This report covers experiments that utilized a single-frequency, unmodulated

carrier, whereas a companion report, NIST Technical Note 1546 [9], describes measurements
that support increased understanding of modulated signal transmissions for the public-safety

sector.

The experiments reported here were performed in 12 different large building structures and are

essentially measurements of the reduction in radio-signal strength caused by propagation through

the structures. These structures include four office buildings, two apartment buildings, a hotel, a grocery store, a shopping mall, a convention center, a sports stadium, and an oil refinery. In order to study the radio characteristics of these structures at the various frequencies of interest to

first responders, frequencies near public-safety and cell phone bands, as well as ISM and

wireless LAN bands (approximately 50 MHz, 150 MHz, 225 MHz, 450 MHz, 900 MHz, 1.8

GHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9 GHz) were chosen. A detailed description of the transmitters we used is given

in detail in Section 3.

The experiments performed here are referred to as "radio mappings." This involved carrying

transmitters (or radios) tuned to various frequencies throughout the 12 structures while recording

the received unmodulated signal at a site located outside the building. The reference for these

data was a direct, unobstructed, line-of-sight signal-strength measurement with the transmitters

external to the different structures and in front of the receiving antennas. The purpose of the

radio-mapping measurements was to investigate how the signals at the different frequencies

couple into the structures, and to determine the field-strength variability throughout the

structures. A detailed description of the measurement system and antennas is given in Section 4.

This report is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the frequencies used in these

experiments. Section 3 discusses the transmitters, and Section 4 describes the automated

measurement system used in the radio-mapping and propagation measurements. In Section 5, we

describe the different structures and detail our experimental procedures for each structure. In

Section 6, we present the data collected at various stages of the experiment. Finally, in Section 7,

we summarize the results of these experiments and discuss some of the interesting propagation

effects observed.

2. Frequency Bands

An overview of the frequencies used by the public-safety community nationwide (federal, state, and local) is given in Table 1, which shows a broad range of frequencies ranging from 30 MHz

to 4.9 GHz. The modulation scheme has historically been analog FM, but this is slowly changing

to digital as Project 25 radios come online [10]. The modulation bandwidth in the VHF and UHF

bands has been 25 kHz, but due to the need for additional communications channels in an

already crowded spectrum, most new bandwidth allocations are 12.5 kHz. The older bandwidth

allocations will gradually be required to move to narrow bandwidths to increase the user density even further. The crowded spectrum and limited bandwidth are also pushing the move to higher

frequency bands in order to support new data-intensive technologies. The cellular phone bands

are summarized in Table 2.
As shown in Table 1, frequencies currently used by public safety and other emergency

responders and cellular telephones are typically below 2 GHz. New frequency allocations and

systems, including higher frequencies (e.g., around 4.9 GHz), will become increasingly

important in the future. We chose eight frequency bands below 5 GHz, from about 50 MHz to 4.9 GHz. These include four VHF bands typically used for analog FM voice, one band used for

multiple technologies (analog FM voice, digital trunked FM, and cellular telephone), one band

near the digital cellular telephone band, and wireless LAN bands.

Table 1. Public safety community frequencies.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

30-50 Used mainly by highway patrols for long-distance propagation;

currently being phased out

150-174 Local police and fire. Lower frequency preferred because of its better long-distance propagation quality

406-470 Used by federal officers and others

700-800 Used in urban areas 800-869 Primarily urban usage

4900 A newly allocated band with 50 MHz bandwidth for sending

images and broadband data

Table 2. Cellular Phone Frequencies

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

800 AMPS or analog systems, migrating to digital trunked and point-topoint communications

1900 PCS or digital system

In designing an experiment to investigate the signal penetration characteristics into large

buildings at these different frequency bands, we chose frequencies very close, but not identical, to the above bands. If frequencies were chosen in the public safety or commercial land-mobile

bands, interference to the public safety and cellular systems could possibly occur. Conversely,

these existing systems could interfere with our experimental setup. In addition, obtaining

frequency authorizations in these bands for our experiments would have been problematic due to the intense crowding of the spectrum. To circumvent these issues, we were able to receive

temporary authorization to use frequencies in the U.S. Government frequency bands adjacent to these public safety bands. Table 3 lists the frequency bands that were used in the experiments.

The lower four bands correspond to the frequencies used by the public-safety community; 902

MHz can be associated with several services including both public safety and cellular phones;

the highest frequency is near the digital cellular phone and wireless LAN bands. The exact
frequencies varied depending on which city the experiments were performed. Section 5 describes

the different structures and the exact frequencies used in each experiment.

Table 3. Frequency bands used in the experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49 Simulate a public safety band

162 Simulate a public safety band

226 Simulate a public safety band

448 Simulate a public safety band

902 Simulate a public safety or cellular phone band

1830 Simulate a cellular phone band

2450 Wireless LAN

4900 Recently allocated with 50 MHz bandwidth for sending images and

broadband data

3. Transmitters

The design requirements for the transmitters used in the experiments discussed here were that

they should: (1) transmit an unmodulated carrier at the frequencies listed in the tables above, (2)

operate continuously for several hours, and (3) be portable.

To accomplish this, two different types of transmitters were chosen. For the four lower frequency

bands (the VHF/UHF public-safety bands), off-the-shelf amateur radios were modified. The

modifications included: (1) reprogramming the frequency synthesizer to permit transmitting at government frequencies, (2) disabling the transmitter time-out mode in order to allow for

continuous transmission, and (3) connecting a large external battery pack. The specifications of

these modified radios then had to be reported to the National Telecommunications and

Information Administration (NTIA) frequency coordinator in order to obtain approval for use in

government frequency bands. With the larger battery packs, the modified radios could transmit

continuously for 12 h to 18 h at an output power of 1 W. The extended transmitting time

required us to provide additional cooling since the radios were designed for typical

communications, that is, to transmit intermittently with cooling time between transmissions. This

was accomplished with cooling fans.

The stability and radiated power from these inexpensive radios was measured over a 24 h period.

The modified radios and battery packs were placed in durable orange plastic cases for mobility.

The antennas could be mounted either inside or outside the plastic cases. For these

measurements, the antennas were mounted on the outside of the cases. Figure 1 shows the final arrangement of modified transmitters used for the lower four frequency

bands. This figure shows one modified transmitter placed in an orange plastic case.
Commercial transmitters were available for the higher frequency bands (900 MHz, 1 800 MHz,

2.4 GHz, and 4.9 GHz). These off-the-shelf transmitters were already in plastic protective cases and could transmit continuously for 12 h. Figure 2 shows these transmitters. Note that the cases

for the higher-frequency transmitters were not orange, but grey.

4. Receiving Antenna and Measurement System

The receiving system is sketched in Figure 3. We assembled four antennas on a 4 m mast, as

illustrated. The radio-frequency output from each antenna was fed through a 4:1 broadband

power combiner. This arrangement gave us a single input to our portable spectrum analyzers,

which could then scan over all the frequencies of interest without switching antennas. The four

antennas were chosen to be optimal (or at least practical) for each of the frequency bands we

were measuring. The selected antennas were an end-fed vertical omnidirectional antenna for

50 MHz, a log-periodic-dipole-array (LPDA) for the 160 MHz, 225 MHz, and 450 MHz bands,

and Yagi-Uda arrays for 900 MHz and 1830 MHz. Horn antennas were used for the 2.4 GHz

and 4.9 GHz frequency bands. This assembly could then be mounted on a fixed tripod at one of

the listening sites, or it could be inserted into a modified garden cart for portable measurements

(see Figure 4 and Figure 5). The receiving sites contained, in addition to the antenna system, a

generator, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), spectrum analyzer, global positioning system

(GPS) receiver, computer, and associated cabling. Photos of the antenna assembly mounted on a

tripod and mounted on the mobile cart are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

As shown in Figure 3, the measurement system consists of a portable spectrum analyzer, GPS

receiver, and a laptop computer. The data collection process was automated by use of a graphical programming language. This software was designed to control the analyzer, and to

collect, process, and save data at the maximum throughput of the equipment. The software

controlled the spectrum analyzer via an IEEE-488 interface bus and the GPS receiver via a serial

interface. The GPS information was used to record the position of the receiving sites during the

measurements.

The software was written to maximize throughput of the data collection process and to run for an

undefined time interval. This was achieved by running as parallel processes the collecting,

processing, and saving of the data for post-collection processing. The data were continuously

read from the spectrum analyzer at its optimal settings and stored in data buffers. These buffers were read and processed for each signal and displayed for operator viewing. The processed data were then stored in additional buffers to be re-sorted and saved to a file on disk.

The initial setup of the parameters for the spectrum analyzer determined the quality of

optimization for this process. There were several instrument parameters that were critical during

the setup, including the analyzer sweep time, resolution bandwidth, and frequency span of the

spectrum analyzer trace. The number and spread of the test frequencies in a particular band

influenced the allowed range of adjustment for these parameters. These two factors also

influenced the number of traces necessary to cover all the test frequencies. Interference from

signals in the adjacent spectrum influenced the instrument setup and data collection speed by

forcing smaller resolution bandwidths. The reference level for each trace was also checked and
adjusted during the measurement to improve the resolution and accuracy of the power level

reading. All of these factors had some effect on the sampling rate.

The sampling rate of the complete measurement sequence was the major factor in how much

spatial resolution we had during walk-through or field-mapping experiments (we also had some

flexibility in our walking speed) and the time resolution for recording the signals.

We used three different models of spectrum analyzers, each having a different sampling rate ranging from about 0.5 s to 7 s, to measure all 20 frequencies in the 6 frequency bands. The

frequencies were spaced such that we could utilize one spectrum analyzer trace for each band.

The reason for the relatively large sampling range is that the first four experiments (New Orleans

through the Colorado Springs, CO hotel complex) collected data for all frequencies during a

single walk-through. For the remaining eight experiments, only a single frequency was collected

during each walk-through, i.e., each frequency required a walk-through. These rates were

achieved only after optimizing the instrument control and data transfer processes mentioned

above. The data from the spectrum analyzer trace were saved in binary format to disk (to allow us to reprocess the raw data at a later time if needed); they were then processed to extract the

signals at each particular frequency. These results were then put into a spreadsheet file and

saved with other measurement information. The sampling rates were sufficient for the fieldmapping experiments (if we did not walk too fast).

5. Building Structure Descriptions and Experimental Set-up

This section briefly describes the 12 different large building structures used in these experiments

and details the experimental set-up. These structures include four office buildings, two apartment

buildings, a hotel, a grocery store, a shopping mall, a convention center, a sports stadium, and an

oil refinery.

5.1 New Orleans, LA Apartment Building

The building for this set of radio propagation experiments was a 13-story apartment complex

located in a suburb of New Orleans, LA (Figure 6), specifically, the William J. Fisher building on Whitney Ave. We performed the radio-mapping measurements prior to the scheduled

implosion of the structure. We also performed measurements before, during, and after the

implosion of this structure; and details of these implosion measurements are reported in

Reference [5].

The 13 stories included a ground-level commons area and parking, and 12 floors with 14

efficiency apartments on each floor. The individual apartments on each level opened to a common outside hallway on the west side of the building. There was an elevator control and

maintenance room in a penthouse on the roof of the building. This space was accessed by a metal

spiral staircase on the top floor. There were two internal passenger elevators and one external

freight elevator near the center of the building. Two external stairwells near each end of the

building accessed all floors. There was no basement in this building.
The building was constructed of reinforced concrete, steel, and standard interior finish materials.

Significant demolition was already completed when we arrived; all plumbing fixtures, most glass

windows and doors, and the contents of the apartments had been removed. The reinforced

concrete walls on the lower two levels had been cut away, leaving only support columns

remaining. The ground level commons area structure had been demolished and the debris in the area removed. Material had been judiciously removed from certain structural parts of the lower

levels, including stairwells and elevator shafts to facilitate a proper collapse during the

implosion. Figure 7 shows a few photos of the building interior as it existed during the

experiments. The pre-implosion preparation and partial demolition on the lower levels is visible

in several of the photos. Figure 8 shows a drawing of the structure.

The purpose of these measurements was to investigate how signals at the different frequencies

couple into the building and to determine the field strength variability throughout the building.

For the radio-mapping experiments, one fixed receiving site (as described above) was assembled on the northeast side of the building (see Figure 8), approximately 30 m from the northeast corner of the building. During this experiment, the transmitters were carried throughout the

building and the received signal levels were recorded. As the received signal was recorded, the

location of the transmitters in the buildings was also recorded. The frequencies used in the

experiment are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Frequencies used in the New Orleans, LA apartment building experiments.

Frequency band Description

49.60 MHz Simulate a public safety band

162.00 MHz Simulate a public safety band

225.375 MHz Simulate a public safety band

448.60 MHz Simulate a public safety band

902.60 MHz Simulate a public safety or cellular phone band

1832.50 MHz Simulate a cellular phone band

5.2 Philadelphia, PA Sports Stadium

The next structure for the radio propagation experiments was Veterans Stadium, a large sports arena in Philadelphia, PA (see Figure 9). We performed the radio-mapping measurements prior

to the scheduled implosion of the structure. We also performed measurements before, during,

and after the implosion of this structure, and details of these implosion measurements are reported in Reference [7].

The nearly circular stadium was constructed of reinforced concrete, steel, and standard interior

finish materials. Figure 10 show details of the original stadium and some of the preparations and

partial demolition of the different sections of the stadium. As shown in these figures, the stadium

had multiple levels with large open areas. The exterior perimeter of the stadium was

approximately 805 m (1/2 mi). Since this structure was also scheduled for implosion, significant
demolition had already been completed when we arrived; all plumbing fixtures, most glass

windows and doors, and other contents had been removed. Material had been judiciously

removed from certain structural parts of the lower levels including stairwells and elevator shafts

to facilitate a proper collapse during the implosion. Figure 1 1 shows a plan of the structure and

approximate locations of the transmitter and receive instruments.

The purpose of these measurements was to investigate how signals at the different frequencies

couple into the stadium and to determine the variability in field strength throughout the stadium.

Also, by carrying the transmitters around the exterior perimeter of the stadium the amount of

signal blockage caused by the stadium from one side to the other could be investigated. For the

radio-mapping experiments, one fixed receiving site (as described above) was assembled on the

southwest perimeter of the stadium (see Figure 11), approximately 53 m from Column #10.

During this experiment, the transmitters were carried (and at times, driven aboard an all-terrain

vehicle or ATV) throughout the stadium and the received signal levels were recorded.

Measurements were performed with the receiving antennas polarized in both the horizontal and

vertical direction (with respect to the ground). As the received signal was recorded, the location

of the transmitters in the buildings was also recorded. The frequencies used in the experiment are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Frequencies used in the Philadelphia sports stadium experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49.60 Simulates a public safety band

162.09 Simulates a public safety band

225.30 Simulates a public safety band

448.50 Simulates a public safety band

902.45 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1832.00 Simulates a cellular phone band

5.3 Phoenix, AZ Office Building

The building was an eight-story office building located in Phoenix, AZ at 2375 East Camelback

Rd.(Figure 12). There were two sub-basements in the building. The building was constructed of

steel with a large number of windows and standard interior-finish materials. The building was

fully furnished with office furniture. Measurements were performed during daytime hours. As a

result, people were moving throughout the building during the experiments. Figure 13 shows

some interior photos of the office building.

For the radio-mapping experiments, one fixed receiving site (as described above) was assembled on the west side of the office building (see Figure 14), approximately 50 m from the front door.

During this experiment, the transmitters were carried throughout the building, including the roof

and the two sub-basements, and the received signal levels were recorded. Measurements were

8
performed with the receiving antennas polarized in the vertical direction. As the received signal

was recorded, the location of the transmitters in the office buildings was also recorded. The

frequencies used in the experiment are shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Frequencies used in the Phoenix, AZ office building experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

154.07 Simulates a public safety band

765 Simulates a public safety band

867 Simulates a cellular phone band

5.4 Colorado Springs, CO, CO Hotel Complex

The building was a 14-story hotel complex located in Colorado Springs, CO, CO (Figure 15). At

the time of the measurements, the complex was referred to as the Antlers: Adam's Mark Hotel.

The complex had three sub-level parking garages. The complex also had a small conference

facility and stores located in the structure. The building was constructed of reinforced concrete

and standard interior-finish materials. The building was fully furnished during the experiments.

Measurements were performed during daytime hours and, as a result, people were moving

throughout the building during the experiments. Figure 16 shows some interior photos of the

hotel complex building.

For the radio-mapping experiments, two fixed receiving sites (as described above) were

assembled on the outside of the structure (see Figure 17). One was approximately 50 m from the

front door, and a similar receiving site was set up in a parking lot near the southwest corner of

the building, approximately 30 m from the corner of the building. During this experiment, the

transmitters were carried throughout the complex, including the three sub-level parking garages,

and the received signal levels were recorded. Measurements were performed with the receiving

antennas polarized in both the vertical and horizontal directions. As the received signal was

recorded, the location of the transmitters in the hotel was also recorded. The frequencies used in

the experiment are shown in Table 7.

Table 7. Frequencies used in the Colorado Springs, CO, CO hotel complex experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49.60 Simulates a public safety band

162.09 Simulates a public safety band

225.30 Simulates a public safety band

448.50 Simulates a public safety band

902.45 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1830.00 Simulates a cellular phone band
5.5 Boulder, CO Grocery Store

The building was a one-story grocery store located in Boulder, CO (Figure 18). This was the

King Soopers grocery store located at Table Mesa Dr. and Broadway St. The grocery was

constructed of brick and steel. The store was fully furnished during the experiments.

Measurements were performed during daytime hours and, as a result, people were moving

throughout the store during the experiments. Figure 19 shows some interior photos of the

building.

For the radio-mapping experiments, one fixed receiving site (as described above) was assembled on the northwest side of the store building (see Figure 20), approximately 30 m from front door.

During this experiment, the transmitters were carried throughout the store as well as around the

outside perimeter. Measurements were performed with the receiving antennas polarized in the

vertical direction. As the received signals were recorded, the location of the transmitters in the

store was also recorded. The frequencies used in the experiment are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Frequencies used in the Boulder, CO grocery store experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49.60 Simulates a public safety band

162.09 Simulates a public safety band

225.30 Simulates a public safety band

448.50 Simulates a public safety band

902.75 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1830.00 Simulates a cellular phone band

5.6 Gaithersburg, MD Office Building

The building was a ten-story office building at the NIST facility in Gaithersburg, MD (Figure

21). The building was constructed of reinforced concrete. The building was fully furnished

during the experiments. Measurements were performed during daytime hours and, as a result,

people were moving throughout the structure during the experiments.

For the radio-mapping experiments, one fixed receiving site (as described above) was assembled on the southeast side of the store building (see Figure 22), approximately 60 m from the front

door. During this experiment, the transmitters were carried throughout the building.

Measurements were performed with the receiving antennas polarized in the vertical direction. As

the received signals were recorded, the location of the transmitters in the store was also recorded.

The frequencies used in the experiment are shown in Table 9.

10
Table 9. Frequencies used in the Gaithersburg, MD office building experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49.60 Simulates a public safety band

162.09 Simulates a public safety band

226.40 Simulates a public safety band

448.30 Simulates a public safety band

902.45 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1830.00 Simulates a cellular phone band

5.7 Bethesda, MD Shopping Mall

The Montgomery Mall was a two-level shopping mall in Bethesda, MD (Figure 23). The

building was constructed of reinforced concrete and brick. The building was fully furnished

during the experiments. Measurements were performed during daytime hours and, as a result,

people were moving throughout the structure during the experiments. Figure 24 shows some

internal photos of the mall complex.

For the radio-mapping experiments, two fixed receiving sites (as described above) were

assembled on both the east and west sides of the mall (see Figure 25), approximately 60 m from

the two entrances. During this experiment, the transmitters were carried throughout the mall.

Measurements were performed with the receiving antennas polarized in the vertical polarization.

As the received signal was recorded, the location of the transmitters in the store was also

recorded. The frequencies used in the experiment are shown in Table 10. This is a two-level

facility and during the walk-throughs we stopped at predetermined locations on both the upper

and lower levels. An internal floor plan with these locations is shown in Figure 26. The green arrows in the figure represent the actual paths that were walked.

Table 10. Frequencies used in the Bethesda, MD shopping mall experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49.60 Simulates a public safety band

162.09 Simulates a public safety band

226.40 Simulates a public safety band

448.30 Simulates a public safety band

902.45 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1830.00 Simulates a cellular phone band

11
5.8 Silver Spring, MD Office Building

The building was the 11 -story Discovery office building in Silver Spring, MD (Figure 27). The

building was constructed of concrete, steel, and glass. The building included a three-level

underground parking garage. The building had been recently built and most rooms were

furnished with cubicle dividers and typical office furniture, while some were essentially empty.

As in earlier measurements, there were people moving about in the structure during the tests in

the occupied sections of the building. Figure 28 shows some internal photos of the office

building. This structure consisted of two adjoining units or buildings. While walking through the

building, we stopped at the various locations on each floor and as well as at the corridor

adjoining the two buildings. Each stop is labeled with letters A-I in Figure 29 and on the curves

in the next section.

For the radio-mapping experiments, one fixed receiving site (as described above) was assembled on the east side of the building (see Figure 30), approximately 20 m from the main entrance. During this experiment, the transmitters were carried throughout the building, including the

three-level underground parking garage. Measurements were performed with the receiving

antennas polarized in the vertical direction. As the received signals were recorded, the location

of the transmitters in the store was also recorded. The frequencies used in the experiment are shown in Table 1 1 .

Table 11. Frequencies used in the Silver Spring, MD Discovery office building experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49.60 Simulates a public safety band

162.09 Simulates a public safety band

226.40 Simulates a public safety band

448.30 Simulates a public safety band

902.45 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1830.00 Simulates a cellular phone band

5.9 Washington, DC Convention Center

The structure in the experiment was the old Washington, DC Convention Center (see Figure 31).

We performed these radio-mapping measurements prior to the scheduled implosion of the

structure. We also performed measurements before, during, and after the implosion of this

structure, and details of these implosion measurements are reported in Reference [8].

This massive two-level structure was constructed of reinforced concrete, steel, and standard

interior finish materials. Figure 32 shows some internal photos of the convention center. As

shown in Figure 3 1, the convention center had two large levels with three levels of offices. This

12
structure was scheduled for demolition and significant demolition had already been completed

when we arrived; all plumbing fixtures, most glass windows and doors, and other contents had

been removed.

Figure 33 shows the locations of the three receive sites for the experiments. These three fixed

receiving sites were assembled on the perimeter of the convention center. Receiving site RX 1 was placed approximately 23 m (75 fit) from the northwest perimeter of the convention center. Receiving site RX 2 was placed approximately 23 m (75 ft) from the northeast perimeter of the

convention center. Receiving site RX 3 was placed approximately 15 m (50 ft) from the

southeast perimeter of the convention center. During these experiments, the transmitters were

carried throughout the convention center, and the received signal levels were recorded.

Measurements were performed with the receiving antennas polarized in the vertical direction

(with respect to the ground). As the received signals were recorded, the locations of the

transmitters in the convention center were also recorded. The frequencies used in the experiment

are shown in Table 12.

Table 12. Frequencies used in the Washington DC convention center experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49.60 Simulates a public safety band

162.09 Simulates a public safety band

226.40 Simulates a public safety band

448.30 Simulates a public safety band

902.45 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1830.00 Simulates a cellular phone band

5.10 Boulder, CO Apartment Building

The building was the 1

1 -story Horizon West apartment building in Boulder, CO (Figure 34). The

building was constructed of reinforced concrete, steel, and brick with standard interior-finish

materials. The building was fully furnished and occupied during the experiments. Measurements

were performed during daytime hours and, as a result, people were moving throughout the

building during the experiments. Figure 35 and Figure 36 show the two receiver setups at Horizon West, while Figure 37 displays internal photos of the apartment building.

For the radio-mapping experiments, two fixed receiving sites (see Figure 35) were assembled on

the east side and north side of the apartment building, approximately 60 m and 80 m from the

apartment building. During these experiments, the transmitters were carried throughout the

building. Measurements were performed with the receiving antennas polarized in the vertical

direction. As the received signal was recorded, the location of the transmitters in the apartment

building was also recorded. The frequencies used in the experiment are shown in Table 13.

13
Table 13. Frequencies used in the Boulder, CO apartment building experiments

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

162.075 Simulates a public safety band

230.0 Simulates a public safety band

439.25 Simulates a public safety band

908.0 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1830.0 Simulates a cellular phone band

2445.0 Simulates a wireless LAN

4900.0 Simulates a public safety band

5.11 Commerce City, CO Oil Refinery

The facility was the SUNCOR Energy oil refinery in Commerce City, CO (Figure 38). The

refinery was basically an outdoor facility with several intricate piping systems. Measurements

were performed during daytime hours and, as a result, people were moving throughout the

refinery. During these experiments, the transmitters were carried throughout the refinery. There were two paths chosen for these tests, one through the center of the processing section with

dense piping, and the other around the cluster of large metal storage tanks. During the

measurements, the transmitters were carried throughout the dense piping system and driven

around the large storage tanks. Figure 39 and Figure 40 show some photos of the refinery

complex in which the transmitters were carried, while Figure 41 shows the driven section of the

refinery during the data collection process.

For the radio-mapping experiments, two fixed receiving sites (as described above) were

assembled on the south side and north side of the refinery complex (see Figure 42),

approximately 100 m and 30 m from the piping structures. The green arrows in the figure

represent the actual paths that were walked. Measurements were performed with the receiving

antennas polarized in the vertical direction. As the received signals were recorded, the location of

the transmitters in the refinery complex was also recorded. The frequencies used in the

experiment are shown in Table 14.

14
Table 14. Frequencies used in the Commerce City, CO oil refinery complex experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49.85 Simulates a public safety band

162.075 Simulates a public safety band

230.0 Simulates a public safety band

439.25 Simulates a public safety band

908.0 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1830.1 Simulates a cellular phone band

2445.0 Simulates a wireless LAN

4900.0 Simulates a public safety band

5.12 NIST Boulder, CO Laboratory

This building was the main building (referred to as the Radio Building) at the NIST laboratories

in Boulder, CO (see Figure 43). The building is constructed of reinforced concrete and is basically a four-story building. However, the building is built on a hillside, and consequently,

some locations in the building are below ground level. Measurements were performed during

daytime hours and, as a result, people were moving throughout the building during the

experiments.

For the radio-mapping experiments, two fixed receiving sites (as described above) were

assembled on the south side of the laboratory building (see Figure 44 and Figure 45). The

receive site at Wing 4 was located on the landing dock, while the receive site at Wing 6 was

approximately 10 m from the building. During these experiments, the transmitters were carried

throughout the laboratory. Measurements were performed with the receiving antennas polarized

in the vertical direction. As the received signals were recorded, the location of the transmitters in

the buildings was also recorded. The frequencies used in the experiment are shown in Table 15.

15
Table 15. Frequencies used in the NIST Boulder laboratory experiments.

Frequency band

(MHz)

Description

49.8 Simulates a public safety band

162.075 Simulates a public safety band

230.0 Simulates a public safety band

439.25 Simulates a public safety band

908.0 Simulates a public safety or cellular phone band

1830.0 Simulates a cellular phone band

2445.0 Simulates a wireless LAN

4900.0 Simulates a public safety band

6. Experimental Results

In this section the measured data are presented from several perspectives. The section is divided

into subsections, with each subsection discussing a different set of building structure measurements. Plots of the walk-through data, normalized to a reference point, are provided for

the investigated frequencies, and the appropriate figure numbers are indicated in the subsection

discussions. Plots of the walk-through data statistics are also included. General descriptions of

the experimental setups for the various sites were provided earlier in Sections 4 and 5. Any

unique features of a site that appear to impact the collected data are pointed out in the

appropriate results subsection. The common acronyms and abbreviations used in the labeling of

the walk-through figures and statistical plots are provided in Table 16.

16
Table 16. Common abbreviations used in the statistic tables and data igures

Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning

Apmt. Apartment

Approx. Approximate

Col. Column

Fl., FL, fl. Floor

Freq. Frequency

Horiz. Horizontal

LOS line-of-site

Lx Level x or floor x, where x is a number

N North

N.E. Northeast

N.W. Northwest

Ref. Reference signal level

Polar. Polarization

S South

Std. dev. Standard deviation

S.E. Southeast

S.W. Southwest

Vert. Vertical

The collected data are plotted as a power level versus the sample number, where the sample

number corresponds to different locations in the building structure. The power level is normalized to a reference signal, which is collected at a location with line-of-sight to the

receiver. Note that the reference level was not always the strongest measured signal level. Also,

in a few cases, a line-sight-sight reference was not available, and an average of near-maximum

values was utilized as the reference value instead. This difference in reference level does not

affect the variability of the signal level, but does impact the median and the mean. The

histograms are created by use of a bin width of 1 dB, and are based on normalized received

signal power levels. Median, mean, and standard deviation statistics are also calculated based on

the normalized decibel values of the measured data.

We will present the data collected for each building in the chronological order in which it was

collected. The data are presented in two forms. First, we present the received power levels versus

location in the particular building structure. Second, we present the data in a statistical manner

using histograms and cumulative density functions (CDFs). After we have presented all the data

for each building, the next section summarizes the data from all 1 2 buildings as a whole, and we

draw a few conclusions.

17
6.1 New Orleans, LA Apartment Building Results

The apartment building in New Orleans, LA provided the first set of data collected (in

chronological order). Plots of the signal power versus sample number are provided for the six

lower-frequency bands in Figure 46 to Figure 51. Corresponding histograms and empirical

cumulative density functions (CDFs) are found in Figure 52 and Figure 53. In these experiments,

approximately 500 samples were collected for each frequency over the complete building walkthrough, and the time between samples was approximately 6 s. The reference level for the six

frequencies is much higher than that used in most subsequent experiments, which suggests a

starting location quite close to the receiver site. As we will see, the standard deviation results are

quite similar to results from the other buildings. Also, this particular building had been prepared

for demolition, and thus did not contain material such as window glass. This removal of

substantial portions of building material, as well as internal content, may have impacted the data.

We also performed measurements before, during, and after the implosion of this structure and

details of these implosion measurements are reported in Reference [5].

6.2 Philadelphia, PA Sports Stadium Results

A large sports stadium was the second structure investigated. The data collected consisted of a walk-through within the stadium and around the exterior of the stadium for both horizontal and

vertical antenna polarizations at the receiver. A sampling rate of approximately 6 s per frequency

resulted in small numbers of samples corresponding to a large geographic area or path length.

The limited number of sample points over a long path distance does not provide a high resolution

of the signal power behavior. Also, the data shown are normalized to a dBm reference level

(all other results do not utilize a normalized reference level). The data for both the interior and

exterior of the stadium are given in Figures 54 through 92.

The walk-through plots for the interior of the stadium are found in Figure 54 to Figure 59

(horizontal polarization), Figure 62 to Figure 67 (horizontal polarization), and Figure 70 to Figure 75 (vertical polarization). Statistical plots corresponding to these three sets of figures are found in Figure 60 and Figure 61, Figure 68 and Figure 69, and Figure 76 and Figure 77. Note

that the two inside walk-throughs with horizontal polarization do not directly concatenate, but in

general, the combination of the two walk-throughs covers the same path as the single vertical

polarization inside walk-through.

Stadium exterior walk-through plots are found in Figure 78 to Figure 83 (horizontal

polarization), and Figure 86 to Figure 91 (vertical polarization). The corresponding statistical

plots are shown in Figure 84 and Figure 85 and Figure 92 and 93, respectively.

The most noticeable difference between the five cases is that for all frequencies above 50 MHz,

the median of the outside walk with the vertical polarization is at least 3.9 dB worse than the four

other walks. The standard deviation is also greater than 18.4 dB for all frequencies for the

vertical polarization outside walk. We also performed measurements before, during, and after

the implosion of this structure, and details of these implosion measurements are reported in

Reference [7].
6.3 Phoenix, AZ Office Building Results

Three frequencies were measured at the Phoenix office building experiments described in

Section 5.3. Walk-through plots are provided in Figure 94 through Figure 96, and the

corresponding statistical plots are shown in Figure 97. As noted on the walk-through plots, a

line-of-sight to the receiver location was possible only for the 154 MHz case. However, this did

not appear to significantly alter the overall statistics in Figure 97, which depicts both a higher

reference value and a larger standard deviation for the 1 54 MHz case, as compared to either the

765 or 867 MHz cases.

6.4 Colorado Springs, CO, CO Hotel Complex Results

The Colorado Springs, CO measurements consisted of a walk-through with a vertically polarized

receive antenna, and a walk-through with a horizontally polarized receive antenna. Data were

collected at two different receive locations as described in Section 5.4. Six frequencies were

measured at the Colorado Springs, CO hotel, and the data is presented in Figures 98 through 129.

The highest frequency, 1830 MHz, did not provide meaningful statistics, as is evident by the

walk-through plots in Figure 103, Figure 111, Figure 119, and Figure 127. Hence, no statistics are provided for the 1830 MHz case. Note that this indicates that at 1830 MHz, the building

essentially attenuated the transmitted signal below the detection threshold of the spectrum

analyzer.

Figure 98 though Figure 103 show the walk-through results for a vertically polarized receiver at

site 1, with the corresponding statistics for the five lowest frequencies displayed in Figure 104

and Figure 105. Frequencies of 162 MHz, 225 MHz, 449 MHz, and 902 MHz behave quite

similarly, as is evident by both the walk-through and statistics figures. However, the 49 MHz

case demonstrates an increase in the reference signal level of greater than 1 6 dB compared to those four frequencies.

The site 1 horizontally polarized receive antenna results in Figure 106s through Figure 111, with

corresponding statistics in Figure 112 and Figure 113, show some differences when compared

to the site 1 vertically polarized receiver results. The basic shape of the histogram now ill- ustrates a normal distribution (instead of an exponential), and the standard deviation decreases

by at least 6.5 dB for all five frequencies.

The walk-through results at receive site 2 with a vertically polarized receive antenna for the six

frequencies are shown in Figure 114 to Figure 119, with the corresponding statistics shown in

Figure 120 and Figure 121. In comparison to the case for site 1, the most noticeable difference is a decrease of at least 7.5 dB in the standard deviation across all five frequencies. The shapes of

the histograms approximate exponential distributions, which is consistent with the site 1 results.

Figure 122 through Figure 127 show the results for a horizontally polarized receive antenna at

site 2, with corresponding statistics results displayed in Figure 128 and Figure 129. In comparison with the results for site 1 , the shapes of the histograms, except for the 49 MHz case,

19
are tending toward a normal distribution. Interestingly, the standard deviations for all five

frequencies are within 1 . 1 dB for this polarization at site 2, which represents the smallest spread

in standard deviation for all four polarization and locations combinations.

6.5 Boulder, CO Grocery Store Results

The walk-through results for six frequencies tested in the Boulder grocery store are provided in

Figure 130 through Figure 135. Due to the openness of both the entrance and the floor space of

the building, the walk-through plots depict a clear geometrical distance dependency between the

transmitter and the receiver for all frequencies. For example, see the section in the figures where

the transmitter was carried back and forth along the aisles. The histogram shapes appear to follow a normal distribution, and the data exhibit similar statistical values for all frequencies (see

Figure 136 and Figure 137). The openness of the facility is most likely responsible for this fairly

close agreement across all frequencies.

6.6 Gaithersburg, MD Office Building Results

Figure 138 through Figure 143 depict the walk-through data for the office building in

Gaithersburg, MD. The corresponding statistics are shown in Figure 144 and Figure 145. An

interesting observation is that while all the walk-through results show the same general trends,

the case of 1830 MHz clearly shows the received signal falling into the noise region when the

transmitter is in the basement. Also, the shape of the histograms for 226 and 448 MHz does not

mimic those for the other four frequencies, which have a significant number of samples that are

either near or below the noise floor.

6.7 Bethesda, MD Shopping Mall Results

The both the walk-through data and the statistics data are presented in Figures 146 through 161.

Walk-through data for receive sites 1 and 2 are plotted in

Figure 146 through Figure 151, and Figure 154 through Figure 159, respectively. The

corresponding statistics plots for site 1 are shown in Figure 152 and Figure 153, while the

statistics for site 2 are shown in Figure 160 and Figure 161. The results for site 1 are quite similar across all six frequencies, with the most noticeable difference occurring at 1830 MHz. At this

frequency, the received signal is either below or near the noise floor for many of the samples.

This shows up in the sharp rise in the CDF at approximately -34 dB for the 1830 MHz plot in

Figure 151. The first five frequencies do not exhibit this step-function-like behavior.

At the second receiver site, the walk-through data again show very similar general behavior, such

as the clear peaks when there is a line-of-sight at the Sears location. Also, the same stepfunction-like behavior shows up in the CDF of the 1830 MHz results.

20
6.8 Silver Springs, MD Office Building Results

Figure 162 to Figure 167 show the walk-through data for the Silver Springs office building. The

number/letter pairs refer to a floor and location, see Figure 29. Note that the transmitters were

carried into the lobby, transported by the elevator to the ninth floor, carried through several

floors, into the basement, and then finally back to the lobby. The corresponding statistics plots are presented in Figure 168 and Figure 169.

As in the shopping mall discussed above, the CDF of the 1830 MHz case resembles a step

function. The standard deviation is approximately half the value compared to the other

frequencies, as well.

6.9 Washington, DC Convention Center Results

Three receiver sites collected data at the Washington, DC convention center. The both the walkthrough data and the statistics data for all three sites are presented in Figures 170 through 193.

The corresponding walk-through data results for receiver sites labeled 1, 2, and 3 are provided in

Figure 170 through Figure 175, Figure 178 through Figure 183, and Figure 186 through Figure

191, respectively. The statistics plots for receiver sites 1, 2, and 3 are found in Figure 176 and

Figure 177, Figure 184 and Figure 185, and Figure 192 and Figure 193, respectively.

The walk-through data plots depict very similar behavior for all frequencies at the three receiving

sites. At 162 MHz, the standard deviation spread between sites is 3.2 dB, which is the maximum

spread. It is interesting to note that the 1.8 GHz band demonstrates the lowest average standard

deviation (approximately 11.8 dB), which is consistent with the rapid rise on the slope of the

empirical CDFs. We also performed measurements before, during, and after the implosion of

this structure, and details of these implosion measurements are reported in Reference [8].

6.10 Boulder, CO Apartment Building Results

Two receive sites were used to collected data at the Boulder apartment building. The walkthrough results for site 1 are shown in Figure 194 through 200, with the statistics plots provided

in Figure 201 through 203. Site 2 results are shown in Figure 204 through 210, with the

corresponding statistics plotted in Figure 21 1 through 213.

6.11 Commerce City, CO Oil Refinery Results

The oil refinery results from a walk-through of the plant come from two receive sites, north and

south. The both the walk-through data and the statistics data for both receive sites are presented

in Figures 214 through 235. Figure 214 through Figure 221 represent the south site data while

Figure 225 through Figure 232 show the north site data. The corresponding statistics data plots are Figure 222 to Figure 224, and Figure 233 to Figure 235, respectively.

21
Comparison between the collected data for the walk-through reveals that the median and mean

for south site are in general lower than for the north site. The standard deviations are quite

similar; the greatest difference (3.4 dB) occurs at 50 MHz. Examination of the individual walkthrough data plot shows that position 4 creates the strongest signal at the south receive site. The

top of the tower location presents a much stronger relative signal at the north site than at the

south site.

Data at the oil refinery were also collected along a road located among the large storage tanks.

The collected data at the north site only are shown in Figure 236 through Figure 243, with the

corresponding statistics plots provided in Figure 244 to Figure 246.

6.12 NIST Boulder, CO Laboratory Results

Building 1 (or the Radio Building) at the NIST laboratory in Boulder, CO represents the final

data collection site. One receiver site was located at the end of Wing 4 of the building (site 1), but still within the building structure. The second receiver location (site 2) was located outside

off of Wing 6. Note that the data for site 1 contain only the walk-throughs to point D, or the

farthest point, but not the return walk-through data. The both the walk-through data and the

statistics data for both receive sites are presented in Figures 247 through 268.

Figure 247 through Figure 254 and Figure 258 through Figure 265 show the walk-through plots

for receiver sites 1 and 2, respectively. The corresponding statistics plots are provided in Figure

255 and Figure 257, and Figure 266 and Figure 268, respectively.

The most significant difference between the two results shows up in the standard deviation.

Across all frequencies, results for site 1 indicate a deviation at least 7.4 dB greater than results

for site 2. This discrepancy is possible due to the close proximity of the path taken to receive site

1 during the walk-through, which created a much larger dynamic range for receive site 1 than for

site 2. The discrepancy can also be due to the tunnel effect for the receiver inside the building,

while the outside site had standard building penetration rather than waveguide below cutoff

behavior.

7. Summary of Results and Conclusions

The following tables, Tables 17 through 28, present summaries of the processed data by

frequency bands. This enables easier comparisons between results from different building or

structure types. (Note that the exact frequencies are provided in each of the individual site discussions.) Table entries include a building or structure identifier, the actual frequency tested,

the specific reference level used to normalize that particular data set, and then median, mean, and

standard deviation results for the normalized data.

22
Table 17. 50 MHz frequency band.

Structure/Location

Freq.

(MHz)

Ref.

level

(dBm)

Median

(dB)

Mean

(dB)

Std.

Dev.

(dB)

New Orleans, LA apartment 50 -3.7 -35.9 -37.5 13.1

Philadelphia, PA sports stadium

First inside walk; horiz. polar. 50 0.0 -34.0 -29.5 15.5

Second inside walk; horiz. polar. 50 0.0 -44.4 -42.8 8.8

Inside walk; vert, polar. 50 0.0 -36.8 -32.8 14.2

Outside walk; horiz. polar. 50 0.0 -32.8 -27.8 15.5

Outside walk; vert, polar. 50 0.0 -41.8 -36.0 18.4

Phoenix, AZ office

Colorado Springs, CO, CO hotel

complex

First walk-through, Receive site 1 50 -23.7 -62.8 -58.0 17.6

Second walk-through, Receive site 1 50 -29.2 -58.2 -56.2 11.1

First walk-through, Receive site 2 50 -57.6 -14.9 -12.3 5.3

Second walk-through, Receive site 2 50 -31.5 -62.9 -57.8 12.4

Grocery Store (Boulder, CO) 50 -35.4 -45.1 -43.1 12.0

NIST office (Gaithersburg, MD) 50 -21.3 -68.6 -62.1 16.5

Shopping mall (Bethesda, MD)

Receiver site 1 50 -47.3 -49.4 -47.2 5.9

Receiver site 2 50 -48.9 -44.4 -42.2 9.7

Discovery office (Silver Spring,

MD) 50 -21.6 -64.2 -63.7 11.4

Washington, DC convention center

Receiver site 1 50 -19.1 -63.9 -62.3 12.5

Receiver site 2 50 -26.3 -50.6 -49.8 14.4

Receiver site 3 50 -13.3 -67.4 -65.3 15.5

Horizon West Apartment (Boulder)

Receiver site 1 Receiver site 2

Oil refinery (Commerce City, CO)

Walk-through, south receive site 50 -30.2 -57.1 -55.9 13.2

Walk-through, north receive site 50 -25.6 -52.6 -50.3 16.6

Road drive, north receive site 50 -27.5 -51.9 -51.2 7.3

NIST laboratory (Boulder, CO)

Receiver site 1 50 -29.6 -64.4 -50.2 24.3

Receiver site 2 50 -54.1 -40.1 -35.0 11.9

23
Table 18. 150 MHz frequency band.

Structure/Location

Freq.

(MHz)

Ref.

level

(dBm)

Median

(dB)

Mean

(dB)

Std.

Dev.

(dB)

New Orleans, LA apartment 162 -2.5 -28.2 -27.9 11.8

Philadelphia, PA sports stadium

First inside walk; horiz. polar. 162 0.0 -37.4 -34.2 15.0

Second inside walk; horiz. polar. 162 0.0 -34.3 -35.6 10.6

Inside walk; vert, polar. 162 0.0 -42.5 -39.2 15.8

Outside walk; horiz. polar. 162 0.0 -32.1 -28.9 14.8

Outside walk; vert, polar. 162 0.0 -53.2 -47.7 19.2

Phoenix, AZ office 154 -12.8 -62.3 -60.9 18.4

Colorado Springs, CO Hotel

Complex

First walk-through. Receive site 1 162 -43.9 -39.5 -37.6 15.5

Second walk-through, Receive site 1 162 -40.5 -41.4 -41.7 8.7

First walk-through, Receive site 2 162 -52.0 -17.5 -15.4 7.8

Second walk-through. Receive site 2 162 -32.8 -48.2 -46.6 11.8

Grocery store (Boulder, CO) 162 -36.5 -38.6 -36.0 11.8

NIST office (Gaithersburg, MD) 162 -41.9 -42.8 -41.6 12.5

Shopping mall (Bethesda, MD)

Receiver site 1 162 -48.7 -48.6 -46.5 5.8

Receiver site 2 162 -55.2 -38.0 -35.8 8.1 Discovery office (Silver Spring, MD) 162 -30.9 -57.9 -55.7 10.3

Washington, DC convention center

Receiver site 1 162 -26.3 -61.9 -59.9 12.1

Receiver site 2 162 -21.3 -65.0 -61.1 15.3

Receiver site 3 162 -16.9 -68.9 -66.0 14.4

Horizon West apartment (Boulder,

CO)

Receiver site 1 162 -17.0 -25.9 -24.9 10.4

Receiver site 2 162 -24.4 -27.8 -27.4 10.1

Oil refinery (Commerce City, CO)

Walk-through, south receive site 162 -20.4 -51.2 -47.9 13.8

Walk-through, north receive site 162 -25.0 -35.5 -33.7 13.9

Road drive, north receive site 162 -25.7 -48.3 -44.8 13.7

NIST laboratory (Boulder, CO)

Receiver site 1 162 -12.5 -73.1 -54.8 33.7

Receiver site 2 162 -41.0 -59.9 -50.8 14.6

24
Table 19. 225 MHz frequency band.

Structure/Location

Freq.

(MHz)

Ref.

level

(dBm)

Median

(dB)

Mean

(dB)

Std.

Dev.

(dB)

New Orleans, LA apartment 225 -9.3 -34.5 -33.1 11.2

Philadelphia, PA sports stadium

First inside walk; horiz. polar. 225 0.0 -34.4 -29.1 14.4

Second inside walk; horiz. polar. 225 0.0 -37.6 -38.9 9.6

Inside walk; vert, polar. 225 0.0 -36.3 -34.2 13.5

Outside walk; horiz. polar. 225 0.0 -38.0 -34.0 18.3

Outside walk; vert, polar. 225 0.0 -53.3 -49.5 20.3

Phoenix, AZ office

Colorado Springs, CO, CO hotel

complex

First walk-through, Receive site 1 225 -40.0 -42.0 -39.5 16.1

Second walk-through, Receive site 1 225 -43.7 -36.3 -36.8 9.1

First walk-through, Receive site 2 225 -50.9 -19.3 -16.8 7.6

Second walk-through, Receive site 2 225 -37.0 -46.8 -44.9 11.4

Grocery store (Boulder, CO) 225 -32.6 -45.8 -43.0 14.5

NIST office (Gaithersburg, MD) 226 -30.6 -44.7 -44.1 14.7

Shopping mall (Bethesda, MD)

Receiver site 1 226 -41.7 -51.6 -49.9 7.1 Receiver site 2 226 -45.6 -41.7 -39.8 11.1

Discovery office (Silver Spring,

MD) 226 -21.7 -61.3 -60.3 11.1

Washington, DC convention center

Receiver site 1 226 -9.1 -65.3 -64.1 13.3

Receiver site 2 226 -15.8 -58.8 -56.8 14.6

Receiver site 3 226 -7.5 -64.2 -62.3 15.4

Horizon West apartment (Boulder,

CO)

Receiver site 1 230 -12.9 -26.8 -25.9 10.4

Receiver site 2 230 -29.2 -19.3 -19.0 9.5

Oil refinery (Commerce City, CO)

Walk-through, south receive site 230 -17.7 -49.0 -47.3 14.9

Walk-through, north receive site 230 -23.2 -34.8 -34.1 14.5

Road drive, north receive site 230 -25.8 -47.5 -50.1 5.9

NIST laboratory (Boulder, CO)

Receiver site 1 230 -35.0 -52.6 -43.3 28.7

Receiver site 2 230 -44.0 -50.7 -44.2 16.7

25
Table 20. 450 MHz frequency band.

Structure/Location

Freq.

(MHz)

Ref.

level

(dBm)

Median

(dB)

Mean

(dB)

Std. Dev.

(dB)

New Orleans, LA apartment 449 -3.2 -42.6 -39.7 10.3

Philadelphia, PA sports stadium

First inside walk; horiz. polar. 449 0.0 -35.9 -32.4 15.1

Second inside walk; horiz. polar. 449 0.0 -35.7 -35.9 8.9

Inside walk; vert, polar. 449 0.0 -29.8 -28.7 11.3

Outside walk; horiz. polar. 448 0.0 -37.9 -32.5 16.0

Outside walk; vert, polar. 448 0.0 -53.8 -44.8 20.7

Phoenix, AZ office

Colorado Springs, CO, CO hotel

complex

First walk-through, Receive site 1 449 -45.1 -31.9 -30.0 17.6

Second walk-through, Receive site 1 449 -34.0 -37.8 -39.1 10.3

First walk-through, Receive site 2 449 -46.3 -22.7 -20.3 8.4

Second walk-through, Receive site 2 449 -42.9 -38.7 -36.3 12.1

Grocery store (Boulder, CO) 449 -34.6 -30.7 -29.2 11.7

NIST office (Gaithersburg, MD) 448 -30.1 -46.7 -46.9 14.1

Shopping mall (Bethesda, MD)

Receiver site 1 448 -41.8 -54.7 -52.8 5.6

Receiver site 2 448 -52.4 -39.9 -35.7 12.2

Discovery office (Silver Spring,

MD) 448 -29.6 -52.6 -52.4 11.2

Washington, DC convention center

Receiver site 1 448 -18.6 -56.2 -54.7 14.0

Receiver site 2 448 -18.2 -58.1 -56.9 13.4

Receiver site 3 448 -14.3 -58.9 -57.3 15.1

Horizon West apartment (Boulder,

CO)

Receiver site 1 439 -13.6 -27.2 -25.4 11.0

Receiver site 2 439 -33.3 -17.9 -18.7 9.6

Oil refinery (Commerce City, CO)

Walk-through, south receive site 439 -23.8 -47.6 -45.3 14.6

Walk-through, north receive site 439 -23.9 -38.5 -37.8 14.6

Road drive, north receive site 439 -26.6 -48.4 -45.3 13.6

NIST laboratory (Boulder, CO)

Receiver site 1 439 -36.5 -48.4 -37.9 28.2

Receiver site 2 439 -60.0 -37.1 -30.7 13.9

26
Table 21. 900 MHz frequency band.

Structure/Location

Freq.

(MHz)

Ref.

level

(dBm)

Median

(dB)

Mean

(dB)

Std. Dev.

(dB)

New Orleans, LA apartment 903 -1.0 -34.8 -34.2 13.8

Philadelphia, PA sports stadium

First inside walk; horiz. polar. 902 0.0 -40.7 -35.8 15.3

Second inside walk; horiz. polar. 902 0.0 -49.8 -50.2 15.8

Inside walk; vert, polar. 902 0.0 -27.5 -27.2 11.3

Outside walk; horiz. polar. 902 0.0 -44.2 -37.2 17.0

Outside walk; vert, polar. 902 0.0 -53.9 -46.6 22.3

Phoenix, AZ office 867 -34.4 -38.3 -37.9 13.5

Colorado Springs, CO, CO hotel

complex

First walk-through, Receive site 1 902 -42.2 -37.8 -34.1 18.8

Second walk-through, Receive site 1 902 -34.3 -42.7 -42.8 10.4

First walk-through, Receive site 2 902 -49.1 -21.1 -20.3 8.4

Second walk-through, Receive site 2 902 -41.3 -44.9 -42.2 11.3

Grocery store (Boulder, CO) 903 -27.9 -35.3 -33.8 12.3

NIST office (Gaithersburg, MD) 902 -21.8 -59.7 -57.7 14.1

Shopping mall (Bethesda, MD)

Receiver site 1 902 -49.0 -47.2 -44.6 6.3

Receiver site 2 902 -41.1 -54.5 -50.4 11.2

Discovery office (Silver Spring, MD) 902 -16.0 -72.1 -70.4 10.5

Washington, DC convention center

Receiver site 1 902 -16.5 -63.8 -61.8 14.5

Receiver site 2 902 -23.5 -55.4 -54.0 13.7

Receiver site 3 902 -9.4 -68.5 -66.4 14.1

Horizon West apartment (Boulder,

CO)

Receiver site 1 908 -23.1 -27.8 -27.0 10.9

Receiver site 2 908 -39.4 -21.2 -21.4 9.5

Oil refinery (Commerce City, CO)

Walk-through, south receive site 908 -31.6 -47.2 -44.8 14.8

Walk-through, north receive site 908 -25.7 -44.8 -42.7 17.0

Road drive, north receive site 908 -30.0 -51.0 -45.6 13.6

NIST laboratory (Boulder, CO)

Receiver site 1 908 -39.1 -32.4 -28.9 25.1

Receiver site 2 908 -45.4 -50.1 -44.1 15.6

27
Table 22. 1.8 GHz frequency band.

Structure/Location

Freq.

(GHz)

Ref.

level

(dBm)

Median

(dB)

Mean

(dB)

Std. Dev.

(dB)

New Orleans, LA apartment 1.83 -15.8 -37.0 -34.0 13.1

Philadelphia, PA sports stadium

First inside walk; horiz. polar. 1.83 0.0 -44.9 -40.4 14.3

Second inside walk; horiz. polar. 1.83 0.0 -22.0 -20.9 8.4

Inside walk; vert, polar. 1.83 0.0 -26.9 -26.5 9.5

Outside walk; horiz. polar. 1.83 0.0 -45.6 -39.4 17.1

Outside walk; vert, polar. 1.83 0.0 -49.5 -42.8 19.6

Phoenix, AZ office

Colorado Springs, CO, CO hotel

complex

First walk-through, Receive site 1 Second walk-through, Receive site 1

First walk-through, Receive site 2

Second walk-through, Receive site 2

Grocery store (Boulder, CO) 1.83 -34.2 -40.8 -39.3 12.0

NIST office (Gaithersburg, MD) 1.83 -30.6 -59.9 -55.6 12.2

Shopping mall (Bethesda, MD)

Receiver site 1 1.83 -62.2 -34.1 -33.3 3.9

Receiver site 2 1.83 -55.0 -41.0 -37.7 8.5

Discovery office (Silver Spring, MD) 1.83 -25.9 -69.5 -67.2 5.7

Washington, DC convention center

Receiver site 1 1.83 -27.5 -60.8 -57.9 11.4

Receiver site 2 1.83 -25.5 -60.1 -58.0 11.8

Receiver site 3 1.83 -24.6 -60.7 -58.2 12.1

Horizon West apartment (Boulder,

CO)

Receiver site 1 1.83 -32.4 -26.2 -25.6 12.8

Receiver site 2 1.83 -44.0 -25.6 -25.6 10.2

Oil refinery (Commerce City, CO)

Walk-through, south receive site 1.83 -31.2 -50.3 -49.4 12.3

Walk-through, north receive site 1.83 -29.9 -41.6 -39.7 15.1

Road drive, north receive site 1.83 -43.7 -42.0 -40.1 11.6

NIST laboratory (Boulder, CO)

Receiver site 1 1.83 -56.8 -41.5 -26.0 22.2

Receiver site 2 1.83 -38.3 -60.8 -52.9 13.8

28
Table 23. 2.4 GHz frequency band.

Structure/Location

Freq.

(GHz)

Ref.

level

(dBm)

Median

(dB)

Mean

(dB)

Std. Dev.

(dB)

Horizon West apartment (Boulder,

CO)

Receiver site 1 2.445 -55.6 -17.9 -17.5 12.0

Receiver site 2 2.445 -61.0 -25.6 -24.8 9.6

Oil refinery (Commerce City, CO)

Walk-through, south receive site 2.445 -32.0 -52.0 -48.3 16.1

Walk-through, north receive site 2.445 -28.5 -43.1 -41.1 17.5

Road drive, north receive site 2.445 -39.3 -43.8 -41.8 12.1

NIST laboratory (Boulder, CO)

Receiver site 1 2.445 -18.4 -61.9 -62.7 21.1

Receiver site 2 2.445 -52.4 -46.3 -39.1 13.7

Table 24. 4.9 GHz frequency band.

Structure/Location

Freq.

(GHz)

Ref.

level

(dBm)

Median

(dB)

Mean

(dB)

Std. Dev.

(dB)

Horizon West apartment (Boulder,

CO)

Receiver site 1 4.9 -44.8 -37.6 -36.3 13.6

Receiver site 2 4.9 -55.9 -30.8 -29.9 10.3

Oil refinery (Commerce City, CO)

Walk-through, south receive site 4.9 -33.6 -54.8 -50.4 16.6

Walk-through, north receive site 4.9 -23.8 -50.1 -48.5 16.8

Road drive, north receive site 4.9 -36.5 -51.4 -48.2 11.4

NIST laboratory (Boulder, CO)

Receiver site 1 4.9 -21.7 -61.9 -59.9 21.3

Receiver site 2 4.9 -59.3 -40.9 -37.3 9.0

The next two tables provide insight into some overall behavior trends. Table 25 lists the overall

statistics computed on the standard deviation results from all the building measurements. For

example, the second row contains the median values of the standard deviation computed for all the buildings across all the measured frequencies. The similar values of these overall statistics indicate that the standard deviation behaves in a very similar fashion across all the frequencies.

29
Table 25. Statistics of the standard deviation behavior for all the buildings.

Frequency

Band:

50

MHz

150

MHz

225

MHz

450

MHz

900

MHz

1.8 GHz2.4 GHz4.9 GHz

Median 13.10 12.30 13.30 12.20 13.65 12.00 13.70 13.60 Mean 12.67 12.65 12.72 12.72 13.44 11.77 13.50 12.95 Maximum 18.40 19.20 20.30 20.70 22.30 19.60 17.50 16.80 Minimum 5.30 5.80 5.90 5.60 6.30 3.90 9.60 9.00

Std. Dev. 3.71 3.31 3.66 3.24 3.50 3.66 2.92 3.07

For a rough insight into the attenuation behavior, we examine mean values for eleven of the

scenarios (see Table 26). Each scenario uses the receive site that typically provided the greatest

dynamic range so as to reduce the impact of the limited dynamic range of the test equipment.

Table 27 shows the mean values of the various frequencies for eleven scenarios listed in Table

26. Values in Table 27 were computed in decibels after subtracting the reference level.

Note that the combination of the reference level and the dynamic limitations of the test equipment can skew the statistics. The approximate noise floor provides an approximate value

for the useable dynamic range. To obtain a rough idea of how close the mean signal is to the

noise floor, we compute the difference between the mean signal level and the noise floor. The

results for the eleven scenarios are shown in Table 28. In general, a greater difference implies

less impact on the statistical results due to measured values at or below the noise floor. For

example, the results for scenario six indicate mean signal levels very near the approximate noise

floor, as indicated by a difference of less than 10 dB for all the frequencies. In contrast, scenario

10 indicates at least a 23 dB separation between the mean signal level and the noise floor for all frequencies.

Table 26. Test scenarios used in examination of structure/building shielding.

Selected test scenarios

1 . New Orleans, LA apartment

2. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium: inside walk; vertical polarization

3. Colorado Springs, CO, CO hotel complex: first walk-through;

receive site 1 4. Grocery store, Boulder, CO

5. NIST office, Gaithersburg, MP

6. Shopping mall, Bethesda, MP: receive site 1

7. Piscovery office, Silver Spring, MP

8. Washington, PC convention center: receive site 3

9. Horizon West apartment, Boulder, CO: receive site 1 10. Oil refinery, Commerce City, CO: walk-through, north receive site 11. NIST laboratory, Boulder, CO: receive site 1

30
Table 27. Mean values of scenarios used for structure/building attenuation statistics.

Scenario

50

MHz

150

MHz

225

MHz

450

MHz

900

MHz

1.8 GHz2.4 GHz 4.9 GHz

1 -37.5 -27.9 -33.1 -39.7 -34.2 -34.0 NA NA

2 -32.8 -39.2 -34.2 -28.7 -27.2 -26.5 NA NA

3 -58.0 -37.6 -39.5 -30.0 -34.1 NA NA NA

4 -43.1 -36.0 -43.0 -29.2 -33.8 -39.3 NA NA

5 -62.1 -41.6 -44.1 -46.9 -57.7 -55.6 NA NA

6 -47.2 -46.5 -49.9 -52.8 -44.6 -33.3 NA NA

7 -63.7 -55.7 -60.3 -52.4 -70.4 -67.2 NA NA

8 -65.3 -66.0 -62.3 -57.3 -66.4 -58.2 NA NA

9 NA -24.9 -25.9 -25.4 -27.0 -25.6 -17.5 -36.3

10 -50.3 -33.7 -34.1 -37.8 -42.7 -39.7 -41.1 -48.5

11 -50.2 -54.8 -43.3 -37.9 -28.9 -26 -62.7 -59.9

Table 28. Difference in dB between the mean signal level and the noise floor for the

scenarios used in the structure/building attenuation statistics.

Scenario

50

MHz

150

MHz

225

MHz

450

MHz

900

MHz

1.8 GHz

2.4 GHz 4.9 GHz

1 21.5 19.1 17.9 12.3 30.8 16.0 NA NA

2 16.2 33.8 25.8 27.3 24.8 13.5 NA NA

3 18.0 18.4 19.5 24.0 21.9 NA NA NA

4 22.9 28.0 25.0 36.8 36.2 23.7 NA NA

5 15.9 16.4 24.9 23.1 19.3 10.4 NA NA

6 4.8 3.5 8.1 3.2 4.4 1.7 NA NA

7 14.3 11.3 17.7 17.6 12.6 3.8 NA NA

8 20.7 18.0 29.7 27.7 22.6 13.8 NA NA

9 NA 66.1 69.1 67.6 57.0 48.4 27.5 8.5

10 23.7 45.3 46.9 42.2 34.3 33.3 36.9 24.5

11 16.8 33.2 24.7 28.1 35.1 19.0 20.3 20.1

Differences in building types make it difficult to provide clear general statements based on the

collected data. However, we can observe some general trends.

31
First, examination of the standard deviation yields some interesting insights. In particular, if we

exclude the first receiver site for the NIST laboratory in Boulder, CO, we see that the average

standard deviation for the six lower frequency bands ranges from 11.8 dB to 13.4 dB. Limited

data were collected for the upper two frequencies; but if we include those results, the upper limit

of the range increases to 14.9 dB. Across all frequency bands, the range of maximum standard

deviation covers 16.8 dB to 22.3 dB, with 22.3 dB occurring at 900 MHz. The minimum

standard deviation values range from 3.9 dB to 12.1 dB, with 3.9 dB occurring at 1.8 GHz.

Second, in almost all cases, the median value for the power received is less than the average

power received. The typical difference is between 2 dB to 3 dB. This suggests that median value

may be a better measure for representing the general behavior of the building, or at least a more

conservative performance measure.

Third, the histograms (which approximate PDFs) and the empirical CDFs appear to follow no

typical density function. To some extent, each individual test case will generate a unique density.

However, the data seem not to suggest any obvious average or best approximation density that

could be used as a collective representation of the buildings.

The data presented in this report aid in understanding the issues faced with first responders

communicating into and within large building structures. For example, the large amount of

attenuation for the signals coupling into the different structures indicates to system designers

what a communication link must overcome in order to have a reliable system. In addition, the

measured signal variability indicates the dynamic environment these different buildings present

to a communication system.

The results in this report are the fourth in a series of reports detailing experiments performed by

NIST in order to better understand the first responder radio propagation environment. The first three reports cover implosion experiments performed in three different building structures, an

apartment building in New Orleans, LA, a large sports stadium (the "Veterans Stadium") in

Philadelphia, PA, and a convention center in Washington, DC. Other experiments at different

frequencies in other building structures are being performed and will published separately. We

are also performing measurement to simulate and test the performance of ad-hoc networks in

various building structures, and the results of these experiments will also be published

separately.

Disclaimer: Mention of any company names serves only for identification, and does not

constitute or imply NIST endorsement of such a company or of its products.

This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Department of

Homeland Security through the Office of Law Enforcement Standards of NIST. We thank

32
members of the technical staff of the Electromagnetics Division 818, who pulled together the

equipment, and Dennis Friday, Perry Wilson, and Mike Kelley for managerial support. Finally,

we thank the companies, owners, and individuals who allowed us access to the building

structures and for help during these experiments.

33
8. References

[1] Statement of Requirements: Background on Public Safety Wireless Communications,

The SAFECOM Program, Department of Homeland Security, Vol. 1, March 10, 2004.

[2] M. Worrell and A. MacFarlane, Phoenix Fire Department Radio System Safety Project,

Phoenix Fire Dept. Final Report, October 8, 2004,

http://www.ci.phoenix.az.us/FIRE/radioreport.pdf.

[3] 9/1 1 Commission Report, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United

States, 2004.

[4] Final Report for September 1 1

, 2001 New York World Trade Center terrorist attack,

Wireless Emergency Response Team (WERT), October 2001.

[5] C.L. Holloway, G. Koepke, D. Camell, K.A. Remley, D.F. Williams, S. Schima, S. Canales, and D.T. Tamura, "Propagation and Detection of Radio Signals Before, During

and After the Implosion of a Thirteen Story Apartment Building," Natl. Inst. Stand.

Technol., Technical Note 1540, May 2005.

[6] C.L. Holloway, G. Koepke, D. Camell, K.A. Remley, and D.F. Williams, "Radio

Propagation Measurements During a Building Collapse: Applications for First

Responders," Proc. Intl. Symp. Advanced Radio Tech., pp. 61-63, March 2005.

[7] C.L. Holloway, G. Koepke, D. Camell, K.A. Remley, D.F. Williams, S. Schima, and

D.T. Tamura, "Propagation and Detection of Radio Signals Before, During and After the

Implosion of a Large Sports Stadium (Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia)," Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Technical Note 1541, October 2005.

[8] C.L. Holloway, G. Koepke, D. Camell, K.A. Remley, D.F. Williams, S. Schima, M.

McKinely, and R.T. Johnk, "Propagation and Detection of Radio Signals Before, During

and After the Implosion of a Large Convention Center," Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.,

Technical Note 1542, June 2006.

[9] K.A. Remley, G. Koepke, C.L. Holloway, C. Grosvenor, D. Camell, J. Ladbury, D.

Novotny, W.F. Young, M.D. McKinley, Y. Becquet, and J. Korsnes, "Propagation and

Detection of Radio Signals Before, During and After the Implosion of a Large

Convention Center," Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Technical Note 1546, December 2007.

[10] APCO International, APCO Project 25 Standards for Public Safety Digital Radio, August

1995, http://www.apcointl.Org/frequency/project25/information.html#documents .

34
9. Figures

Figure 1 . Typical transmitters used for the four lower frequency bands.

Figure 2. Transmitters used for the higher frequency bands.

35
r<j

50 MHz

Vertical Whip

1830 MHz

Yagi Antenna

900 MHz

Yagi Antenna ^1 Mil—i

120- 1000 MHz

LPDA

Antenna Mast installed in TRIPOD or CART

' \

GPS Receiver

Portable Spectrum Analyzer

V

Figure 3. Schematic of the receiving system for the building penetration and field-mapping

experiments.

36
&m*

tFigure 4. Antennas mounted on a tripod.

-

1

\

** \ i;q

Figure 5. Antennas mounted on the mobile cart.

37
Figure 6. The New Orleans, LA Fisher apartment building.

38
Figure 7. Inside the New Orleans, LA apartment building.

39
<

NIST receiving site

/any?

\

New Orttans

BM»

90

Apartment Building

Figure 8. Receiver location and layout for the New Orleans, LA apartment building experiments.

40
Figure 9. The Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia, PA.

41
Figure 10. Inside the Veterans Stadium.

42
Figure 11. Receiver location and layout for the stadium experiments.

43
Figure 12. The office building in Phoenix, AZ.

44
Figure 13. Inside the office building in Phoenix, AZ.

45
"*%

NIST receiving site

Figure 14. Receiver location and layout for the Phoenix, AZ office building.

46
Figure 15. The hotel complex in Colorado Springs, CO, CO.

47
Figure 16. Inside the hotel complex in Colorado Springs, CO, CO.

48
"^ ^3 »»S 2* 3i

J.J. ^ — 1 1 J^**-

Figure 17. Receiver location and layout for the Colorado Springs, CO hotel complex.

49
Figure 18. The grocery store in Boulder, CO.

50
Figure 19. Inside the grocery store in Boulder, CO.

51
Figure 20. Receiver location and layout for the Boulder, CO grocery store.

52
Figure 21. The NIST office building in Gaithersburg, MD.

53
Figure 22. Receiver location and layout for the NIST Gaithersburg, MD office building.

54
M^V^^;

Figure 23. The shopping mall in Bethesda, MD.

55
Figure 24. Inside the shopping mall in Bethesda, MD.

56
Figure 25. Receiver location and layout for the Bethesda, MD shopping mall.

57
Uppea Level Start

Covered

Parking

Covered Parking

Lower Level Return to

Covered

Parking HECHT'j H

Covered

Parking

Covered

Parking

Figure 26. Upper and lower level floor plan with the predetermined locations on both levels of

the shopping mall. The green arrows in the figure represent the actual paths that were walked.

58
Figure 27. The Discovery office building in Silver Springs, MD.

59
Figure 28. Inside the Discovery office building in Silver Springs, MD.

60
Figure 29: Building layout and measurement locations for the Discovery building.

61
Receiving site

Figure 30. Receiver location and layout for the Discovery office building in Silver Springs, MD.

62
i uraaa

jJ^HMJF

1

H^HHUHHI

Figure 3 1 . The convention center in Washington, DC.

63
Figure 32. Inside the convention center in Washington, DC.

64
, RX2

ito YQrk Ave

TX2( I ''b Under Stairs rm i . Jlr -IB* Three NIST receiving sites

Figure 33. Receiver location and layout for the convention center in Washington, DC.

65
Figure 34. Horizon West apartment building in Boulder, CO.

66
FfXSOM STREET

RX Site #2

N PARKING PLAN (REVISED! """' TM* " ' ' ii r r-i i- I .'«'-J53

Figure 35. Transmitter locations for Horizon West.

67
Figure 36. Receiver setups for Horizon West apartment building in Boulder, CO.

68
Figure 37. Inside the Horizon West apartment building in Boulder, CO.

69
Figure 38. Overview of the Inside the SUNCOR oil refinery in Commerce City, CO.

70
.... k ; ri

Figure 39. The receiver locations at the SUNCOR oil refinery in Commerce City, CO.

71
Figure 40. Inside the SUNCOR oil refinery in Commerce City, CO.

72
Figure 41. The driven section of the data collection process at the SUNCOR oil refinery.

73
NIST North Site

NIST South Site

Figure 42. Receiver location and layout for the Commerce City, CO oil refinery.

74
Figure 43. NIST main building (the Radio Building) in Boulder, CO.

75
Figure 44. The receiver setups for the NIST's laboratories in Boulder, CO.

76
Figure 45. Receiver location and layout for the Boulder, CO laboratories.

77
250 300 350

sample number

Figure 46. New Orleans, LA apartment building walk-through at 49.60 MHz.

250 300 350

sample number

Figure 47. New Orleans, LA apartment building walk-through at 162.00 MHz.

78
-40

-50

-60

-70

Freq. = 225 MHz

Ref. = -9.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -51 dB

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

sample number

400 450 500 550

Figure 48. New Orleans, LA apartment building walk-through at 225.375 MHz.

-40

-50

-60

-70

Freq. = 448 MHz

Ref. = -3.2 dBm

Approx. noise fl. -52 dB

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

sample number

400 450 500 550

Figure 49. New Orleans, LA apartment building walk-through at 448.60 MHz.

79
20

10

-10

-20

3-30

h*I

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = -1.0dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -65 dB

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

sample number

400 450 500 550

Figure 50. New Orleans, LA apartment building walk-through at 902.60 MHz

200 250 300 350

sample number

Figure 51. New Orleans, LA apartment building walk-through at 1832.50 MHz.

80
50

40

30

20

10a

freq.=49MHz

ref.=-3.7dBm

=F= 1

median = -35.9 dB

mean = -37.5 dB

stddev. = 13.1dB

i-Hi

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-70 -10

50

40

30

20

10

-7'0

1

1

freq. = 162MHz

ref.=-2.5dBm

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20

i^ —i

median = -28.2 dB

mean = -27.9 dB

stddev. = 11.8dB

~W

-10

1

0.8

0.6 qU

0.4

0.2

50

40

30

20

10

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-'7

1 I freq.=225MHz

ref.=-9.3dBm

median = -34.5 dB

mean = -33.1 dB

std.dev. = 11.2dB

JUL

'0 -60 ^0 -30

Power (dB)

10

Figure 52. New Orleans, LA apartment building statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data at 49.60, 162.00, and 225.375 MHz.

81
50

40

30

20

10

freq.=448MHz

ref.=-3.2dBm

%

median = 42.6 dB

mean = -39.7 dB

std dev. = 10.3 dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

50

40-

30-

20-

10-

ifc

50

40

30

20

10%

-C=.

-60

freq.=902MHz

ref.=-1.0dBm

"i i

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. = -15.8 dBm

-60 40 -30

Power (dB)

median = -34.8 dB

mean = -34.2 dB

std dev. = 13.8 dB

rredian = -37.0dB

nean = -34.0dB

std dev. = 13.1 dB

1

0.8 fc6g

H0.4

0.2

U

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Figure 53. New Orleans, LA apartment building statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data at 448.60, 902.60, and 1 832.50 MHz.

82
zu

•-i

i ^_

i

t_^ l t~l

i „ ^ h—

i Co cd* CD st CD CD o

cd" n> CD CD CD CD* CD cT 3 < < < < < < < < < < < < <

CD a n> CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD *L CD X3 o

10 -

i—. U> £ t^> Ov --J " ^1 ^1 -J o -~J ^1 ^j ^1 -

S3 o © o o o o_ o o O o O © © ©

o o o o o o o © © © © © © o

CO o n o o o o O o o

to&

o o o o o o o o -

i

, , J \ A A

i—

bo ~J ON '*> L»j k> I—

V~\ C j \ / A o <~r> IM Ul c/> wi ISt KS\

> 3 1 V N o

-10 \ J A

^

\ 1 / § -20 "

11 J -

* _

\ / 1 l-l \ /

4) \ / o -30 - h r\ nw L

V _

cu

1 J

yv

\\

\ A

-40

VJ/ 1)

v wHAMAf%/I "

-50

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

1 » VV

-60 -

in 1 i

Approx. noise fl. = -48 dB

i i i 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

sample number

Figure 54. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium first inside walk at 49.60 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

60 80

sample number

Figure 55. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium first inside walk at 162.09 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

83
60 80

sample number

Figure 56. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium first inside walk at 225.30 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 448 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -61 dB

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

sample number

Figure 57. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium first inside walk at 448.50 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

84
9

o

Oh

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40-

-50-

-60

-70

-80

i

.

i ^^ , r

i 1 V a n n rt ft) ft ft) ft ft o ft ft ft 3

< < < < < -^j < < < < < < < <

rt <T> rt ft ft o ft ft) ft ft o ft ft ft "O o H-. OJ ^ Lh On -~J * -j -J -J ~J ^ -J -J ^1 D o O O O o o o o o o o o o o

O o o o O o o o o o o o o o ©

t/i 1— o o o n o o o o ^V\ »3 o o o o O o o o o

I

i C~\ oc ~-J ON 4^ t>J K) _ — V \ \ o I_ft ISi <^i L/> LH Ui L/t

- V

w U

/J\/

l\

o

\rivVfuJ

\

\a

Freq. = 902 MHz

- Ref. = 0.0 dBm -

1 1 Approx. noise fl. = -61 dB

1 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 sample number

Figure 58. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium first inside walk at 902.45 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

zu i 1 i 1

'-. ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft rt rt y

< < < < < < < < < < <• <! < <

rt ft ft ft ft ft ft rt ft ft ft rt rt rt 10 _ T3 -

E-" uj -f^ Ul os -J \1 --j -j -J -j ^1 -~j ^1 -j — o o o o o o o o O o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

en o o o o o o o o o

» o o o o o o o o o

a1—

•

1—. bo ^J ON -1^ UJ K> ^—

\ c o o LT\ Ltt Ul <-^ w> Lh Ul -10 - \A3 o —

^-20 _ 1 _

CQ s-y^ A

fc -30 1 1 1 N \ v-

£ fl o M

Q- .„ -40 ^ ./

u

1

-50 w V yw\JkJw^J4

-

-60

Y

Freq.= 1830 MHz

\

' -

-70

1

1

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -5(

i 5dB

i

1 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

sample number

Figure 59. Philadelphia sports stadium first inside walk at 1832.00 MHz; horizontal polarization.

85
20 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

16

12-

8-

4-

5

i^ i freq.=49MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

median = -34.0 dB -

mean = -29.5 dB

std dev. = 15.5 dB

-60

20

16

12

8

4-

freq. = 162MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

1- -70 -60

median = -37.4 dB

mean = -34.2 dB

std. dev. = 1 5.0 dB

1

0.8

0.6 QU

0.4

0.2

20

16

12

8

4

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

freq.=225MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

qn^^

median = -34.4 dB

irean = -29.1dB

std. dev. = 14.4 dB

-70 -60 40 -30

Power (dB)

Figure 60. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for first inside walk data at 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz; horizontal polarization.

86
20

16

12

4-

3

20

16

12

8

4

-70 5

20

16

12

8

freq.=448MHz

re£=0.0dBm

lTiedian = -35.9 dB -

mean = -32.4 dB

stddev. = 15.1dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

1 1 foq.=902MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

i——^—" i

median = -40.7 cB

mean = -35.8 dB

std dev. = 15.3 dB

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

QU

o

i

1 r

freq. = 1830 MHz median = 44.9 dB

mean=40.4dB

std. dev. = 14.3 dB

n i n

i

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-60 -50 -40 -30

Power (dB)

-20 •10

Figure 61. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for First

inside walk data at 448.50, 902.45, and 1832.00 MHz; horizontal polarization.

87
200 250

sample number

Figure 62. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium second inside walk at 49.60 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

50 200 250

sample number

Figure 63. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium second inside walk at 162.09 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

88
PQ-o

o

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 225 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -61 dB

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

sample number

Figure 64. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium second inside walk at 225.30 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

50 200 250

sample number

Figure 65. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium second inside walk at 448.50 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

89
20

10

-10

-20

3

" 30

S-H I

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80-

-90

Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -71 dB

^WW-^v' ^yV^vU' wTW-

' yA/S fr

50 100 150 200 250

sample number

300 350 400 450

Figure 66. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium second inside walk at 902.45 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

50 200 250

sample number

450

Figure 67. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium second inside walk at 1832.00 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

90
50

40

30

20-

10-

freq. = 49 MHz

ref. = 0.0 dBm

fL

£_L Ann JTn

T^ ' 1

median = -44.4 dB

mean = -42.8 dB

std. dev. = 8.8 dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -30 -20 -10

50

40

30

20

10

i

1 r

freq. = 162MHz

ref. = 0.0 dBm

median = -34.3 dB

mean = -35.6 dB

std. dev. = 10.6 dB

-!= L -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 •10

1

0.8

0.6 g

0.4 U

0.2

50i- 40-

30-

20-

10-

i

freq. = 225 MHz

ref. = 0.0 dBm

/fU ^

median = -37.6 dB

mean = -38.9 dB

std. dev. = 9.6 dB ^^

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-70 -50 -40 -30 Power (dB)

-20 •10

Figure 68. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for second

inside walk data at 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz; horizontal polarization.

91
50

40

30h

20

10h

"i 1 f

freq. = 448 MHz

ref. = 0.0 dBm

n— 1

median = -35.7 dB

mean = -35.9 dB

std. dev. = 8.9 dB

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-BO -70 -10

50

40

30

20

10

I 1 r

freq. = 902 MHz

ref. = 0.0 dBm

Jl

median = -49.8 dB

mean = -50.2 dB

std. dev. = 15.8 dB

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 •10

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

QU

7560-

45-

30-

15

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. = 0.0 dBm

median = -22.0 dB

mean = -20.9 dB

std. dev. = 8.4 dB

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 Power (dB)-20 •10

Figure 69. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for second

inside walk data at 448.50, 902.45, and 1832.00 MHz; horizontal polarization.

92
20

10

10^

g-20

—a

o -30

0-

-40

-50

-60-

-70

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl -49 dB

50 100 150 200 250 300

sample number

Figure 70. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium inside walk at 49.60 MHz; vertical polarization.

20

10

-20

033 -30

o

•40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -73 dB

50 100 150 200 250 300

sample number

Figure 71. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium inside walk at 162.09 MHz; vertical polarization.

93
20

10

^-20

CQ3

^-30

o

Oh -40

-50-

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 225 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -60 dB

50 100 150 200 250 300

sample number

Figure 72. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium inside walk at 225.30 MHz; vertical polarization.

-60h

-70

-80

Freq. = 448 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -56 dB

50 100 150 200 250 300

sample number

Figure 73. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium inside walk at 448.50 MHz; vertical polarization.

94
-60-

-70

Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -52 dB

50 100 150 200 250 300

sample number

Figure 74. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium inside walk at 902.45 MHz; vertical polarization.

20

10-

-10

m

^-20

o

-30h

-40

-50-

-60

50

Freq. = 1830 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -40 dB

100 150 200

sample number

250 300

Figure 75. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium inside walk at 1832.00 MHz; vertical polarization.

95
25r

20-

15-

10-

5-

fieq.=49MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

median =-36. 8 dB

rrean = -32.8 dB

stddev. = 14.2dB

fM^-n

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-70 -60

20

16

12

;0

freq. = 162MHz

ref.=0.0dBm fL

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

median = 42.5 dB

rrean = -39.2dB n std.dev. = 15.8dBIn

n n n

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-10

ft, QU

20

16

12

8

4

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

freq.=225MHz

re£=0.0dBm

median = -36.3 dB

mean = -34.2 dB

std. dev. = 13.5 dB

h n n

-BO -70 -50 40 -30

Power (dB)

Figure 76. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for inside

walk data at 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz; vertical polarization.

96
20

16

12

8

4-

freq.=448MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

-70 -60

median = -29.8 dB

mean = -28.7 dB

std.dev. = 11.3dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

20

16

12

-70

"i

1

freq.=902MHz

ref =0.0dBm

median = -27. 5 dB

mean = -27.2 dB

stddev. = 11.3dB

1L n n

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-60 -50 40 -30 -20 10

QU

20

16

12

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. =0.0dBm

median = -26.9 dB

mean = -26.5 dB

stddev.=9.5dB

-70 -60 -50 40 -30 Power (dB)

-20 •10

Figure 77. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for inside

walk data at 448.50, 902.45, and 1832.00 MHz; vertical polarization.

97
50 60

sample number

Figure 78. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 49.60 MHz; horizontal polarization.

20

10

-10

^-20

PQ^-30

o

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -62 dB

10 20 30 40 50 60

sample number

70 80 90 :oo 110

Figure 79. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 162.09 MHz; horizontal polarization.

98
50 60 70 80 90 100 110

sample number

Figure 80. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 225.30 MHz; horizontal polarization.

20

10

-10

^-20

0Q3

^-30

o

Oh -40

-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 448 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -56 dB

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

sample number

Figure 81. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 448.50 MHz; horizontal polarization.

99
Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -60 dB

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

sample number

Figure 82. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 902.45 MHz; horizontal polarization.

-80

Freq. = 1830 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -56 dB

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

sample number

Figure 83. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 1832.00 MHz; horizontal

polarization.

100
20 i —pn

median = -32.8 dB

mean = -27.8 dB

std. dev. = 15.5 dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

16

12

8

4-

-

!)

freq.=49MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

^nnnn^A

-60 -50

20

16

12

8

4-

.')

i

1

freq. = 162MHz

ref. =0.0dBm

J3= -70 -60 n^n^n

i median—321 dB

mean = -28.9 dB

std. dev. = 14.8 dB

1

0.8 fa

0.6 QU

0.4

-0.2

20 i

1 r freq.=225MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

16-

12-

8-

4-

^

I] D.

median = -38.0 dB -

mean = -34.0 dB

std. dev. = 18.3 dB

-40 -30 Power (dB)

10

Figure 84. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for outside

walk data at 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz; horizontal polarization.

101
20

16

12

%

16-

12

84-

-3

feq.=448MHz

ref =0.0 dBm

median = -37.9 dB

mean = -32.5 dB

stddev. = 16.0dB

J^Hr^^l^ ^ ,^0^

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-60 -50 40 -30 -20 -10

freq.=902MHz

ref. =0.0 dBm

'0

1 —7—

median = -44.2 dB

mean = -37.2 dB

stddev. = 17.0dB

^F^n n^ 1 n XL nn !a

,1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-20 10

QO

QU

20

16

12

1— - 1

median = 45.6 dB

mean = -39.4 dB

std.dev. = 17.1dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4 4- 0.2

1 r

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. =0.0 dBm

-7' Infh n m

-60 40 -30

Power (dB)

20 -10

Figure 85. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for outside

walk data at 448.50, 902.45, and 1832.00 MHz; horizontal polarization

102
Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. 54 dB

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

sample number

Figure 86. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 49.60 MHz; vertical polarization.

20

CQ3

o

Oh

o-

-20-

-40-

-60

-80

•100-

Frea.= 162 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -85 dB

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

sample number

Figure 87. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 162.09 MHz; vertical polarization.

103
20

-20

S3 -40

-60

-80

100

Freq. = 225 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -80 dB

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

sample number

Figure 88. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 225.30 MHz; vertical polarization.

CQ

O

40 50 60

sample number

Figure 89. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 448.50 MHz; vertical polarization.

104
20

-20-

CQ

S3 -40-

-60-

-80-

-100

Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = 0.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -74 dB

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

sample number

Figure 90. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 902.45 MHz; vertical polarization.

40 50 60

sample number

Figure 91. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium outside walk at 1832.00 MHz; vertical polarization.

105
20

16

12

8

4-

;o

20

16

12

20

16

12

ireq.=49MHz

ref=0.0dBm

-70 -60

median = -41.8 dB

mean = -36.0 dB

stddev. = 18.4dB

_n m_

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

fkq. = 162MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

nA I^fX

median = -53.2 dB

mean = 47.7 dB

stddev. = 19.2dB

1 0_D

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

fieq.=225MHz

rcf.=0.0dBm

median = -53.3 dB

mean = 49.5 dB

stddev.=20.3dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-50 -40 -30

Power (dB)

10

tin Q

u

Figure 92. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for outside

walk data at 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz; vertical polarization.

106
20r

16-

12-

8-

4-

freq.=448MHz

ref.=O.OdBm

1

nEdian = -53.8cB

irean = ^l4.8dB

stddev.=20.7dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

20

16

12

4-

20

16

12

8

4-

fieq.=902MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

1 r

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref.=0.0dBm

rredian = -53.9dB

mean = ^6.6dB

stddev.=22.3dB

Eb_j£L n i~i -10

median = -49.5 dB

mean = 42.8 dB

stddev. = 19.6dB

nnnmr-n-HnflrS r^ r^l fl ^n IZL

-50 -40 -30

Power (dB)

1

0.8

0.4

0.2

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

U

Figure 93. Philadelphia, PA sports stadium statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for outside

walk data at 448.50, 902.45, and 1832.00 MHz; vertical polarization

107
Freq.= 154 MHz

Ref. = -12.8 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -87 dB

i

....

O

c

n

orc

3

CTQ

100 200 300 400 500

sample number

600 700 800

Figure 94. Phoenix, AZ office building walk-through at 154.07 MHz.

20

10

-10

3-20

6 -30

-40

-50

-60

-70

g.,3

O J? .g»lg5,|0Q

Sis.

3''S.

TO i2

o

o

l-tj

"a" or

O

Freq. = 765 MHz

Ref. = -39.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -59 dB

.1.L..I1IJ

P

O

C

3

OP

I

1

100 200 300 400 500

sample number

600 700 800

Figure 95. Phoenix, AZ office building walk-through at 765 MHz.

108
20

10

-10

3-20

o -30

-40

-50

-60

-70

I

o

US

era

3

r

O

CO

II

I

Freq. = 867 MHz

Ref. = -34.4 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -64 dB

jp-P-4

i II

O

crt- ^o I

I!

3

era

I

100 200 300 400 500

sample number

600 700

Figure 96. Phoenix, AZ office building walk-through at 867 MHz.

109
50

40 freq. = 154 MHz

30 ref. = -12.8 dBm __,

••-'" mean = -60.9 dB 0.6

20 std. dev. = 1 8.4 dB 0.4

10

.-'"*"" 0.2

50

i

i --

| r\ -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10

1

i i

40 freq. = 765 MHz median = -35.0 dB 0.8

30 ref.= -39.5 dBm „../*' mean = -36.1 dB 0.6 IX, Q

20 s"' std. dev. = 14.4dB 0.4 U

10

....."-•"' 0.2 4

,.*'

1 1 i -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

Q

-10 10

50 1

i i t .

40 freq. = 867 MHz median = -38.3 dB 0.8

30 ref. = -34.4 dBm

--'"" mean = -37.9 dB 0.6

20 ...•••''' std. dev. = 13.5 dB 0.4

10

i

i

0.2

n -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 Power (dB)

Figure 97. Phoenix, AZ office building statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walkthrough data at 154, 765, and 867 MHz.

110
PQ3>-. o

Oh

L\)

3

O

CO3

3'

era

enC

3

3

rHc

entering .entering

parking

exiting

elevator

3-' 3'

era

T3o

O

3'

,00.

l09o

c

Ero o

o

Is*

l-t

en

2.

rt> l<03 lo

>-l

3^

l-t

<

05

i~h

CD 3 era o

20

<

03

1 !g

-1

1 c iora

«-*- o

a>

1 "-I

-40

-60

-80

-100

' II

Freq. = 49.6 MHz

Ref. = -23.7 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -76 dB

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

sample number

800 900 1000

Figure 98. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 49.60 MHz; receiver at site 1.

20

10

o

-10

g -20

% -30 o

Oh -40

-50

-60

3

O

00c

3

era

c

<

5a

;

03

-70

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -43. 9 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -56 dB

3

era2-<

03

X 3 *-• en- 3 2.

era 3

a W

&B:

2 3

^ era era03

i-t 03

eraCD

I

3

S.3-' 5'

era

o

a>

-to

T

- - " "

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

sample number

800 900 1000

Figure 99. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 162.09 MHz; receiver at site 1.

Ill
-50

-60

-70

-80

Figure

outside

-

summit walking

Into

Bui

! cd Is

I T) CD < |T3 -

3-; s » s ft) 3,- Is

3-

I0Q i

eroff

ing

for

eleva

ring

parking

ng

elevator -

for

test 3

ballroo

south

of

lding

elevator

m

eleva

crq IS" - -. )-! S3 I0Q "

! •1 i

j

|l

i

1 1 <* —

CA

\

jl

1

!

4}*

y

.. r __

Freq. = 225 MHz

~T~~T 1 T- r | - 7- 1 Vj] , " "^

Ref. = -40.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -59 dB

i i i 1 1 ! 1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

sample number

100. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 225.30 MHz; receiver at site 1

20

10

-10

3 -20

I -30

Oh

-40

-50

-60

-70

r

3

3

OQ

COO

c

3"O

i-h

CDCDI

?

cr

CD

CD

CO

3

OQ

Freq. = 449 MHz

Ref. = -45.1 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -54 dB

i

l

ft> fD - 5-

&'. fD 3 2.

OQ 3

fD OQ fD*^

S. *" 2 S' ^ OQ

OQ

fO

OQ

i , CD

ftAfcW—MB

to3

era

CD

CD* <

O

T3O

CD2

------ 'rp~:

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

sample number

Figure 101. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 448.50 MHz; receiver at site 1.

112
20

10

-10

-20-

| -30 o

PL, -40

-50

-60

-70

5" i* £ EL a 5

5. era

. 3

CTG o

c

lo

<o

2

crp

o (T> c 3

on CD D.

r» 3

era tf) O en

i-t f?

CD

C/J p

Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = -42.2 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -56 dB

n> n

X 2 ^ CD - —

.

as -

rt era m *a < p

p PC c -, era

rrop

p

eraCD

_..__ Ui

3

era

... r.L..l

o

CD

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

sample number

1000

ffl

O

0.

Figure 102. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 902.45 MHz; receiver at site 1.

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

outside

-

summit walking

Into

Bui

ente xls 3

p pow 3'

Irjq

ring

parking

ng

elevator

3'

era

ft) o

-

'

for

test 3

ballroo

south

of

ldine id\<' p

8»

CD

CD* <

E. SL 3

ciT 1 <

I 'i ^

erap

|3

era

o

§ 1

CD

</)

1 -

1

j

1 J T- jMl

. i. :. nl -:.

1 !,.' i

Freq. = 1830 MHz

Ref. = -40.2 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -57 dB

i ii

i 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

sample number

900 1000

Figure 103. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 1830.00 MHz; receiver at site 1,

113
100

80

60

40

20

1

median = -62.8 dB

ref. = -23.7 dBm mean = -58.0 dB

,.*"*"" std.dev.= 17.6 dB

' "...lliS' :iAn -

-80

100

80

60

40

20

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

100-

80- freq.= 162MHz

60 ref. = -43.9 dBm

£ 40

20

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

Power (dB)

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-10

•10

1 -

freq. = 225 MHz median = -42.0 dB

ref. = -40.0 dBm mean = -39.5 dB

std. dev. = 16.1 dB

i .y

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

10

Q

median = -39.5 dB 0.8

mean = -37.6 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 15.5 dB 0.4

0.2

Figure 1 04. Colorado Springs, CO hotel statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for first walkthrough data with the receiver at site 1; 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz.

114
100-

80 freq. = 449MHz

60 ref. = -45.1dBm

Z 40

20

""median = -31.9 dB

mean = -30.0 dB

std. dev. = 17.6 dB

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

QU

100-

80- freq. = 902 MHz

60 ref. = -42.2 dBm

40

20

-70 -60

"median- -37.8 dB

mean = -34.1 dB

std. dev. = 18.8 dB 0.4

0.2

-50 -40 -30 -20

Power (dB)

•10

Figure 105. Colorado Springs, CO hotel statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for first walkthrough data with the receiver at site 1; 448.50 and 902.45 MHz.

115
20

10

-10

-201

PQ3-30

| -40

Oh -50

-60

-70--

-80

-90-

5.o

CO

to<

2.

h

fa3

iT3

| 03 co CO

75 a. co 3 3 h

3

OQ OQ lOP

TO

CD* CD

ft) < 1 f" < rt> < P l_— SO

: ,1

1 L. 1 j.

3

OP

1 TO TO ,3 3

to TO 3 j

3 3

jOP OP » TO

l 3

1 TO

TO<

CO W

CO O

o i

TO CO 3

TO '3

I S"3. 13

OP

too

13

TO

I l-1 O

23

TO* <

03

i if' . 1

-- 4

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = -29.2 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -71 dB

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

sample number

Figure 106. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 49.60 MHz; receiver at site 1,

20

10

-10

^-20

m"3V-30

o* -40

-50

-60

-70

-80

3o

Cd

3'

lOP

*3

03 03303 CO CO CO O- co 3 3 3

OP Iop OP

TO

TO*

TO TO < TO < TO <

03 1 ^~ 03

li L....1 .

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -40.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -59 dB

3

lOP

M n !

Il'l

I I

-II II

TO3

TO

-t5'

OP3

TO

oocoO

TO3

3

OP2-

to* <o

1 "1CO

TO •O 3 O

TO ?

3. TO 3

-1 OP O

TO<

03J?

;

-

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

sample number

Figure 107. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 162.09 MHz; receiver at site 1.

116
20

10

-10

3

-20

o

0-

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

3

O

CO3

3

09

P

3

OQ

to<

p

p

3

a.3

OQ<

P

3

era

<

p

3

p

5'

OQ

i <T> CD 3 3 r^ c-t- o (D

"1 2

3 3

OQ OQ a o> 3

Oi <

CO P

en o

O -1 n> i CO 3

n> TS 3 O

n> * «*

n> 3 >-i OQ o

n>n

<

p

Freq. = 225 MHz

Ref. = -43.7 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -56 dB

100 200 300 400 500 600

sample number

700 800 900

CO -30

(£-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

<

a

Figure 108. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 225.30 MHz; receiver at site 1.

20

10

-10

-20

3

C

3

3

OQ

"a p

3

re p

GO pCO to D- CO 3 3 3

OQ OQ jOQ SL <r ro n < a> \< n> <

p i-- 03 o ^ o

1-i

1 '

1 '-'

3

£.3*

5'

OQ

CD n

3

-

r~

CD o

"t —. 3

-

OQ OQ m Ct 5

n

Ct

CO 1» CO o O

cd CO 3

Freq. = 449 MHz

Ref. = -34.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -65 dB

a re 3 o

n *

2 m

3 I >-t OQ o a

'-^ n<

p

100 200 300 400 500 600

sample number

700 800 900

Figure 109. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 448.50 MHz; receiver at site 1.

117
20

10

-10

CQ-a

3

o

CO

fc -30 o^-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

"a

OS

CO

S33

P

CO

CO D. CO 3 3 3

OQ OQ 0Q

CD

CD*

CD

CD < CD < n> < y

IS"

era

CD CD 3 3

CD CD

>-| I

3 3

era |cra » CD 5

CD

CD \<

CO 05

3

eracp_

CD<

02

T3O

CD

Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = -34.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -63 dB

100 200 300 400 500

sample number

600 700 800 900

Figure 1 10. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 902.45 MHz; receiver at site 1.

20

10

•10

^-20

03

IT -30 o

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

I

c

3

era

pas oT3

CO O- 3 3

era era e CD

CD* CD <

< CD

05 i— o ~

05

ft" IS"

era

CD i O

3 3

CD CD 1 3

3 3

era era » 1 CD 3

CD <

to OJ

CO o

o . "-I CD3

-_-_.— ——--

Freq. = 1830 MHz

Ref. = -35.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -62 dB

-

' ------- ...;._.

CD T} 3 O

CD "?

•-i CD 3 "-s era O

CD H+

CD<

05

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

sample number

Figure 111. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 1830.00 MHz; receiver at site 1.

118
50 i

i i i 1

40 ,-•"'' freq. = 49 MHz median = -58.2 dB 0.8

30 .••' ref. = -29.2 dBm mean = -56.2 dB 0.6

20 /•''

i std. dev. = 11.1 dB 0.4

104

50

40

" [/""""

L Li

i u J lT L _

1 '-1 '"

- 1 i i

0.2

i

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1

1

freq. = 162 MHz

v~

median = -41.4 dB

i

0.8

30 ref. = -40.5 dBm n

- ,/" mean = -41.7 dB 0.6

fc 20

10

-1

h

if

^

i

*'"*" std. dev. = 8.7 dB 0.4

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1 8

50

40

l

i

freq. = 225 MHz

i

median = -36.3 dB

i

0.8

30 ref. = -43.7 dBm

r /(s

mean = -36.8 dB 0.6

20

/•' std. dev. = 9.1 dB 0.4

10

-1

j Li i 1-1 '-

j F , i ,-,

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1 8

Power(dB)

IX, QU

Figure 112. Colorado Springs, CO hotel statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for second

walk-through data with the receiver at site 1; 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz.

119
50-

40 freq. = 449 MHz

30 ref. - -34.0 dBm

Z 20

10-t -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

1

median = -37.8 dB 0.8 mean- -39.1 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 10.3 dB 0.4 8

50

40

30

20

10

freq. = 902 MHz

ref. = -34.3 dBm

-r- r- 1

median = -42.7 dB

mean = -42.8 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 10.4 dB 0.4

0.2

-;:i) -70 -60 -50 -40 -30

Power (dB)

-20 •10

Figure 113. Colorado Springs, CO hotel statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for second

walk-through data with the receiver at site 1; 448.50 and 902.45 MHz.

120
20- i i .

15-

10

3

1 O

COc_

a.

3"

summit 3

ba

walking

sou

entering

ele

outside

for t

entering

par

exiting

elevi

waiting

for e

5

era

thofe llrooir vator est itor kingg

:levato

to i~ < SO p TO o- o

n> 1 _ 3

a

l-< -5 i

1 £ .1 o

cu -10

-15 |

, Ij

... :.. , : . .

-20

Freq. =

.

49.6 MHz

"'

-25 Ref = - 57.6 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -18 dB

in i -JU 100 200 300 400 500 600

sample number

Figure 1 H.Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 49.60 MHz; receiver at site 2. 20

15

10

5

3 -5 o

I

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

1"

&

TO

0>i a

o

03

to

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -52.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -23 dB

,TO

to_

to" <

S- to = 3-

2 1

S

3

]TOTO

033

TO

to

j—

I

L._...........L.—-_ Li

I J.

TO

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

sample number

Figure 115. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 162.09 MHz; receiver at site 2.

121
zu 1 1

3- si S

o

a a

ft) CO X 3

£

15 ° 5? 3 CO n> 3". re

10

5

£ 5' 3

6. CTQ 3, 5! «> w

3 S. of

to B- =

o ,;,§

re

co

3.3

CTQ£L<

05o

3 13. 0Q 3

re !W

8

3'

3

OQ

CD

re" < |-h .o 1-1 0Q 03

ct a

< i

CTQ

1 03

i-t

i P

|0Q

o

3 -5 O

3i ||nj

re

!-. <DS

- 10 |

1

I, Oh 1

i -15

i

1

i

'

1

" -

-20

I

1

'

'

s

-25

Freq. = 225 MHz

-

-30 Ref. = -50.9 dBm

Approx. noise fl. =

i i -24 dBi 100 200 300 400

sample number

500 600 700

Figure 116. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 225.30 MHz; receiver at site 2.

20

10

pai'-ioO

Oh

-20

3

O

CO

5'

CTQ

1 3

GOa

p

mmi 5"3

OQ i ^^

GO OJ O o* a 03 31

CD If I pi 1 I

& ' <T

-30

-40

Freq. = 449 MHz

Ref. = -46.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -29 dB

—

a> re X 3

2" n> 3

i-i (re 3

CD 0Q m •a < p

p ?r o 3

OQ

OQPi-t P

(TQn>

'1

. *&& 11 i

B.

3'

|OQ

..._.

100 200 300 400

sample number

500 600 700

Figure 1 17. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 448.50 MHz; receiver at site 2.

122
20

15

10

5-

® , 3 -5-

i-u| -10

PL, -15-

-20

-25

1

-30

-35-

3t—h O

CD3

3

EL

5'

to a.

CD

3- CD

Q. O

uaa" 3 3 v <re -T o o

-+) o

CD 3

CD< 1 C2

Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = -49.1 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -25 dB

3

TO

CD

CD<

CO

tl

CD CD X 3 3

pa

ering ting e

3

TO n "3 O

< ^ CD o 5" CD

*•

cro <

TO

pa o-1 pa to

CD

100 200 300 400

sample number

500 600 700

Figure 118. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 902.45 MHz; receiver at site 2.

20

15

10

5

PQ3 -5 ol-io

Ph -15

-20

-25

-30

-35

- £

pa n~ ?r

<— 3

TO c O

3 c

're M>3

O

-^

CDCD<

paO

»t

EC

(/> n 3

3

3

3

1 C^

3-' CD OJ &

O" ~

Pa CD

-1o

CO o

Freq. = 1830 MHz

Ref. = -49.1 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -25 dB

CD CD CD 3 X 3

CD 3". CD

>-i 3 2. 3 TO 3

TO o ere CD 5* "S

CD < S

<

pa ator king O

TO

pa

—.pa TO

CD

100 200 300 400

sample number

pa, 5'

TO

500 600 700

Figure 1 19. Colorado Springs, CO hotel first walk-through at 1830.00 MHz; receiver at site 2.

123
100

80

60

40

20

-40

100-

80

60

40

20V

100-

80:

60

40

20:

-40

freq. = 49 MHz

ref. = -57.6 dBm

-

> i -1

median = -14.9 dB 0.8

mean = -12.3 dB 0.6

std. dev. - 5.3 dB 0.4

0.2

-35 -30 -25 -20 •15 •10 5

freq. = 162 MHz

ref. = -52.0 dBm

median = -17.5 dB 0.8

mean = -15.4 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 7.8 dB 0.4

0.2

-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 5 1(

freq. = 225 MHz

ref. - -50.9 dBm

median = -19.3 dB 0.8

mean = -16.8 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 7.6 dB 0.4

0.2

-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 Power (dB)

QU

Figure 120. Colorado Springs, CO hotel statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for first walkthrough data with the receiver at site 2; 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz.

124
I!

80 freq. = 449MHz

60 ref. = -46.3 dBm

4020-

-°40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10

I

median = -22.7 dB 0.8

mean = -20.3 dB 0.6 fcO

std. dev. = 8.4 dB 0.4 U

0.2

5

100-

80 freq. = 902 MHz

60 ref. = -49.1 dBm

40

20

-40

L

median = -21.1 dB -0.8

mean = -18.1 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 7.9 dB 0.4

0.2

-35 -30 -25 -20 -15

Power (dB)

10 5

Figure 121. Colorado Springs, CO hotel statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for first walkthrough data with the receiver at site 2; 448.50 and 902.45 MHz.

125
20 i

| 3 CD<

o CD 10

£.

VO

oel- s' m

-10

-20

/—

CQ"^ „„ ^-30 I-c 0) I', £ i

p

3

TO &5'

|TO

\<

CD

P

3

TO2-<p

3

TO 3

TO 3

TO

£ -40

-50

-60

-70

-80-

cd T> 3 O

CD £ n n> 3

>-! TO o

CD i-4 fD<P

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = -31.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -66 dB

- l —._*t ,.

100 200 300 400

sample number

500 600 700

3r-t- o

CO3

3

TO

CD<

CD

-30

CQ3

c£ -40

-50

-60 v

£

CD3

p e-t- CD

H". 3. 3 S3 TO TO 8>

| & -i FT

CD cd

CD<

CO P O (-*• cd

I

UU

i

i

3

TO

Figure 122. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 49.60 MHz; receiver at site 2.

20

10

-10-

-20

p

P

3

1 P

co CO

CO Q* CO 3 3 3

TO TO TO

CD

cd*

CD CD < CD < CD <

P ta— P O

~

O

CD TJ 3 O

CD §= "1 CD 3

i-l TO o

CD «5

CD<

P

1

-70-

-80-

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -32.8 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -64 dB

100 200 300 400

sample number

500 600 700

Figure 123. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 162.09 MHz; receiver at site 2.

126
20

10

-10

^-20

CQ3

V-30

o

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

o

leve aCOCO

CO

033

-

i co

' CO 2. 3 ente

fD3

fD

T3O

j GO

Is. 3

(TO 3era 3era 3

era

i-i 5'

era

3.3

icra

-15'

era o

a.

fD fD 1 fD o> =T5 fD fD

H-K

fD < fD 1 "* S-i 3

ItJQ <03 2L < fD. 3

CD 13

fD<

*-» CO 03 03

| O _ o < CO lo o I 03 o -t o

1 >-l fD3

f?

co CO

-

|

<i "

-

!

s

1

ijl

[

1 ii

"

Freq. = 2 25 MHz

- . -

Ref. = -3 7.0 dBm

Approx. i

i loise fl. = -60 dB

100 200 300 400

sample number

500 600 700

Figure 124. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 225.30 MHz; receiver at site 2.

zw

5"

r-t- o

fD<

fD

•a

03

CO ' 3 on S.

ente ente

i fD3

a

73O

10 CO3

^O 5'

era 3 3

era era 3

ere 31

era 5'

era 3"iera

>-* o

Cl fD IfT 2. o> sv : .' fD fD

l-f) 3

era

fD<

03 < fD IfD < — 03

fD 3

fD

fD<

fD o -1

fD<

03

CO

COo

03o

03ol-t -10 o

-t

fDSfD

on CO

m-20 - -o

% -30 o

PL, -40

-50

1 ii'

-60 Freq.

Ref. == 449 1

= -42.9

vIHz

dBm

-70 Approx. noise fl. = -55 dB

1 i 100 200 300 400

sample numbers

500 600 700

Figure 125. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 448.50 MHz; receiver at site 2.

127
3i-. O

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

3

i 1 ho

03 Ian T3P

1 P

ft) 3fD3

i i fD3 o O a co d. co ci* O) fD fD vo |B"

oq 3era 3OQ B"

era 2.3

OQ

H.3

OQ

2.3

OQ

fD

-!O

1 5

1 ft

re fD [c? Hi 1 fD fD

ing fD<

<°

ft) <P

1-1 fD

fD<

r-h ft) ^ P

O

i "-1 CO

1 i

1

o <

,o fD3

ft

??s

O

>-t CO

|j

1": J

III

I

1

1

||

L '

i

1

!

1

1

ill.

. 1

1 «i

JJiUL-- 1 L L — I

Freq.

Ref. =

= 902 MHz

-41.3 dBm

r

Appro

i

x. noise fl. = -55 dB

1 I 100 200 300 400

sample number

500 600 700

Figure 126. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 902.45 MHz; receiver at site 2.

Z.U 3

1 O

fD<

fD p

CO

CO p

3

a. pCO

CO p_ 3

fS"

ente

fD

! 3

1 <T

"T3O

10 03 >o 5' 5"

oq oq 3OQ 3

OQ 3.

OQ

2.3

OQ OQ

fD-

>-i o

O- n V fD 3> ' Hi fD

1 n -4 3

oq :

fD <

< fD P | '—

fD<P

1-1 fD 3

fD

fD<fT

fD P p

1 o Ht o < CO O o

I

P o i-t •i -10 o-1

fD3

CO CO -

]tj fD

1 , III, i,

i-l

i

, , -20 JL -.;.-_'___ T — <": ~-T-L ——

_. ______ ...

1 A T3 —i—

- W

'

' Rf

1-H -30 - O

PL, -40

-50

-60 Freq.

Ref. = = 1830 MHz

= -75.0 dBm

-

-70 Approx. noise fl. = -20 dB

i

-

100 200 300 400

sample number

500 600 700

Figure 127. Colorado Springs, CO hotel second walk-through at 1830.00 MHz; receiver at site 2.

128
125

100

75

50

25

0„

ref. = -31.5dBm mean = -57.8 dB

/

U

L

std. dev. = 12.4 dB

/ ^.-H-- ^j -^rn_l - -, I-, _-„ .,..._ -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

50

40 freq.= 162MHz

30 ref. = -32.8 dBm

Z 20

10

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30

median = -48.2 dB

mean = -46.6 dB

std. dev. = 1 1.8 dB

-20 10

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

tin QU

50-

40 freq. = 225MHz

30 ref. - -37.0 dBm

20

10-

-70 -60 -50 -40 Power (dB)

_L_

-30

median = -46.8 dB

mean = -44.9 dB

std. dev. = 1 1.4 dB 0.4

J 0.2

-n .--— ^C=L

-20 10

Figure 128. Colorado Springs, CO hotel statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for second

walk-through data with the receiver at site 2; 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz.

129
50 -i— -t— r- —i—

i j

< 1

40 - freq. - 449 MHz •" median = -38.7 dB 0.8

30 ref. = -42.9 dBm ..,••'""" mean = -36.3 dB 0.6

20 ./ std. dev. = 12.1 dB 0.4

10- .,,-'•""' 0.2

Q

I I •- ""

I I I I 2= I -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1

50- i

i i — —i — —i —

PL, QU

__

...I • l

40- freq. = 902 MHz median = -44.9 dB 0.8

30- ref. = -41.3 dBm /""

mean - -42.2 dB 0.6

20 / std. dev. = 1 1.3 dB 0.4

10 ./ 0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1

Power (dB)

Figure 129. Colorado Springs, CO hotel statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for second

walk-through data with the receiver at site 2; 448.50 and 902.45 MHz.

130
CO3s20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

5" Z vd 00 z 5 o P% m w o

a.

5'

3 §

3 3

o

o

3

o

o

3

CD

3'

era era

Walking back

and forth along

the aisles

Oc

03

09

i

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = -35.4dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -66 dB

200 400 600 800 1000

sample number

1200 1400 1600

Figure 130. Boulder, CO grocery store walk-through at 49.60 MHz.

20 r- -r-r- p •Z V w Z S* Jo ^ ^

w „ ^

10 I 8 § § S c

3 Of i | § |

-10 i

-20

I ,

03 -30

a.° -40

-50

-60

I: 3"

|| 0Q

II

Walking back

and forth along

the aisles

i

Oco

03g.K,

5

jra

-70

-80

Freq.= 162 MHz

Ref. = -36.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -64 dB

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

sample number

Figure 131. Boulder, CO grocery store walk-through at 162.09 MHz.

131
20

10

Z co 3 N

8 2

3 »

win

2 o

=» 3

2 ?D

3

O

CO

5"

Walking back

and forth along

the aisles

-70- Freq. = 225 MHz

Ref. = -32.6 dBm

-80 Approx. noise fl. = -68 dB

200 400 600 800 1000

sample number

1200 1400

OcI-* o

-*> DOc_E5'

OQ

600

Figure 132. Boulder, CO grocery store walk-through at 225.30 MHz.

20

10h

-10

j

3

o

00 -20 -c

! I '. J

.,

^ : ^ P" W

00O |0 §|g

§ 2

3 3 S 3

i—t I •—

i ^

03-a -30^5

2 -40

-50

-60

-70

-80

3

O

COc Walking back

and forth along

the aisles

Oco

*+> CO

1

Freq. = 449 MHz

Ref. = -34.6 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -66 dB

200 400 600 800 1000

sample number

1200 1400 1600

Figure 133. Boulder, CO grocery store walk-through at 448.50 MHz.

132
Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = -27.9 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -70 dB

200 400 600 800 1000

sample number

1200 1400

Figure 134. Boulder, CO grocery store walk-through at 902.75 MHz.

200 400 600 800 1000

sample number

1200 1400 1600

Figure 135. Boulder, CO grocery store walk-through at 1830.00 MHz.

133
100- i v -

1

0.8

60 ref. = -35.4 dBm mean = -43.1 dB 0.6

40 /""std. dev. = 12.0 dB 0.4

20 J"U /''

0.2 Q

I

--•••

•""

I I I ! I -. ---I- -- "L

1 -. _ ! -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 2

100- —i— i i .;.. 1

80 - freq. = 162 MHz "" median = -38.6 dB 0.8

60- ref. = -36.5 dBm /""" mean = -36.0 dB 0.6 ^

Q

freq. = 162 MHz

i

i

median = -38.6 dB

ref. = -36.5 dBm

...•-'" mean = -36.0 dB

/"'

std. dev. = 1 1.8 dB

i i

£ 40 /" std. dev. = 1 1.8 dB 0.4 O

20- ,-•-"" 0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 2

mi i

80 freq. = 225 MHz

i i

median = -45.8 dB

60 ref. = -32.6 dBm mean = -43.0 dB

40

.,,-"•" std. dev. = 14.5 dB

2(1

n

r

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 2 Power (dB)

Figure 136. Boulder, CO grocery store statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walkthrough data; 49.60, 162.09, and 225.30 MHz.

134
60

40

20

freq. = 449 MHz

ref. - -34.6 dBm

J lmedian = -30.7 dB

mean = -29.2 dB

std. dev. = 11.7 dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10

100r

80

60

40

20

freq. - 902 MHz

ref. = -27.9 dBm

-70 -60 -50 -40

median = -35.3 dB

mean = -33.8 dB

std. dev. = 12.3 dB

-30 -20 •10 10

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

2

QU

100

80

60

40

20

1 1

freq. = 1830 MHz median = -40.8 dB

ref. = -34.2 dBm ,..-•""" mean = -39.3 dB

- ./"

std. dev. = 12.0 dB

-70 -60 50 -40 -30 Power (dB)

-20 -10 10

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-2$

Figure 137. Boulder, CO grocery store statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walkthrough data; 448.50, 902.75, and 1830.00 MHz.

135
500 1000 1500

sample number

2000 2500

Figure 138. Gaithersburg, MD office building walk-through at 49.60 MHz.

20

10

-10 _ -20

CQ3

^-30

o

-40

-50

-60 :

-70

-80

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -41.9dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -58 dB

500 1000 1500

sample number

2000 2500

Figure 139. Gaithersburg, MD office building walk-through at 162.09 MHz.

136
20

10

0^

-10

-20

3

O

c

CO

oo

ft) 3

n>

S3

«-+

f1 oo

t-1 ONI-1 o

1^ ^ ^ ^ *5 1 CO oo oo oo

loo 0= p> b: S3 iW >-i -! "-1 >-! OO OO oo OO

OO

||

500 1000 1500

sample number

2000

Figure 140. Gaithersburg, MD office building walk-through at 226.40 MHz.

-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 448 MHz

500

Ref. = -30.1 dBm

1000

Approx. noise fl. = -70 dB

1500 2000

sample number

Figure 141. Gaithersburg, MD office building walk-through at 448.30 MHz.

137
500 1000 1500 2000

sample number

Figure 142. Gaithersburg, MD office building walk-through at 902.45 MHz.

CDP

<Z> O

3

CD3«-f m

r— r r- r r (X o -t> K) o

^ ^ ^ ^

c« C/5 c« Cfi

C/3 ps P p p

05

1 'I -! l-t VI V tf) VI v

Eii-:Il---i-l-

</3

Freq. = 1830 MHz Ref. = -30.6 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -66 dB

500 1000 1500

sample number

2000

Figure 143. Gaithersburg, MD office building walk-through at 1830.00 MHz.

138
400

320

240

160

°90

freq. = 49 MHz median = -68.6 dB

__ -

ref. = -21.3dBm mean = -62.1 dB

>••"""' std.dev. = 16.5 dB

-/ ,--- —r-l

0.6

0.4

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

-40

freq.= 162MHz

ref. = -41.9dBm

-30 -20

median = -42.8 dB

mean = -41.6 dB

std.dev. = 12.5 dB 0.4

0.2

-10

OhQU

200

160

120

80

40

Q

X

_J^

-70 -60

median = -44.7 dB 0.8

freq. = 226 MHz mean = -44.1 dB 0.6

ref. = -30.6 dBm std. dev.= 14.7dB -0.4

- - 0.2

50 -40 -30 -20 Power (dB)

-10

u

10

Figure 144. Gaithersburg, MD office building statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data; 49.60, 162.09, and 226.40 MHz.

139
200

160

120

80

40

0-

.."•••*- i

freq. = 448 MHz median = -46.7 dB 0.8

ref. = -30.1 dBm mean = -46.9 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 14.1 dB 0.4

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

200 1

160 freq. = 902 MHz median = -59.7 dB 0.8

120 ..,--" ref. = -21.8 dBm mean = -57.7 dB 0.6 qU

freq. = 902 MHz median = -59.7 dB

ref. = -21.8 dBm mean = -57.7 dB

std. dev. = 14.6 dB

/

2__ ] -

0.4

40 0.2

Q

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

400 1

320 freq. = 1830 MHz median = -59.9 dB 0.8

240

/•-""""

ref. = -30.6 dBm mean = -55.6 dB 0.6

160

,,-••""' std. dev. = 12.2 dB 0.4

80- / 0.2

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 Power (dB)

Figure 145. Gaithersburg, MD office building statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data; 448.30, 902.45, and 1830.00 MHz.

140
LOS, oustide Hechte

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

Side Hallway, lower

End of Hall

1st Hall, Bebe

Inside Mall, Sears LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

1st Hall, Santa

Nordstrom, lower

Nordstrom, upper

1st Hall

Hechts

LOS, food court

Hechts

2nd Hall

Inside, Sears

LOS Sears

Sears

2nd Hall

1st Hall

Inside Mall

LOS outside

T~

o

o

o

o

rn

oooCO

o E

B

cq-a

CNl

o

c

x'oI—Oh

Oh

o

o

oo

Ooo

o

in

o o

(9P)J3AV0J

Figure 146. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 49.60 MHz; receiver at site 1.

141
LOS, oustide Hechts

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

Side Hallway, lower

End of Hall

1st Hall, Bebe

Inside Mall, Sears

LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

1st Hall, Santa

Nordstrom, lower

Nordstrom, upper

1st Hall

Hechts

LOS, food court

Hechts

2nd Hall

Inside, Sears

LOS Sears

Sears

2nd Hall

I st Hall

Inside Mall

(epMaMOj

Figure 147. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 162.09 MHz; receiver at site 1.

142
LOS, oustide Hechts

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

Side Hallway, lower

End of Hall

1st Hall, Bebe

Inside Mall, Sears

LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

1st Hall, Santa

Nordstrom, lower

Nordstrom, upper

1st Hall

Hechts

LOS, food court

Hechts

2nd Hall

Inside, Sears

o

m

o

LOS Sears

Sears

_2ndH_all

1st Hall

Inside Mall

LOS outside

o

o

o

O 0)

B

pq-a

as

PQOO

0>

o

l-l Ph <

o

o

o

o

(ep)J3M0d

Figure 148. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 226.40 MHz; receiver at site 1.

143
LOS, oustide Hechts

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

Side Hallway, lower

End of Hall

o

mCO

1st Hall, Bebe

Inside Mall, Sears

LOS, Sears Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

IsrHalirSanta

Nordstrom, lower

o

m

o

in

§.2

3

Nordstrom, upper

1st Hall

Hechts

LOS, food court

Hechts

2nd Hall

Inside, Sears

2nd Hall

1st Hall

o

in

CQT3

VO

in o II o N h X OQ q3

S T3

09 00 00 O

^J" »-H c "* "*

II

1 X

II o1- CT ^-J &, o flj a,

til ptj < ooin

(OP) J3M0J

Figure 149. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 448.30 MHz; receiver at site 1.

144
LOS, ousti deuHecbts

1st Hall, Bebe

Inside Mall, Sears

o

oSto

mm

ooom

LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

1st Hall, Santa

Nordstrom, lower

Nordstrom, upper

1st Hall

Hechts

LOS, food court

Hechts

2nd Hall

Inside, Sears

LOS Sears

Sears

2nd Hall

rsTHalT

Inside Mall

LOS outside

o

00

250

number O <ug

ca

CO

O

in £

CQ-o

On

N g

II o

X 03 5S o

s -a <D —

'

(N o o O o\ c

on ^t

II X

II oi- <T (4H (X, < or-5 in

o O O o oin o

(ap) -13^0^

Figure 150. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 902.45 MHz; receiver at site 1.

145
o

o

m

o

l-l -^ 1"> O o

200 sample

num

o

PQT3

>/"> en N II o

E d

-o (L) O <N

c/5 'o

oo <N C 1—

VO

II X

II o

l_l o- <*-<' Q. D <L> n.

U- c* < o

o o

(ep) js^oj

Figure 151. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 1830.00 MHz;

receiver at site 1

146
1000- i t- 1 ~i 1

800 freq. = 49MHz /' median = -49.4 dB 0.8

600 ref. - -47.3 dBm

/"'" mean = -47.2 dB 0.6

400

/"' std. dev. = 5.9 dB 0.4

200 /

- 0.2

a ii i *£. i i

' --

- -- I —I— . U_ I -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1

1000- —r- —r- -i <•- i —r- —r800 freq.= 162MHz

600- ref. = -48.7 dBm

400

200

1000

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30

median = -48.6 dB 0.8

mean = -46.5 dB 0.6 tin Q

std. dev. = 5.8 dB 0.4 U

... i i

0.2

20 -10 1 8

800 freq. = 226MHz ,.,•-"" median = -51.6 dB 0.8

600 ref. = -41.7 dBm / mean = -49.9 dB 0.6

400 / std. dev. = 7.1 dB 0.4

200~ / - -0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 Power (dB)

Figure 152. Bethesda, MD shopping mall statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 1; 49.60, 162.09, and 226.40 MHz.

147
1000

800 freq. = 448 MHz

600 ref. = -41.8 dBm

400

200

/

median = -54.7 dB 0.8

mean = -52.8 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 5.6 dB 0.4

0.2

•To-

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 ~o~ if?

1000

800

600

400

200

freq. = 902 MHz

ref. = -49.0 dBm

median = -47.2 dB

mean = -44.6 dB

std. dev. = 6.3 dB

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 10

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

PmQU

1000

800

600

400

200

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. - -62.2 dBm

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

median = -34.1 dB 0.8

mean = -33.3 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 3.9 dB 0.4

^0.2

•10

Figure 153. Bethesda, MD shopping mall statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 1; 448.30, 902.45, and 1830.00 MHz.

148
LOS, oustide Hechts

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

o

Side Hallway, lower o

m

End of Hall

1st Hall, Bebe

Inside Mall, Sears

LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

1st Hall, Santa

o

en

OOlO

CN <U X)

B

3

C

<l> Oo B

o a

CN t/3

Nordstrom, lower

Nordstrom, upper _._ ^^^^~

1st Hall

Hechts

LOS, food cqurt_

Hechts

Inside, Sears cq

LOS Sears -==== "?

Sears

2nd Hall

1st Hall

Inside Mall

N

CQ 2 cr^ GO 'o o\ od c

•*t rf

II X

II o~- cro

it-i &

<D O.

Hh c* <

ooo

ooin LOS outside

oooooooooo CN —i -^ CN ro ^ i/"> v© ri i i i i i i (OP) J9M0d

Figure 154. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 49.60 MHz; receiver at site 2.

149
LOS, oustide Hechts £

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

Side Hallway, lower

o

m

End of Hall

I I

1st Hall, Bebe

N

Inside Mall, Sears

LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe ©

1st Hall, Santa i^

Nordstrom, lower *> Nordstrom, upper B

1st Hall o

*

Hechts £

LOS, food court

Hechts

2nd Hall

Inside, Sears

LOS Sears

Sears

2nd Hall

1st Hall

Inside Mall

LOS outside

OQT3

<tf -* ©

II N B ©

X c '—

2 -o <D (N <N O v© in c *^ m

II

1 X

II o

cr <+-5

S-i <D

o> ex

PU P* < ©©m

©©©©©©©©© i i i i i i (OP) iSAVOd

Figure 155. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 162.09 MHz; receiver at site 2.

150
LOS, oust ide Hechts

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

J>i de Ha llway, lower

End of Hall

1st Hall, Bebe_

Inside Mall, Sears

LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

1st Hall, Santa

Nordstrom, lower

ooo

Nordstrom, upper

1st Hall

Hechts

LOS, food court

Hechts

2ndHa_lL

Inside, Sears

o

Oo

o

B

8

= — D-S

CQ-am ©

1 oo

II ^^ N g a 03 c

^ T3 aj MD ^q o <^1 lO c

<N ^f

II X

II os— O" «+-' Oh D u q.

Pu, 04 < O— «

o

(gp)J3M0d

Figure 156. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 226.40 MHz; receiver at site 2.

151
LOS, oustide Hechts

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

oo

Side Hallway, lower

LOS Sears

Sears

2nd Hall

1st Hall

Inside Mall

o

End of Hall

1st Hall, Bebe

In side Mall, Sears

LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

IsfHalL Santa

Nordstrom, lower

Nordstrom , upper

1st Hall

Hechts

o

oo

° s

LOS, food court

Hechts

2nd Hall

Inside, Sears

E

OQ

ID

PQ

"3-

o

c

Xo'—a. <

o

o

LOS outside

o

(gp) J3M0J

Figure 157. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 448.30 MHz; receiver at site 2.

152
LOS, oUstide Hechts

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

Side Hallway, lower

End of Hall

o

m

oo

m

1st Hall, Bebe

Inside Mall, Sears

LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

1st Hall, Santa

o

CM

Nordstrom, lower

Nordstrom, upper

1st Hall

Hechts

LOS, food court

o

O o>£

c

o

>n

Hechts 2nd Hall

Inside, Sears

LOS Sears

Sears

2nd Hall

1st Hall

Inside Mall

LOS outside

CQ-a

PQ-a

oo

<n

I o

II o

tS —

'Sc

x"o

«+H Dh « a.

C^ < o

o o O o o o oc-- (OP) J9M0J

Figure 158. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 902.45 MHz; receiver at site 2.

153
LOS, oustide Hechts

Inside Mall, Hechts

Side Hallway, lower

Side Hallway, lower

End of Hall

1st Hall, Bebe

Inside Mall, Sears

LOS, Sears

Sears

1st Hall, Bebe

hsTHaII7 Santa

Nordstrom, l ower

Nordstrom, upper

1st Hall

Hechts

LOS, food court Hechts

2nd Hall

Inside, Sears

Inside Mall

1st Hall

o

oOI/O

o

o

X)

03

03-a

rsi -3"

i o

N

g

c5

II

T3 0) om O 'o

oo v~> C »—

i

un

II

i X

II os_ cr <*-<' D.

<L> a.

P* < o1—

1

LOS outside

o O O o o o

(OP) J3M0J

Figure 159. Bethesda, MD shopping mall walk-through at 1830.00 MHz;

receiver at site 2.

154
500

400 f

300

200

100

1

' '

freq. - 49 MHz median = -44.4 dB

ref. = -48.9 dBm

,/ mean = -42.2 dB

/- std. dev. = 9.7 dB

Jz

1

i -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

500

400 freq. -162 MHz

300 ref. = -55.2 dBm

200

100

400 freq. = 226 MHz

300 ref. = -45.6 dBm

200

100

-70 -60

median = -38.0 dB

mean = -35.8 dB

i/: std. dev. = 8.1 dB

/ LT1_

I —

median = -41.7 dB

,..•••'•'"" mean = -39.8 dB

std. dev. = 11.1 dB

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 Power (dB)

n i

1 ..T.

••'

i

i ,_.

0r-

-70 -60

i

-50

i

-40

i

-30 -20 -10

1

0.8

^0.6

0.4

0.2

1(

0.8

0.6

0.4

^0.2

QO

Figure 160. Bethesda, MD shopping mall statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 2; 49.60, 162.09, and 226.40 MHz.

155
500

400

300

200

100

Q

1

freq. = 448 MHz median = -39.9 dB

ref. = -52.4 dBm mean = -35.7 dB

/---_ std. dev. = 12.2 dB

i -,

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 •10

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

500

400

300

200

100

freq. = 902 MHz

ref. = -41.1 dBm

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

1

median = -54.5 dB 0.8

tin mean = -50.4 dB 0.6 QU

std. dev. = 1 1.2 dB 0.4

0.2

•10

1000

800

600

400

200

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. = -55.0 dBm

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 Power (dB)-20

median = -41.0 dB

mean = -37.7 dB

std. dev. = 8.5 dB

•10

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Figure 161. Bethesda, MD shopping mall statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 2; 448.30, 902.45, and 1830.00 MHz.

156
ooo

oooin

oo

"3-

13 X>g

<=> o 1c

<uE

(Zl

O

oo

OQ-o

00

pII £ N

CQ-n

>, ^o

1/1 o

o o LT\ ^^ e o ^t <N

II x

II o•— a

- U-Z ft

<L> <D D.

Ph 0fi5 <

(HP) iSMOJ

Figure 162. Silver Spring, MD office building walk-through at 49.60 MHz.

o

157
,^."~^F>.r....

CO

lobby elevator

IF

o

o

I/-)

o

ro

O

u

3

o c

a.

<N g

cfl CO

O

N £

DC CO CS S -a a> <N o n VO o c *-^ m

oo

o

V-H ex ^ oin

ooo oON (ep) iSMoj

Figure 163. Silver Spring, MD office building walk-through at 162.09 MHz.

158
o

inm

o

o

>n

oO *~>

Cu

g

C3 Ooin

N

X

g

PQ

CQ

OO

d 2

o

in

o

(flp) J9AV0J

Figure 164. Silver Spring, MD office building walk-through at 226.40 MHz.

159
o

m

o

Oo

g

C

o,g O ^ © M

T3Or- N

CO

-3-

og

m

-a

o

o

a

Os c

Oi X

II oSh tfH a

a> ex & < o

ooo oON (gp) J9M0J

Figure 165. Silver Spring, MD office building walk-through at 448.30 MHz.

160
(eP)J3M0J

Figure 166. Silver Spring, MD office building walk-through at 902.45 MHz.

161
!

lobby elevator

IF

o

o

o

oo

g-2

oo

CD-a

II

1/3 'oc

><o

o

< -§

oON (ep)J3M0J

Figure 167. Silver Spring, MD office building walk-through at 1830.00 MHz.

162
500- I r -1

400 ,.,-•'" freq. = 49MHz median = -64.2 dB 0.8

300 ...,-••"" ref. = -21.6dBm mean- -63.7 dB 0.6

200

'"" std.dev.= 11.4dB 0.4

100 /""0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 ij

500

400- freq. = 162 MHz median = -57.9 dB -0.8

300 .,•••••""' ref. = -30.9 dBm mean = -55.7 dB 0.6 t

Z 200 /L std.dev.= 10.3dB 0.4 U

100 ...••••••""'1 0.2

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

500 1 t r r— -1

400 ..,..•••-•""" freq. = 226 MHz median = -61.3 dB 0.8

300 .,-•••-"" ref. = -21.7 dBm mean = -60.3 dB 0.6

200 ..,--"" std. dev. = 11.1 dB 0.4

100- -y/^~ - , -0.2

Q

90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1 Power (dB)

Figure 168. Silver Spring, MD office building statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data; 49.60, 162.09, and 226.40 MHz.

163
500— ...„ -

1

400 .....•-•""" freq. = 448 MHz median = -52.6 dB 0.8

300 ,,--""" ref. = -29.6 dBm mean = -52.4 dB 0.6

200 _.....•••'""' std.dev.= 1 1.2 dB 0.4

100- .,---"" 0.2

)0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1

500

400 ,-••-' freq. = 902 MHz median = -72.1 dB 0.8

300- /"'

ref. = -16.0 dBm mean = -70.4 dB 0.6 n

Z U

200 / std. dev. = 10.5dB 0.4

100

/""

0.2 $0~ -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 ~0~ 10°

1000— 1

800 /-" frecl- =

' 83 ° MHz median = "69- 5 dB °- 8

600 /"ref. = -25.9 dBm mean = -67.2 dB 0.6

400 /

std. dev. = 5.7 dB 0.4

200- / 0.2

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 Power (dB)

Figure 169. Silver Spring, MD office building statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data; 448.30, 902.45, and 1830.00 MHz.

164
-60

-70

-80

-90

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = -19.1 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -76 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

Figure 170. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 49.60 MHz; receiver at site 1,

Freq.= 162 MHz

Ref. = -26.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -75 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

Figure 171. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 162.09 MHz; receiver at site 1.

165
20

-20

m3 -40

S-. (DO

Oh -60

-80

•100

3

O

CO3

I 3

re

re

I n

CO

re

3 Z c/> p- ^

m

<

1 n

CO

n>

1 o 1—

o £

£ n

n> <-t

3

1

re- ft g 3

3 —

CTQ

O

o

Frea. = 226 MHz

Ref. = -9.1 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -90 dB

Figure

20

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

172. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 226.40 MHz; receiver at site 1.

-100

3

O

COc n

3

ren

00W

CO

I 3

re

re

\b

i

p* $

<

1 n

n> i

I 1- o

3

1l

n

o-o3

o

3 -

CTQ ! —

crlft 3 —

Frea. = 448 MHz

Ref. = -18.6 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -8 1 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

Figure 173. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 448.30 MHz; receiver at site 1.

166
20

•100

rT

!| 2 u

o ^

Ibn CO m c n i —

p. p •o ha ra P iT3 cd JQ CD "I

Freq. = 902 MHz

Ref. = -16.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -82 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

sample number

3500 4000 4500

Figure 174. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 902.45 MHz; receiver at site 1.

20

10

-10

-20

ip

iO

DOB.

la.5'

'era

Z

I o

pa

cd

Iffl

i 'l

i Ip

CO

3

5

:CD

2 CO ^

w

1 ffl n i j^ o

o 3

< CD

CD cd X P

^*- CD

CT" 3. P P ''- £U (JQ a- a* p P

-80

-90

Freq.= 1830 MHz

Ref. = -27.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -70 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

sample number

Figure 175. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 1830.00 MHz; receiver at site 1,

167
500- -

> r~ -1

400

"" freq. = 49MHz median = -63.9 dB 0.8

300 / ref. = -19.1 dBm mean = -62.3 dB 0.6

200 ...,•••-""'

. std. dev. = 12.5 dB 0.4

100 / 0.2 0— --/ >— ^— — — — i - -~--i -In

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10

500- ;;j===j====. —r- r 1

400 -

.....•-- freq. = 1 62 MHz median = -6 1 .9 dB 0.8

300 ,-••""' ref. = -26.3 dBm mean = -59.9 dB 0.6 fe ^ Q

z 200 / std. dev. = 12.1 dB 0.4 u

100 ..,•"" 0.2

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1

500- I ^

> r -l

400 ,..--'

" freq. = 226 MHz median = -65.3 dB 0.8

300 /"" ref. = -9.1 dBm mean = -64.1 dB 0.6

200^ ,/ std. dev. = 13.3 dB 0.4

100- .....•••••'"" 0.2

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1 Power (dB)

Figure 176. Washington, DC convention center statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 1; 49.60, 162.09, and 226.40 MHz.

168
500- i i

^ -1

400 - freq. = 448 MHz median = -56.2 dB - 0.8

300 ..,-••• ref. = -18.6dBm mean = -54.7 dB 0.6

200 ,.-•-""" std.dev.-14.0dB 0.4

100 ___ -y^ 0.2

-°90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

500 r -r- -i t ^ —

400 freq. = 902 MHz median = -63.8 dB 0.8

300 ,..-""' ref. = -16.5dBm mean = -61.8 dB 0.6 ^

Q Z 200 ,.--" std. dev. = 14.5 dB 0.4 U

100

<---'""

tt 0.2

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

500

400

300

200

100

0J -90 -80 -70 -60

freq. = 1830 MHz median = -60.8 dB 0.8

ref. = -27.5 dBm mean = -57.9 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 1 1.4 dB 0.4

0.2

1 1 —— _ _l_ _ j

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1 8

Power (dB)

Figure 177. Washington, DC convention center statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 1; 448.30, 902.45, and 1830.00 MHz.

169
20

10

-10

-20

CQ3-30

I

-40

Oh -50

-60

-70

-80

-90

5* z

o '3

00 1 c n

S C * T3 3 'X!

(TO CD

-»

m

"iCO

I c

CD

3 Z (/> P* ^

W

<

1 n

CO

CD _!_ o

o

3

3

ft

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = -26.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -71 dB

iIj. i l.Ai..

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500

sample number

Figure 178. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 49.60 MHz; receiver at site 2.

20

-20

CQ3

Z -40 o

CL,

-60

-80

100

5"1 z C/5 O M

m

CO m

£_ n i Cl ,c -o

T3 T3 D ra n

(TO I CD i-i

i 3 IZ

p. 1^

< n

CD i .J—. "—

o

3

fD1

CD

ft) 5

CT* X lo

S3.

- e-f crc

2- -i 3 " to3

^j 0Q i—

COr+

1 S3 a. cr a

3 £. sr *' g£ 1 w

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -21.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -80 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500

sample number

Figure 179. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 162.09 MHz; receiver at site 2.

170
20

CQ3l-H uo

eu

1—

p

! Z 00 o 1^

w

CO 1 m c n £

Cl \e T3 to T5 D [ T3 n

JQ 0) i-j

100

a ^ 1 ^—

cd< o

re ,-!__ ^^ O

3

CD

-1

Freq. = 226 MHz

Ref. = -15.8dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -83 dB

c

3 |

2 in

a"oo

3

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

Figure 180. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 226.40 MHz; receiver at site 2.

20

3" N *

1 3 |Z P» o M

w P- 1^ w

03 i DO <1 ro c |o o 1

o-

*T3 a

2- o*

. o

3

3 l"T3 n 1^ cd TO CD 1 >-! CD i *-t

cd CD IS" X

3\ver nteri crc 3

J pj TO H- CL a- 8

5 c ST

TO —• CD

-100

Frea. = 448 MHz

Ref. = -18.2 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -81 dB

O

c3

p

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

Figure 181. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 448.30 MHz; receiver at site 2.

171
20

10

-10

r? Z in 3 'z 00 o P

W a. l^

5 W

DO 1 00 <

•r m c n 3 o i D- c

-a

(t 5"3o

3 -a CD <T> JO a -1 O >-i

f]> a" X o

r*- 3

c

-t to — i 3 - O

3

fi; OQ hCO03 Q. cr £

3 3 —

cro

ilding evel

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

Figure 182. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 902.45 MHz; receiver at site 2.

20

10-

3 z 00 O ^ •W

00 1 m 3 n i s 3

T3 TJ 3 T3 n

(TO <T> >-i

3 z 00 $

m

'l no n

^ o

o ^

^ n>

Freq. = 1830 MHz

Ref. = -25.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -71 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

Figure 183. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 1830.00 MHz; receiver at site 2.

172
500 —i- —r- i 1 400- ....- freq. = 49MHz median = -50.6 dB 0.8

300 ...,-•-•"" ref. = -26.3 dBm mean = -49.8 dB 0.6

200 .,•••••-'"" std. dev. = 14.4 dB 0.4

0.2

90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

500

400 , freq. = 162 MHz median = -65.0 dB --0.8

300

/••'"*' ref. = -21.3 dBm mean = -61.1 dB 0.6 fe Z 200 X std. 'dev. = 15.3 dB 0.4 8

100

,••••'" 0.2

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

500- -i- -

1

400 .....- freq. = 226 MHz median = -58.8 dB 0.8

300 _...,-••"""" ref. = -15.8 dBm mean = -56.8 dB 0.6

200

,-•'•"" std. dev. = 14.6 dB 0.4

100 ..,--•"" -0.2

1—

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1

Power (dB)

Figure 184. Washington, DC convention center statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 2; 49.60, 162.09, and 226.40 MHz.

173
500

400

300

200

100

freq. = 448 MHz median = -58.1 dB 0.8

ref.--18.2dBm mean = -56.9 dB 0.6

std.dev.= 13.4dB 0.4

0.2

-90 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 •10

500

400

300

2 200

100

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40

freq. = 902 MHz median = -55.4 dB 0.8

ref. = -23.5 dBm mean = -54.0 dB 0.6

std.dev.= 13.7dB 0.4

0.2

Q

-30 -20 -10

500

400

300

200 h

100

J.-' -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 Power (dB)

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. = -25.5 dBm

median = -60.1 dB 0.8

mean = -58.0 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 11.8dB 0.4

0.2

-30 -20 -10

Figure 185. Washington, DC convention center statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 2; 448.30, 902.45, and 1830.00 MHz.

174
-100

Frea. = 49 MHz

Ref. = -13.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -86 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

Figure 186. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 49.60 MHz; receiver at site 3. 20

CQ3In1)o

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

1 p—

1

3

I ~ r z 'w

o 3=

p"3 03 'm

c n

S

i c1 s- *n ro 3 •a <T3 ore CD 1 "1

3 % 5/3 P- Z

cn

<

1 n

CO

1 a>"~ ,_!__ o

o *

^ n>

a> 1 >-i

Frea.= 162 MHz

Ref. = -16.9 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -84 dB

1000 2000 3000 4000

sample number

5000 6000

Figure 187. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 162.09 MHz; receiver at site 3.

175
20

PQ3|HCDO

Oh

-20

-100

3

O

CO3_

ct5'

00

Z

I n

ICC

I C33

1 iC

3 ra

"3 -a TS 1 cd

CD >-i

3 z ICO p* 3

in n l"

CD ,J . \o o

1 ^

Frea. = 226 MHz

Ref. = -7.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -92 dB

CD CD ^

X 3 O

cn 3

a* -i

-i 3 3

pj OQ & cr 3 3

OQ ^* 1 u <

CO a.3

OQ

oo

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

sample number

3500 4000 4500 5000

Figure 188. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 226.40 MHz; receiver at site 3.

m

VhO

Oh

20

•100

_T z GO o ^

in

Cd 1 m

3 n : t- D- 3 ra

"3 w 3 >3 CD JQ CD 1

l~t 1-1

R z 00 P* ^

M

cT<

1 n

CO

i CD ,-L^ o

o

5= 3

CD

CD <t , 3; X 3 1$

c-f o* 2. ! 2

3 3 r ^j cro —

&-3 ci— sr ; CD 3: cd 3 1 —

OQ

Frea. = 448 MHz

Ref. = -14.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -85 dB

crS

o

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500

sample number

Figure 189. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 448.30 MHz; receiver at site 3.

176
•100

Frea. = 902 MHz

Ref. = -9.4 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -89 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

sample number

Figure 190. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 902.45 MHz; receiver at site 3.

20

10

-10

-20

DQ2,-30

I

-40

Oh -50

-60

-70

-80

-90

B" z | oo o 3

W

03 1 m c o ild 1 c

H-. T3 ! t3 3 TJ n> 0Q a> I

o

In,

1 O) X 3

r+ n> O* p

c 3 -

1 ^ ere B* cr 3 e

ere El: P-3

OQ

tro

O

3

Freq. = 1830 MHz

Ref. = -24.6 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -72 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

sample number

Figure 191. Washington, DC convention center walk-through at 1830.00 MHz; receiver at site 3.

177
200- -i- -r- t 1- -1

160 •••• freq. = 49MHz median = -67.4 dB 0.8

120 _,>* ref. = -13.3dBm mean = -65.3 dB 0.6

80 ,....-••""* std. dev.= 15.5 dB 0.4

40; ,..,--"""' 0.2 qLL/ 1 1 l_ __ - -J --"-^t _ n -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10

400 i i - —

1

320 freq.= 162MHz median = -68.9 dB 0.8

..•••'*' 240- /"" ref. = -16.9dBm mean = -66.0 dB 0.6 UhQ

Z 160 ,.-•'•' std. dev.= 14.4 dB 0.4 U

80 i ,-•••'"" 0.2

)0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

200

160 freq. = 226 MHz median = -64.2 dB 0.8

120 /"" ref. = -7.5dBm mean = -62.3 dB 0.6

80- ,,.••••••"" std. dev.= 15.4 dB 0.4

40 i r

•••"'" 0.2 1

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 Power (dB)

ifl

Figure 192. Washington, DC convention center statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 3; 49.60, 162.09, and 226.40 MHz.

178
200

160

120

80

40

12

freq. = 448 MHz median = -58.9 dB 0.8

ref. = -14.3dBm mean = -57.3 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 15.1 dB 0.4

0.2

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

200

160

120

80

40

i

freq. = 902 MHz median = -68.5 dB

ref. = -9.4dBm mean = -66.4 dB -0.6 n,Q

std. dev. = 14.1 dB 0.4 U

0.2

„jj,. -90 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 10

400

320

240

160

t- r- -1

median = -60.7 dB 0.8

mean = -58.2 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 12.1 dB 0.4

0.2

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. = -24.6 dBm

-r

"-i- —

-70 -60 -50 -40 Power (dB)

-30 -20 10

Figure 193. Washington, DC convention center statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 3; 448.30, 902.45, and 1830.00 MHz.

179
-50

-60

-70

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -17.0dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -91 dB

-80

500 1000 1500

sample number

2000 2500 3000

Figure 194. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 162.075 MHz; receiver at site 1.

180
-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 230 MHz

Ref. = -12.9dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -95 dB

500 1000 1500 2000

sample number

2500 3000

Figure 195. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 230.0 MHz; receiver at site 1.

r~ r~ r~ r* to to UJ -fc>

-50

-60

-70

-80

Lh | ON ~J I -J 00 VO — —

T3 Z CO

Freq. = 439 MHz

Ref. = -13.6 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -93 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

sample number

Figure 196. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 439.25 MHz; receiver at site 1.

181
20

10 >

3

; r p~

2; oo Z |w |2;

r

>T3

r r ir r ir

~J 00 SO — ^

1 Z i^

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 908 MHz

Ref. = -23.1 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -84 dB

500 1000 1500 2000

sample number

2500 3000

Figure 197. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 908.0 MHz; receiver at site 1.

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 1830 MHz

Ref. = -32.4 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -74 dB

500 1000 1500 2000

sample number

2500 3000 3500

Figure 198. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 1830.0 MHz; receiver at site 1.

182
-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 2445 MHz

Ref. = -55.6dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -45 dB

2000 4000 6000 8000

sample number

0000 12000

Figure 199. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 2445 MHz; receiver at site 1

-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 4900 MHz Ref. = -44.8 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -58 dB

2000 4000 6000 8000

sample number

10000 12000 14000

Figure 200. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 4900 MHz; receiver at site 1

183
zuu

160

i

freq.= 162MHz ,...-••""' median = -25.9 dB

120 ref. = -17.0dBm mean = -24.9 dB

80 std. dev. = 10.4dB

40 _..'•*

i i i ~ -

Z, 80

40

Q

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 2

200

j

=

-

1

160 freq. = 230MHz ,...

'""" median = -26.8 dB 0.8

120 ref. = -12.9dBm

,.•-'""' mean = -25.9 dB 0.6 Q

std. dev. = 10.4 dB 0.4 U

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 2

200- i - -1

160 freq. = 439MHz -"""" median = -27.2 dB 0.8

120 ref. = -13.6dBm ..,.•-""" mean = -25.4 dB 0.6

80 / std. dev. = 1 1.0 dB 0.4

40 L ,/ 0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 2

Power (dB)

Figure 201. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 1; 162.075, 230.0 and 439.25 MHz.

184
200-

160 freq. = 908MHz

120 ref. = -23.1dBm

Z 8040-

a

-70 -60

median = -27.8 dB

mean = -27.0 dB

std.dev.= 10.9dB

-50 -40 -30 -20 •10 10

0.8

0.6 fcQ

0.4 U

0.2

200- -r- -r160 freq.= 1830 MHz

i

-" median = -26.2 dB

1

0.8

120 ref. - -32.4 dBm - mean = -25.6 dB 0.6

80

.* std.dev.= 12.8dB 0.4

40 ~

""

i

0.2

n % -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 Power (dB)

-20 -10 10 2$

Figure 202. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 1; 908.0 and 1830.0 MHz.

185
500 T

400 freq. = 2445 MHz median = -17.9 dB 0.8

300 ref. = -55.6 dBm mean = -1 7.5 dB 0.6 u.a

z 200- std. dew = 12.0 dB 0.4 u

100 0.2

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10

500 -1

400 freq. = 4900 MHz median = -37.6 dB 0.8

300 ref. = 44.8 dBm mean = -36.3 dB 0.6

200 std. dev. = 13.6 dB 0.4

_^

0.2

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 Power (dB)

Figure 203. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 1; 2445 and 4900 MHz.

186
20

10

-10

m -20

w

|-30

o

-40

-50

-60

-70

r Ir r r ir >r

K) to UJ -P^ ! Ui On r r r i-1

00 2 w 1°

1 z h^

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -24.4 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -82 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

sample number

Figure 204. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 162.075 MHz; receiver at site 2.

500 2000 2500

sample number

Figure 205. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 230.0 MHz; receiver at site 2.

187
CO

20

10

Iv*

-10

-20-

o

fc -30

-40

-50

-60

c ir ir r r -4 loo vo i—' ,p—>

2; 00

;

Freq. = 439 MHz

Ref. = -33.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -73 dBm

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

sample number

3500 4000 4500

Figure 206. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 439.25 MHz; receiver at site 2.

20

r 'r r 'r r r

> '2iw z ^ z

r

>

3

i-1 r r r r I -O 1 OO

I VO h-> >->

\<X> iZ O3 © —

I 2: 00

-40

-50

-60

Freq. = 908 MHz

Ref. = -39.4 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -66 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

sample numbers

3500 4000 4500

Figure 207. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 908.0 MHz; receiver at site 2.

188
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

sample number

Figure 208. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 1830.0 MHz; receiver at site 2.

20r

10-

-101

-50

-60

-70

r r* r r* r* r* t~* r« r* r* c* f c~ K> to UJ 4^ Ol ON -J --J 00 *£> — —

> z ^ z ^ z > <*> z ^ 2 ~

Freq. = 2445 MHz

Ref. = -61.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -41 dB

1%'00 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11100 12000 13000 14000

sample number

15000

Figure 209. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 2445 MHz; receiver at site 2.

189
-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 4900 MHz

Ref. = -55.9 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -46 dB

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000

sample number

Figure 210. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through at 4900 MHz; receiver at site 2.

190
200- i

160- freq. = 162 MHz

120 ref.= -24.4 dBm

80

40-

median = -27.8 dB 0.8

mean = -27.4 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 10.1 dB 0.4

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10

160 freq. = 230 MHz

120 ref. = -29.2 dBm

1

median = -19.3 dB 0.8 /"" mean = -19.0 dB 0.6

80 / std. dev. = 9.5 dB 0.4

40 __ ...•••••"" 0.2

QU

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10

200- -^^— 1— 1

160 freq. = 439 MHz ..,-"" median = -17.9 dB 0.8

120 ref. = -33.3 dBm / mean = -18.7 dB 0.6

80 / std. dev. = 9.6 dB 0.4

40

,-•••••'"" 0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 Power (dB)

Figure 211. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 2; 162.075, 230.0, and 439.25 MHz.

191
200 —

160 freq. = 908MHz

120 ref. = -39.4 dBm

40

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

1

median = -21.2 dB 0.8

mean = -21.4 dB 0.6 u-Q

std. dev. = 9.5 dB 0.4 U

0.2

10

200-

160 freq.= 1830 MHz

i

120 ref. - -44.0 dBm

80

40

% -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 Power (dB)

-20 10

median = -25.6 dB 0.8

mean = -25.6 dB 0.6

std. dev. = 10.2 dB 0.4

0.2

(i 10

Figure 212. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 2; 908.0 and 1830.0 MHz.

192
500

400

300 Z 200

1

i

freq. = 2445 MHz -H_ median = -25.6 dB

ref.=-61.0dBm mean = -24.8 dB

i-n std. dev. = 9.6 dB

: _ri -v

'

1 L_

(

500

400

300

200

100

0}

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

freq. = 4900 MHz

ref. = -55.9 dBm

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20

Power (dB)

10

0.4 8

2#

median = -30.8 dB 0.8

mean = -29.9 dB

std. dev. - 10.3 dB 0.4

0.2

20

Figure 213. Boulder, CO apartment walk-through statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for

walk-through data with the receiver at site 2; 2445 and 4900 MHz.

193
100

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = -30.2 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -73 dB

500 2000 2500

sample number

3000 3500

Figure 214. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 49.85 MHz; receiver at south site.

20

-20

3

fc -40 o

-60-

-80

•100

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -20.4 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -83 dB

500 1000 1500

sample number

2000 2500

Figure 215. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 162.075 MHz; receiver at south site.

194
800 1000 1200

sample number

2000

Figure 216. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 230.0 MHz; receiver at south site.

1000 1200

sample number

Figure 217. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 439.25 MHz; receiver at south site.

195
OQ-a

o

PL,

100

.000 1200 1400

sample number

1600 1800 2000

Figure 218. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 908.0 MHz; receiver at south site.

CQ

O

CU

20

-20-

-40

-60

-80

•100

Freq.= 1830 MHz

Ref. = -31.2dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -72 dB

500 1000 1500

sample number

2000 2500

Figure 219. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 1830.1 MHz; receiver at south site.

196
CQ3—o

Oh

-80

100

Freq. = 2445 MHz

Ref. = -32.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -71 dB

500 1000 1500

sample number

2000 2500

Figure 220. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 2445.0 MHz.

CO

\—o

Oh

-100

1500

sample number

Figure 22 1 . SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 4900.0 MHz; receiver at south site.

197
200 f t

median = -57.1 dB

mean = -55.9 dB

std. dev. = 13.2 dB

100-

freq. = 49 MHz

ref. = -30.2 dBm

n

-90 -80

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

0.2

200

Z 100-

freq. = 162 MHz

ref. = -20.4 dBm

Jl

~r

median = -51.2 dB

mean = -47.9 dB

std. dev. = 13.8 dB

1

0.8

0.6 QU

0.4

-0.2

200

100-

i i r

freq. = 230 MHz

ref. = -17.7 dBm

median = -49.0 dB

mean = -47.3 dB

std. dev. = 14.9 dB

-o-=L

0.8

-10.6

0.4

0.2

-90 -50 -40 Power (dB)

Figure 222. SUNCOR oil refinery statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 49.85, 162.075, and 230.0 MHz; receiver at south site.

198
200 T 1 1 rreq.=439MHz

ref. =-23.8dBm

1

0.8 06

0.4

0.2

100

&

200

2 100

Sr

freq.=908MHz

ref. = -31.6 dBm

1

0.8 06 g

U

0.4

0.2

200 i

1

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. =-31.2 dBm

r r

inedian = -50.3 dB

mean = 49.4 dB

std. dev. = 12.3 dB

L_

100

-V

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-80 -50 40

Power (dB)

Figure 223. SUNCOR oil refinery statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 439.25, 908.0, and 1830.1 MHz; receiver at south site.

199
200

Z 100

ft

freq.= 2445 MHz

ref. =-32.0dBm

1

0.8

0.6 g

0.4

0.2

U

200

100

So

fieq.= 4900 MHz

ref =-33.6 dBm

median = -54.8 dB

mean = -50.4 dB

stddev. = 16.6dB

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

0.2

-60 -50 -40 Power (dB)

Figure 224. SUNCOR oil refinery statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 2445.0 and 4900.0 MHz; receiver at south site.

200
20

0Q3

O

CL

-20

-40

-60

-80-

100

Freq. = 49MHz

Ref. = -25.6 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -74 db

1000 1500 2000

sample number

2500 3000

Figure 225. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 49.85 MHz; receiver at north site.

20

oa—

o

CL

-20

-40

-60-

-80

-100

Freq.= 162 MHz

Ref. = -25.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -79 dB

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

sample number

1400 1600 1800 2000

Figure 226. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 162.075 MHz; receiver at north site.

201
o

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

sample number

Figure 227. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 230.0 MHz; receiver at north site.

0QT3

O

800 1000 1200

sample numbers

Figure 228. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 439.25 MHz; receiver at north site.

202
PQ

o

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

sample number

Figure 229. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 908.0 MHz; receiver at north site.

PQ3i_o

C200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

sample number

Figure 230. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 1830.1 MHz; receiver at north site.

203
ffl 3

o

Ph

100

Freq. = 4900 MHz

Ref. = -23.8 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -78 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 !500

sample number

Figure 23 1 . SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 2445.0 MHz; receiver at north site.

CQ3

O

Oh

500 1000 1500

sample number

2000 2500

Figure 232. SUNCOR oil refinery walk-through at 4900.0 MHz; receiver at north site.

204
200

fieq.=49MHz

ref.=-25.6dBm

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

100

&

median = -52.5 dB

mean = -50.3 dB

stddev. = 16.6dB

-80

200

£ 100

1 r

fieq. = 162MHz

ref.=-25.0dBm

1 1

median = -35.5 dB

mean = -33.7 dB

stddev. = 13.9dB

-V

J B. -70

1

0.8

0.6 SU

0.4

0.2

200

100-

freq.=230MHz

ref.=-23.2dBm

i i

median =-34. 8 dB

mean = -34.1dB

std. dev. = 14.5 dB

-0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 Power (dB)

Figure 233. SUNCOR oil refinery statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 49.85, 162.075, and 230.0 MHz; receiver at north site.

205
200

100

&

200

fc ioo

& -80

200

100

ft"

freq.=439MHz

ref =-23.6dBm

i

1 r freq.=908MHz

ref. =-25.7 dan

i

1

fieq. = 1830 MHz

ref. = -29.9 dBm

-50 -40 Power (dB)

median = -38.5 dB- mean = -37.8 dB

std.dev. = 146dB-

_j

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

median = -44. 8 dB- mean = 42.7 dB

stddev. = 17.0dB

1

0.8

0.6 g

0.4

0.2

median = 41.6 dB

irean = -39.7dB -

stddev. = 15.1dB1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

U

Figure 234. SUNCOR oil refinery statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 439.25, 908.0, and 1830.1 MHz; receiver at north site.

206
200

fc 100-

-1

fieq.= 2445 MHz

ref.=-28.5dBm

median = -43.1 dB

mean = -41.1dB

std dev. = 17.5 dB

0.8

0.6 g

0.4 U

4.0.2

200

100-

$0

i

1 r

freq. =4900 MHz

ref. =-23.8dBm

median = -50. 1 dB -

mean = -48.5dB

std dev. = 16.8 dBH

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-50 40

Power (dB)

Figure 235. SUNCOR oil refinery statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 2445.0 and 4900.0 MHz; receiver at north site.

207
20

-20

3

fc -40 o

-60

-80

-100

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = -27.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -73 dB

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

sample number

Figure 236. SUNCOR oil refinery road drive at 49.85 MHz; receiver at north site

000

400 500

sample number

800 900

Figure 237. SUNCOR oil refinery road drive at 162.075 MHz; receiver at north site.

208
CQ

o

Oh

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

sample number

Figure 238. SUNCOR oil refinery road drive at 230.0 MHz; receiver at north site.

20

^k^-~*

-20

PQ3

V -40 o

-60

-80

100

"If

:

Freq. = 439MHz

Ref. = -26.6 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -76 dB

J I L 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

sample number

800 900 1000 1100

Figure 239. SUNCOR oil refinery road drive at 439.25 MHz; receiver at north site.

209
20

-20-

CQ

% -40 oc

-60-

-80

100

Freq. = 908 MHz

Ref. = -30.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -73 dB

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 000

sample number

Figure 240. SUNCOR oil refinery road drive at 908.0 MHz; receiver at north site

400 500 600

sample number

Figure 241 . SUNCOR oil refinery road drive at 1830.1 MHz; receiver at north site.

210
-80

-100

Freq. = 2445 MHz

Ref. = -39.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -62 dB

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

sample number

Figure 242. SUNCOR oil refinery road drive at 2445.0 MHz; receiver at north site

20

0-

-20-

PQ

"& -40 o

0-

-60-

-80-

100

Freq. = 4900 MHz

Ref. = -36.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -66 dB

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

sample number

Figure 243. SUNCOR oil refinery road drive at 4900.0 MHz; receiver at north site.

211
200, i

1 freq.=49MHz

ref.=-27.5dBm

i

1 r

iraiian = -51.9dB mean = -51.2 dB

stddev.=7.3dB

100

& -70

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-20 10

200

£ 100

&

i i r

freq. = 162MHz

ref. =-25.7dBm

j . -80 -70

median = 48.3 dB

mean = -44.8dB

stddev. = 13.7dB

1

H0.8

0.6 3

U

0.4

0.2

200 "i 1 1 freq.=230MHz

ref. = -25.8 dBm

"i

1 r

median = 47.5 dB

rrean = -50.1dB

stddev.=5.9dB

1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

0.2

100-

$0 -70 -60 -50 40 -30 18

Power (dB)

-20 10

Figure 244. SUNCOR oil refinery statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 49.85, 162.075, and 230.0 MHz.

212
200 "i

1 foq.=439MHz

ref.=-26.6dBm

T 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

100

& -80

median = 48.4 dB

mean = -45.3 dB

stddev. = 13.6dB

200

£ 100

$5

freq.=908MHz

ref.=-30.

i r

median = -51.0 dB

mean = 45.6 dB

stddev. = 17.9dB

-20 10

1

0.8

0.6 qU

0.4

40.2

200

100-

&

n

1 r

fieq.= 1830 MHz

ref =43.7dBm

f r~

median = 42.0 dB

mean = 40.1dB

stddev. = 11.6dB

- L

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-80 -70 -60 -50 40 -30

Power (dB)

Figure 245. SUNCOR oil refinery statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 439.25, 908.0, and 1 830. 1 MHz.

213
200

2 100

Ss

~i 1 r

fieq.= 2445 MHz

ref.=-39.3dBm

\__^-~—Jc- 1-

median = -43.8 dB

mean=-41.8dB

stddev. = 12.1dB

- L

H0.8

0.6 g

0.4

0.2

U

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1

200

100

%

i

1 f

fieq. =4900 MHz

ref.= -36.5 dBm

median = -51.4 dB

mean = -48.2dB

stddev. = 11.4dB

-70 -60 -50 40 -30 -20 Power (dB)

10

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

Figure 246. SUNCOR oil refinery statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 2445.0 and 4900.0 MHz.

214
20

-20-

O

fc -40

-60

-80

jo

r+5

T3iO

o>

o

o

3

CO

ft

I fl "PsLfn

!

'

- ''' l|. ; ',„ . ,',! _^_i ! u_ : ;

I ,;..!, ii. -

j

i

i

Freq. = 49 MHz Ref. = -29.6 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -67 dB

200 400 600 800

sample number

1000 1200 1400

Figure 247. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 49.8 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

20

-20

0QH -40 o

-60

-80

-100

ra

en5'3

I

I

'

kii

T3O

lOyUJ

Freq. = 1 62 MHz Ref. 12.5 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -88 dB

1000 200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

sample number

Figure 248. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 162.075 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

215
Freq. = 230 MHz Ref. = -35.0 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -68 dB

-80

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

sample number

Figure 249. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 230.0 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

40

n

20

T3O

in <— 3-- o"3

>

0Q3

^-20

o

Oh

-40

-60

oo

3

in

T3O

III II

Freq. = 439 MHz Ref. = -36.5 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -66 dB

-80

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

sample number

Figure 250. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 439.25 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

216
40

20

5°

\a> T3O

CO3

"s-20 1 o

Oh

-40

II.

3

CO

¥

1

-60

o

o

aIn

_^^

"T3O

______ _

-80

200 400 600 1000

__

Freq. = 908 MHz Ref. = -39.1 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -64 dB

800 1200 1400

sample number

Figure 251 . NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 908.0 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

40

20

I*3

3

¥-20^

o

PL,

-40

T3O

ii —S"

o"3

-60

-80

O

O

3

GO

IT3O

3

T3O

— , .' ' ' "<- ' .:'•! '

'

' " -''^ -

Freq.= 1830 MHz

Ref. = -56.8 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -45 dB

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

sample number

Figure 252. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 1830.0 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

217
20

To

r*5

-20

CO3

Is -40 o

Oh

-60

-80

-100„

X3O O

o

3

CD

Freq. = 2445 MHz Ref. = -1 8.4 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -83 dB

500 1000 1500

sample number

Figure 253. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 2445.0 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

20

PQ

o

-20

-40

-60

O

| M

-ao

o'3

o

' <L 80- ^rft

Freq. = 4900 MHz Ref. = -21.7 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -80 dB

•'%00 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800

sample number

Figure 254. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 4900.0 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

218
median = -73.1 dB

mean = -54.8 dB

stddev.=33.7dB

1

0.8

0.6 g

0.4

0.2

20

U

250

200

150

100

50

1 1

freq.=230MHz median = -52.6 dB

JS^ ref.=-35.0dBm mean = -43.3 dB

stridev.=28.7dB

I

"~1_J _--^__ _ __ _ ^^^

100 -60 ^0

Power (dB)

-20 20

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2 &

Figure 255. NIST Boulder laboratory statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 49.8, 162.075, and 230.0 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

219
250-

200L

150

100

50

freq.=439MHz

ref. = -36.5 dBm

median = ^8.4 dB

mean = -37.9 dB

stddev.=28.2dB

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

roo -60 -40 -20 20 4§

250

200

150-

100

50

-fi

freq. = 908MHz

ref. = -39.1 dBm

median = -32.4 dB

mean = -28.9 dB

stddev.=25.1dB

1

0.8

0.6 QU

0.4

0.2

00 -60 -40 -20 20

250

200

150

100

50

-Poo

freq. = 1830 MHz

ref. = -56.8 dBm

-80 -60 -40

Power (dB)

-20

median = ^1.5 dB

mean = -26.0 dB

stddev.=22.2dB

20

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Figure 256. NIST Boulder laboratory statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 439.25, 908.0, and 1830.0 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

220
freq.= 2445 MHz

ref.=-18.4dBm

median = -61.9 dB

mean = -62.7 dB

stddev.=21.2dB

1

0.8

0.6 §

0.4

0.2

20

U

-40 -20 Power (dB)

Figure 257. NIST Boulder laboratory statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 2445.0 and 4900.0 MHz; receiver at wing 4 site.

221
40

20

a O

T3O

CO

X3

PQ3

¥-20

o

Oh

I

1

r

Mi

-40. -—

h3o

n

t3o

O

n

H o

5«

llll J

ib y

-60

-80

Freq. = 49 MHz

Ref. = -54.1 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -42 dB

400 600 800 1000

sample number

200 1400 1600

Figure 258. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 49.8 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

20.

PQ3l-c o

Oh

-20

-40

-60

-80

•100

70 rao o

o

3

oo

O

o

3

n

o

o o

•ao

iz> en I &

5' >—

3

n co

I m — ! 1

1 I

Freq. = 162 MHz

Ref. = -41.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -61 dB

1800 2000 2200 2400

sample number

2600 2800

Figure 259. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 162.075 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

222
20

io-I- |g

: p

0-' ,1 l"

10

-20

CQ3

¥-30^

o

Cu -40

-50-

-60 "

-70

.

reo

en

reoo

3

n

reo

_L----- -.

Freq. = 230 MHz

Ref. = -44.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -59 dB

%

reo

o

3

o

reo

o

3

CO

;£ °>

> i—5' ""

I 3 l >

00 400 600 800 1000 1200

sample number

Figure 260. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 230.0 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

20

10

-10

^-20

m

re11-30

o

cu -40

-50

-60

-70

-80

reo

<- 5\o

3

ireoo

3

CD

reo

re

1re o o

(Z> Cfi O re 3 (3

n co

o

".. '

1 " —

1—:

! ^i^-r

Freq. = 439 MHz

Ref. = -60.0 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -42 dB

reoo

3

>

200 800 1000

—.

400 600

sample number

Figure 261. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 439.25 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

223
m

~a

0)o

0~

20 i

10 - |

3

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

O

O

3

n

-aoT3O

O

o

o

3

DO

1 1

! "

o'3

Freq. = 908 MHz

Ref. = -45.5 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -56 dB

200 400 1000 1200

Fii

600 800

sample number

ure 262. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 908.0 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

PQ-a

o

-70 Freq. = 1830 MHz Ref. = -38.3 dBm Approx. noise fl. = -63 dB

-80

500 000 1500 2000

sample number

2500

Figure 263. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 1830.0 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

224
-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 2445 MHz

Ref. = -52.4dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -48 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

sample number

Figure 264. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 2445.0 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

-50

-60

-70

-80

Freq. = 4900.0 GHz

Ref. = -59.3 dBm

Approx. noise fl. = -42 dB

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

sample number

Figure 265. NIST Boulder laboratory walk-through at 4900.0 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

225
250 r

200

1501

100

50

80 -70 -60 -50 -40

freq. = 49 MHz

ref. = -54.1 dBm

1

8 median = -40.1 dB

mean = -35.0 dB °- 6

std. dev. = 1 1 .9 dB 0.4

0.2

-30 -20 -10 10

300;

240

180

120

60

/ "

freq. -162 MHz median = -59.9 dB

- / ref. = -41.0 dBm mean = -50.8 dB

std. dev. -14.6 dB

./ -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 •10

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

10 2

u-QU

250-

200 h

150

100

50

L

freq. = 230 MHz

ref. = -44.0 dBm

n—

median = -50.7 dB

mean = -44.2 dB

std. dev. = 16.7 dB

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 Power (dB)-20 •10 10

Figure 266. N1ST Boulder laboratory statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 49.8, 162.075, and 230.0 MHz, receiver at wing 6 site.

226
250

200

150

100

50

-BO

freq.=439MHz

ref. = -60.0dBm

-70 -60

median = -37.1 dB

mean = -30.7 dB

stddev. = 13.9dB

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

250

200-

150

100

50

:0

fieq.=908MHz

ref. = -45.5 dBm

-70 -50 -40 -30 -20

median = -50. 1 dB

mean = ^l4.1 dB

stddev. = 15.6dB

-H_^ -10 10

1

0.8

0.6 QU

0.4

0.2

2§

median = -60.8 dB

mean = -52.9 dB

stddev. = 13.8dB

40 -30 -20 Power (dB)

-10 10

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

2§

Figure 267. NIST Boulder laboratory statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 439.25, 908.0, and 1830.0 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

227
1000

800;

600;

4O0i

200

-BO -70 -60

freq.= 2445 MHz

ref.--52.4dBm

1

0.8

median = -46.3 dB 0.6

rrean = -39.1dB 0.4

stddev. = 13.7dB 0.2

-40 -30 -20 -10 10 >§

QU

1250

1000

750

500

250

-70 -60

freq.= 4900 MHz

ref.=-59.3dBm

-50 -40 -30

Power (dB)

-20 -10

rredian = ^l0.9dB mean = -37.3 dB

stddev.=9.0dB

10

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

»

Figure 268. NIST Boulder laboratory statistics, histograms, and empirical CDF for walk-through

data at 2445.0 and 4900.0 MHz; receiver at wing 6 site.

228
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