UNITED gTATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

. 

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Bul. 820, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE I. 

CHARACTERISTIC APPEARANCE OF DENSE-FOLIAGED WHITE PINE ON THE 

RIGHT, THIN-FOLIAGED JACK PINE IN THE CENTER, AND MEDIUM-FOLIAGED 

NORWAY PINE ON THE LEFT. 

I UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I 

I I. 

Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER May 22, 1920 

JACK PINE. 

By WILLIAM DENT STERRETT, Fowst Ezantim~. 

CONTENTS. 

Page. Pwe. 

Introduction.. ............................. 1 Susccplibility toinjury.. ................... u) 

Distinyishing eli3raoterin:ics.. ............. 2 Supply of jaok pine timber.. ................ 22 

Rage ...................................... : 3 Charactm' 22 

Forest types ................................. 8 Etilizatio 21 

Sail, moisture, hxd light re~uirements.. ..... 6 Stllmpag 21 

Formmd dovdopment.. ................... 7 Management 28 

Repkodoetion ............................... 18 Appendix ................................ 34 

INTRODUCTION. 

Jack pine' is a Tery frugal tree in its climatic and soilrequirements. 

The northern limit of its natural range is within 14 degrees of the 

Arctic Circle and the southern is marked by the southern shores of 

Lake Michigan. No other North American pine grows naturally so 

far north and all the others grow farther south. It develops commercial stands sad reproduces itself on dry, barren, sandy ridges and 

plains unsuited to other native trees. The seed germinates moro 

quickly and grows more rapidly in its early Fears on lumbered and 

burned-over forest land and on idle, worn-out, cleared land than the 

other pines occurring within its ran-e On good soils or on poor soils 9' with a cover of moisture-conservmg mulch resulting from forest 

growth it gires may to longer lived species. The fires which are com- .. mon on jack pine lands burn off the litter, keep the soil impoverished, 

1 Jaok pine iv~doseribed undor the nano of Finus divericala by Du Mont do Cornset in 1832, and a ,-ear 

!. .P:I.C~#:! ., TI. I! ' rn~;..'i..:c: \,.:<lc:! '1; dthv.'h~:.:z.:,c\@:i.:!y!~:Z L~IC,I :TI! ~k.:., 

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I BUmETIN 320, IT. S. DEPARTDIENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

I 

1, 

and prolong the tenure of jack pine over extensive areas of sandy 

I! ridges and plains. There are large arms with poor soil and severe 

climate, especially in Canada, on which jack pine is the permanent 

forest growth. It is, therefore, one of the characteristic forest types 

of the North.' 

In the Lake States jack pine produces chiefly small-sized, knotty 

' lumber, much inferior to that from the Norway and white pines which 

grow with it. It has, however, good possibilities of profitable utilization for pulpwood, box boards, mine timbers, and other low-grade 

material. Its rapid growth when young, its good yields per acre on 

poor land, and the ease which it reproduces itself make it suitable 

for timber growing on a short rolalion. 

Jack pine is an important tree for forest management on poor, sandy 

soils in the region of its natural distribution, and has been successfully 

planted outside of its natural range in the sand hills of western Nebraska. In the Lake States there are hundreds of thousands of acres 

of poor, sandy plains-land, impoverished by fires, on >vhich jack 

pine is a pioneer tree, forming stands by natural reproduction where 

white and Norway pine have not appeared. These two species come 

in later with improved soil conditions and under the shelter of t,he 

jack pinc. Wherever good stands of jack pine can be secured without 

expense by natural reproduction, that is usually preferable to planting the land,with more valuable species at considerable expense and 

with less certainty of success. 

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS. 

Jack pine has leaves in bundles of two, from 3 to 13 inches long, flat, 

or slightly concave on their inner surface, and surrounded by a short 

sheath. The cones are from 12 to 2 inches long, ohlique at the base, 

sessile, erect, and strongly incum-ed, with thick, soft scales, armed with 

minute,incurved prickles which usually fall away. (See Pls. I and 11.) 

The only other two-leaved pine with which jack pine is like11 to be 

confused is the lodgepole (Pinus eontorta). The ranges of these two 

species overlap slightly in central western Albe~ta.~ Their leaves are 

about thc same size, and their conesarererysimilar. The cones of both 

are curved, hut those of jack pine are erect or pointing in the direction 

of the end of the twig, while those of lodgepole are horizontal or declining, panting upward or even backward. Jack pine is further dis- - - 

1 Ths gromh, yield, form, and volume tables which arc the ohivf basis for this bulletin were compiled 

mo~tly from mevsurements taken in 1906 on pure, dmse, even-aged stands of jack pine in Hubbard 

Cmty, Mhm.., by Prof. n. E. Chapman, of the Yale Forest School. The bibliography of data used and 
JACIC PINE. 3 

tinpished by absence of permanent prickles on the cones. Most 

chracteristic, however, is the position of the cones. In jack pine the 

cones are subterminal; that is, they grow near the ends of the twigs. 

Inlodgepole pine the cones are lateral; that is, they grow on the sides 

of the larger twigs. RANGE. 

Jack pine ranges from the southern shores of Lake Michigan to 

latitude 65' on the Mackenzie River, and from Nova Scotia to the 

southeastern corner of Yukon Territory and northeastern British 

Columbia, extendii nearly to the foothills of the Canadian Rockies. 

(See fig. I).' Its range east and \vest is some 2,500 miles; its north 

and south extension is 1,600 miles, and averages about 600 miles along 

any meridan. 

In the United States jack pine ranges from western Maine through 

northern hTew Hampshire a,nd northern New yorlc, and extends north 

from northwestern Indiana, northeastern Illinois, through most of 

Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. It has also been extensively 

and successfully pIant,ed in the sand hills of western Nebraska. 16s 

occurrenwin commercial stands in the United States is limited to certain parts of the Lake States-the Northern Peninsula and the northern half of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, the northern half of 

Wisconsin, and the northern half of Minnesota east of the ninty-sixth 

meridian. In the eastern States it is always a small tree occurring in. i 

small, widely scattered groups on sandy barrens. 

InCanada jack pine has a much greater range andis of more importance commercially than in the Unite8 States. It occum most 

abundantly in northern Ontario and Quebec, and in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. 3n the region west of Lake Winnipeg it 

reaches a fine development. It is found north of the Saskatoher~an 

Riverasfarwest as Fort Assiniboine, and extends northinto the valley 

of the Mackenzie River. It is one of the most abundant trees in the 

extensive but largely noncommercial forests which cover northern 

Canada. 

GEOLOGY AND CLIMATE OF TEE 3ACK FTNE REGION, 

The soil in which jack pine occum in southern Canada, New England, New York, and.the Lake States is largely of glacial origin, 

deposited and spread out by the waters of the meltiq ice sheet in 

the last glacial period. To the north, including portions of northern 

Minnesota and throughout most of its range in Canada, the country is 

for the most part a region of crystalline rock (granite, gneisses, and 

schists) severely glaciated and denuded of its mantle of original, 

alluvial soils and only partially covered with thin, light soils of recent 

IBotanical lmgo outlined by V.H. Lamb, of the Section of Porest Distribution; wmmercialrangein 

~p I 

Caazde furnished by B H. Campbell, Director of the Canadian Fgrest-g 3782Ch: md for tho Unitcd 

Ststas by tho tho?. 
'4 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DCPBFLTDIENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

origin developed by the reatherin@ of the underlying rock. This is a. the "Great Laurentian Shield," whch comprises over 50 per cent of 

the area of Canada and extends from the northwost arm of the Lake of 

the Woods, northwest~vard and northward to the mouth of the Maclionzie River, the Arctic Ocean, and the mouth of the Kinnipeg River, 

and eastward through Ontario, Quebec, and Labrador. (See fig. 1.) 

Lakes, rivers, and swamps alternate with low hills and plateaus, which 

show a remarkably even sky line. The network of waterways extends 

throughout the region. The soil is found mostly along stream 

valleys (alluvial), on the southern exposures of ridges (glacial sands 
Bul. 820, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE 111. 

FIG. 1.-TYPICAL OCCURRENCE OF JACK PINE IN MIXTURE WITH NORWAY AND 

WHITE PINE AND SCRUBBY SCARLET OAK ON EDGE OF PLAINS TYPE. 

FIG. 2.-YOUNG STAND OF JACK PINE AND THE OLD SEED TREES WHICH 

PRODUCED IT. 
Bul. 820, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV. 
JACK PINE. 5 

and gravels), and collected in pockets. Thcro arc immense areas 

barren or valuable only for timber growing. 

Jack pine is distinctly a tree of cold climates. Great ~ariations of 

temperature take place within its range, and it occui~, for instance, 

where the winter temperature is often 60' F. below zero atid the 

summer heat sometimes ovor 105' F. above. The growing season 

within its range ~aries from two to four months. 

The heaviest rainfall of tho jack-pine belt is in parts of Nova Swtia 

and New Brunswick, whore it usually amounts to from 20 to 40 inches 

annually. The precipitation in the western portions of its range 

varies from 14 to 29 inches a year. Although essentially a dry-land 

tree, jack pino demands a climate with a moderate rainfall and 

produces the best stands where the annual precipitation is about 25 

inches. Snowfall is generally abundant throughout its region of 

clistribution, and protection is thereby dorded to the ground and 

the young growth. POREST TYPES. 

Jack pine occurs chiefly in the following forest tyl~es: (1) In pure 

stands, on what is known as jack-pine land; (2) in mixture with 

Nosway pine, on Norway pine land; (3) in mixture with white pine 

and other species, on white pine land; (4) in mixture with poplar 

(aspen); (5) in coniferous swamps and muskegs. The first and the 

last of these forest types occur throughout the range of the species, 

n~hile the second and third are limited to the United States and the 

southern part of Canada. In general, the types in which jack pine 

occurs are relatively transient ones, as this species perpetuatesitself in 

nature largely through the accidental agency cf fire. (See Pls. 111, 

IV, and V.) JACK PINE LAND. 

Land composed of poor, medium-to-coarse sands or land which is 

impoverished by fire and on which Norway or white pine does not 

readily spring up and thrive is the kind on which pure or nearly pure 

stands of jack pine constitute one of the principal forest types of the 

North. Even on this land, if for a number of years fires are excluded, 

soil and humus conditions improve and jack pine gradually gives way 

to the longer-lived and more persistent Norway pine, or in some cases 

to spruce. In the Lake States this land is usually known as "jack 

pine plain" because of its comparatively Rat topography. In 

Canada it is usually known as " jack-pinc ridge," although often it is 

only a few feet in elevation above the level of the co~~iferous swamp or 

muskeg. In the Lake States the "jack pine plain" in many cases 

formerly supported a good growth of Norway or white pine and the 

process of reversion to these species is now going on. On the border 

of the prairie region in Minnesota and Manitoba, "jack-pine prairies" 

hccur which have only a scatterin? growth of small jack pine trees. 
6 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

NORWAY PINE L4ND. 

Jack pine is found in mixturo with Nomvny pine on frosh-to-dry 

flats and ridges of fine sand, jack pine sometimes composing one-half 

the stand. 

WHITE PINE &AND. 

On moist flats of very fine sand and silt, where white pine thrives, 

jack pine occurs sporadically as a subordinate tree. After lumbering 

and burning on these lands, however, jack pine may take possession 

and for a while form the dominant growth. 

JACK PINE AND POPLAR (ASPEN). 

Considerable areas bearing jark pine and poplar (aspen) are found 

in the western part of the range of jack pine in Canada. The type 

varies "from jack pine scattered in poplar to poplar scattered in jack 

pine. In these areas the jack pine is usually of very good gromth, 

since it occupies better soils than it usually does.'" 

CONIFEROUS SWAMPS AND MUSKEGS. 

In the Lake States jack pine grows only occasionally in swamps, 

but toward the north, as the number of tree species inhabiting 

muskegs gradually decreases, the proportion of jack pine in them 

becomes larger. However, in this type the jack pine is seldom of 

commercial importance. 

Tables 29, 30, and 31 (appendix) show what species occur, more or 

less abundantly, with jack pine in the Lake States and in Canada on 

land where it is the prevailing tree. The appearance of tamaraclc 

and ash in Table 29 indicates that the edge of a swamp was included 

in some of the acres measured, as these species are not found in any 

of the jack-pine forest types. 

SOIL, MOISTURE, AND LIGHT REQliIREMENTS. 

Jack pine is primarily a tree of light, dry, medium to coarse, 

thoroughly drained sands and gravels. It is confined to geological 

formations which contain no lime~tone.~ One of its important characteristics is its ability to reproduce and grow fairly well on thin, dry, 

sandy uplands where other species will not grow. Jack pine grows 

best, however, on fairly deep upland flats, where the drainage is good 

but the water table fairly near the surface. This is really Norway 

pine land, from which Nonvay pine usually crowds out the jack pine 

if fires are kept (See Pls. V, VI, and VII.) 

1 Eatraotfromsletterby R. H. Campbell, Directorofthe Canadinn Forestry Branch. 

2 See B. Moore in Vol. XVll, p. W, of the Journal of Forestry. 

3 Table 17 (appendix) indicates that in northem hesota jack pine stands occur prer-ailQiy on mw 

dim toome sands, Norwny pinestands on fmesand, and white pinestands on very6ne sands~ndsilts. 

rMedium tocohrsesands amprisein alarge degiee the "Sds of the Wentian oountryin Cmada, where 

jbok pine roadies its best development." Sec Barestry Qunrterly, 701. IX, No. 1, p, 7.) 
JACIi PINE. 7 

Most of the soil on which jack pine occurs has little or no accumulation of humus. Accumulation of humus would mean, in some cases, 

improved soil conditions and the ousting of jack pine by more persistent, longer-lived species.. 

Jack pine requires at least 10 per cent of water in the soil for its best 

growth. On very dry soils young stands of jack pine may do well at 

the outset, but the growth is not sustained, the trees do not reach 

large size, and the stand becomes more open because of competition 

for soil moisture. To a limited extent jack pine grows in swamps 

also, but in a stunted form. 

Jack pine is intolerant of shade, somewhat more so than Norway, 

and considerably more so than white pine. For this reason it is 

unable to reprpduce itself under the shade of mature trees. Jack pine 

stands which are dense up to the age of from 30 to 50 years thin out 

rapidly thereafter even on good sites. On lands suited to white or 

Norway pine, but which become seeded up to dense stands of jack 

pine following lumbering and fire, these species, through their 

superior tolerance and persistence in growth, gradually seed in and 

push themselves up through the jack pine and kill it out entirely, not, 

however, before the jack pine has reached merchantable size. 

FORM AND DEVELOPMENT. 

In dense stands jack pine is a tall, slender tree, with a short crown' 

and a long bole. In .open stands it tends to develop a dome-shaped, 

wide-spread'mg crown and a short bole. The dead branches are very 

persistent, normally remaining on the trunk from the live crown 

almost to the ground during most of the life of the tree. 

The size of a mature jack pine tree varies greatly in different 

portions of its range. I11 northern and western Minnesota, where 

jack pine forests attain their best development in the United States, 

dominant forest-grown trees which reach matllritg when from 80 to 

100 years old are usually from 60 to 80 feet tall and from 10 to 15 

inches in diameter at breast height. Older trees are frequently found 

which are 85 feet high and 15 or 16 inches in diameter. Trees 90 

feet in height and over 20 inches in diameter are sometimes found, 

but these are the exception, and indicate better soil coilditions than 

usually obtain where jack pine grows. After reaching 80 years of 

age, and sogetimes sooner, jack pine deteriorates rapidly. 

On the jack pine plains in the northern half of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan there are many miles of pure young jack pine forest 

in which there are few, if any, trees over 75 feet in height or more than 

14 inches in diameter. Frequent fies have thinned many of these 

stands and as a result large numbers of the trees are scrubby and 

branchy. On the Michigan National Forest in the Lower Peninsula 

jack pine averages from 4 to 6 inches in diameter and from 30 to 40 
8 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

feet in height, and only infrequently is it found over 8 or 9 inches in 

diameter and 50 feet in height. The small diameter of the trees is 

explained by the fact that most of the stands are comparativeLy 

young. In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan jack pine stands occur 

on better soils and are fa~ored with a heavier rainfall than are those 

found in the lower peninsula. Therefore the average size of the 

trees is larger and the quality is better. Trees have been found here 

18 inches and over in diameter, 90 feet in height, and 150 years of 

age. (See PI. VIII.) Most of the stands are, however, composed of 

young and small trees. 

On the eastcnl outskirts of its range in New 'England where a few 

jack pine gores occur, the height of the trees is usually only from 

15 to 20 feet. These groTes are composed of comparatively young 

trees. In Nova Scotia and castern Canada also this species is of 

small size. 

In the region north and west of Lake Superior and west of Lake 

Winnipeg jack pine reaches its best development. Eere it is occa,- 

sionally 90 feet in hcight and 20 inches in diameter. North of Lake 

Winnipeg it seldom exceeds 8 inches in diameter and 50 feet in height.' 

Tables 18 to 28 (appendix) indicatc the form and growth of jack 

pine trees in regard to width of croxm, thiclmcss of balk, taper, and 

volume expre3sed in different units of measurc. 

ROOT SYSTEM. 

On deep, sandy soil where the water table is loxi-, jack pine produces 

a long characteristic taproot. On loose soil the lateral roots spread 

outward only a short distance and then descend parallel to the taproot. During the first year seedlings on this quality of soil send a 

taproot down from 6 to 12 inches, and develop very few laterals. 

(See fig. 2.) On better soils a widely branched, surface-feeding root 

system is dcveloped early because of the relatively large amount of 

food and moisture near the surface. At the same time a more or 

less pronounced taproot is sent down, though this does not develop 

as rapidly as on sandy soil. On shallow and met soils jack pine 

develops only lateral roots. 

RATE OF GROWTH. 

Tables 1 to 8, inclusive, indicate the rate of increase in diameter 

and height of single trees of jack pine growing in different regions 

and under different conditions. 

1 See Forestry Quarterly, Deoenber, 1916. 
BEEN NO FIRE FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS. There has been no fire here for some time and a spruce understory has sprung up in 

places. 
Bul. 820, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI. 

FIG. !?.-TYPICAL GROWTH OF JACK PINE ON JACK PINE PLAINS IN MICHIGAN. 

STAND DENSE IN SPOTS AND OPEN IN OTHERS. 
Bul. 820, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI I. 
Bul. 820, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIiI. 
JACK PINE. 9 
10 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

TABLE 1.-Rate of qrolvth in diameter ad height of jack ine, in dense stands andof 

isolated w newly isolated lrees, in ~ubbax?~ounEy, Hinn. 

1 Isolated or nearly isoTrsc~ in aonse strurb 18 to 99 years old. Lsted trees 22 to 82 

years old. 

Age. I .\voiage. I Xadmum. I Average growth. 

I D. b. h. I Height, ht. D. b. h. I =eight. I D. b. h. / IIeight. 

Inches. 

1.2 

2.3 

3.3 

4.0 

4.6 

5.1 

5.6 

6.1 

6. 5 

6.9 

7.3 

7.6 

8.0 

8.3 

8.7 

Bared on 604 treo::, 18 to 99 years old. hIeasurements by E. H. Chapmnn. 

Feel. 

9 

16 

22 

28 

33 

38 

4a 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

59 

62 

64 

Tablo 1 indicates a much faster diameter growth of isolated and 

partly isolated trees than the average growth of trees in dense 

stands-faster even than the average growth of predominant trees in 

such stands. 

Inches. 

1.8 

8.8 

5.5 

6 9 

7.8 

8.8 

9.5 

10.2 

la Q 

11.5 

12.1 

12.7 

15.3 

13.9 

14.5 

TABLE 2.-Rnto of growth in diameter and height of jack pine in Cass County, Minn. 

Age. 

Maximum. I 

i 

-ige. Dizmetcr 

breast 

high. 

Inches. 

11.1 

11.6 

12.1 

12.6 

13.0 

13.4 

13.8 

14.2 

14.6 

15.1 

89 

I 

- 

Height. 

Peel. 

72 

74 

76 

78 

80 

82 

83 

83 

86 

88 

65 ........ 

60 ...... 

ncsea on 52 treos GQ to 124 nverzging 93 yonrs old and 7 to :6 inches in dinmeter, the trees having been oat rorssw logs. xensoremdntsby J. bt.7. ~onedloi. 

hvorago. AvcIc*~~. 

yczis. Inches. Pi. Inches. 1 Ye 

Diameter 

bresst 

high. 

Inches. 

8.4 

8.8 

9.2 

9.6 

Alarimum. 

~iameter 

brcsit 

high. 

5 ........ 

7.4 

7.9 

Height. 

----- 

Pert. 

63 

65 

68 

70 

Dhmeter 

breast 

high. 1Icight. 

71 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

IIeight. 

30 ........ 

35 ........ 

40 ........ 

45 ........ 

50 ........ 

.... --.--- 10 ........ 0.6 lo I4 2070 ...... 

67 1 115 ...... 1 12.3 

40 1; 120 ...... 12.6 

I: I" 

57 

60 

15 ........ 

20 ........ 

25 ........ 4.2 

5.0 

5.7 

6.3 

6.9 

3 . . . . . . . . . . 

10.1 

10.6 

1265 ...... 

1.5 

2.4 

3-3 

35 

40 

45 

50 

53 

41 

47 

52 

57 

64 

6.3 

7.2 

8.1 

8.8 

9.5 

1 85 ...... 10.0 , 90 ...... / 10.4 

95 ...... 10.8 ' 1W ...... 11.2 

61'105 ...... / 11.6 I It& ..... 11.9 

16 2.8 

23 4.1 

28 

30' 

7 3580 ...... 5.3 
JACK PINE. 11 

TABLE 3 -Rate of growth in diameter of second-growth jacE pin? in northern Minnesota. 

NoTE.-Bs~ ondcendeme~urornent on46 l-foot Lumps32 to 5l sonrs old. Measwemontstiy 3. St. I. Benediol, lo Cass Counly, Minu. 

- 

Age. 

Yean. 

5 ................................................. 

10 ......................... 15 ......................... 20 ......................... 25 ..................... .:.. 

TABLE 4.-Rate of growth Bn diamek~ and hetg7bt of dominant jack pine trees in Crawford and Roscommola Counties, Mich. 

Age. Diameter Diametw Diameter Total height. height. 

--- ----- 

t&il; Iteight. :~i; height. 

. Inches. Fm. Years. Inchm. F Inc7brs. Feu. 

5 .................. 2 .......... 4 55 ...... 8.4 55 11.0 61 

8 1.5 13 60 ...... 8.8 58 11.5 70 

15. ...... 16 8.2 22 65 ...... 8.2 61 12.0 72 

20. ...... 22 4.8 81 70 ...... g.6 63 12.4 

25. ...... 28 6.3 39 75 ...... 10.0 64 12.8 75 74 

30. ...... 34 7.5 45 80 ...... 10.3 65 13.1 

38 8.4 

76 

35 ....... 6.0 51 85 ...... 10.7 66 13.5 77 40 ....... 6.7 44 9.3 56 90 ...... 11.1 67 13.8 

45.. ..... 7.3 48 8.9 61 8 11.5 51 14.3 78 78 

50. ...... 52 10.5 64 loo...... 11 8 68 14.7 80 

TABLE 5.-Measwcmmfs' on18 trees in a dense young stand ofjack pine on sandy pine 

plain kn the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. 

IThe tie= were cut lor pulpw~d in 4-loot lengths and taken to a to diameter of 4 inches, v,;lhan &vor&ge of 122 pieoes per cord. See PI. XI?.I 

I .%Perage. 1 ~arimum. 1 ~nimum. 

Diameter b*ast high. 

Age. 

Ymrs. 

30 ........................ 

Maximum. 

Im7~m. 

1.8 

3.6 

5. 2 

6.5 

Average. 

Inches. 

1.2 

2.5 

3.8 

4.8 

Diameter breml high. 

hlarimum. 

Inc7~ts. 

7.7 

35 ........................ 40 ........................ I ;:: 45 ........................ 10.3 I 5(1 ........................ 11.1 

Avoragc. 

Inclrcs. 

5.7 

6.5 

7.3 

8.1 

8.9 
12 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

TABLE B.-iVew~ements~ on 25 hees in a f&ly dense, somewhat mature to overmahcre 

stand ofjaek pine in the Uppe Peninsula of Michigan. 

1Th~t:eri w-rs cut i,r.Qv lu.. *.an1 1.xn.e I on zl<w unJ7 ri lee, sl~:htlv el~vvr,l ,!,ow s if?#~-k*i: IWIIIIII on ":la , rlc,d:l.l t.'osu n ewer are? of +lm.e.', !l:nm I: mI $,le.. ,ILL\ prne on illr ~rl..r. 

Sd,c, fvuz.n.l ulldri:nd >vrfcr 01%" ,ul irll S.M 11. \111.] 

1 I I 

L Memurements by Euber C.Hilton, 1018. 

TABLE 7.-Rate of growth, in diamelm and height, of jack pine, on good sites in western 

Ontario.' 

Age .... em.. Height. .. ...... .. . . .. .... .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. ...... .... .. ...~;feP' 

Dismeter breast high. ... ..... . . . ., . . . . . . .. .. . . . ch. 

volumeik boardfeet, Smibnar dewrnd,rule.. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . ~olumein bmrd feet (millsoaile ofposs~blbleround-edge).. . . .... . . . . Clearlength .................................................. fmt.. 

Msrchentablelength ......................................... do .... Number of 1Gioot logs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... ..-. .--..--- 

Diameter Diameter 

A60 Age. breast Height. high. 

-- I lI Brom anarticleby L. M. Ellis, in the Forestry Quarterly, for Mar. 1, 1911. 

Bssed on 100 troes. 

104 

72. 5 

12.2 

128 

175 

34 

46.4 

3 

TABLE 8.-Average rate of grou,th, in diameler, o 50 representative jack p.m trees, on the Riding Mountain Resme, k. anztoba, Canada.' 

Diameter Dimeter 

Age. dge. bressthigh 

(outside 

bark). 

125 

88 

17 

290 

430 

50 

60 

3-t 

Idea. Yeam. 

0.5 ....................................... 2.8 70 .................................... 5.4 80 .................................... 7.3 90 .................................... 8.8 LW .................................... 

€8 

ti1 

9.8 

50 

90 0 

32 

2 

Table 3, relating to trees gown in Cass County, Minn., shows a 

less rapid diameter growth than Table 2, which refers to other trees 

grown in the same county, probably because those covered in Table 

3 are comparatively open grown, thrifty second growth. 
JACK PINE. 13 

Table 4 indicates the average dominant and the predominant 

growth on jack-pine land of good quality in tho northorn part of tho 

Southern Peninsula of Michigan. 

Tables 5 and 6 indicate the development of jack pine in dense 

stands on good sites in the southern part of the Upper Peninsula of 

Michigan. 

Table 7 indicates the rate of growth on good sites in wes'tern 

Ontario, a region very favorable to the growth of jack pine. 

Table 8 shows the growth on poorer soil in Manitoba. 

Tables 9 and 10, which are not comparablc with Table 1, being 

based on different data, show the average growth and yield at different ages of dense, cven-aged, unmanaged stands of jack pine oli 

sandy soils in Hubbard County, Minn. Thcse stands have been 

more or less damaged at one time or another by ground fires which 

were not sufficiently severe to k~ll many trees, but which without 

doubt appreciably lessened the vitality and rate of growth of a large 

number of them. 

TABLE 9 -Rate 0~'growtd and yield per acre of are, even-aged, dmely stocked sstndds of 

jack pine nn ISubba7d (mnty, Xinn 

SITE QUAILTY "GOOD." 

Treos ,,or ncro. 

Age. Domi- Yield 

Years. Number 

20 ............................. 1,120 22 ............................. 819 

30 ............................. 672 

35 ............................. 665 

40 ............................. 485 

45 ............................ 432 

50 ............................. 393 55 ............................. 374 

60 ............................. 353 

05 ............................. 345 

70 ............................ 332 I I I I I I I 

SITE QUALITY "POOR." 

5.1 

5.4 

5.7' 

5.9 

ti. 1 6.3 

6.5 

6.7 

6.9 

7.1 

Tots1 volume, ineluding barlr, of all trees 2 inches and over in diameter, breast high. 

Based on 123 plots: area, 90.2 *ores. Measurements by H. E. Chapman. 
14 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

TABLE 10.- Yield per awe of pure, even-aged, densel stockd stands qfjaek pine in Hub 

bard Cbunfy, Minn., calculatedin ndicj!et, cords, and boavdfeet. 

SITE QUALITY "GOOD." 

I Yield per acre. 

Cords, ' Colds. Booid I Boordfl Boardn Board ft 

1.6 1.3 56i ................... : ......... :. 

6. 5.3 3200 7W 300 .......... 13.6 11.2 6'9~ 1 SDD 7W .......... 22.1 18.2 10:500 3:2W 1,4W 3W 

28.0 23.1 13 zw 4 TOO 2 3w 1,308 

31.6 26.1 14'9~ 6:s~ 3:3W 2,200 

34.2 28.3 16'3~ 8 6W 5 2M) 2,QW 36.4 30.1 17:4W 101700 6'2~ 3,4W 

38.4 31.8 18 sw laism O'QW 1,m 40.1 33.6 19:6W 14:w0 7'6~ 4 4W 41.8 34.7 246W 15,3W 8:2~ 4:8W 

SITE QUr\ILTY "POOR." 

1 TC t?l Y.,IL 81 0:4e:.. i~.cIu~l~!. :I .ch 

2I.l .... C.. r.I('.:II u:d 

$PC? :.I. .",.?,k,?, ,',l~,,l"l!,, I. ,!J,\v:, tc. I, 9, lKr<,L:>:., IS..,:, :,.:,?,:e ,.. J:< 

%s;-el cuy ~v:..:~-~. L~I,\ PL:..L#:~ I .'.I. as*, TL' 1%. A:, i81 >,,,-r.It~ 3 ,tuilm . t~.:hc, ~. I ir.l, ?.!IICIPT mrla inpi nt '0,. . i . rnc1.r. ,c~.< I '.'J T? Ic .: '1:...1I.x . 

Baed on dots givenin Tables 84 and 35 in the appendix. 

In these tables "good" quality of site indicates the better classes 

of soils which would be suitable for growing Norway pine, while 

"poor" quality indicates those soils not so well adapted to Norway 

pine. 

Tables 34 and 35 (appendix) give the details of the field measurements of the plots used as the basis of Tables 9 and 10. All of these 

plots were used as a basis for determining the total cubic volume. 

The items other than total cubic volume were based on selected plots 

classified as qualities "good" and "poor" on the basis of their total 

cubic yield. This classification corresponds closely to a classification 

based on the average dominant heights of the different plots. (See 

fig. 3, facing p. 16.) The plots selected were those whose total cubic 

volumes were close to the average curves for total cubic rolumes. 

Table 11 shows the growth and yield of six plots at different points 

in northern Minnesota, the data having been collected and computed 

by State Forester Cox. Under the heading, "Quality of site," 
JACK PINE. 15 

these plots are compared as to cubic-foot yield with those in Hubbard 

County (Table 99), and the site quality averages "poor." One plot 

at Cloquet, Mi., ranks somewhat higher than that given under 

site quality "good" in the Hubbard County yield table. 

TABLE 11.-Ykld per acre of six sample plot8 in dense, eve~yed stands ofjacl: pine on sandy soil zn norlhern dlinnesota.' 

Total numbw ottrees.. .. .. . . . Average diameter breast bigh, I 

Plot 1 Plot 2, r$;$ Plot 4 

~~oquek, ~~oquet, Rap,ds, xcrriB 

ago 13 age37 ~ge 4d 

years. pears. years. 

Plot 5, Plot 6 

Bemid~x, Cass ah, 

ago 62 age 66 

years. yew. 

- I I 1'- 

I'-"? Ill9 ~,llcefi. l awl cnmnnt I 1.r ~LC 1i:merofg Foreit Srrrice 0, 1113. r L,upir <I \rlt:r rl.s,rcl r jlrll. rn lIulL1rd Cnol?, UI~. i c TRI 1, \I. 

Table 12 shows the growth and yield of 12 plots in typical stands 

in Adam County, Wis., on sandy soils wvered with pure stands of 

jack pine. Under the heading, "Quality of site," these plots are 

compared as to cubic-foot yield with those in the Hubbard County 

yield table (Table Q), and the site quality easily averages "good," 

some of the plots ranking much higher than the site designated as 

"good" in Table 9. 

TABLE 12.-Staad and yield per acre of 12 sampb plots in dense, even-aged stands of 

jack pine on sandy soil in Adam County, Wis. 
16 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

It is interesting to compare the growth and yield of unmanaged 

natural jack pine stands as shown in Tables 9 and 10, with the growth 

and yield of well-managed Scotch pine stands in Europe, as shown in 

Table 32 (appendix). In yield per acre the "good" quality site in 

the Hubbard County table averages between site qualities I1 and I11 

for Scotch pine, and the "poor" quality site averages between IV 

and V; In the matter of height, the Hubbard County trees on sites 

whose quality is described as "good" and "poor" rank considerably 

higher than the Scotch pine trees on the above-mentioned sites. 

This may be partly accounted for by the fact that Table 9 gives the 

average dominant height, while Table 32 gives the average height 

of the stand. In general, however, a comparison of the greater 

heights and lesser yields of unmanaged jack pine stands with the 

lesser heights and greater yields of managed Scotch pine suggests 

the possibility of increasing the yield of jack pine by growing it 

under management. 

Table 13 gives the average annual increment in cubic feet and 

board feet of the stands of different ages computed on the basis of 

volumes given in Tables 9 and 10. 

TABLE 13.-Mean annual increment of pure, ever-aged densely stocked stands qfjack 

pine, Jigured in total cubicfeetfor trees .5 inches and om& in diameter, in boardfeet mill 

scale fw trees 5 inekwr and over andfor trees 8 inches and over in diomter, and in boa~d 

feet by Seribner log rule for trees 8 tnckes and over in dinmeter. 

- 

I I site qus1ity good. I I Site quality poor. 

Hill scale. Strib- 1 ner. 1 Total. 1 Mill scale. 

. I TOW. 1 

Slnehes Sinches 8 inches 8fnohes 5inehes 5lnchos 8inchos 8inehes I Iand/.*ImdIand/ over. over. over. ovor. IU/u/d*d(a over. over. over. over. 

STANDARD SITES. 

~ear8. 

20 ......... 

25 ......... 

30 ......... 35 ......... 40 ......... 46 ......... 50 ......... 

56 ......... 

g::::::::: 

70 ......... 

Iu figure 3 are exhibited all the available age-height data plotted 

in accordance with Prof. Both's plan for site classification.' According to this plan all species whose dominant trees reach an average 

height of only 90 feet in 100 years on the best sites (to be called Site 

I for those species) are to be classified as standard C species, stand- 

,See Forestry Quarterly, March, 1816. 

CU.~. 36 

44 

54 

71 

74 

72 

68 

67 

60 

cu.ft.I~d.ft. 8d.N. 

28 

73 

114 

1% 

180 

19a 

198 

E 

207 

8 

26 

45 

63 

70 

70 

68 

66 

E 60 

25 

128 

270 

3W 

330 

331 

326 

316 

!% 

294 

~d.,ft. 

la 

23 

40 

58 

84 

IM 

113 

::: 

117, 

cu.f6. 

26 

31 

36 

40 

42 

a4 

44 

: 

44 

czl.fi. ............................................................... 9 

10 

23 

3a 

37 

ro 

41 

43 

Bd./t. 

28 

83 

91 

118 

144 

172 

195 

E 

219 

Bd.ft. 

5 

24 

44 

62 

1;; 

117 

Bd.A 

.................. 

.................. 

.................. ......... 9 

16 

27 

28" 

70 
F~D.%-Iaol;pineage-height dataandourvwplotted withrefereneeto Pmf,Roth~splanforsiteolassificetion StandsrdC. Shows aversge height oldominant trees in stsnds of ditrerent ages. 

140205D-20-B~Ii. 820. 'PO Ime page 18. 
JACK PINE. 17 

Fro. 4.48~6- pine s3ptings8 yoils old and 10 feet high. Paper tied around nodes indicates termination 

olcseh sucoessive year'sgrovth,and shows sweral whorls of letem1 branches (usually 3) for each year, 

which is oharaotelistic oi this species. 
I 18 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

ards A and B being for higher-growing species. In a letter reviewing the manuscript on which this bulletin is based Prof. Filibert 

Roth says: 

I recommend that this standard of 90,75, 60, and 45 feet for I, 11,111, and IV sitw 

be made a regularly accepted or adopted standard and called standard C, and that 

all species in We United States which have a growth near to jack pine have their 

sites established and measured by this same standard C site classification on the basis 

of height at 100 years, vith values as given in figure 3, which works out we11 with 

data here gathered. 

Site I in older stands is represented sparingly in these studies (referring to the 

manuscript), because in Minnesota. jack pine does not get a chance on Site I, since 

these run to Norway pine. 

Site IY is also little represented, but is abundant in Wisconsin and blichigan. 

It will bo seen that the "good" site in Eubbard County is slightly 

better than RothJsSite 11, while the "poor" site is halfway between 

Sites I1 and 111. 

REPRODUCTION. 

SEED PRODUCTION. 

Jack pine produces a great quantity of seed. In view of the comparative shortness of the life of jack pine and its intolerance of 

shade, this characteristic is extremely important. As a matter of 

fact, the fruitfulness of jack pine, combined with its ability to grow 

on soils too poor, at the outset, for other species, is the mem by 

which it is able to maintain itself as one of the most widespread 

and important forest types of the North. (See Pls. IX and X.) 

Jack pine, like lodgepole, is a "fire tree," quickly seeding up bareburned spots or areas. It seeds well almost every year and heavily 

ewry two or three years, in contrast with Norway and white pines, 

which do not seed every year and which seed in abundance only at 

intervals of from five to seven yews and three to five years, respectively. Trees in the open or with abundant growing space are the 

most prolific seeden and commence to bear seed when from 6 to 8 

yeem old. Vigorous seed production continues up to 80 years of 

age, but is most vigorous between 40 and 80 years. 

A well-developed, vigorous tree produces from 1,000 to 1,200 

cones in a year, or from one-fourth to one-half bushel, and these 

cones contain from onefourth to one-half pound of seed, each cone 

having from 25 to 50 seeds.' Very heavily loaded jack pines sometimes yield 1% bushels of cones. There are from 75,000 to 100,000 

seed per bushel of cones, and from 100,000 to 150,000 seed per pound. 

The cone matures the second year. The seed is ripe about September 1 and dissemination commences soon afterwards. During dry 

seasons many more cones open up than in wet. Nearly haIf of them 

1 Report or Cioquot, Niuo. Expoiirnont Ststion, October, 1917, gives an arerage of 3OJaok pine seed 

pr cone as compared with 37 seeds por eonc in Norway pine. 
JACK PINE. 19 

persist on the tree for several years,' opening gradually under the 

drying effect of heat and wind. Many wnes that are on the ground 

do not open at all until scorched by he. The process of seed dissemination of jack pine is thus almost continuous. 

The small, light, jack pine seed with it,s relatively large wing is 

readily disseminated to considerable distances. It is probable that 

light winds, which are of frequent occurence in the range of jack 

pine during the season of *emination, carry some of the seeds for 

distances of a quarter of a mile or more; but most of the seeds undoubtedly fall within 100 yards of the parent tree. 

QUALITY OP SEm. 

Freshly gathered samples of jack pine seed have shown germinating percentages of 95 or 100.2 Samples from cones that had 

remained closed for some time indicated a gemination of from GO to 

75 per cent. Seed in well-closed cones may retain its germinating 

capacity many years. The great quantity of seed produced and 

the high average percentage of germination explain t,o a degree the 

widespread distribution of this hardy species and its rapid regeneration on burned lands. 

ESTABLISHMENT OF SEEDLINGS. 

Under average natural conditions jack pine seed requires from 

2 to 4 weeks for germination. Good seed, however, will germinate 

in 8 days under very favorable conditions of heat and moisture. If 

it is moist enough, the poorest sand will make a seed bed. After a 

a few weeks development of the root system the seedling becomes 

drought-resistant. 

Reproduction is most plentiful on bare soil in the open, where the 

germinating seed strikes quickly into the mineral soil. Jack pine 

reproduction is usually excluded by other trees, weeds, and underbrush from better classes of seed bed, such as have a layer of welldecomposed humus. But a fire thal; destroys these and bares the 

mineral soil gives jack pine an excellent chance. In fact, fire is 

usually a necessary precursor of very dense jack pine reproduction, 

especially on good sites, because it clears the seed bed and opens up 

old cones. Where jack pine seeds in after a fire it is usually able to 

hold its own against other species. In northern Minnesota, however, if birch or aspen seed in simultaneously wit,h it on n. better 

class of soil, they usually crowd it out. 

Jack pine seeding after a fire commonly produces an overstocked 

stand. Such a stand when 6 feet high would have from 5,000 to 

10,000 trees to the acre; but, on acmunt of the intolerance of the 

species, this number would rapidly diminish, so that the danger of 

1 In tho southern part 01 lbe rnngr oliark pinein R'ireonsin verr lev eoaes remen mopm on lhr trees. 

2 State Eoresler Sohwf, of oiohigan, reports a 58 par cent gemination lor good, frorhseed. 
I 20 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

stagnation is not very serious.' Under the shade of mature stands 

few jack pine seedlings appear, for their establishment and growth 

depend on their obtaining abundant light. 

The rate of growth of seedlings, especially seedlings of intolerant 

species, has much to do with the success or failure of the species, 

since it determines the amount of light they will receive in competition with other vegetation. Compared with other northern pines, 

jack pine grows rapidly, sometimes 6 inches or more the first year, 18 

inches the first two years, and 3 feet the first three years.2 On the 

the average, 1-year seedlings are 2 inches, 2-year-old seedlings 6 

inches, and 4-year seedlings from 1 to 3 feet high. Thoso last are 

not always high enough, however, to coapete successfully with 

hardwood seedlings, brush, and weed growths of many kinds which 

are abundant on good soils. 

SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INJURY. 

FIRE. 

Up to the age of 60 or 70 years fire is the greatest source of damage t,o jack-pihe stands. These stands, occurring as they do on 

dry, sandy soils, are especially liable to fire damage after leaf litter 

and dead twigs have accumulated for several years. Fires in dense 

young stands often become crown frres, which burn with great fierceness and destroy the entire stand. In older and more open stands 

ground hes occur, which kill a few of the trees and lessen the vit,slity 

and resistance of those left. 

Jack pine resisk fire better than Norway and white pines because 

it grows more rapidly in diameter and height during its early years, 

and the young treos of a given age have thicker bark. 

WIND, FROST, AND SNOW. 

Jack pine trecs do not often suffer from wind-throw where soil conditions have helped to dcvclop a deep-going root system. On shallow and wet soils, however, the root system is flat and the tree is very 

susceptible to wind-throw. Where the trunks are tall and slender 

or where the trees have bee11 weakened by insects or disease, severe 

storms cause considerable breakage. 

Jack pine is not especially susceptible to damage from frost and 

snow, but heavy snowfalls and ice storms cause some injury to young 

slender saplings growing in dense stands. In the plantations of 

Nebraska and Kansas jack pine sometimes suffers from those snow 

and hail storms which come late in May and break off the leaders 

or new terminal shoots. 

i supcrviaor H. C. Iiiiton, of the Xich'igm National Forest, reports s case of complete stngnation of jack 

pine, a Byour old stand oontnininglrorn SO,WO to lW,m trees per %re of -inch or lessindiameter. Such 

case% howe~er, are very exceptional. 

1 Jack pine grows 2 to 3 whorisof branehesoneh ye= (soo fig.4), while white md Xomay pines ollygrow 

onc. 
Bul. 820. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IX. 

FIG. 1.--JACK PINE MOTHER TREE (9 INCHES IN DIAMETER BY25 FEET IN 

HEIGHT) AND SEEDLINGS SPRUNG FROM IT (2 TO 8 FEET TALL). 

FIG. 2.-REPRODUCTION OF JACK PINE AND BUR AND BLACK OAK SPROUTS 

IN A STRIP CLEAR CUT SIX YEARS AGO. 
Bul. 820, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE X. 

FIG. I.-OVERMATURE JACK PINE ORIGINALLY GROWN IN DENSE STAND, BUT 

NOW OPEN THROUGH NATURAL THINNING, AND JACK PINE REPRODUCTION 

COMING UP UNDERNEATH. CROW WING COUNTY, MINN. 

FIG. 2.-REPRODUCTION OF JACK PINE AFTER CLEARING AND FIRES ON 

AN ABANDONED FARM IN THE JACK PLAINS REGION, MICHIGAN. 
JACK PINE. 21 

DISEASES., 

Jack pinestands are usually free of serious fungous diseases, but 

when they reach an age of from 60 to 90 years many of the trees 

become heartrrotted. The fungus that most often causes this condition is Polypoms schweinitzii, but Tmetes pini is sometimes rosponsible for it. 

The most common disease in jack pine is the gall-forming rust, 

Cromonartium cerebrum (Peck) Hedgc. & Long. The injury done to 

young and old trees alike by this fungus is such that, in any system of 

forest management of jack pine, methods for its eradication should 

be considered. "It causes the death or early suppression of trees of 

tender years and seriously interferes wit11 tllc development of more 

mature growth." ' 

The defect kiiown as "witches' broom" is frequently present in 

jack pine crowns, especially in open stands on dry, smdy soils. This 

is a bushy grou~th of fine twigs from an affected point on a terminal 

shoot. The stimulus for this growth is probably furnished, in most 

cases, by some perennial fungus. The "witches' broom" precludes 

further development beyond the point of attaclr, and the incremei~t 

of a badly infected tree falls off rapidly. The damage is not widespread, however, and in the aggregate is not serious.' Near t!he limits 

of its northern range the jack pine is subject to attacks by mistletoe, 

resulting also in the formation of "witches' brooms." 

Several fungous saprophytes attack jack pine wood left in the forest and cause its quick decay. Dead trees usually become unsound 

within2 or 3 years. 

INSECTS. 

Jack pine is rarely damaged by insects, except where the stand 

has been ser~ously weakened by fire, especially by fire occurring in 

the summer. According to Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of the Bureau of 

Entomology, U~iited States Department of Agriculture, the living 

jack pine is often attacked and more or less seriously injured at the 

base and on the stems of saplings by bark weevils and bark beetles, 

on the buds and tu~igs by tip moths, and on the foliage by saw flies. 

The tip moth has attacked most oE the jack pine in the plantations 

at Halsey, Nebr., reducing the height growth and causing minor 

crooks. The bark and wood of weakened, dying, and felled trees are 

subject to attack by the common wood-boring insects, which also 

cause pinhole and wormhole defects in the crude products? 

1 POL. B lull discussion of 1h0 disoaw~ of jwk pine, soe Bulletin No. 215 U. S. Department of Agiidtuie, 

" Obscrv~tion on lho Pslhology of the Jack Pino," by Jainos R. Weir, Forest Patliologist. 

r Any evidonoo 01 soiious injury to living troes or their products, know or suppasod to be cawed by 

inrcotr, should be reported to x Fderal or State entomolosist i\ilh a ro~uest for adrieo as to tho neod 01 

&dopting measures for provention or control. 
I 22 BULLF,TIN 820, U. S. DEPARTiMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

SUPPLY OF JACK PINE TIMBER. 

The largest supply of jack pine timber in the United States is in 

Minnesota, north of 46O of latitude. State Forester Cox in July, 

1916, roughly estimated this supply at 5 billion board feet,' with 10 

million cords of material obtainable from trees under 8 inches in 

diameter. He also stated it as his belief that jack pine in that State 

is probably growing more rapidly than it is being cut, although fires 

'destroy annually a great deal of the young growth. 

In 1898, Prof. Filibert Roth saidZ of the supply of jack pine in 

Wisconsin : 

At present it is not used to any extent, neither stumpage nor logs having real commercial value, except where used as fuel and for farm purposes. The stand of this 

pine, if taken down to 4 inches, is about 31 billion feet, oi which about hali might be 

wed for dimension stun, while the rest could be employed as pulp~ood.~ 

The supply of saw stuff has doubtless been considerably reduced 

since that time. With respect to trees suitable for cordwood and 

pulpwood, however, new growth has probably equaled the amount 

that has been cut in clearing and lumbering. 

A recent compiluLivri by the author of the Forest Resources of 

Michigan places the stand of possible jack pine saw timber at 1-115 

billion board feet. There would be more than this much again of 

pulpwood. In New York and New England the stand of jack pine 

is negligible. 

Bulletin 50 of the Canadian Forestry Branch contains an estimate 

for 1915 of from 7 to 8 billion board feet of jack pine timber in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. 

The supply of jack pine is more nearly keeping pace with the annual 

cut than that of either Norway or white pine. On the one hand, the 

market for it is more limited because of the small size of its timber; 

and, on the other, it reproduces freely on cut-over or burned land 

formerly occupied by these more vnluable species. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WOOD. 

Supeficially the wood of jack pine is similar to that of Norway 

and white pines. The sapwood is nearly white and the heartwood 

light brown to pale orange. In trees under 50 years of age the wood 

is mostly sap, the proportion gradually decreasing with age. Even 

in 100-year-old trees the sapwood often constitutes half the volume. 

The wood is soft, light, a cubic foot of kin-dried lumber weighing 

about 30 pounds, not strong nor tough, straight and rather coarsegrained, easily worked, easily split, and apt to warp and checl: in 

1 A recent compilation by the author of tho lorosl relources of MLnnosota places the stand at 2+ billion 

board feet. 

BuUetin 1G. Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of i\gieulture. 

8 The stand of jaolr pine saiv timber 8 ioohos and over io Wisconsin is placed in a remt emnpilntion by 

the author at 1) billion feet. 
JACK PINE. 23 . seasoning unless care is exercised: It is more resinous than white 

pine, but less so than the yellow pines of the South. The heartwood 

is fairly durable in contact with the ground, but the sapwood rots 

quickly. 

A comparison of the mechanical properties of jack pine and other 

species is shown in full in Bulletin 556, United States Department of 

Agriculture.' That bulletin gives the results of tests which show 

lower average values for jack pine than for Norway pine in cross 

bending, stiffness, and work to the maximum load perpendicular to 

the grain, and higher vdues is compression parallel and perpendicular to the grain, in hardness, and in shearing strength. The differences, however, are not great. As rampared with white pine, jack 

pine shows somewhat higher average values in all the above properties except in stiffness and in cross bending, in which white pine 

averages slightly higher. 

The specific gravity of oven-dry jack pine wood, based on volume 

when green, is 0.39, which is intermediate between Norway at 0.44 

and white pine at 0.36. The weight of a cubic foot of air-dried wood 

of jack pine is 29 pounds, that of Norway is 34, and that of white. 

pine is 27 pounds. 

The structure of jack pine wood, in gross and microscopic characteristics, is not conspicuously different from that of other hard pines. 

UTILIZATION. 

Jack pine is used for railway ties, lumber, slack cooperage, pulpwood, mine timbers, poles, fencing, and fuel. (Se6 Pls. XI and 

XII.) RAILWAY TIES. 

The greatest consumption of jack pine for railroad ties is in Canada, 

where in 1911 jack pine replaced cedar as the leading species used, 

and 54 million jack pine ties (38 per cent of all ties purchased) were 

bought by consumers at an average price of 41 cents. In 1914, 

8,379,064 jack pine ties, comprising 43.2 per cent of all ties bought, 

were purchased in Canada at an average price .of 43 cents. In the 

Lake States jack pine is used much less for ties than for lumber. 

Ties can not be produced from trees under 10 inches in diameter 

breast high. Therefore, the proportion of the total stand of jack 

pine from which ties can be cut is relatively small and only the older 

trees can be used. Table 28 (appendix) indicates the number of ties 

it is possible to cut from trees of different sizes, and Table 9 shows the 

number of trees 10 inches and over in diameter in fully stocked stands 

of different ages. - VLM.3~hanic8l Properties oI Mroods Grown in tho United Statos," by J. A. Newlin and Tllomas R.C. 

Wilson, octho Forest Products Laboratory. 

E Ineludingsomelodgepole pine (P. contorle) from Alberta and British Columbia. 
- 24 BULLETIN 8U), U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Untreated jack pine ties last from 6 to 8 yean because they are 

cut from comparatively old trees that have a large proportion of 

duwble heartwood. An increasing proportion of jack pine ties, 

however, is being creosoted, and these treated ties last from 15 to 20 

years if they are not sooner rendered unusable by frequent spiking. 

LUMBER AND SLACK COOPERAGE. 

Total all gro>inces ........................... 

onb*~in ...................................... I+iTi= 

The chief use for the larger jack pine trees in the Lake States is for 

lumber. Where jack pine occurs either with Norway or white pine 

it is always cut with these species just as it comes. The larger and 

better trees are utilized chiefly for construction material, boards, 

siding, and box and slaclr cooperage material. 

In Minnesota ' most of the big mills cut at least a small quantity 

of jack pine. Perhaps 200 small mills cut jack pine, and in some 

cases nothing else, for use as box lumber and grain door boards. The 

annual cut is perhaps 200 million feet, and the cost of logs at the 

mills,.from $7 to $9 per 1,000 board feet. 

In Wisconsin all mills, from the smallest to the largest, cut jack 

pine. It would be very difficult to get a figure on the amount cut by 

large mills, and impossible to get any estimate on the amount cut by 

the small mills, because in many instances the good jack pine goes in 

with Norway pine lumber. 

The cost of jack pine at a sawmill varies from $10 to $15 per 1,000 

board feet, depending on the location, business conditions, and size 

of the timber. In 1917, No. 3 and better jack pine lumber sold for 

$20 per 1,000 f. o. b. Duluth, Minn. 

In Canada jack pine comprises about 1 per cent of the total annual 

lumber cut. Table 14 shows the cut of jack pine and the I. o. b. mill 

value of the lumber in the different provinces for the years 1913 and 

1914. 

TABLE 14-Lumber cut and f. o. b. mill value of jack pine in Canada.3 

~~~~~~~~ ~ 

Quebec.. .................................... BT'tiSh Columbia.. .......................... Alberta.. .................................... New Br~mviok. ._........................ ~~ ~ ~ I MSDltoba ............ -.-- ............ Ssskatohewan. .............................. Nova Scotia.. ............................... Prime Edward Island ....................... 

Aver&pe velua per Mleet b. m. No. of 

active Quantity, 

PlOvinC*. mill3 

rsportiog. 1913 1 1914 / 1913 1914 
~ul. 820, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XI. 

FJ282aA 

FIG. ].-PORTABLE MILL OPERATION IN A 30 TO 40 YEAR OLD JACK PINE 

STAND. LOGS MOSTLY FROM 8 TO 10 FEET LONG BYFROM 4 TO 10 INCHES 

(AVERAGE 6) IN DIAMETER AT TOP END. SIXTEEN HUNDRED LOGS WERE 

ESTIMATED TO CUT 23,000 FEET, OR 80 LOGS PER 1,000 FEET. LOGS CUT 

MOSTLY INTO 2 BY 4 AND INCH BOARDS. 

LUMBERING OF DENSE, EVEN-AGED, JACK PINE STANDS. 
Bul. 820, U. S. Deot. of Agriculture. PLATE XI I. 

DENSE. EVEN-AGED, 40 TO 50 YEAR OLD JACK PINE STANDS OF 

PULPWOOD SIZE, TREES 3 TO 9 INCHES IN DIAMETER, WITH 

20 TO 25 CORDS PER ACRE. 
JACK PINE. 25 

In general, where Norway pine logs average from $12 to $14 per 

1,000 board feet delivered at the mill, jack pine will average about 

$8.' In the winter of 1917, in Minnesota, jack pine logs sold as high 

as $12 and Norway pine at $17. The difference in price paid for 

jack and Norway pine in the log may be due partly to the fact that 

jack pine logs are smaller than the Norway pine, running sometimes 

40 or 50 log3 to the. thousand. Many of the trees from the older 

jack pine stands in htinnesota cut out better lumber than it is usually 

supposed can be cut from this tree. In some cases at least 50 per 

cent of the season's run of jack pine goes into No. 2 and No. 3 boards 

and No. 1 and No. 2 dimension stock. As such it brings the same 

price as Norway pine, and is, in fact, often graded as lower grades of 

Norway and white pine. 

Young stands of jack pine, too small for saw logs, are utilized for 

small slack cooperage, box boards, and crating. The cooperage 

material is used for pails, kegs, barrel headings, and a small amount 

for silos. In Michigan jack pine is used to a limited extent for shingles. 

Lath plants use the trees in the form of short bolts down to 3 or 4 

inches in diameter at the top end. Young stands often yield large 

returns both on account of the great number of trees per acre and 

of this close utilization of snlall trees. 

The number of board feet, mill scale, as given in Table 10, indicates 

the possibility of close utilization of jack pine in producing roundedge lumber for box and crating material. This method of utilization is feasible where portable mills are employed in dense, evenaged stands, and in this way a high yield of low-grade material is 

obtained at n small cost. 

PULP. 

Jack pine is suitable for chemical pulps made by using alkaline 

cooking liquors, either sulphate or soda. In this process it takes 

2 cords of wood to produce a ton of sulphate pulp. 

Jack pine is used for sulphate or kraft pulp in Michigan, Wisconsin, 

Quebec, and Ontario. In Quebec, in 1914, 16,746 cords of jack pine, 

at an average cost of $6.20 delivered, were used by three sulphate 

mills, while in Ontario in the same year 7,969 cords at $4 were used 

by one mill. There are three sulphate plants in Wisconsin and one 

in Michigan, and the outlook is good for additional plants of this 

Eind in Canada and the Lake States. These plants should open up 

extensive markets for young second-growth jack pine trees too small 

I Thef~iioningst~temmt froma Jenuary, 1920,reportoflhesnporvisoi oftlle MinnesotaNatiial Forest 

indicates how greatly price snd omts havo changed since the above was written: 

"Asale oIst&ndiqjaoli pine timber onlhat Porest, madein 1919, brou&?ht$6.30per 1,000 board feet for 

live and B.15 for dead timber. The omt oflogging thistimberlaas about $20 pcr I,CiMfwl, making a total 

p st of$u.li,to $26.30 for jack pine logs delivered onthelanding, or double thscost ol what while pine logs 

lo years ago. A few yews ago, whenthe jack pine timberoould havo banlogged for $4 to 88pcr 1,000 

iect, thoro vas no salo for it." 
I 26 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

for ties or lumber. In Wisconsin $5per cord is the usual price paid 

for jack pine with bark left on delivered at the railroad. It costs 

the pulp mills about $8 per cord, delivered. 

Jack pine is used somewhat for ground wood pulp. "When combined with large proportions of sulphite jack pine ground wood pulp 

produces a satisfactory manila of a color other than white." ' The 

Forest Products Laboratory is confident, from its experiments, that 

ground wood pulp from jack pine can be used in proportions well 

worth while in the manufacture of newsprint. 

One of the big problems in the pulp industry in the Lake States is 

the obtaining of a supply of woods which can be converted at a 

reasonable cost into sulphite and ground wood pulp for newsprint 

paper, and which shall be accessible to the expensive plants already 

established. If jack pine can be used, the problem will be solved to 

a large extent for many of theestablished plants, because of the 

large supply of this wood in sizes suitable for pulp, its prolific reproduction, and its rapid growth. If the presellt prices for newsprint 

paper continue, methods will probably be developed which will make 

jack pine and other pines available for newsprint. 

I FUEL. 

In many parts of its range, jack pine is the principal fuel, coal 

being scarce and its use limited. The estimated quantity of &.ewood 

used annually in the Lake States on farms alone is over 6,500,000 

cords, and of this amount jack pine forms a large percentage. 1.1 

many towns of 2,000 population and over the annual consumption 

is 2,500 cords and upward. Many of the local light and power 

companics use this species exclusively. 

I MINE TIMBER. 

Jack pine in the round is used in considerable quantities in the 

Lake States for mine props, posts, arid lagging. In northern Minnesota, jack pine timbers bring $18 per 1,000 feet Scribner Decimal C 

log scale, without cull for defects of any kind, f. o. b. main-line railroads. 

POSTS AND POLES. 

Considerable jack pine is used for posts, and, in the absence of 

better species, quite a little for short poles, from 20 to 30 feet in 

length. For these purposes it is particularly serviceable if it is we!l 

seasoned and painted with creosote or some similar preservative. 

The untreated timber does not last well in contact with the soil. 

1 From Bulletm 343, U. 5. Depsrtment of Agriculture, on "Ground Wmd Pulp,"by Thicken? and 

McN~whtm. 
JACK PINE. 21 

STUMPAGE VALUES. 

Jack pine saw logs bring from $8 to $15 per 1,000 board feet delivered at the mills in the Lake States, aud the stumpage is wort11 

from $2 to $8 per 1,000, depending on the distance from the mill 

and the means of transportation. This is for logs 6 inches and over 

in diameter at the small end, scaled by log-rule measurement. Jack 

pine trees over I0 inches in diameter can often be most profitably 

cut into railroad ties or into poles, for which purposes its stumpage 

is worth from $5 to $10 per 1,000 board feet. Where close utilization for lath, boxes and crating, slack staves, and slats is pracitced, jack pine stumpage is worth from $1 to $5 per 1,000 feet of 

material actually cut out. For pulpwood, posts, and cordwood, 

where there is a market, jack pine is worth from 50 cents to $2 per 

cord, depending on its location. 

TABLE 15.-Stum)aqe values ,per me o dense, even-aqd sslands of jack ~ine on site 

qualities "good' and "poor, ' figu7edJdr difwent values per cod and per 1,000 board 

feet. 

SITE QUALITY "GOOD." 

Stumpage valuo per 1,004 board fcol. 

stnmpage wiue per cold 1 dun. 

peeled wood. 

A@. ~iils~&i~f I Scxibner Decimal C.8 

The stumpasa values asmmed in the above os1o"lations are such as are boing p3id in tho Lake States 

today, or mag reaeonably be expeotd to be pard ln the nasr iuMe. 

Years. 

20 ................... 25 ................... 30 ................... 

35 ................... 

40 ................... 

45 ................... 

50 ................... 

55 ................... 

M) ................... 

65 ................... 70 ................... 

I With bark. 9 hi1 treas 5 inches and over. a Trees 8 inches and over. 

SITE QUALITY "POOR." 

$2.00 

S.20 

13.00 

27.20 

44.20 

56.W 

63.20 

68.40 

72.80 

76.80 

80.20 

81.60 

$0.50 

$4.80 

3.25 

6.80 

11.05 

14.W 

15.80 

17.10 

18.20 

19.20 

20.05 

20.90 

-~ 

S1.W 

M.60 

3.20 

6.90 

10.50 

13.20 

14.90 

16.30 

17.40 

16.50 

19.60 

20.60 

$1.00 

51.60 

6.60 

W.60 

22.10 

25.03 

31.60 

34.20 

36.40 

38.40 

40.10 

41.80 

$4.00 

e1.20 

2.80 

5.60 

9.20 

15.20 

20.80 

24.80 

27.60 

30.40 

32.80 

210 

6.60 

12.04 

13.60 

24.30 

28.80 

32.70 

36.60 

40.20 

43.80 

25 ................... 

30 ................... 

35 ................... 

40 ................... 

45 ................... 

50 ................... 

55 ................... 

60 ................... 

65 ................... 70 ................... 

---------- 

W 

61.50 

9.60 

20.70 

31.M 

39.60 

44.70 

4890 

52.20 

55.50 

58.30 

61.80 

81.50 

$2.40 

9.75 

20.40 

. 33.15 

42.04 

47.40 

61.30 

6860 

57.60 

80.15 

62.70 

1.95 

7.05 

13.05 

19.50 

25.05 

29.85 

34.20 

3825 

41.35 

45.15 

8.00 

S.50 

16.00 

34.50 

52.50 

6G.00 

74.50 

81.50 

81.00 

92.50 

93.W 

103.04 

56.00 

................. s1.80 

820 

8.40 

13.80 

2280 

31.20 

37.20 

41.40 

45.60 

49.20 

8.60 

11.00 

20.00 

31.00 

40.50 

48.00 

6850 

61.00 

61.00 

72.50 

0.65 

2.35 

4.35 

6.60 

835 

9.96 

11.40 

12.76 

13.95 

15.05 

83.W 

I 

: ...... 

$2.40 

5.80 

11.0 

13.40 

3Ra 

41.60 

49. W 

55.20 

60.80 

65.60 

2.60 

9.40 

17.40 

26.00 

33.40 

39.80 

45.50 

51.W 

55.30 

00.20 

1.30 

4.70 

3.70 

13.W 

16.70 

19.90 

22.80 

25.69 

27.94 

a0.10 

0.70 

2.20 

4.00 

620 

8.10 

9.63 

10.90 

12.20 

13.40 

14.50 

1.50 

3.20 

6.00 

10.W 

15.20 

19.GO 

........................ 

........................ 

........................ 

........................ 240 

4.60 

9.00 

1&W 

22.80 

29.40 

3. 20 

6.40 

12.W 

20.W 

30.40 

29.20 
/ 

28 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

TABLE 16.-Cost pe7 acre of groviinq jack pine, &u~edjor $2, $5, and $8 initial investment, i?eluding eost of land and eost qfplanting, $any, at compound inkst. 

AT 6 PER CENT COMPOUND INTEREST. 

MANAGEMENT. 

SUITABILITY OF JACK PINE FOR MANAGEMENT. 

Jack pize is well suited for forest management for three reasons: 

(1) It thrives on poor soils; (2) it quickly reproduces itself after 

.lumbering and fire, forming pure, densely stocked stands; and (3) 

it grows rapidly in its early years and soon attains sizes suitable for 

pulpwood, box boards, crating, small-dimension lumber, mine timbers, and slacli-cooperage staves and heading. Its good growth on 

.poor soils, unsuited to agricultural crops or on which more valuable 

kinds of tress do not readily seed up, suggests the po?sibility of 

utilizing large tracts of land which would otherwise be unproductive. 

The probability of this class of lands coming more and more under 

State or Federal control increases the importance of jack pine as a 

-tree for forest management on a large scale. 

Jack pine cluickly seeds up poor soils and burned-over areas and ; 

makes them productive much sooner than would otherwise be the 

case. The more valuable Norway and white pines gradually seed 

in under the shelter of jack pine stands when the soil con@tions improve. Wherever there is Norway or white pine reproduction 

underneath it to take its place, the jack pine, should be eliminated 

after it reaches merchantable size. 

Where jaclc pine occurs in mixture with Norway pine or other more. 

valiable species on soils well suited to these latter, the natural 

reduction of jack pine that takes place with the increasing age of 

the stand should be allowed to go on. In some cases it may be 

advisable to reduce the proportion of jack pine by one or more 

cuttings to encourage the more valuable Norway pine in restocking 

the area and afterward to supplement the natural reproduction wi~ 

Age. 

Yrors. 

20.. ........................... 25 ............................. 

30 ............................. 

35 ............................. 

40. ............................ 45 ............................. 

50.. ........................... 55.. .......................... M ............................. 

56 ...................... 70.. ........................... 

Cost peinere,at tiger eent corn- pound interest. 

$2. 

88.98 

12.42 

17.02 

23.17 

31.40 

42.42 

57.16 

76.89 

103.30 

133. W 185.91 

Cost por sere at 3 per eent corn- , podd interest. 

12. 

1.49 

6.74 

8.18 

9.86 

11.80 

14.05 

16.67 

19.69 

23.19 

a7.26 

31.98 

$5. 

$19.72 

28.95 

36.63 

49.57 

66.91 

90.09 

121.13 

162.67 

218.25 

292.64 

392.19 

$8. 

$30.44 

41.47 

56.23 

75.98 

102.41 

137.78 

185.10 

248.45 

333.22 

446.65 

698.45 

S5. . / E8. 

S11.72 

14.12 

16.90 

20.12 

23.85 

28.18 

33.20 

39.02 

45.77 

j(1.68 

62.65 

$17.94 

21.49 

25.W 

30.37 

26.m 

42.30 

49.73 

58.35 

68.33 

is.W 

m.32 
Bul. 820. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIII. 

FIG. I.-HIGH STUMPS CUT AS GUIDES IN LINING OUT FIRE LINE. THESE 

ARE REMOVED LATER SO THAT FURROWS CAN BE PLOWED. 

FIG. 2.-A COMP~ETED FIRE LINE, SHOWING PLOWED FURROWS WITH THE 

LIGHT, SANDY SOIL EXPOSED. 

CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE LINES IN JACK PINE. 
Bui. 820, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIV. 
SACK PINE. 2 9 

a planting of Norway pine. Similarly, it will often be advisable to 

plant &'orway or white pine on vacant areas where the soil is suitable, 

which otherwise might become seeded up to jack pine by natural 

reproduction, as is being dolle in parts of Michigan. On poorersoils, 

however, Norway or white pine has a poor chance of success, 

natural jaclc pine reproduction should always be encouraged. 

The possible returns in growing jack pine may be estimated from 

Table 15, which gives the stumpage value per acre at different ages, 

figured for dierent values per cord and per 1,000 board feet, taken 

in connection with Table 16, which gives the cost per acre of growing 

such stands. Thus, on "good" quality jack pine land the stumpage 

value per acre of a 40-year-old stand at $1 per cord amounts to $28, 

as shown by Table 15. Reference to Table 16 shows that in 40 years, 

with money at 6 per cent and with an original investment of only $2 

per acre, at which cost it would very rarely be possible to secure 

adequately stocked stands, the cost would be $31.40, or $3.40 more 

than the stumpage value. On the other hand, money at 3 per cent 

would admit of an original cost of $8 per acre and give a profit of 

$2.10 per acre above the 3 per cent interest earned on all money 

inrested. In general, raising jack pine is at present a losing investment as compared with other investments at 6 per cent, but a 

very good one as compared with others at 3 per cent. At this 

latter rate of interest the State or Federal government would be 

fully justified in growing it on lands unsuited to agricultural crops 

or to more valuable species of trees. 

ROTATION. 

A short rotation for jack pine is the mast practicable for securing 

the best financial returns and the reproduction of a new stand with 

the least daculty. A comparison of Tables 14 and 15 indicates the 

financial advisability of a short rotation. Thus, with a stumpage 

value of $5 per 1,000 board feet mill scale, and with $5 original 

investment at 6 per cent on "good" quality of jack pine land, the 

best financial rotation appears to be around 35 years. When trees 

are of this age the stumpage value ~vould be $52.50 per acre, and 

the cost, at 6 per cent interest on all money invested, only $49.57. 

On lands under public control, where the financial return is secondary to the object of making otherwise waste land productive, a 

rotation of 60 years may be advisable, which would allow the production of ties and lumber as well as mine timbers, box boards, and 

pulpwood. PROTECPION. 

Since fires, even if not severe enough to kill the trees outright, 

practically always damage stands by impoverishing the soil, injuring 

and weakening individual trees, and reducing their resistance to 
30 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

insects and fungi, the subject of fire protection is of prime importance 

in management. Reasonable assurance of protection is necessary 

before any expense in planting or management is warranted. To be 

adequate, the plan for fire protection should include provisions for 

patrol during the seasons when fire is a menace, the establishment 

and maintenance of fire lanes, the disposition of the slash resulting 

from thinnings or logging, and, on large tracts, lookouts and telephones. (See PIS. XI11 and XIV.) An accumulation of logging 

slash is a menace to any live timber near it, not only because of its 

inflammability, but also because it may harbor destructive insects. 

Brush may best be disposed of by burning. Cutting in the fall and 

winter and burning the slush in piles as the logging proceeds is an 

effective preventive of insect infestation. Fire lanes, properly laid 

out, could be used in many cases as a means of dividing the forest 

into cutting series or blocks for utilization purposes and these lands 

would make one block accessible without slashing into another 

adjacent to it. 

Danger from windfall may be lessened by cutting first on the lee 

side and proceeding in the direction from which the prevailing winds 

blow. In this way the interior of the stand is not opened to the 

sweep of the wind. Nso, a short rotation will involve less windfall 

than a long one. 

NATURAL REF'RODUCTION. 

The cutting of jack pine stands to encourage natural reproduction of the species may be accomplished in either one of two ways. 

The first method is that of clean cutting the mature stand either in 

strips or patches 100 yards or less in width. Reproduction would 

then take place from seed already on the ground or blown from the 

adjacent woods. The second method is that of a general clean cutting, leaving only from 5 to 10 scattered seed trees to the acre or, 

preferably, 2 or 3 groups of from 3 to 5 trees each. (See P1. IX.) 

To make sure of getting jack pine reproduction on the National 

Forests in northern Minnesota, it is sometimes considered necessary 

to lop the tops of the trees that ba~e been cut and scatter the brush, 

which is burned in the spring as soon as it is dry enough. This causes 

cones on the ground to open and let out their seed. Also, the seedbed is prepwed by the partial exposure of the mineral soil. On 

shallow soils with rock near the surface, brush should be burned in 

winter while snow is on the grould, so that the soil covering will not 

be disturbed. Fires should always be carefully controlled and be 

kept away from seed trees and adjacent timber Where overstocking of jack pine results, as is common after fires, the stand may be 

thinned out at a minimum expense within the first five years after 

the reproduction takes place. Natural reproduction and thinning 

would be less expensive than planting. 
JACK PINE. 31 

On the Michigan National Forests fire is not considered necessary 

in order to secure natural reproduction. This is because poorer soil 

conditions are found here than in northern Minnesota, and there is 

a muchless vigorous growth of popple and white birch. The general 

policy here is to cut all merchantable trees, pile and bum the brush, 

and rely for reproduction on the seed that is already on the ground, 

or that may come either from the trees left after cutting or from 

trees on adjacent uncut areas. 

PLANTING AND SOWING. 

The cost of planting jack pine nearly equals that for white and 

Norway pines. Therefore, the extensive planting of this species does 

not seem warranted except on the poorest soils where these better 

trees will not grow. Even here, the ease with which natural reproduction is secured makes planting unnecessary in the majority of 

cases. For forest planting on relatively arid soils both inside and 

outside its natural range, for windbreaks, and for the fixation of 

moving sand, jack-pine may be the best tree to we. On severe 

exposures in the sand hills of Nebraska, for example, jack pine 

plantations have been eminently successful, while those of Scotch, 

Norway, and western yellow pines, Douglas iir, and arborvitae have 

failed. (See Pl. XV.) 

The recently adopted holicy of the Public Domain Commission of 

Michigan provides for the planting each year of from 4,000 to 5,000 . 

acres of waste sandy-plains land to forest trees, of which the State 

Foresteri says from i0 to 33 per cent will probably be jack pine. 

It is here to be used largely as a filler for Norway and white pines, 

and planted from 5 to 6 feet apart in ploughed furrows, with 6 feet 

between the furrows. The National Forests in Michigan and Minesota contain large areas of jack pine land. Wherever jack pine reproduces naturally, the Forest Service is glad to have it do so and 

in this way save the expense of planting. But the present Forest 

Service practice is not to plant jack pine on vacant land on these 

Forests, as it is believed none of this land is too poor to grow the much 

superior Norway pine. (See P1. XIV, fig. 2.) 

Nursery-grown stock is almost always used in planting out, wild 

stock being only occasionally collected for this purpose. Experimental planting of jack pine shows that on poor sites, such as those 

found in the sand hills of Nebraska, the best results are obtained 

from the use of 3-year-old stock which has been two years in the 

seed bed and one year in the transplant bed. This material can be 

raised at a cost of from $3.50 to $4 per thousand, including seed, 

preparation of beds, and subsequent care, while the collected wild 

stock costs about $5 per thousand. On Michigan State forests, 

however, good success has been secured from ulantinp: 2-year seed- 
32 BULLETIN 820, U. S.. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

lings, and this was done at a total cost of $6 or less per acre for stock 

and planting. The State Forester ' says: 

Two-year seedlings are so much cheaper than transplants, both ss to material cad 

and labor of planting, and the death rate in plsntations made with them is so small 

that we do not think that the increased cost of transplants is justifiable in planting 

on a large scale. 

The most favorable time for planting in the spring is from the 

middle of April to the middle of May, and in the fall during the months 

of September and,October. 

The artificial establishment of jack pine stands by sowing the seed 

broadcast over the proposed site has been attempted, but, although 

the experiment was tried under many different conditions, it never 

met wilh much success.. These experiments included spring and fall 

solving and broadcasting on the snow in late winter. Some of the 

seeds germinated and became quite thrifty plants early in the spring, 

but were killed by the excessive heat during June and July. 

The results of sowing and planting experiments in the northern 

half of the Lower Peninsula of Xchiganindicate that planting homegrown nursery stock, and, in exceptional cases, thrifty 2 to 3 year 

old wild stock, promises the most satisfactory results. 

An incxpcnsivc mdthod of reforesting barren lands, which in some 

cas& might, givo.good. results, would bc the.scattering of from 500 to 

1,000 j8,cl.c pini cones per acre broadcast over the area to be forested. 

One bushel of concs, containing usually from 2,500 to 5,000 cones, 

is enough to sow from 3to 5 acres by this method with from 25,000 

to 50,000 sceds per acre, of,ivhich one-querfar or more may germinate 

and cstablish seedlings. If conditions are favorable, a light burning 

of thc ground after these cones have been scattered will facilitate 

thoir opening and the distribution of tho seed, and will also kill back 

brushy vegetation and dc'croasi the early root competition. Otherwise, tho natural drying and moistening of the cones will open them 

in time. It costs about $1 per bushel to collect and, perhaps, 25 

centsper acre to sow them broadcast, so that the total cost would 

bc in the neighborhood of 50 cents per acrc. 

The futum value of dense young stands of jack pine may be greatly 

increased by thinning out the less promising and releasing the large 

and promising trees from competition for light and soil moistnrc, 

and in this way concentrating the growth energy of the stand into a 

smaller numbcr and the best trees. In many cases some of the better 

trees should bc cut, where these grow too close together, in order to 

establish a uniformly thinned stand, with the crown of each tree 

practically free on all sides, or barely touching its neighbors. 
Bul. 820. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XV. 

FIG. I.-FIVE-YEAR-OLD JACK PINE PLANTATION TO RIGHT OF FIRE LINE, AND 9 TO I I YEAR OLD YELLOW PINE PLANTATION TO THE LEFT OF 

FIRE LINE, IN THE DISMAL RIVER DIVISION OF THE NEBRASKA NATIONAL 

FOREST. 

Jack pine survived and grew on more severe exposures where Scotch, Norway, and western yellow pines, Douglas fir, and arborvitm failed. 

FIG. 2.-FIFTEEN-YEAR-OLD PLANTATION IN HOLT COUNTY, WHERE REAL 

FOREST CONDITIONS HAVE BECOME ESTABLISHED. 

PLANTATIONSOF JACK PINE IN THE SAND HILLS OF NEBRASKA. 
DENSE 20-YEAR-OLD STAND OF JACK PINE ON CLAY SOIL IN NEED OF THINNING. HUBBARD COUNTY, MINN. 
JACK PINE. 

Table jd(appendix) gives the yields obtained from thinnings of 

wen-managed stands of Scotch pine in E~& A comparison of 

these with the 6nal yields given in Table 30 indicates cumulative 

intermediate returns, on quality 111 or average sites, of 5 to 40 per 

cent on any rotation between tho ages of 30 and 50 years, inclusive. 

Similar rcsults could probably be secured from the management of 

jack pine where the market conditions were favorable for utilizing 

tho product of such cuttings. 

Instead of clean cutting young jack pine stands for cordwood, as 

is oftcn done, owners would do well to get their fiewood by thinning 

thcir stands and allow the better trees to remain and produce a crop 

of timber valuable for purposes other than fuel. Jack pine stands 

should preferably be thinned as early as 20 years of age. (See P1. 

XVI) Thinnings to be effective should be severe, leaving tho 

croums of the trees fully isolated on all sides for a space of 5 to 10 

fect. There would be considerably more danger from .mindfall and 

windbreak to trees left after severe thinnings in older stands than in 

younger-an important reason for thinning before the stand is 25 

years old. 

Very dense, overstocked sapling stands, from 6 to 8 feet high and 

from 5 to G years in age, such as are liable to stagnate, can be beneficially thinncd by clearing of parallel lanes about 6 feet wide at from 

8 to 12 foot intervals through the stand, and also thinning out trees 

in the rows to be left, or the stand may be thinned in two series of 

clear-cut parallel lanes at right angles to each other. From 800 to 

1,200 trees to the acre, or 5 to 7 to the square rod, is a sufficient 

number to leave after thinning, provided some trees are left on every 

square rod of area and no large gaps are made in the stand. The 

saplings cut should be dragged out of the thicket and burned as a 

fire-protective measure and to prevent insects from breeding in the 

slash. 

Clearing of lanes in overstocked sapling stands from 3 to 5 feet in 

height could be accomplished with greater ease than in taller stands, 

as brush scythes and brush hooks wuld be used, but would be inadvisable on poor dry soils where the establishment of a soil cover and 

good humous conditions are important. Lanes cut in such stands 

should, in general, be about the same width as the height of the 

stand. 
APPENDIX. 

BIBLIOGUPHY. 

DATA ON WHICH THIS BULLETIN IS BASBD. 

(1) Field measurements in Forest Sorviecplcs. 

tho. Lomthn. 

stem annlyses: Ckmnman, H. H. .. .... . .. . . Hubbard Counly, Xinn.. .. . 1905.. . . . 

~~nedici, J. St. J.. ...... ... Cars County, Minn ... .. . . . . . 1912.. . .. 

Shermd, T. H.. .. ... .. . .. . Ros~ornmon and Crawford 1901 ... .. Counties, Kch. 

1 I I 

(2) .Kanumipts in the Forest Servicefiles. 

"Report on the Study of Tie Production for the Northern Pacific Railroad," by Prof. 

H. H. Chapman, 1905. 

"Jack Pine," by J. St. J. Benedict, 1914. 

"Silvical Study of the Jack Pine," by T,. L. White, 1906. 

"Reforeatation Policy for the Michigan and Mnrquette National Forests," by R. Zon, 

1911. 

"ForestPlanting in Northern Michigan," by W. B. Piper, 1912. 

Silvical Report, Michigan National Forest, by W. B. Piper, 1912. 

Silvical Report, Superior National Forest, by J. A. Fitzwater, 1912. 

"Jack Pine," by C. A. Cecil, of the Superior National Forest, 1918. 

(3) Publications. 

"Jack Pine," Silvical Leaflet 44, Forest Service, 1909. 

"Jack Pine in Western Ontario," by L. M. Ellis, in Forestry Quarterly, March, 1011. 

Report of the Michi,- Forestry Commission, 1902, in articles by T. H. Sherrard, 

Prof. Filibort Roth, and others. 

"Forestry Conditions in Wisconsin," by Filibert Roth, Bulletin 16, Division of 

Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 

Bulletins of the Canadian Forestry Uranch. 

34 

Ntlmbor taken. 

M6 anelyses of trees 2 to 17 inches in diameter; 

52 analyses of trees T to 16in. 

ehes in diameter. 

154 ana!yses of trees 3 to 13 inches m dismetoi. 

Sam le plots: &apman H. H ............ stsrrett, .~v. n...... . .. ... . . Vainstion SUrvepr: ~hermrd, T. H .. .. . . ... . . . . 

RubbardCounty, Minn ..... Adems County, wis.. . .. .. . 

Roseornmon ?ad Crswford 

Counties, Xoh. 

1906 ..... 1917.. . .. 

1901. .. . . 

128 lots 90 

12 pPotS.2 .2 

100 acres, "Jack Dine pinin." 
JACK PINE. 

TABLES. 

'FABLE 17.-Proportion of the occurrenee of jack, Nor)oay, and white pZne stands o? 

dcffent soils in northern Minnesota elassifid accordzng to the prevailing ske of hzr 

soil particles.' 

Pel cent. Per con&. 

WW gravel 2.0 to 1 mm.. .......-...---.-.... ........................ 1.1 0.4 coarse sand' 1 to 0.5 mm. ................................................. 61. 0 3.7 

~edium~an)d,0.5to0.25mm ............................................. 30.3 12.0 

~in~sand 0.25lo0.1mm ................................................. 3.3 62.9 

very fineknd nO.~too.nsmm ............................................ 3.7 11.5 

silt, o.ostoo.obsmm ..................................................... 1.9 6.7 

Clay, 0.005mm. .......................................................... -- 1.7 2. 8 

Total 100.0 100.0 

I I 

1 From ~np~bliihed preliminery re art on Norway pine in Mit&oesota by R. H. Chapman. Based on mecbanicdanalysls by the Bureau ol83ils of a largo nr~mber of sol1 samples from different jack, Norway, 

and white gin6 stands. 

TABLE 18.-Average wid08 of crowns of redominant jack-pine trees qf different ages 

tiwely dme, men-aged sstads. 

and diameters, wztlb enough lightfor goo B crown development, andgrowzng in cornpara- 

[lreaeurompnls by 8. H. Chspman in Hubbard County, Minn., 19n5.l 

I site quality / Sile guaiity frpoor.j, 

Ago. Avage Width 

diameter ,I Of - Basis. 

------ 

Inches. Fm. Trws. Inclaes. 

7 .......... 1.1 11 1 3.9 

14 9 5.9 

16 38 7.4 

18 18 8.7 

22 4 9.9 ..................... 10.9 ..................... 11.3 

90. ........................................................... 100 ............................................................ 1::::: :::::::::: 

110.. .............................................................................. 120. ........................................................... I. ................... 130. ..................... .-.--. ............................... ............. ..; 
36 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

-Double balk thickness, at diameter breast high, of jack pine in 

/ I IIubbrd Comty, Mino. Iass County, Mino. 1 

TABLE 20.-Average thickness of bark at differat heights above the g~oloulin predominant jack pine trees in Hubbard County, @inn. 

[Trees 22 to lm yexsold. Measurements by H. H. Chapman, 1905.1 

Diam- Hekht above ground (feet). 

oter Basis. 

Imhcr. Tiers. 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

11 

15 

16 

17 

0.60 

.W 

.70 

.76 

.&? 

.91 

.9G 

1.01 

1.05 

1.09 

1.12 

1.14 

I. 16 

0.18 

.23 

.20 

.29 

.32 

.35 

.3S 

.ll 

.44 

.47 

.50 

.s 

.54 

0.12 

.17 

.I9 

.a1 

.ZJ 

.26 

.28 

.31 

.3.1 

.37 

.39 

41 

.43 

0.10 

.I2 

.I4 

.16 

.I3 

.21 

.23 

.25 

.n 

.29 

.31 

.a 

.a5 

0.08 

.I0 

.la 

.I5 

.I7 

.I3 

.20 

. 2% 

. W 

.25 

.n 

.29 

a 

3 

15 

16 

33 

37 

21 

12 

9 

3 

1 

z 

- 

3 

162 

........ 

....... 

........ 

........ 

0.11 

.14 

.I? 

.so 

............................ I:.-. ....................... 

0.06 ................. .os i ................ .12 

.I4 

.I5 

.17 

.IS 

.20 

.22 

.za 

.ae 

................ 

0.09 

.I0 

.ll 

.12 

.I4 

.I7 

.zo 

. 
JACK PINE. 3 7 

........ %FOOT TREES. 

I %FOOT TREES. I 

Diamgzt 

high. 

Inclirs. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

3 

iioight %above ground (ieet). 

1 / 2 1 3 1 4.5 1 9.15 1 17.3 / 25.45 1 33.6 

Diameter inside bark (inehos). 

Basis. 

'_ 

Tiers. 

9 

4 

1 

-- 14 / 

2.0 

3.1 

4.1 

5.1 

6.1 

7.2 

8.2 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

I 40-FOOT TREES. 

........ 

.. 

........ 

........ 

........ 

......... 

................ 

................ 

................ 

1.9 

2.9 

3.9 

4.9 

5.9 

L9 

7.8 

6 

a 

17 

7 

8 

5 

-- 

65 

1.8 

2.3 

3.8 

4.7 

5.7 

6.6' 

7.6 

8.5 

9.5 

20 

3.1 

4.1 

5.1 

6.1 

7.2 

8.2 

9.2 

10.2 

1.81 1.3 

2.8 2.7 

1.9 

2.9 

3.8 

4.9 

5.9 

6.9 

7.8 

8.8 

9.8 

' 1.8 1.6 

2.71 2.4 

3.6 3.2 

3.8 

4.7 

5.7 

6.6 

7.6 

1.2 

1.7 

2.2 

2.8 

3.3 

3.9 

4.4 

5.0 

5.5 

4.6 

5.5 

6.4 

7.3 

8.2 

9.1 

................ 

................ 

........................ 

................ 

........................ 

........................ 

........................ 

1.4' 

2.3 

3.1 

3.9 

4.7 

5.5 

6.3 

3.6 

4.6 

5.5 

6.4 

7.3 

0.5 

7 

.9 

1.1 

1.3 

1.5 

1.7 

1.9 

2.1 

4.0 

4.8 

5.6 

6.4 

7.2 

8.0 

04 

.7 

1.1 

4.1 

1.7 

2.0 

2.3 
38 BULLETIN 8W, U. S. DEPARTM&NT OF AGRICULTURE. 

I GWFOOT TREES. 1 

TABLE 21.-Tap qf jad p'm trees qfdi#mtdiamters andheifhhtr, sbwinf diemeter 

inside bark at difment heights abow th ground4ontinued. 

MFOOT TREES. 

Diamhigh. 

-- 

Inches. 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

Baris. 

Trees. 

8 

34 

39 

36 

17 

14 

14 

8 

6 

2 

1 ................ 

................ 

................ 

................ 

Uoight above gmund (feet). 

- 

1 1 2 / 3 1 1.5 19.15 / 17.3 /ZS.Gl 33.6 /11.75/ 48.8 

Diameter inside baRi riches). 

4.1 

5.1 

6.1 

7.2 

8.2 

9.2 

10.2 

11.2 

12.2 

13.2 

14.2 

15.1 

16.1 

17.0 

18.0 

I 

3.9 

4.9 

5.9 

6.9 

7.8 

8.8 

9.8 

10.8 

11.7 

12.7 

13.6 

14.6 

15.5 

16.4 

17.3 

6 

3.8 

4.7 

6.7 

6.6 

7.6 

8.5 

9.5 

!?:: 

12.3 

13.2 

14.1 

15.0 

15.9 

16.8 

3.6 

4.6 

5.5. 

6.4 

7.3 

8.2 

9.1 

#: 

11.9 

12.8 

13.7 

14.6 

15.5 

16.4 

1.3 

1.4 

1.6 

1.8 

2.0 

2.2 

2.5 

2.7 

2.9 

3.1 

3.3 

3.5 

3.7 

3.9 

4.1 

3.5 

4.4 

5.2 

6.0 

6.3 

7.6 

8.4 

1 

10.8 

11.6 

12.4 

13.2 

14.0 

4 

2.8 

3.3 

3.9 

4.4 

4.9 

5.5 

6.0 

6.6 

7.2 

7.7 

8.2 

3.8 

9.4 

9.g 

10.5 

........ 

........ 

........ 

........ 

........ 

........ 

........ 

........ 

........ 

........ 

........ 

3.2 

3.8 

4.6 

5.3 

6.0 

6.7 

7.4 

9.3 

10.0 

10.7 

11.3 

12.0 

12.7 

2.1 

2.5 

2.9 

3.3 

3.7 

4.0 

4.4 

4.8 . 5.2 

5.6 

6.0 

6.4 

6.8 

7.2 

7.6 
JACK PINE. 89 

Taur.s 21.-Taper o jack pinc hcos of diferent diameters andhrights, simiow~np dianwter 

znside dzik at difercnt heights above the growzd-Continued. 

70-FOOT TRnES. 

I 80-FOOT TREES. I 

Bash. 

Dial.,. 

&2t 

ugh. 

Reigllt shove grollnd (feet). 

1 1 2 / 3.1 4.5 19.15!17.3125.45133.6/41.75149.9/58.05/66.2 

Diameter inside bark (inches). 
40 BULLETIN 820. U . S . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE . TABLE 22.-Average diameter outside bark at different heights ahowe tk groundfor jack pine treepofdifferent diameterson quality ''r" andquality "good" sites. in Hubbard 

County. Minn., for h-ees grown mostly in m. even-aged stanh 18 to 78 years old an quality "poor. " and 80 to 45 years old on quality "good" sites . 

SITE QUALITY "GOOD." 
JdCIi PINE. 41 

TABT.~ 23.-Tolal vo2ums ofsicmwoodin cubicfeet ofjack pine frees of d,iferenf diamctms 

and heighu in Mtnneota. 

[Rasod on taper emres.] 

Tnwr.~ 24.-.IMwci~aniablc volume of stemwood in cudic fed of jack pine lrees of different 

dzameleis and heigllls in .Ennesota. 
42 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMEKT OX AGRICULTURE. 

TABLE 25.-Volume in hoard feet of jack pine trees of differat diameters nnd lieiqlits in 

Ninnesota. 

[Sceledby SoribnerDeoimal C log rule. Stomp he1 ht, I foot: top diameterinside bab, 5.5 inches. ~ased 

ontaper eurrws, soaled mmtly as 16.5.foot?ogs, with n feivshorter logs rrheienecessary.l 

-1 

Tlee.". 

72 

62 

04 

38 

n 

10 

8 

2 

4 

3 

i:::::::: 

Diamhigh. 

TABLE 26.-Volume in diameters, and nthmber 

[sealed by Soribner DecimBlC log mle. Stump height, I foot: top diamctor insido bark, 5.5innhes. Based 

ontapercurves, scaiedmostlgasl6:~-faotiogs,w~thniomshorterlogsivhoionecessai)'.] 

Numbel Of 16fOot logs. 

Diamb;i:itI 1 j l? 1 2 1 2: j 3 / 31 1 4 Basis. 

volume (boardfeet). 

Total height of trees (feet). 

M / 30 / 40 / 50 j 60 1 70 1 80 Basis. 

volume (bonrd feet). i 
JACX PINE. 43 

TASLE 27.-Dhlume in hoarrE,fecl .of wiiilc pine lrccs of dcffermt diamclcrs and haiyhls. 

[aascd on mill oil1 ol lumbcrirom 1,Srs trees insoutborn New XampsBire on per cent L>elnp rotmd-edge4 lumlxr. ICsasuraments by 2. Ifargolin, 180d.I 

 his tnblelra~usedin calcolating~ta~y+idsinTabk 30. ltisgivp for oom arison u.ith~ab~,lozshowing board-feetcontantsotinekpme trees ofdttIwentdrBmdfers*s*d hclEht6scsle$hy ~~~~lm~~1,&~

Clog IUIC. 

TABLB 28.-Number of ties per Lvae ,jack pine lreca of diflerent diamef,ers & werem 

Onta~io. . 

From 8n article by I,. M. Ellis in ihe Forestry Quartaly, March, 1911. Basis 10D trees. E,q~iivalent ia 

boaraleat addad by Lheauthor. 

Diameter 

breast 

lupl~. 

Incly(s. 10 

il 

12 

13 

14 

lj 

16 

1.9 

3.3 

. 3.8 

4.5 

5.1 

5.4 

5.4 

No.2, 

of,xGtf 

x8' , 

0.8 

2.0 

1.8 

1.6 

1.5 

1.3 

1.2 

Equiv* 

lent in 

board 

feet. 

37 

74 

94 

119 

146 

id8 

160 

I 

Dull. 

5,fX 6" 

x6' 

,-__-__ 

1.1 

5.0 

.S 

.S 

.4 

.3 

.2 

'ToCai 

height 

(averazo). 

ha. 

56 

61 

GG 

70 

8 

81 

---- 

Fmrs. 48 

65 

G2 

70 

80 

91 

107 

No. % 

7"x 7" KT 

0.3 

1.2 

2.2 

3.2 

3.8 

4.0 
44 EULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTXENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

TABLE 27.-Stand of trees on jack pine land, Roscornmon and Cra~ifur.1 Counlies, 

[Averas@ of lw *?rev. &fe.ralrurenents by T. 11. S'la~mrd, 1031.1 

Tn131,rr 30.-Stand oj trees on. jack pine land, site quality' in western Ontario-Aumge 

of 11 acres. 

[ ~mmanarticle by L. M. Eilisin thaForertry Quarterly, >larch, 19li.l 

I 1 i" 1 gz 1 Aspea. 1 ,", Balm. 

Diameter breast 

hich. 

I 1 Average number of tree8 per awe. I 

Inche8. I 4 ................. 1.0 X.2 0.8 13.0 .......... 

1.2 22.5 4.2 19.2 .25 

0.0 25.0 2.7 15.2 .75 

12.5 16.7 4.2 9.5 .75 

17.5! 1.0 4.5 6.5 . $0 

12.5 / 2.5 3.7 2.6 .50 

12.2 1.7 3.0 2.2 .25 

................ 11.2 1.2 2.5 1.7 .25 13 11.0 .5 1.7 .02 .25 

14 ................ 6.0 .......... .7 .......... .25 

16 ................ 3.1 .......... .02 .................... 16 ................ 1.0 .................... I .................... 

Total ....... 

........ 1 27.0 31.0 I ... 

Trees 10 inches and oier in diameter, brenst high. 

Totnl ....... 57.0 59.0 11.6 1.50 .......... 1 420/ 44.0 8.4 2:: 1.0 

Yieidoijaek pinconll~oseac~.rosabout 25per eentilighor than thoaverage lorthis typeinvestem Onturio. --- 

I Deep, well-drainedsoil on which jack pins produoes its largest returns insizes suitable fcr moss ties. 
JACK PINE. 45 

TABLE 31.Stasd rlf trees on jock pilie land, site quolitg ' 5% wcsmn Ontario--Avera~c 

of 10 acres. 

[From an arliele by L. M. Ellisin the Forestry Quarterly, Mare!>, 1911.1 

I *ge. 1 I 

(2uality ofsite. ~ualily ofsite. i 

Inchcs. 4 and undar. ..... 5. ................ 

0 ............... 

7 ................. 

8 ................. 

9 ................. 

10 ................ 

11 ................ 

12 ................ 

13.. .............. 

Total ...... ...I 125.4 235.3 47.4 8.3 40.6 6.4 Fercent .......... I 27.0 / 50.4 11.2 1.5 8.6 1.3 

Trms loinches and ovorin dizmetoi breicst hlgh. 

Total ......... 14.9 / 12.0 ! .......... 0.6 .......... .......... 1 54.0 43.0 .......... .......... 

8.2 1 1s. 4 

-- 

Yonrs. 25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

TABLE 33.-lntermdiatc ~cturns from thinninqs in normal stands of Scotch pine on 

different qualities of site at different ages. 

[Prom same publication as Table 32.1 

/- 

I. 

Feet. 31 

38 

45 

51 

53 

64 

63 

72 

76 

80 

I 11. 

ma. 25 

31 

36 

41 

46 

51 

55 

60 

64 

67 

PWiOd 

of 

years. 

I4 2.2 1.3 4.3 .6 .4 1.6 8.8 1.8 16.4 .3 2.0 4.8 1.5 .2 1.4 1.5 1.8 .2 .6 .4 .5 .......... .2 .......... .................... , .1 .................... .................................. 

44.1 

111. 

t. 21 

26 

30 

35 

39 

43 

47 

61 

54 

57 

0.8 

IV. 

Pet. 

18 

22 

26 

31 

34 

37 

40 

42 

45 

47 

i Yield par period of years. 

Quarity of site. 

20.8 

Age of 

stand 

in 

"ears. 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

65 

60 

05 

70 

0.4 

v. 

Cords. ................ 0.10 

.24 

.36 - .52 

.61 

.08 

.63 

.63 

.63 

I. 11. 111. 1 IV. 

Cumulaliv~iiltermediato ~iold. 

nuality oi site. 

Cords. krds. 1.41 0.08 2.09 .56 2.81 1.50 3.28 2.42 3.49 2.81 3.51 3.01 3.63 3.17 3.47 3.11 3.41 3.03 3.30 2.92 Corda. 

0.03 

.50 

1.34 

1.87 

2.19 

2.29 

2.33 

2.26 

2.04 

111. 

Cords. 

0.03 

.53 

1.83 

3.74 

5.93 

8.22 

10.56 

12.81 

14.86 

IV. 

Cordi. 

0.19 

.71 

1.66 

2.31 

4.08 

5.50 

6.92 

8.40 

I. 

Cord*. 

2.17 

4.26 

7.07 

10.34 

13.83 

17.34 

20.98 

24.44 

27.86 

31.16 

Cords. 

0.19 

.52 

.94 

1.16 

1.27 

1.42 

1.42 

1.48 

v. 

Cords. ................ 0.10 

.34 

.70 

1.22 

1.83 

2.51 

3.14 

3.78 

-------- 11. 

Cords. 

0.08 

.63 

2.13 

4.56 

7.37 

10.38 

13.54 

16.66 

19.89 1.99/1.40 22.61 16.84,9.80i4.41 
46 BULLETIN 820, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

TABLE 34.-Summw ofsample plots, site quality ''good." 

[Totalarea of plots, p.322 acres: merage area, 0.894 acre. hleasurements by H. H. Chenmaq, Htib1,nrd 

county, Minn., 1900. Plot nvmbersin Pnrentheses lndioate selected plots used m construotlon of y~eld table.] 
JACK PINE. 47 
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