FAA-S-8081-XX

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration

INSTRUMENT RATING

Airman Certification Standards

Date TBD

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE

Washington, DC 20591
Instrument Rating Airman Certification Standards

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards 

Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125 developed this ACS with the assistance of 

the aviation community. The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable support from the many individuals 

and organizations who contributed their time and expertise to assist in this endeavor.

AVAILABILITY

This ACS is available for download from www.faa.gov. Please send comments regarding this document 

to AFS630comments@faa.gov.
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FOREWORD

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has published the Instrument Rating—Airplane Airman 

Certification Standards (ACS) document to communicate the aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, 

and risk management standards for the instrument rating in the airplane category, single-engine land and 

sea; and multiengine land and sea classes. 

The FAA views the ACS as the foundation of its transition to a more integrated and systematic approach 

to airman certification testing and training. The ACS is part of the safety management system (SMS) 

framework that the FAA uses as a systematic approach to achieving acceptable levels of safety risk. 

Specifically, the ACS, associated guidance, and test item bank question components of the airman 

certification system are constructed around the four functional components of an SMS: 

• Safety Policy that defines and describes aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and risk 

management as integrated components of the airman certification system;

• Safety Risk Management processes through which internal and external stakeholders identify and 

evaluate regulatory changes, safety recommendations, or other factors that require modification 

of airman testing and training materials;

• Safety Assurance processes to ensure the prompt and appropriate incorporation of changes 

arising from new regulations and safety recommendations; and 

• Safety Promotion in the form of ongoing engagement with both external stakeholders (e.g., the 

aviation training industry) and FAA policy divisions.

In this connection, the FAA gratefully acknowledges and deeply appreciates the many hours that aviation 

training experts throughout the industry have contributed to the development of this ACS, along with the 

associated guidance and a more systematic approach to knowledge test question development. This kind 

of collaboration, a hallmark or a robust safety culture, strengthens and enhances aviation safety at every 

level of the airman certification system.

John M. Allen

Director, Flight Standards Service
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................. ii

AVAILABILITY............................................................................................................................................... ii

FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................ v

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1

Airman Certification Standards Concept................................................................................................1

Using the ACS .......................................................................................................................................1

AREAS OF OPERATION..............................................................................................................................3

I. Preflight Preparation .........................................................................................................................3

A. Pilot Qualifications............................................................................................................................3

B. Weather Information.........................................................................................................................4

C. Cross-Country Flight Planning .........................................................................................................5

II. Preflight Procedures..........................................................................................................................6

A. Aircraft Systems Related to IFR Operations ....................................................................................6

B. Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment.....................................................................7

C. Instrument Cockpit Check ................................................................................................................8

III. Air Traffic Control Clearances and Procedures ................................................................................9

A. Air Traffic Control Clearances ..........................................................................................................9

B. Compliance with Departures, En Route, and Arrival Procedures and Clearances........................10

C. Holding Procedures........................................................................................................................11

IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments .................................................................................................12

A. Basic Instrument Flight Maneuvers ................................................................................................12

B. Recovery From Unusual Flight Attitudes........................................................................................13

V. Navigation Systems ........................................................................................................................14

A. Intercepting and Tracking Navigational Systems ...........................................................................14

VI. Instrument Approach Procedures ...................................................................................................15

A. Nonprecision Approach ..................................................................................................................15

B. Precision Approach ........................................................................................................................17

C. Missed Approach............................................................................................................................19

D. Circling Approach...........................................................................................................................20

E. Landing from an Instrument Approach...........................................................................................21

VII. Emergency Operations ...................................................................................................................22

A. Loss of Communications ................................................................................................................22

B. One Engine Inoperative—Instrument Approach (Multiengine Airplane) ........................................23

C. Approach with Loss of Primary Flight Instrument Indicators..........................................................24
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VIII. Postflight Procedures ......................................................................................................................25

A. Checking Instruments and Equipment ...........................................................................................25

APPENDIX 1: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST.................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Description ...............................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Eligibility Requirements............................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Centers.....................................................................................................................1-1

Test Authorization...............................................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Procedures...............................................................................................................1-2

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations.........................................1-2

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct ..........................................................................................1-3

Airman Knowledge Test Report..........................................................................................................1-3

APPENDIX 2: THE PRACTICAL TEST ....................................................................................................2-1

Conduct of the Practical Test..............................................................................................................2-1

Use of Checklists ................................................................................................................................2-1

Use of Distractions..............................................................................................................................2-1

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls ..................................................................................................2-1

Stall and Spin Awareness...................................................................................................................2-2

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test............................................................................................2-2

Prerequisites for the Test....................................................................................................................2-3

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test .....................................................................2-3

APPENDIX 3: INSTRUMENT PROFICIENCY CHECK............................................................................3-1

APPENDIX 4: INSTRUCTOR AND EVALUATOR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES............................4-1

Role of Instructor.................................................................................................................................4-1

Role of Evaluator ................................................................................................................................4-1

APPENDIX 5: USE OF A FLIGHT SIMULATION TRAINING DEVICE (FSTD) .......................................5-1

APPENDIX 6: PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST .......................................................................................6-1

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist....................................................................................................6-1

APPENDIX 7: REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................7-1

APPENDIX 8: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...............................................................................8-1
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INTRODUCTION

Airman Certification Standards Concept

The goal of the airman certification process is to ensure the applicant is ready to safely manage the risks 

of flight as pilot-in-command, consistent with the privileges of the certificate or rating being exercised. In 

fulfilling its responsibilities for the airman certification process, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 

Flight Standards Service (AFS) plans, develops, and maintains materials related to airman certification 

training and testing. 

Historically, these materials have included several components. The FAA knowledge test measures 

mastery of the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 

CFR) part 61. The Practical Test Standards (PTS) define the acceptable parameters of flight proficiency 

in the Areas of Operation listed in14 CFR part 61. FAA H-series handbooks, test supplements, and other 

materials provide guidance to applicants, instructors, and evaluators on aeronautical knowledge, flight 

proficiency, and risk management. 

The FAA recognizes that safe operations in today's complex National Airspace System (NAS) require a 

more systematic integration of aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency standards, and risk 

management. The FAA further recognizes the need to more clearly calibrate knowledge, skills, and risk 

management according to the level of the certificate or rating. To that end, the FAA drew upon the 

expertise of organizations and individuals across the aviation community to develop the Airman 

Certification Standards (ACS). 

Based on aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency standards specified in 14 CFR part 61, the ACS 

integrates the knowledge, skills, and risk management abilities necessary for the safe conduct of each 

Task. In keeping with this integrated and systematic approach, the knowledge, skills, and risk 

management sections of each Task stipulate that the applicant must demonstrate understanding of each 

specific item. The applicant demonstrates this understanding by passing the knowledge exam and 

practical test.

Throughout this process, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery of the topic in 

accordance with the level of learning (i.e., rote, understanding, application, or correlation) most 

appropriate for the specified Task. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or 

explain. For other items, the evaluator will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario 

that requires the applicant to appropriately apply and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and information 

to the circumstances of the given scenario. The flight portion of the practical test requires the applicant to 

demonstrate flight proficiency, operational skill, and risk management in accordance with the ACS. (Note: 

As used in this ACS, an evaluator is any person authorized to conduct airman testing (e.g., an FAA 

aviation safety inspector, designated pilot examiner, or other individual authorized to conduct a practical 

test.)

Using the ACS

The ACS consists of Areas of Operation, arranged in a logical sequence that begins with Preflight 

Preparation and ends with Postflight Procedures. Each Area of Operation includes Tasks appropriate to 

that Area of Operation. Each Task begins with an Objective stating what the applicant should know 

and/or do. The ACS then lists the aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management considerations 

relevant to the specific Task, along with the conditions and acceptable standards for performance. The 

ACS uses Notes to emphasize special considerations. The FAA will revise the ACS as circumstances 

require.

Practical Tests will be based on the ACS in effect the day of the test. The FAA encourages applicants and 

instructors to use the ACS to measure progress during training, and as a reference to ensure the 

applicant is adequately prepared for the knowledge and practical tests.
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The FAA expects evaluators to adhere to 14 CFR and this ACS. The ACS uses the terms "will" and 

"must" to convey directive (mandatory) information. The terms "should" and "may" denote items that are 

recommended, but not required.

The applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test. Further, the applicant must 

pass the oral portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion because the oral portion of the 

practical test allows the evaluator to determine whether the applicant is sufficiently prepared to advance 

to the flight portion of the practical test.
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AREAS OF OPERATION

I. Preflight Preparation

Task A. Pilot Qualifications

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with the requirements to act as pilot-in-command under Instrument Flight Rules.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Recent instrument flight experience requirements.

2. Requirements when recent instrument rating flight experience has not been met.

3. Pilot logbook/record-keeping.

4. Physiological factors that might affect the pilot’s ability to fly under instrument conditions.

5. When an instrument rating is required.

Skills The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Apply requirements to act as PIC under IFR in a scenario given by the evaluator.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Maintaining currency versus proficiency.

2. Setting personal minimums.

3. Flying with unfamiliar flight display systems.
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Task B. Weather Information 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with obtaining, understanding, and applying weather information for a flight under 

IFR.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Weather products required for preflight planning, enroute operations, and proceeding to the 

destination or alternate.

2. General elements of weather systems.

3. Types and hazards of icing.

4. Meteorology to include:

a. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts

b. Cloud types and hazards

c. Turbulence

d. Thunderstorms

e. Wind shear

f. Fog

g. Frost

5. Enroute weather resources.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.

2. Correlate weather information to determine alternate requirements.

3. Correlate available weather information to make a competent go-no go decision.

4. Obtain weather in-flight.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Obtaining aviation weather reports and forecasts.

2. Obtaining inflight aviation weather resources.

3. Identifying alternate airports along the intended route of flight.

4. Anticipating circumstances that would make diversion prudent.

5. Identifying hazardous weather conditions that may affect the planned flight.

6. Flying in known icing conditions.
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Task C. Cross-Country Flight Planning 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with planning and filing an IFR cross-country flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Advantages and disadvantages of altitude selection.

2. How to compute fuel reserves.

3. Conditions conducive to icing, windshear, microbursts, and turbulence.

4. Symbology found on IFR enroute charts.

5. Airspace depicted on IFR enroute charts.

6. Where to locate and apply preferred IFR routing.

7. Elements of an IFR flight plan.

8. Procedures for activating and closing an IFR flight plan in controlled and non-controlled 

airspace.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.

2. Create and file an IFR flight plan.

3. Interpret Departure, Enroute, Arrival, and Instrument Approach Procedures.

4. Divert to alternate.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Selecting inappropriate IFR altitudes.

2. Managing inadvertent icing encounters.

3. Understanding the limitations of ATC services.

4. Establishing inadequate fuel reserves.

5. Planning a route overflying significant environmental influences, mountains, and large bodies 

of water.

6. Managing human factors that may impact making an initial, and on-going, go-no decision.

8. Overflying areas unsuitable for landing or below your personal weather minimums.

9. Limitations of protected airspace in mountainous terrain.
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II. Preflight Procedures

Task A. Aircraft Systems Related to IFR Operations 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with Anti-Icing and De-Icings systems.

Knowledge The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. General operational characteristics and limitations of anti-icing and de-icing equipment.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Understand and use the anti-icing and deicing equipment, applicable to their aircraft, in icing 

conditions.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Fuselage, wing, tailplane, propeller, carburetor and intake icing.

2. Anti and deicing equipment limitations.

3. Limitations of systems certified for flight into known icing.
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Task B. Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with managing instruments appropriate for an IFR flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. General operation of flight instruments.

2. General characteristics of navigation instruments.

3. General characteristics and common failure modes of autopilot systems.

4. Common failure modes of flight and navigation instruments.

5. Difference between approved and non-approved navigation devices.

6. Limitations of portable devices for guidance or reference.

Skills The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Operate and manage installed flight control and navigation equipment.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Improper Automation Management.

2. Operating and interpreting unfamiliar flight and navigation instruments.

3. Distractions created by programming advanced avionics.

4. Using an electronic flight bag.
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Task C. Instrument Cockpit Check 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with preflighting the aircraft instruments necessary for an IFR flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures for flying with inoperative equipment.

2. Required documentation for flying with inoperative equipment.

3. Limitations of flying with inoperative equipment.

4. Purpose of performing an instrument cockpit check.

5. Requirement for having a current aviation database.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Perform an adequate preflight inspection of installed flight instruments and navigation 

equipment.

2. Make a determination if the aircraft is legal and/or safe to fly with inoperative equipment.

3. Properly document inoperative equipment.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Flying with inoperative equipment.

2. Programming avionics during taxi.

3. Flying with outdated navigation publications or databases.
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III. Air Traffic Control Clearances and Procedures

Task A. Air Traffic Control Clearances 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant can effectively communicate with ATC in the IFR system.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Responsibilities associated with accepting a clearance.

2. Requirements to read back ATC clearances.

3. PIC emergency authority associated while flying under IFR.

4. Various methods of obtaining a clearance.

5. Terrain clearance requirements associated with departure procedures.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Use and understand standard phraseology.

2. Correctly copy, read back, interpret, and comply with ATC clearances.

3. Correctly set up communication frequencies, navigation systems and transponder codes in 

compliance with the ATC clearance.

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess, and mitigate risks associated with:

1. Accepting ATC clearances the PIC does not fully understand.

2. ATC issuing an inappropriate clearance.

3. Accepting clearances for which the aircraft lacks the performance and /or navigation 

capability to comply with the clearance, and explain appropriate actions if unable to comply.

4. Accepting short void times.

5. Obtaining a clearance while airborne.

6. Terrain avoidance on takeoff and managing those risks in a non-radar environment.

7. Accepting another aircraft's clearance.
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Task B. Compliance with Departures, En Route, and Arrival Procedures and Clearances 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with understanding and complying with ATC clearances and procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. How to determine if navigation charts and data bases are current.

2. Requirements to read back clearances.

3. Methods to obtain ATC clearances.

4. Terrain clearance requirements associated with departure procedures.

5. PIC emergency authority, if required, when flying under IFR.

6. Lost communication procedures.

7. Purpose of “expect” in a clearance.

8. Procedures involved for departure, enroute, and arrival procedures.

9. Position reporting.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Understand and use standard phraseology.

2. Correctly copy, read back, interpret, and comply with ATC clearances.

3. Correctly set appropriate flight instruments / avionics to comply with clearance.

4. Determine if navigation data and charts are current.

5. Establish two-way communication with the proper controlling agency, in a timely manner, 

using standard phraseology.

6. Maintain the applicable airspeed within ±10 knots; headings within ±10°; altitude within ±100 

feet; and tracks a course, radial, or bearing within 3⁄4-scale deflection of the CDI on a 

procedure.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Using outdated navigation publications and databases.

2. Accepting a short void time.

3. Accepting incomplete or incorrect clearances.

4. Accepting clearances that may exceed the aircraft performance capability.

6. Terrain avoidance in a non-radar environment.
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Task C. Holding Procedures 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with holding procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Purpose of holding.

2. Reporting criteria associated with holding patterns.

3. Recommended entry procedures.

4. Difference between Minimum and Emergency Fuel.

5. Wind corrections in holding.

6. Using the autopliot (if equipped) for holding.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Update fuel reserve calculations based on EFC times.

2. Maintain the airspeed within ±10 knots; altitude within ±100 feet; headings within ±10°; and 

track a selected course, radial or bearing within 3⁄4-scale deflection of the CDI.

3. Use appropriate navigation displays, as supplementary devices, to maintain prescribed 

ground track.

4. Use proper wind correction procedures to maintain the desired pattern and to arrive over the 

fix as close as possible to a specified time.

5. Comply with restrictions, if applicable, associated with the holding pattern.

6. Set appropriate power settings for fuel conservation.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Inadequate fuel reserves if assigned unexpected further clearance time.

2. Not declaring Minimum or Emergency fuel.

3. Scenarios which could lead to being assigned holding.

4. Deteriorating weather while holding and/or at the destination.
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IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments

Task A. Basic Instrument Flight Maneuvers

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing basic instrument flight maneuvers.

Knowledge The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Concepts of instrument flight references.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Maintain altitude within ±100 feet during level flight, headings within ±10°, airspeed within 

±10 knots, and bank angles within ±5° during turns.

2. Use proper instrument crosscheck and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, 

power, and trim corrections when applicable.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Situations that can degrade instrument cross-check.

2. Being distracted by passengers.

3. Physiological factors that can degrade instrument cross-check.
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Task B. Recovery From Unusual Flight Attitudes 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing unusual flight attitudes.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Physiological factors that can lead to, or hinder recovery from, unusual attitudes.

2. Systems and equipment failures that could lead to unusual attitudes.

3. Environmental factors that can lead to unusual attitudes.

4. Recovery process to restore the aircraft to normal flight attitude.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize, confirm, and recover from unusual attitudes (nose-high and nose-low; low or high 

speed).

2. Apply proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, 

bank, and power corrections, in the correct sequence, to return the aircraft to a stabilized 

level flight attitude.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Situations that could lead to loss of control.

2. Encountering unusual attitudes associated with stress, high workload, task saturation, and 

distractions.

3. Making control inputs without confirming the aircraft attitude.

4. Performing incorrect recovery procedures.
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V. Navigation Systems

Task A. Intercepting and Tracking Navigational Systems 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with intercepting and tracking navigation aids.

NOTE: Reference to specific navigational equipment shall be disregarded if the aircraft is not 

equipped with those systems.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures for intercepting and tracking.

2. Course guidance indications.

3. Indications of navigation systems failures.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Tune and correctly identify the navigation facility.

2. Set and correctly orient the course to be intercepted.

3. Intercept the specified course at a predetermined angle, inbound or outbound from a 

navigational facility.

4. Maintain airspeed within ±10 knots, altitude within ±100 feet, and selected headings within 

±5°.

5. Apply proper correction to maintain a course, allowing no more than 3⁄4-scale deflection of the 

CDI or within ±10° in case of an RMI.

6. Determine the aircraft position relative to the navigational facility or from a waypoint.

7. Intercept an arc, if applicable for the procedure being flown, and maintain that arc within ±1 

nautical mile.

8. Recognize navigational receiver or facility failure, and when required, report the failure to 

ATC.

9. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position, track wind 

drift, and other parameters to intercept and maintain the desired flightpath.

10. Properly program the autopilot to intercept courses.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Incorrectly intercepting and tracking courses.

2. Intercepting and tracking courses using secondary display information in advanced avionics 

aircraft.
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VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Task A. Nonprecision Approach

Reference

Pending

NOTE: The applicant must accomplish at least two nonprecision approaches (one of which must 

include a procedure turn or, in the case of an RNAV approach, a Terminal Arrival Area 

procedure). At least one nonprecision approach must be flown without the use of autopilot and 

without the assistance of radar vectors. (The yaw damper and flight director are not considered 

parts of the autopilot for purpose of this part). If the equipment allows, at least one nonprecision 

approach shall be conducted without vertical guidance. The evaluator will select nonprecision 

approaches that are representative of the type that the applicant is likely to use. 

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing nonprecision approach procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations associated with nonprecision approach procedures.

2. Differences between LP and LNAV approach guidance.

3. Annunciations expected during a GPS approach.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select and comply with the appropriate instrument approach procedure to be performed.

2. Establish two-way communications with ATC, as appropriate, to the phase of flight or 

approach segment, and uses proper communication phraseology.

3. Select, tune, identify, and confirm the operational status of navigation equipment to be used 

for the approach procedure.

4. Comply with all clearances issued by ATC or the evaluator.

5. Recognize if any flight instrumentation is inaccurate or inoperative, and take appropriate 

action.

6. Advise ATC or the evaluator anytime the aircraft is unable to comply with a clearance.

7. Establish the appropriate aircraft configuration and airspeed considering turbulence and wind 

shear, and complete the aircraft checklist items appropriate to the phase of the flight.

8. Maintain, prior to beginning the final approach segment, altitude within ±100 feet, heading 

within ±10° and allows less than 3⁄4-scale deflection of the CDI or within ±10° in the case of 

an RMI, and maintain airspeed within ±10 knots.

9. Apply the necessary adjustments to the published MDA and visibility criteria for the aircraft 

approach category when required.

10. Establish a stabilized approach profile with a rate of descent and track that will ensure arrival 

at the MDA prior to reaching the MAP.

11. Maintain, while on the final approach segment, no more than a 3⁄4-scale deflection of the CDI 

or within 10° in case of an RMI, and maintain airspeed within ±10 knots of that desired.

12. Maintain the MDA, when reached, within +100 feet, −0 feet to the MAP.

13. Execute the missed approach procedure when the required visual references for the 

intended runway are not distinctly visible and identifiable at the MAP.

14. Execute a normal landing from a straight-in or circling approach when instructed by the 

evaluator.

15. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position, track wind 

drift and other parameters to maintain desired flightpath.

16. Confirm appropriate annunciations during a GPS approach.

Task continued on next page.
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Task A. Nonprecision Approach

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not following prescribed procedures.

2. Excessive decent rates.

3. Continuing an approach in worsening conditions.

4. Not flying a stabilized approach.
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Task B. Precision Approach 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing precision approach procedures.

NOTE: A precision approach, utilizing aircraft NAVAID equipment for centerline and vertical 

guidance, must be accomplished in simulated or actual instrument conditions to Decision 

Altitude.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations associated with precision approach procedures.

2. Annunciations expected during a GPS approach.

3. Decent rates to maintain vertical guidance.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Establish two-way communications with ATC using the proper communications phraseology, 

as required for the phase of flight or approach segment.

2. Comply, in a timely manner, with all clearances, instructions, and procedures.

3. Advise ATC anytime the applicant is unable to comply with a clearance.

4. Establish the appropriate airplane configuration and airspeed/V-speed considering 

turbulence, wind shear, microburst conditions, or other meteorological and operating 

conditions.

5. Complete the aircraft checklist items appropriate to the phase of flight or approach segment, 

including engine out approach and landing checklists, if appropriate.

6. Prior to beginning the final approach segment, maintain the desired altitude ±100 feet, the 

desired airspeed within ±10 knots, the desired heading within ±10°; and accurately tracks 

radials, courses, and bearings.

7. Select tune, identify, and monitors the operational status of ground and airplane navigation 

equipment used for the approach.

8. Apply the necessary adjustments to the published DA/DH and visibility criteria for the 

airplane approach category as required.

9. Establish a predetermined rate of descent at the point where the electronic glideslope 

begins, which approximates that required for the aircraft to follow the glideslope.

10. Maintain a stabilized final approach, from the Final Approach Fix to DA/DH allowing no more 

than 3⁄4-scale deflection of either the glideslope or localizer indications and maintains the 

desired airspeed within ±10 knots.

11. Immediately initiate the missed approach procedures when at the DA/DH, and the required 

visual references for the runway are not unmistakably visible and identifiable.

12. Transition to a normal landing approach only when the aircraft is in a position from which a 

descent to a landing on the runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal 

maneuvering.

13. Maintain localizer and glideslope within 3⁄4-scale deflection of the indicators during the visual 

descent from DA/DH to a point over the runway where glideslope must be abandoned to 

accomplish a normal landing.

14. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, as a supplementary way to 

monitor position, track wind drift and other parameters to maintain desired flightpath.

15. Confirms annunciations during a GPS approach.

Task continued on next page.
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Task B. Precision Approach 

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not following prescribed procedures.

2. Descending below DA without proper visual references.

3. Improper aircraft configurations during approach and missed approach.

4. Human factors that might impact continuing an approach in worsening conditions.

5. Not flying a stabilized approach.
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Task C. Missed Approach 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing missed approach procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations associated with missed approach procedures.

2. Proper MAP procedures associated with GPS/FMS.

3. Proper autopilot management procedures associated with MAP procedures.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Initiate the missed approach promptly by applying power, establishing a climb attitude, and 

reducing drag in accordance with the aircraft manufacturer’s recommendations.

2. Report to ATC beginning the missed approach procedure.

3. Uncouple and re-couples autopilot at appropriate times during the MAP procedure (if 

installed).

4. Comply with the published or alternate missed approach procedure.

5. Advise ATC or evaluator anytime the aircraft is unable to comply with a clearance, restriction, 

or climb gradient.

6. Follow the recommended checklist items appropriate to the go-around procedure.

7. Request, if appropriate, ATC clearance to the alternate airport, clearance limit, or as directed 

by the evaluator.

8. Maintain the recommended airspeed within ±10 knots; heading, course, or bearing within 

±10°; and altitude(s) within ±100 feet during the missed approach procedure.

9. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position and track to 

help navigate the missed approach.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not following prescribed procedures.

2. Options of holding, diverting, or electing to fly the approach again.

3. Executing a missed approach procedure before the missed approach point.
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Task D. Circling Approach 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing circling approach procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations associated with circling approaches.

2. Approach categories and obstacle clearances.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select and comply with the appropriate circling approach procedure considering turbulence 

and wind shear and considering the maneuvering capabilities of the aircraft.

2. Confirm the direction of traffic and adheres to all restrictions and instructions issued by ATC 

and the evaluator.

3. Maintain the appropriate circling altitude until in a position from which a descent to a normal 

landing can be made.

4. Maneuver the aircraft, after reaching the authorized MDA and maintains that altitude within 

+100 feet, −0 feet and a flightpath that permits a normal landing on a runway. The runway 

selected must be such that it requires at least a 90° change of direction, from the final 

approach course, to align the aircraft for landing.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not following prescribed circling approach procedures.

2. Executing a circling approach at night.

3. Losing sight of the runway during a circling approach.

4. Accepting a circling approach in marginal visibility.
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Task E. Landing from an Instrument Approach

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing the procedures for landing from an instrument approach.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations of landing from an instrument approach.

2. Purpose of a stabilized approach.

3. Regulatory requirements for landing from an instrument approach.

4. Approach lighting systems.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Transition at the DA, MDA, or VDP to a visual flight condition, allowing for safe visual 

maneuvering and a normal landing.

2. Adhere to all ATC (or evaluator) advisories, such as NOTAMs, wind shear, wake turbulence, 

runway surface, braking conditions, and other operational considerations.

3. Complete appropriate checklist items for the prelanding and landing phase.

4. Maintain positive aircraft control throughout the complete landing maneuver.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Landing from an unstabilized instrument approach.

2. Flying below glidepath.

3. Runway incursion after landing from an approach.

4. Transitioning to visual references for landing.
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VII. Emergency Operations

Task A. Loss of Communications 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated performing the procedures associated with loss of communication.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures for lost communication at various phases of flight.

2. Criteria for beginning an approach procedure at the destination.

3. When to deviate from the IFR clearance.

4. Techniques for re-establishing communications.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize loss of communication.

2. Accomplish action to re-establish communications.

3. Continue to destination.

4. Begin an approach at the appropriate time.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Remaining VFR in marginal weather conditions.

2. Not following prescribed loss of communication procedures.
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Task B. One Engine Inoperative—Instrument Approach (Multiengine Airplane) 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated the procedures for recovering the aircraft with an inoperative engine.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The procedures and/or differences used during an instrument approach in a multiengine 

aircraft with one engine inoperative versus all engines operating.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize engine failures, as simulated by the evaluator, during straight-and-level flight and 

turns.

2. Set all engine controls, reduce drag, and identify and verify the inoperative engine.

3. Establish the best engine-inoperative airspeed, or airspeed appropriate for the phase of 

flight, and trim the aircraft.

4. Accomplish prescribed checklist procedures for trouble-shooting and/or securing the 

inoperative engine.

5. Establish and maintain the recommended flight attitude and configuration for the best 

performance for all maneuvering necessary for the instrument approach procedures.

6. Attempt to determine the reason for the engine failure.

7. Monitor all engine control functions and make necessary adjustments.

8. Request and receive an actual or a simulated ATC clearance for an instrument approach.

9. Follow the actual or a simulated ATC clearance for an instrument approach.

10. Establish a rate of descent that will ensure arrival at the MDA/DA prior to reaching the MAP 

with the aircraft continuously in a position from which descent to a landing on the intended 

runway can be made straight in or circling.

11. Maintain, where applicable, the specified altitude within ±100 feet, the airspeed within ±10 

knots if within the aircraft’s capability, and the heading within ±10°.

12. Set the navigation and communication equipment used during the approach and uses the 

proper communications technique.

13. Avoid loss of aircraft control, or attempted flight contrary to the engine-inoperative operating 

limitations of the aircraft.

14. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position and 

enhance situational awareness.

15. Comply with the published criteria for the aircraft approach category when circling.

16. Allow, while on final approach segment, no more than 3⁄4-scale deflection of either the 

localizer or glideslope or GPS indications, or within ±10° or 3⁄4-scale deflection of the 

nonprecision final approach course.

17. Complete a safe landing.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not maintaining adequate airspeed.

2. The increased probability of loss of aircraft control.

3. Flying an approach with one engine inoperative.

4. Executing a missed approach with an inoperative engine.

5. Not using vertical guidance during the approach.
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Task C. Approach with Loss of Primary Flight Instrument Indicators 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing an approach with the loss of primary flight control instruments.

Note: This task should evaluate the most realistic failure mode(s) of the aircraft equipment used 

for the test.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Likely failure modes of the vacuum and electric attitude instruments.

2. Recognizing and confirming likely malfunctions, and how to correct or minimize the effect of 

their loss.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Advise ATC or evaluator anytime the aircraft is unable to comply with a clearance.

2. A nonprecision instrument approach without the use of the primary flight instrument using the 

objectives of the nonprecision approach.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Using secondary flight displays.

2. Not using moving map guidance to increase situational awareness.
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VIII. Postflight Procedures

Task A. Checking Instruments and Equipment 

Reference Pending

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with checking flight instruments after flight.

Knowledge The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The requirements for documenting equipment malfunctions.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Note all flight equipment for proper operation.

2. Note all equipment and/or aircraft malfunctions and makes appropriate documentation of 

improper operation or failure of such equipment.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not performing a proper post-flight inspection.

2. Not properly documenting aircraft discrepancies.
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APPENDIX 1: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST

The knowledge test is an important part of the airman certification process. Applicants must pass the 

knowledge test before taking the practical test.

Knowledge Test Description

The knowledge test consists of objective, multiple-choice questions. There is a single best response for 

each test question. Each test question is independent of other questions. A correct response to one does 

not depend upon, or influence, the correct response to another.

Test 

Code Test Name Number of Questions

Allotted 

Time

Passing 

Score

IRA Instrument Rating—

Airplane 60 2.5 70

IRH Instrument Rating—

Helicopter 60 2.5 70

IFP Instrument Rating—

Foreign Pilot 50 3.5 70

Knowledge Test Eligibility Requirements

For information concerning eligibility for Instrument Rating certification, please refer to:

• Knowledge Test: Prerequisites and Passing Grades: 14 CFR 61.35

• Eligibility: 14 CFR 61.65

Knowledge Test Centers

The FAA authorizes hundreds of knowledge testing center locations. For information on authorized 

testing centers and to register for the knowledge test, contact one of the providers listed at www.faa.gov.

Test Authorization

In order to take the Instrument Rating knowledge test, you must provide one of the following:

• Graduation certificate issued by an FAA certificated pilot school (14 CFR 61.71), or a

• Written statement or logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the 

applicant completed an applicable ground training or home study course and is prepared for the 

knowledge test (14 CFR 61.55).

Acceptable forms of retest authorization for Instrument Rating tests:

• The original failed, passed, or expired Airman Knowledge Test Report, provided the applicant still 

has the test report in his or her possession. 

Note: If the applicant no longer possesses the original test report, he or she may present an 

'expired test/credit' letter issued by AFS-760.

• An applicant retesting after failure is required to submit the applicable test report indicating failure, 

along with an endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the applicant the required 

additional training. The endorsement must certify the applicant is competent to pass the test. The 

test proctor must retain the original failed test report presented as authorization and attach it to 

the applicable sign-in/out log.
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Knowledge Test Procedures

Before starting the actual test, the testing center will provide an opportunity to practice navigating through 

the test. This practice or tutorial session may include sample questions to familiarize the applicant with 

the look and feel of the software. (e.g., selecting an answer, marking a question for later review, 

monitoring time remaining for the test, and other features of the testing software).

The applicant may use the following aids, reference materials, and test materials, as long as the material 

does not include actual test questions or answers:

Acceptable Materials Unacceptable Materials Notes

Supplement book provided by 

proctor

Written materials that are 

handwritten, printed, or 

electronic

Testing centers may provide 

calculators and/or deny the 

use of personal calculators

All models of aviation-oriented 

calculators or small electronic 

calculators that perform only 

arithmetic functions

Electronic calculators 

incorporating permanent or 

continuous type memory circuits 

without erasure capability

Unit Member (proctor) may 

prohibit the use of your 

calculator if he or she is 

unable to determine the 

calculator’s erasure capability

Calculators with simple 

programmable memories, which 

allow addition to, subtraction from, or 

retrieval of one number from the 

memory; or simple functions, such 

as square root and percentages

Magnetic cards, magnetic tapes, 

modules, computer chips, or any 

other device upon which prewritten programs or information 

related to the test can be stored 

and retrieved

Printouts of data must be 

surrendered at the completion 

of the test if the calculator 

incorporates this design 

feature.

Scales, straightedges, protractors, 

plotters, navigation computers, blank 

log sheets, holding pattern entry 

aids, and electronic or mechanical 

calculators that are directly related to 

the test

Dictionaries Before, and upon completion 

of the test, while in the 

presence of the Unit Member, 

actuate the ON/OFF switch or 

RESET button, and perform 

any other function that ensures 

erasure of any data stored in 

memory circuits

Manufacturer’s permanently 

inscribed instructions on the front 

and back of such aids, e.g., 

formulas, conversions, regulations, 

signals, weather data, holding 

pattern diagrams, frequencies, 

weight and balance formulas, and air 

traffic control procedures

Any booklet or manual 

containing instructions related to 

use of test aids

Unit Member makes the final 

determination regarding aids, 

reference materials, and test 

materials 

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations

An applicant with a learning or reading disability may request approval from AFS-630 through the local 

FSDO or IFO to take an airman knowledge test using one of the three options listed below, in preferential 

order:

Option 1: Use current testing facilities and procedures whenever possible.

Option 2: Use a self-contained, electronic device which pronounces and displays typed-in words (e.g., 

the Franklin Speaking Wordmaster®) to facilitate the testing process.

(NOTE: The device should consist of an electronic thesaurus that audibly pronounces typed-in words and 

presents them on a display screen. The device should also have a built-in headphone jack in order to 

avoid disturbing others during testing.)
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Option 3: Request the proctor's assistance in reading specific words or terms from the test questions 

and/or supplement book. To prevent compromising the testing process, the proctor must be an individual 

with no aviation background or expertise. The proctor may provide reading assistance only (i.e., no 

explanation of words or terms). When an applicant requests this option, the FSDO or IFO inspector must 

contact the Airman Testing Standards Branch (AFS-630) for assistance in selecting the test site and 

assisting the proctor. Before approving any option, the FSDO or IFO inspector must advise the applicant 

of the regulatory certification requirement to be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English 

language.

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct

Computer testing centers must follow strict security procedures to avoid test compromise in accordance 

with FAA Order 8080.6 (as amended), Conduct of Airman Knowledge Tests. Testing centers will 

terminate a test any time the test proctor suspects an occurrence of cheating.

The FAA will conduct an investigation of the incident. If the investigation determines that cheating or 

unauthorized conduct occurred, any airman certificate or rating the applicant holds may be revoked. In 

addition, the applicant may be prohibited from applying for or taking any test for a certificate or rating 

under 14 CFR part 61 for a period of one year.

Airman Knowledge Test Report

Immediately upon completion of the knowledge test, the applicant receives a printed Airman Knowledge 

Test Report documenting the score with the testing center's raised, embossed seal. The applicant must 

retain the original Airman Knowledge Test Report and present it to the evaluator conducting the practical 

test.

An Airman Knowledge Test Report expires 24-calendar months from the month the applicant completes 

the knowledge test. If the Airman Knowledge Test Report expires before completion of the practical test, 

the applicant must retake the knowledge test.

To obtain a duplicate Airman Knowledge Test Report due to loss or destruction of the original, the 

applicant can send a signed request accompanied by a check or money order for $1.00, payable to the 

FAA to:

Federal Aviation Administration

Airmen Certification Branch, AFS-760

P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, OK 73125
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APPENDIX 2: THE PRACTICAL TEST

The evaluator must conduct the practical test in accordance with this ACS. The evaluator must assess 

the applicant on all tasks included in each Area of Operation of the ACS unless otherwise noted.

Note: The applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test, and the applicant must 

pass the oral portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion.

Conduct of the Practical Test

The evaluator must develop a written Plan of Action to conduct the test, which includes all required Areas 

of Operation and Tasks. The Plan of Action will include a scenario that evaluates as many of the required 

Areas of Operation and Tasks as possible. As the scenario unfolds during the test, the examiner will 

interject problems and emergencies the applicant must manage.

The evaluator has the discretion and flexibility to change the Plan of Action in order to accommodate 

unexpected situations as they arise. The evaluator will evaluate any selected Task in its entirety. The 

evaluator may elect to suspend and then resume the scenario in order to assess certain tasks.

If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the 

evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver.

Use of Checklists

The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of an approved manufacturer's checklist or equivalent during 

the practical test.

Note: If there is no published manufacturer's checklist, the applicant may use the appropriate FAA 

handbook or equivalent checklist.

Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should 

determine the applicant appropriately divides attention and uses proper visual scanning. In some 

situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator should 

assess the applicant's performance of published or recommended immediate action "memory" items 

along with his or her review of the appropriate checklist once conditions permit.

Use of Distractions

Research and accident analysis indicate that pilot distraction during critical phases of flight is a factor in 

many accidents. The evaluator will cause realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test 

in order to evaluate the applicant's ability to use and maintain proper control technique while dividing 

attention both inside and/or outside the cockpit.

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

There must always be a clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, the pilots 

involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls. 

The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots:

• When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, he or she will say, "You 

have the flight controls."

• The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, "I have the flight controls."

• The first pilot again says, "You have the flight controls."

Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during 

the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the 

exchange has occurred. There must never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.
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Stall and Spin Awareness

During flight training and testing, the applicant and the instructor or evaluator must always maintain 

situational awareness with respect to operations that could lead to an inadvertent stall or spin.

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test

There are three possible outcomes of the practical test: (1) pass, (2) fail, or (3) discontinuance.

Pass

Satisfactory performance requires the applicant to:

• Perform the Tasks specified in the Areas of Operation for the certificate or rating sought within the 

approved standards;

• Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft by performing each Task successfully;

• Demonstrate proficiency and competency in accordance with the approved standards;

• Demonstrate sound judgment and exercise aeronautical decision-making/risk management;

• Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type certificated for single-pilot operations.

Satisfactory performance will result in the issuance of a temporary certificate.

Note: The tolerances listed in the ACS represent the performance expected in good flying conditions. 

Fail

If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards for any Task, the applicant 

fails the Task and associated Area of Operation, the test is unsatisfactory, and the examiner issues a 

Notice of Disapproval. When the examiner issues a Notice of Disapproval, he or she shall list the Area of 

Operation in which the applicant did not meet the standard. The Notice of Disapproval must also list the 

Area(s) of Operation not tested, and the number of practical test failures.

The examiner or the applicant may end the test if the applicant fails a Task. The examiner may continue 

the test only with the consent of the applicant and examiner, and the applicant is entitled to credit for only 

those Areas of Operation and the associated Tasks performed satisfactorily. Though not required, the 

examiner has discretion to reevaluate any Task, including those previously passed, during the retest.

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include:

• Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective intervention by the examiner 

to maintain safe flight.

• Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while 

performing maneuvers.

• Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.

• Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded.

• Failure to exercise Risk Management

Discontinuance

When it is necessary to discontinue a practical test for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance 

(e.g., equipment failure, weather, illness), the evaluator returns all the test paperwork to the applicant. 

The evaluator must prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance that lists those Areas of Operation 

the applicant successfully completed and the time remaining to complete the test. The evaluator should 

advise the applicant to present the Letter of Discontinuance to the evaluator when the practical test 

resumes in order to receive credit for the items successfully completed. The Letter of Discontinuance 

becomes part of the applicant's certification file.
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Prerequisites for the Test

According to 14 CFR 61.65, an applicant for the Instrument Rating Practical Test must:

• Be at least 17 years of age;

• Hold at least a private pilot certificate, or be concurrently testing for a private pilot certificate, 

appropriate to the category of aircraft instrument rating sought.

• Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language as detailed in AC 60-28;

• Have passed the appropriate knowledge test since the beginning of the 24th month before the 

month in which he or she takes the practical test;

• Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the prescribed aeronautical 

experience;

• Possess at least a current third class medical certification or, when a military pilot of the U.S. 

Armed Forces, show and present evidence of an up-to-date medical examination by the U.S. 

Armed Forces authorizing pilot status;

• Have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying the applicant has received and 

logged three hours of training time within two (2) calendar months preceding the month of 

application in preparation for the practical test, and is prepared for the practical test; 

• Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course 

on the aeronautical knowledge areas of 14 CFR part 61.65 that apply to the rating sought; and

• Have an endorsement certifying that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of 

the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient, if any, on the airman knowledge test.

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test

An applicant is required by 14 CFR 61.45 to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the 

practical test. In addition, the aircraft must have a current navigational database.
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APPENDIX 3: INSTRUMENT PROFICIENCY CHECK

Instructors and evaluators conducting an Instrument proficiency check must ensure the pilot meets the 

standards established in the ACS for the following Areas of Operation and Tasks:

Guidance on how to conduct an Instrument Proficiency Check can be found at: http://www.faa.gov

Area of Operation Task(s)

Preflight Procedures Instrument Cockpit check

Air Traffic Control Clearances

Compliance with Departure, En Route and Arrival 

Procedures and Clearances

Holding

Flight By Reference to Instruments Recovery From Unusual Flight Attitudes

Navigation Systems Intercepting and Tracking Navigation Systems and 

DME ARCS

Instrument Approach Procedures

Non Precision Approach

Precision Approach

Missed Approach

Landing From an Approach
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APPENDIX 4: INSTRUCTOR AND EVALUATOR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Role of Instructor

Instructors are responsible for training the applicant to the acceptable standards in all subject matter 

areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in all the Tasks, even if the applicant is simply adding a 

category to his or her instrument rating.

Role of Evaluator

The evaluator who conducts the practical test is responsible for determining the applicant meets the 

acceptable standards of aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management for each Task in the 

appropriate ACS.

The FAA does not expect the evaluator to test every Knowledge and Risk Management element on the 

Practical Test, as the Knowledge Test assessed the applicant’s mastery of these areas. The evaluator 

must, however, test at least one item in each of the Knowledge and Risk Management elements for every 

Task, emphasizing the topics (if any) the applicant missed on the Knowledge Test. The evaluator must 

test each item in the Skills elements unless otherwise noted in the Task.

Applicants must complete the oral portion of the practical test before the flight portion; however, oral 

questioning will continue throughout the flight. To the greatest extent practicable, evaluators shall test the 

applicant’s ability to apply and correlate information, and only use rote questions when appropriate for the 

material being tested.

If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator may 

require the applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. The FAA made this provision in the 

interest of fairness, but it does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repetition of an unsatisfactory 

task is permitted during the practical test.

The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures 

throughout the entire test.
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APPENDIX 5: USE OF A FLIGHT SIMULATION TRAINING DEVICE (FSTD)

To be developed.
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APPENDIX 6: PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist

Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name: _________________________________

Location: _________________________________________

Date/Time: ________________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

 Aircraft Documents:

 Airworthiness Certificate

 Registration Certificate

 Operating Limitations

 Aircraft Maintenance Records:

 Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD Compliance

 Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Aircraft Flight Manual

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

 View-Limiting Device 

 Current Aeronautical Charts (Printed or Electronic)

 Computer and Plotter

 Flight Plan Form

 Flight Logs

 Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate Publications

PERSONAL RECORDS

 Identification—Photo/Signature ID

 Pilot Certificate

 Current Medical Certificate

 Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature 

 Original Knowledge Test Report

 Pilot Logbook with appropriate Instructor Endorsements

 FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)

 Letter of Discontinuance (if applicable)

 Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)

 Evaluator’s Fee (if applicable) 
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APPENDIX 7: REFERENCES

To be developed.
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APPENDIX 8: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

To be developed.
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