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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

4351

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QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

evaluation of REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuma , and R. A. Clevenger

<^b|>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

"77“
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards is suggested in the following listing

of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section is engaged in

specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief

description of the activities, and of the resultant reports and publications, appears on the inside

of the back cover of this report.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Tubes. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Process Technology. Engineering Electronics. Electronic

Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat and Power. Temperature Measurements. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics.

Engines and Lubrication. Engine Fuels.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid

State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instriunentation. Radiological Equipment. AEC Radiation Instruments. Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering’ Mechanics.

Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Organic Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Mineral Products. Porcelain and Pottery. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Conditioning. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems.

Analogue Systems.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials.

Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular

Propagation Services.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Frequency Utilization Research. Tropospheric Propagation

Research.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Standards. Microwave Standards. • Office of Basic Instrumentation • Office of Weights and Measiu-es
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT

0903-20-4428 September 30, 1955

NBS REPORT

43 51

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuma , and R. A, Clevenger

Refractories Section

Mineral Products Division

Sponsored

Department of

Bureau of Yards

Washington

,

by

the Navy

and Docks

D. C.

Reference: NT4-59/NY 4200 008-1

NBS File No. 9.3/1134-C

Approved

Dr. Samuel Zerfoss

Chief, Ref ractories Section

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The publication, r(

unless permission I 25,D,C. Such pe

cally prepared If I

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.

' In part, is prohibited

tandards, Washington

sport has been specifieport for its own use.
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QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS , AND RUNWAYS

PART I

1. INTRODUCTION

The objective of the first phase of this project is

the determination of the physical properties of concretes

that will evaluate their suitability for use in jet aircraft

warm-up, power check, maintenance aprons, and runways.

2. MATERIALS: PREPARATION AND TESTING

2.1 Cements

A study of the permanent length changes, the water loss,

as indicated by the weight loss, and the decrease in strength

as indicated by Young's modulus of elasticity (dynamic method)

has been completed on the three types of cement included in

this project. Specimens of the neat cements were cured for

28 days in the fog-room, heated to apparent constant weight

at 100°C, removed from oven, cooled in a desicator, and the

length, weight, and elastic modulus determined. This operation

v;as repeated at 100°C intervals to llOO'^C.

2 . 2 Aggregate s The screen analysis of the last shipment of Kenlite, a lightweight aggregate was determined. The bulk soecific

gravity, absorption, and unit weight in pounds per cubic foot

was determined on this material sized according to the same

gradation used in designing the concretes.
1

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2

2 . 3 Concretes

During this reporting period two final 15 cubic foot

batches were designed, mixed, and specimens fabricated.

Kenlite was used as the aggregate in both batches. Portland

cement was used in the first and Portland pozzolan in the

second. One set of specimens fabricated from the Portland

cement concrete was cured in the fog-room for seven days and

stored under laboratory conditions for 21 days. A second

set was cured for 28 days in the fog-room. Specimens from

each set have been tested.

The specimens fabricated from three concretes designed

with Rocklite aggregate and either Portland, oortland pozzolan,

or high-alumina hydraulic cement made during the last

reporting period have been cured, heat-treated, and tested.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Cements

The graphs appearing in Figures 1, 2 and 3 shov: the

water loss, as indicated by the weight loss, the length

change, and the loss in strength, as indicated by the dynamic

modulus. The effect of heating at 100°C intervals to 500°C

on these properties was discussed in detail in N.B.S. Report

4200, June 30, 1955. The three cements continue to lose

weight but at a uniform and reduced rate from 500°C to the

maximum temperature of test 1100°C.
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26

24

22

20

18

1 6

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

WATER LOSS AS INDIC ATED BY

WEIGHT LOSS

o —o LUMNITE

X —X PORTLAND POZZOLAN

• —— • PORTLAND

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 MOO

HEAT TREATMENTS, °C

FIG. I

SHRINKAGE

IN

PERCENT,-

BASED

ON

LENGTH

AFTER

28

DAY

FOG-ROOM

CURING
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YOUNG S

MODULUS

(DYN

AM

1C)M.

ILLION

LBS/

IN

FIG. 3

3

The Lumnite cement expanded th'»'oughout this temperature

range 0.1 percent. The nortland and Portland pozzolan

cements continue to to 600 C. Portland cement shows

eT &'hh-iit-fe'age of 0.2 percent from 700°C to llOO^C. The Portland

pozzolan shows a rapid rate of expansion from 600°C to 80C°C,

totaling app-^oximate ly 0.70 percent. From 800°C to 1100°C

the Portland pozzolan has a total expansion of approximately

1.0 percent.

The modulus of elasticity continues to decrease from

500*^C to 800°C. All cement specimens had shattered so badly

at the 900°C interval that the dynamic modulus could not be

determined . «

3 . 2 Aggregates

The result of the preliminary tests made on the last

shipment of Kenlite varied somewhat from those of other

shipments. Because of this variation it was necessary to

make some changes in the design of the final batch.

3 . 3 Concretes

Table 1 gives the properties of the cured and heattreated concretes designed with "Rocklite" aggregate. The

composition and some of the properties of the fresh concretes

appeared in N.B.S. Report 4200, June 30, 1955. Using oortland

or Portland pozzolan as the bond, cone rete s were designed

that developed the reguired flexural strength of 600 ps

i

during 28-day fog-room curing. The original requirements
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Properties

of

Cured

and

Heat-Treated

Concretes,

with

Lightweight

Aggregate,

Rocklite. I 0) A0 5-H 1 H

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of 650 ps i was reduced to 600 psi for lightweight aggregate

concrete. The concrete designed with Lumnite cement and

Rocklite aggregate failed to develop the required strength.

The low strength of the concretes designed with the lightweight aggregate "Rocklite" could be attributed to bond

failure. An examination of the fractured beams showed very

little aggregate fracture. The coating on the aggregate

seemed to prevent proper bonding. This was especially

evident in the test specimens that had been heat-treated.

The concretes designed with Kenlite aggregate and eithe'i'

Portland or Portland pozzolan cement have been mixed and

test specimens fabricated. These test specimens are being

cured in fog-room prior to testing. The composition and

some of the properties of the fresh concretes will appear

in the next report, together with the results of tests on

the cured and heat-treated concretes. The test results on

the third concrete designed using this aggregate with the

high-alumina hydraulic cement will also be included.

This will conclude that phase of the project concerned

with the collection of data on the thermal and mechanical

properties of concretes designed with one of three types of

cement and a variety of aggregates.

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5 PART II 1.

INTRODUCTION

The second part of the project inaugurated in September,

1955, and thus far carried on simultaneously with the first,

includes a more basic approach to the cause or causes of

failure that occur in concrete aprons and runways exposed to

jet exhaust gases. It includes a measure of the heat gradients

and stresses set up by flame impingement. Field conditions

will be simulated by using a combustion chamber that will

deliver hot gases at velocities and temoeratures approximating

those in actual service.

2.

MATERIALS

For the purpose of limiting the scope of this phase of

the project Portland will be the only cement used and the

aggregates will be limited to four, olivine, crushed building

brick, sintered slag, and calcined flint clay. The thermal and

mechanical properties of the concretes designed with olivine,

crushed building brick, calcined flint clay or, sintered slag

indicated that the heat exposure up to 500^C effected these

concretes the least. The convential sand and gravel concrete

will be included for comparative purnoses.

3.

TESTS

Heat tests will be included to simulate field conditions.

A combustion chamber. Figure 4, has been designed by the

Mechanics Division, Combustion Controls Section, that will

deliver hot gases at 600°F to 1200°F at velocities of approxi-
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mately 1200 ft/sec. Test panels will be fabricated containing

thermocouples placed on the panel surface and at varying

depths from the exposed surfaces to study the heat gradient.

Pitot tubes to determine the velocities of the gases in a given direction will be built in the test panels. The moisture

content of the panels will be determined by weight loss and

the variation in moisture content from surface to maximum

depth studied. The moisture content will be controlled by

drying. Tests will be conducted at varying water contents.

The panels will be vapor proofed on all surfaces except the

test face. A panel mould designed for these particular

panels has been completed. Gauges indicating the strain

set up in the panel during the heat impingement will be

included in the second set of panels. The placement of the

gauges, and the analysis of the data collected will be

carried out with the advice and consultation of the Fire

Protection and the Structural Engineering Sections of the

Building Technology Division.

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project

or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five scries of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($0.75), available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Publications, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington 25, D. C.
i