e

NBSIR 73-210

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972

Volume I: The Need for

Standards-Priorities for Police Equipment

R. Ku, E. Bunten. P. Klaus

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

July 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice

Washington. DC 20530

NBSIR 73-210 Published as U.S. Department of

Justice Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

National Institute of Law Enforcement and

Criiriinal Justice report LESP-RPT-OOOl .00^ July 197^

NBSIR 73-210

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

VOLUME I: THE NEED FOR

STANDARDS --PRIORITIES FOR POLICE EQUIPMENT

R. Ku, E. Bunten, P. Klaus

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

July 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530

U. S. DEPARTMEIMT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

IMATIOIMAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts, Director

REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY;

The present report is one in a series of reports produced

from data gathered by the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972.

Listed below are the seven reports of that survey.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-210. LEAA POLICE

EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I: (The Present

Report) The Need for Standards — Priorities for

Police Equipment.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-211. LEAA POLICE

EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume II: Communications

Equipment and Supplies.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-212. LEAA POLICE

EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume III: Sirens and

Emergency Warning Lights.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-213. LEAA POLICE

EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume IV: Alarm Displays,

Security Equipment, and Surveillance Equipment,

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-214. LEAA POLICE

EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume V: Handguns and

Handgun Ammunition.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-215. LEAA POLICE

EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VI: Body Armor and

Confiscated Weapons.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-216. LEAA POLICE

EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VII: Patrolcars

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the 1142 police departments throughout the United

States who contributed their time and knowledge to make this report possible.

Special thanks go to the more than 40 police departments whose officers and

administrators helped the survey team during the developmental and testing

phases of the work. In addition, we thank the Program Managers of the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards

Jacob J. Diamond, Chief; Marshall J. Treado; Marshall A. Isler; Robert Mills;

Avery T. Horton; and Jared J. Collard. The support and assistance of Lester

Shubin, NILECJ, our project monitor and consultant; and Marc Nerenstone,

NILECJ, who helped develop the analysis plan; are gratefully acknowledged.

Although there are only three authors for this report, the work could

not have been accomplished without the capable and conscientious efforts of

many members of the Technical Analysis Division. Their unfailing help in the

sometimes boring, sometimes stressful, always demeinding tasks that were required to produce this document, are sincerely and gratefully acknowledged:

William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection

and for helping design and programming interactive record-keeping

system; Robert J. Cvmitz, Ph.D. for his help in editing and reviewing

the report; Jenny L. Eldreth for helping design and for maintaining

the computerized record-keeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising the coding/editing of the questionnaires; June R. Comog, Ph.D.

for her advice, support, and help with initial interviews; Gail B. Hare

for conducting pretest interviews; Diane R. Beall for the many typings

of the various versions of the questionnaires; Suellen Halpin, P. Clare

Reiser, Mary L. Friend, Susan E. Bergsman^- and Dwight F. Doxey, for

editing and coding data and for meiking follow-up telephone calls;

Lorraine S. Freeman for her administrative support; Karen Jackson,

Cassandra Streeter, and Janice Davis, summer employees, for their help

with questionnaire coding and record-keeping; and Mary Hawkins for

typing the report.

iii
1

'I .

r
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

.

iii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi

EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY ix

1-0 INTRODUCTION . 1

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Sample Design 2 1-3 Questionnaire Administration 7 1.4 Development and Design of the EPQ 10

1.5 An Overview of the EPQ Analysis 13

1.5.1 Composite Rankings 13

1.5.2 Level of Agreement 15

2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDING DEPARTMENTS l6

3.0 ANALYSIS OF RANKINGS 21

3.1 Rankings of Categories of Equipment 24

3.1.1 The Categories 24

3.1.2 Reasons for Choosing Number One Category ... 26

3.2 Protective Equipment and Clothing 30

3.3 Communications Equipment and Supplies 34

3.4 Lethal Weapons 37

3.5 Non-Lethal Weapons 41

3.6 Vehicles 44

3.7 Building Systems 49

3.8 Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment 52

3.9 Surveillance and Security Equipment 57

3.10 Detection Systems 51

APPENDIX A. Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.

APPENDIX B. Sampling Considerations.

APPENDIX C. Questionnaire Administration.

APPENDIX D. Details of EPQ Analysis.

APPENDIX E- Complete Data Tables.

v
, . . LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Number Page

1.2-1 Stratification Categories 3

1.2-2 Number of Police Departments by Region and Type. 4

1.2- 3 Sample of Police Departments by Region and Type. 6

1.3- 1 Respondents to the EPQ by Region and Type ... 9

2.0-1 Percent of Respondents Having Each Activity . . 17

2.0-2 • Descriptive Averages by Department Type .... 19

2.0-3 Descriptive Averages by LEAA Region 19

2.0-4 Numbers of Officers in City Departments .... 20

2.0- 5 Monthly Rates of Response to the EPQ 22

3.1- 1 Percent Respondents Selecting Each Category

as Number 1 in Importance 25

3.1-2 Ranks for All Departments for Equipment

Categories 27

3.1-3 . '' Ranks for All Cities for Equipment Categories. . 27

3.1-4 Department Type Ranks for Equipment Categories . 28

3.1-5 Region Ranks for Equipment Categories 28

3.1-5 : Reasons Given for Ranking Category Number 1 . , 29

3.2- 1 Ranks for All Departments for Protective

Equipment and Clothing 32

3.2-2 Ranks for All Cities for Protective

Equipment and Clothing 32

3.2-3 Department Type Ranks for Protective

Equipment and Clothing 33

'3.2-4 Region Ranks for Protective Equipment

and Clothing 33

vi
Number Page

3.3-1 Ranks for All Departments for Communications

Equipment and Supplies 35

3.3-2 Ranks for All Cities for Communications

Equipment and Supplies 35

3.3-3 Department Type Ranks for Communications

Equipment and Supplies 35

3.3- 4 Region Ranks for Communications Equipment

and Supplies 36

3.4- 1 Ranks for All Departments for Lethal Weapons . . 38

3.4-2 Ranks for All Cities for Lethal Weapons .... 38

3.4-3 Department Type Ranks for Lethal Weapons .... 40

3.4- 4 Region Ranks for Lethal Weapons 40

3.5- 1 Ranks for All Department for Non-Lethal

Weapons 42

3.5-2 Ranks for All Cities for Non-Lethal Weapons . . 42

3.5-3 Department Type Ranks for Non-Lethal Weapons . . 43

3.5-4 Region Ranks for Non-Lethal Weapons 43

3-6-1 Ranks for All Departments for Vehicles ..... 45

3.5-2 Ranks for All Cities for Vehicles 45

3.5- 3 Department Type Ranks for Vehicles 47

3.6-4 Region Ranks for Vehicles 47

3.6- 5 Levels of Agreement Between State Composite

and Other Department Type Composites for

Vehicles 48

3.7- 1 Ranks for All Departments for Building Systems . 50

3.7-2 Ranks for All Cities for Building Systems ... 50

3.7-3 Department Type Ranks for Building Systems ... 51

3.7-4 Region Ranks for Building Systems 51

vii

/
Number Page

3.8-1 Ranks for All Departments for Emergency

Warning and Rescue Equipment 54

3.8-2 Ranks for All Cities for Emergency Warning

and Rescue Equipment 54

3.8-3 Department Type Ranks for Emergency Warning

and Rescue Equipment 56

3.8- 4 Region Ranks for Emergency Warning and

Rescue Equipment 55

3.9- 1 ' Ranks for All Departments for Surveillance

and Security Equipment 58

3.9-2 Ranks for All Cities for Surveillance and

' Security Equipment 58

3.9-3 Department Type Ranks for Surveillance and

Security Equipment 60

3.9- 4 Region Ranks for Surveillance and Security

Equipment 50

3.10- 1 Percent of Sample Department Ranking That

Security Item 1,2,3,4 or 5 52

3.10-2 Ranks for All Departments for Detection Systems. 63

3.10-3 Ranks for All Cities for Detection Systems ... 53

3.10-4 Department Type Ranks for Detection Systems . . 64

3.10-5 Region Ranks for Detection Systems 54

B-1 Number of Police Departments by Region and Type. B-4

B-2 Sample of Police Departments by Region and Type. B-6

C.2-1 Results of Post Card Follow-up C-3

C.3-1 Response Rates by Department Type C-5

C.3-2 Cumulative Niomber of Equipment Priorities

Questionnaires Returned C-7

viii
EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND & METHODOLOGY

A. Background (p. 1)

• Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established in

1970 as part of the NILECJ Equipment Systems Improvement

Program (ESIP)

.

• NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of National

Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure

to get information from the users of law enforcement equipment.

• "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities

for LESL programs and would provide some detailed information so that research to develop standards could begin.

• In addition, gathering information from the users would

help to make police agencies aware of LESL and ESIP.

• A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best

procedure to collect user information.

• An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and 5 Detailed

Questionnaires (DQs) were developed and administered. A

separate report was prepared for each of these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires (pp. 10-12)

• Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ,

LESL, and cooperating police departments. Questionnaires

were pretested at various times with approximately 45 police

departments

.

• The EPQ was designed to provide information about needs for

standards for various types of equipment.

• A list of categories of equipment was developed (9 categories:

Building Systems, Communications, Detection Systems, Emergency

Warning Equipment, Lethal Weapons, Non-Lethal Weapons, Protective Equipment and Clothing, Security Equipment , and

Vehicles)

.

ix
• 9 Lists of equipment items within each of these categories

were developed.

• Each respondent ranked the items in each list (taking each

list separately) in terms of needs for standards for the

items within his own department .

• In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of fulland part-time officers, activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

• The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment;

Communications Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition; Lights and Sirens; Body Armor and Confiscated

Weapons; and Patrolcars) were each developed separately.

• The DQs asked aibout kinds and quantities of equipment in

use, problems with existing equipment, suggestions for

improving equipment, needs for standards related to the

equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires,

these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of

the use of specific items of equipment.

O; Sample (pp. 2-7, and Appendix B)

• The population sampled was made up of all police departments

listed in a computerized file compiled and maintained by the

LEAA Statistical Service.

• Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special

police agencies, etc., were excluded.

• The sample was stratified by LEAA Geographic Region (10

Regions) and by Department Type (7 Department Types: State

police; County Police and Sheriffs; City Departments with

1-9 officers; City Departments with 10-49 officers. City

Departments with 50 or more officers, excluding the Fifty

Largest Cities; the Fifty Largest U.S. Cities by population;

and Township Departments.

• Overall, approximately 10% of the 12836 departments in the

population were selected as respondents. (See Table 1.2-2

and Table 1.2-3.)

• The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every

sample department (1386) . Each Detailed Questionnaire was

sent to all States, to all of the Fifty Largest Cities, and

to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about

5 30 departments received each DQ )

.

X
• Therefore, States and the Fifty Largest Cities were asked

to fill in all seven questionnaires. Each of the remaining

1186 departments were asked to fill in the EPQ and two of

the DQs.

Questionnaire Administration (pp. 7-10, and Appendix C)

• Stringent control of administration was required.

• Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments

asking cooperation.

• On June 1, 1973, questionnaire packages mailed.

• In July 1972, follow-up by self-return post card was begun.

• In August 1972, follow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not returned questionnaires were called.

Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in the re- turned questionnaires. About 1300 calls were made. About

70% of the sample departments were called at least once.

• Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized

team to ensure consistency; they were then keypunched and

tabulated.

• Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation

through January 7, 1973.

Rates of Return (p. 20)

• 83% of the 1386 departments returned usable EPQs

• 81-85% of the DQ subsamples returned usable questionnaires.

• Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from States, the

Fifty Largest Cities, and Cities with 50 or more officers.

• Lowest rates of return were from Counties and Townships

(less than 75%)

Analysis of Rankings (pp. 20-22, and Appendix D)

• Objectives were: (1) Establish "composite rankings" for

all departments, all cities, each Department Type and each

Region; and (2) Determine the levels of agreement of rankings within these 19 aggregates.

• Composite rankings were formed separately for each list,

for each aggregate.

xi
• The composites were computed from scores that were made

up of three elements: (1) The rank assigned to an item

transformed such that poorer ranked items received exponentially less importance than better iranked items; (2)

A weight that corresponded to the sampling ratio of the

cell from which a department was selected; and (3) A

weight that corresponded to the number of full time

officers in a department.

• Coefficients of Concordance were calculated to determine

levels of agreement.

o 95% confidence intervals for each composite were calculated.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Characteristics of Responding Departments (pp. 15-23)

• The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents

were Serving Traffic and Criminal Warrants (88%) , Traffic

Safety and Traffic Control (87%) , and Intra-departmental

Communications (87%)

• All of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said they provided In-House Training and Criminal Investigations. This

compared to 68% and 86%, respectively, of all responding

departments

• Only 13% of all respondents had Crime Laboratories. 73% of

the Fifty Largest Cities and 55% of the States had Crime

Laboratories.

• About three-fifths of the departments in all Department Types were providing Emergency Aid and Rescue: Ranging from 50%

of the Cities with 50 or More Officers to 57% of the Counties.

• Overall, the reported Equipment Budgets represented somewhat

over 10% of the Total Budgets reported.

• Among Department Types, there was a wide range of total equipment

expenditures: From a mean of about $10,000 for Cities with

1-9 Officers to a mean of almost $2.6 million for the Fifty

Largest Cities.

• One of the Fifty Largest Cities reported an Equipment Budget

of $40 million.

!

t

xii
• Overall, the Fifty Largest Cities reported a mean of 2491

Full-Time Sworn Officers. However, one of the Fifty Largest

Cities had 27% cf all the Full-Time Officers reported by

that Department Type and another had al)out 12%.

# The mean numbers of Full-Time Sworn Of:;icers reported by

the seven Department Types were

Mean No.

Full-Time

Officers Department Type

2491 Fifty Largest Cities

889 State

132 City with 50+ Officers

60 County

22 City with 10-49 Officers

14 Township

8 City with 1--9 Officers

B. Categories of Equipment (pp. 24-30)

• Two of the 9 categories of equipment W(3re said to be of

high importance for standards by all classes of departments:

Communications and Vehicles.

• 39% of the respondents ranked Vehicles number one, and 33%

of the respondents ranked Communications number one. About

three-quarters of the responding departments ranked these

two categories in one of the first three positions.

• Building Systems tended to receive low priority ranks from

most of the aggregates of respondents: It was ranked 8th

or 9th of nine categories by five of the seven Department

Types.

• About 70% of the respondents ranked Building Systems either

7th, 8th, or 9th.

• The National Composite Ranking for the Categories List was

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Category

Communications Equipment and Supplies

Vehicles

Protective Equipment and Clothing

Weapons, Lethal and Related Ammunition

Weapons , Non-Lethal

Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment

Detection Systems

Security Equipment

Building Systems

xiii
• The "level of agreement" among Department Types and Regions

and within Department Types and Regions was very high.

• 42% of the departments that ranked Comir*unications nixmber 1

gave as their reason "We plan to buy this kind of equipment

in the near future. Standards would help us to select the

best equipment at the least cost."

• 57% of the departments that ranked Vehicles number 1 gave

as their reason "We now have maintenance and repair problems

with much of this kind of equipment. Standards might solve

these problems."

Communications Equipment and Supplies (pp. 34-

• Of the 9 items in this list, the 3 items basic to most

communications systems were said to need standards most:

Mobile Transceiver, Base Radio Transceiver, and Hand-held

Transceiver-

« These 3 items were ranked either 1, 2, or 3 in six of the seven Department Type Composites and in eight of the ten

Regional Composites.

• The National Composite Ranking for the Communications list was

o Respondents tended to make more comments about the use of

the items on the Communications list than any other list.

Vehicles (pp. 44-49)

• The Patrolcar was the top priority item in every Vehicle

Composite; 74% of the respondents ranked Patrolcars number 1.

• The Fifty Largest Cities ranked Motorcycles 2nd and Scooters

3rd. These two items received poorer ranks in the other six

Department Type Composites.

Rank Equipment Item

1

2

3

4

56

7

8

9

Mobile Transceiver

Base Radio Transceiver

Hand-held Transceiver

Digital Data Communications

Scramblers

Car Locators

Repeater Transceiver

Tele-printer Communications

Helmet with Built-in Transceiving Capacity

xiv
• The State Composite seemed to be significantly different

from the other Department Types: State;s tended to give

high priority to Helicopters and Other Aircraft.

• Mobile Communications/Command/Control Vehicles was ranked

2nd in the National Composite and in f:.ve of the seven Department Type Composites

.

• The National Composite Ranking for the Vehicles list was

E. Protective Equipment and Clothing (pp. 30-34)

• Police Uniform was the 1st of 11 items in 18 of the 19

Protective Equipment and Clothing Composites.

• In the State Composite, Riot Helmet was ranked number 1.

In all other Department Types, Riot Helmet was ranked 2nd.

• Bomb Disposal Device was ranked 3rd in the Fifty Largest City

Composite and 4th in the City With 50+ Officers Composite.

It was ranked poorly in all other Department Type Composites.

• Hand-held Shields, Vehicle Armor, and Crash Helmets tended to

be in the three lowest priority positions (9th, 10th, and 11th)

.

• The National Composite Ranking for the Protective Equipment

and Clothing list was

Rank Equipment Iteii

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

Patrolcars

Mobile Communications/Command/Control Vehicles

Other Land Vehicles

Motocycles

Helicopters

Scooters

Boats and Other Watercraft

Other Aircraft

Rank Equipment Item

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Police Uniform

Riot Helmets

Gas Masks

Rainwear

Body Armor

Bomb Disposal Devices

Ballistic Helmets

High Visibility Clothing or Patches

Crash Helmets

Vehicle Armor

Hand-held Shields

XV
Lethal Weapons (pp. 37-41)

• 40% of the depar tments ranked the . 38 Special Revolver

number 1. It was 1st in 17 of the 19 Lethal Weapons

Composites

• The .357 Magnum Revolver was ranked nun^er 1 in the State

Composite.

• Regular Service Ammunition was 2nd in most of the Composites.

However, it was in 4th place in the unweighted National Composite .

• The Shotgun was clearly the highest priority shoulder weapon.

• The National Composite Ranking for the Lethal Weapons list was

Rank Equipment Item

1 .38 Special Revolver

2 Regular Service Ammunition for Handguns

3 Shotgun

4 .357 Magnum Revolver

5 Frangible Bullets

6 Rifle

7 Regular Service Ammunition for Shoulder Weapons

8 High-drag Bullets

9 9 mm Pistol

10 Carbine

11 Ajnnor -piercing Bullets

12 .45 Automatic

Non-Lethal Weapons (pp. 41-44)

• Many departments said the items on this list did not apply

to them, and many said they were unfamiliar with the items.

• No single item on this list dominated the top priority

position in the Composites.

• Six of the 11 items (Blackjacks/Saps, Batons/BillyClubs/

Nightsticks, and the 4 Tear Gas items) tended to be ranked

; in the top 5 or 6 positions.

xvi
• The National Conposite Ranking for the Non-Lethal Weapons

list was

Rank Equipment Item

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Batons/BillyCl'abs/Nightsticks

Tear Gas Dispensers

Tear Gas

Gas Grenades and Cannisters

Blackjacks/Saps

Tear Gas Generators

Tranq^jilizer Dart Guns

Water Cannon

Dye-rr^arker Guns

Pellet Guns

Electric Shockers

Emergency Warning and Rescue Ec'^ipment (pp. 52-56)

• The CoiTibined Siren/Light/Lcudspeaker (CS/L-/L) v;as ranked

number 1 in 17 of the 19 Composites in this category and

by 38% of the departments

.

• Furthermore, tvrc of the components of the CS/L/L system.

Flashing Lights and Sirens, were ranked high in the National

Composite: Flashing Lights was 2nd and Sirens was 4th.

• Rescue Equipment, 3rd in the National and City Composites,

was also given relatively high ranks by Department Type and

Regional Composites

.

• The National Composite Ranking for the Emergency Warning and

Rescue Equipment list was

Rank Equipment Item

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Combined Siren/Light/Loudspeaker System

Flashing Lights

Rescue Equipment

Sirens

First Aid Kits

Spot Lights

Loudspeakers

Fire Extinguishers

Flares

Flood Lights

Reflectors

xvii
Detection Systems (pp. 61-64)

• In general, the 11 items in this list fell into two groups

reflecting higher and lower priorities for standards.

• 5 of the items (Field Narcotic Screening Kits, Quantitative

Breath-Alcohol Screening Device, Pre-arrest Breath-alcohol

Screening Device, Narcotic and Explosive Detectors, and

Fingerprint Kits) were ranked in one of the top five positions by more than two-thirds of the respondents.

• This general pattern was found in all of the Composites

except for the Fifty Largest City Composite in which Walk

Through and Hand-held Metal Weapons Detectors were given

higher priorities.

• The National Composite for Detection Systems (with the dotted

line marking the general division in priorities) was

Rank Equipment Item

1 Fingerprint Kits

2 Field Narcotic Screening Kits

3 Narcotic and Explosive Detectors

4 Quantitative Breath-Alcohol Device

_5 Pre-arrest Breath-Alcohol Screening Dey_ice_

6 Polygraph

7 Hand-held Metal Weapons Detectors

8 X-Ray Equipment Used by Bomb Squads

9 Walk-through Metal Weapons Detectors

10 Gas Chromatograph for Laboratory Use Only

11 Other Types of Weapons Detectors

• The only item consistently in a high priority position in

all aggregates was Field Narcotic Screening Kits.

Surveillance and Security Equipment (pp. 57-61)

• The weighting scheme played a significant role in the Composite

for this list.

• Smaller departments (in terms of numbers of officers) tended

to give higher priorities to Alarm Displays in Department.

Larger departments tended to give better rankings to Low Light

Level Closed Circuit TV.

• State departments tended to give higher priority to Night

Vision Scope Suitable for Rifles than any other Department Type.

xviii
41% of the respondents ranked Alarm Displays in Department

number 1, althou<jh this item received only the 3rd rank in

the National Composite.

• Hand-held Night Vision Equipment was the top ranked item in

the Fifty Largest City Composite.

• The National Composite Ranking for the Surveillance and

Security Equipment list was

Rank Rank

Unweighted Weighted Equipment Item

5 1 Low-Light Level Closed Circuit TV

2 2 Hand-held Night Vision Equipment

1 3 Alarm Displays in Department

3 4 Still Camera Equipment for Night Vision Devices

8 5 Closed Circuit TV

6 6 Night Vision Scope Suitable for Rifles

7 7 Lenses for Night Vision Survwillance Equipment

4 8 General Purpose Locks

9 9 Special Locking Devices for Detention Centers

Building Systems (pp. 49-52)

• Police Station Design/Construction was ranked number 1 by 63%

of the respondents. It was 1st in every Composite.

• Since each of the items in this list covered a broad range of

equipment and/or facilities and since respondents may not have

had the same things in mind when assigning ranks, the analysis

of this list may not be as meaningful as the others.

• The National Composite Ranking for the Building Systems list was

Rank Equipment Item

1 Police Station Design/Construction

2 Detention Center Design/Construction

3 Building Materials

4 Institutional Equipment

5 Institutional Furnishings

xix

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1 . 1 Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcemeint agencies in the

United States have become more aware of the impoj.'tance of equipment

in the performance of their duties. Much of the;,r equipment had

originally been designed for other uses and had to be modified.

Other equipment items had to be used as given. No standards existed

against which equipment performance could be measured nor were any

standard test methods or procedures available. Jt has been difficult

for agencies to compare the performance of equiprjient items. Recognizing

this problem, in 1970, the Law Enforcement Assisi-ance Administration

(LEAA) of the Department of Justice began a concentrated program toward

the improvement of law enforcement equipment.

As the first step in its Equipment Systems Improvement Program

(ESIP) , LEAA, in cooperation with the Department of Commerce, established

a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) . The broad goal of LESL is to recommend performance

standards which can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary guidelines for the

selection of equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is

developing standard test methods and procedures, so that the relative performance of similar items may be evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user infoarmation for the ESIP program,

in 1971 the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

(NILECJ) of LEAA asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical

1
Analysis Division at NBS to gather information from law enforcement

agencies about their specialized equipment needs and problems.

Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time

and manpower constraints led to the development of a nationwide mail

sample survey having two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in

the establishment of priorities for LESL's standards development

activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about certain broad

equipment categories so that research to develop standards in these

areas could begin.

The present report deals with the first general objective stated,

and the associated survey questionnaire will be referred to as the

Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) . A copy of the EPQ may be found

in Appendix A. The second objective is accomplished in the reports on

Alarms, Security and Surveillance Systems; Communications Equipment and

Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency Warning

Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrolcars. The six

questionnaires associated with these specific equipment areas will be

referred to as Detailed Questionnaires (DQs) . A complete listing of

these reports may be found on the inside front cover of this report .

1 . 2 Sample Design

Although the objective of ESIP is to serve all types of law enforcement agencies, this particular study was purposefully limited to police

departments as the largest single group of law enforcement agencies with

identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional
institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special police agencies

such as park police, harbor patrols or university police. The computerized directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and

maintained by LEAA's Statistics Division, provided the population from

which the sample was drawn. Care was taken to exclude the double

listings that existed for some agencies. Details of the selection

process are given in Appendix B.

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA

geographic region, and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS

and NILECJ. The assignment of states to regions and the seven department

types chosen for study are shown in Table 1.2-1.

Table 1.2-1. Stratification Categories

DEPARTMENT TYPES

State Police

County Police & Sheriffs

City with 1-9 Officers

City with 10-49 Officers

City with 50 or more Officers*

The 50 Largest U.S. Cities**

Township Departments

LEAA GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

1 = Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H.,

R.I., Ver.

2 = N.J. , N.Y.

3 = Del., Md., Penn. , Va. , W.Va.,

D.C.

4 = Ala., Fla., Ga. , Ky. , Miss.,

N.C. , S.C. , Tenn.

5 = 111., Ind. , Mich., Ohio, Wis.,

Minn.

6 = Ark., La., N.M. , Okla. , Tex.

7 = Iowa, Kan., Mo., Neb.

8 = Colo., Mont., N.D., S.D.,

Utah, Wyo.

9 = Ariz., Calif., Nev. , Hawaii

10 = Alas., Idaho, Ore., Wash.

* Excluding the 50 largest U.S.

cities

** By population, U.S. 1970 census.

The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata is

exhibited in Table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no

3
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Townships in Regions 4,5,7,8,9 and 10. Almost 63% of the departments

were City police, 43% having 1-9 full-time officers. County departments

comprised about 24% of the population. By Region, the smallest (Region

10) contained only 3.4% of the police departments, while Region 5, the

largest, had 22.5%. The Vctriation in the number of departments in

a cell (Region/Department Type combination) was ei/en greater than that

across the strata, i.e. the number of departments in each cell ranged

from 0 to 1470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the

sampling plan discussed briefly below, and in detail in Appendix B. All

of the State departments and the Fifty Largest City departments were

included in the sample and were asked to complete all six DQs, i.e. they

were sent the entire package of seven questionnaires. For the remaining

cells the variation in cell size presented a problem: If the same fraction

of the entire population were to be selected from the members of each cell,

a constant sampling fraction large enough to alio// a sufficient number of

sample units (police departments) in small cells iA/ould yield an unmanageably large total sample; on the other hand, a constant sampling fraction

small enough to make the total sample manageable would yield too few

sample units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of

30 police departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible, resulting in a

different sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of thirty

departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of

the six DQs. This plan resulted in sending the EPQ to 1392 departments,

and each DQ to approximately 530 departments. Table 1.2-3 presents the

total EPQ sample which represents 10.8% of the total population of police

departments under consideration.

5
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Comparison of Tables 1.2-2 and 1.2-3 shows the effect of employing

a constant sized sample/cell. The cell having the smallest sampling

fraction is Region 5, City (1-9 Officers), with just over 2% sampled,

whereas some cells are sampled 100%. Furthermore, it should be

noted that about 5.5% of Cities VJith 1-9 Officers are in the sample,

compared to 100% of the Fifty Largest Cities. The fractions sampled by

region show somewhat more stability, lying between 6% and 25%.

The departm.ents were selected randomly within each cell, from the

total cell population, for EPQ miailing. The DQs were also randomly

distributed v;ithin each cell, each department (other than the States and

the Fifty Largest Cities) receiving two DQs. Thus, in cells having 30

sample units, each DQ was mailed to 10 departments; cells having fewer

sample units were allocated correspondingly fewer of each DQ (see Appendix

E) .

Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique

seven-digit identification number, coding region, type, and questionnaire

assignment.

1. 3 Questionnaire Admdnistration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that straingent

control would be required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a

high rate of response. Computer- stored daily status records were input

via a teletypev/riter term.inal for each sample department. In general the

following procedure was used:

(a) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed

by the director of NILECJ, addressed to the head of the

7
department. This letter introduced the survey and requested

cooperation.

(b) About one week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(c) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month

were identified by the computer and were sent a postcard

requesting information as to the status of the questionnaires.

Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were

sent another; those not returning the postcard were placed

on a list for telephone follow-up.

(d) About a month and a half later, departments with which no

contact had been made were called by telephone.

(e) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and

either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to clear up ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and

this effort was rewarded with an 83% response for the EPQ, and between

81% and 8 5% for each DQ.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable

EPQ's) is exhibited in Table 1.3-1. Comparing this table with Table 1.2-3

shows that greatest response rate was from the States and larger cities

(over 90%) , while Counties and Townships had the poorest response rates

(under 75%) . This would seem to be partly explained by the fact that the

larger departments use more equipment than do smaller departments and therefore have a greater interest in developing standards. An inspection of the

average annual equipment budget for the various department types supports

8
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this hypothesis. Additionally, telephone contacts with non-respondents

revealed that many small departments considered themselves to be understaffed and thus unable to answer the questionnaires.

A more detailed description of the EPQ administration may be found

in Appendix C.

1

4 Development and Design of the EPQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design evolved over a 12-month

period. During this time the survey team consulted at length with

NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers. In addition, the officers and administrators of about 40 police

departments served as consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of

various versions of the questionnaires.

The EPQ in its final form is reproduced in Appendix A. Each

respondent was asked to rank-order the items on each of ten lists: One

list contained nine general equipment categories; the other nine lists

contained items within each category. There were 87 items (or item/

systems) in the nine category lists, the longest list (Lethal Weapons)

having 12 items and the shortest (Building Systems) having 5 items.

The criterion for rank-ordering was the need for standards of

entries in the list. Considerable care was taken to render the phrase

"in need of standards" and its negative as clearly and concisely as

possible (see page A-4 of the EPQ, Appendix A) . Emphasis was given to

the request that rankings reflect the needs of the respondent's department,

not what the respondent thought were general police department needs.

This distinction is important. For example, a respondent may have felt

10
that standards development for sophisticated communications equipment

was important, but he may have had no need for such equipment himself

and was not planning to buy any. Therefore, these items should have

been ranked poorly b^ him .

The nine categories of equipment were established on the basis of •

discussions with LESL, NILECJ, and police departments. Computers and

computer related equipment were purposefully excluded from the survey.

Other ways to group police equipment (e.g. by cost) were clearly possible,

but grouping by type seemed to offer the most convenient and logical fonn.

Furthermore, this type of categorization presumably minimized the number

of "apples/oranges" comparisons.

One of the more difficult tasks in the preparation of the lists was

that of limiting the number of items in each list. Ranking a number (N)

of items involves assigning the integers 1 through N (in some permutation)

to each item. (Instructions for this survey asked that rank 1 be

assigned to the highest priority item, rank 2 to the next higher priority

item, etc., and rank N to the lowest priority item.) In a task of this

kind, if N is too large, a respondent may not be able to make rational

comparisons and may be more prone to making errors, e.g. assigning the

same rank to two different items. Therefore, decisions were made by the

study group (with the advice of LESL, NILECH, and the pretest departments)

to exclude those items least likely to be found in the field. However,

space was provided at the bottom of each list for the respondent to

"write-in" additional items or make comments. These additions were not

ranked with the others but were recorded and are discussed in this report.

11
In addition to the nine category lists, the respondents were asked to

rank the categories themselves and to check two of eight reasons for

their choice of the top priority category.

Explicit instructions appeared on each page of the EPQ in an effort

to minimize the number of misinterpretations and errors. Since it was

learned through pretesting that many police departments receive more than

ten questionnaires per month from universities and other research organizations, extra care was taken to obtain conscientious and thoughtful

responses. Because it is likely that an item's position in a list may

influence the ranking it receives, approximately half of the respondents

were sent EPQs with lists in reverse order from those sent to the other

half. Although no statistical tests were made, it is assumed that this

procedure led to a cancelling of order effects, if any.

Other data describing the characteristics of the responding departments were requested in the EPQ. Among these were population served and

physical size of the jurisdiction served; type of jurisdiction (as a

check against the NILE-CJ data tape) ; number of full- and part-time

officers (as an update to the original data tape) ; approximate total,

equipment and personnel expenditures during 1971; and activities handled

by the police department (e.g. custody/Detention, Traffic Safety and

Control)

12
1. 5 An Overview of the EPQ Analysis

The analysis of the rankings performed for this study had two

major objectives:

(a) To determine the level of agreement in rankings within

various aggregates of respondents; and

(b) to establish "composite rankings"* for various aggregates

of respondents.

In the following discussion of analytical techniques, no distinction

is made between the nine category lists of items and the list of categories.

The generic term for a list "item" or "category" is entry. Furthermore,

since all ten lists were analyzed in the same way, the discussionof analytical

techniques refers to "the list" instead of referencing a particular list.

1.5.1 Composite Rankings

The final form of the EPQ asked respondents to rank each entry

in the lists. Both rating and partial ranking techniques were considered

as alternatives to the ranking method selected and were not adopted.

A rationale for the choice of the present ranking scheme over these

alternative methodologies is presented in Appendix D.

* The term "composite ranking" is used to dispel any notion that there is some underlying "true" ranking for the aggregate under consideration, aS

there exists no evidence to support such an hypothesis , even though the

level of agreement is high, as indicated by the appropriate statistical

tests

.

13
The rankings from each department were aggregated into composite

rankings.* Each composite ranking was obtained by ordering "scores"

based on the rankings given by individual departments within the entire

aggregate under consideration. That is, a "score" was calculated for

each entry on the list, based on the ranks assigned by departments in

the group of interest. The score for an entry, then, was:

where the summation was taken over all respondents (K) in the aggregate

of interest; r was the rank given the entry by the respondent, and W was

the weight associated with the respondent.

This method of aggregating ranked data yields a "composite ranking"

influenced importantly by two factors. Firstly, the exponential formula**

employed has the property of assigning most importance to an entry

ranked number one by many respondents and exponentially less importance

to the poorer rankings given that entry. For example, the assignment

of an entry to third place by eight departments would be equivalent to

the assignment of that same entry to first place by one department. This

procedure gives considerable emphasis, then, to positive statements (i.e.

ranking an entry number one) about "needs for standards" and very little

emphasis to expressions of either indifference or lack of need for standards.

"* The aggregates of respondints considered are Regions, Department Types, all

Cities, and the nation (i.e., for each list, there are ten composite rankings

for the ten LEAA Regions, seven composite rankings for the seven Department

Types, a composite ranking for the Cities and a national composite ranking.)

The Cities composite ranking is based on data from the responding departments

in the four City Department Types: Fifty Largest Cities, Cities (50+),

Cities (10-49) , and Cities (1-9) . This formula was supplied by Mr. Marc Nerenstone of NILECJ, Department of

Justice

.

14
Secondly, the weighting factor multiples the department's vote by

the number of full-time sworn officers in that department, and in

that sense, gives each officer one vote. Other means of weighting

the responses were considered and rejected: Devcilopmental work indicated that the number of officers in the responding department was

generally the best single index of that department's use of equipment.

Composite rankings assuming equal weights for all responding departments (W = 1) were calculated as well, and are used in Section 3.0 of

this report to highlight the effects of the present weighting scheme.

In addition, details of the several formula/weight combinations considered during the course of the analysis are discussed in Appendix D.

1.5.2 Level of Agreement

The analysis included the calculation of a statistic (Coefficient

of Concordance) which would indicate whether or not certain groups of

departments tended to assign similar ranks to an entry. (e.g. whether

there was agreement among the seven Department Types or among the ten

Regions in their rankings of the entries.) This statistic was calculated

for the departments within each Department Type, and within each Region.

In addition it was calculated among Regions (with all departments in a

LEAA Region regarded as a single "respondent") and among Department Types

(with all departments in a particular Department Type regarded as a

single "respondent") . Note that when calculating the statistic among

Department Types or Regions, that it is possible for the level of agreement among the groups to be high while the level of agreement between any

two of those groups is low, and vice versa.

15
One additional statistical test was made regarding the rankings.

This test identifies entries ranked consistently high or low (based upon

the simple rank sum) by respondents and was applifsd to the same aggregates of respondents as were tested for level of agreement. (See

Appendix D)

Complete tables, including simple relative farequency counts (or

distributions) of the ranks, have been tabulated and appear in Appendix

E.

2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDING DEPARTMENTS

Equipment needs of police departments are clearly a function of

their activities as evidenced by the responses to the check- list of 30

typical police department activities that was included in the EPQ.

Results are tabulated by Department Type in Table 2.0-1.

The activities most frequently checked were (1) Serving Traffic

and Criminal Warrants (88%); (2) Traffic Safety and Traffic Control (87%) ;

and (3) Intra-departmental Communications (87%) . All 45 of the Fifty

Largest Cities responding indicated that their departments provided Inhouse Training and performed Criminal Investigations. These compare to

68% and 86%, respectively, of all respondents. Although only 13% of

the responding departments overall had Crime Laboratories, 73% of the Fifty

Largest City Departments had them, as did 55% of the State Departments.

The activity appearing to be most constant for all Department Types was

that of providing Emergency Aid and Rescue, ranging from 60%

(Cities with 50+ officers) to 57% (county Departments) .

16
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17
other activities, not on the list but written in, included meter

parking and maintenance; crossing guards; court duties; river, lake and

park patrol; licensing and license regulation; juvenile detention;

vehicle accident investigation; and local zoning and ordinance enforcement.

Table 2.0-2 shows a summary of the descriptive data obtained from

the responding departments. As can be seen from the coliamn for Annual

Equipment Budget, there was a wide range of expenditures among the

different Department Types, from a mean of about $10 thousand for Cities

with 1-9 Officers to almost $2.5 million for the Fifty Largest Cities.

The largest individual equipment budget was $40 million, occurring in

one of the Fifty Largest Cities. Overall, Equipment Budgets represented

somewhat over 10% of the total annual budgets reported.

The mean Number of Part-time Officers was based on those respondents

having Part-time Officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding

from the Fifty Largest Cities, only six had Part-time Officers, including

one city which had nearly 6000. Thus, the mean value of 1115 for this

Department Typs is scmewhat misleading. It should be noted that the

category "Part-time Officers" included officers described as auxiliary,

volunteer, reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special

agent, traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications

were counted in the Part-time Officer category since it has different

meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA Region (see Table

2.0-3) were considerably smaller than variations by Department Type.

18
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Regions 1 and 8 had smaller budgets than the others, primarily because

each had only one of the pifty Largest Cities.

It was mentioned previously that the niunber of officers cited by

respondents could serve as a cross-check and update of the original data

tape frcm LEAA. Table 2,0-4 indicates changes in the original classification. As an example of how this table can be read, 33 of the city

departments having 1-9 officers according to the LEAA tape in fact

reported 10-49 officers. The relative symmetry of the table matrix

indicates that changes in numbers of officers occurred approximately

equally in the positive and negative directions.

Table 2.0-4 Numbers of Officers in City Departments

DEPART^ffiNT TYPE: ACTUAL NUMBER OF OFFICERS REPORTED FROM THE SURVEY:

(From LEAA Tape)

1-9 10-49 50+

City (1-9 Officers) 195 33 4

City (10-49 Officers) 28 230 4

City (50 or more Officers) 1 7

' 236

Eighteen different titles for respondents were coded. Slightly over

37% of the EPQs were completed by department chiefs. The EPQ was more

likely to be completed by department chiefs in the smaller cities and

Townships. Only 4% of the EPQs sent to the Fifty Largest cities were

filled in by the chief; over 22% of the respondents from the Fifty Largest

cities were non-uniformed personnel (planning staff, administrators, etc.).

Sheriffs, Deputies and under-sheriffs comprised over 78% of the

county respondents. For cities other than the Fifty Largest, chiefs.

Captains and lieutenants were the primary respondents. State departments

20
provided a fairly even distribution of responding personnel, including

Captains, Majors, Lieutenants, Sergeants and non-uniformed personnel.

Pates of response by department type are exhibited in Figure 2.0-5.

(p. 22) . Generally, the two months having the highest rates of return

were June (after the initial mailing) and August (after the follow-up

post card) . State departments and the larger Cities had higher than

average returns, while the small cities (1-9 officers), Counties and

Townships indicated the lowest. It is interesting to note that the Fifty

Largest Cities had their highest return rate during the month of July,

prior to the post card mailing, suggesting possibly a longer time period

to complete the EPQ because of the six DQs they received. A similar

observation may be made for State Departments. (See the further discussion of this topic in Appendix C.)

3.0 ANALYSIS OF RANKINGS

This section presents a discussion of the results of the analyses

of the responses to the EPQ. A subsection is provided for the analysis

of each of the ten lists in the EPQ. Note again that composite rankings

were based on a weighted exponential formula*, the weights being proportional to the nijmber of full-time officers in the responding department.

It should be further emphasized that these analyses of rankings provide

only one of many inputs to the decision-making process by which priorities

for developing standards for police equipment will be determined by

NILECJ.

* See Section 1.5.1 or Appendix D.

21
22
The reader should also be cautioned to treat individual lists

separately. For example, tiiere is no basis in the data for comparisons

between the priorities from two different lists. The type

of inference that one might be tempted to draw is that since Communications v,'as ranked higher tnan Protective Equipment and Clothing,

Mobile Transceivers (the too priority Communications item) should

be ranked higher than Police Uniform (the top priority Protective

Equipment and Clothing item) . This conclusion would not be deducible

from the data.

It is highly likely that many of the respondents ranked lists

according to the criterion of importance to the police departm.ent,

rather than that of need for standards development:. Although the

latter is in principal what was sought, it is fully appreciated

that some respondents used the former in selecting ranks. This

possible ambiguity in the interpretation of the criterion has not

necessarily generated "contaminated" data. The imposition of a

strict distinction between that which is important to departments

(for which relatively little standards development would be needed)

and that which departments rarely used (for which considerable standards

development would be needed) contributed an additional dimension to

the problem of setting priorities. Leaving this trade-off decision

to individual respondents ' rankings yielded data which more accurately

reflected the overall priorities as individually perceived.

23
3 . 1 Rankings of Categories of Equipment

3.1.1 The Categories

Nine general equipment categories were selected for inclusion

in the EPQ. It was assumed, based on discussions with law enforcement

experts during the developmental phase of the study, that the categories

were meaningful to the respondent departments and that they provided a

logical structure for the wide variety of equipment used by those departments .

'

Of the nine categories in the list, two categories were said to

be of high importance for standards by all classes of departments:

Communications and Vehicles. Almost 39% of the respondents ranked

Vehicles number one, and over 33% ranked Communications in that position.

Communications and Vehicles were ranked among the top three (of nine

categories) by over 78 and 74%, respectively, of the respondents. These

same two categories received either the number one or two rank for each

Department Type composite, except for the Fifty Largest Cities (for which

Vehicles ranked third); for each Region composite except region 2 (for

which Vehicles ranked third) ; for the City composite; and for the National

composite. In the case of Region 2, one respondent, which had over twothirds of the total weight for that Region (i.e. over two-thirds of the

full-time officers in the Region were in one department) , ranked Vehicles

seventh. This partially accounts for the fact that Vehicles was third in

the Region 2 composite ranking.

At the other extreme. Building Systems tended to receive low

priority ranks frctn most of the aggregates of respondents. Only Cities

With 10-49 Officers and Townships failed to arrive at a composite rank

24
of 8 or 9 (out of 9) for this category among the seven Department Types

Composites for six of the cen LEAA Regions ranked Building Systems eighth

or ninth, and in both the City composite and National composite it was

ninth. These results are not surprising in view of the fact that almost

40% of all respondents ranked Building Systems ninth; nearly 70% ranked

that category seventh, eighth or ninth.

Relative frequency histograms for the numter one-ranked category

appear in Figure 3.1-1.

Figure 3.1-1. Percent Respondents Selecting Each Category as Number 1 In Importance.

RELATIVE

EQUIPMENT CATEGORY: FREQUENCY:

Communications

Vehicles

Protective Equipment

Lethal Weapons

Non- Lethal Weapons

Emergency Warning

Detection Systems

Security Equipment

Building Systems

In the histogram, the categories have been ordered according to the

National composite rankings, so that the extent to which the latter corresponds to a ranking based on the number of number-one ranks received may

be seen from the overall trend of the histogram. Although the Vehicles

category received more number one ranks than did Communications , the latter

nevertheless was ranked number one in the National composite. The level

of agreement among the seven Department Types, taking their ranking of all

of the categories into consideration, was 100% as was the level of agreement within each Department Type. (See Appendix D for a discussion of

25
the meaning of the phrase "level of agreement." Basically if the "level

of agreement" is 100%, there is a negligible probability that the observed

similarity of rankings could have occurred by chance alone.)

Tables 3.1-2 through 3.1-5 show the National composite, the Cities

composite, the Department Type composites, and the Regional composites,

respectively. Regional differences appear to be somewhat less pronounced

than Department Type differences. A closer examination, however, does

reveal significant differences in pairs of Regional composites. For

example, there was a relatively low level of agreement (8 2.1%) between

Regions 2 and 6 (t = 0.278). Additionally, the level of agreement for

the Fifty Largest City composite and the Cities composite was determined.

In this case, the level of agreement was 99.98% (t - 0.78) . This latter

example illustrates the possible effect of the weights upon the determination of the composite rankings. That is, the largest weight carried

by respondents in the Fifty Largest Cities might account for the high

level of agreement between this aggregate and the aggregate of all cities.

This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the levels of agreement of

the Fifty Largest Cities with each of the other city department types were

87% (Cities With 1-9 Officers) ; 46% (Cities With 10-49 Officers) ; and 96%

(Cities With 50 or More Officers)

3.1.2 Reasons for Choosing Number One Category

Respondents were asked to indicate two of seven reasons for their

selections of the category ranked number one. Table 3.1-6 indicates the

distribution of their choices of reasons by top priority category and

overall. Of the departments choosing Communication as the equipment area

26
Table 3.1-2 Composite Ranks for All

Departments for Equipment Categories

CATEGORY RANK

Communications Equipment and Supplies 1

Vehicles 2 Protective Equipment and Clothing 3

Weapons, Lethal and Related Ammunition 4

Weapons, Non-Lethal 5 Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment 6

Detection Systems 7 Security Equipment 8

Building Systems 9

Table 3.1-3 Composite Ranks for All

Cities for Equipment Categories

CATEGORY RANK

Communications Equipment and Supplies 1

Vehicles 2

Protective Equipment and Clothing 3

Weapons, Lethal and Related Ammunition 5

Weapons, Non-Lethal 4

Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment 7

Detection Systems 6

Security Equipment 8

Building Systems 9

27
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29
which most required standards, 42% chose the response "We plan to buy this

kind of equipment .. .Standards would help us to select..." Of the department

choosing Vehicles as the equipment area which most required standards, 57%

chose the response "We now hc,ve maintenance and repair problems .. .Standards

might solve these problems." Four of the seven alternatives were chosen

with almost equal frequency regardless of the equipment category marked

number one. In addition to the two reasons mentioned above, the departments

said that standards would help eliminate their current need to test and

compare different brands of equipment and cited their inability to test

equipment.

Nearly 100 comments were given by respondents regarding the reasons

for why various equipment was in need of standards. Many of these suggested

that respondents were thinking of the importance of equipment in running a

police department, rather than of the need for setting equipment standards,

although these two notions are obviously related. The absence of interchangeability of components and high costs of desired equipment were two

comments made which may relate more directly to standards. Despite the

fact that Building Systems ranked last in priority for standards development,

several comments were made regarding lack of space, inadequacy of facilities

and outdated equipment. Some of these problems, however, could probably be

attributed to budget constraints rather than to lack of standards. It is

interesting to note that 59% of those ranking Building Systems first indicated that their reason was the forthcoming purchase of such systems.

3 . 2 Protective Equipment and Clothing

Of the eleven items on the Protective Equipment & Clothing list, nearly

50% of all respondents indicated the Police Uniform as the item of protective

30
equipment and clothing most in need of standards. The National composite.

Cities composite and all Regional composites had Police Uniform in first

place. The State Department composite ranked Riot Helmets first and

Police Uniform second. All other Department Type composites ranked Police

Uniform first and Riot Helmets second.

The Fifty Largest Cities composite had Bomb Disposal Devices ranked

third, and the composite for Cities With 50 or More Officers ranked this

fourth. However, Bomb Disposal Devices were ranked poorly in all other

Department Type composites. One obvious explanation for this is that the

threat of bombs is greater in larger cities, perhaps because of greater

concentrations of people and the sociological pressures existing in such

high-density areas.

Hand-Held Shields, Vehicle Armor and Crash Helmets tended to occupy

the three lowest priority positions (ranks 9, 10, 11) for most composites.

One significant exception was Region 8 which ranked Crash Helmets with

the second highest priority. This item was ranked eleventh (last) in

Region 8 in the unweighted (equal weights) case, suggesting that perhaps

a few respondents having many officers ranked Crash Helmets as high priority.

Although the level of agreement is 100% among the Department Types and

among Regions, there are some pairs that have lower levels of agreement.

These, however, all appear to be above the 90% level, i.e. there is

certainly not much conflict among composite rankings. Tables 3.2-1

through 3.2-4 show composite rankings for the several aggregates considered.

Among the additional items listed, although by less than 9 departments

each, were specific uniform and accessory clothing items; equipment to.

31
Table 3.2-1 Composite Ranks for All Departments for Protective

Equipment and Clothing

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Police Uniform 1

Riot Helmets 2 Gas Masks 3 Rainwear 4

Body Armor 5 Bomb Disposal Devices . 5

Ballistic Helmets 7

High Visibility Clothing or Patches 8

Crash Helmets 9

Vehicle Armor 10

Hand Held Shields 11

Table 3.2-2 Composite Ranks for All Cities for Protective

Equipment and Clothing

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Police Uniform 1

Riot Helmets 2 Gas Masks 5 Rainwear 6

Body Armor 4

Bomb Disposal Devices 3

Ballistic Helmets 7

High Visibility Clothing or Patches 10

Crash Helmets 8

Vehicle Armor 9

Hand Held Shields 11
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3 . 3 Communications Equipment and Supplies

This category of equipment was ranked number one in the National

composite. (See Section 3.1 above.) Of the nine items of communications

equipment listed, the three items basic to most comiaunications systems

predominated: Mobile Transceiver (National composi'ce - number 1 rank);

Base Radio Transceiver (National composite - number 2 rank) ; and Hand-Held

Transceiver (National composite - number 3 rank) . These three items

appeared in the top three ranks in six of the seven Department Type composites, in eight of the 10 Regional composites; in the City composite and

in the National composite. In the exceptional cases, the worst rank

received by any of the three was rank 5. Mobile Transceivers were ranked

1, 2 or 3 by 67% of all respondents; Base Radio Transceiver and Hand-Held

Transceiver by 56% and 62%, respectively.

Tables 3.3-1 through 3.3-4 present the various composites. Tables

3.3-3 and 3.3-4 show that the levels of agreement among all Department Type

and among all Regions were high; in fact, calculated to be 100%. Additionally, the level of agreement within each Department Type and within each

Region was also 100 percent.

Several departments commented about their communication equipment: on

the general importance of communications equipment to the police function;

that their ccamnuni cations systems were outdated and that they were planning

to buy new equipment; that an improved scrambler system was needed ; and

that their spectrum allocation was insufficient. Twenty-five respondents

34
Table 3.3-1 Composite Ranks for All Departments for

Communications Equipment and Supplies

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Mobile Transceivers -1 Base Radio Receiver 2 Hand-Held Transceivers 3

Digital Data Communications 4

Scramblers 5 Car Locaters 6

Repeater Transceivers 7

Tele-Printer Communications 8

Helmet with Built-in Transceiving Capacity ' 9

Table 3.3-2 Composite Ranks for All Cities for

Communications Equipment and Supplies

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Mobile Transceivers 1

Base Radio Transceiver 2

Hand-Held Transceivers 3

Digital Data Communications 5

Scramblers 4

Car Locaters 6

Repeater Transceivers 8

Tele-Printer Communications 7 Helmet with Built-in Transceiving Capacity 9

35
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36
indicated that their departments do not use or were not planning to use

items on the list because of large cost or lack of need. Many additional

communications items were suggested:

Telecommunications Equipment*

Computer Dispatching*

Paging Systems

Generators

Radio Monitors

Miniature Transceivers

Portable/Mobile Repeaters

Undercover Transceivers

Microfische for Dispatch

Departments tended to discuss their problems with Communications equipment

more than for any other list. Six respondents attempted to explain their

rankings of this list.

3.4 Lethal Weapons

This 12-item list was the longest list in the EPQ. Since a wide

variety of handguns and shoulder weapons are employed by police departments

in this country, it was necessary to include at least the four most

frequently used handgun calibers, the three most frequently used types of

shoulder weapons, and five general types of ammunition in the list.

Tcible 3.4-1 shows the National ccmposite ranks. The .38 Special

Revolver was the top priority item, having received 40% of its ranks in

the number 1 position. Only State Departments indicated a preference for

another type of handgun, the .357 Magnum Revolver, ranking this item number

1 in 43% of the cases; the .357 Magnum also ranked first in the State

* These items would probably involve computers.

37
Table 3.4-1 Composite Ranks for All Departments for Lethal Weapons

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

.38 Special Revolver 1

Regular Service Ammunition for Handguns 2 Shotgun 3 .357 Magnum Revolver 4

Frangible Bullets 5 Rifle 6

Regular Service Ammunition for Shoulder Weapons 7 High-Drag Bullets 8

9 mm Pistol 9 . Carbine 10

Armor-Piercing Bullets 11

.45 Automatic 12

Table 3.4-2 Composite Ranks for All Cities for Lethal Weapons

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

.38 Special Revolver 1

Regular Service Ammunition for Handguns 2 Shotgun 3

.357 Magnum Revolver 5

Frangible Bullets 4

Rifle 7

Regular Service Ammunition for Shoulder Weapons 6

High-Drag Bullets 8

. 9 mm Pistol 9

Carbine 10

Armor-Piercing Bullets 12

.45 Automatic 11

38
Department composite. (The detailed handgun questionnaire* showed that

94% of all departments had officers using a .38 handgun on duty, but 66%

of all State Departments had officers using a .357 handgun on duty.)

Region 10 respondents also showed less favor to the .38 Special, ranking

it behind the .357 Magnum, Regular Service Ammunition for Handguns, and

Shotguns. (89% of the departments in Region 10 had officers using a .357

Magnum on duty*.) The .38 Special ranked number one in all other composites. Furthermore, it was identified as having a significantly consistent

high priority, both within aggregates and among aggregates (i.e. Department

Types and Regions)

Regular Service Ammunition received the second highest priority rank

in the National composite, but this result is somewhat attributable to the

weighting factor. Handgun Ammunition ranked behind the .357 Magnum and

the Shotgun in the unweighted version. Regular Service Ammunition for

Shoulder Weapons ranked pretty far down the list, in the number 7 spot

nationally. If it were not for the weights, this item would have ranked

tenth (of twelve)

The Shotgun is clearly ranked ahead of all other shoulder weapons in

every composite.

Of the more esoteric items, Frangible Bullets ranked ahead of both

High-Drag and Armor-Piercing Bullets in all composites but Townships.

Armor-Piercing bullets tended to be ranked poorly and in fact ranked next

to last in the National composite (last in the unweighted case)

Tables 3.4-3 and 3.4-4 show the composite rankings for Department

* See LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume V: Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition, NBSIR 73 214, August 1973.

39
ft

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40
Types, and Regions, respectively. The level of agreement within each

aggregate was 100%, as were the levels of agreement between Department

Types and between Regions. The two Department Types which appeared to

be most divergent were the Fifty Largest Cities and Townships. Even in

this case, however, the level of agreement was about 88%.

Other items in this category suggested by respondents included rifle

scope, pistol range, machine gun and submachine gun, small concealed handgun, holster, and tear gas adaptor. Eight respondents ranked only items

which applied to them, and five provided explanation of their rankings.

Three others emphasized the need for test standards.

3 . 5 Non-Lethal Weapons

As a general category, Non-Lethal Weapons received the smallest

overall percentage of top priority ranks (2%). Several of the smaller

departments indicated that some of the items did not apply to them or

that there was a general lack of knowledge about some of the Non-Lethal

Weapons in the list.

Although all levels of agreement were 100%, no single item seemed to

dominate the top priority position in the composites. Tables 3.5-1 through

3.5-4 show the composite rankings. Of the eleven items, the Blackjacks/

Saps, Batons/Billyclubs/Nightsticks , and the four tear gas related items

tended to rank in the top six positions, while the remaining, less frequently

used items, tended to have poorer composite ranks. This was true for the

National composite, the City composite, four of the seven Department Types,

and six of ten Regional composites. In the remaining composites, five of

the six top positions were always filled by seme combination of these same

six items.

41
Table 3.5-1 Composite Ranks for All Departments for Non-Lethal Weapons

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Batons/Billy Clubs/Nightsticks 1

Tear Gas Dispensers 2

Tear Gas 3

Gas Grenades and Cannisters 4

Black Jacks/Saps 5 Tear Gas Generators 6

Tranquilizer Dart Guns 7

Water Cannon 8

Dye-Marker Guns 9

Pellet Guns 10

Electric Shockers 11

Table 3.5-2 Composite Ranks for All Cities for Non-Lethal Weapons

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Batons/Billy Clubs/Nightsticks 1

Tear Gas Dispensers 2

Tear Gas 3

Gas Grenades and Cannisters 4

Black Jacks/Saps 6

Tear Gas Generators 5 Tranquilizer Dart Guns 7

Water Cannon 9

Dye-Marker Guns 8

Pellet Guns 10

Electric Shockers 11

42
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Levels of agreement between pairs and other sui;-aggregates of

composite rankings were all very high (over 95%) , e\'en though the item

ranks in each composite were not the same. This occ;urred because the

same items consistently appeared in the same groups of rankings (e.g.

the top six ranks) . For example, considering the 4 City Department

Types as a sub-aggregate of the seven Department Ty])es (see Table 3.5-3),

the level of agreement among these was 100%.

3.6 Vehicles

Vehicles, as a category, received the greatest number of number 1

ranks and was ranked number 2 in the National composite. The top

priority Vehicle item was the Patrolcar in all Department Type composites,

all Regional composites, the composite for the Cities, and the National

composite (see Tables 3.6-1 through 3.6-4) . Overall, Patrolcars was

ranked number one in priority by 74% of the respondents. The range of

percentages by Department Type was 61% (Counties) to 85% (States) . One

possible explanation for the dominance of Patrolcarja in the rankings is

the fact that all police departments were familiar with that item, all

departments probably had at least one, and Patrolcars probably represented

a significant fraction of their annual equipment budgets. (See the DQ on

Patrolcars* for more details.) And, in addition, the notion of a performance standard was likely to be better understood when applied to Vehicles

than to Protective Equipment and Clothing. Since patrolcars probably were.

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VII: Patrolcars,

NBSIR 73 216, July 1973.

44
Table 3.6-1 Composite Ranks for All Departments for Vehicles.

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Patrolcars 1

Mobile Communications/Command/Control Vehicles 2

Other Land Vehicles 3

Motorcycles 4

Helicopters 5

Scooters 6

Boats and Other Watercraft 7

Other Aircraft 8

Table 3.6-2 Composite Ranks for All Cities for Vehicles.

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Patrolcars 1

Mobile Communications/Command/Control Vehicles 2

Other Land Vehicles 3

Motorcycles 4

Helicopters 6

Scooters 5 Boats and Other Watercraft 7

Other Aircraft 8

45
and still are, more frequently used than many other types of equipment,

respondents may have developed stronger opinions regarding their drawbacks. It is interesting to note that the sum of tlie ranks for Patrolcars

in Cities with 1-9 officers v,as 299, and there were 234 such cities in

the sample for a mean rank of 1.28.

Table 3.6-2 shows the Cities composite ranking and Table 3.6-3 shows

the Department Type composite rankings. Motorcycle^ and Scooters ranked

behind Patrolcars (ranks 2 and 3, respectively) in the Fifty Largest

Cities. These items received progressively poorer ranks in the composites

of the smaller Cities, Counties and States.

Mobile Communications/Command/Control (MCCC) Vehicles ranked second

in all Department Type composites except Cities With 1-9 Officers (where

it was ranked third) and the Fifty Largest Cities (where it was ranked

fourth) . This item received the second highest number of rank positions

(18%) and the largest percentage of number 2 ranks (31%) overall. MCCC

Vehicles ranked ahead of Scooters in the Fifty Largest Cities unweighted

composite, where Scooters ranked sixth, suggesting that a few of the

largest cities (i.e. those with many full-time officers) ranked Scooters

with high priority.

The State Department composite seemed to be significantly different

from all the other Department Type composites, primarily due to the high

priorities given Helicopters and Other Aircraft by the States. The

levels of agreement between the State and other department types are given

in Table 3.6-5.

46
04

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O 0)

IT) — o

+Jo o o

1 w o<-{ QJU

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47
Table 3.6-5. Levels of Agreement Between State Composite and

Other Department Type Composites.

Level of Agreement

State vs. County

State vs. City (50 or More Officers)

State vs. City (10-49 Officers)

State vs. City (1-9 Officers)

State vs. Township

State vs. Fifty Largest Cities

94.6%

91.1%

86.2%

81.1%

81.1%

72.6%

Since the level of agreement was 99.97% among all seven Department Types,

it may be safely concluded that it was higher than this among all Department Types, excluding the States. Within each Department Type, the

level of agreement among all respondents was 100%

Regional composite rankings are given in Table; 3.6-4. The number 2

position of Scooters in Region 2 may be explained by the high priority

given that item by the single department having over two-thirds the total

weight for that Region. With this exception, regional differences were

relatively minor. Helicopters seemed to be ranked more favorably in the

more western regions. The levels of agreement within each Region were

100%. , . . _

The most frequent comment made by respondents who ranked Vehicles

first among the main categories was that Vehicles are probably the single

most important type of equipment used by police departments. Several

respondents indicated that their patrolcars, (basically modified passenger

sedans) , were inadequate for police use, not simply in terms of road

performance, but also in terms of durability of seats, repair downtime

and expense, and comfort. These aspects of the patrolcar were also

revealed to be important by the DQ on Patrolcars.*

* ibid.

48
A larger than average number of Vehicles lists were not completely

ranked. It is likely that the high cost of some of the items (Helicopters,

Aircraft and Watercraft) and the absence of need eliminated them from

purchase consideration. Several comments were also made regarding the

desirability of a specialized police patrol vehicle.

Other items suggested include snowmobiles, 4-v7heel drive vehicles

for rugged terrain, armored vehicles, bicycles/light motorcycles, mobile

laboratories, beach buggies, and amphibious vehicles.

3.7 Building Systems

As a general category. Building Systems ranked last in priority in

the National composite. Overall, it received almost 48% of the rank 9

(of 9) responses, and only about 5% of the rank 1 responses. Interviews

with department officials during the pretest phase of the project revealed

that departments would almost always rank Building Systems low in priority

unless they were considering, planning, or actually constructing such

facilities.

Additionally, since the pretests demonstrated that it was difficult

to identify a meaningful list of Building System canponents, a relatively

short list of general entries, each encompassing a fairly wide scope of

individual iteme, was developed. This list included: Detention Center

Design/Construction; Institutional Furnishings, Police Station Design/

Construction; Institutional Equipments; and Building Materials. Detention

Centers were meant to include only those facilities controlled by the

department to whom the EPQ was sent. Institutional Furnishings included

items such as desks, chairs, lighting fixtures, and the like. Institutional

49
Table 3.7-1 Composite Ranks for All Departments for Building Systems

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Police Station Design/Construction 1

Detention Center Design/Construction 2

Building Materials 3

Institutional Equipment 4

Institutional Furnishings 5

Table 3.7-2 Composite Ranks for All Cities for Building Systems

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Police Station Design/Construction 1

Detention Center Design/Construction 3

Building Materials 2

Institutional Equipment 4

Institutional Furnishings 5

50
04

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cQ cn >i QJ (1) +J cr> -H

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03 0 0

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51
Equipment included typewriters, filing cabinets, sanitary facilities,

kitchen equipment, and heating/air conditioning.

Police Station Design/Construction received ttie largest proportion

of number 1 ranks (63%) and was the top priority eritry in every composite

(although it did rank number 2 in the unweighted County composite, where

Detention Center Design/Construction ranked number 1) . A large majority

of the written comments about this list pertained to the inadequacies of

Police Station Design/Construction.

Tables 3.7-1 through 3.7-4 show the composite rankings for the Nation,

the Cities, the Department Types, and the Regions, respectively. Statistical analyses of these data are probably less meaningful since each of

the items covered a broad range of equipment and/or facilities, and

respondents may not have had the same things in mind while assigning

ranks. Differences among Department Type composites were more pronounced

than those among Regions. For example. State and Township Departments

gave low rankings to the Detention Center Design/Construction because,

perhaps, almost none of the State and Township Departments said that they

were responsible for detaining prisoners longer than one day (see Table

2.0-1) . The level of agreement among Department Types was 99.9%, and it

was 100% within each Department Type. The level of agreement was 100%

within each Region and among the ten Regions.

3.8 Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment

The Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment list contained eleven

items. The Combined Siren/Light/Loudspeaker (CS/L/L) system ranked

number 1 in all composites except two, and in both of these cases it was

ranked number 1 in the unweighted composite. The CS/L/L system received

52
38% of the total first priority ranks for this list, ranging from a low

of 27% of Townships to 45% of Cities With 50 or More Officers. Furthermore, this item was identified by the rank sum test (see Appendix D) as

having been consistently ranked in a high priority position in every

aggregate considered. Pretest interviews revealed that many departments

were considering or planning to convert to a CSA'A' system. Note that

two of the components of this system, Flashing Lights and Sirens, also

received relatively high rankings (second and fourth in the National

composite) . Furthermore, the Lights and Sirens DQ* showed that flashing

lights were used by 99% of all responding departments for signallying motorists to pull over at night and that 62% of those departments used sirens

in the same context. These two items of equipment were the two most

frequently used pieces of emergency warning equipment, overall.

The relatively high rankings of Rescue Equipment (third in the

National and Cities composites) perhaps reflect the high percentages of

departments (60-67% of each Department Type, see Table 2.0-1) which

assume responsibility for Emergency Aid and Rescue activities in their

jurisdictions.

The National composite and the City composite appear in Tables 3.8-1

and 3.8-2, respectively. Note that except for a reversal of the eighth

and ninth-ranked items, they were identical. The unweighted composites

of these two aggregates were identical and were only slightly different

from the corresponding weighted composites.

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume III: Sirens and • Emergency

Warning Lights, NBSIR 73 212, 1973.

53
Table 3.8-1 Composite Ranks for All Departments for

Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Combined Siren/Light/Loadspeaker System 1

Flashing Lights 2

Rescue Equipment 3

Sirens 4

First Aid Kits 5 Spot Lights 6

Loudspeakers 7 Fire Extinguishers 8

Flares 9

Flood Lights 10

Reflectors 11

Table 3.8-2 Composite Ranks for All Cities for Emergency

Warning and Rescue Equipment

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Combined Siren/Light/Loudspeaker System 1

Flashing Lights 2

Rescue Equipment 3

Sirens 4

First Aid Kits 5

Spot Lights 6

Loudspeakers 7

Fire Extinguishers 9

Flares 8

Flood Lights 10

Reflectors 11

54
Table 3.8-3 shows the composite rankings for the seven Department

Types. The level of agreement within each Department Type was 100%, as

it was among Department Types. The rank correlation coefficient between

the composite for the Fifty Largest Cities and the composite for Townships, which seems to be the most divergent pair, v,as 99.7%, Thus, the

results showed general agreement among all types of departments.

Within each Region and among Regions, the levels of agreement were

100%. The Regional composite rankings appear in TojDle 3.8-4. The pair

of Regions appearing to have the most widely divergent composites were

Regions 2 and 7, where the level of agreement was only 91%. It should

be noted that a comparison of the unweighted composites of these two

regions yielded a 100% level of agreement.

Additional items named by respondents included: Oxygen/oxygen kits,

resuscita tors/hand operated breathing devices, blankets, folding ladders

(all of which may be considered "rescue equipment") ; flashlights/batteries,

high intensity lights, mounting devices for items on the list, traps,

and animal snares.

Twelve respondents made comments regarding the use or non-use of

specific items, and four indicated problems with specific items. Four

other respondents suggested the use of standard co;j.ors for lighting

systems (e.g. blue for police, red for fire). As mentioned earlier (see

Section 2.0) , Emergency Aid and Rescue was the most consistently-checked

activity of departments, with an overall average of nearly 63%.

55
a.

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3.9 Surveillance and Security Equipment

Surveillance and Security Equipment was the eighth ranked category

(of nine) in the National composite for the Categories list. The levels

of agreement between the composite rankings for items on this list,

however, tended to be considerably lower than in the other lists, particularly among Department Type composites.

Two National composite rankings of Surveillance and Security Equipment, weighted and unweighted, are presented in Table 3.9-1. The weighting

scheme played a significant role here as may be seen by a comparison of

the two rankings. This comparison, as well as the comparison of the

Department Type composites, showed that, in general, small departments

(those with fewer officers) tended to give Alarm Displays in Department

better rankings while large departments tended to give Low Light Level

Closed Circuit TV better rankings.

The Cities composite (Table 3.9-2) was basically similar to the

National composite.

Table 3.9-3 shows the Department Type composites. State Departments

ranked Night Vision Scope Suitable for Rifles in the top priority position

in both the weighted and unweighted composites. This item tended to rank

poorly in other Department Type composites. Cities and Townships, except

for the Fifty Largest, ranked Alarm Displays in Departments with a high

priority; this item was ranked sixth in the Fifty Largest Cities composite.

Hand-held Night Vision was the top priority item in the composite for the

Fifty Largest Cities. A comparison of the Cities composite with each

individual City Type composite shows the effect of the larger weights

carried by the larger cities. This is even further dramatized by the fact

57
Table 3.9-1 Composite Ranks for All Departments for

Surveillance and Security Equipment

RANKS

CATEGORY ITEM Weighted Unweighted

Hand-Held

Low-Light

Night

Level

Vision

Closed Circuit

Equipment

TV 15

2 2

Alarm Displays in Department 3 1

Still Camera Equipment for Night Vision Devices 4 3

Closed Circuit TV 5 8

Night Vision Scope Suitable for Rifles 6 6

Lenses for Night Vision Surveillance Equipment 7 7

General Purpose Locks 8 4

Special Locking Devices for Detention Centers 9 9

Table 3.9-2 Composite Ranks for All Cities for Surveillance

and Security Equipment

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Low-Light Level Closed Circuit TV 1

Hand-Held Night Vision Equipment 2

Alarm Displays in Departments 3

Still Camera Equipment for Night Vision Devices 5

Closed Circuit TV 4

Night Vision Scope Suitable for Rifles 7 Lenses for Night Vision Surveillance Equipment 6

General Purpose Locks 8

Special Locking Devices for Detention Centers 9

58
that the level of agreement between the weighted and unweighted City

composites is only 87%. Another example of the effects of the weights

on the rankings is the fact that Low Light Level Closed Circuit TV was

ranked first in the weighted County composite although it was ranked

fifth in the unweighted County composite.

Even though Department Type composite rankings were somewhat dissimilar (for example, the level of agreement was only 38% between the

State composte and the Township composite) , the level of agreement among

all seven Department Types was 97.7% for the weighted composite and 99.5%

for the unweighted. Furthermore, it was 100% within each Department Type.

Nevertheless, pairwise comparisons yielded very low levels of agreement.

Regional differences were negligible in comparison to Department

Type differences. The Regional composites are given in Table 3.9-4.

The levels of agreement within Regions were all 100% as was the level of

agreement among Regions. The number one priority item was either Alarm

Displays in Department or Low-Light Level Closed Circuit TV in each Regional

composite but one, namely Region 2 where Hand-Held Night Vision Equipment

occupied the top priority position. (Recall that one of the Fifty Largest

Cities has over two-thirds of the total Region 2 weight.) It is interesting to note that Alarm Displays in Department ranked first in every

unweighted Regional composite, having received over 41% of the overall

top priority ranks.

Other items suggested by respondents for this category include

binoculars, telephoto camera equipment, restraint equipment for those

apprehended, listening devices (electronic eavesdropping) , radar, and

mobile surveillance vans (which would properly belong in the Vehicles list)

.

59
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Thirty-four of the respondents indicated that some of the items listed

did not apply to their departments, that some of the equipment was beyond

the scope of their departments, or that they were not familiar with some

of the items on the list. Two respondents, both City departments, expressed

a need for performance data and test methods.

3.10 Detection Systems

As a general category. Detection Systems ranked seventh in priority

for development of standards. The list of items in this category nxjmbers

eleven. Twenty-six respondents indicated that they did not use many of

the items on the list, and six said that they had difficulty ranking the

items. Overall, each of the items was left un-ranked by about 6% of the

respondents. Despite this, a multitude of additional items were suggested,

including laboratory equipment (microscopes, infrared lighting, ultraviolet equipment), tape recording equipment, automobile speed detection/

radar equipment, and camera equipment.

In general, the rankings appeared to fall into two groups reflecting

generally higher and lower priorities for standards. This is perhaps

best represented by Table 3.10-1, which presents the percentages of

departments ranking each item in one of the top five positions.

61
Table 3.10-1. Percent of Sample Departments Ranking That Item 1,2,3,4 or 5 .

ITEM % Respondents

Field Narcotic Screening Kits

Quantitative Breath-Alcohol Screening Device

Pre-Arrest Breath-Alcohol Screening Device

Narcotic and Explosive Detectors

Fingerprint Kits

79

68

72

72

68

Polygraph

Hand-Held Metal Weapons Detector

Walk-Through Metal VJeapons Detector

X-Ray Equipment for Bomb Squads

Other Metal Weapons Detectors

Gas Chromatograph for Lab. Use Only

43

25

15

14

11

7

The National composite, City composite. Department Type composites,

and the Region composites, appear in Tables 3.10-2 through 3.10-5,

respectively. A glance at the composites shows that the grouping shown

above was maintained (in some cases with minor variation) in all of the

composites, except for the Fifty Largest Cities. The pattern was duplicated exactly, however, in all of the unweighted composites. Thus, the

weights played a significant role in the Fifty Largest Cities composite

where Walk-Through and Hald-Held Metal Weapons Detectors were given higher

priority. The only item identified consistently in a high priority position

in all aggregates considered was Field Narcotic Screening Kits.

The levels of agreement within Department Types and within Regions

were 100%, as were the levels of agreement among Department Type composites

and among Regional composites. An inspection of Table 3.10-4 suggests

that the Fifty Largest Cities ccmposite ranking was the only composite that

was different from the others. For example, the level of agreement between

the Fifty Largest Cities and Townships was 80%.

62
Table 3.10-2 Composite RanKs for All Departments for Detection Systems

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Fingerprint Kits 1

Field Narcotic Screening Kits ' 2

Narcotic and Explosive Detectors 3

Quantitative Breath-Alcohol Device 4

Pre-Arrest Breath-Alcohol Screening Device 5

Polygraph 6

Hand-Held Metal Weapons Detectors 7 X-Ray Equipment Used by Bomb Squads 8

Walk-Through Metal Weapons Detectors 9

Gas Chromatograph for Laboratory Use Only 10

Other Types of Weapons Detectors 11

Table 3.10-3 Composite Ranks for All Cities for Detection Systems

CATEGORY ITEM RANK

Fingerprint Kits 1

Field Narcotic Screening Kits 2

Narcotic and Explosive Detectors 3

Quantitative Breath-Alcohol Device 4

Pre-Arrest Breath-Alcohol Screening Device 5 Polygraph 6

Hand-Held Metal VJeapons Detectors 7

X-Ray Equipment Used by Bomb Squads 9

Walk-Through Metal Weapons Detectors 8

Gas Chromatograph for Laboratory Use Only 10

Other Types of Weapons Detectors 11

63
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64
APPENDIX A

/ B

NBS-883

May 1972

0MB 41-F72030

Approval Expires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

EQUIPMENT PRIORITIES QUESTIONNAIRE

Police Equipment Survey

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

A-1
ABOUT THIS SURVEY

WFIY ONE MORE SURVEY?

Every police department in this country has to have special equipment

to do its law enforcement work. In many cases departments have been

forced to buy equipment that was designed for general civilian use.

The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) of the Department

of Justice, is trying to help the police obtain equipment suited to their

particular needs. It has set up a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

which will write voluntary STANDARDS for several kinds of police

equipment. The standards will be based on the complaints and suggestions

that you and other law enforcement officials make about the equipment

you are now using. Police departments will be able to use these

standards, if they wish , when selecting and buying equipment for their

departments

WHAT IS A STANDARD?

Most of the standards for law enforcement equipment will describe the

minimum performance that will be acceptable for certain types of police

equipment. Materials and design will still be up to the manufactiirer

The standard for handguns, for example, will state that the gun must

be able to perform in certain ways under various conditions.

WHY STANDARDS?

When the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory sets up STANDARDS for

police equipment, it will be one part of an overall EQUIPMENT IMPROVEMENT

PROGRAM by LEAA's National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal

Justice (NILECJ) . Standards are one of the best ways of giving EVERY

law enforcement agency help in knowing what to look for when they go

to buy equipment. These standards will be a way for YOU, the BUYER, to

tell the equipment maker, the SELLER, what you want and must have to do

your work well.

LEAA NEEDS YOUR HELP in deciding what equipment items should have standards

written for them. That is what this questionnaire is about.

A-2
HOW TO FILL IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE

1. This questionnaire asks about nine different types of police equipment.

The officers in your department who know the most about actual

operations and/or maintenance of each of these different equipment

groups should be asked to fill in the parts of this questionnaire

that they know most about. Do not tear pages out of the questionnaire . Each person who answers must read these instructions.

2. Instructions in how questions should be answered vary from place to

place. All instructions appear in boxes - please be sure to read

them carefully.

3. Fill in the questionnaires completely. LEAA needs to know when a piece of equipment is NOT important to you as well as when it is

important.

4. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not try to decide

what might be best for police departments in general. LEAA wants

to know about YOUR needs

5. We would like to have your COMMENTS about the questions. Use the

"Comments" section provided but do not write comments anywhere else

because all questionnaires will be machine processed. Any comments

written in among the regular questions will confuse the keypunch

operators. Please PRINT your comments CLEARLY !

6. If you will answer all questions in the space provided, the survey

results will be much less expensive to process.

7. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; all results will be published only in table form. Please be

as accurate as you can.

8. When the questionnaires are completely filled in, put all of them in

the stamped, addressed envelope and return it to the National

Bureau of Standards.

9. If you have any questions, write or call collect:

E. Bunten or P. Klaus

Technology Building, A-110

National Bureau of Standards

VJashington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301 —921-3558

10. Only by getting answers to these questionnaires from the men who are using the equipment can LEAA find out what police departments really

need . NILECJ must have your help before it can begin to help you

solve your equipment problems.

11. If you would like to have a copy of the results of this survey, please

let us know at the end of the questionnaire.

AREAD THIS INSTRUCTION

*********************************************************^

* *

X Almost every question in this questionnaire asks you to tell us which *

* items of equipment you think are most in need of STANDARDS. By this *

J we mean: ^

K *

•K *

* It is IMPORTANT for a piece of equipment to have a standard written if *

* yo^ think: • *

* , * * ...It does not now give good performance; *

* ...It needs to be made more suitable for police work; * * * * * J ...You may be buying some for your department and could use * * guidelines in choosing among the brands offered. * * *

* *

* It is NOT important for a piece of equipment to have a standard written *

* if you think . . . *

* * 5 ...It meets your needs as it is; * « * * *

* ...Your department does not now use it and doesn't expect *

5 to use it. * **************************************************************

A-4
I. FIRST — THE IMPORTANCE OF GENERAL TYPES OF EQUIPMENT

1. This list and the next page, "Why Did You Mark It Niomber 1?",

should be filled in by the person in your department who knows

most about your department ' s OVERALL equipment needs

.

2. Listed below are 9 types of equipment. Look over the entire

list and then number the items in order of THEIR IMPORTANCE

TO YOUR DEPARTMENT in terms of YOUR DEPARTMENT'S GENERAL NEED

FOR STANDARDS. Put 1 by the MOST important, cuid 9 by the

least important.

3. Do not put the same number beside more than one type of equipment,

NUMBER

(1-9)

DETECTION SYSTEMS: For example; explosives detectors,

weapons detectors, dangerous drug detectors,

breath analyzers.

SECURITY EQUIPMENT: For example; surveillance equipment,

night vision devices, locks, alarm displays for

receiving direct-to-police alarms.

^EMERGENCY WARNING AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT: For example; sirens,

flashing lights, first aid equipment, fire

extinguishers, flood lights.

BUILDING SYSTEMS: For example; building materials, building

furnishings, building supplies.

VEHICLES: For example; patrolcars , motorcycles, scooters,

boats, aircraft.

WEAPONS, LETHAL AND RELATED AMMUNITION: For example; handguns,

shotguns, rifles, ammunition, special purpose ammunition.

WEAPONS, NON-LETHAL: For example; tear gas, tranquilizer dart

guns, blackjacks, water cannon, batons, dye-marker guns.

COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES : For example; scramblers,

radios, car locators, repeaters.

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING: For example; body armor,

shields, helmets, gas masks, uniforms.

Comments

A5
I Con't.

WHY DID YOU MARK IT NO. 1?

1. Write on line 1 below the name of the equipment you marked

on the previous page as the most important (Number 1) to

your department in terms of needs for standards.

2. Read below the entire list of possible reasons why that kind

of equipment is most in need of standards.

3. Mark X by the two reasons that come closest to telling why

that type of equipment needs standards most FROM YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

POINT OF VIEW.

1 . The type of equipment we named as number 1 in importance on page 5 was

2. Which two of the statements below do you think BEST describe

why this type of equipment is most important to your department

in terms of needs for standards:

MARK X by TWO

Most of this kind of equipment is now made by one or two firms.

Standards might encourage others to start making it.

We plan to buy this kind of equipment in the near future.

Standards would help us to select the best equipment at the

least cost.

Much of the equipment we now have of this kind does not really

meet our needs. Standards could be used to guide the

manufacturers who develop equipment.

We now have maintenance and repair problems with much of this kind

of equipment. Standards might help solve these problems.

We buy equipment in this category from several different Tmakers

and find that parts and components cannot be interchanged among

the different brands. Standards might help solve this problem.

When we buy equipment in this category, we must compare many

different brands. If there were standards, we could stop a lot of this investigation and/or testing.

We are not able to test this type of equipment. If there were standards, we could use the results of tests made by

the laboratory.

Other (Specify) ,

A-6
II. ABOUT PARTICULAR ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT

On page 5 of this questionnaire you were asked to number 9 general kinds of

equipment from MOST to LEAST IMPORTANT in terms of your department's

need for standards. Now we ask that you tell us about the importance of

performance standards for some particular items of equipment within

those general types.

There are nine lists of equipment items on the next nine pages:

Building Systems, Communications Systems, Detection Systems, Emergency

Warning and Rescue Equipment, Protective Equipment and Clothing, Security

Equipment, Vehicles, Lethal Weapons and Related Ammunition, and NonLethal Weapons. If there are officers in your department who know more

about actual operations and/or maintenance of some of these groups, this

questionnaire should be passed about for them to fill in the section they

know most about.

»EACH OFFICER HELPING TO ANSWER THIS QUESTIONNAIRE MUST READ THE INSTRUCTION*

JON PAGE U OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE AS WELL AS THE GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THIS * SECTION . * ******************************************************************************

On the next 9 pages . .

.

1. Read through the whole list on a page before marking any.

2. Put a number _1 by the equipment which needs standards MOST, a number 2 by the equipment which has the second greatest need for

standards, etc., \intil you have given a number to all the equipment

on the list.

3. Do not put the same number beside more than one item on any one list.

4. Do not add items to the lists to be numbered. If you think something

should be added, put it in the space at the bottom of the page.

5. Number the lists in pencil first so that your changes, if any, will be

easier to make.

6. THE LISTS OF ITEMS ON THE NEXT 9 PAGES DO NOT INCLUDE ALL POSSIBLE

EQUIPMENT. SOME OF THE ITEMS REPRESENT GROUPS OF EQUIPMENT. If we had listed every possible equipment, the lists would have been much

too long. The equipment listed often represent several kinds of

material.

7. The instructions on this page apply to each of the lists on the next

9 pages. Consider each page separately when numbering equipment items.

A-7
II-A: COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

to 9_ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS „ NUMBER

(1 to 9 ) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Digital Data Communications (allows two-way

transmission of messages using keyboards and

printers in jxalice cars and headquarters)

Mobile Transceivers (car radios)

Base Radio Transceiver

Helmet with Built-in Receiving and/ or Transmitting

Capability

Car Locators ( automati cally transmit signals to

headquarters indicating the location of the car)

Hand-held Transceivers (portable radios)

Repeater Transceivers (placed in eJ.evated

locations to re-transmit signals to headquarters)

Scramblers (to scramble messages so they can be

understood only by the police)

Tele-printer Communications (allows^ headquarters

to transmit a message to a printer in the police

car)

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been in the Communications

Equipment and Supplies list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

AII-B: DETECTION SYSTEMS

Number the items in this list from 1_ (most important)

to 11 (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 11 ) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Polygraph

Field Narcotic Screening Kits (chemical tests

used BEFORE arrest to distinguish narcotics from

non-narcotics

)

X-ray Equipment Used By Bomb Squads

Gas Chromatograph For Laboratory Use Only

Walk-through Metal Weapons Detectors

Hand-held Metal Weapons Detectors

OTHER Types of Weapons Detectors (example: X-ray)

Fingerprint Kits

Pre-arrest Breath-alcohol Screening Device (used

BEFORE arrest)

Quantitative Breath-alcohol Device (used AFTER

arrest, ccin be used for evidence)

Narcotic and Explosive Detectors

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the

Detection Systems list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments
II-C: EMERGENCY WARNING AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT

TJuinHe?^R^T^ems~TnTIT3^"^'sT~7!raf^ important)

to 11_ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STTU^DARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 11 ) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Rescue Equipment

Reflectors (OTHER than on cars - fluorescent

reflective triangles to be used in place of flares)

Spot Lights (either on vehicle or hand-held)

Flashing Lights (beacons or flashers on top

of patrolcars)

Combined Siren/Light/Loudspeaker Syspem

Fire Extinguishers

Loudspeakers (vehicle mounted)

not ]?A systems

in police departments

Sirens

First Aid Kits

Flood Lights

Flares (chemical and electronic)

List in spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the

Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment List above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-10
II-D: PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING

from 1 imost importanrj

to 11 (least important) IN TERMS OF~YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 11) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Ballistic Helmets (having some degree of

resistance to penetration by bullets)

Crash Helmets (for motorcycle riders)

Riot Helmets

High Visibility Clothing or Patches

Hand-held Shields

Vehicle Armor

Police Uniform

Body Armor

Gas Masks

Bomb Disposal Devices (Bomb Protective Suits,

Bomb Baskets, Bomb Trailers)

Rainwear

LTs^Trr^Ke"'^pace^'^eTo^''any"ljnportant equipment'Ttems'

you think should have been included in the Protective

Equipment and Clothing list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-11
II-E: SURVEILLANCE AND SECURITY EQUIPMENT

Number the items in this list from 1 (most important)

to 9_ (least in^iortant) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 9) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Night Vision Scope Siaitable for Rifles (can also

be hand-held when needed)

Hand-held Night Vision Equipment (nightscope,

infrared. Not suitable for rifle mounting)

General Purpose Locks (padlocks, door locks)

Special Locking Devices for Detention Centers

Still Ccimera Equipment to be Used with Night

Vision Devices

Lenses for Night Surveillance Equipment

Closed Circuit TV (which needs daylight or artificial illumination)

Low-Light Level Closed Circuit TV (operates

under night-time conditions without artificial

light)

Alarm Displays in Department (for receiving

burglar or hold-up alarms)

ListirT spaces below any important eqiiipment items I that you think should have been included in the Surveillance and Security Equipment list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-12
II-F: VEHICLES

Number tihe items"TiT' this list from 1 imost ISpoi^anTT

to _8 (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 8) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Boats and Other Watercraft

^Patrolcars

^Helicopters

^Other Aircraft

Motorcycles

^Scooters

Mobile Communications /Command and Control

Vehicles

^Other Land Vehicles (Paddy Wagons, Surveillance

Vans, Dog Wagons, Ambulances, etc.)

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the Vehicles

list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-13
II-G: WEAPONS, LETHAL AND RELATED AMMUNITION

Number the items in this list from 1 (most important)

to 12 (least important) IN TERMS OF~YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS,

NUMBER

(1 to 12) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Rifle

.3 57 Magnum Revolver

Regular Service Ammunition for Shoulder Weapons

Carbine

. 38 Special Revolver

Shotgun

9 mm Pistol

High-drag Bullets (bullets with limited range)

Regular Service Ammunition for Handguns

Armor-piercing Bullets

.45 Automatic

Frangible Bullets (designed to break up when

they hit and not ricochet)

List m spaces below any important equipment items!

that you think should have been included in the Lethal

Weapons and Related Ammunition list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-14
II-H: WEAPONS, NON -LETHAL

Number items in this list from 1 (most important)

to 11^ (least important) IN TERMS OF~YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 11) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Tear Gas (its chemical formulation)

Tear Gas Dispensers (hand-held)

Tear Gas Generators

Pellet Guns

Electric Shockers

Dye-marker Guns

Gas Grenades and Canisters

Tranquilizer Dart Guns

Water Cannon (dispenses water for qrowd control)

Batons/Billy Clubs/Nightsticks

Blackjacks/Saps

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the NonLethal Weapons list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-15
II-I: BUILDING SYSTEMS

Number the items in

to 5_ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 5) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Building Materials

Institutional Equipment

Police Station Design/Construction

Institutional Fujmishings

Detention Center Design/Construction

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the

Building Systems list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-16
Ill: ABOUT YOUR DEPARTMENT

In this section, you are asked to tell us something about your department

and its activities. We want to know how the needs of various kinds of

departments differ. No individual police departments will be identified

in the report of this survey; but we do ask for the names of individuals

who filled in the questionnaire so that we may know whom to call if

there are questions about yoxir answers.

1. Department name:

2. Address:

Street & Number

City State ZIP Code

3. Phone:

Area Code & Number

4. Name of the person (s) who filled in this questionnaire:

Title/Rank Name ______^__^, ^ Title/Rank _ Name

Title/Rank Name ^

5. About what size area is served by your department in square miles:

Square Miles

6. What size population is served by your department:

Total population served _

7. Political jurisdiction of your department: (MARK X BY ONE OF THE

FOLLOWING

)

State

County or Parish

City

Town

Village

Township

Borough

Other (Specify) _

A-17
8. How many full time sworn officers are there in your

department?

Number

9. How many part time officers are there in your

department?

Number

10, Which of the following activities are normally

handled in your OWN DEPARTMENT rather than by

some other agency or group? (MARK X BY EACH

ITEM THAT APPLIES)

Custody or Detention of Less Than 24 Hours

Custody or Detention of Less Than 1 Week

Custody or Detention of 1 Year or Less

Custody or Detention of More Than 1 Year

^Traffic Safety and Traffic Control

Highway Patrol

Vehicle Inspection

Tests for Drivers' License

Maintenance of Building Used Exclusively for

Police Purposes

^Public Building Protection

^Service Function

Emergency Aid and Rescue

Underwater Recovery

^Harbor Patrol

Police Communications for Own Department

Communications for Other Law Enforcement Agency

Police Training for Own Department

^Police Training for Other Law Enforcement Agency

Bomb Disposal

^Polygraph

Criminal Investigation

^Breath -Alcohol Tests

Laboratory Analysis of Blood for Alcohol

Content

^Narcotics Laboratory Analysis

Crime Laboratory

Serve Civil Process

Serve Traffic and Criminal Warrants

Enforce Tax Laws

^Coroner

Animal Control (Dog Catcher)

Other (Specify)

^

A-18
11. what was your approximate TOTAL budget for 1971? (Use either

fiscal year 1971 qr_ calendar year 1971, whichever you normally

use .

)

Approximate TOTAL Budget (1971) : $

12, What was the approximate amount (in dollars) spent by your department

in 1971 for each of the following:

Approximate Dollars Spent for EQUIPMENT: $^ Approximate Dollars Spent for PERSONNEL: $

13. Would you like to receive a copy of the report on this survey?

Yes

No

THANK YOU for your help. LEAA believes the police deserve to have

the best equipment possible. This is the first step towards

improvement

.

A-19
NOTES
APPENDIX B: STU^LING CONSIDERATIONS

B , 1 Description of the Population

The first problem encountered in developing the sample was the

definition of the population. The population base consisted (in August

1971) of a file of roughly 14,000 law enforcement agencies. This file,

maintained by the LEAA, contained the name, address and LEAA region for

each listed police agency. In addition, each city was assigned a code

which corresponded to one of three categories of numbers of full-time

officers: 1-9 officers, 10-49 officers, or more than 50 officers.

The population was purposefully limited to police departments , as

this group was regarded as the largest single class of law enforcement

agencies v;ith identifiable equipment needs. Even with this definition,

extensive effort was required to remove from consideration such inappropriate agencies as: University police, county and district coroners,

medical examiners, toll highway authorities, port authorities, marine

police, tunnel police, motor vehicle registries, state capitol police,

bridge authorities, park commissions. Departments of Natural Resources,

Texas Rangers, airport police and training academies. These types of

agencies were regarded as inappropriate, either because they did not

primarily perform a law enforcement function, or because their functions

were too specialized and would bias responses. Duplicate listings were

also eliminated.

The police department population was stratified by the ten LEAA

geographic regions and by seven department types as discussed below.

B-1
B.1.1 State Departments . If State Police was listed, then it was

included as a member of the population. If several listings appeared

under a common state organization, the Highway Patrcil section was

selected. (This was the case in five states.) Six states listed

Highway Patrol and Investigative units, with no reference to a larger

common organization. In these six cases, both were included in the

population and when the questionnaires were returned, the one with

wider range of law enforcement activities, as determined by their

responses on p. A-18, Appendix A, was retained in the sample.

B.1.2 County Departments . County Departments were usually listed in

the LEAA master file as sheriff's office. City sheriffs, also listed

in this category on the file were excluded from the County Department

category. County sheriffs were included in favor of county jails and

county police (under the sheriff's office).

B.1.3 City Departments . Four types of departments were established for

this category. First, the 50 largest cities by population (according to

the 1970 census) were assigned their own stratum. The remaining cities

were then stratified by the number of full-time officers: 1-^9 r 10-49,

50 or more. Departments for suburban areas or siibdivisions (e.g.

Cleveland Heights, East Detroit) were left in the population as they may

or may not have been autonomous

B.1.4 Townships . This class of jurisdiction has a special status in

local government and appeared in only four of the LEAA regions (regions

1,2,3,5) .

B-2
B.1.5 Summary , The final population consisted of 12,842 police departments, cross-stratified into 70 cells by LEAA regions (10) and types (7)

.

The number of units in the population in each cell is given in Table

1.2-2 in the text, repeated here for the reader's convenience in Table B-1.

B. 2 Sample Plan

It may readily be seen from Table B-1 that there was considerable

variation in the number of departments from one cell to another. To

send questionnaires to all 12,842 departments would have produced an

unmanageable amount of data, from the point of view of both administration

and analysis. With these two considerations in mind, it was apparent that

the fraction of departments sampled in one region/type combination would

differ from the fraction sampled in another, i.e. the stratified sample

would have to be disproportionate. However, this was not simply a consequence of the way in which the population was distributed into the various

cross-strata, as it was decided a^ priori to have a 100 percent sample for

state departments and departments in the 50 largest cities, and that these

departments would be sent the entire questionnaire package (the EPQ and

6 DQ's) .

Two factors were used to determine the sample sizes in the remaining

44 cells. Firstly, an overall sample fraction of about 10 percent for

these cells was felt to give sufficient representation and a manageable

sample. Secondly, equal sample sizes for the 44 cells was regarded as the

best alternative to proportional sampling, in view of the desirability of

distributing the DQ's equally among cells (2 DQ's per department). Fvirthermore, this constant sample size was selected to be a multiple of six, so

that each DQ could be sent to the same number of departments.

B-3
o in

T o VD ,< in n CO 00 in in ro

rrv u t in lo 00

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B-4
Specifically, taking 10 percent of 12,735 (12,735 = 12,842 police

departments - 50 largest cities - 55 different state departments) and

dividing the result by 44 yielded 28.95. Therefore, a sample of 30

departments/cell (the nearest multiple of 6) was randomly selected.

The four cells in which the population was less than 30 were sampled 100%.

Note that but for these four exceptional cells, each DQ was sent to 10

departments (2 DQ ' s per department x 30 departments/6 DQ's), distributed

randomly within each cell. For the four exceptional cells, 2 DQ's were

sent to each department as well, but in only one of the four cases

(region 1, cities with 1-9 officers) were the DQ's able to be sent in

equal numbers (9 of each); in the remaining three cells, unequal niombers

of DQ's had to be distributed. Those DQ's appearing more frequently

were selected at random in these cases. The distribution of the sample

selected appears in Table 1.2-3 and is duplicated here in Table B-2.

B-5
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B-6
APPENDIX C: QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION

C . 1 General Procedure

The Police Equipment Survey was administered by the Technical

Analysis Division, National Bureau of Standards. The questionnaires

were mailed to police departments during the first week in June, 1972.

The last questionnaires accepted for inclusion in this report were

received the first week in January, 1973.

C.1.1 Preparation for Administration . When the sample Was selected,

each sample department was assigned a unique 7-digit identification

number which coded Region, Department Type, department number, the

detailed questionnaires assigned, and the version (see Section 1.4 of

this report) of the EPQ assigned. An interactive, on-line computer

file was established to record the status of the questionnaires, by

identification code number, for each sample department.

Because pre-test interviews had shown that many police departments

received 10-25 questionnaires per month, it was determined that special

efforts would be required to insure priority handling of these questionnaires by the sample departments. To this end, one week prior to the

questionnaire mailing, each sample department was mailed a personalized

letter from Martin Danziger, Assistant Administrator, NILECJ, of

LEAA, which explained the purposes of the survey and asked for the

department's cooperation.

C-1
C.1.2 Administration . The first week of June, 1972, questionnaire

packets were mailed to the 1386 sample departments. Each packet was

addressed to the chief, or highest official of the department, and

asked that he direct the questionnaires to the most appropriate persons

in his department. In addition, the chief was asked to personally

review his staff's answers if circumstances permitted. It was requested

that the questionnaires be retained in the department until all could be

mailed in the same self-return package.

C.1.3 Returned Questionnaires . As questionnaires were received at NBS

,

they were date stamped, recorded in the computer file, and distributed

to specialized coding/editing teams (one for each questionnaire) . As

each questionnaire was processed, the canputerized file was changed to

indicate current status (e.g. coded, sent to keypunch, keypunched, etc.).

Questionnaires which were incomplete or which had ambiguous (uncodable)

answers were filed for telephone calls.

After coding and keypunching, all identifying information except

for the 7-digit identification number was removed. This was done so

that the original questionnaires could be made available to researchers

(some indication of size and geographic location, for reference, would

still be available via the identification number) without jeopardizing

the anonymity of the department.

C . 2 Follow-up Procedures

C.2.1 Mail Follow-up . The questionnaire packets were mailed during the

first week of June, 1972. By July 1, approximately 40% of the packets

had been returned. During the first two weeks in July, those departments

C-2
which had not returned their packets were identified from the computer

file and were sent follow-up post cards. These self-return post cards

asked for an indication of the status of that deparl:ment ' s questionnaires

(a) The questionnaires had not been received, and if

so, a name to which to direct a new questionnaire

packet; or

(b) The questionnaires were still being c:ompleted; or

(c) The questionnaires had been mailed back, but had

not yet been received at NBS

These post cards were mailed to about 800 sample dej^artments . About 50%

of those departments returned the post card. A tally of their answers

was made:

TABLE C.2.1

Results of the Post Card Follow-Up

RESPONSE

Questionnaires not received

Still completing

Questionnaires already mailed

No answer

TOTAL NUMBER OF POST CARDS MAILED = 800

APPROXIMATE %

OF POST CARDS SENT

13%

25

13

50

This post card follow-up appeared to have been responsible for a second

surge in questionnaire returns.

C.2.2 Telephone Follow-up. Beginning in the middle of August, 1972,

follow-up telephone calls were begun to departments which still had not

returned the questionnaires, about 33% of the total sample. (Calls were

also begun to departments whose returned questionnaires were incomplete

C-3
or ambiguous. The numbers of calls made for these two separate purposes

were not tabulated separately in the computer record, so any numbers

presented must apply to both.) These calls were continued throughout

the fall of 1972. Almost 1000 departments (about 70% of the sample)

were contacted at least once during this phase of the administration.

More than 1300 telephone calls were made altogether.

The overwhelming majority of departments which received telephone

calls from NBS were cooperative and helpful. In the few departments in

which the recipient of the call was uncooperative, some of the common

replies to the request for participation in the survey were that the officer

was too busy to participate; that the department saw no reason for another

survey; that the department did not believe in standards; or that they were

not participating in any LEAA programs.

C.3 Rates of Return

Eighty- three percent (1153) of the sample departments participated in

the survey. The differences in levels of participation among the department types may be seen in Table C.3-1 below. More than 90% of the States,

the Fifty Largest Cities, and the Cities With 50 or More Officers returned

questionnaires. The lowest levels of participation were in County and

Township departments

C-4
Table C.3-1. Response Rates by Department Type

DEPARTMENT TYPE

NO. DEPTS.

IN SAMPLE

NO. DEPTS.

RETURN Qs.

% DEPTS.

RETURN Qs.

State

City (50+)

50 Largest

City (10-49)

City (1-9)

County

Township

50*

269

50

300

297

300

120

47

244

46

262

238

225

81

94%

91

90

87

80

75

68

* On the LEAA master tape, two divisions of state police were sometimes

listed for a single state with no reference to a common agency. In six cases it could not be determined in advance which of these groups (e.g.

Highway Patrol, Detective Bureau) should receive the questionnaires.

Thus, questionnaires were mailed to both divisions. If both sets were

returned, the division with the greater number of police functions was chosen to represent the state. If only one set of questionnaires was

returned, it was used.

A variety of reasons were given by departments which were unable to return

the questionnaires. Many of the smaller departments reported that their

departments had been consolidated so that some or all of their functions

had been taken over by another police agency. Many other smaller departments said that they felt their answers would be of little value since they

had so little equipment. One department reported that the courthouse had

burned down so they no longer had any equipment, and several departments

reported that the questionnaires were lost in the summer floods of 1972.

Many of the non-participating departments, however, said during the telephone follow-ups that they would complete the questionnaires, so their

subsequent non-responses can only be taken as a lack of interest and/or

time

C-5
Figure C.3-2. presents cumulative questionnaire returns by month.

Milestones indicate the beginning of post card and telephone follow-ups,

C-6
C-7

APPENDIX D: DETAILS OF EPQ ANALYSIS

This appendix presents the mathematical rationale for the procedures

used to analyze the data from the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire. The

first section of this appendix presents the methods used to obtain composite rankings at various levels of aggregation. Statistical methods to

determine the significance of agreement in rankings are discussed in the

second section.

D. 1 Determination of Composite Rankings

D.1.1 Selection of Ranking as the Task . The final form of the EPQ asked

respondents to rank all entries in each list in order to establish priorities for developing equipment standards. Two alternatives to ranking the

lists were considered for the EPQ, rating and partial ranking, but were

rejected. A simple rating scheme, such as would have been required for

this survey, tends to lack discrimination and to be inordinately sensitive

to response biases. The other alternative, partial ranking in which respondents rank only top priority entries, results in a loss of information

and yields data which are mathematically difficult to aggregate and describe.

D.1.2 Determination of Composite Rankings . As described in the text,

four sets of composite rankings were determined for each list:

(a) A composite ranking for each Department Type;

(b) a composite ranking for each Region;

(c) a composite ranking for all Cities; and

(d) a National composite ranking for all departments.

D-1
The discussion below refers to one list in order to reduce the amount

of notation required; the procedures were the same for each list. Briefly,

composites were computed from scores which were made up of three elements:

(1) The rank assigned to an entry transformed such that poorer ranked

items received exponentially less importance than better ranked items;*

(2) a weight that corresponded to the sampling ratio of the cell from which

a department was selected; and (3) a weight that corresponded to the number

of full time officers in a depairtment.

The notation below is used for the discussion to follow:

the rank assigned entry m by respondent k in

departments of type i, region j (cell (i,j)),

the composite rank determined for department

type i, of entry m,

the composite rank determined for region j , of

entry m,

the composite rank for cities of entry m,

the national composite rank of entry m,

the score calculated for entry m in departments

of type i,

the score calculated for entry m in region j,

the score calculated for entry m for cities,

the national score calculated for entry m.

* Mr. Marc Nerenstone of NILECJ first suggested and formulated this concept.

His contribution is gratefully acknowledged.

' i jkm

r

cm

m

im

cm

m

D-2
= the weight assigned to respondent k in

"^^ department type i, region j, corresponding

to the number of full-time officers in the

department,

u.^ = the weight assigned to departments in cell

(i,j) to account for unequal sampling fractions.*

The score of entry m, at any level of aggregation, was obtained by

multiplying the weights (u. . and w. ) by the constant 2, raised to the

ij ijk

—If negative rank ( ijkm) . For example, entry m's score for respondents in

Region 5 would be calculated from the following formula.

s^ = Z E u.^w.^ 2~^i5m D. 1.2-1

5m . , i5 i5k

1 ke (1,5)

where the notation ke (i,5) imples that the inner sum is taken over

respondent k in cell (i,5). These scores would then be ordered from

highest to lowest to obtain composite rankings. Not dividing by the total

weight does not affect the ranking of the scores since the total weight is

constant for a given entry m.

For the cities, the formula for calculating the scores would be:

6 —

s = Z Z Z u. .w. ., 2 ijkm D. 1.2-2 cm . _ . , .... 1] 13k 1=3 J ke (1,3)

since Department Types i = 3, 4, 5 and 6 are, (in the coding employed),

all city police departments.

It was implicitly assumed that the ranks ^j^jj^ were permutations of

the intergers 1,2,...,M, where M was the number of entries in the list

* Departments were selected randomly within each cell. Since the cells had

unequal sampling fractions, Uj^j was needed to compensate for unequal probabilities of selection to the sample from cell to cell.

D-3
considered. However, some respondents either did not follow the questionnaire directions or felt that tied ranks reflected their true preferences.

Adjustments were made in all cases in which something other than a permutation of the integers 1,2,...,M was assigned. The purpose of those

adjustments was to give all respondents an equal total contribution to

entry scores for any given list. To take an extreme example: If respondent

k in Department Type i, Region j, were to assign

^j^jj^^^ " 1 ^ ~

1,2,...,M; his total contribution to aggregate scores would be larger than

that of a respondent assigning M distinct interger ranks. Three "error"

cases and the ways in which they were adjusted are shown below.

Case 1 . When ranks m^,...,m^ were not assigned and the

other entries were assigned the remaining ranks

. up to M + t: In this case, the ranks were all

shifted, preserving the rank orders, to the

appropriate permutation of 1,...,M. It was assumed that the respondents were simply careless

: in assigning ranks.

Case 2 . When ranks m^,...,m^ were not assigned and the

•. ^ . other entries were assigned the remaining ranks,

but none higher than M : In this case, it was

. ' ; assumed that the unranked entries would have

received the poorest ranks. Thus, the entries

^ ranked were shifted, preserving the rank orders,

to the appropriate permutation of 1 , 2 , . . . ,M-t

• '

' • ' and the unranked entries were considered tied for

the places M-t+1, M-t+2, ,M.

D-4
Case 3. Tied ranks: It was necessary to adjust for tied

ranks such that the total scores contributed would

be equal to what they would have been if distinct

ranks 1,2,...,M had been assigned. Suppose there were t entries tied for rank positions m,m+l, . . .

,

m+t-1: If M = 9, and three entries were ranked

as some permutation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 7, 8, 9;

then t = 3 and m = 4, (i.e., the three entries

ranked 4 were tied at rank positions 4, 5, and 5)

.

It would then be necessary to find r such that

t2-^ =

2-"^

-f 2-^"^^^^ + ... +

2-^"*^^-l) D.1.2-3

Thus

1 I I o-'^ ^ -(m+t-1)

-r = log^ ((2+2 +...+2 ) /t)

, -m ^-(m +1) ^-(m. + t - 1), ^ . = log^ (2 +2 +2 )-log2t

= log^ (2""" (1 +

2"-^+ ... + 2"^^ " '^ ) - log^^

D. 1.2-4

from which it follows that

r = log^t = m - log^ (1 +

2~'^ + . . . + 2

"''^

)

D . 1 . 2-5

Again, for example

r = log^S + 4 - log^ (1+2+4)

= 4 + log^S - ^092^ ~

D-5
D. 2 Statistical Agreement Among Rankings

The purpose of the statistical analysis was to determine the extent

of agreement among rankings at the following level of aggregation:

(a) Respondents within each Department Type;

(b) Respondents within each LEAA Region;

(c) Composite rankings among the Department Types

(d) Composite rankings among the LEAA Regions.

Two statistical tests were made. Both used, as a basis for the statistics

calculated, the simple rank sum, (i.e., the sum, over the group under

consideration, of the ranks assigned). The negative exponential score

used for calculating composites is not amenable to these statistical tests.

The first test was used to determine outlying (high or low) rank sums.

Assuming that the rankings comprised a random sample from the set of all

possible rankings (the null hypothesis for this test) , a given distribution

existed for the rank sums. The test identified entries having extremely

low or high rank sums, according to this distribution. Those entries having

rank sums which would have occurred only 5% of the time from randomly drawn

rankings were singled out. Clearly, an entry would have to be ranked consistently high or low to be identified as an outlier. The distribution of

rank sums for M entries ranked by L judges has been tabulated by Thompson

and Willke (1953) . They also give approximation formulas for large L.

The second test used the simple rank sums to calculate the Coefficient

of Concordance , a statistic analogous to the variance in parametric methods.

Given L rankings of M entries, the mean rank sum is L (M + l)/2. The

maximum sum of squared deviations from this mean occurs when all L rankings

D-6
are identical, in which case the rank sums would be L, 2L, ML, and

2 3 the sum of the squared deviations from this mean would be L (M - M)/12.

The minimum sum of squared deviations from the mean occurs when all rank

sums equal the mean, in which case it is zero. If we let S denote the

sum of squared deviations from the mean, then the statistic

W = 12S / (L^(M"^ - M) )

is normalized, taking values between 0 (no agreement) and 1 (complete

agreement) . Assuming that the rankings represent a random sample from the

set of all rankings, the distribution of W may be obtained (see Kendall,

1948, for a description of this test) . For the values of L in the present

study, two approximations to the distribution of W were used:

(a) for M >7, L(M - 1)W is approximately distributed

as Chi-square with v = M - 1 degrees of freedom.

(b) for M <^ 7, (L-l)W / (1-W) is approximately

distributed as F with v^ = M-l-(2/L) and v^ = (L-l)v^

degrees of freedom (Abramovitz & Stegun, 1964) .

For case (b) above, v^ and v^ were taken to the nearest integer and for

large v^ and v^/ a normal approximation to F is used (see Abramovitz &

Stegun, 1964, p. 947)

.

Under the assumption that the rankings were random, it was possible

to calculate the probability of obtaining a value of W less than that

actually obtained. The larger this probability, the greater the level of

agreement (meaning the smaller the probability that the rankings were

random) . For example, a 97% level of agreement, in this context, meant

D-7
that the probability was only .03 that a value as large as that

calculated for W occurred by chance.

For comparing sets of rankings, the rank correlation coefficient t

was used. This statistic takes values between -1 and +1, corresponding

to complete disagreement (rankings are reverses of each other) and

complete agreement. The rank correlation coefficient x is a normalized

version of the statistic S which is calculated as follows:

(a) Consider each pair of entries (for a list of M

entries, there are M(m-l) /2 pairs).

- (b) If both rankings have one of the pair preferred

to the other, score +1.

(c) If the rankings have the pair in opposite order of

preference, score -1.

(d) S equals the sum of scores in (b) and (c)

Since the range of values for S is -M(M-l)/2 to M(M-l)/2, t = 2S/M(M-1)

takes values between -1 and +1. For values of M between 4 and 10,

probabilities for t (or equivalently S) are tabulated (Kendall, 1948,

Table 1). For M > 10, x is approximately normal with mean zero, and

2 variance o = M(M-l) (2M+5)/18.

For present purposes, the level of agreement between two rankings

was the probability of not exceeding the calculated value of x . This

implies that only one tail of the distribution of x was used, as there was

no concern with levels of disagreement.

Consider the example in Table D.2-1.

D-8
TABLE D.2-1

Two Rankings of Five Entries

Ranking I Ranking II

A B C D E

3 5 12 4

1 4 2 5 3

For the pair AB, Ranking I prefers A to B, as does Ranking II. Thus,

the score for AB is +1. On the other hand, Ranking I prefers D to E,

but Ranking II prefers E to D. Thus, the score for the pair DE is -1.

The ten scores in this example are:

The probability that S - 2, from the Thompson and Willke (1963) table, is

0.408. Thus, the level of agreement between Rankings I and II is 59.2%.

There are shorter methods to calculating t (or S) than that described

in (a) -(d) above. See Thompson and Willke (1963), Chapter 1 for a

description of these.

AB: +1

AC: -1

AD: -1

AE: +1

BC: +1

BD: -1

BE: +1

CD: +1

CE: +1

DE: -1

and S = 1-1-1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1 = 6-4 = 2.

D-9
REFERENCES

(1) Abramovitz, M. and Stegun, T.A. (eds.), Handbook of Mathematical

Functions (AMS 55) , National Bureau of Standards, 1964.

(2) Kendall, M. G. , Rank Correlation Methods , Charles Griffin and

Company Limited, London, 1948.

(3) Thompson, W. A. , Jr. and Willke, T.A. , "On an Extreme Rank Sum Test

for Outliers," Biometrika, Vol. 50, Nos. 3,4, 1963.

D-10
APPENDIX E

DATA TABLES

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FORM HBS-114A (1.71) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. 2. Gov't Accession

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA No- SHEET NBSIR 73 210

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

vuxUiuc X. J.I1C iMccQ tOi ouoriaaXCIS ~ ir ixOil tXeS rOlT POJ.1C6

Equipment

5. Publication Date July L97 3

6 s P G r form in ^ Or nizsti on ode

7. AUTHOR(S)

R. Ku, E. Bunten, P. Klaus

8. Performing Organization

NR.STR 7-^-?in

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Pro jec t/ Task/' Work Unit No. 4314517

11. Contract/Grant No. LEAA-J-IAA-009-2

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice

Washington, D.C- 20530

13. Type of Report & Period

Covered

Final; 8/71 - 8/73

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) The report describes the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data

from the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of seven

reports resulting from this nationwide mail survey of a stratified random

sample of 1386 police departments, the present report summarizes the answers

of 1100 police departments concerning the need for performance standards for

items of law enforcement used in their departments. Each sample department

was asked to rank one list of equipment categories and nine lists of eqiiipment

items within those categories in terms of the need for standards fOx- those

equipment within their own departments. The data are presented by all

responding departments, by all city departments, by seven department types,

and by ten LEAA geographical regions. Data describing the characteristics

of the responding departments are also presented.

J

17. KEY WORDS (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Police; Police Equipment; Standards

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

fxl UNLIMITED. /

i 1 FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE

TO NTIS.

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

2- ' -5

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 66244.P7I