Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before 

any court except for the purpose of 

establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

GREGG S. THEOBALD CRAIG JONES

Lafayette, Indiana DCS, Tippecanoe County Office

Lafayette, Indiana

ROBERT J. HENKE

DCS Central Administration

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN THE MATTER OF THE TERMINATION OF )

THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP OF )

B.B. and L.H., Minor Children, )

)

Lo.H., Mother, )

)

Appellant-Respondent, )

)

vs. ) No. 79A02-1111-JT-1101

)

INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD )

SERVICES, )

)

Appellee-Petitioner. )

APPEAL FROM THE TIPPECANOE SUPERIOR COURT

The Honorable Diana J. LaViolette, Sr. Judge

Cause Nos. 79D03-1106-JT-65, 79D03-1106-JT-69

July 20, 2012

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

MAY, Judge
2

Lo.H. (Mother)1appeals the termination of her parental rights to B.B. and L.H. 

(collectively, “the Children”). We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Mother and B.M.B. (Father) have two children – B.B., born March 5, 2009, and L.H., 

born May 31, 2010. On June 11, 2010, the Department of Child Services (DCS) received a 

report that Father struck Mother in the eye, causing her eye to bruise and swell. DCS 

observed cockroaches in the cabinet where the baby’s food was kept, a dirty refrigerator with 

a drawer broken in a way that could injure B.B., and kitchen cabinets without safety locks. 

The Children were removed from the home and placed in foster care, Mother and Father 

admitted the Children were Children in Need of Services (CHINS), and the Children were 

adjudicated as such.

On July 27, as part of the CHINS parental participation decree, Mother was required 

to participate in visitation and court proceedings, refrain from the consumption of alcohol or 

controlled substances without a prescription, submit to drug screens as requested, allow home 

visits by service providers, obtain and maintain full time employment, and pay $39 per week 

in reimbursement. On November 24, the juvenile court ordered that Mother participate in a 

domestic violence program, participate in case management services through Area IV, 

participate in family preservation services, and not allow Father to reside in her home. 

On March 11, 2011, the juvenile court ordered Mother and Father have no contact 

 

1 As Father does not participate in this appeal, we limit our recitation of the facts to those relevant to the

termination of Mother’s parental rights.
3

with each other. On June 22, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s and Father’s 

parental rights to the Children. On September 15, the juvenile court held a hearing, and on 

October 27, issued an order terminating Mother and Father’s rights to the Children.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

We review termination of parental rights with great deference. In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 

832, 836 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). We will not reweigh evidence or judge credibility of 

witnesses. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. Instead, we 

consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences most favorable to the judgment. Id. In 

deference to the trial court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside a 

judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. In re L.S., 

717 N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied, cert. denied 534 U.S. 1161 (2002). 

When, as here, a judgment contains specific findings of fact and conclusions thereon, 

we apply a two-tiered standard of review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 

839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). We determine first whether the evidence supports the 

findings and second whether the findings support the judgment. Id. “Findings are clearly 

erroneous only when the record contains no facts to support them either directly or by 

inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98, 102 (Ind. 1996). If the evidence and 

inferences support the trial court’s decision, we must affirm. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 208. 

“The traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is 

protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” In re M.B., 666 

N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. A trial court must subordinate the interests
4

of the parents to those of the child, however, when evaluating the circumstances surrounding 

a termination. In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d at 837. The right to raise one’s own child should not 

be terminated solely because there is a better home available for the child, id., but parental 

rights may be terminated when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet his or her parental 

responsibilities. Id. at 836. 

To terminate a parent-child relationship in Indiana, the State is required to allege and 

prove:

(A) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least six (6) 

months under a dispositional decree.

(ii) A court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6 that 

reasonable efforts for family preservation or reunification are 

not required, including a description of the court’s finding, the 

date of the finding, and the manner in which the finding was 

made.

(iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has been under 

the supervision of a county office of family and children or 

probation department for at least fifteen (15) months of the most 

recent twenty-two (22) months, beginning with the date the child 

is removed from the home as a result of the child being alleged 

to be a child in need of services or a delinquent child;

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that 

resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement 

outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the 

parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of 

the child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated a 

child in need of services; [and]

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). The State must prove these allegations by clear and convincing 
5

evidence. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009), reh’g denied. If the court finds 

the allegations in the petition are true, the court must terminate the parent-child relationship. 

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8. 

Mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s findings 

under subsections (B) and (C) of Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2). 

1. Reasonable Probability Conditions not Remedied

Because our legislature wrote subsection (B) in the disjunctive, a juvenile court needs 

to find only one of the three requirements established by clear and convincing evidence 

before terminating parental rights. See L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 209. Here, it found a reasonable 

probability the conditions resulting in the children’s removal and continued placement 

outside of Mother’s care will not be remedied. 

In making such a determination, a juvenile court must judge a parent’s fitness to care 

for his or her child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence 

of changed conditions. In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509, 512 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. 

It must evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there is a 

substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation. Id. Pursuant to this rule, courts have 

properly considered evidence of a parent’s prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, 

history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of adequate housing and employment. 

A.F. v. Marion Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 762 N.E.2d 1244, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2002), trans. denied. The juvenile court may also properly consider, as evidence of whether 

conditions will be remedied, the services offered to the parent by DCS and the parent’s 
6

response to those services. Id. A juvenile court need not wait until a child is irreversibly 

influenced by a deficient lifestyle such that his or her physical, mental, and social growth are 

permanently impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship. In re E.S., 762 

N.E.2d 1287, 1290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).

Mother argues some of the juvenile court’s findings2 were not supported by evidence. 

“To the extent that the judgment is based on erroneous findings, those findings are 

superfluous and are not fatal to the judgment if the remaining valid findings and conclusions 

support the judgment.” Lasater v. Lasater, 809 N.E.2d 380, 397 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).

The juvenile court’s uncontested findings are supported by evidence and uphold its 

conclusion there was a reasonable probability the conditions resulting in the children’s 

removal and continued placement outside of Mother’s care will not be remedied. In granting 

the petition for termination, the juvenile court focused on Mother and Father’s volatile 

relationship, which was the reason for the children’s initial removal, noting, “together they 

are toxic at best and hostile at worst.” (App. at 15.) The juvenile court also noted Mother’s 

 

2 Mother contests the following findings:

39. Father repeatedly violated the Court’s orders to not reside in [M]other’s residence 

and to have no contact with Mother.

* * *

51. Despite Mother’s conflict and violence with Father, and the threat to her housing, 

Mother remained in a relationship with Father throughout [the CHINS and 

termination proceedings].

52. Despite the many observations of involved parties Mother was persistently dishonest 

about her continuing relationship with Father.

* * *

54. Mother’s interactions with the [C]hildren in visits were minimal and superficial.

* * *

58. Mother did not obtain employment during [the CHINS and termination proceedings].

(App. at 15-16.)
7

interaction with her children: “During visits Mother struggled with managing both children 

and dealing with normal parenting issues, such as fussiness, crying, [and] needs for 

redirection. She was short tempered with the children and the visit facilitator had to 

intervene continuously.” (Id. at 16.) Finally, with regard to Mother’s “habitual patterns of 

conduct,” In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d at 512, the juvenile court found Mother’s rights to her first 

five children had been involuntarily terminated and gave specific instances in which Mother 

had a “tendency to be involved in abusive relationships,” (App. at 16), that put her children in 

danger.

Based on Mother’s inability to sustain a stable environment free of abuse, her lack of 

parenting skills despite having seven children, and her pattern of behaviors that put her 

children at risk, we cannot say the juvenile court erred when it concluded there was a 

reasonable probability the conditions that caused the children’s removal would not be 

remedied.

3

2. Best Interests of the Children

In determining what is in the best interests of a child, the juvenile court is required to 

look beyond the factors identified by DCS and look to the totality of the evidence. McBride 

v. Monroe Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). In 

so doing, the juvenile court must subordinate the interests of the parent to those of the child. 

 

3 Mother also challenges the juvenile court’s conclusion “There is a reasonable probability that continuation of 

the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the [C]hildren’s well-being[,]” (App. at 17), pursuant to Ind. 

Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(ii). However, as Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) requires only one of the three 

factors in that section be satisfied, and there was sufficient evidence to support findings pursuant to Ind. Code 

§ 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i), we need not address Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(ii).
8

Id. Recommendations from the case manager and child advocate that it would be in the 

child’s best interest to terminate the parent-child relationship, in addition to evidence that the 

conditions resulting in removal will not be remedied, are sufficient to show by clear and 

convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interests. In re M.M., 733 N.E.2d 

6, 13 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).

Mother challenges some of the juvenile court’s findings regarding the Children’s best 

interests.4 As noted above, if the unchallenged findings and conclusions support the juvenile 

court’s judgment, those findings claimed to be erroneous are “superfluous and are not fatal to 

the judgment[.]” Lasater, 809 N.E.2d at 397. With the exception of Mother’s argument 

regarding Finding 59, the unchallenged findings are sufficient to prove the termination of 

Mother’s parental rights is in the Children’s best interests.

Finding 59 states: “Both CASA and DCS family manager opined that termination was 

in the best interests of the children.” (Tr. at 16.) Mother argues:

Without any objective studies [pertaining to the long term effects on children 

of losing their biological parents under a legal remedy] being relied upon, the 

DCS case worker’s subjective recommendation that terminating parental rights 

is best for these very young children does not provide clear and convincing 

evidence to support a termination of Mother’s parental rights here.

(Br. of Appellant at 26.) However, Mother does not cite case law indicating DCS is required 

to present objective study evidence in support of its case worker’s opinion regarding 

termination of parental rights. Therefore, Mother’s argument is waived. See Smith v. State, 

 

4 Mother also challenges Finding 55, “During visits Mother struggled with managing both children and dealing 

with normal parenting issues, such as, fussiness, crying, [and] needs for redirection. She was short tempered 

with the children and the visit facilitator had to intervene continuously.” (App. at 16.)
9

822 N.E.2d 193, 202-03 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“Generally, a party waives any issue raised on 

appeal where the party fails to develop a cogent argument or provide adequate citation to 

authority.”), trans. denied.

As the DCS case manager and the CASA opined termination was in the best interests 

of the Children, and there was sufficient evidence the conditions that resulted in the 

Children’s removal would not be remedied, we cannot say the juvenile court erred when it 

found termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the Children’s best interests. See In re 

M.M., 733 N.E.2d at 13 (recommendation of termination by DCS case worker and CASA 

coupled with finding conditions that resulted in child’s removal would not be remedied was 

sufficient to terminate parental rights).

CONCLUSION

The juvenile court did not err when it terminated Mother’s parental rights because 

there was sufficient evidence the conditions that resulted in the Children’s removal would not 

be remedied and termination was in the Children’s best interests. Accordingly, we affirm the 

termination of Mother’s parental rights.

Affirmed.

FRIEDLANDER, J., and BARNES, J., concur.