U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Maurice H. Stans, Secretary 

OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS 

Armig G. Kandoian, Director 

INSTITUTE FOR TELECOMMUNICATION SCIENCES 

Richard C. Kirby, Director 

OT /ITS RESEARCH REPORT 6 

Attenuation of High-Frequency 

Ground Waves Over 

an Inhomogeneous Earth 

RAYNER K. ROSICH 

INSTITUTE FOR TELECOMMUNICATION SCIENCES 

BOULDER,COLORADO 

December 1970 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 

Price $1.00 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

ABSTRACT 1 

1. INTRODUCTION 2 

2. THEORY AND COMPUTER PROGRAM 4 

3. CALCULATIONS 13 

4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 20 

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 25 

6. REFERENCES 25 

7. GRAPHS AND TABLES 28 

iii 

ATTENUATION OF HIGH-FREQUENCY GROUND WAVES 

OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EAR TH 

Rayner K. Rosich 

The primary objective of this study was to obtain 

theoretical estimates of the effect of inhomogeneities in the 

earth's surface upon ground-wave propagation along a particular 

set of land-sea paths. 

The results were obtained by numerically solving 

the integral equation 

f*(d) = f(d) + J g(d, 8) f(-d cos 8) f,:c (d cos 9) dB, 

where f>:< is the attenuation function for the inhomogeneous case, 

f is the Sommerfeld function, and g is obtained essentially from 

the spherical Green's function by a steepest-descent type 

integration. 

Sharp phase and amplitude changes in the attenuation 

function occur when crossing an" island'' or inhomogeneity 

in the eaths. The greater the difference in conductivity and 

dielectric constant between the island and the rest of the path, 

the greater are these changes. Also noted is the "recovery" or 

"focusing" effect found' in the amplitude and phase. The effect 

of moving the transmitting antenna across a coastline was also 

studied and the results were quite similar to the above. 

Computations were performed for three paths at 

frequencies of l 0, 15, 20, and 25 MHz. The results are 

displayed in tabular and graphical form. 

This report is a revised and updated version of an 

earlier study (Rosich, 1968) which is now out of print. 

Key Words: Electromagnetic waves; ground wave; integral 

equations; propagation; radio waves; 

Sommerfeld solution; surface waves 
I. INTRODUCTION 

This report describes the model used and the results obtained in 

a study (Rosich, 1968) of the effect that inhomogeneities in the earth's 

surface have upon the attenuation of the surface-wave component of the 

ground-wave electric field at high frequencies. Results are also 

presented from a more recent study (Ros~ch, 1969) of the effect on the 

attenuation of the placement of antennas near a coastline. All of these 

results were obtained from a model (Hufford, 1952; Wait, 1956; King, 

1965) where the attenuation function is given by an integral equation 

that is solved numerically. The computations presented here were 

made for a particular set of land-sea paths (fig. 1) to aid in the design 

and evaluation of high-frequency ground-wave paths from the Naval 

Research Laboratory's Chesapeake Bay installation. Since the time 

of publication of the original report (Rosich, 1968), however, a number 

of things have come to pass:. (1) the report has come into great demand,, 

presumably because it indicates the type of behavior to be expected at 

high frequencies, (2) the report has gone out of print, and (3) better 

models (see for example, Ott and Berry, 1970) have been developed 

than that used in the report. In order to solve the problem caused by 

( 1) and ( 2) and to dire ct further attention to the significant advances 

embodied in ( 3), this report is being issued. With particular regard to 

(3), we shall display some comparisons of the model presented here 

with that developed by Ott and Berry (1970) and Ott (1971a, b). These 

comparisons will also help to point out the accuracy and limita~ions 

of the model presented in this report. 

Since this is an updating and improvement of the original report 

(Rosich, 1968), and since it contains all of the material there and more, 

it is intended to supplant the earlier report. 

2 
w 

00 0 

0 

11>.1H1t8t 0>,ps]ydf ..Yf, ><.JU 

.. · .. •·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·••· i f,..cf.·.···· l',,. ll" ."' l 

·} 1 

r-

"' 

ci 

CX) 

-.J w o<_,.,,-,:. 

o 

:5il 

0 <.,J 

0 

0 

N 

0 

Oul-1)~ 

4NGtE:R 

<;rd' 

so '/ "'• 

. ., 

-=- t,,..._UN~ k ] ~1w-"'·~ l; ·>·· 

:::, "'1.~~ .• 

· ~t~ 

"4' "\;~ • 

-~ :.,~to"~ "Jllai" 

·· ·· ......... ~_, 

(Jl 

0 

0 

~~ Aw> 

sW0tJ 

0 

0 

(JJ 

0 

0 

~ 

0 

(JI 

0 

J··. ®•'"'•'F~ •

~ [t~ QI,: 

Figure 1. Map of the propagation paths on the Chesapeake Bay. 
2. THEORY AND COMPUTER PROGRAM 

The problem of ground-wave propagation has a long history and 

has been covered extensively in the literature. A rather complete list 

of this literature can be found in a paper by Wait (1964), which includes 

a very good discussion of the problem. 

To make the results given in this report more meaningful, an 

outline of the method of solution will be presented. It is meant only as 

a heuristic discussion and not as a rigorous treatment; quite interesting 

and rigorous treatments can be found in papers by Hufford (1952), 

Wait (1964), Ott and Berry (1970), and Ott (1971 a, b). 

We begin by considering Maxwell's equations. It can be shown 

(Stratton, 1941, ch. I) for a linear isotropic medium of permittivity 

e, permeabilityμ, and conductivity cr, that Maxwell's equations can be 

expressed in terms of the Hertzian potential ff, which must satisfy the 

Hehnholtz equation 

... ... v2II+k2n=o ( I) 

at all ordinary points in space, and which has t_he following relation to 

... . ... the E and H fields: 

... ... ... H = (I/μ) 'v X (i wμ e II) ' 

... -+-+-+ -+ 

E = v ('v • II ) + or μ e II • 

In (I), k is the complex wave number 

where 

4 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

( 5) 
and where ~ and E: 0 are the free-space values of μ and e:; k0 is the 

free-space wave number ( w/c); w is the angular wave frequency; c is 

the velocity of light; an ordinary point is one in whose neighborhood the 

physical and electrical properties of the medium vary in a smooth and 

➔ 

continuous manner; and II is a~sumed to contain an implicit time 

dependence of exp (iwt). Since the transmitting and receiving antennas 

and the earth I s surface mark points where the properties of the medium 

change abruptly, they are not ordinary points and, hence, must be 

excluded from the space where ( 1) is valid. This space is contained 

within the surface S shown in figure 2. This surface consists of a 

half-sphere at infinity S , the earth's surface Se , and the small 00 

sphere and half-sphere around the singular points. The antennas are 

.... assumed to be short vertical electric dipoles, in which case II for the 

radiation field in the vicinity of the transmitting antenna takes the particularly simple form (Stratton, 1941, sec. 8.4 - 8. 7) 

where 

-TI (W near T) ~ I1 0 

TI = - 0 

exp ( - i k 9 jd I ) 

I -a I 

"' z (6) 

(7) 

and where ! 0 is the amplitude of the current in the antenna, .t is the 

effective length of the antenna, and z is a unit vector in the z-direction. 

Using the above assumption, applying Green's theorem (Morse, 1953, 

sec. 7. 2) to (l),and using the fact that the integral vanishes on S , we 00 

obtain the following form for the z-component, TI, of IT --- in the vicinity 

of the receiver: 

5 
"' 

/ 

I S = Se+ Sr+S"+Sm 

I I I ,(s T 

L__ -~ ----

z 

EARTH1S SURFACE 

( Side View) 

Figure 2. Side view of the path geometry and surfaces of integration. 

\ 
II(R)= ZI1 0 

+ _!_ 

Zn 

exp ( - i k 0 ! d !) 

1-a I 

J... J [ Il(W) ~ • ( exp ( - i ko 1; I) "\ 

Se oz I; I ,I 

- exp ( - i ko I ; I ) ,;, o II (W) 

oz ] dS. 

-

( 8) 

All other components of II are zero. If we now further assume that the 

ratio of ( o II/oz) to Il depends only upon the physical and electrical 

properties of the earth's surface at each point, that is, assume that the 

concept of surface impedance is valid (Godzinski, 1961), then we have 

the following relation (Bremmer, 1954; King, 1965; and others), 

< 

o II (W)/ oz ~ (ikc/ Tlo) Z(W) IT (W) 

at the earth I s surface, where 

Z (W) = Tlo / / € c(W) • 

Equation ( 8) then takes the form 

II (R) = z 11, exp ( - i k 0 I d I ) ,a, 

7 

(9) 

( 10) 
Note that the first term under the integral in ( 8) is zero because the 

z-derivative of [exp(-ik0 l;.I)/ l;.I] is zero on a flat surface (Se). 

Equation ( 11) is the general integral equation for ground-wave propagation over a plane surface whose electrical properties vary as Z(W). 

In the case of a homogeneous surface, that is Z(W) constant, 

we may assume the following form for II: 

II (W) = 2 II exp ( - i 1s, Id -;I) 0 ...... ld-w I F(W,Z), (12) 

where II is a composite of the field due to a vertical electric dipole 

over an infinitely conducting plane surface and the attenuation, F(W, Z), 

up to the point W due to the actual plane surface of impedance Z. 

The substitution of this into (11) produces an equation which is the usual 

form for the Sommerfeld equation for ground-wave propagation over a 

plane homogeneous earth, namely, 

F(R,Z)= l-LikoZ/2TTno) lcilexp(iko/cil> 

X F(W, Z) dS. (13) 

In the inhomogeneous case, that is, Z (W) not constant, we 

could replace F(W, Z) in (12) by F(W, Z(W)) and obtain an equation 

similar to (13) above with Z (W) under the integral. In the case where 

the surface Se is divided into two regions Se I and Se" (refer to fig. 3) 

with values of Z(W) of Z and Z1 , respectively, it is more convenient to proceed as follows. Supposing S11 1 to be the largest of the two regions 

and Se'' only a perturbation (an "island"), we can replace (6) by 

8 
'° 

y 

I Su-face Se 

0"'1 E1 2, n 

Y2 

. Yo ---- I 'i 

T -~----....... ------------------+-----------1~+-+--,,t:--+~""----++--------.---x 

Yi 

L-------R2 

l_ ____ _ R, d---- ----fL=~~-~ 

EARTH1S SURFACE 

(Plan View) 

Figure 3. Top view of the path geometry. 
IT(W near T) ~ I10 exp(-i ko I'd I) F(R, Z) z, (14) 

I -a I 

{12) by 

z{W) by {z- Z 1 }, and Se by Se'', proceed as above, and obtain the 

following result: 

( 15) 

If one now transforms this equation into elliptical coordinates, (μ, 8), 

and applies the method of steepest descent to evaluate the μ -integral, 

(16) becomes (King, 1965; Tsukamoto et al., 1966) for an "island" 

inhomogeneity 

F*(d, Z, Z1 ) = F(d, Z) - (K(μ1 , u2 ) (Z - Z1 ) /2 'llo) (it)1⁄2 

0:a 

x I F* (1⁄2 d(cosh μo + cos 0), z, zi> 

E\ 

X F{1⁄2d(coshμ 0 -cos8),Z) 

X (sinh2 μ 0 - sin2 8) / (cosh2 μ 0 - cos2 8) d8, (17) 

10 
where d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver, μ1 , 1,Ja, 

01 , and 88 define the boundaries of the "island" and μ 0 its "centerline" in the elliptical coordinate system (see fig. 3), and, 

The II center-line" ~ refers to the center line of the steepest descent 

integral and in our case is the value ofμ(= μ 0 ) corresponding to the 

-.,,-.I 

value ofy (=y0 ) on the "island" which is closest to the line TR (the 

x-axis). In figure 3, U1erefore, y0 should be zero. The Yn -line in 

figure 3 is displaced from this value only for the sake of illustrating 

its presence and is thereby unfortunately somewhat misleading. As a 

further matter of practical use of the model, the II steepest-descentcenter-line11 role of y 0 implies that R1 and R2 should be chosen as the 

"front" and II rear'' edges of the "island" along the y,,-line when TR 

crosses the "island." If TR does not cross the• 11 island, 11 the largest 

and smallest values of R (p:r:ojected onto the x-axis) should be used. 

Equation (17) must now be solved to obtain the solution to the 

inhomogeneous case. An iterative technique can be used to obtain a 

numerical solution. An initial approximation for F* is substituted into 

the right side of (17) and this whole expression is then evaluated. From 

the left side of (17), we see that this result is the next approximatio!l to 

F* and hence can itself be inserted on the right side. Iteration proceeds 

in this manner until the desired accuracy is attained. The convergence 

of this method (the Neumann method) has been studied extensively 

(Lovitt, 1950, pp. 7, 110, 114); suffice it to remark (King, 1965) that 

it converges in our case. Following Tsukamoto et al. (I 966), we chose 

as the initial approximation to F*, the attenuation function for perpendicular propagation across a straight boundary, namely, 

11 
F*, (d, Z, Z1) = F (d, Z) + ((Z • Z,)trJ( ~d) 1⁄2 

9a 

X I F ( 1⁄2 d ( cos h μo + cos e)' z) 

0 

X F(1⁄2d(cosh μ 0 - cos 9), Z1 ) d9, (19) 

where F is the So~merf eld attenuation function and is given by 

with 

and 

F( r, Z) 2:! 1 - i Jrrp exp ( -p) erfc ( iJp) , 

p = -(ik0 r/2.) (Z/T)0 ) 2 , 

a, 

erfc (x) = ( 2./ Jrr) J e -ta dt 

X 

( 2.0) 

(2.1) 

(2.2.) 

The results presented in section 7 of this report were obtained 

from a computer program that calculates F and F* by implementing 

the method of solution described in the paragraph above. The program 

is an adapted and modified version of a program used by King (1965) in 

his dissertation, and a much more complete description of the program 

and the problem can be found there. 

12 
3. CALCULATIONS 

The results of the calculations based on the method and program 

described above are contained in tables 1 through 12 and graphs 1 

through 24. The odd-num.bered graphs contain plots of the amplitude 

of F and F* versus the distance from the transmitter on the bearing 

indicated, while the even-numbered graphs contain plots of the phase of 

F and F* versus distance. Recall that F and F* are the attenuation functions in the homogeneous and inhomogeneous cases, respectively. 

To obtain the electric field from these results, one need only 

combine (12) and (15) with (3). The results are 

.... where E{d) is the electric field at a distance d over a homogeneous 

plane earth of impedance Z, while E*(d) is that over an inhomogeneous 

earth. We can therefore write (23) and (24) approximately as 

IE{d) I = (I Eo l/d) jF(d, Z) j , (25) 

Arg (E(d)) = Arg (E0 ) + ( TT /2) - k 0 d + Arg (F{d, Z)) (26) 

(27) 

(28) 

where E and E* are the z-components of E and E*, respectively, 

Arg denotes the phase of a quantity, and E 0 can be taken to be 

13 
approximately the electric (radiation) field (times d 2:! A, of course) 

generated by the actual antenna in its proximity (d ~ . A) on the desired 

bearing. 

Returning to the results contained in section 7, we note that 

they represent the calculations for two distinct paths on bearings of 

150° and 160° from a fixed transmitting · site. In all cases the transmitter is taken to be at the U.S. Naval Reservation (38° 39' 1 7" N, 

76° 31' 4011 W) just north of Locust Grove Beach, Maryland, on the 

shore of the Chesapeake Bay. In what follows, reference to the map 

in figure l is suggested,. and the parameter 'd' is the distance from 

the transmitter. 

Graphs l through 8 and tables l through 4 are for a bearing of 

160° E of N from the transmitter. The four cases contained in this 

set are for frequencies of 10, 15, 20, and 25 MHz, in that order. On 

this path, Chesapeake Bay is assumed to be homogeneous with electrical 

parameters of 

a = 2. 0 rriho/ m, e = 81. 0 €0 , 

while the perturbing inhomogeneity is a section of land 6. 85 km long 

(28. 3 km ~ d ~ 35. 15 km; 38° 24' 55" N, 76° 25' 0011 W to 38° 21' 28" N, 

76° 23' 24" W) across the Cove Point, Maryland area, which is assumed 

to have the electrical parameters of 

a 1 = O. 002 rriho/m, e 1 = 15. 0 e0 • 

This path ends in the Church Neck, Virginia area (d '::'! 142. 57 km; 

37° 26' 51" N, 75° 58' 31'' W). 

Graphs 9 through 16 and tables 5 through 8 are fo.r a bearing of 

150° from the transmitter. Again the four cases are for frequencies of 

10, 15, 20, and 25 MHz. Chesapeake Bay has the same parameters as 

above, while the perturbing inhomogeieity is a section of an island 

14 
4. 32 km long (84. 18 km ~ d ~ 88. 5 km; 37° 59' 51' N, 76° 02' 5011 W 

to 37° 57' 5011 N, 76° 01' 2311 W) across the Smith Island, Maryland 

area which is assumed to have the electrical parameters of (marsh) 

This path ends in the Matcholank Creek, Virginia area (d =:! 121. 3 km; 

37° 42' 3211 N, 75° 50 1 1711 W). Because of the possibility of poor earth 

on this island in addition to marsh, the above calculations were repeated 

with values of the electrical parameters of 

cr1 = 0. 002 mho/m, e 1 = 15. 0 e: 0 • 

The results are contained in graphs 17 through 24 and tables 9 through 

12. 

Let us now note some of the rather prominent features of the 

results. In each case F and F* naturally agree up to the "island, 11 

but in crossing the "island," which is a poorer conductor and dielectric 

than the surrounding medium, ~he amplib,1de falls off very sharply and 

a large change of phase occurs. After having crossed the "island," 

the phase and amplitude begin to recover and seem to approach the , 

homogeneous values asymptotically. Note (see, for example, graph 3) 

that in the cases where the amplitude change is most drastic, the 

amplitude rises rapidly in the region after the "island" and II peaks up" 

before beginning. to decrease again and asymptotically approach the 

homogeneous values. This is the so-called II recovery" or "focusing" 

effect. A similar phenomenon is exhibited in the phase ( see, for 

example, graph 4). 

That the asymptotic approach to the homogeneous values is at 

least qualitatively what should be expected can be seen by an analogy. 

One can visualize this system as a transmission line of impedance Za 

with a section of line of impedance Zb inserted somewhere in its length. 

15 
If both IZb I and ARG(Zb) are larger than I z. I and ARG(Z.}, respectively, as is the case here, then one can easily see that the amplitude 

should drop and an added phase change should occur in crossing the 

Zb section. Asymptotic rec·overy should occur as the Zb section 

becomes a very small perturbation on the system. This latter condition is met when its length is much smaller than the distance between 

the Zb section and the point of observation. Since ground-wave propagation can be considered in terms of a transmission line in that it 

transports energy from one point to another, the above considerations 

tend to confirm the qualitative features of the results. 

The "recovery" or "focusing" effect seen in the amplitude of F* 

in the region immediately following the "island" was first discovered 

and experimentally verified by Millington (1949a; 1949b} for propaga0 tion across a coastline. A theoretical explanation of the recovery of the 

amplitude was also given by Millington (1949c). though the question of 

the phase change was left open. Both the amplitude and phase recoveries 

have been treated theoretically by a number of investigators; some discussion of these effects can be found in a paper by Wait (1964). The 

phase recovery was finally confirmed by Pressey et al. in 1956. Elson 

(1949) remarks that the recovery phenomenon owes its existence to a 

vertical redist:ribution of energy near the boundaries between media, 

and that this redistribution is inevitable because the field must vary 

with height differently on either side of the boundary because of the 

differing electrical parameters. The height-gain function will therefore have a different form depending upon whether the ground is primarily a conductor or primarily a dielectric. For the frequency range 

considered in this report, sea water has a fairly constant nature as a 

quasi-conductor, while land changes from a poor conductor at the lower 

16 
frequencies to a poor dielectric at the higher ones. A very rough measure of the redistribution due to these effects can be seen as follows. 

According to Wait ( 1964, p. 199), for low heights and sufficiently far 

from the coast line, the height-gain function has the approximate form 

h( z) =! l + i k z { Z / T)0 ) , {29) 

where Z is the surface impedance, T) 0 = 120110, k = Zn/'>..., and z 

is the height above the surface. Letting 

Z = Re(Z) + i lm{Z), (30) 

we obtain 

h(z) = (1 - kz Im(Z)/n0 ) + ikz Re(Z)/T)0 • (3 I) 

For I z I < < 1 , we then obtain the following approximate forms for the 

magnitude and phase of the height-gain function: 

where 

I h( z) I ~ I - a z 

Arg {h(z)) = f3z , 

a. = k Im(Z)/ T)0 , i3 = k Re(Z)/T'\0 • 

(32) 

(33) 

(34) 

For Z1 one obtains, similarly, h 1 depending upon a 1 and 13 1 • From 

the headings of the tabular results, ).,, Z, and Z1 can be obtained for 

each case. The results can be found in the table below. 

All Eaths Paths 1 and 3 Path 2 

Frequency a. _i3_ ~ .1L ..!!:L __b_ -- 10 MHz 2.4 2. 5 6.3 53 3.4 3. 5 

15 MHz 4. 5 4.6 6.4 80 6.3 6. 5 

20 MHz 6. 8 7. 1 6.4 108 9.6 10.0 

25 MHz 9.5 10.0 6. 5 134 13. 0 14.0 

17 
A comparison of these magnitudes with the graphical results shows that 

the relative magnitude of the recovery of the phase and amplitude follows 

roughly the above pattern. This lends some credence to the redistribution explanation of the recovery effect. A more detailed analysis and 

proof is beyond the scope of this report, however. 

Next, we wish to consider the effects of moving the transmitting 

antenna from an assumed site over water, across a coastline, to land. 

This part of the study (Rosich, J 969) was prompted because of the 

11island inhomogeneity" restriction of the model used. This restriction 

coupled with the desire to investigate the attenuation beyond the "island" 

forced the assumption that transmitting antenna was over water in the 

Chesapeake Bay. The reasons for this should be clear from the fore 

going discussion.of the model. The actual situation, however, was that 

the transmitting antenna was behind the coastline on land. If we now are 

willing to give up values of the attenuation beyond what was previously 

our "island" on path 1, then we can again use the model to investigate ~ 

the case where the transmitting antenna is behind the coastline on land. 

In this latter case, our "island" of inhomogeneity becomes the water 

between the two sections of land: that at the transmitter and that at the 

Cove Point, Maryland area. The results for 10 MHz for this path are 

shown in graphs 25 and 26. In these graphs, the horizontal axis is the 

distance of the receiver from the coastline, not from the transmitter as 

in the earlier graphs, and 6. is the distance of the transmitting antenna 

behind the coastline. Therefore, 6. plus the value on the horizontal axis 

is equal to the distance from the transmitter to the receiver. Graphs 

27 through 30 present the percent changes in the amplitude and phase 

(relative to the values at 6,=0) at a given distance D (from the coastline) before and across the II island11 of our previous discussion (the 

Cove Point, Maryland area). One can easily see from these graphs 

18 
that the magnitudes of the changes are largest before the 11 island," 

while the percentage change is significant in both regions. In graphs 

29 and 30 note particularly the peaks in the curves which are suggestive 

of some type of focusing effect. This focusing effect points up the fact 

that for each receiver location, D, there is an optional location, 6, for 

the transmitting antenna. As noted above, unfortunately nothing can be 

said about the region following the 11 island" (of our previous discussion), 

as the model only allows a three-section path, where the first and last 

sections have the same electrical properties. This is a shortcoming 

in the model for the present case, but the results presented above 

should outline the importance of the actual antenna sites for highfrequency ground-wave propagation and permit some estimate of the 

quantitative nature of the effect. 

Lastly, in order to prevent misunderstanding, a few questions 

should be anticipated. They are: (1) How valid are the results for 

\ 6 I less than a few wavelengt~s, since the model ignores the static 

and induction fields of the antennas? (2) Is the case labeled 11 6=011 

really this case, since the model ignores the land behind the coastline in this case? In answer to (1), the results of Wait (1963) show 

that the results should not be altered significantly except in a region 

l 6 I<< 1 (actually a skin depth or so) around the coastline. The only 

change even then is the removal of a singularity (already removed 

from the graphs) in the field at the boundaries of the media. Thus, 

for small values of J 6 \ the results presented here are approximately 

correct or at least indicative of the behavior. Because of this, and 

the fact that the model ignores reflections from boundaries and the 

effect of any media 11 behind" the transmitter or receiver, the case 

labeled 11 t=O" should really be labeled 11 6. slightly greater than a skin 

depth in front of the coastline." Since the skin depth here is between 

19 
1 x 1 o- 15 and 1 X 1 o- 6 m, 11 6=011 should convey the correct meaning, 

however. Also, Wait ( 1963) showed that the reflection effects are 

relatively smaU, thus the results are good approximations. This 

answers objecti~n- (2). 

4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 

Since many of the recommendations concern the approximations 

made in the course of obtaining the solutions presented here, we shall 

fir st list these approximations, then discuss their advantages, validity, 

and limitations; finally we shall put forth a number of recommendations 

for possible improvements to this modeJ. In making these approxiimations, we (1) assumed that the earth is essentially flat over the 

distances involved; (2) assumed that the ahtennas are short vertical 

electric dipoles; (3) ignored the static and induction fields of the 

antennas; (4) used the surfa~e impedance concept; (5) assumed that 

· there is only one 11 island11 of the inhomogeneity imbedded in an otherwise homogeneous medium and that within each of these two regions 

the electrical parameters are constants. 

For distances less than 100 km, the flat earth is probably a 

reasonable approximation, although the matter should be decided by a 

comparison of the attenuation function for a homogeneous earth in the 

flat and spherical cases. This would give a good indication of the range 

of validity of the approximation for the inhomogeneous case also, as it 

is computed as a perturbation of the homogeneous values. 

The antennas in this model have been assumed, for simplicity, 

to be short vertical electric dipoles, while the actual antenna, as 

evidenced by its several interacting elements and its radiation pattern, 

will, in addition, have several higher order multipole terms. If 

20 
desired, the actual antenna can be modeled in terms of its various 

r:uultipole moments and the governing equations reformulated and 

solved. Unless extreme accuracy is desired, however, the use of (25) 

through (28) with the value of the electric field (times d, of course) 

generated at the actual antenna for the desired bearing substituted for 

E 0 should suffice. 

The third assumption requires that the antennas and all boundaries of the media be sufficiently distant (a few wavelengths) from each 

other so that only the radiation field interacts. For the physical dimensions and the wavelength (A < 0. 03 km) considered here, this condition 

is met; hence, the approximation is valid. Should future work not meet 

the condition, however, the static and induction terms. could be included 

in the equations in a fashion similar to that for the multipole moments. 

The validity of the concept of surface impedance is discussed 

completely elsewhere {Godzinsky, 1961) and the concept seems reasonable under the conditions imposed here, especially since it simplifies 

the problem so greatly and since no similar alternative simplifying 

assumption is known. Of course; this assumption could be eliminated 

and the resulting boundary-value problem solved exactly, but this 

greatly complicates the problem, its numerical solution, and the 

computer program to implement it. 

The c·omputer program used at present is constrained as described in approximation (5) above. That this is a severe limitation 

for some of the ground-wave propagation paths of interest in the Chesapeake Bay area is obvious. At least this scheme should be generalized 

to allow a number of "islands", and a better decision would be to modify 

the model to allow for continuous variation of the electrical parameters. 

21 
The pragmatic consideration of attempting to get a computer 

program operational as soon as possible precluded initial inclusion of 

the refinements outlined above. There was also a desire to verify the 

model and computer program to be used by experimental or other 

dependable means. Since a computer program used by a group at the 

University of Colorado (King, 1965; Tsukamoto et al,, l 966j in their 

comparison of theory and experiment was available, and since its predictions agreed well with experimental results, it was chosen as a 

starting point for this study. 

The numerous modifications (mostly extension of the range of 

arguments accepted for the various special functions, improved output 

format, listing of the geographic coordinates for a given prediction, 

and automatic generation of graphs of the results) were applied to this 

program to produce the version now in use. 

In summary, two recommendations for further extension of this 

model are to be stressed: (Ji comparison of the flat and spherical 

homogeneous earth attenuation functions in order to adequately decide on 

the range of validity of the flat-earth approximation; and (2) extension of 

the program to allow several "islands" or even continuous variation of 

th·e electrical parameters. In addition, it is recommended that other, 

possibly more advantageous, methods of calculating the propagation of 

an electromagnetic field over an inhomogeneous earth be looked into 

(Bremmer, 1951; Bremmer, 1954; Berk et al., 1967; Wait, 1967), 

including a method of calculating the electric field at various heights 

above the earth 1 s surface instead of just at the earth's surface as was done 

here. This might introduce height-gain terms that could produce 

greater field strengths. Some thought should also be given to improving 

the numeric iteration procedure 'used for the solution of the integral 

equation for F*. Although the Neumann method (Lovitt, 1950) is a well22 
established technique and is known to converge in the case considered 

here, there are newer and more sophisticated techniques (Bekey et al., 

l 967) that converge much more rapidly and improve the numeric 

accuracy of the solution. Lastly, some consideration should be given 

to the effect of the vertical profile of the land and sea upon the attenuation function. The effect of land topography and of waves could be 

non-negligible. 

The above remarks are meant to delineate the limitations of 

the model used here and to point out reasonable directions for its 

improvement. At the time the study (Rosich, 1968) was originally 

performed, these remarks were also a reasonable outline of the state 

of the art. Since then, however, significant advances have been made 

and much better models now exist. For example, the model by Ott and 

Berry (1970) and Ott (1971a, b) allows numerical treatment of quite 

general situations. In their model,· an elementary function that is 

closely related to the Sommer.feld flat-earth attenuation function is used 

to derive an integral equation for propagation of radio waves over irregular terrain. The numerical solution of the integral equation yields the 

attenuation function normalized to the free -space field. The terrain may 

be represented by a completely arbitrary profile in terms of the elevation versus distance. This allows treatment of flat-earth, curved-earth, 

and much more general terrain. The hills and valleys themselves are 

taken to be uniform ( cylindrical) in the direction transverse to the propagation direction, but this should pose no serious restriction to the use 

of the model since these are generally second order effects. The terrain 

may also be characterized by a conductivity and dielectric constant which 

are arbitrary functions of distance. Both the transmitting and receiving 

antennas may assume arbitrary locations on or above the surface. The 

solution to the integral equation is numerically feasible for both vertical 

23 
and horizontal polarization up to the present limit of about 50 MHz, 

depending upon the profile under consideration. It is hoped that future 

developments will raise the upper limit on the frequency. Graph 31 

shows a comparison of th~ Ott and Berry (1970) and Ott (1971a, b) model 

with one of Furutsu, Wilkerson, and Hartmann (1964) and with the model 

presented in this report. The results are for the path and parameters 

given in graph I. Note the excellent agreement of the model used here 

with the other two more sophisticated models. Although the model 

compares quite well in this case, graphs 32 through 34 illustrate that 

effects which we ignore, for example, terrain height, can make substantial differences in the attenuation. The latter comments should 

underline the fact that if the situation one is modelling happens to fit 

the assumptions we have made, then the results can be expected to be 

accurate. If, on the other hand, the situation being modelled· departs 

much from these assumptions, the results may not be correct. While 

the model we have presented•here lacks generality (and accuracy in 

some cases), it does generally provide speed, however, so that in 

any given instance the optimum trade-off between speed and accuracy 

will have to be decided. As with all models, this one is useful, but 

should be used with caution and with full cognizance of its assumptions 

and limitations·. 

24 
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

I would like to acknowledge the advice and assistance received 

from V. L. Agy, A. F. Barghausen, L. A. Berry, R. L. Gallawa, 

R. J. King, R. H. Ott, and J. R. Wait in the course of the preparation 

of this report. Without their help, the quality of this report would have 

surely diminished. I would especially like to thank Mr. James M. 

Headrick and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory for their support 

and encouragement. 

6. REFERENCES 

Be key, G. A. , J. C. Maloney, and R. T omovic (19 6 7), Solution of inte -

gral equations by hybrid computation, Proc. Fall Joint Computer 

Con£., Am. Fed. Inf. Proc. Soc. 31, 143-148 (Thompson Book 

Co. , Washington, D. C. ). -

Berk, H. L., D. L. Book, and D. Pfirsch (1967), Convergence of the 

Bremmer series for the spatially inhomogeneous Helmholtz 

equation, J. Math. Phys. ~. 1611-1619. 

.- Bremmer, H. (1951), The Theory of Electromagnetic Waves, A Symposiwn, (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, N. Y. ). 

Bremmer, H. (1954), The extension of Sommerfeld1 s formula for the 

/~ /' 

propagation of radio waves over a flat eart,li, to different con . .,,./ 

ductivities of the soil, Physica 20, 441-460. 

Elson N. (1949), Ground-wave propagation across a land/sea boundary--

. 300-m waves, Nature 164, 114-116. 

Furutsu, K., R. E. Wilkerson, and R. F. Hartmann (1964), Some 

numerical results based on the theory of radio wave propagation 

over inhomogeneous earth, NBS J. Res. 68D No. 7, 827-846. 

I 

Gadzinski, A. (1961), The surface impedance concept and the structure 

of radio waves over a real earth, Proc. IEE, Monograph No. 

434E, 362-373. 

25 
Hufford, G. A. (195Z), An integral equation approach to the problem of 

wave propagation over an irregular surface, Quart. Appl. Math • 

.2., 391-40~. 

King, R.J. (196.5), Analytic and experimental studies of propagation of 

electromagnetic ground waves across mixed paths, Ph.D. thesis, 

Dept. Elec. Eng., Univ. of Colo., Boulder, Colo. 

Lovitt, W. V. (1950), Linear Integral Equations (Dover Publications, Inc., 

New York, N. Y. ). 

Millington, G. (1949a), Ground-wave propagation across a land/ sea 

boundary, Nature 163, l 28. 

Millington, G. (1949b), Ground-wave propagation across a land/ sea 

boundary-- 100-m waves, Nature 164, 114. 

Millington, G. (1949c), Ground-wave propagation over an inhomogeneous 

smooth earth, Proc. IEE 96, Pt. 3, 53-64. 

Morse, P. M., and H. Feshback {l 953), Methods of Theoretical Physics 

(McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, N. Y. ). 

Ott, R. H., and L. A. Berry~(l970), An alternative integral equation 

for propagation over irregular terrain, Radio Science i, No. 5, 

767-771. 

Ott, R. H. ( 1971 a), An alternative integral equation for propagation 

over irregular terrain, Part Z, Radio Science, accepted for 

publication in the May 1971 issue. 

Ott, R. H. ( 1971 b), A new method for pr.edicting HF ground wave 

attenuation over inhomogeneous, irregular terrain, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, Office of Telecommunications, 

Telecommunications Research Report, No. 5. 

Pressey, B. G.., G. E. Ashwell, and C. S. Fowler (1956), Change of 

phase of a low-frequency ground wave propagated across a 

coast line, Proc .. IEE 103B, 527. 

26 
Rosich, R. K. (1968), High-frequency ground-wave attenuation over 

inhomogeneous paths, unpublished* ESSA Tech-. Memo 

ERLTM-ITS 137. 

Rosich, R. K. ( 1969), Some considerations on ground-wave propagation 

across coastlines and islands, Proceedings of the Conference on 

Environmental Effects on Antenna Performance, Volume I, 181-

185 (Publication numbers PB-183-715 and AD-692-879 available from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical 

Information, Sills Building, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, 

Virginia 22151). 

Stratton, J. A. (l 941 ), Electromagnetic Theory (McGraw-Hill Book 

Company, Inc., New York, N. Y. ). 

Tsukamoto, W.I., R.J. King, and S. W. Maley (1966), An experimenstudy of ground wave propagation across semi-infinite strips and 

islands, AFCRL-66-252. 500-11-5000433, Contract No. 

PRO-65-504, Project No. 4600, Task 460004, Sci. Rept. No. 35, 

Air Force Cambridge Res. Labs., Cambridge, Mass. 

Wait, J. R. (1956), Mixed path ground wave propagation: J.. Short 

distances, NBS J. Res. 57, No. 1 1-15. 

Wait, J. R. (1963), Oblique pr'opagation of ground waves across a 

coastline - Part I, NBS J. Res. 67D, No. 6, 617-624. 

Wait, J. R. (1964), Electromagnetic surface waves, Advances in 

Radio Research, ed. J. A. Saxton,!_, 157-217(Academic 

Press, London and New York). 

Wait, J. R. (1967), Theory of diffraction by a curved inhomogeneous 

body, J. Math. Phys. 8, 920-925. 

* This document is in the public domain, but is considered unpublished 

since it was not printed for wide public distribution. It is also out 

of print -- all of the printed copies having been exhausted. 

27 
7. GRAPHS AND TABLES 

In this section are collected the graphs and tables which present 

the results of the calculations and comparisons discussed earlier in this 

report. The graphs are fairly self:..explanatory, contain the pertinent 

parameter values, and have been discussed earlier in the text. Some 

description of the contents and organization of the tables is in order, 

however. This can be best accomplished by a brief description of the 

table headings and columns. In the table headings Line 1 contains the 

title. Line 2 contains the bearing of the path in degrees E of N, and the 

geographic latitude and longitude of the transmitter. Line 3 contains the 

values of the dielectric constant ( e/e-o ), the conductivity cr in mhos/meter, 

and the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant e 0 

( see sec. 2, eq. 5), in that order, for the surface Se' Line 4 contains, 

similarly, the values of (e 1 / e0 ), cr11 and the real and imaginary parts of 

e 10 , in that order, for the surface Se". Line 5 contains the real and 

imaginary parts of the imped~nce Z of Se', and similarly, Z1 for Se". 

Line 6 contains the parameters that specify the position of the "island" 

with respect to the transmitter location and the path of propagation ( see 

fig. 3). Line 7 contains the frequency and the wavelength of the radiation. 

The column headings are as follows: D is the distance along the path from 

the transmitter; LAT and LONG are the latitude and longitude of this point; 

F{D, Z) and ARG F(D, Z) represent the amplitude and the phase of the 

attenuation function (Sommerfeld) in the homogeneous case (if the "island" 

S/ 1 were absent); F*(D, Z, Z 1) and ARG F*(D, Z, Z1), similarly, represent 

the inhomogeneous case. The gaps and breaks in the tables indicate the 

boundaries of the media and the numeric notation is as follows: 

1. 19917-002 means 1. 19917 x 10-002 • 

28 
One should note that the tables give six significant figures. While 

the calculations are aq::urate to this level, the model is probably 

only good to about three digits ( see graph 31) at best. · The six digits 

were given only to permit accurate comparison of different models 

and in no way are meant to imply that the model is that accurate a 

representation of reality. 

29 
LL 

1.orz , 1 , 1 , , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 1 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 1 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 

I I 

!--~Woter 1 Land I Woter--------------i...i and 

0.9r '\. I I I 

I I f = 10 MHz. I 

08 

0.1 

Q6 

I I I I I Bearing = 160 ° I 

I I . I I I Water: JCJ = Z.O mho/m I 

I I le:=810"' I I • c. 0 I 

I Land: {Oi = .OOZ mho/m I 

~ -g Q5 

~ = 15.0 e:0 I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

f 

I 

I 

I 

I 

~ 

0.4 

03 

02 

QI 

00 10 20 

IF1 

30 40 50 60 10 80 90 100 110 

Distance (km) 

Graph 1. Amplitude versus distance for path 1, 10 MHz 

(see table 1). 

120 130 140 

I 

I 

I 

I End 

I of 

I Patti 

I 

I 

150 
C 

-C'I 

.... 

<( 

l,J "2 ,_ C 

-IL. 

-C'I 

.... 

<( 

('f ..--....-...----.-----.------,-"""T""T""-----r~-...---r---....-...----.-----.------,-~---,-~-...--~....---r----r----r-----r-~---r----r----:---,---, 

-50' 

·100' 

-l5('f 

I 

I 

I I 

W:Jter •I Len:! I W:Jter-----------...-lbnd 

I I £ = 10 MHz 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I I I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Bearing = 160 ° 

Water: 

Land: 

{

cr = 2.0 mho/m 

e: = 81. 0 €0 

{

cr1 = .002 mho/m 

e: 1 = 15.0 e:0 

I End 

I of 

I Path 

I 

I 

-200' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Distance (km) 

Graph 2. Phase versus distance for path 1, 10 MHz 

(see table 1). 
1.0 

I 

I 

Water Land I Water . Lend 

Q9f-\ I I f = 15 MHz 

I 

Bearing = 160 ° I 

asr \ I I I I W t {cr = 2.0 mho/m 

I a er: 

I € = 81.0 €0 

o.1r \ I I I Land: { a;, = .002 mho/m I 

I €1 = 15.0eo 

I 

06 I 

I 

lJ.. 

I I 

I I 

w "2 I • I 

N c, 05 I I 

~ I I 

I I 

~1 I 

04r I I 

I 

I 

I 

o.3r I I "-.. ...--1~1 I 

I 

I 

I 

02f- I :, ,,~~ ~ I 

I 

I 

I End 

O.lf- ~ I I ot 

I Patfi 

'-

I 

I 

01 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Distance (km) 

Graph 3. Amplitude versus distance for path 1, 15 MHz 

(see table 2). 
r, I I I ' I 

I 

I 

l 

I 

I 

'Miter Land 

-SC'fr \ I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

.. --- I I ~ I I -

e I I 

<t I I 

w "2 -100' I.,.) 0 I I ..... I I ~ I I 

0' 

... I 

<t I 

-ISC'f 

-200' 0 10 20 30 40 

Graph 4. 

Water 

f = 15 MHz. 

Bearing = 160 ° 

Water: {<J = 2.0 mho/m 

e = 81.0 e 0 

Land: {Oi = .002 mho/m 

E:i. = 15.0 €0 

50 00 10 80 ~ 100 110 120 130 

Distance (km) 

Phase versus distance for path 1, 15 MHz 

(see table 2). 

140 

Land 

End 

I " I Path 

I 

150 
L01 I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 

I I I '4- water •I Lmd ,- Woter-------------~Land 

Q9 I I f = Z0 MHz. 

Q8 

0.7 

Q6 

LL 

~ -g Q5 

~ 

0.4 

Q3 

Q2 

QI 

00 10 20 40 50 60 10 II) 90 

Distance (km) 

Bearing= 160° 

Water: 

Land: 

100 110 

{ a= Z.0 mho/m 

e = 81.0 €c, 

Ja1 = .00Z mho/m 

Le 1 = 1 s. o e:0 

120 130 140 

Graph 5. Amplitude versus distance for path 1, Z0 MHz. 

(see table 3). 

End 

of 

Poth 

- 150 
O', I I I I I I 

Water ~ i I I LR rr _________ _:_ ___ Water f = 20 MHz. I Land 

I I B . I I I earmg = 160• I 

{il'H I i Water: t: Z.O mho/m I I I <-Si.O<. I 

I I Land: {"'-: .ooz mho/m I _ I I "1 - 15.0 •• I 

\. I I I 

<i I I I I I I 

... l ...,. I I I ~ ~ I I I -I!' I I . I ,. I I 

I 

-l50' 

End 

-------------~Path " 

Arg (F) 

-200' 0 10 20 30 40 50 I> 10 I) 1M) 100 110 120 130 140 l50 

Dlstooce (km) 

Graph 6. Phase versus distance for path 1, 20 MHz. 

(see table 3). 
1.0 

OU\-

Water 

Q8 

0.7 

Q6 

LL 

c.., 

°' 

1 Q5 

~ 

0.4 

03 

02 

01 

00 10 20 

·I 

I 

I I 

I I I I ~ Lcl1d 1e----------------Water . Land 

30 40 50 00 70 I) 90 

Distance (km) 

f = ZS MHz . Bearing = 160 o 

Water: {CJ= Z.O mho/m 

. e:=81.0e: 0 

Land: {CJ1 = .OOZ mho/m 

E:i = lS.O e;0 

100 110 120 130 

Graph 7. Amplitude versus distance for path 1, ZS MHz 

(see table 4). 

140 

End 

of_ 

I Path 

I 

150 
O' 

I' I 

'MJter~ Land 'MJter Lclld 

I f = 2.5 MHz. 

I Bearing = 160 ° 

W fJ = 2..0 mho/m ater: _ 81 0 -50'tt I I e:- • e:o 

I I 

Land: {O'i = .002. mho/m 

e;_ = 15.0 E:0 

r\ i I 

C 

-. 

e' 

< 

w "2 

-.J 0 -100' 

-

LL 

r \ i I 

- I I e' ! < I I I 

I 

I 

-150'1- '\. I I I \. I 

I End 

Arg(~ I ot I Poth 

Arg (F) 

-200'[ ~I 

I 

I I I 

I I I I I I I I I I 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1K) 90 100 110 120 l30 140 150 

Distance (km) 

Graph 8. Phase versus distance for path 1, 25 MHz 

{see table 4). 
081---

Q71-

Q6 

~ 

1 Q5 

~~ 

Q4 

03r021-

QII00 

I I 

I I 

Water 

I "" I !1• Water 

" 

I..!! I 

I I 

I I 

"'-.. 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

f = 10 MHz. 

Bearing = · 1 so o 

Water: { 0 = 2.0 mho/m 

e: = 81.0 e:c, I 

I I 

Land: {"1 = 1.0 mho/m 

€i = 48.0 e:c, 

10 20 30 40 50 I) 10 80 80 100 110 

Distance (km) 

Graph 9. Amplitude versus distance for path 2, 10 MHz 

(see table 5). 

Land 

I End of Path 

120 l30 140 150 
,. ' I I I I I I ' I I I 

I I I 

I I I 

I I -1 

I I I 

~~' Woter ------~I , ! r Water I Land 

I I 

c I I I 

OI I I I ~ I 

i i~ I I 

w~ I I 

'° e I I I 

<{ I I I 

f = 10 MHz. ----- ' , ·g (F) I 

-ISO'~ Bearing= 150° 

{ cr = 2.0 mho/m 

Water: e = 81.0 e I I I End of Path n 

Land: { cr1 = 1.0 mho/m 

€1 = 48.0 €0 

-8JO't I I~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 1' 70 ID 90 IOO IIO 120 l30 140 l50 

Distal ice (km) 

Graph 10. Phase versus distance for path Z, 10 MHz 

(see table 5). 
II I 

I 

-------Water I ~ I. 'Nater-_______....,___Land 

I~, 

Q8 

Q7 

Q6 

LL 

~ 6 Q5 

Or.-~ 

0.4 

Q3 

Q2 

0.1 

00 10 20 30 

f= 15MHz. 

Bearing = 150 ° 

Water: 

Land: 

40 50 

J cr = 2.0 mho/m 

L € = 81.0 €o 

{ 0"1 = 1.0 mho/m 

€1 = 48.0 eo 

60 10 80 

Distance (km) 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I l 

I I 

I 

I 

90 100 110 

Graph l 1. Amplitude versus distance for path 2, 15 MHz 

(see table 6). 

End of Path 

120 130 140 150 
r LL 

-

e' 

<( 

..... 

~i _ 

LL 

-c,i 

... 

<( 

0'. I I I I I I I I I 

I 

I 

I 

I I 

I "CI 

Water 

·1 ~ i Water Land 

f = 15 MHz. 

Bearing = 150 ° I 

Water: { cr = Z.'O mho/m I e:= 81.0 e: 0 I -100' { cr 1 = 1.0 mho/m I Land: 

E:1 = 48.0 e;, 

-150'' . 

End of Path 

·Arg (Ftti 

-200' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

DistCl'lce (km) 

Graph 12. Phase versus distance for path Z, 15 MHz 

-(see table 6). 
1.0 r--....---r----.---,---,---,,---,-----r--,----.---.------.-r--.--r----,--......,...---r-r---.-r--r-~--r---nr--T--r--,----.--~--, 

I I 

Q91-\ 1111 1-t\ Water ~ -

1

• --Water Land 

,-

Q8 

Q1 

Q6 

LL 

6 05 

,,:.~ 

N -

Q4 

0.3 ,-, 

02 

0.1 

00 10 20 30 40 

£ = 20 MHz. 

Bearing :::: 150 ° 

Water: 

Land: 

50 

{a= 2.0 mho/m 

€ = 81.0 E: 0 

{a 1 = .1.0 mho/m 

€1 = 48.0 €0 

60 10 80 

Distooce (km) 

1 I 

I I 

I I 

l l 

I I 

I t 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I l 

I I 

90 

IFI 

100 110 

Graph 13. Amplitude versus distance for path 2, 20 MHz 

(see table 7). 

End of Poth 

130 140 150 
·~ 

C't 

<( --

I.,) 

c,, 

<( 

oo. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 

I i I I' I I I I ' I I 

I I I I I I I I 

I I I 

I "O I I 

Water ,~1 Water 

f = 20 MHz. 

Bearing = 150 ° I I 

W t {cr = 2.0 mho/m I I a er; I I e:=81.0e: 0 

-10()0 { a 1 = 1.0 mho/m I Land: I 

e: I 1 = 48,0 e: 0 I I I I 

I I I 

I 

-I&,~ " I I I I * I 

I rArg (F) 

-200' 0 10 20 30 40 50 00 10 80 90 100 110 120 

Distance (km) 

Graph 14. Phase versus distance for path 2, 20 MHz. 

(see table 7). 
IL:" 

1.0--....----,--~--,--,-----,----,----,---T-r-----,--~---.----T-r----,----,,---r-r--,--r-.---,-----r-,-~r-.---,--r---.-, 

I I 

091t 1

~-------Water------'----i..!:! -g I --water-------Land 

Q8 

0.7 

Q6 

1~ 

£ = 2. 5 MHz. I · I 

Bearing = 150 ° I I 

Water: 

Land: 

{ CJ = 2..0 mho/m 

e:=81.0E:0 

{ CJ 1 = 1.0 mho/m 

E: 1 = 48.0 E: 0 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I I I 

-0 

§ Q5 I I 

.i:,. ~ I I 

.i:,. .!:!:. 

0.4 

Q3 

0.2 

0.1 

00 10 20 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

30 40 50 60 10 80 100 110 

Distance (km) 

Graph 15. Amplitude versus distance for path 2, 25 MHz 

(see table 8 ). 

End of Poth 

120 130 140 150 
-~ -

e' 

<l 

0'1 r I r I r I I I r I r I r I r I 11 I I I I I I I I· I I I I I I 

-50' 

I 

I 

I 

I I 

I~ I 

Water I ~ r Water---~--Land 

f = 25 MHz. I 

Bearing = 150 ° 

Water: { 

a = 2.0 'mho/m 

E; = 81.0 E;0 

-0 

~ 6 -100' Land: {

cr1 = 1.0 mho/m 

€1 = 48.0 €0 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

u, 

-

LL. 

-

e' 

<l I 

-150' 

·Arg (F~ End of Path 

Arg (F) 

-

2

00' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Distance (km) 

Graph 16. Phase versus distance £or path 2, 25 MHz 

(see table 8). 
I I 

I "C I 

Water §~ Water 

I!: I 

Q8j-- "-. I I 

I I 

Q11- "-

I I 

I I 

I I 

Q8j-- ' I I 

i 05~ ~ I 

I 

I 

tll-~ 

0-- -

Q4 

Q3t- f = 10 MHz. 

Bearing = 150 ° 

Q21- Water: {cr = 2.0 mho/m 

e: = 81.0 €o 

QI Land: 

00 10 

{ 0'1 = .002 mho/m 

€1 = 15.0 e,, 

20 30 40 50 fM) 10 80 90 100 110 120 

Distance (km) 

Graph 17. Amplitude versus distance for path 3, 10 MHz 

(see table 9). 

Land 

End of Path 

130 140 150 
.--IL. 

-

e' 

<X 

i 

-!6. ~ e' --.J <X 

(1' r---,---,----,---,---r~-..--.----,--"""T----r-~----,---,......--r-----,---......--.--r---.---.---.-..----,--"""T"T""---r---,---r-----r-r---, 

-50' 

-100' 

-150' 

I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

Water------

I~ I 

.sz 1-• -Water Land 1~ 

f = 10 MHz. 

Bearing = 150 ° 

Water: 

Land: 

{

cr = Z.0 mho/m 

e: = 81.0 e:., 

{

cr1 = .002 mho/m 

E:1 = 1 s.o e:0 

I I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I 

I 

End of Path 

-200' 0 10 20 30 40 50 00 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Oist<J'lce (km) 

Graph 18. Phase versus distance £or •path 3, 10 MHz 

(see table 9). 
0.91-\ 

081- \ 

061- \ 

LL 

"O s 05 

~~ 

00 -

0.4 

0.31-

021-

I 

0.1 

00 10 20 

I I I I 

Water 1-g 

£ = 15 MHz. 

a Water 

!! I 

I 

Bearing = l 50 o I 

Water: { 0 = 2.0 mho/m 

I 

e: = 81.0 e: 

I 0 I I 

Land: { 0"1 = .002 mho/m I I 

81 = 15.0 e: I I 0 I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I I 

I 

I 

' I I 

I 

I 

~ i I 

~ •-• 

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 

Distance (km) 

Graph 19. Amplitude versus distance for path 3, 15 MHz 

(see table 10). 

Land 

I 

I End of Path 

120 130 140 150 
Cf, I I I I I I I I I 

I 

I I I 

I I 

I I 

Water ~ ,. Water Land 

f = 15 MHz. 

I !? I 

I I Bearing = 150 ° C I I - { cr = 2.0 mho/m I C'I Water: I ... 

<l E: = 81.0 €0 I "O -I0ff I C: {cr 1 = .002 mho/m I 0 Land: I ,,.._ E: 1 = l 5. 0 e O • I --D!:=, 

I C'I I ... 

<l I I 

I 

I 

-ISfff- ~ I 

I 

I I -----......__ I End of Path 

r \ 

Arg(F) 

_) I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l~1 I I 

0 10 20 30 40 50 00 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Distance (km) 

Graph 20. Phase versus distance for path 3, 15 MHz 

(see table 10). 
1.0 

i I 

I I 

0.9H: I -g I 

Water 0 Water Land in 

f = 20 MHz. I .... I 

nsr \ Bearing = 150 ° I I 

I I 

r.r = 2.0 mho/m I I 

Water: I I n1r \ e: = 81.0 €g I I 

{a1 = .002 mho/m I I 

Land: I I 

0.6 €1 = 15.0 €g I I 

u.. 

I I 

I I 

6 Q5 I I 

I I 

U'I~ 

0 - I I 

I I 04 

: I 

I I 

a3r \. I I I I I I 

02r ' I I I ! I I End of Path 

I 

0.lr ------ ! I -IFI - 01 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I lr--..1 I IF1 I I I 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 l30 140 150 

Distance (km) 

Graph 21. Amplitude versus distance for path 3, 20 MHz 

(see table 11). 
00 I I I I I I I I I I 

I 

I 

I 

I I I I I -g I 

Water Water Land I~ 1· 

f = 20 MHz. I I 

Bearing = 150 • I I ~ {CJ = 2.0 m~o/m I I ....;.. 

I I e' Water: 

<l E: = 81.0 8c 

-g I I -IOOO 

Land: {a1 = .002 mho/m I I C 

E:i = 15.0 E:0 Ot -

I I f--0 ~ 

C' I I ... 

<l 

I I I I 

I 

' -1509 

~ I ~ I ~Arg(F~ i ! -~ End of Path 

Arg (F) 

-20J I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ll I I I 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Distance (km) 

Graph 22. Phase versus distance for path 3, 20 MHz 

(see table 11). 
1.0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I r I I 

I I 

0.9H- I ,::, I C 

Water ~, C Water Land 

f = 25 MHz. j 

U8H Bearing = 150 ° I 

I 

{a= 2.0mho/m I 

O.H-- \ Water: 

€ = 81.0 €0 I 

I 

Land: {cr1 = .002mho/m I 

usr \ €1 = 15.0 €0 I 

~ i ~r \ I 

I 

I 

~ I 

I 

o4r \ I I 

I 

I 

I 

o.3r \ I 

I I 

I 

I 

o.2r '\. I I 

I I End of Path I 

o.1r .......____ ! I 

I 

I 

ol I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t B:gr, I I 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Distance (km) 

Graph 23. Amplitude versus distance for path 3, 25 MHz 

(see table 12). 
*-

LL 

Cl 

I,.. 

<! 

~6 -

LL -c,, 

I,.. 

<! 

O". I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I I 

I -o I 

Land -50°rt C 

Water· 0 Water 

I J! I f = 25 MHz. I I 

Bearing = 1 50 ° I I {a = 2.0, mho/m Water: I E: = 81.0 E:0 

I I -100" { a 1 = .002 mho/m 

I Land: 

€1 = 15.0 €0 

I 

I I 

I 

I I I 

-1500r 

~ I r VArg (F*) 

I I I 

End of Path 

-2000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Distance (km) 

Graph 24. Phase versus distance for path 3, 25 MHz 

(see table 12). 
* LL 

-0 

Cl) I.Jl ,:, ~ ::, 

·-ii -

E 

<( 

1.0 -~---.---..----.---r-,,--.,...-.......---.------.---.----,--,--..,.........-..----.-------.-~-.--~---.-------.-------,-......-~---.----. 

0.9 

I I ----1 Land 1

--------------Woter Land 

I f=lOMHz 

0.8 

' ' 0.7~ ',, 

. ' ' .. ' ' ·'··. " ', 0.6~ "'-~--~"-. ', I"'<~'·, ' ,~·-. .. . ' 

0.5 I- '· ~ .... ............ ' / ··, .. Land-Sea-Land 

0.4r Paths 

0.3 

---Om 

0.2 ----15m 

---30m 

•··--···45m 

0.1 

---·Gorn 

--75m 

··-··90m 

00 10 20 

I Bearing= 160° 

I I ia-=2.0mho/m Water: € =Sl.O Eo 

I I Land: a-1=0.002mho/m I I € 1 = 15.0 €0 

I J I).= Distance of the transmitting 

antenna behind the coastline. 

~ I '......... 

I ~ . I ............... Without Island ( All Seo Poth) 

I ~ 

I I --- ~ ----._ 

With Island --------

(Seo-Land -Seo Poth) -- I 

\i ----+-

•' 

ii 

l:~!).=t5m I

~. With Island 

·~=90m 

I of I Poth 

I 

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Distance from the Coastline (km) - . 

Graph 25. Amplitude versus distance for displaced antenna for path 1, 10 MHz. 
* LL 

U1 -0 

U1 Cl) -100' fl> 

0 

s::. 

a. 

-150' 

,. Water~ Lond ----------------Water------------------Land 

Lahd- Sea - Land 

Poths 

---om 

----15m 

---30m 

•··-···45m 

---·60m 

--75m 

-----90m 

I I 

~~ 

~ 

f =10 MHz 

Bearing=160~ i <T =2.0mho/m 

Water: E =81.0Eo 

L d. ui=0.002 mho/m 

an · E 1 = 15.0 E0 

t. = Distance of the transmitting 

antenna behind the coastline. 

>---- . Without Island --------------- -+ (AIISeoPuth) -----

1 

E:fd 

Patti 

-2~ I 10 I 20 I I 30 I 40 I 50 I . 60 I 70 I 810 I 90 I 100 I 110 I 120 I 130 J 140 I I 150 

Distance from the Coastline (km>-

Graph 26. Phase versus distance for displaced antenna for path 1, · 10 MHz. 
0 

* u. Before the Island 

-0 -10 

Cl) 

"t:, 

::, 

·--

0. 

E -20 

<( 

{ 1.132 km} 

D= 14. 716 km ( Agreement to 0.6 %} 

28.3 km 

u, Cl) 

"' ..c 

-

C 

Cl) -30 

Cl 

C 

0 

..c 

u 

-C -40 Cl) 

0 

Cl) ""' 

a.. 

- 500 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 

6(m) • 

Graph 27. Percent change in amplitude (before the "island"} versus antenna displacement 6,. 
.... Before the Island 

............... 

'-:::: 

...... _ D=28.3km ____ _ 

- ----- .......__ --------------

------ - - - _ _ _0=14.?JG km 

* u.. 

-0 -50 

(I) 

1/) 

0 

.c 

Q.. 

(I) 

.c 

0, - -.J C 

(I) 

Cl 

C 

0 

.c 

u 

-C -100 

(I) 

0 

I... 

(I) 

Q.. 

-150 .___ __ ....___ __ --L-__ ___,__ __ -----1 ___ .J....._ __ __,____ __ ___,L_ __ ~-------l 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 

~ (m) .. 

Graph 28. Percent change in phase (before the "island") versus antenna displacement I).. 
50 

* 40 

LL. Across the Island 

-0 30 

Cl) 

"0 

:::, 20 -

Cl. 

E 

<( 

10 

Cl) 0 .s:::. 

U1 

00 -C 

Cl) -10 

0, 

C 

_g -20 

u 

-

~ -30 

0 

'-

............ -- ............. .............. ....... .._ 

..______ D:28.574 km 

-----------------

~ 

---- ---- - -...E~,-~8~ - - -

Cl) 

a. -40 

-50 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 80 90 

6 (m) .. 

Graph 29. Percent change in amplitude (across the 11 island1i) versus antenna displacement b,.. 
20 Across the Island 

* LL. 

-0 

Q) 

Cl) 10 

0 

.c 

a.. 

Q) 

.c 

lJ't - 0 -£> C: 

·-

Q) 

C'I 

C: 

0 

.c 

u -10 

-C: 

a, 

(.) 

\.-

Q) 

' ....... 

'-....___ D=2a574km ___ _ 

------------------

0=34.876 km J ---- ____ 0=3/.588 km 

-- -- - --

a.. 

-20 

l 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 

6(m) ., 

Graph 30. Percent change in phase (across the "island") versus antenna displacement t::.. 
1.0 --------....-----------r------,.------. 

0 lo,.. 

-' 0 

'-

..x 

I 

-

0.9 

a. 0.8 )( 

a, 

C\J 

0 

-u 

- 0.7 

a, 

N 

0 

E 

"-

~ 

C 

0 

-0 

C 

:, 

lJ... 

C 

0 

-0 

:, 

C 

a, 

<( --

-0 

a, 

"U 

:, 

-

C 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

g 0.2 

~ 

)( 

-

- 0.1 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • • • • • • Ott 

••••.•/Moy 1971, Rodia Science 

• • 

• Furutsu and Wilkerson • 

•· ••• / (Residue Series) 

~ 

Frequency= 10 MHz 

Vertica I Polarization 

Rosich, ITS 137""' 

o0 ~ 0 X 

0 -if 

• . X 

• X X 

• 

• X 

• • 

• 

a- = 0.002 ~ ,t 

Er=15 ~ >s • X • 

I 0 ~ I 

Sea 1 °~ Sea 

u-=2, E,=81...____ !"- 0 oC;>--------U=2, Er=81 

------i La nd r-- . 

10 20 30 40 50 

X, km 

60 

Graph 31. A comparison of the amplitude of the attenuation function 

for various models (Ott, 1971 b). 

60 
°' ..... 

C 

. Q 

-u 

C 

~ 

C 

. Q 

-0 

:::, 

C 

Q,) 

<( --

-0 

,.2 

-' ,.2 

~ 

:.L 

0. 

>< 

Q,) 

C\J 

0 

- Q,) -0 

-0 Q,) 

:::, N 

+- == ·- 0 §, E 

0 >-

~ ~ 

>< ......... 

-

• • • • • • 

Frequency = 10 MHz 

Vertical Polarization 

Sea 

CT =2, Er=81 

• • • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

e &g-.• 00 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

00000

00000000000 

oooo 

00 ••••••••••••••• 0 •••• 

0 •• • 

0 • 

• 

0 

• 

00 0o 

Flat Island ~ 000000 0oo • ooo • 0000000 

• 

• 

;---- CT=0.002, Er=I5 • 

• • 

• • 

••• 

• 

Sea 

CT =2, Er=81 

0 0 

• • 

I 0.5kmt •• 0.01 I I I I I ... J. · · · I · · •. J., !. __ _._ _ __.._ __ _.__ _ ____._ _ ______, 

20 22 24 26 28 30 31 32 33 34 36 38 40 42 44 

X, km 

Graph 32. The effect of terrain upon attenuation. (Ott, 1971 b} 
0 

"C -

Q.) 

• !::::! 

0 

E ,,_ 

0 

z 

C 

0 

-u 

C ::::, ,,_o 

LL '-. 

C -,,_o 

0-- 0 ..x: 

N ·.:: ·- 0 I 

::::,-

c 

~ a. +- X <! (I.) 

c5N 

Q.) 

"C 

::::, 

-

C 

O'I 

0 

~ 

. 

-X 

......... 

-

1.0 ------------.----~~-~--.-----...-----r----, 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

• 

• • 

Frequency = 10 MHz 

Vertical Polarization 

0 

• 

CT=0.001, Er =30 

CT=2,Er=81 

~High Tide 

• yLow Tide 

0 

• 0 

• 

CT= 0.0001, Er= 3 

0 

• 

k ( ~J », .»>-MEfll&}}) ;;;&;,, -/4-aμ,-t,,-IN ,» m•m-m-m-m .,,,. = 5m I 0 I 2h2VIW22Vlf/VVWIIIIIA 

\ ~Wet Sand--------- Dry Sand 

Water at Low Tide 

1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.0 

X, km 

Graph 33. A three-section path with a sloping beach. 

(Ott, 1970, private communication) 
0 1.0 ~----o----<\ 

._ ' \ ' 

0 0.9 '" .... _ \ \ 

I "', ' 0. ' \.. 08 ' '\ 

. \ \ 

N \ \ 

0 \ 

..- ', ' . 'd -g 0.7 , 'I._ _...._ _,..,,..-High T, e 

.!:! " ' ..,,...- >..'< C ...... '-..,,_.-- ,..,.. ' ' E ', _,,, ',~ l:i 0.6 -.....-- • ~, 

z \\ 

C \\ 

.Q /\\ 

Frequeocy 

Vertical P

°g 0.5 Low Tide \"' "' II ,,, 

C ,,,..._ 

0 

0 4 ' v-__ -o---

-' 0 . ,_ ------

-

C a, a o.3 

-

0 

a, 

-g 0.2 -

C Sea Water Dry Sand 

g o-=2, Er=SI · o-=0.001, Er=3 

::;: 0.1 / Wet Sand / ,.:_ cr=0.01, Er= 30 

O C1u1u1u1111t1$1P1-wu;j I I 

10 Meters 

I 

1,850 1,860 1,870 1,880 1,890 1,900 1,910 1,920 1,930 1,940 1,950 1,960 1,9

X, Distance in Meters 

Graph 34. A raised island with a wet sand beach. (Ott, 1971 
Table 1. Path 1, 10 MHz (see graphs 1 and 2). 

GROUND NAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EARTH 

ON A BEARING OF, 160•0001DEGol FROM 38o655tDEG. LATol, 7bo5281DEGo LONGol 

EPSILON • 8ol0000•001, SIGMA • 2oOOOOO•OOO, ijEIEPSILONCI • 8010000•001, IMtEPSILONCI • •3o60000•003 

EPSILONl • 1.50000•001, SIGMA)• 2.00000-003, REIEPSILONCll • 1.50000•001, IMIEPSILONCll • -3.60000•000 

REIZI • 4.492lt•OOO, IMlz> ~ 4.39218•000, REIZll • 9.53227•00!, IMIZll • 1.12786•001 

y~ • o.ooooo•OOOKM• Yl • -9.99999•003KM, Y2 • 5.ooooo-oolKM, Al• 3.~1500•001KM, R2 • 2.83000o001KM 

FREQUENCY• loOOOOO•OOlMHZ, WAVELENGTH• 2o99793•002KM 

0 LAT. LONG• FtD,ZI ARG FID,Zl F•ID,l,Zll AR& F• 10,z,z11 IKM) IDEG01 IDEG0l I MAGNITUDE I !DEG. I IMAGNlTUDEI 1DEG0l 

l 0J3200•0Qn 38.645 76.524 9082384•001 -1.1138390001 9o823H4•001 •10838390001 2.26'000•000 38.636 76.519 9067181•001 -2.59475•001 9o671Hl-001 •2059475•001 ·3.396oo•oiio 38.626 76.515 9.525H-001 •3ol7192•tiol 9052574-001 •3•17192•001 4.<;21too•ooo 38.617 76.510 9038382-001 -3.65588 901 9o383H2•001 •3065588•001 5.66000•ooo 380607 7',.506 9024531•001 •4.0Aooo•oo1 9o245J1-ool •4o08000•001 6.7<J2t1o•oiin 38.598 76.501 9olij98l•001 •4046140°001 9.10981-001 •40461400001 1.92400°000 38.588 76.497 8097707•001 •4081028°901 8.91101-001 •4081028°001 9.o5&oo•oiin 38.578 u,.492 8084690•001 •50133290901 8084690-001 •5013329•001 1.nl880°oii1 38.569 76.488 8071917•001 •504350&0001 8.71917-001 •5.435060001 1.13200°001 38.559 76.483 8059376•001 -5.71891 1101 8.59376-001 -5. 71897•001 1 • .14520°001 38.550 76.479 8047060•001 •509!'17560901 8.47060-001 •5098756•001 i.351140•001 38.540 76.475 8034959-001 -6.242820001 80349&9•001 •6024282•001 1.47160•001 38.531 76.470 8023069-00l -6.486340001 8o230f>9-0ol •6048634•001 1 .,;11.r.1to•oii1 38.521 76.466 8oli3Bl•001 -6.7)9380001 8o113Hl•001 •6•71931'1•001 t.698ooooiit 38o5ll 76.461 

, ~:::::t::~ -6.94302•001 7o998'll•001 •6094302•001 l 0Rll2~ooiit 380502 76.457 -1.15&14•tio1 7088595-00l •7015814•001 t.9244o0oiit 38.492 76.452 7.774116-001 -7.365490901 7.77486•001 •7036549•001 2.03760°001 38.483 76.448 7066562•001 -7.565720001 7.6651>2•001 •7056572•001 2.15dll0°0iil 38.473 76.443 7055817•001 -7.75937+901 7.55817-001 .7.759370001 2.2&•on°ocit 38.464 76.439 7045249•001 •7.946940001 7045249-001 •7094694•001 ;,.31120•001 38.454 76.435 7034852•001 -8.128840001 7.34852-001 •80128840001 2.4904o0oii1 38.444 76.430 7024624•001 •8030546°901 7.24624•001 •8030546•001 2.603&o0oii1 38.435 76.426 7014562•001 -8.477120001 7014562-001 •8047712•001 ;,. 7168o0oiit 38.425 76.421 7004662•001 -8.6~412°901 700466?.•001 •8064 120001 

?.113000•0iil 38.416 76.417 6094921•001 •8080674°001 6094921-001 •8080674•001 

2.1130000001 38.416 76.417 6.94921-001 -8.1106740001 6094921-00l •8080674•001 2 085740•0Q1 38.413 7(,.416 6.92586-001 -8.84547 001 2.69468-001 -1.23222•002 

2.1164~0•01)1 3804ll 760•U5 6.9ti261-001 -8.8113960001 1.96008-001 •lo21363o002 

2.9li!20oO!)t 38.409 76.414 6 087945.00l -8.922220001 1059018.00l -1.288400002 2 093'l6o•oot 38.406 760413 6.85638-001 .80960240001 1.35939.00l -1029461 002 

?.96100oog1 38.404 76.411 6.83340-001 -B.998a3oti01 l.191li?ll.001 •lo29T29 002 

2.99440•001 380402 76.410 6 081051-001 .90035590~01 1.07767.001 -1.298300002 3 0P2ldOo01_1t 380399 76.409 6.78770-001 -9.0729301_101 9 082978.002 •1029847•002 3 0D4'120oOOI 38.397 760408 6076499-00l .9011004og01 9006005.002 •lo29819oD02 3 007660oOijl 38.395 76.407 6.74236-001 .9.146940901 8 0417110-002 -1 0297680002 3 0J04110oOOl 38.392 76.406 6.71982-001 .901836201_101 7 087086.002 -1 029704•002 3 013140•001 38 0390 u,.4o5 6 069737-00l -9 0220080001 7o397l9-002 •lo29635o002 3 0JSIIMOo01_1l 38.388 76.404 6.67501-001 .90256340001 6.98200-002 -1.295650002 3 0111b20•0Q1 38.385 76.403 6.65273-001 .9.292390901 6.61347-002 •1.294940002 3.21360•001 38.383 76.402 6063054-00l -9.3282301_101 6.28342-002 •lo29425o002 3 0?4lOOoOgl 38 0381 76.401 6.6jjB43-001 .9.363860001 5 098545-002 •1029357•002 3 0;>6d40o09t 38 0379 76.400 6.58641-001 -9.399300001 5 071456-002 •1029292•002 3 02'J580•001 38.376 76.399 6.56447-001 -904345301_101 5.466110-002 •lo29229o002 3.323?0•001 38.374 76.398 6054262-001 .9.46957 001 5 0238'l8.002 •lo29168o002 3.35~6ooOiil 38.372 76.396 6052086•001 •9.5i,44l ti01 5.028~1-002 •lo29l09o002 

3.31<100°001 38.369 760395 6049917•001 •9053907°001 4o833i!4•002 •1029052•002 

3o4054o 0oii1 380367 76.394 6041757•011-1 •90513530001 406!1141.-002 •1028995•002 ·1.u21to0091 380365 76.393 6045606-001 •90607800001 4.0 81!10-002 •1021940•002 3.46~20°001 310362 76.392 6041462•001 •9064189•901 4o322Z5•002 •102888!1•002 3.46760°061 380360 760391 6041327•001 •906'!'519°001 •o172S8•002 •1028831•002 3oS1500oOol 38o35R 760390 6,39200•001 •9o709Sl•001 4003156•002 •lo2BT76 002 

64 
Table l (cont.) 

ri LAT 0 LONI, ,,o.z, ARG P"ID,ZI ,•cD,Z,z1, ARI ,•co,Z,Zll (KIii lllEG 01 IDEGol IIIAGNITUDEI IOEGol CIIIINITUDEI COEG,1 

3o52000•0ol 38,357 76,390 6,381113-001 •9,7i56h001 2o377J8•001 •6,34214•001 

3.52soo•oo1 380357 76.390 6038426•001 •9072177•001 2,465•3•001 •604060•001 

3,53750•001 380356 76,389 6,37"60•001 •9• UT06•1i01 2062266•001 •6047536•001 

3,ssooo•oo1 380355 76,389 6,36"96•001 -9. 75?32•001 2072707•001 •6052935•001 

3,s;62so•oii1 38,]54 76.388 6,35533•001 -9.76753•901 2081801-001 •6,55819+001 

l,S75IIO•Ool 38.353 760388 6034572•001 •'l,711172•001 2,889114-001 •6059517+001 

l,SIIT!>o•oi,1 380352 760387 6,33612•001 •9. 74!186•901 2,95173.,.001 •6061427•001 

30,.oooo•oi11 38,350 76,387 6,32654•001 •9•81291 901 3,00342-001 •6063356•001 

1o65~oo•OQ1 380:tO 76,3R5 6,2B1140•001 -9.11no4•001 3ol60i!9•001 •6071920•001 

3o70000•oo1 38.142 76,3R3 6025052•001 .,.,u54•cio1 3,2110116•001 •6081131•001 

3, T!,~00•001 38o]38 76,381 6021291•001 •'l.99148+901 3033200•001 •6,90257•001 3,BOODO•Oiil 38,334 76.379 6017556•001 -1.09499•1)02 3o379ii!l•001 •6099651•001 

1,11sooo•oi11 380329 760377 6,1)847•081 •1,01077•902 3oU9116•001 •7010075+001 

3,IIOUOO•Oill 380325 76.375 6,10164•001 •loot650•002 3044776.,.001 -1.2119"•001 

3,115uoo•OQI 38,321 76,373 6,06501-001 •lo0221B+ijli2 3,46840-001 •7031466•001 

4o00ilUO•Oftl 38.317 76,171 6,02875•001 -1.02781•002 3048711-001 •7042156•001 

4oJOIIOO•Ool 38o]OII 76.]67 So956R7•001 •l,03892•002 3o51Rl9•001 •7063524•001 

4,2oooo•oii1 31.,00 76.363 5.&15118•001 •lo04'183•iio2 3053693-001 •7084391•001 

4,30doo•oo1 310291 760359 5081607•001 •lo06055•002 3055611•001 •8004373•001 

4,40D00•001 lllo283 76.355 5. 74712•001 •1007109•1)02 lo56514•0ftl •8023222•001 

4.5oouo•olit 380274 76.352 5,67913•001 •loORl45•4)02 3057535•001 •8041406•001 

4.60000•0111 38.266 76,]48 . 5,61207•001 •loO!l63•002 3058163-001 •lo584!13•DD1 

4.10000•001 380257 76,344 5o54593•oo1 •1010165•002 3,5841111•001 •lo74646•00l 

40&0000•0~1 3802•9 76.340 o;,.8071•001 •lolil51•iio2 30583110•001 •8,90139•001 4o90000•0ol 380240 76.336 !1041637•001 •lol212l•ii02 30583115-001 •9o0 84!i•OOI 

5,00~00•0iil :H.232 760332 5.311292-001 •lol3075•002 3o578!io3-001 •901an 1•001 

s,10000•001 380224 76o328 5,29034•001 •101401 •002 3,573l!9•001 •9o32 43 001 

5020000•001 38.215 76o324 5,22862•001 •l,14939•002 3.56503•00I •9045641•001 

o;.3oooo•oii1 38,207 76,320 So 16773•001 -1.15849 002 3.ssszs-001 •9058067•001 

5o4ouoo•oii1 38ol98 76,317 5010768•001 -1.16746•002 30542111-001 •9070452•001 

5,soooo•oo1 38.190 76.313 5004845•001 -1.17629•002 lo5Z910•001 •9081952•001 

!i,60000•0~1 380181 760309 4o990o3-001 •l,1R498 Q02 3o516!i6.00I •9,93324+00I 

6,10000•001 38o139 76o289 4 07iill62•001 •lo22657 002 3 04Z813•001 •l,04574"002 

6 06oaoo,001 38o097 76,270 4,44771-001 -1,26524•002 3032323-001 •lo09202•002 

7,10000•001 3B,o54 76,250 4,20302-001 •l 03til28•!!02 3020965-001 •lo1336l•002 7,60000 001 38,012 76,231 3,97437•001 •1033492•902 3.08877.001 •l,17174•002 11, 10000•0~1 37.970 76o212 3.76064-001 -1 036635•902 2,961131-001 -1.20680,002 11.~0000•001 37.927 76.192 3.56083-001 •1039575•002 2.84612-001 •l,23913 002 

II, 10000•001 370885 76.173 3 037397-0cil •l 04l>326•t!02 2,72898.00l •1026913 002 

~.~oOOO•OIH 37o843 76,154 3019'120-001 •l o4490hq02 2061368.00l •l, 29725•002 

1.01000•002 370800 76,135 3,03570-001 -1,47314•!!02 2,so21T.001 •l,32333•002 i.06000•002 37,758 76oll5 2.88269-001 -10411571 •002 2,311675-00l •lol4761•002 

io11ooo•oq2 37.716 76,096 2,7:J949•001 -1.5j685•002 20294Z4.001 •l,37029•002 lol6000•002 37,673 76o07'1' 2.60542-001 •l,53663 002 2,196114-001 •1039158 002 

i onooo•b92 37,631 760058 2.471187-001 •l ,55513•902 2,1040•-001 •1041151,002 

1,26000•01)2 37.58[ 76.039 2.36228•001 •l,57243•.C)02 2,CH6-l6-001 •1043016•002 

j.31000•0Q? 37,546 76oot9 2.25210-001 •l 58859 Q02 t.932J4-001 •lo44759 002 

lo36000•002 37,!104 u,,ooo 2014R84•001 -1.603670902 1,852119.00l •le46396 002 

10410011•002 37.461 75.981 2,05204•001 •lo61775•Q02 l, 777•5-001 -1.47917•002 

)046000•0~2 37,419 7!5.962 1.96121-001 •l,63086 1)02 1.70597-001 •1049349•002 

1,51UOO•On? 37,377 75.1143 1.87612•001 •l,64lOT 002 1.u,11,8.001 -1 ,50678 002 

65 
Table 2. Path 1, 15 MHz (see graphs 3 and 4). 

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EARTH 

ON A BEARINII Ofe 160e0001DEG.I FRO" 38o6551DEGo LAT.I, 7bo5281DEGo LONGol 

EPSILON • 8ol0000+001o 1IGMA • 2o00000+000, RE<EPSILONCI • 8010000+001, IMIEPSILONCI • •2o•0000•003 

EPSJLON1 • lo50000•001, SIGMAl • ,.00000-003, RE(EPSILONCll • 1.5oooo+ou1, l"IEPSILONCll • -2.•0000•000 

RECZI • 5,53096•~00, IMIZl • 5,34744•000• RE(Zll • 9 064236•001, IMIZll • 7066514•000 

YII • O,OOOOO+OOOl<Mo Y\-- ■ •9,99999+003KM, Y2 • 5,00000•00ll<Mt Al• 3.51500+0011<M, R2 ■ 2 083Q00•001KM 

'REOUENCY • l,50000+00lMHZo WAVELENGTH• lo998b2•002KM 

0 LAT 0 LONGe Fco,z, ARG fCDeZI F•CO,Z,zll ARG F•1D1Z1Zll 

ll<M) IOEG0l IDEGel (MAGNITUDE I IDEGol CMA&NITIIDEI IDEG0l 

i • 13200•000 38.6•5 76.524 9060891•001 •2o748lO•QOI 9060891-001 •2074810•001 

2 026400•0iio 38.636 76.519 9,27923-001 •3086909+001 9.27923•001 -3.86909 001 

l.J960o•oiio 38.626 760515 8.96918-001 •4,7t84l•QOl 8.96918.001 •4o7lB•l•OOl 

•,52800•0Qil 38,617 76,510 8,67"16-001 •50•2562•!!01 a.67•16-001 •50•2562•001 

5.66000•0110 38,607 760506 8,39210-001 •6oo•098•901 8.39210-001 -6.04098+001 

6.79200•09~ 38,598 76o!I01 11.12112-001 •60!190•1+001 8.12t12.001 -6.590•1•001 

7092400•0!!0 38,588 76.497 7,86212-001 •7008935•Q01 7.86212-001 •7008935+001 

9.115600•000 38,578 76o•92 7,61262-001 •7o!l•790•!!0l 7.61262-001 .1.5•790•001 

j 0ol880•Dijl 38,569 76o488 7,37261-001 .7.97:!108•!!01 7.37261-001 -7.97308+001 

1,13200•0!1 38,559 76o483 7.14162-001 •8037004•!!01 7.14162-0cil -8.37004 001 

1024s20,001 38.550 76o479 6091918•001 •8074266+001 6.91918.00I •8074266+001 

l 0351140•0QI 38,540 76o47!1 6070490-001 .9009397•!!01 6.704¥0.001 .9.09397+001 

1047160+0!)1 38,531 760470 6.49842-001 .9042640•!!01 6.49842.001 -9042640+001 

1.s11uo+oo1 38.521 76.466 6029940-001 •9o7419l•001 6029940.001 -9074191+001 

lo69II00•001 38 0511 76,461 6,lii752•00l •l,oci42l+Q02 6 010752.oill •l,00421+002 

1081120+091 38.so2 76o4!17 5092249-001 -1,03284•002 5,921..'49.00l •l,03284+002 

lo92440•001 38,492 76o452 ~5,74403-00l •lo06020 002 5,74403.001 •l,06020+002 :1! 0 03760•00I 38,483 76o448 5,57189-00l -1,01!637+!!02 5,571119.00l •lo08637+002 

l!o )5080+0iil 38,473 76o443 5,40580-001 .1o11146+002 5,40!180.001 •h11l46+002 

2026400•091 38.464 760439 5,2.555•001 •1013552•902 5,24!15!1-001 •1013552•002 

2037720•001 38.454 76,435 5,09089•001 •1015864•002 5.090119-.001 •1015864•002 

2,49040•001 38.444 760430 4,94163•001 •1 o 111081+002 4o941b3•00l ·1•18087 002 

:l!,6D36o•oiit 38.435 76 •• 26 4079756•001 •lo20225•jjo2 4.79756-001 •l•20225•DD2 

2, 71680•001 38.425 76,421 4,65847•001 •1022215•902 4,65847-001 •l,2!285+002 :l!,1131100•001 38.416 76,417 4.52420-001, •lo24269•002 4,52420-001 •1,241..'69 002 

1.uooo•o91 38,416 76.417 4.52420•001 •1 024269•902 4052420-001 •1024269+002 

2,'15740•001 311,413 76,416 4.49240-001 •lo24739•C,02 1,42878-001 •l,57951•002 

2,R8"80+0iit 38.411 76.415 4,46086-001 •lo25204•002 1,0081!1.001 •lo59257•002 

2 0•N220•0pl 38,409 76,414 4,42960-001 -1 .25665+"902 8,06992.002 •l,58730+002 :>,931l60•001 311.406 76o413 4,39860-001 •l 0 26123•Q02 6,84151-002 •lo!l7779 002 

2.967oO•OOI 38.404 76,411 4,367116•001 •lo26576•002 5,99U4.oli2 •l,56717+002 

2,99440+091 38,402 76.410 4033738.00l •l,270:1!5+002 5.36260.002 •l,!15639+002 

3~0211:10•001 311.399 1'6.409 4,3o'n6-olil -1 ,2't"71+!!02 4,8b97J-002 •l .S457!r•002 

3 0 04'120•001 38,397 760•08 4,27719•001 •lo27912+oo2 4o4707!1-002 •l 053537+002 

3,o7660•001 38,395 760•07 4.24747-ool •lo2nso+902 4,13914.002 •lo525Z4+00:I! 

3 0l0400•0Q1 38.39:i.' 76o•06 4,21800•001 •lo2ll784+002 3,H78!1.002 •lo!ll536+002 

3, lll40•0IJ1 38,390 76o•o5 4.18878-00l •1029215•!!02 3,61534.,002 •lo5o571+002 

lol5880+001 38.388 -- 76.•o4 4,15981-001 -1.29642•002 3,4035 .. 1.002 •1 049624•002 

3 0111620+091 38,385 76o403 4olll08-00l •l,3ij065+002 3 021646.002 •lo4869!1+002 

lo2l360+001 38,383 760402 4,10259•001 •1039484+1}02 3004979•002 •1,47780+002 

3,:1!410o•og1 38,381 76.401 4007434•001 •l,3Q900•902 2,9001l•Oil2 •1046877•002 

lo:1!61140•001 38,379 760400 4,04632•001 •1031313•002 2,76486-0ci2 •1045984•002 

3,:1!9!180•091 38,376 760399 4,01855•001 •lo3i722•iio2 2,64190-002 •l,45099•002 3,32J20•001 311.374 760398 3,99100-001 •l 0~2127•902 2,52958-002 •1044221•002 

lo35060•0ijl 311,372 76,396 3,96368•001 •lo3~!129•Q92 2,42653•002 •1•43348•002 

30371100•001 311,369 760395 3,93659•001 •lo32928•!!02 2ol3163•002 •1•42480 002 

3,405•0•001 38,367 760394 3•9Q973•0D1 •1,33324•002 2o2431l4•002 •1•41616•002 

3.432110•001 380365 76.393 3088309•001 -1.33716•002 2ol62b6•002 •1040754+002 

3 046020•001 380362 76,392 308!1668-001 •l,3410!1•!!02 2008713-002 •lo39894 002 

3 048760+001 380360 76,391 3083041.001 -1,34490+902 2001678.002' •lo39036 002 

3,51500+0cit 311 0358 76.390 3 0804!11-00l -lo34873+002 1095110.002 • 1 .38179+002 

66 
Table 2 (cont.) 

,, LATo LON8e ,.,o,z, ARI ,.,o,zt l'•CD,Z,zit ARI 1'*1D,Z,111 CKMI iot:a., cora.1 (MA&NlTUDf:I coe:a.1 CMAINITUOl!l coe:a., 

3.52000•0111 38.357 76,390 3079979•001 •1034942•002 1.159111-001 •1 • 18855•002 

3.52500•091 38.357 76,390 3,79508•001 •l.35012•002 1o229 2-001 •1 • 17878•002 

3.53750•001 38.356 76,389 3, 1a:u4•001 -1.35185•002 1t356Se-001 •1•16760•002 

:..s5000•091 31.355 76.389 3017164•001 •1035357•002 1,45543•001 •1•16397•002 3,56250•0111 38.354 76,388 3,75999•001 •1.3!1528•002 1o54o31-001 •1•16235•002 

3.57500•001 38.353 76.388 3,74838-001 •1.35699•002 1o617lJ•OOl •1•16240•002 

3.S87so•oo1 31.352 76.387 3073682•001 •lo35870•002 1068307•001 ·1•16262•002 

3.60000•001 38.JSO 76,387 3,72!130•001 •1.36039•002 1. 746114•001 •1,16273•002 3.65000•0jjJ :38.346 7',.385 3067965•001 •1.36712•9!12 1o 9et2-oo 1 •hl6 14•D02 

3,10000•001 38.342 76,383 3e63 69•001 •1,37374•002 2,10405-001 •l • 1H76•002 

3,75000•001 38.338 76.381 :,.59042-001 •l,380U•D02 2.2251111-001 •1 •16!59!1•002 

:1.80.1oo•oij1 38,33♦ 76,379 3e5 68l•001 •10311669•902 2.31'850-001 •1•16694•002 

J 0R5000•0ol 38.329 76.377 3,50386•001 •l.39302•002 2,38917-001 •1•168 9•002 3,90000•001 38,325 76,375 3046155•001 •le3l'926•902 2,44441-001 •1•17057•002 

3,95o>oo•oo1 38.321 76.373 3,41989•001 •l.4Q540•902 2,48620-001 •1•17352•002 

4eOOilOO•Olil 31.317 76,371 3,37885•001 •l.41l45•Q02 2,!51741-001 •1•17627•002 •• 10000•001 38,308 76.367 3,29860•001 •l,42329•902 2,55380-001 •l • 18 07•002 

4,HOOO•Oi,I 38.300 76.363 3,22075•00I •1,43479•002 2,!16641•001 •1•19279•002 

4,30000•0111 38,291 76.359 3,14521•001 •lo44594•002 2,56346•001 •1•20310•002 

4,4oaoo•oo1 38.283 76,355 3,07191•001 •l,45677•902 2,5504'5-001 •1•21386•002 

4,50000•001 38,274 7',,352 3,000111-001 •1.467:;!9•002 2.530111-001 •1•22523•002 

4,60000•001 38.266 76.341 2,93176•001 •1.47749•002 2,50553•001 •l •23711•002 

4 070000•001 31.257 76,344 •2,86476•001 •l 04B7·40•002 2.47690-001 •l,241195•002 4.eoooo•oiu 3110249 76,340 2,79975•001 •1049702•002 2.4♦♦78-001 •1•26076•002 

4.90000•001 311.240 76,336 2,73664•001 •1o5ii63S•jo2 2. 1275-001 •1"27251•002 

s.ooooo•oii, 38.232 76,332 2,67538•001 •l,51541•002 2o37B4'l•001 •lo21418•002 s;, 1 ouoo•o111 311.224 76,328 2,61592•001 -1.s~ 20•002 2.34370-001 •1,2Hs:,•002 

s.20000•091 38,215 76.324 2,55819-001 •1,53273•002 2.30110-001 •1•306B4•ooz 

o;.30000•0111 38,207 76,320 , 2,So2l5•00l •1,!14101•902 2. 27293-oo 1 •h31782•002 

5,400DO•Oiil 38.1911 76.317 2•4 774•001 •l,54905•002 2,23711-001 •1•321171•002 

s.soooo•oo1 31.190 76,313 2039491•001 •l,55684•002 2.20172-001 •1•33932•002 

,;,60000•001 38.181 76.309 2•34361•001 •le56440•002 2,166et9-001 •1•34942•002 

,.,10000•0,i1 38,139 76.289 2•1Qll49•00l •l 059890•Q02 10911579-00l •1039690•002 

6,60000•0iil 38e097 76,270 to9o5ll•001 •l,6P.839•ooz to83703•001 •l ,43118•002 7,10,100 6 091 J8,o54 76.210 1•72894•001 •le6535l•Q02 1.69202-001 •1•47409•002 

7.60000•001 31.012 76,231 1,57596•001 •1067478•902 1•56082•001 •1•504116 002 

... 10000•001 37.970 76,212 1 ,44286•001 •1 ,6!271 •002 lo442l8•001 ~l o53H4•002 

11,60000 6 001 37.927 76.192 le32674•001 -1.10775•902 1033647•001 •1•55435•002 

9, 10000•091 37,885 76.173 1,22s1B•oo1 •l,72029•902 lo24153•00l -1.s1410•002 

'1,60000•0111 37.843 76.154 1,13607•001 •l,73069 902 1015656•001 •l,59093•002 i .111•,oo•oi,2 37.800 76,135 l • 05763•00 l •l,73928•002 1,08033-001 •1•6053t•D02 

i,06~00•062 37,751 76.115 9,88343•002 •1,74634•902 1.01234-001 •1•61773•002 

1. 11000•002 31'.716 76,096 9,26921•002 -1.1s212•002 9.s121J-002 -1,62830•002 iel6QOO•ooz 37.673 1r.,011 8,72259•002 •l,7568♦♦ io2 a,96275-002 •1063736•002 

1,21000•002 3 7 .631 760058 8,23423•002 •lo 76068 002 8,467114•002 •1064!106•002 

j.26000•002 37.588 76, 039 7,79619-002 •l,76380•002 8,ozoe.1-002 •l •65ll3•002 

1 .31000•002 37.546 76.019 7,46171•002 •l,76633•002 7oUS98•002 •1,&sTls•oo2 

i,36000•002 37,504 76,000 7,0 S04•002 •l,76838•002 1.2 av1-002 •1•66224•002 

1,41000•002 37. 61 75,981 6072132•002 •l.7T004•1)02 6,91311!•002 •1•66647•002 

1046000•00<! 37.419 75,962 6,42637-002 -1. 77139•002 6.60812-002 •l,67014•002 

i,51000•002 37,377 75.943 6,15665-002 -l.772490002 6.32844-002 -1.67326•002 

67 
EPSILON • 

EPSILON!• 

Table 3. Path I, 20 MHz. (see graphs 5 and 6). 

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EARTH 

ON A BEARING OF• t60o0001DEGol FROM 3Bo6551DEGo LATol• T6o52BIDEGo LONGol 

8olOOOO•OOl, SIGMA • 2000000•000• REIEPSILONCJ • BolOOOO•OOl• IMIEPSILONCJ • •lo80000•00l 

lo50000•0ol. SIGMA}• 2.00000-ool. REIEPSILONCll • lo50000•001, lMIEPSILONClJ • -l.80000•000 REIZI • 6o419TT•OOO, IMlz> • 6ollTJT•OOO, REIZll • 9 068208•001, IMCZll • 5 078848•000 

YO• o.ooooo•OOOKM, Yl • •9o99999•00JKM, Y2 • 5.ooooo-oolKM, Rl • 3.Sl500•001KM, R2 • 2o8l000•001KM 

FREQUENCY• 2oOOOOO•OOlMHZ, WAVELENGTH• lo498¥T•002KM 

0 LAT. LONGo FcD,ZJ ARG FID,ZJ F•lll,Z,ZlJ ARG F•cD,Z,Zll IKMJ IDEG0J IDEGol I MAGNITUDE) IOEGoJ IMAGNlTUDEJ IDEGol 

1 .13200•000 lB.645 76.524 9ollT54•00l •3o6464T•Q01 9oll T54•00l •lo6464T•001 2.26.,00•000 JB 06l6 76.519 8.76081-001 -5011587+001 8.160111.001 •5oll5BT•001 

3 039600•000 3B0626 76.515 11.25256-001 -6021770•001 8.25256.001 -6.21770 001 

4 0521lOO•O~ii 3B0617 76.510 7 078274-00l -T.12555•001 T0TB2T•.ool -7 12555 001 

5 066000•000 311.607 76.506 7 034614•001 -T.9oT05•QOl 7034614-00l -T.90705•001 

6.79200+000 311.598 76.501 6.93925-001 -8059711+001 6.93925-001 -8.59711+001 T092•oo+ooil 38 0588 76.497 6 055931-00l .902)65B+OOl 6.55931.001 -9.21658+001 9 0c,S600•000 3805711 76.492 6.2ii40T-001 .9.77915+001 6 020407.001 -9.77915•001 i.~1118o+oii1 38 0569 76 0 4B8 5.87161-001 -1.02943+002 5.87161.001 -1.02943+002 

1.13200•001 3B0559 76 04B3 5.56021-001 -l.0'!'692+002 5,56021.001 -1,07692 002 

1.24520•001 38,550 76.479 5.26836-001 -1, 12090+002 5.26836-001 -1,12090 002 

t 0351140•0Q1 3B0540 76,475 4,99467-001 -1.16179+002 4,99467.oiil -1 • 16179•002 

1,4 7160•0111 311.531 76.470 4,73791-00l -1.19992+002 4,73791.001 -1,19992 002 

1 05114"0•001 38.521 76,466 4,49691-001 -1.2355T+Q02 ",49691-001 -1,23557•002 l ;611BoO•OOl 380511 76,461 4,2706•-001 -1.26896+002 4,27064-001 -1,26896 002 

1.s112o+oii1 lB.502 76.457 4,05811•001 -1,30029+002 4,05811-001 -1.30029+002 

l,92440+0Q1 38.492 76,452 3.B5B42•001 -l,32972+q02 3,85842-001 -1.32972•002 

2.03760•001 38,4B3 76,448 3,67076•001 •l,3573&•002 3,67076-00l •l,35738•002 

2.15odo•o91 3B.473 76,443 3,49433-001 •1,38341•002 3,49•3-J-001 •l,38341•002 

2026400•001 38,464 76,439 3•32842•001 •l,4079l•Q02 3,32842-001 •1040791•002 

2.37720•001 3B 0 454 76,435 J • 17237 -oo 1 •l,4J09B+002 3,172J7-001 •l,4309B•002 

l,49ll•O•Oijl 38.444 76,430 3,02555-001 -1,4527l+jio2 3,02555.001 •l,"5271•002 2.~ol6o+on1 3B,435 Tr,,426 2 088737.00l -1,47318+002 -2,BB1J1.01u -1,47318 002 

;, 0 716!10+001 38.425 76.•2I 2.15130.001 •l,49246+002 2~75730-001 -1,49246 002 

2 083000+0tll 38,416 76,417 2,634B2-00l -1,51061+002 2,634112-001 -1.51061+002 

2.e3000•0IJI 38,416 76.417 2,63482-001 •l.5i06l•002 2,634112-001 •l,51061•002 

2.es74o•oii1 38 0413 76.416 2.60626-00l •l 05J484+Q02 7,172114-002 -1.82097 002 

z.BH4!IO+Oiil 3B,,411 76,415 2.5.1e12-001 -1 0 51901+@02 4,99771-002 •l,80606 002 

2 091220+00I 3B 0 409 76,414 2,55031.oo1 •l 05?ll2•Q02 3.99311-002 -1.78045+002 2.931160+001 38 0406 76.413 2.52303-001 -1 052Tl 7+002 3,311065.002 -1.75428+002 2 096700•001 38.404 76.411 2,49608•001 -1.53116+002 2 09B028-002 -1.72918 002 

2,99440+0Q1 380402 76.410 2.46951-001 -l 0535lO•Q02 2.67879.002 -1.10538 002 

3 0021B0+001 38.3911 76.409 2.44332;.001 -l 05389T+Q02 2,445¥5.002 -1.68283 002 

'.'1 00411i!0+001 3B0397 76.408 2 041751-00l -1.54279+002 2.259116.002 •l.66l•0•002 J 00T660+0Ql 38.395 76.407 2,39207-001 .1 054655+Q02 2 0106114.002 -1,64097+002 

l 0 10400+001 380392 76.406 2.36699.001 -l 055026+Q02 1,91Bl8.002 -1,62144+002 

3 013140•001 38 0390 76.405 2.34226-001 •l,55l9l+Ql2 1,86912-002 -1,60272 002 

3 01511110+001 J80J88 76.404 2,ll789-001 -1.5,;151+002 10774114.002 -1,58475 002 

3 01&620+001 J8 0J85 J6040l 2,29387-001 •l,56l06+Q02 1,69259.002 -1.56745 002 

3.21360+001 38.383 76,402 2o2T01B-001 -1.56455+002 l,620l8.002 •l,55079+002 

3 024100•001 38.381 76.401 2,24683.00I -1.56799 002 1 ,55595.002 •l,53"72•002 

3 026840•00I 38 0379 76.400 2022381-0ol •l.571380902 1.49851.002 -1,51920 002 

1.2115Bo+oii1 380376 76.399 2.20112-001 -1.57472•002 1,44703-002 •lo5042l•002 

3 032320•001 38.374 76.398 2,17875-001 -l.51'801 902 l,4004B.002 -1 .48971+002 3 035060•001 380372 76.396 2.15669-001 -1 0 511125+902 1,35126.002 -1.47569 002 

3 037800+0ol 38.369 76,395 2,13495-00l •l,511444•Q02 1,31978.002 •lo462ll+002 

3.40540+001 38,367 76,394 2.113s1-001 -1.58759•002 1.21460,.002 -1,44900•002 

ll,432BO•Ocil 38,365 76,393 2,09237-001 •l,59068•902 1.252J2.002 •lo"363o•002 

3 046020•001 llo362 76,392 2.07153-001 •l 0 59373•Q02 1.222•0-002 -1.•2•00 002 

3,411760•001 31.uo 76.]91 2,05091-001 -1.596'1'4•002 lol9516-002 •l, lZOhOOZ 

3 0 51500•001 38,358 76,390 2.03012-001 •l,59970•002 1.16976-002 •l,40056 002 

68 
Table 3 (cont.) 

() LAT 0 LONG, ,,,o,z, ARG "CD,Z> ,..,0,z,z11 ARG ,...,0,z,z1> (K'"I <OEG 0) IDEG,> C 14AGN ITUOE) <OE8o) CMAGNJTuoe:, IDEG,> 

,,scOOO•Ool 38,357 76,390 2,02705•001 •l ,60023 002 7,57992-002 •1,28501•002 

~.s2!>00°o(n 38,357 76,390 2,02339•001 •l,6o076•002 7,95541-002 •l,27689•002 

~,53750•001 38,356 76,389 2,01429•001 •l,6ii209•o02 8,543J8.002 •l ,26779 002 

~,'i5UOO•O!)t 38.355 76,389 2.oiis2s-001 •l,6ij341•Q02 8,93668-002 •I ,26512 002 

3,'i62!:>0•001 38,354 76,388 1,99626-00I -1 ,6p472•002 9,250!>4-002 •l,26638+002 

3,57500•001 38,353 76,388 1,98733•001 •l,6Q602•Q02 9,5oe7s.002 •l.26849 002 

3,51:1750•0~1 38 0352 76,387 1 0 97846-00l •l,6Q73l•l)02 9,718b5.002 •I ,27263•002 

3,60000•001 38,350 76,387 1,96964-001 •l,6Q859•Q02 9,91637.002 •l ,27765•002 

3,65000•001 38,346 76,385 l 093lt94•001 •l,61362•002 1,05418.00l •l,30058 002 

3,70U00•00l 38,342 76,383 1.90112-001 •l,6!852•002 1,10698-001 •l,32512 002 

3,75000•001 38,338 U,,381 1,86!lH•OOI -1,62328+002 1,15356.001 -1, 34837 002 

3,80ll00•00l 38,334 76,379 1,83599-00l •l,62790+002 1, 19693-00l -1.3690!1 002 

J,85UOO•OQ1 38,329 76,377 1.sou5-001 •l,63240•002 1,235!>0.001 •l,38713•002 

3,90000•001 38,325 76,375 1, 77408•001 •l,63676•002 1,2101:12.001 •l,40219•002 

3,95UOO•OQ1 38,321 7t,,373 1074428-00l •l,64lOO•Q02 1,3ooi.s.001 -1 ,41513 002 

4,00000•0Ql 38,317 76,371 1,71522-001 •l ,64512•002 1,32636.00l •l,42649+002 

4, ]OOOO•OQl 311,308 76,367 l,65924-001 •l,65300•Q02 1,36421-001 •l,44545•002 

4,20000+001 38 0300 76,363 1.60'597-001 •l,66043+002 1,311696.00l •1046051 002 

4.,30000•001 38.291 76,359 1,55528-001 •l,66743•Q02 1,39753.001 •l,47368•002 

4 0 40000•0Ql JB,283 76,355 1,5/j703•001 •l,67402•002 l,39836.ool •l,48555 002 

4,50000•0QI 38 0274 76,352 1,46108•001 •l,6A022•002 1,39228-00I -1,49654 002 

4,60000•0Q1 38,266 76,348 1,41730-001 -1,611605•002 l,3II023.001 -1,50673•002 

4,70000•001 38,257 76,344 1,37559-oOl -1 ,691520902 l,36J94-00I -i.51644 002 

4,80000•0ill 38,249 76,340 l 033583-00l •l,69667•Q02 1,34461-001 -1.525900002 

4,90000•0Ql 38,?.40 76,336 1,29791-00I •l,70l49•Q02 1,32322-001 •l,53469+002 

5,00UOO•OOI 38,232 76,332 1.26174-001 •l,70602•Q02 1,300"7-00I •l ,54338 002 

s,10000•091 38,224 76,328 1,22122-001 •l,7i_026+1!02 1,21633.00I -1.55151 002 

,;,2011oo•oq1 38,215 76,324 1,19426•001 -1,71424+002 1,251"'9-00l •l,55941 002 

5,301100•0Ql 38,207 76,320 1,162711-ool •l,71796oC,02 1,22709-001 •l 056707 002 

"i,40000•001 38.191! 76,317 1,13270-001 -1,72144+002 1,202"7-00l •l,57434 002 

5,50000•0Ql 38,190 76,313 1,!0395.001 •l,7?470•!!02 1,177&2.001 •l,58120 002 

,;,60000+0Ql 38,181 76,309 1,07646-001 -1,72775+@02 1, 15308.00l •l,58794+002 

6,JOOOO•OQl 38.139 76,289 9,55612-002 •l, 74021 •Q02 1,03721.001 •l,61680•002 

6,60000•DQ1 3B,o97 76,270 8,57608-002 •l, 74901•Q02 9,35406-002 •l,63941•002 

7,lOOOO•OQl 38,1)54 76,250 1.77150-002 •l,75517+Q02 8,48027.002 •l,65696+002 

7,60000•0Ql 38,012 76,231 7,I026B.002 •l,7"i948o002 7,73532.002 •l ,67034 002 

e,1ouoo•OQl 37,970 76,212 6,53985-002 -1, 7",250•Q02 7,099111-002 -J,68070 002 

11,60000•001 37,927 76,192 6006063-002 •l,76463•002 6,55613-0ti2 •l,68862+002 

9,10000•001 37,1185 76,173 5,64811-002 •l,76616o002 6,08816.002 •1 0 69481+002 

9,60000+001 37,843 76,154 5,28939-002 •l,76726•002 5,681"10-002 •1069968 002 

i,ol000•002 37,eoo 76,135 4,97459-002 •l,76808•002 5,326~6-002 •l,70354 002 

},06U00•0!)2 37,758 76,115 4,69605-002 •l,76870+002 5,01358.002 •1,70666 002 

1.11000+002 37,716 76,096 4.44775-002 •l,76919+902 4,73638-002 -1. 70919 002 

1,16000•00;, 37,673 76,o77 4,22496-002 •l,76958+002 4048890.002 •1, 71133+002 

1,21000•002 37,631 76,058 4,02385-002 •l,76989+002 4,26642.002 •l, 71315•002 j,;>6000•0Q2 37,588 76;o39 3,84!36-002 -1~77016•01!2 4,06576.-002 -1.1t•1J•oo2 

l,31UOO+OQ? 37,546 76,019 3,67497-002 •1 077038+002 3,88338.002 •l, 71605+002 

i,36000•002 37,504 76,000 3,52'260-002 •l,77058+002 3, 71696.002 •l, 71726•002 

1,41000•002 37,461 75,981 3,38252-002 •l O 77075+!)02 J,56451-001' •l,71828 002 

1,46000•002 37.419 75,962 3,25329-002 •l,77090•002 3,42436-002 •l, 71925•002 

1.51uoo•oo2 37,377 75,943 3,13367-002 •l,77104+002 3,29502-002 •1,72006 002 

69 
Table 4. Path 1, 25 MHz (see g·raphs 7 and 8). 

GROUNO WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOU1 EARTH 

ON A BEARING OFo 160•000IOEGol FROM 38o6551DE8o LATolo 76o5281DEGo L0NG01 

EPSILON • 8olOOOO•OOlo SIGMA • 2oOOOOO•OOOo REIEPSILONCI, • 8ol0000•00lo IMIEPSILONCI • •lo44000•003 

EPSILONI • 1.soooo•oo1. sIGMAl • 2.00000-003. REIEPSILONCll • lo50000•00lo IMIEPSILONCll • -1.44000•000 REIZI • 7021385•0000 IMIZJ • 6081948•000• REIZll .• 9 070068•0010 IMIZll • 4064565•000 

YO• OoOOOOO•OOOKMo Yl • •9099999•003KMo Y2 a 5 000000•001KM0 Rl a· 3.51500•00lKMo R2 • 2 083000•001KM 

FREQUENCY• 2o50000•00lMHZo WAVELENGTH• l 019917•002KM 

0 LAT. LONG• F IDoZI ARG FIDoZI F•10.z.z11 ARG F•1D0Z0Zll 

IKMI IDEG.J IOEGol IMAGNITUDEI IOEGol IMAGNlTUDEI IDE60J 

l 0l3200•0f!II 38.645 76.524 8095861•001 -4.52981•001 8095861•001 •4o5298l•OO1 

2.26400•000 38.636 76.519 8014193-00I -6.32608•001 8.1 393-001 -6.32608 001 

3 039600+0ijiJ 38.626 7',.515 7.42783-00I -7 .65421 001 7 042l1t3-ool •lo6542l•001 

4 0c;2aoo+ooo 38.617 76.510 6 078974-00I -8.73263+901 6 078974.00l -8.13263 001 

5.66000+000 38.607 76.506 6.i!l777-001 .9.64678•!101 6.21717-001 -9.64618 001 

,._1 .. 2oo•og~ 38.598 76.501 5.To3i!9-001 -1.04409•002 5.10329.001 -1.04409 002 

7.92400+000 38.588 76.497 5 0Z3'144-001 -1.1i415+Q02 5.23944.001 -1.11415 002 

9.05600•00'I 38.578 76.492 4.82053-001 -1 .17661+002 4.82053-001 -1.17661 002 

l 00l880•0iil 38.569 76.488 4 044168-00I •l 023269•Q02 4 0441"8-OOl •lo23269+O0Z 1.13200+001 38.559 76.483 4 009868-00l -1 028331•002 4 0O9868.OOl -1.28331+002 

1024520+001 38.550 76.479 3.78784-001 -1 03?916•002 30787d4.001 -1.32916+002 

l.J5840•0ol 38.540 76.475 3o5ti589•001 -1.37079•002 3.50589-001 •1037079•002 

1 o47l60•0ol 38.531 76.470 3024995•001 •lo40864•002 3024995-001 •1040864•002 

1.5&4&0•001 38.521 76.466 3001743•001 •l.44310•002 3.01743-001 •lo44ll0•002 

i.69800•001 38.511 76.461 2ol0605•00l -1.47447•002 2.80605-001 •1047447•002 

1.8u20•001 38.502 76.457 i:_.61373-001 -1.5il3o3•1102 2061373-001 -1.50301•002 

i.92440•001 380492 76.452 2043864•001 -1.52903•002 2043864-001 •1•52903•002 

2.,J76o•oii1 38.483 76.448 Zo27912•001 -1.55266•002 2027912-001 •1055266•002 

2.150Bo•oii1 38.473 7(,.443 2. 13366•001 -1.57413•002 2.13366-0/11 -1.!57413•002 

?.26400•001 38.464 76.439 2•0/J094•00l -1.59360•002 2.00094-001 •1059360•002 2.37720•001 38.454 76.435 lo8797;J•001 •lo6Jl25•oo2 1o8797J-001 •1•61125•002 

2.49040•001 38.444 76.410 1.76894•001 -1.62721•002 lo768114-001 -1.62721•002 

2060360•001 38.435 76.426 lo66760•00l •lo64l63•002 lo6676o-ool •lo6416J•OO2 2. 71680•0ol 38.425 76.421 lo57480•001 •l.65463•002 1.57480-001 •lo6!546J•OO2 

2.83000•001 380416 76.417 lo48974•001 -1.66632•002 lo48974-001 •1066632•002 

2 083000•001 38.416 76.417 1048974•001 •l.66632•002 1048974•001 •lo66632+OO2 ? 085740+001 380413 76.416 1.47023-001 .1 066897+002 3.63084-002 -1.94321•002 ?.88480+001 38 04ll 7',.415 1.45112-001 •1 0671!55+902 2.53757-002 •lo9OO99+OO2 2.91220•001 38.409 76.414 1.43240•001 -1.67407•!102 2.05005.002 -1.85607+002 2.93960•001 38.406 76.413 l.41407-001 -1.61652•002 1.76465.002 -1.11482•002 2 096700•0iil 38.404 76.411 l.39611-001 •l 067890•Q02 1.57423-002 -1.77745•002 

?..911440•001 38.402 76.410 1 037852-00I -1 068123•002 t.43692.002 •lo74~0o002 

3.n210,o•oii1 38.399 76.•H9 1036128-00l -l.68349•002 lo332b't.oo2 •l• 'ti 0•002 1.~4920•001 38.397 76.408 lo34438•001 -1.68569•002 lo25o53-002 •lo684O4•OO2 3.~7660•001 38.395 76.407 1•32783•001 -1.68784•002 1oll398-002 •1065780•002 

3ol0400•0ol 38.392 76.406 loll 161•001 -1.68992•002 lo l281t6-002 •lo6335l•002 

3ol3140•0til 38.390 76.405 l 029571•001 -1.69196•002 1.08237-002 •1•61095•002 3. 151180•001 38.388 76.404 lo28013•Q01 -1.69394•002 lo04258-002 •1058995•002 3.11620•001 38.385 76.403 1026486•001 -1.69586•002 lo00809-002 -1.57033•002 

3.21J6o•oti1 38.3113 76.402 1024989•001 •l.69774•002 9.77866-001 •lo5519l•002 

3.24100•0;;1 38.381 76.401 1•23521•001 -1.69956•002 9.51119-001 •1053476•002 

3.?61140•001 38.379 76.400 1•22083•001 •lolli13l•002 9.27248-003 •1•51858•002 3.2115110•001 38.376 76.399 1•20672•001 •lo70306•ii02 9o057113-003 -1.50336•002 

3.32320•001 38.:174 76.398 1. 19219-.oo 1 -1.10474•002 8086346•003 •1048901•002 3.3506o•oii1 380372 76.396 l • 17932•001 -1. 7jj611 jjo2 8.68636•003 •1047546•002 

3.37800•001 38.369 76.395 1•16602•001 -1.10796•002 80!52406-003 •1046264•002 3o4054o•Olil 38.367 76.394 1•15297-001 -1.7jj950•902 8037456-003 •1•45052•002 

3043280•0(11 38oJ6!5 16.393 1•14018•001 -1.11101•002 8023616•01)3 •1- J902•002 

3046020•·001 380]6?. 76.392 1012762•001 •1011247•002 lolOl49-OO3 •h 21ll•OO2 

3048760•001 310360 160391 1•11531•001 •1oli389•(102 7o9IIT3!5•0Q3 -1. 1775•002 

~.!51500•001 31.358 16.390 1•10323•001 -1.11521•002 7ol7 75•003 •1•40119•002 

70 
Table 4 (cont.) 

() LAT 0 LONG• ,co,ZI ARG ,CD,ZI ,•co,z,:i:11 ARG l"•co,z,z11 

CK"11 IOEG 01 IDEGol CMAGNITUOEI IOEGol CMAGNlTUDEI IDEGol 

3.,;2000•001 38.357 76.390 1o101os-001 •l • 71552•002 4086098-002 •1056485•002 

1.s25oo•oot 38.357 76.390 1009887•001 -1 • 71576•002 5.07770-002 -1.53856•002 

3,53750•001 38. 356 , 76,389 1.09348•001 -1•71637 002 5,498!>5-002 •1 ,5 0182 002 

3,551100•061 38 0355 76,389 1,081112•001 •l,7j698 Q02 5,83528-002 •1,O94h002 3,56250•091 38,354 76,388 1.oa2e2-001 -1,71757 002 6, 1 IOt>o.002 •1,4645T•002 3,57500•001 38.353 76,388 1,07756•001 •l, 71816•002 6,35465-002 • l .453411 002 

l,511750•0ijl 38,352 76,387 1,07234•001 •l O 7t874•Q02 6.56221-002 •l ,44511•002 3,60000•001 38,350 76.387 1.06717•001 -1, 71931•002 6,74527-002 -1,0121 002 

3,t,SOOO•OQI 38,346 76,385 1.04693-00l -1,72153•002 7,2731>7-002 •l,4246] 002 

3.70000•0Q1 38,342 76,383 1.02736-001 •l,72363•902 7,58170-002 •1 ,42226 002 

3.15000•001 38,338 76.381 1,oja.J.001 -1,72563•002 7,T63ll-002 •1,42733•002 3,BOUOO•Ogl 38,334 76,319 9,90132•002 -1,72752 902 7,861116-002 •l,43680 002 

3.85000•001 38,329 76,377 9,72427-002 •l,7:!'932•002 7,91996.002 •l,44891•002 3,90000•091 38,325 76,375 9,55293-002 -1,73102•002 7,95534-002 •l,462611 002 

3,95000•0Q1 38,321 76,373 9,387011-002 -1, 73264 002 7,974!>6;.002 •l,47715•002 

4.00000•0~l 38,317 76,371 9,22649-002 -1, 73417•002 7,98426-002 -1 ,491711 002 

4,lOOOO•OQl 38,308 76,367 8,92024-002 -1,73700•002 7,993to.002 •1,51933 002 

4,20000•091 38.300 76,363 8,63260-002 -l,73954 Q02 7,97904-002 •1,54401•002 4,30000•0QI 31.?.91 76,359 8,36210•002 -1,741112•002 7,94298.002 -1,56521•002 

4,40000•0QI 38,;>83 76,355 I!, l c,743-002. -1,743117•002 1.u1101.002 -1.58341•002 

4,50000•001 38,274 76,352 7,86735-002 •1,74570•Qti2 1,1101>2.002 •1,59198•002 4,60U00•09I 31.266 76.348 7,64078-002 -1,74735•902 7, T1404-002 •1 ,61241 002 

4,70000•001 38.257 7f,.344 7.426611-002 -1,74883 002 7,611456-002 •l,62414 002 

4,flOOOO•OQl 38,249 76,340 7 ,22413-002 •l,75016•002 7,411273-002 •l,63424•002 4,90UOO•OQ1 38.240 76.336 7,032211-002 -1,75136•002 7,35352.002 •l,64321 002 

5,00UOO•OQI J8,Z32 76.332 6.85035-002 -1.75243•0112 7,21T!l9.002 •l,65116•002 5,IOOOO•OQl 31.224 76,328 6,67764-002 -1.75340•002 7,078!>0.002 •l ,65124 002 

5,20000•0Q1 38,215 76.324 6,51350-002 •l,75427•002 6,93735-002 -1 ,66458 002 

'1 030U00•0Ql 38,207 76,320 6,35731-002 -1.75506•002 6,79679.002 •1 ,67024 002 

5,40000•0Q1 38,1911 76,317 6,20855-002 -1,75577•902 6,65650.002 •l,67531•002 !l,SOOOO•OQl 38,190 76,313 6,06671-002 -1,75641•002 6,511199-002 •l,67997 002 

!l,t,OOOO•Oql 311,181 76,309 5,93132.002 -1, 75699•002 6,382il6.002 -1.611415•002 

6,10000•001 311,139 76,289 5033756•002 •l,75918 002 5.75461-002 -1 ,699911•002 6,60000•0QI 38 009T 76,270 4,85415•002 •l,76059•002 5,217119-002 •l,71003•002 

7,10000•091 38,054 76,250 4,45278-002 •l,76155+Q02 4,7659&.002 •l, Tl667 002 

7,60000•0~1 38,012 76,231 4,11395-002 •l,76224•002 4,3114i?9-002 -1,72122•002 R,IOUOO+OQI 37,970 76,212 3,82389-002 •l,76276•ij02 4,05962.002 -1.72449 002 

8,60000•0QI 37.927 76,192 3.57261-002 -1. 711317•002 3,78036-002 •l,72693•002 9,10000•001 37.1185 76,173 3,35273-002 •l,76350•f02 3.537116-002 •1,721180•002 

9,60000•0i;I 37.1143 76,154 3,15862-002 •l,76378 Q02 3,32500-002 • 1, 73034 002 

1,0IOOO•Oq2 37,ROO 76.135 2,.98596-002 •1,76402•Q02 3, 136119.002 •l, 73157 002 

J.06000•0Q2 37.758 76,115 2,13135.002 -1.76423•902 2,96926.002 -1.73263 002 

! , 11000•0~2 37,716 76,096 2,69206-00i? •l, T644l 00i? 2.11e111.002 •l,73354 002 

1,16000•092 37.673 76.077 2,56591-002 -l,76457•e02 2,61311.002 •l • 13432•002 

1,21000•002 37,631 76 0058 2,45113-002 -1,76472•002 2 056007.002 -1, 73502 002 

1.21>000+002 37,588 76.039 2,34621-002 -1.76485 002 2.~47911.002 •l • 7'3!>"4•002 

!,31U00•0~7. 37,546 76,019 2,24995-002 -1.76497•002 2,34529-002 •lo 73619 002 

J,36000•0QZ 37,504 76.000 2,16131-002 •l,7650l•002 2,·25104-002 •l,736611 002 

J,41000•0QZ J.7,461 75.981 2,07941-002 -1, 76517•Q02 2.16406-002 •l, 73Tl4•002 

!,46000•0Q2 37.419 75.962 2000351•002 •l,76526•Q02 2,08364-002 -1.73754•002 

1,51000•002 37,377 75,943 1.93297-002 -1,76535 002 2,001111.002 -t.73792•002 

71 
EPSILON • 

EPSJLONl ■ 

Table 5. Path 2, 10 MHz (see graphs 9 and 10). 

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGfNEOUS EARTH 

ON A BEARING OF, i50•nOOlDEGe) FROM 3Re655COEG, LAT,l, 70,S28lOEGo LONGel 

8,lOOOO•Ool, SIGMA • 2,00000•000, RElEPSILONC) ■ B,10000+001, !MIEPSlLONC> ■ •3,60000•003 

4,80000•001, SIGMA! • 1,00000•000, REIEPSILDNCI) ■ 4,80000+001, !MlEPSILONcl> • •l,80000•003 REIZ> • 4,49211•000, !Mlz> • 4,39218+000, RElZll • 6,36540•00U, IM(Zl) • 6,19792+000 

yo• 0,00000+nOOKMt Yi• •l,42000•000KM, Y2 • 2,12500•000KM, RI ■ B,IISOOO+OOIKM, R2 • 8,41800•001KM 

FREQUfNCY ■ l;OOOOO•OOlMHZt WAVELENGTH• 2e997YJ-OO?KM 

D LAT, LONG, F CD,Z> ARG FCD,Z) F• lD,l,Zll ARG F•1D,Z,Zl> (KM) lOEG,) (Oft.,) (MAGNITUDE I cnEG, I l MAGNITUDE) COEG,l 

J, % 120•060 38,629 76,509 9,52940•001 •3,15859+001 9,52940•001 •l,15859•001 ~. 7344o•oryn 38,603 76,4B9 9, 11664•001 •4,•U284+001 9,11664•001 •4,44284+001 l,01016•001 38,'576 76,470 A, 72B83.001 .S,4!270•00i 8,728113.00I -5,41270,001 1,34bll8•0iil 38,550 76,451 A,36181•001 -6,2\741 001 8,361111.00I .6,21741+001 1,68360+0QI 38,524 76,431 e. o 1342-oo 1 •6,91506+QOI 8,01342-001 -6,91506+001 2,112032+001 38,497 76,412 1,&821B-001 -7,53559+001 7,68218-001 -T,535590001 ?,35704•001 38,471 76,393 T,36691•001 .8,0'l684+00I T,366Yl.OOI .8,0'1684 001 

2,69376+001 38,445 76,3T3 7,06664•001 -8,61050•001 7,06664.00I -B,61050•001 3,oJU48+0ffl 38,419 T6,354 6,780s0-001 .9,0ll47l+001 &,Ho!io-001 .,.08471•001 3,36720•001 38,J92 76,33S 6,S0771•001 .9,5?543•001 6,50771-001 .9,!12543+001 3,70392+001 38,366 76,315 6,24757•001 -9,93711+001 6,24757-001 •9093718+001 4,n411"4•001 38,340 T6,296 S,99942•001 •l,03c3S•002 5, H942-001 •lo0323S+002 4,37736+001 38,314 76,277 5,7626S•OOl •l,06El72+il02 5, 76265.001 •l,06172+002 4, 7140R•OQI 38,:>87 76,258 5,53669•001 •l,I030S+Q02 5,S36b9.00I •1,10305•002 S,o5080•001 38,?61 T6,239 S,32102•001 •l,135S4•Q02 S,32102-001 •l, 13554 002 

5,3117S2•0gl 38,235 76,219 S, I 1513-00I •l,16635+002 5, 11513-001 •l,16635+002 5,72424•0~1 38,?08 76,200 4,91A55•001 •l,l'l560•Q02 4,9185S-OOI •1,19560+002 6,06096•001 38,182 T6, 181 '4,73083-00I -l,2?343•002 4,73083.00I •l,22343•002 6,J9768+0!!I 38,156 7',,162 4,55154-00) -l,24992og02 4,S51!»4.00I •1024992,002 6. 73440+091 38,130 71,,143 4,3AOJ0-001 -l,27518•Q02 4,380.jo.001 •h2751R+002 T ,n7112•001 38,103 76,124 4,21671-001 -1, 29927 002 •, 216 71-oo 1 -1.29927+002 7,40784•0QI 38,077 76,105 4,06042-001 -1, 3?226•002 4,060•2-001 •l,32226•002 7.74456+001 38,051 76,0BS 3,91109-001 -l,34422•Q02 3,91109-001 •l,34422•002 B,oll12A•O~! 38,024 T6,066 3,76A39•00I -1 ,36521 002 3,76839.001 •l,36521•002 fl,4ltl00•00l 37,998 76,047 3,63201•001 -1,38528+002 3,63201-001 •I ,38528+002 

A,411100•001 37,998 76,047 3,63201•001 •l,3R528+002 3,63201-001 -1.38528•002' 9,435?.A•OOI 37,9'17 76,046 3,6251A•001 •l,38628•002 3,61441.001 -1.40516•002 A,45256+001 37,995 76,045 3,61836-00l •l,311728•002 3,59826.00I -1.41388+002 A,469H4+0QI 37,994 76,044 J,61!S6-00I •l,38828•002 3,58247.ool •lo42074+002 A,411712•001 37,993 T6,043 3,60477-00l -1,38928•002 3,S6691.00I •1042662+002 11,50440+001 37,991 76,042 3, S9800•001 •1,39028•002 J,551!15-001 •1,43181+002 A,5216B•Oiil 37,990 76,041 3,S912S•OOl •l,39127•002 3,53634-00I -1,43669•002 A,S3KW,+O!)l 37,988 76,040 3,S845l•001 •1,39227•002 3,S21~9-0ol •I ,44115•002 A,55624°091 37,987 T6,040 J,57779•001 •l,39326•002 3,50637-001 •1044534•002 11,S7352•001 37,986 76,o39 J,S7108•001 •1,3'l424•002 J,49JS8-001 •1044930•002 ll,S90ll0•09l 37,984 76,038 3,S643il•OOI •1,39523•002 3,47691-001 •10 5307•002 

A,60HQA•oo1 37,983 76,037 3,ssn1-001 •l,J962l•002 3,46236•001 •)045661•002 11,62536•001 37,982 76,o36 3,S51os-001 •l,39719•002 3, 4792-001 •10 6014•002 

R,642b4•0Ql 37,980 76,035 3,S4440•001 •I ,39Bl'hQ02 3,43360-001 •lo463 7•002 A,65992•001 37,979 76,034 3,S3777•001 •l.39914•002 3,419J7•001 •1046669•002 11,,;77?o•oii1 37,978 76,033 3,53115-001 •l,40012•002 3,40S25•001 •1046981•002 A,69448•001 37,976 76,032 3,s24ss-001 •l,40l09•Q02 3,391i!3-001 •l,47284•002 A, 7ll 76•091 37,'175 7f.,031 3,S1797•001 •l,40206•002 3,37731-001 •1 ,47578•002 R,72'104•001 37 ,9T4 76,030 3,S1140•001 -1,40303•002 3,363411-00I • l ,47864 002 

R,74632•0~1 37,972 76,029 3,Sjj48S-ool •l,4i,399+002 3,34976.00l •l,48143•002 11,76360•001 37,'171 76,028 3,49831-001 •l,,1,ij49S•Q02 3,33613-001 -1,48415•002 R,7MOij8+0QI 37,970 76,027 3,4917B•001 -1 ,40591 002 3,32259-001 •l,48680,002 R. 7'ilH6•0Q1 37,968 76,026 3,48S27-ool -1 0 411687+002 3 0 30913.001 -1,48940•002 A.81~44•001 37,967 76,02S 3,47878-001 -1,40783+902 3,29517.ool •l,49195+002 A,R3272•001 37,966 76,024 3,47230•001 •l,40878•002 3,2a2•11-001 -1, 49444•002 ll,85000•0ti1 37,964 76,023 3,46584-00l •l,40973•002 3,26930-001 •l ,49688•002 

72 
Table 5 (cont.) 

" LAT• LONG• FCD,ZI ARG FCO,Zl I"• CD,Z,ll > ARG l'•co,Z,Z!l CK'4) IOEG,> IDEG,l C 'IAGN ITU DE I COEG,) Ci'OAGNlTuDEI CDEG,l 

11,A62!>0•001 37.963 76,022 3,46117-001 -1.41042•002 3,277!>1-00l -1,47831•002 8,87500•001 37.962 76.021 3,45651-001 -l,4!111•002 3,257119-00I -1,47696•002 R.All750•0,j1 37,961 76,021 3,45)116-00I -1,41179•002 3,24932-001 -1,47274•002 8,90000•0~1 37.960 76,020 3,44722-001 -1,41248+902 3,24384-001 -1,47569•002 R,95000+001 37,956 76,017 3,42872-00I -1,41520•002 3. 247!>9-oo 1 -1,46296+002 9.00000,001 37,952 76,014 3,41035-00I -1,41791+002 3,2411>4-00I -1,46270,002 9,05000+0~1 37,949 76,012 3,39210-001 -1,42059•~02 3,211,11-001 -1,45693+002 9,10000•001 37,945 76.009 3,37397-00I -1,423?6+002 3,20556-00I -1,46110+002 9,1sooo•o111 37,941 76,006 3,35597-001 -l,4;,592•002 3,206b9-001 -1,46039•002 

9,20000•001 37,937 76,003 3,33808-001 -l,42855•Q02 3,16035-001 -1,45782•002 9,?5000•001 37,933 76.000 3,32031-00I -1,43117•002 3,15530-001 -1,46049•002 9,30000•001 37,929 75,997 3.30266-001 -1,43377•002 3,14105-00l -1,46386•002 11.3s:Mo•oo1 37,9?5 75.995 3,28513-001 -1,43635•002 3.1411.?5-001 -1,461S8•002 9,40000•001 37,921 75.992 3,26772-001 -1,43892•002 3,11291-001 -1 ,46054•002 9,45000•001 37.917 .75,989 3,2504?-00l -1.44147•002 3,09715-001 -1,46362•002 9,o;oooo•oii1 37,913 75,986 3,23323-001 -1,44400•002 3,078114-00l -1,46408•002 9,1;5000•001 37.909 7"i,9R3 3,21616-00I -1,44652•002 3,05536-001 -1 ,46774•002 9.60000•001 37,906 75,9111 3,19920-001 -1,44902•002 3,05423-001 -1,47168•002 9,65000•001 37.902 75,978 3,18236-00l -l,45150•Q02 3,05S2 -00I -1 ,47157•002 9,70000•001 37,8911 7S,975 3,16563-00l -1.45397+002 3,038tl4-001 -1,47055•002 9, 75UOO•Oill 37,1194 75,972 3,14900-001 -1,45642•002 3,01S114-0ol -1,47171•002 

9,AOOOo•oo1 37.R90 75,969 3,13249-001 -l,4"i886•002 2,99977-001 -1 ,47401 •002 

9,85000•001 37,1186 7'1.966 3,11609-00I -1,46128•002 2,98ei.-001 -1,47549•002 11,90000•0ol 37.1182 75,964 3,09980-001 -1,46368•002 2,97201-001 -1,47609•002 9,<lSOOO•OOI 37,878 75,961 3,08361-001 -1.46607•002 2,9S143-00I -l,47711•002 

i.00000•002 37,874 75.958 3,06753-001 -l,46844•002 2,92848-00I -1 ,47940•002 

1,00500•002 37,870 75,95S 3,05156-00I -1,47079•902 2, 909!>2-00 I -1,48278•002 1,01000•002 37,1166 75,952 3,03570-001 -1 ,47314 002 2,896111-001 -1,411636•002 1,01s~o•oii2 37,863 75,<150 3,01994-001 -1,47546•002 2,88878-00I -1,48934•002 i,02uoo•ojj7. 37,859 75,947 3,00428-00I -1 ,47777•002 2,88209-001 -1,49141•002 i,n25oo•oij2 37,8S5 7S,944 2,98873-00I -l,4R007•002 2,873117-001 -1,49273•002 

1,03000•002 37,1151 7S,941 2,97328-00I -l,48235•002 2,862110-001 -1 ,49373•002 1,03soo•on2 37,847 75,938 2,95793-00I -l,4R46l•002 2,84911-001 -1,49479•002 i ,n uoo•oii2 37,843 75,935 2,94268-001 -l,48686•002 2,83J90-00I -1,49615•002 1,~45oo•on2 37,1139 75,933 2,92754-00I -l,48910•002 2,818~8-00I -1,49786•002 

i,osooo•oii2 37,1135 7S,930 2,91249-001 -1,49132•002 2,803112-001 -l,4998J•002 

j,o55oo•ojj2 37,831 75,927 2,89754-00I -l,49352•002 · 2,79037-001 •l,50191•002 1,061100•002 37,827 75,924 2,88269-00I -1 ,4Q571 •002 2, 77808-00I -1,S039J•002 i. ,06500•002 37,823 75,921 2,86794-001 •l,49789•002 2,76657-001 •1,50579•002 i,01000•002 37,1119 75,919 . 2,85329-001 -1,5ooos•oo2 2,75S33-00l -1 ,s010,002 

1,07!>00•002 37,1116 75,916 2,83873-001 -1,50220•002 2. 743114-oo 1 -1,s0888•002 i,osooo•oo2 37.,812 75.913 2,82427-001 -1 ,S0434+002 2,73173-00I -1,51017•002 1,os500•002 37,808 75,910 2,80991-00l -1,50646•(102 2, 71879-00I -1,51137•002 1.011000•002 37.1104 75,907 2.79564-001 -1.50856•002 2,70497-00I -1,51255+002 i,oY500•002 37,1100 75,904 2,78146-001 -1.5io66•002 2,69o3s-001 -I ,51380•002 ·1, 1 ouoo•oi>2 37,796 7S,902 2,7673!1-00I -: .5! 21 +902 2,!>75HI-OOI •I ,S1~16•002 

i,10500•002 37,7<12 75,1199 2• 75339-00I -l,5!480•~02 2,659b2-00J -1,51665•002 

i • 11000•007 37,788 75,896 z,73949-00I -1,51685•002 2,643114-00I -1,5183J+OOZ 

i. 11soo•oo2 37,784 75,893 2,72568-00I -1.51889•002 2,6283S-OOI -1 ,52011•002 

i,12ooo•oti2 37,780 75,890 Z,71196-00l -l.5?091•Q02 2,61306-00I -l,S2206+002 

1,12soo•oo~ 37,776 75,888 2,69834-001 -1.57292•002 2,59820-001 •1,52412•002 

j.13000•002 37,773 75.885 2,68480-001 -1,52492•002 2,S1138S-Ool -1,52626•002 

J,t350o•oo2 37,769 75.882 2,67135-001 -1,521,91•002 2.57001-001 -1,52846•002 

1.1•000•002 37,765 75.879 2,65799-001 -1,52888•002 2,S5611S-OOI -1,53068•002 

1,14500•002 37,761 75,876 2,64412-001 -1,53083•902 2,54417-001 -1,53289•002 

i,15000•002 37,757 7S,R74 2,63153-001 -l,S3278•002 2,53199-00I -1,53509•002 

1,15500•002 37,753 75,871 2•61843-00I -1 ,S3471 •002 2,52023-00I -1,53724•002 

1.16000•002 37.749 75,868 2,60542-00I -l,53663•Q02 2,508112-001 •1,53934•002 

i,16Soo•oii2 37,745 75,865 2,59249-00I -1,53854•002 2,49770-001 -1,54137•002 

i,17000•002 37,741 75,R62 2,57964-001 -1,54043•002 2,486tlO-OOI -1,54334•002 

1.17500•002 37,737 75,RS9 2,S6689-00I -1,54231•002 2,47604-001 -1,54525•002 

i.111000•002 37,733 7S,R57 2•55421-001 -l,54418•jjo2 2,46538-001 -1,54701•002 

1.111500•00?. 37,730 75,854 2,S4162-001 -1,54604•002 2,45477-001 -1,54886•002 

i,111000•002 37,726 75,851 2,52910-001 -1 ,S4788•002 2,44417-001 -1,55059•002 

i,19soo•oo2 37,722 75,848 2,51667-001 -1 ,54971 •002 2,43355-001 -1,55226•002 

j.20000•002 37,718 75.84S 2,50433-001 -l,S5153•902 2,422110-001 -1,55390•002 

i,205oo•og2 37,714 75,843 2,49206-001 -1,55334•002 2,41220-001 -1,555S0•002 

1.21000•002 37,710 75,840 2.0987-001 -1,55513•002 2,4014S-OOI -1,55708•002 

1.21500•002 37,706 75,837 2,46776-00I -1,55692•902 2,39064-00I -1,5S863•002 

1,22000•002 37,702 75,1134 2,4S573-00I -1,551169•002 2,37979:goi -1,S6017•002 

1.22soo•oo2 37,698 75,831 2,44378-00l -1 ,56044 002 2,3688<1- 01 -1,56170•002 

1.23000•002 37,694 75,829 2,43191-00l -l,56219•i,o2 2,35797~001 -1,56322•002 

1,23500•00?. 37,690 75,826 2, 20!1-00I -1,56393•002 2,34702-001 -1,56473•002 

1,24000•0ci2 37,686 75,823 2,401139-00I -l,S6S6S•ii02 2,33606-00l •l,56625•002 

1,24500•002 37,683 75,820 2,39675-001 -1,56736•002 2,32510-001 -1 ,56777•002 

i.2s000•002 37,679 75,1117 2,385111-00I -l,S6906•002 2,31416-00l -1,56929•002 

i.2s500•002 37,675 75,815 2,37369-00I -1,5101s,i,02 2,30324-00I -1,s1082•002 

1,26DOO•Oii? 37,671 75,812 2,36228-00l -1,57243•002 2,29237-001 -1,57235+002 

t,26~oo•on2 37.667 75,809 2,35093-00l -1,51 10•002 2,28tS4-00I -1,573811•002 

i.21000•002 37,663 75,806 2,3]966-001 -l,S7575•i,02 2,27076-00I -1,57S42•002 

i,27500•002 37,659 75,803 2,32847-001 -1,57739•002 2,26006-00I -1,57696•002 

73 
Table 6. Path 2, 15 MHz (see graphs 11 and 12). 

·GROUNO WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EARTH 

ON A BEARING OF, l50•000IDEGol FROM 38o655CDEGo LATolt 76o5281DEGo LONGol 

EPSILON • BolOOOOoOol, SIGMA • 2.000000000, REIEPSILONCI • RolOOoOoOOl, IMIEPSILONCI • •2o4000oooa3 

EPSILONl • 4o80000•00I, SIOMA! • 1.00000•000, REIEPSILONCll • 4o80000oOOl, IMIEPSILDNCll • •1o20000•003 

REIZI • 5.53096•000, !Mlz> • 5.34744•000, REIZll • 7o84462oOOU, IMIZ11 • T0 53T1loOOO 

Y, • o.ooooo•OOOKM• YI• •l.42000•000KH, Y2 • 2o12500oOOOKM+ RI• 8.85000o00lKM, R2 • a.4l800•001KM 

FREQUENCY= lo50000•00lMHZ, WAVELENGTH• l 099862•002KM 

0 

CKMI 

3.36720•090 

6.73440•01)0 

i 0olUl6•00I 

1 0 3461t8•0iil 

i.6113600091 

2.02ol2•001 

2.35104•001 

2.69376•0!!1 

3 01130411•001 

3 03f>720•001 

3 070l92oOgl 4 004uf>4+001 

4.377360091 

4.71408•001 

5 0ososo•oii1 

5 0 38752•091 

s.12424oOQI 

6.1)6096•0!!1 

6 0 J'il768•0!!I 

6.73440•01)1 

T 007112•0(.!l 

7.407114•001 456•0iil 

R0 01112sooii1 

ll 0 41H00•001 

R,41800•001 

e,.osza•oii1 

e. Sc56•oii1 

R,461184•091 

11,411712•ot11 

11,50440•001 

ll,52l68•0iil 

8 0531196•001 

R,55624•001 

11,57352oOijl 

11,59080•001 

11,601108 001 

ll,62536+0ijl 

1! 0 64264•0(.!l 

ll,6S992oOol 

8,67720+0[!1 

8,694•'80091 

8 07ll7f>•Olll 

11.72904•001 

R,74632•001 

'8 0 7f>Jl>O•Ogl 

8 0 7110118•0(.!l 

8 0791111>+001 

81544 001 

8 083272•001 

1 0&50000001 

LAT, 

IOEG,I 

38.629 

311.603 

38.576 

38.550 

38.524 

38.497 

38.471 

38.445 

311.419 

38.392 

38.361> 

38.340 

38.314 

38.;>87 

311.261 

38.235 

38.201 

380112 

38.156 

38,130 

38,103 

38.oTT 

38 0051 

38 0 024 

37.998 

37.998 

37.997 

37.995 

37.994 

37,993 

37.991 

37.990 

37.918 

37.987 

37.9116 

37.984 

37.913 

37.982 

37.980 

37.979 

37,971 

37.976 

37,975 

37.974 

37.972 

37.971 

37.970 

37 .968 

37,967 

37.91>6 

37.964 

LONG, 

IDEG,1 

76.509 

76,489 

76.470 

76,451 

76,431 

76,412 

76,393 

76,373 

76.354 

7,._335 

76.315 

76,296 

76,277 

76,258 

76.239 

76,219 

76.200 

76,181 

76,162 

76,143 

76,124 

76,105 

76,085 

76.066 

76,047 

76.047 

76.o46 

7f.o045 

76,044 

76,D43 

76.042 

76.041 

76.040 

76,040 

76.039 

76,038 

76.037 

u,,036 

76,035 

76.034 

76,033 

76.032 

76,031 

76,030 

76,029 

76.028 

76.027 

76,026 

76.025 

76.024 

76.023 

flD,ZI 

I MAGNITUDE I 

8,97687•001 

a.13521-001 

7,39061-001 

6,72635•001 

6.13154-001 

5 059777•001 

5,11004-001 

4.68638•001 

4.29764-001 

3.94724-001 

3.63120-001 

3.34594-001 

3.08832•001 

2.85549-oo1 

2.64495-001 

2.45444.001 

2,28194.001 

2.12564-001 

1.98390-001 

1.&5528.oo1 

1.73845-001 

1.63223-001 

1.53557•001 

1.44752-001 

1.36720-001 

1,36720•001 

1,36328•001 

1•35937•001 

1035548•001 

lo35160•001 

1034775•001 

1.34391-001 

1.34009-001 

1.33629-001 

1.33251-001 

lo32R74•001 

1.32499-001 

1.32126-001 

1.31755-001 

1.31385.001 

1,31017-001 

1.3ij650-001 

l,30286.001 

1.29923-001 

1 • 29562-001 

1.29202.001 

1,28844•001 

1.28487-001 

1.21133-001 

1.21110-001 

1,27428•001 

74 

ARG flD,ZI 

IDEGol 

•4,698890001 

-6,563770/101 

.7 ,941680001 

.'f,05912oOOI 

•l ,00047 902 

•l,08245+002 

•l,15459+002 

-1,2i872+jjo2 

-1,27611+002 

•l ,3;>771+002 

-1,37425+p02 

•l ,41631 902 

-1,45435 002 

• l ,411877 •002 

•l,5t99l•002 

-1.54806 jj02 

-1,57347 !)02 

•l,59639+Q02 

•l,617020902 

•l,635550002 

-1.652160002 

•1,66703oii02 

-1 0 6R029•iio2 •l,69210 !!02 

•l,To258o002 

•l,7o258•002 

•lo7ii309•002 

•l,T0359•iio2 

•1,To409°iio2 

•l,T0459•002 

•l,To50Boo02 

•1,T0557 002 

•l,TQ605+!)02 

•l,To654o002 

•l 07ii702•002 

•l • 7ii749oi>02 

-1. T9791 po2 

•l,7o&44•002 

•l,7o891o002 

•l,7ii937oo02 

-1,79984+p02 

•l, 710300002 

•l,7!075+!!02 

.1, Tl 121 002 

•l,TJl660902 

•l, 7J2l1+p02 •l,Tt255o002 

-1,7)2990902 

•l,713430902 

•l,713870902 

-1. 71431 002 

F•co,z,n1 

CMAGNITUDEI 

B,97687•001 

1,13521-001 

7,39061.001 

6,72635-001 

6,13154.001 

5,59777-001 

5, 11804.00l 

4,686JI.001 

4.297u.001 

3,94Tii!4.001 

3,63120.001 

3,3 5114.001 

3,08832-001 

2,85549-001 

2.64495.001 

2,45444-001 

2,28194.001 

2,125~4-00l 

1,98390.001 

1.85528-001 

1.738•5-001 

1,63223.001 

1,53557-001 

l,4 TS2.001 

1,36720.001 

1,36720•001 

1,35419•001 

1,34249-001 

1,33115-001 

lo 32001-001 

1,30924-001 

1,298f>l-001 

l.28816-001 

1,277¥0.001 

1.267111.001 

1,2ST811.001 

1,24812-001 

1,n1so.001 

1,22904-001 

1,21973-001 

1,21055.001 

1,201!>2.001 

1.19262.001 

1,18315.001 

1.11521.001 

1.lHTo.001 

1.15832-001 

1,15006.001 

1,14191-001 

1,133119.00l 

1,tz5¥8.001 

ARG F•cD,ZoZll 

COEG,1 

•4o69889o001 

•6,563770001 

.7,941610001 

•9,05912oOOl 

•l,000470002 

•l,082450002 

•l,154590002 

•l,218720002 

•l ,276110002 •l ,327710002 

-1.374250002 

•l o4163l 002 

•l,45435+002 

•1,488770002 

-1.51991•002 

•l,548060002 

-1.573 70002 

-1.596390002 

•l,61702•002 

-1.635550002 

•l,652160002 

•lo66703•002 

•l,680290002 

•l,692100002 

•lo70251o002 

•lo70258o002 

•l • 73118•002 

•lo7429J•002 

•1075181•002 

•lo75917 002 

•l,7655So002 

-1.111210002 

-1~776320002 

•lo78098o002 

•l,785270002 

-1,789240002 

-1.792940002 

-1.79640+002 

-1.799650002 

-1.102700002 

-1.105580002 

•lo80830o002 

•l,810870002 

-1 ,8133) 002 

•l,815620002 

-1 ,11781 002 

•l,119890002 

-1 .821870002 

•l,823760002 

•lo8ZH5o002 

•1,8ZT25•002 
Table 6 ( cont. ) 

() LATe LONG• ,co,z, AAG ,co,ZI ,•c0,z,z11 ARG f'•co,z,zi, 

CKM) CoEG,1 CD[G.> CMAGNITUDEI COEGel CMAtNITUDEI CDE6el 

fl.862S0•001 37.963 76,022 1.2n 1s-001 -1.71462•002 1.12855-001 -1.80034 002 

11.87500•001 37.962 76.021 1.,w,122.001 -1.71493•002 1,12424.ool •1 • 7930hOCl2 &,Rll75o•og1 37,961 76,021 1 .26671-001 •l,7}524•902 1,121t10-001 •1,79573•002 

8,90000•0QI 37,960 76,020 1.26420-001 -1,11555•002 1•12912-001 •l,71!1l82•002 A,95U00•001 37,956 76,017 1,25425-001 -1, 71676•902 1,12249.ool •1,77312•002 9,00000•001 37,952 76,014 1,24443•001 -1.1p96e902 1, 11513-001 -1, 76421 002 9 0 osouo•oo1 37.949 76,012 1,23474•001 -1,71913•902 1,109-'1-00I •1, 75714 002 

9,10000•001 37,945 76,009 1,22518-001 •l,72029+002 1, 11598-001 •l,75159+002 

9,lSOOO•OOI 37,941 76,006 1,21574•001 •1,72142•Q02 1,0981>0•001 •lo 74624•002 9,20000•001 37,937 76,003 1,20642•001 •1,72253•002 1,10321-001 •1,74538•002 

9.2suoo•oo1 37,933 76,000 lol9722•00l •1 • 7l362•002 1,094'19-00l •1•74003•002 9 0 J OOOO•Oiil 37,929 75,997 1,18814•001 -1.72468•002 1,08513•001 •1,74423•002 9 0 35UOO•Ocil 37,925 75,995 lel7918•001 •1,7?573•002 1,011315-001 •1, 74040•002 9,40000•001 37,921 75,992 1 ,17034•001 •l,72676•002 1.0&124-001 ·l,73488•002 

9,4suoo•oi11 37,1117 

7,5,989 1,16160•001 •l,72777•002 1,06563•001 -1,73696•002 

9,o;ouoo•oii1 37,913 75,986 1,15?.98•001 •l, 7287r,•002 1,06523-001 •1,7365o•ooi! 

9,5SUOO•OQ1 37,909 75,983 1,14447•001 •l,7?974•002 1,06055•001 •1,73779•00i! 

9,60U00•001 37,906 75,981 1,13607-001 •l,73069•902 1,061117•001 -1, 73397•001 9,6SOOO•Oiil 37,902 75,978 1 ,12777•001 •1,73162•002 1,04877-001 •1•7l081•00i! 9,70000•001 37,11911 75,975 1,lj9Sll•001 •1,73254•002 1,04145-001 -1,73323•002 9,75000•001 37,1194 75,972 lol1149•001 -1.73344•002 · 1.03692-001 •l,732!56•00i! 

9,aoooo•oii1 37,890 75,969 1,10350•001 •l,73433•002 le02846•001 -1 e 73347•0oi! 

9,flSOOO•OOl 37,1186 75,966 1,09561•001 •l,73519•002 1.025&2-001 •1, 73612•00i! 

9,90000•0iil 37,882 75,964 1,08782-001 •1,73604•j02 1. 02637-oo 1 •l • 73514•002 9,9Sooo•001 37,11178 75,961 1,08013•001 •l,73687•002 1,02137-001 •1,7320f>•002 

1.00000•002 37,874 75,958 1,07254•001 •1, 73769 002 1,01239-001 •1,73102•002 

1,oosoo•oii2 37,870 75,955 1,06504•001 •l,73849•002 1,00528•001 •l,73192•002 

i,01000•002 37,866 75,952 1,05763•001 •l,7392hQ02 1,00059-001 •1•73229•002 i,01soo•oo2 37,863 75,9S0 1,05031•001 •l,74005•902 9,950118-002 -1,73157•002 

1.02000•002 37,1159 75,947 1•04308•001 -1.740110•002 9.87410-002 •lo 7llll•002 

1.02soo•oij2 37,855 75.944 1,03594•001 -1,74155•902 9,79302-002 •I• 73224•002 

l,OJOOO•OCl2 37,1151 7S,94l 1,02889•001 •1,74227•002 9,73075-002 •1•73437•002 

),OJ500•002 37,847 75,938 1,02193-001 •l,74298•002 9,6933]•002 •1•73636•002 1,04000•002 J7 ,A43 75,935 1,01505•001 •l,74368•002 9e66900•002 •1•73727•002 i,o•Soo•oi,2 37,1139 75,933 loojj82S•oo1 , •1. 74437•002 9,64119-002 •l,73706•002 1,osooo•oo2 37,1'135 75,930 1,00153•001 •l,74504•002 9,60023•002 •l,7l630•002 

1,oSSoo•002 37,A31 75,927 9,94898•002 •l,74570•002 9,54639-002 •I, 73565•002 i ,Of>OOO•Oii2 37.11121 75.924 9,88J4J•002 •1,74634•002 9,48635-002 -1,73551•002 

1,06soo•oijl! 37 ,1'123 75,921 9,8i867•002 -1,74697•002 9,42758-002 •1•735811•002 1,01000•092 37,1119 75.919 9,75468•002 •1. 74 759•go2 9,37455•002 •1,73650•002 1,07!>00•00?. 37,81'> 75,916 , 9,69145•002 •l,74820•002 9,J27S7-002 -1,73707•002 

1.osooo•oo2 37,1112 75.913 9,62897•002 -1.74879•002 9,283'15-002 •1•73736•002 

i,0115eo•oii2 37,808 75,910 9,56722•002 • 1, 74938•002 9,23992-002 •1,73734•002 

i,09000•002 37,804 75,907 9,50621•002 

• 1, 74995•002 9,19241-002 -1,73707•002 

!•09500•092 37,800 75,904 9,44591•002 •1,75051•902 9, 13992-002 -1,73674•002 

1,10000•002 37,796 75,902 9,38632•002 •l.75106•002 9.oil2H-002 -1, 73651 •002 J,10500•002 37,792 75,899 9,32742•002 -1.15160•002 9,02221-002 -1,73652•002 1,11000•002 37.788 75,896 9e2692l•002 •1,75212•002 8e960ll6•002 •1•73684•002 i, 11soo•ojj2 37,7114 75~893 9,21167•002 •1,75264•002 1,90018-002 -1,73747•002 1,12000•002 37,780 15.e9o 9,15479•002 •1,75314•002 8e84251•002 -1 • 73835•002 1.12soo•oo2 37,776 75,1!88 9,09858•002 •l,75364•902 11,711111>6•002 •1•73940•002 

i. 13000•002 37.773 75,885 9,04300•002 •l,7541J•Q02 8,738'16-002 •le74051•002 

1,13500•002 37,769 7S,882 8,98807•002 -1.75460•002 8,69312-002 •l,74159•002 i,14000•002 37,765 75,879 8,93375•002 •I, 7550h002 8,6S043•002 •1,74257•002 i,14soo•oo2 37,761 75,876 8,88006•002 •l,75552•002 8.60997-002 •1,74342•002 

i,1suoo•oci2 37,757 75,874 8,82697•002 -1.75597•002 a.51011-002 •t,74410•002 i,15500•002 37,753 75,871 8,77449•002 •l,75641•902 8,531'19•002 •1•74464•002 i,i6000•002 37,749 75,868 8,72259•002 •l,75684•Q02 8,49297-002 •lo 74504•002 

1.16soo•oii2 37,745 75,865 8,67127•002 •l,75726•002 8,45324-002 •lo 74535•002 

i.11000•002 37,741 75,862 8,62053•002 •1,75761 902 a.41260-002 •lo 74559•002 1,17500•002 37,737 75,859 8e57035•002 •1,75808•Q02 1,37099-002 •1,74580•002 i,18000•002 37,733 75,857 8e52073•002 •1,75841 902 8.328!>•-002 •I, 74601 •002 i,1ssoo•oe2 37,730 75.854 8,47165•1102 •1,75886•002 8.28545-002 •1,74625•002 

i,t9ooo•oo?. 37,726 75.851 8,42312•002 • 1. 75924 ♦ 002 a.24200-002 •lo 74652•002 1.111soo•oo2 37,722 75,11411 8,37512•002 -1.75961•002 8,19845-002 •le 746113•002 j,2oooo•oij2 37,718 75,845 8,32764•002 •l,75997•002 8,15510-002 -1,74720•002 J,zo,00•092 37 • 714 75,843 8,28068•002 •l,76033•002 •• 11211-002 •1,74761•002 1,21000•002 37,710 75,840 8.23423•002 •I, 760611 002 8,06986-002 •1,74806•002 

i,21soo•oo2 37.706 75,837 8,18828•002 •1,76102•002 8e02829•002 •1,74853•002 

i,22ooo•oii2 37.702 75.834 11,14283•002 •l.76136•ii02 7.98756-002 •1, 74902•002 i,22500•002 37,698 75.831 11,09786•002 •l,76168 ci02 7.947711-002 •1•74952•002 i,23000•002 37.694 75.829 8,05338•002 •l.76201•002 7e90B68•002 •1•75002•002 i,23500•002 37,690 75,826 a.oon1-002 •1,76232•002 7.87049-002 •le7505o•002 i,24000•002 37,686 75,823 7,96583•002 -1,76263•002 7,83303-002 •le75095•002 i,?.•5oo•oii;, 37,1183 75,820 7,9i!274•002 •1,76293•002 7,79622•002 •1, 751311•00! i,2sooo•oii2 37,679 75.817 1.88011-002 •1,76323•902 7,7S9911•002 •1, 751711•002 i,2ssoo•oii2 37,675 75,815 7,83793•002 •l,76352•002 7,72419•002 •1,75214•002 

i,26000•002 37,671 75.812 7,79619-002 •le7638o•g02 7e681176•002 -1,75246•002 1,26500•0ii2 37.667 75.809 7,75488•002 •l,76408•902 7.6!:1360-002 •lo 75275•002 1 ,27000•002 37.663 75,806 7, 7i40l•002 -1.76435•002 7.611163-002 -1,75300•002 1,27500•002 37,659 75,803 7e67l55•002 -1.76461•002 1.58379-002 -1.75322•002 

75 
Table 7. Path 2, 20 MHz ( see graphs 13 and 14). 

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EARTH 

ON A BEi.HIN<; OF, tSO•OOOIDEGol FROM 38,6551DEG. LAT.le Tl>o528·1DEG, LONGol 

EPSILON • 8ol0000•001, SIGMA • 2.00000•000, REIEPSILONCI • 9ol0000•00l, IMIEPSlLONCI • •lo80000•003 

EPSJLONl • 4o80000•001, SIGMA)• 1.00000•000. REIEPSIL0NC11 • 4080000•001, IMIEPSILONcll • -9.ooodo•oo2 

REIZI a 6.41977•000, IMlz> • 6.13737•000, REIZll • 9oll306•00U, IMCZll • 63998 000 

Y~ • OoOOOOO•OOOKM, YI• •l 042000•000KM, Y2 • 2ol2500•000KM, Rl • 8 0 85000o00lKM, R2 • 8 041800•001KM 

FREOUENCY • 2o00000•001MHZ, WAVELENGTH• la498Y7•002KM 

I) LAT. LONGo FcD,Z1 ARG FCD,ZI F•ID,Z,Zll AR8 F•cD,Z,Zll 

(KM) <DEG.I (Oft;.J (MAGNITUDE I <nEGol CMAGNlTUDEI IDEG,1 

3.)6720•0«)11 3Ho629 71,.509 8026498•001 -6.19248•001 8,264'18-001 •6019248•001 6.73440•0(10 38.603 76.489 6 095928-00I •8 056384•001 6,95928-001 -8,56384•001 1 0nhl6•00l 38.576 76.470 5 089622-00I -1.02565 (102 5,89622-001 -1,02565•002 J.'346880091 38.550 76.451 5.021n-001 -1.15776•1102 5,02173-001 -1.15776 002 

1.6113&0•0!)1 38 0524 76.431 4 029864-00I -1.26483•002 4 029111>4.00l -1.26483 002 

2.n2uJ2•001 38.497 76.412 3 069866-00l -1.35327•002 3 069866.001 • l • 3532'h002 2.35704•001 38.471 76.393 3.19947-001 -1 0 4?697•~02 3,19947-001 -1.42697•002 2 069J76•0nl 38 0445 76.373 2 078314•001 -1.48863 002 2 078314.00l -1.48863•002 3 00304B•oii1 38.419 76.354 2.43511-001 •l 0 540l9•CIOZ 2.43511-001 •l,54019•002 3 0J6720•0QI 38 0192 76.335 2 014348-00I -1.58319•!102 2,14348.00I •lo58ll9•002 3 0703"'2•001 38.366 76.315 1 .89850-001 -1.61890•002 1,898!>0.001 -1,61890•002 4 004064•001 38.340 76.296 1 069213•001 -1.64838 (102 1,1>92lJ.ool •l,648311•002 4 037736•0fll 38.314 76.277 1 .51115-001 -1.67256•002 1,51775.001 •l.67256•002 4. 71408•001 38 0287 76.258 10369811•001 •1 69221 002 l,31>9118-001 •1069227•002 5.oso8o•oti1 38.261 u,.z39 1.24400•001 -1. 70821 •002 1,24400-001 •lo70Bll•002 5 03tl752,oij1 38 0235 76.219 1.13638-00I -1.72102•1102 1,13638.00l -1 • 72102 002 5.12•2••001 311.208 76.200 1.04395-001 •1,73126•1102 1,04395-001 •lo 731Z6•002 6 006U96•00l 3Hol82 76.181 9.64146-002 •l,73939•002 9,64146-002 •h 73939•002 6.39768•001 38oJ56 76.162 8094886•002 •lo74582•002 8,948116-002 •h7458Z•002 6. 73 40•001 38.130 71,.)43 8034443•002 -1.75088•002 8,34443-002 •1075088•002 1.01112•001 380103 76.124 7081395-002 -1 • 75487 002 7,813"'5•002 -1 • 7548-7•002 7.4071!4•091 38.oTT 76.105 7034574•002 -1.75800•002 7.34574-002 •1075800•002 7 074456•0nl 38.1)51 1,..085 6093017-002 -1.76046•002 6,93017•002 •1076046 002 

A.odl?.8•001 311.024 76.066 6055929-002 -1.76241•902 6,559.!9-002 -1,76241•002 8.4l"OO•Oill 37.998 7t,.o47 6022656•002 •l,76394•002 6,22656-002 •1076394•002 

1800•001 37.998 76 00•'7 6022656-002 -1.76394•!102 6,22656-002 •1076394•002 A043528•0~l 37.997 76.046 6.21041-002 -1.76401•(102 6, 13750.002 -l.80102•002 8 045256oOgl 37.995 11,.045 6.19434-002 -1 076408•002 6,05979.002 -1 .81543 002 

8 046'1114•001 37.994 76.044 6.17836-002 -1,76415•002 5,98575.002 -1.82589•002 A.48712•0lll 37.993 76.043 6.16246-002 .1. 7642h002 5,914!:>4.002 -1.83424•002 A050440•001 37.991 76.042 6.14665-002 -l 076428oi,02 5 084578.002 -1 ,84119•002 11.52168•0~1 37.990 76.041 6.13092-002 -1.76434•002 5. 779l5.002 -1 .84712•002 8 0531!96001_11 37.988 1 .... 040 ~.11527-002 -1, 76441 002 5,714ilO.oo2 -1,85225•002 111.55624 0(11 37.987 76.040 6.09970-002 -1.76447•002 5.652J1.002 -1.85674•002 8 057352•001 37.986 760039 6.08421-002 -l.76454oji02 5 059lb7.002 -1.86070•002 A.5~0d0.-0~1 37.984 76.038 6.06880-002 -1.76460 002 5,532111.002 -1,86419 002 

ll 060l!OA•OOI 37.983 76.037 6 005348-002 -1.76466 002 5,47565.002 -1.86729 002 R06253f,o0fll 37.9112 76.036 6.03823-002 -1.76472•@02 5,42013.002 -1.87005•002 A064264•0fll 37.980 76 0035 6.02306-002 -1 076478•@02 5,36619-002 •l,87249•002 1! 065"'"'2•oill 37.979 76.034 6000797-002 -1.76484•002 5,31376.002 •l,87466 002 

11.67720•091 37.978 760033 5.99;,9s.002 -1.76490•!102 5,21>2eo.002 -1.87658 002 

lll 06<,144l!•Ogl 37.976 76.032 5.97801-002 •1 076496•002 5,213l5-002 •la87827 002 

8 011116•001 37 .975. 76,031 5.96315•002 -1.76502•002 5,16507.002 -1.87976•002 11,72904•0!)1 37.974 76.o3o 5,941136-002 -1,76507•002 5, 11822-002 -1.88106 002 

8 074632•0111 37.972 76.029 5.93365-1102 -1.76513•!)02 5,0726s.002 -1.88219•002 A.76360•0~1 37 .971 76.028 5.91901•002 -1.76519•002 5,021132-002 •l,88317•002 t1 07608R•001 37.970 76 0021 5.9005-002 •l 076524•ji02 4,98518-002 •lo88399•002 111.79816•001 37.968 76.026 s.88996-002 -1.76530•002 4,94321-002 -1.88469 002 

11 081544•001 37.967 76.025 5.87554-002 ~l.76535•002 4,90237.002 -1.88526•002 ll 0R3272•00'l 37.966 76.024 5.86119-002 -1.76540•~02 4,86262-002 •lo8857l•G02 ll 085UOO•Onl 37.964 76.023 5.84692-002 -1.76546•002 4,82392-002 -1.88606 002 

76 
Table 7 (cont.) 

, LAT, LONG, 1"10,Z) AIIG rio,z, l"•ID,Z,zi, ARG 1"•10,Z,ZJ> ,~,., tuEA.> IOEG,) 1 '4AGN ITUOE) IOEG,1 1'4AGN1TUOEI IDE0,1 

~.A6i150•00I 37,963 76,022 5,83664•002 •l,7r,549+002 4,84801-002 •l,85168•002 8087!>00•001 J7o962 1r.0021 5o826J9-002 •1 076553•002 4o802118-002 •lo84063+002 ll 0A87So•Ol)I 370961 760021 5081619-002 -1 076557+!)02 4o8II006.002 •lo83385,002 A09onoo,001 370960 760020 5080602-002 -l 07656l+Q02 4089502-002 •1082208+002 A0QSUOO•OQI 370956 760017 S 076570-002 -l 076S75•Q02 40893211-002 •1080807•002 9 000U00•0Ql 370952 7~0014 5072594-002 -l 076589+Q02 4o8937o-oo? -1 o 79372+002 9 005000•0QI 370949 760012 S~68r.75-002 •l 076602•Q02 4090715-002 -1,78261+002 9 0 I 0000•001 370945 76,009 5,64811-002 •l,76616•Q02 4,9691>11.002 •l,77340+002 

Q,'~0•061 37,941 760006 5,61000-002 -l,766?8+Q02 4,97101.002 -1 o 77372+002 Q,?0000•001 37,937 76,003 5,57241-002 -l,76640•Q02 4,9589K.002 •lo768Ul•002 Cl,?5000•001 37,933 1r.,ooo S 053534-002 -1, 76652+902 5,008611.002 •lo 7632A•002 q.JOll'JO•OOt 370929 750997 5049877-002 •l 076664•Q02 40967~?.-002 •lo75922•002 9035~00•001 370925 750995 5046270-002 •l,76675•Q02 40994.32-ooz •lo760•S•002 9,40UOOoO~I 37 o921 750992 5042711-002 -l 076686+Q02 4097308-00Z •1075527+002 9 045000+0Q1 37 0917 750989 5o39199-002 •1 076696+002 4o931c11.ooz •lo75432+002 9050000•0~1 370913 750986 5o35734-0o2 •lo76707•002 4096942-002 -1075370,ooz Q055UOO•OOI 370909 750983 5032314•002 •I O 76717•1)02 4 0960b9.002 •lo752IO•D02 Q060000•0Ql 37,906 750981 5o2B939-002 •l 076726•Q02 4092453-002 -1 o 74787+002 <>.~suoo•o91 370902 750978 5025607-002 •l 076735+Q02 4,9134!?.-002 •l,75193•002 

9,70unO•OQI J7,A9A 75,975 5,22319-002 -1 0 76745+002 4o9ll46-002 •I, 75019+002 'l,75000•001 37 0A94 750972 5o 19072-002 •lo76753+002 40911110.002 •lo75086+002 'l 0AOOUO•OQI 3701190 750969 Sol5867-002 -l 07676Z+002 4090378.ooz •Io 74675+002 9,85UOO•OQI 37 ,1186 75,966 5,12102-002 •lo76770•Q02 4085743-002 •lo7467B+002 9,'10000•001 37 08112 750964 5,09577-002 •l O 76778oQ02 4084707.002 •1 074875•002 9 095000•001 37 011TB 750961 5o 06491-002 •1 076786,002 4,8323?.-002 •lo74820•002 1,00000°002 3701174 750958 5003443-002 •l076794+!)02 4081143-002 •lo7496S•002 1 0nosoo•oo;, 37 0870 750955 5000433-002 -1. 7680loQ02 40813!15.002 •1075066+002 lo01000•002 37,A66 75,952 4,97459-002 -1,76808•002 4o809l8.002 •lo74859+002 ),nl500•0~2 37,A63 750950 4,94522-002 •lo76815•!)02 4,78027.002 -1. 74683 002 

lo02000•on2 37,1159 750947 4091619-002 -1

076822•002 4,74940-002 •l,74742+002 1.ozsoo+oi,i 37,1155 750944 4088752-002 -1,1r.e29,902 4o7llc?4-002 -1. 74837+002 i 003000°09;, 3701151 750941 4,85919-002 -1,761135•002 4, 71429-002 •l,74826+002 1 003!>00•0~2 37,847 750938 4083120-002 •lo76841+002 40611883.002 •l, 74812+00.2 l,04U00•002 370843 750935 4o8Q353•002 •l 076R47oQ02 4o661i!8-002 •lo749l3•002 i,~45no•oii;, 37,A39 750933 4o 77619-002 •lo 7611S3•002 4o642U8•002 •10750811•002 1oosooo•oi,2 3701135 7So930 4074916•002 •lo76859•i,02 4063212-002 •lo752)l•002 1onss110•0(!2 37 01131 750927 4072245•002 •1076865•002 4062374-002 •lo752l'l•002 1006ono•oo7. 37,1127 T'i.924 4,69605•002 •lo76870•002 4060961-002 •lo75l49+002 1,06500•00~ 37,823 750921 4,66994•002 •l,76R76•Q02 40511847-002 •Jo75083•002 1.01000•002 37olll'l 750919 4064414•002 •l,7611Bl•002 40563\l'l-002 •1075073•002 ioo7!>oo•oi,2 3701116 75,916 4061862•002 •l,76886•00? 4,540~9-002 •Io 75113•002 10011uoo•oi,2 37,1112 75,913 4059339-002 •lo7689l•002 4o520c?J-002 -1,75167•002 

lonllSoo•oi,2 3701108 750910 4056844•00?. •1076896•002 40501116-00?. •lo75200•002 1 on9ur,0•002 3701104 7'\,907 4o54377•00Z •lo76901•ooz 404113"3-002 •lo75200•002 loollSoo•oo2 37,800 750904 4051937•002 •lo76906•002 4046276-002 •lo75l8l•002 101nnoo•oo2 31oT96 750902 4o49S23•002 •lo7~9io•002 4o .. l9"4-002 •loT51611•002 ; o I o,on•oi,2 37 o 792 7501199 4o41)J6•002 •lo769IS•002 4041437-002 •l,75181•002 

i,11noo•ni,2 37,7811 750896 4,44775•002 •lo76'll9•002 4,311915-00? •lo75230+002 1. 11 sno•oi,2 37,7114 75,1193 4o4?439•00Z -1,76923•002 4,36530-002 •lo75308•002 i.12000•002 37,780 75,890 4,4012'1-002 •l,76927•i,02 4034372-002 •l,75403•002 

1.1z,oo•oti2 37,776 75,888 4,37843•002 •l

076931•002 4o3Z4!>2-002 -1.75496•002 

lollDOO•Oii2 37,773 75011115 4035581•002 •l,76'l35•oo2 4o3071M•002 -1 o 75574•002 101J,00•002 370769 750882 4033342•002 •lo76939•o02 4o290IIJ•OOZ •1075631•002 loJ4uoo•oii2 37 o 765 7501179 40311211-002 •1 076943•002 4027461-002 -1,75665•002 

iol450o•oo~ 37,761 7r;o876 4028936•002 -1o76947•002 40257113-002 -1 o 75681 •002 1015000•002 37 o 757 75,874 4oZ6767•00? •lo769S0•002 4o240l5-002 •lo75687•D02 

io1ssoo•oo2 37,753 7So87J 4024620-002 •lo76954 Q02 4o2215Z•002 •1075690•002 

io16ooo•oii2 37,74'1 75,1168 40224'16•002 •l,76958°002 4,20213-002 -1,75696•002 loJ6S00•002 37,745 750865 4,20392•002 •loT696l•002 4ol82J3-002 •1075709•002 

io171100•002 37,741 75,862 4,18311•002 •lo76964•Q02 4,16246-002 •I• 757Z9•002 j.11soo•oii;, 370737 75,859 4, 16250•002 •l 076968•002 4,142113-002 •1075757•002 lo\ll~Oo•oi,2 37,733 75,857 4, 14210-002 •l076971•002 4olZ365-oo? •1075789•002 

lo111soo•oo2 370730 750854 4ol2190•002 •lo76974•002 4ol0502-002 •1075823•002 lol9UOO•Oo2 37,726 75,851 4ol0190•002 •1 076977+002 40086"4•002 •lo75856+002 

to111soo•oij2 370722 71;o848 4o08210•00Z -1,76980•(!02 4006932-002 •1075884+002 

1,201100•002 370718 750845 4006249•002 -1 o ?E

,983•002 4005202-002 •lo7590T•002 io205oo•oii2 370714 750843 40043011-002 •lo76986•002 40034117-002 -1,75923•002 

}o2l1100•0Q2 37 o 710 75,1140 4,0?385-002 •l076989•002 4o01774-002 •lo7!!934•002 1.nsoo•oo2 37,706 7501137 4,00481•002 •lo76992•Q02 4o00050-00? •1075939•002 lo22UOO•Oo2 370702 75,1!34 3098595•002 •l,76995•Q02 3o9113U5•002 •lo75940•002 1,22500•002 370698 750831 3,96727-002 •l 07r.99B•Q02 3o965J6•00Z -1,75939•002 lo?3000•002 370694 750829 3,94877-002 •lo77000•002 3094742-002 •lo7S938•002 1,235nn•oo2 370690 750826 3,93045•002 -1, 77003•002 3o929Z5-on2 -1 o 75931•002 lo24UOO•Og2 370686 75,823 3o912z9-002 •1077006•002 3,91092-002 •lo75939+002 

1024500•002 37,683 750820 J,89431•002 •lo77008•002 3,89248-002 •lo7594J•002 io25000•002 370679 7501117 3087650•002 •lo770ll•002 3,87402-002 •1075951•002 1,25!>00•002 370675 750815 3o85885•00Z •I, 77013•002 3,85502-ooz -1,75964•002 

i,26ooo•no? 370671 750812 3,84136-002 •l,77016•002 3o837JS•002 -1,75980•002 

1,26500'0Q? 37,667 75,809 3o8?403-no2 -1 o 11018•002 3o819i!7-002 -1,75999•002 1.211100•0~2 370663 750806 3080687•002 -1, 77020°002 3080143•002 -1,76022•002 

1,27500•00~ 37o65'l 7So803 3078985-002 •1077023•002 30783118-002 -1,76047•002 

77 
Table 8. Path 2, 25 MHz {see graphs 15 and 16). 

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EARTH 

ON A 8EARINR OF, 150•000IDEGol FROM 38,6551DEGo LATol• 76,5281DEGo LONGol 

EPSILON • BolOOOO•ool, ~IGMA ■ 2000000•000, REIEPSILONCI • RolOOOO•OOl, IMCEPSILONCI • •lo44000•003 

EPSILONl • 4o80000•001, SIGMAl • i,OOOOO•OOO, REIEPSILONCll • 4080000•001, IMIEPSILONCll • •To20000•002 REIZI = 7.2138~•000, IMlz> • 6081948•000• REIZll • lo02486•001t IMCZll • 9 058807•000 

YQ a OoOOOOn•OOOKM• Yl • •l 042000•000KM, Y2 ■ ?.o12500•000KM, Rl • 8 085000•001KM, R2 • 8 041800•001KM 

FREOUF.NCY • 2o50000•001MHZ, WAVELENGTH• lol9917•002KM 

0 LAT 0 LONGo F m.z, ARG FID,ZI F•CD,z,n, ARG f• CD,Z,Zll 

IKM) IDEG0I IDEGol IMAGNITUDEI IOEGol I MAGNITUDE I COE6ol 

3.36720•000 38.629 76.509 7044502-001 •7.6?403•001 704450?-001 •7062403•001 6 07344o•oin 311.603 76.489 5.72819-001 -1,04029•!02 5.72819-001 -1.04029•002 i.nl016•0pl 38.576 76.470 4046928-001 -1.221161•!)02 4.46928-001 •l .22861 002 

1 0346BfhO!!l 38.550 76.451 3.53335-001 •1 036673•002 3053335.001 -1,36673•002 l 611360 001 38 0524 76.431 2,83184-001 -l 047064•Q02 2 0831114.00l -1.47064•002 2.n.20J2•001 38.497 76.412 2.3ii252•00l -1.549?.0•002 2.302!>2-001 •lo54920•002 2.35704•001 38.471 76.393 1.90052-001 •l 060823oj02 1.90052-001 •lo60823•002 ?..69376•001 38 0445 71',.373 1.59303-001 -l,65?.09•!)02 1.59303-001 -1.65209+002 3 0n3o4AoOiit 311.419 76.354 1.35589-oo.i -l.6~419•!)02 1.35589.001 -1.68419•002 ~.3b720+0Q1 38 0392 76.335 l 017123•001 •l 070734•Q02 lol7li1!3-001 -1.10734•002 3 07o392•0iit 38.366 76.315 1.02585-001 •l 07?379•V02 1.02585.001 -1.72379+002 4 0n4'l64•001 38.340 76.296 9009969•002 -1.73536•002 9,09969-002 •1073536•002 4 037736•001 38.314 76.277 8.16376-002 -1.74342•002 8016376.002 -1.74342•002 4 0 71•'18•001 38.287 76.258 7.39748-002 -l.74903•Q02 7.39748-002 -1.74903•002 5 0n50Bo•oii1 380?61 76.239 6.76151-002 -1.75294•!)02 6.76151-002 -1.75294•002 5 038_752•0!!1 38.235 76.219 6.22673-002 -l 075568oQ02 6.22673-002 -1.75568 002 

5 0 724i.'4•0fll 38 0208 76.200 5 • 77148-002 -l 075763•Q02 5.77148.002 -1.75763•002 6 0Q60Y6•00l 38. 182 76.181 ,5.37950-002 -1.75905•!)02 5.37950.002 •l.75905•002 6 03'17611•001 38 0156 76.162 5 003852•002 -1.76009•002 5 0038!>2.002 -1.76009 002 

6.73440•001 38 0130 76. 143 4.73914-002 -1.76089•002 4.73914-002 • l • 76089•002 T0n7112•0iil 38 0103 7.6.124 4.47410-002 -1.76150•002 4.47410-002 -1.76150•002 7 0407K4•00l 38 0077 u,.105 4.23774-002 •l 076200•p02 4.23774-002 •l.76200•002 7.74456•0iit 38 0051 76 0085 4002557-002 •l 076240•Q02 4.02557.002 -1.76240•002 R0n8128•001 38 0024 76.066 3 083399-002 -l 076274•Q02 3 083399.002 •l.76274+002 8 041BOO•Oiil 37.998 76.047 3.66010-002 •1 076303•002 3.66010.002 •1076303•002 \ 

a 041eoo•on1 37.998 76.047 3066010•002 •lo76303•002 3o660lD-002 •lo 76303•002 

8 0435.?B•Oiil 37.997 76.046 3065161•002 •lo76304•002 3.58556-002 •lo80859•002 8 045256•0iil 37.c;,95 76.o45 3064315•002 -l.76305•iio2 3052246-002 •1•82553•002 8 0469114•0iil 37.994 76.044 3.63474•002 -1.76307•002 3046358•002 •1083736•002 11.411712•0111 37.993 76.043 3062637•002 •lo76308•Q02 3040804-002 •lo84640•002 R.5044n•oiit 37.991 76.042 3o61R03•002 •l.76309•002 3035542-0112 •lo853.6l•002 R.52168•0ol 37.ca9o u,.041 3o6Q974•002 •lo763ll•002 3030546•002 •1085946•002 8 05J896•0iil 37.988 76.040 306(i14R-002 -l.76312•002 3o257YJ-on2 -1,86426•002 l'.55624•0,11 37.987 76.040 3059326-002 -l.76313•002 3.21269-002 •1086821•002 a.5ns2•nci1 37.986 76.o39 3o5850ll•002 -1.1u15•i,02 3ol69~R-002 -1087146•002 R05911HO•Oiil 37.984 76.038 3057693-002 -1.76316•002 3ol284Y•002 •1087412•002 ll 06QIIOR•oiil 37.983 76.o37 3.561183-002 •lo76317•G02 3008929-002 •lo87628•002 ll 062536•0ii1 37.982 76.036 3o56076•002 •lo763J8•002 3.0~189-002 •lo87800•002 ll.64264•0cil 37.980 76o035 3055273•002 •lo76320•002 30016111-002 •1087934•002 l!o6~YY2•0ill 37.979 76.o34 3.54473-1102 •lo7632l•ii02 2.911211<1-002 •1088035•002 R06772o•Ool 37.978 76.033 3053677•002 •l.76322•i>o2 2o949l>2•002 •lo88107•002 ... 69448•001 37.976 76.032 3052885•(102 -1.763i.'3•i,02 2•91841-002 •lo8Bl53•002 R07ll76•00J 31.c;,75 76.031 3•52096-002 -1.76325•002 2088866-002 •1088176•002 R072\104•00I 37.974 76.030 3051311•002 •l 0763i.'6+002 2.86023-002 •l,88179•002 R074632•0111 37.972 76.029 3050530-002 •l,763270002 2.83303-002 -1.88164+002 R076360•0~1 37.971 76.028 3.49752-002 .1 076328•~02 2.80100.002 •l 088133•002 R.7110K8oOnl 37 0ca10 76.027 3.48977-002 -1.76329•002 2.782119.002 •l,88089•002 R07YRl6•001 37.9611 76.026 3.48206-002 -1 76331 1102 2 07~8i?4.002 •l,88032•002 8 0111~•4•001 37.967 76.1125 3.47438-002 •l.76332•!.)02 2,73539.002 •le87964•002 a 011J212ooii1 37.966 76.024 3046674-002 -1.76333•002 2. 713511.002 •1087887 002 

8.85000•001 37.964 76.02.] 3.45913-002 -1.76334•002 2.69251.002 •loBT80l•002 

78 
Table 8 (cont.) 

/) LAT. LONG, f'ID,Z) ARG ,io,z> ,•10,Z,?i> ARG f'•10,z,z1 I (IIM) IOEG,l IO[G,1 I MAGN ITUOE) IOEG,1 (MA8NlTUOE> (0[8.1 

A,~6250+0()! 37,963 76,022 3,45365-002 -1,76335•002 2,72145-002 -1 ,83712•002 8,A7500•001 37,962 u,,021 3,44819-002 -J • 76336+002 2.71355-002 -1,821119+002 R,111HSo+og1 37,961 76,021 3,44274-002 -1,76337+002 2, 77 ll•-002 -1 ,81341+002 11,90000+001 37,960 u,,020 3,43131-002 -1,76337+002 2,75293-002 -1,80669+002 8,95U00•001 3'7,956 76,017 3,41576-002 -1,76341•002 2,825!:>9-002 -1, 77671•002 

9,00000•0ril 37,952 76,014 3.39449-002 -l,76344+Q02 2,84362-002 -1,76429•002 9,05000•001 37,949 76,012 3,373411-002 -1. 76347•Q02 2,89704-002 -1,75910•002 9,10000+001 37,945 76,009 3,35273-002 -1,76350+002 2,92505-002 -1,75014+002 9,1!:>UOO+OQl 37,941 76,006 3,33224-002 -1,76353+002 2,952111-002 -1,74451•002 <1,20000•001 37,937 76,003 3,31200-002 -1,76356+002 2,97456-002 -1,74199+002 9,25000•001 37,933 76,000 3,29201-002 -1,76359+902 2,99100-002 -1,74233+002 9,30000+001 37,929 75,997 3,27226-002 -1.76362+002 2,99428-002 -1,73522•002 9,35000•001 37,925 75,995 3,25275-002 -1,71\365+002 3,00097-002 -1, 73865•002 

9,40000•0ol 37,921 75,992 3,23347-002 -l,7"367•002 3,0u5S9-002 -1, 73440•002 

<i,45ooo•oii1 37+'117 75,989 3,21443-002 -1,76370•002 3,003!:>7-002 -1,73686•002 <1,50000•001 37,913 75,986 3,19561-002 -1,76373•002 3,02571-002 -1,73556•002 9,55Q00•001 37,909 75,983 3,17701-002 -1,76375•002 3,01323-002 -1,73580•002 9,60000•001 37,906 75,981 3,15862-002 -1,76378•002 3,00109-002 -1.73880•002 

9,65000•001 37,'102 75,978 3 • 14046-002 -1,76381•002 3,01368-002 -1+73697•002 

9,7onoo•oo1 37,1198 75,975 3,12250-002 -1,76383•002 3,00731-002 -1,73727•002 9,75UOO•Oiil 37,1194 75,972 3,10474-002 -1,76386•002 2,98572-002 -1,73702•002 9,Ruuoo•oo1 37,1190 75,969 3,08719-002 -l,76388•i,o2 2,98806-002 -1,74054•002 <i,85000•001 37,1186 75,966 3,06984-002 -1,76391•002 2,98241-002 -1,73984•002 9,90000'001 37,1182 75,964 3•05269-002 -1,76393•002 2,979117-002 -1,74059•002 9,95000•001 37,1178 75,961 3,03573-002 -1,76395•002 2,96!17&-002 •1,73884•002 j ,00000•002 · 37,874 75,958 3,01895-002 -1,76398•002 2,945111-002 -1 • 74112•002 

i,ou!>oo•oii2 37,1170 75.955 3,00ZJ1-oo? -1,76400•002 2.9411:15-002 -1,74276•002 .1.01000•002 37,866 75,952 2,'18!196-002 -1,76402•002 2,93082-002 -1074310•002 

1,01soo•oo2 37,863 75,950 2,96974-002 -1,76404•002 2,922z1-002 -1,74473•002 i,02000•002 37.8!19 75.947 i,95369-002 -1,76406•002 2,918'12-002 -1,74466•002 1,02500•002 37.1155 75,944 2,93782-002 -1,76409•002 2.90503-002 -1,74353•002 1.030~0•002 37,11!1I 75,941 2•9?212-002 -1,76411•002 2,885b7-002 -1,744111•002 1.03500•002 37,847 7!1,938 2,90658-002 -1,76413•002 2,87266-002 -1,74570•002 1.04ooo•oii2 37,1143 75,935 2,8'!1121-002 •l,764J5•Q02 2,86235-002 -t, 7463!1•002 i .o45oo•oi>2 37 0 113'1 7!1,933 2,87601-002 -1,76417•002 2,84842-002 -1,74675•002 i.osuoo•oo2 37.1135 75,930 2,86096-002 -1,76419 002 2,8331:17-002 -1,74792•002 ,.05500•09?. 37.831 75,927 2,B46oll-002 -1,76421•002 2,823111-002 -1,74934•002 1,06000•002 37,827 75,924 2,83135-002 -1,76423•()02 2,81639-002 • I, 74996•002 1.065uo•oii2 37,1123 7!1,921 2.81677-002 -1,76425•002 2,80108-002 -1•74970•002 

1,01000•002' 37,1119 75,919 2,80234-002 -1,764?7•ijo2 2,79366-002 -1.74934•002 ,.~75oo•oii2' 37,816 75,916 2,7RII06-002 -1,76429•002 2,77820-002 -1,74949•002 J,OlsOQO•Oii2 37,1112 75.913 2• 77392-002 -1,76430•002 2,76366-002 -1,75012•002 t.('ts5!'o•o02 37.11011 7!1.910 2,75993-002 -1,76432•002 2,75099-002 -1,75077•002 i,09000•002 37,Ro4 75.907 2,746011-002 -1,76434•002 2o739U3-002 -1 • 75114•002 1,0\1500•002 37,eoo 75.904 2• 73237-002 -1.76436•002 2,726-'5-002 -1,75129•002 1,10000•002 37,796 75,902 2•71880-002 -l,76438•002 2,11215-002 -1,75148•002 i,10!>~0•002 37.792 75,899 2•70536-002 -1,76439•002 2.697!>0-002 -1,75194•002 1.11000•002 37,788 75.896 2,69206•002 -1,76441•002 2,68349-002 -1,75268 002 

i,11500•002 37,784 75,893 2,67889-002 -1,76443•002 2,67091-002 -1,7!135!1•002 l,J<'P~O•Oo2 37,780 75 0890 2,665R4-002 -1,76445•002 2,6591H-002 -1,7!1432•002 i,12!>00•002 37,776 7!1,888 2,65292-002 -1,76446•002 2,64949-002 -1,75484•002 1,131100•002 37.773 75,885 2,64013-002 -1,11,4411•002 2,63923-002 -1, 7!1!109•002 

i.1:1500•002 37,769 75,882 2,62746-002 -1,76449•002 2,62U8-0o2 -1,75514•002 J,J4000•002 37,76!1 75,879 2,6102-002 -1,76451•002 2.61614-002 -1,7!1!113•002 J,1450o•og? 37,761 75,876 2,6024<1-002 -1,76453•002 2,60447-002 -1,75516•002 1.15000•002 37,757 75,874 2,59018-002 -1,76454•Q02 2,591<12-002 -1,75529•002 J,15500•0~2 .37,753 75,871 2,57799-002 -1,76456•002 2,57948-002 -1,75552•002 1,11>000•002 37,749 7!1,868 2,56591-002 -1.76457•002 2,56740-002 -1, 7!1581 •002 

1,16500•002 37,745 75,865 2•5!1395-002 -1,76459•002 2,55575-002 -1,75610•002 

i.1rooo•oii2 37. 741 75,862 2,54210-002 -1,76460•002 2,54446-002 -1,75635•002 

1,17500•002 37,737 75,859 2,53036-002 -1,76462•002 2,53336-002 -1.75652•002 

),IIIUOO•Ol)2 37,733 75,857 2,51873-002 -1,76463•902 2,52225-002 -1,75661•002 1,Jb500•002 37,730 75,854 2,50120-002 -1.76465•002 2,510°'9-002 -1.7566!1•002 

i,19ouo•oli2 37,726 75,851 2,49!178-002 -l,76466•i,02 2,49951-002 -1,75667•002 1, lll!>OO•Oo? 37,722 7!1,848 2,48446-002 -1,76468•002 2,487111-002 -1,7!1670•002 i,20000•002 37.7111 7!1.845 2,47315-002 -1, 76469 002 2.475117-002 -1, 7!1677•002 

1,2osoo•oo2 37,714 7!1,843 l,46214-002 -1, 76471•002 2,464U9-002 -1,7!1691•002 i.21ooo•oii?. 37,710 75.840 2,451 il•002 -1.76472•002 2,45231-002 -1, 75710•002 

i ,21500•002 37.706 7,;,937 2,44021-002 -1. 764 73•002 2,44072-002 -1 • 7573!1•002 

1.22000•002 37,702 75,834 2•42940•002 -1,76475•Q02 2•42941-002 -1,7!1765•002 i,22500•002 37.698 75,831 2•41868-002 -1,76476•()02 2,41843-002 -1,75797•002 1,23000•002 37,694 7!1,829 2,40805-002 -1,76477•002 2,40777-002 -1,7511211•002 1,2J!>oo•o92 37.690 75,826 2,39752-002 -1. 76479 002 2,39741-002 -1,7!18511•002 1.24000•002 37,686 75,823 2,38708-002 -l,764R0•002 2,38731-002 -1,75885•002 1.;,4500•002 37,683 75,820 2•37673-002 -1,764111•002 2.37740-002 -1,7!1908•002 j.25000•002 )7,679 75,817 2,)6647-002 -1.76482•002 2,36763-002 -1,7!1927•002 1,25500•002 37,675 75,815 2,3!1630-002 -1,76484•002 2,35794-002 -1,75941•002 j,26000•002 37,671 7!1,812 2,34621-002 -1,76485•002 2,348Z9-002 •10759!12•002 

1,26~00•002 37,667 75,809 2,33622-002 -1,76486•002 203381>5-002 •1,75960•002 

i.21000•00? 37,663 75,806 2,3t6J1-002 -1. 76487 901 2.328119-002 -1,75966•002 i,27500•002 37,659 75,803 2,31648-002 -1,76489•002 2,31933-002 •1,75972•002 

79 
EPStLON • 

EPSil.nNl ■ 

Table 9. Path 3, 10 MHz (see graphs 17 and 18). 

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EARTM 

ON A BEARIN~ Ofo JSO•nOOIOEGol FROM 3Bo65SlDEGo LAT,lo 76o52810EG, L0NG 01 

8olOOOO•OOlo SIGMA • 2.00000•000, REIEPSILONCJ • RolOOOO•OUlo IMIEPSILONCl ■ •3o60000•003 

1,50000•00lo ~IGMAI • 2o00000•003o REIEPSILONCII • lo50000•00lo IMIEPSILONCll • •3,60000•000 

REIZI • 4049211•0000 IMlzl • 4039218•0000 REIZll • 9,53227+0010 IMIZ11 ■ 1012786•001 

yn • OoOOOOO•OOOKMo YI• •l,420oo•OOOKMo Y2 • 2o12500+000KMo RI• 8 085000o001KMo R2 ■ 8041B00•001KM 

FREDUF.NCY • l,OOOOO OOlMHZ, WAVELENGTH ■ 2o997'13•002'KM 

u LATo LnNGo F1D0ZI ARG FIDoZI F•lDoZolll &MG F•10,z,z1 I 

!KM) IOEG,I lrlEG,1 IMAGNITUOEI IDEG,1 l MAGN ITIIDE I IOEG,1 

3,36720•onn 38,629 76,509 9,52940•001 •3,15859•Q01 9,52940-001 •3,15859•001 ~.73440•0~!1 311,603 76,489 9,11664•001 -4,442114•001 9,11664.001 -4,44214•001 1.nllll6•0nl 38,576 76,470 8,72883-00I .S,4i270 001 8,728113.001 .S,412?0+001 1,3•611800111 38,550 7',,451 R,36181-001 .6,2i_74lo!)Ol 8,31>1111.001 .6,21741•001 ! 068J60•0iil 38,524 76,431 11,01342-00l -6.91506•001 a,ou•z-001 -6,91506•001 ?,n20l2'•0iil 38,497 76.412 7,68218•00I •7 053559•001 7,68218•001 -7.53559•001 

2.35704•001 38,471 7f,,393 7 036691-00l .800116Uoi)Ol 7,36691.001 .R,09684+001 2,611J76oO~l 311,445 76.373 7 006664-00l .80 61050+~01 7 0 06664.ool .8.61050 001 

3,03U48+00l 38,419 76.354 6.78oso-001 .Cl 00ll4Tl•~OI 6.Taobo-001 .9.01471 001 

3, "11>72n+oi,1 38.392 76,335 6 0 50771-DOl -9 0 5;,543•001 6,50771.ool -9.52543•001 

3 010J92•0~1 38.366 76.315 6 0 24757•001 .90 93718+001 6.24757.001 .9.93Tll•001 

4,""U64+0nl 38 0340 76.296 5.99942-001 -1.03235+~02 s.99942-001 -1.03235•002 

4,37736•001 38.~14 76.277 5 076265-00l -1.061172+002 s.112,5.001 .1.06872•002 

4, 714tftll OOI 38.287 76.2"58 5 053f,69-001 -1.10305•002 5.53669.001 •l,10305+002 5,o5U80•Diil 38.l'61 76 0239 5.3210?-001 •l 01JS54+Q02 5.32102-001 -1.13554 002 

5.3_1S752•001 38.;>35 76.219 5.11sn-001 --l.16635+002 5,11513-001 •1016635+002 

'5, 72 ... 24•0"1 38.208 76.200 4 0 919ss.001 -1.19560•002 ,911155-001 •l • 191>60•002 

6 00bU91,+001 38. 182 76.1&1 4 073083-UOl -1 .22343+002 .730113-001 •l .22343•002 f',,J<,17f,R+Oril 38,156 76.162 , .55154-001 •l 0 24992+Q02 4,5Sl!o4.oot •lo24992+002 

6,734t•O•OOI 38,130 76.143 4.38030-00\ -1.27518+1102 4.Jllolo-001 •lo27Sl8•002 

7 .07112•01)1 38.103 76.124 4021671-001 -1.29927•002 4.21.671-001 •lo2992T 002 

7 040"flS"•Oiil 3B,o77 76.105 4006042•001 -l.32226+go2 4,06042-001 •lo32226•002 

7.74456+001 311 0051 76.085 3o9i.to9-001 -1.34422•002 3,91109-001 •1034422•002 

A,"11l2R+OQ1 38.024 76.066 3076839-001 -1.36521 1!02 3,7Hl9.001 -1.36521•002 

ll 04ltlOO•OOI 37,9911 76 0047 3.63201-001 -1.38528•002 3.63201.001 -1.38528+002 

11,41800•0111 37,998 76.047 3063201•001 -1.311528•1102 3o632Ul•001 •lo38528 002 

A,435?11+0111 37,997 76.046 3.62s18-00I -1,311628•002 1,68505.001 •lo69874•002 

A,4!>256+001 37.995 76 0 045 3,61836-00l -1 0311728•1102 1,27529.001 •l.74814 002 

e.•6"'d.rt•nin 37.994 u, 0044 3.61156-001 -1.388211•!102 l,Ob5l4-ool •lo76841•002 

A,48"'17.•0~I 37,993 76.043 3,60477-001 -1 0311928+002 9,13818-002 .1.77765•002 

A,50440+01)1 37,991 76.042 3.59800-001 •1 039028+1102 a.u5zs.002 -1 • 78166•002 

A,52lbll+G!!1 37,990 u,.0 1 3.5912s-001 -1.311127+002 7.3T9il!o.ooz -1.78218•002 

8,5311'16+0111 37,988 7f, 0 3,58451-00I -1.3922'7 •1102 6.lil4111>-002 •l,78248•002 A05!>6?4+0ftl 37,987 76.040 3.57779-001 •l 0 SC1326•4!02 6,3~036.002 •lo781lh002 

A,'57:15,'+0~1 37.986 76,039 3,57108-001 •1 039424+002 S,897JII.002 -1 • 77913•002 11 05',IUMO+OOI 37,984 76,031 3.S643B-ool -l 039523•Q02 5,55506-002 •lo77676•002 

A,1,011(18+0111 37,983 11,.037 3055771-00l -1 039621•002 5.259b8.002 •lo77414•002 ... ,2~.36•001 37.982 76.036 3o551os-001 •1 039719+002 5,00117.002 -1 • 77135•002 11,6426 -0ill 37.9110 u,.035 3054440-001 •l,3111117•002 4,772118.002 •1076845•002 

A,6!>V92•001 37,979 76.034 3.53777-001 •l 039914+002 4,56873-002 •lo76550+002 

A.67720•0~1 37.978 76.033 3.5311s-ool •l 04f012•1102 ... 311521-002 •lo76250 002 

ll 06V"48•0~1 37.976 76.032 3.524ss-001 •lo40ll'9•002 4,218'10-002 •lo75949 002 8,71176•001 37,975 u,.o3t 3.51797-00I •l 04Q206•Q02 ,oun.002 •lo7564T 002 

8,7i!'l04•001 37,974 76.030 3,51140•001 -1.40303•!!02 3.9211<!6-002 •lo75346+002 

8 0 746l2•00l 37,972 111.029 3o5ii48S.ool -1.49399•!)02 3080019.002 •1075047+002 l' 076360•0QI 37,971 76.028 3.49831-00I •l 04Q495•Q02 30611170-002 •1074749•002 

A.1tsu~A•On1 37.970 76.027 3 •• 9178-00I •l 0 4o59l•002 3.57164•002 •lo 74452+002 

"• 7'18J6•0iil 37.968 76.026 3 048527-00I •l 0 40687•o02 3, '905-002 •lo 74158+002 

e.111544+0i11 37.967 76.025 3 0 47878•001 •l 0 40783o002 3,37310-002 -1.73867•002 

11.83272•0QJ 37.966 76.024 3.47230-001 •l,40178+p02 30211312-002 -1.73578•002 

11 011suoo•oo1 37 0964 7,,_023 J.46584•001 -1. 0973•002 3 0l9R50-002 •lo 73291 •002 

80 
Table 9 (cont. ) 

() LAT 0 LONG, ,co,z, ARG !'CO,Zl ,•co,Z,Zll ARG ,. co,Z,ZI I IK~) IOEG,I IDEG,l (MAGNITUDE I IDEGol (MAGNITUDE) IDEGol 

A,A6250•0nl 37,Q63 76,022 3,46117•001 •1041042+002 Io 118411.001 •1,22463•002 

A,87500•001 37,962 76,021 3,45651-001 -1.41111•002 1,15296.001 •l,17749•002 

A,At175Q•O~I 37,961 76,021 

3

045186-00l -l.4!179•Q02 

1

028401.00l •l, 17327•002 

A,90000•001 37,960 76,020 3.44722•001 -1.4)248•002 1,19054.00l •l,15913•002 

8,95000+001 37,956 1t-.011 3,42872-001 -l

041520•Q02 1,62165-001 •1,22888+002 

9.00000•001 37.952 76,014 3,41035-001 -1.41791+002 1,68073.001 -1,25282+002 

9,o5uOO•Oii1 37,949 76,012 3,39210-00I -1,42059+002 1,94154.0ol -1 ,231311+002 

9,10000•001 37,945 n,oo9 3,37397-00l -1,42326•902 1,8641>6.001 •l,25223+002 

9,15000•0~1 37,941 76,006 3,35597-ool -1,42592+002 1,91>2::.1.001 -1,28666•002 

9,20000+001 37,937 76,003 3,338011-001 -1,42855+1)02 2,111197.00I •l,23661•002 

9,25UOO•OQ1 37,'133 76,000 3,32031-00I •lo43117+002 2,09915-00I -1,25838+002 

9,30~00+001 37,929 75,997 3,307.66-00I -1 ,43377+q02 2,0561>9.ool •l,26491+002 

'1,35000•001 37,925 75,995 3,28513-00l •l,4363S+Q02 2,217u4.00I •l,30629+002 

9,40000•0~1 37,921 7'\,992 3026772-00I -l,43A92+Q02 2,31511H.OOI •1027509 002 

9,451100•001 37,917 75.989 3,25042•001 •l,44147•Q02 2,2828•-001 •l,27866+002 

9,50UU0•001 37,913 75,986 3,23323-001 •1

044400+002 2,33775.00l •l,27705•002 ... s5ooo•Oii1 37,909 75,983 3,21616-001 -1 044652+002 2021121>2-00l -1,26828+002 

ci.60000•001 37 ... 06 75,'181 3,19920-001 -1,44902•~02 2,22441.ool •l,29530+002 

9,65000•0Ql 37,902 75.978 

3

018236-0ol -l

045150+Q02 

2

0307116.00I •l,32300•002 

9,70000•001 37,8911 15o915 3,16563-00I -l

045397+Q02 2,41084.00l •l,321550002 

'1,75000•0Ql 37,1194 75.972 3,14900-001 -l

04S642+002 2,43507-001 •l,31235•002 

Cl,80000•0Q1 37,1190 75o969 3013249-00I -1,45886+002 2,425Z2.001 •1031403+002 

'1,851100•001 37,886 75o966 3oll609•001 •l

046128+Q02 2,445ll-001 •l,32169+002 

'1,'IOOO<!•Oiil 37.11112 75.964 3009'1

80-001 •l,46368+002 2,49089.ool •lo32290+00Z 

Q

0'15uOO•Oiil 37,878 75.961 3.011361•001 -1.46607+002 2,5111Z4-001 •l o31557oOOZ 

i,nc.000,002 37,874 75.958 3,06753-00I •l,46844+002 2050248.001 •lo30676+002 j,oosoo,0~2 37,870 7S,955 3,05156-00I •1 047079•002 2,45377-00I -1030408•002 1,01000•002 37,866 75o952 3,0357n-001 •l,4T314+Q02 2,40ll7-00I •l,31066•002 

\,,1500°002 37,863 75,950 3,01994•001 •l

047546•Q02 2,37082.001 •l,324ll•002 

i,nzuoo•o~2 37,8S9 75.947 3,oii42R-001 -1 ,47771•002 2,37122-00I •l ,33897<002 

1.ozsoo,002 37,1115S 75,944 2, 98873-oo 1 •l,4II007•Q02 2,39456.001 •1035057•002 j,n3U00+002 37 01151 75,941 2,97328-00I •l,48235•Q02 2042574-001 •lo35720•002 

1,03500•002 37.847 75,938 2.95793-001 •l,41146l+Q02 2,451110.001 •I o3597h002 

1.0•000•002 37,843 75,'135 2,942611•001 •1,48686•Q02 2,46623•001 •l,36021+002 

l,04S00'002 37.839 75,933 2,92754•001 •lo4119IO•Q02 2046879-00l •1036062•002 1,05uoo•o02 37,1135 75.930 2,9124'1•001 •l,49132•002 2,46335-001 •1036227•002 

i,ossoo•oii~ 37,11131 75,927 

• 2,89754•001 •l,49352•002 2,45529-00I •1036570•002 

i,06000•002 37,1127 75.924 2088269•001 •l ,4'1571 •002 2,44950-001 •l,37067•002 

1.06500•002 37,823 75,921 2086794•001 •l,49789•002 2,44908•001 •1037651•002 

i,n1noo•oii2 37.•1!9 75.919 2,85329•001 •l,5!J005•qo2 2045504•001 -1 +3823

'4•002 1.0·1soo•oo2 37,1116 75,916 2083873•001 •l,50220•002 2,466!:>3•001 -1;31741•002 

l,<!t1UOO•OQ2 37,1112 75.913 2,8?427-001 •lo5Q434•Q02 Z,48152-001 •l,39122•002 

1,011soo•oo2 37,1108 75.9IO 2•80'1'11•001 •lo50646•ll02 2049751-001 •lo3'1355•002 

i,o9ooo•oi,2 37,804 75.907 2,79564•001 •lo50l!56•Q02 2,s1211-001 •l,394411•002 

l,09500•0o? 37,800 75,904 2,78146•001 •l,51066+QOZ 2.s234z-001 •lo394ZJ•OOZ 

l,10U30•007. 37,796 75,902 2, 767311•001 •l,5!274•002 2,5'3016-00l •l,39314•002 1.105oo•on2 37 0792 75,899 2,75339-001 -1.5i480•002 2053173•001 •l,391511•002 

1.11000•002 31,188 75,896 z, 73949-001 •lo5j685•002 2,52R08•00I -1,38989•002 1. 11soo•oo2 37,784 75,893 2,72568•001 •1051889•002 205191>1-00I •I ,38838•002 1,1zooo•oijz 37,780 75,890 2• 71196•001 -1os2091•ooz z,5u702-001 •!038728•002 i,12500•002 37,776 75.888 2,6'1834•001 -1.5:?2'12•002 2,411121-001 •1038676•002 

i,13000•002 37,773 75.885 2,68480•001 -1.52492•002 2,47312-001 •!038693•002 Io tJSoo•ooz 37,769 75.882 2,67135•001 •l,52691•002 2,45371-001 -1,38784•002 1.14000•002 37.765 75,879 2,657\19-001 •l,52888•002 2,43382-001 •l,3119411•002 J,14500•002 37,761 75,876 2o6447i-001 •1,53083•002 z,41420-001 -1 ,39lilo•ooz 1,15000•002 37,757 75,874 2063153•001 •1,53278•002 2.39544-001 •1039473•002 

1,\5500•002 37,753 75,871 2,61843•001 •I .53471 •qOZ 2+37797-001 •1,391116•002 l,16000•0Q2 37,749 75.868 2060542•001 -1.53663•002 2036208•001 •1040198•002 l,16500•0o?. 37,745 7S,865 2,5'1249•001 •l,S3854•002 2.347\12-001 •1•40608•002 i,11000•002 37,741 75,862 2o57'164•00I •lo54043•(io2 2,335!13-001 •1•41034•002 1,J7500•092 37. 737 75,8S9 2,56689•001 •lo5423l•002 2,324114•001 •1041466•002 l,18000•002 37. 733 75.857 2,55421•001 •l,54418•002 2,31571-001 •l,411196•002 j,111500•002 37.730 75,1154 2,54162•0~1 •lo54604•Q02 2,307\16•001 •l,42317•op2 1.111000•002 37.726 75,851 2•52910•001 •1054788•002 2,30139•001 •1,421z2•002 i,i9500•002 37.722 75,848 2•5}667•001 •lo54971•002 2,29575-001 •lo43IOll•002 i,2oaoo•oii2 37,718 7§,845 2,50433•001 •1 055153•002 2029082-001 •l043472•002 l,?OSOO•Oci2 37.714 75,843 2,49206•001 •lo55334•002 2,28639•001 •1043813•002 i .nooo•oci2 37,710 7§,840 2047987•001 •l,55513+q02 2,211226-001 -1044131 •002 1.21soo•on2 37,706 '1'5,837 2046776•001 •lo5"i692•002 2,27826•001 •1•44426•002 j.22uoo•oii2 31+10? 75,834 2,45573•001 •1,55869+002 2,27423•001 •1044701•002 

),22soo•oo2 37.691! 75,831 2044378•001 •l 056044•002 2o27004•001 •io44955•002 1,~3000•00? 37,694 75,829 2043191•001 •l,56219•002 2,2651>1•00I •1045193•002 i,23!:iOl)•Oij;> 37,690 75,1126 2•4?011• 001 •l,56393•902 2,260111>-001 •1045415•002 l,24UOO•OO?. 37,686 75,823 2040839•001 -1.56565•002 2,25572-001 •1045625•002 i,24500•0i)? 3706113 75,1120 2039615•001 •l,56736•002 2,25018-00I •1045824•002 lo2!:I000•002 37,679 75,817 2o38!!18•00l •l,56906•002 2o244i!l•001 •1046015•002 

i,?5500•002 37,675 75,815 2037369•001 •1057075•002 20237111-001 •1046199•002 i,?6000•007. 37,671 75,812 2036228•001 •1 .57243•002 2023100-001 •1046379•002 !,26500•002 37.667 75.809 2,35093•001 •l.574lO•Q02 2022378-001 •lo465!!T+002 1.21uoo•oo2 37.t.63 75.806 2+33'166•001 -1.57575•002 2,21618•001 •l,46733+002 

i,275oo•oii2 37,659 75.803 2,32847-001 •l 057739•002 2o208Z4•001 •1046909•002 

81 
EPSnoN "' 

EPS!LDNl • 

Table l O. Path 3, 15 MHz (see graphs 19 and 20). 

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EARTH 

ON A BEARING OF, tsO,ooOCDEG,I FROM 38,65S(OEG, LAT,1, 7b,528(DEG. LONG,) 

8,lOOOO•OOl ■ SIGMA • 2,UOOOO•OOO ■ RECEPSILDNCI • 8010000+001, !MIEPS!LDNCl : •2,40000•003 

1,s0000,001, SIGMAl ■ 2,00000-003, RE(EPS!LONCll • 1.50000•0ul, IM(EPSILONCll • ·2,40000•000 

RECZ) • 5,53~9~•ooo, IM(Z) • 5,34744,000, RECZll • 9,64236•001, IMIZll • 7.66514•000 

yn = O,OOOOO•OOOKM, Yi• •!,420oo•OOOKM, Y2 = 2,12500•000KM, RI• 8,d5Q00+001KM, R2 • 8,41800•001KM 

FREQUENCY• l,SOOOO•OOlMHZ ■ WAVELENGTH• 1,998b2•002KM 

u LAT, LONG, Fco,z, ARG FCOtZl F•ll.1,.t,71) AA& F•1D,Z1Zll (KM) IOEG,I (OFA.) CMAGNITUDEI !DEG, l (MAGNITUDE l COEG, I 

'.l,16UO•oqo 38,t,29 76,509 8,97687•001 •4,69889+001 8,97687-001 •4,69B89•001 f.,73440•0~0 38,603 7f.,489 8,13521•001 -6,51\377•001 8,13Sll-001 -6,56377+001 

1.n1016•on1 38.576 76,470 7,39D61•001 •7 0 94168+QOI 7,39061-001 -7,94168•001 1.3 .. bbB•Ogl 3H,550 7f.,451 6,72635•001 .9,oS912+00l 6,726~5.001 .9,05912•001 

1,~BJ6o•oq1 38,524 7t,,431 6,13)54-001 •l,0004hQ02 6.1.31!>4.00I -1.00047+002 

2,02032•001 38,497 76,412 S,59777-00l -1,08245+002 5_.59777.001 -1.08245•002 2,35704•001 38,471 76,393 5, 111104•001 •l, 15459•002 5ollB04-00I •l,15459+002 2,6Y376•0Q! 38,445 76,373 4,68638•001 •l,2JB72•002 4,61t63R-001 -1,21872•002 3,n3u4R•Ont 38,419 76,354 4,29764•001 •l,27611+002 4,29764-001 •l ,27611•002 

3 0 36Uo•OOI 38,392 76,335 3,94724•001 •l,3:>771•002 3,947l4.001 •l,32771•002 

3,70J92+0jj! 38,366 76,315 3,63120•001 -l,374l!'5+Q02 3,63llO.OOI -1 ,37425+002 •. n• u&4 •on 1 38,140 76,296 3,34594-001 •l.4163l•Q02 3,34594.00l •l,41631+002 4 0 37736•0Ql 38,314 76,277 3,08832-001 •l,4"i435+002 3,0118~2-00l •l,45435•002 4,71408•001 38,2117 76.258 2,85549-001 •l,48877+Q02 2,85549.00l -1.48877+002 -;.n5oMo•o~t 38,?61 76,239 2,64495-001 •l ,5t99l+Q02 2.64495.001 •l,51991 002 

5, Jll7!">2•0!'1 38,235 76,219 2,45444•001 -1,54806+002 2,45444.00l -1,54806+002 5,72424+0QI 38,208 76,200 2,28194-00l -1,57347+@02 2,281,.4.001 -1.57347+002 6,n6o'i6•0QI 38, !82 76,181 2,12564•001 •I, 59639•002 2,125b4.00I •l,59639•002 6 0 3\176R•Ogl 3.8 0 156 76,162 1,98390-001 -1,61702+()02 1,983911.001 •l,61702+002 6 0 73HO•OQ1 38,130 76, I 43 1,85528-001 -l,61555+Q02 1,8!'>5~8.00l •i,63555+002 7 .on 12,001 38.103 76,124 1, 731!45-oo 1 •l,65216+Q02 l,7J845.ool •l,65216+002 

7.40184•0~1 38.077 76,105 1,63223•001 •l,66703+002 1,632<!3.ool -1,66703•002 7,74456•0~1 38 0 051 76,085 1,53557-001 •l 0 6A029+Q02 1,535!>7.ool •l,68029•002 11,n<H<!M+OQl 38,024 76,066 1,44752-001 •l,69210•002 1,4•'7!>2.001 •l,69210•002 A,41800+00! 37,998 76,047 1,36720-001 .1,7i)258+002 1,36720-001 -1.10258+002 

B,4Jtl00•001 37.998 76,047 1,36720•001 •l,7Q258+@02 1,36720-001 •l,70258•002 

~.43528•0~1 37.997 76,046 1,363211•001 •l,7Q309+002 5,305i:!8-002 -2,01342•002 A,45256+0QI 37.995 76.045 1,35937-001 •l,7o359+Q02 3,811139-002 •2,0386B•002 8 0 46Y84•001 37.994 76.044 1,355411•001 -1,70409•002 3,166!>4-002 -2,03986 002 

R,48712•0ijl 37,993 76,o43 1,35160-001 •l,7o459+Q02 2, 122•n.002 •2,03357+002 R,50440•0Q1 37,991 76,o42 1,34775-001 •l,7Q508+Q02 2,415b0•002 ·2,02441+002 

R,521"'8•0Ql 37,990 76,041 1,34391-001 •l,71)557+Q02 2,111744-002 •2,01406•002 A.5JtJ96•0~1 37,988 76,040 1.34009-001 •l,7Q605+002 2,009Yl.002 -2,00326+002 

8,55624+0Ql 37.987 76,040 l,33f,29•001 -1,70654+002 l,866Y6.002 •l,99236•002 

A,S73">?•0QI 37,986 76,o39 1,33251-ool •l,7Q702•~02 1.7481t3-002 -1.98151+002 

A.r;voso•ont 37,984 76,038 1,32874-001 •l,70749•002 1,64921-002 -1.97081+002 

ll,60t<Ol!•O~I 37.983 76,o37 1,32499-001 •l,7~797•Q02 1,563111.002 •l,96030+002 A,62536 0Ql 37,982 76,036 1,32126-001 -1,701144+902 1,48961-00<' •l,95000•002 f! 0 f.4i:!64•0Ql 37,980 7f..o35 1,31755.001 •l,7o89l+Q02 1.42442-002 •l,93991+002 R0 65'l'ii!•OQ1 37,979 76 0 034 1,31385-001 •l,70937+Q02 1,3661>0.002 •l,93004+002 

B,67720•0QI 37.978 76,033 1,31017-001 •l,7Q984+Q02 1,314'10-002 •l ,92037+002 

A,6 .. 44R•OQ1 37,976 76.032 1,3Q650-001 • l, 71030+002 1,26BJ4.00l!' •l,91092+002 11 0 71 l7f,+OOl 37,975 76,031 1 .30286.00l •l,7!075+j102 1,22615.002 -1.90166+002 

R,72\ln4+0Ql 37 • 974 76,030 1,29923•001 -1. 71121+!102 1, 18712-002 •l,892590002 

A,741>32•0~1 37,972 76,029 1,29562-001 -1•71166•002 1,152!>3-002 •leBB370+002 A,7bJl>O•O~l 37,971 76,028 1,29202-001 -1, 71211+(!02 1,1201e.002 •l,87499+002 A0 7111188+0~1 37,970 76,027 1,281144-00l -1, 71255+Q02 1,011032.002 •l,86645•002 

R,7Yl:IJ6•00l 37,1168 76,026 1,284A7-001 -l,7}299+002 1,0621>7-002 •l,85808 002 

A,81S44+0Ql 37,967 76,025 1,28133-001 -1, 7p43•002 1,036117.002 •l,84985+002 A0 1!3272•0ftl 37,966 76,024 1,27780-001 -1, 7\387+902 1,01303-002 -1,84178•002 

",ASOOO+OOl 37,964 76,023 1,27428-00I -1.71431+002 9,906!'>6.003 •l,83386+002 

82 
Table 10 (cont.) 

I) LAT. LONG. FIO,Zl AIIG FID,ZI I'• 10,z,z11 ARG F•CO,Z,Zll 

CKM) <oEA. > lOEG, l (MAGNITUDE I IOEG.I (MAGNITUDE) IOE6ol 

A

0 A6250•00l 37,963 76.022 I ,27175•001 -1.71462+002 4.81705-002 •I ,474!17 002 

R.A7501)+Q01 37 .w,2 76,021 1. 26922-oo 1 •l,71<,93+002 !1.25439-002 •1,45685•002 fl.A87':>0•001 37.961 7~,021 1 .26671-001 •l,71524•002 4.9~715-002 -1,44540+002 A.qoooo•o91 37.960 76.020 1.26420-001 -1,71555+902 s.s211<1.002 -1,48400+002 l!,9!'>1100+01)1 37.956 76.017 1,25425•001 -1.7)676+002 6.538b2.002 •l,48100+002 9.00l.100•001 37.952 76,014 1.24443-001 -1, 71796+ij02 7,185118-002 •1,47941+002 Q.o5000•00I 37.949 u,.012 I .23474-00l •l,71913+002 7,73400-002 •1,48386+002 

9,10000•001 37.945 76.009 1,225lR•OOI -1. 72029+002 8,220112-002 •1,52469+002 9,)5000+01)1 37,941 76.006 1,21574-001 -1,72142+1)02 8,60913-002 •1,49517+002 9.~00llO+OOl 37,937 n.oo3 1.20642-001 -1,72253+902 8. Hol!•-002 •I ,52977+002 9 0 25000•0lll 37.933 u,.ooo 1.19722-001 -1,72362+Q02 9,17290-002 •1,52531+002 9. 30000°001 37,929 1,;.997 1,18814-001 •l,7~468+@02 8,827'10-002 -1,52357+002 9,3511000001 37.925 75.995 1,17918-00I -1,72573+Q02 9.11866.002 •l,536670002 9.40000oOnl 37,921 75.992 1,17034-001 -l,7?676+002 9,66817.002 •l,54710+002 9.4!->000oO!)l 17,917 75.989 1.16160-001 -1 • 72777+902 9.44439.002 -1.52927+002 9.5000000111 37,9}3 75.986 1.15?.98-00l -1.728760902 9.54006.Q02 •l,54779•002 9.5511000091 37,909 75.983 1.14447-00l -1. 7?.974+002 9,46613.002 •l,55686+002 9 0 6000000nl 37,906 75,981 1.13607-001 •l,73069+002 9,8S580•002 •1,57So3+002 9,65U00°0Ql 37,902 75.978 1.12777-001 •1,73162+002 1,00348.00l •l,55813+002 9.70000•001 37,898 75.975 l .1195R-oo 1 -1,73254+002 9,85026-002 -1.56100+002 9 0 7~uoooOpl 37,1194 75,972 1 • II 149•001 -l.73344+p02 9.926!>2-002 -1.56732•002 9 0 80000•0Ql 37,890 75,969 1.10150-001 •l,734~3+Q02 9,83900-002 •1,56551+002 9 0 A51100°00I 37,886 75,966 l.09S61-001 •l,73519+Q02 9,68246-002 •l,57999+002 9.90000°001 37,882 7'5.964 1.08782-00I •l.73604+Q02 9,84352-002 •1,59779•002 

'1.95000+0(11 37,1178 75.961 1.00013-001 -1.13687+902 1,00935.oOl •1

0 59868+002 1. nooooooo2 37,874 75.958 1,07254-001 -1,73769+002 1.01346-001 •1,59262•002 i.oosoo 0002 37,870 75,955 1,06504-001 •l,73R49+Q02 1,00544•001 ·1,59333•002 1,01ooo•oii2 37,1166 1,;,952 1.05763-00l -1,73928•002 1,004J3.001 •1,59898+002 1.n15ua 0002 37.1163 75,950 1.05031-00I -1. 74005+002 1,00999-001 • 1,601 Oto+002 i.02aoo•oii2 37,A59 75.947 1.0430R-001 -l.740800002 1.01ooe.001 •l.59817+002 i.02sooooii2 37.855 75.944 lo03594•001 -l.741550002 9 0 969&8.002 -1,59595+002 1.03000°002 37,1151 75,941 1.02889-001 -l,74227+Q02 9,82517-002 •l,59949•002 i.oJ500oOii2 37.1147 75,938 1.02193-oot •l,74298+Q02 9,70!1118-002 •1,60888+002 j,04000°00? 37.843 75.935 1,01sos-001 -1. 74368+002 9,682S0•002 •1,61997+002 

1,04~00°0i>2 37,839 7!;.933 l•OQA25•001 -1.74437°002 9,73475-002 •l,62835•002 i.050000002 37,835 7'5.930 1,00153•001 •l 74504 Q02 9.80467-002 -1.63244+002 1.os5oo+on2 37,R31 75,927 9 0 9489A-002 •I, 74570+Q02 9,80420-002 • 1,633390002 1.06000000?. 37,1127 75,924 9.B8H3•002 -1, 74634+002 9,83711-002 • l ,63345•002 1.r,6S000002 37,823 75.921 9.81867-002 •l.74697+Q02 9.795!>4-002 -1,63443•002 1,07000•002 37.819 75.919 !•7546R-002 -1,747590902 9, 74440-002 -1 ,.63705•002 i.n75ooooii2 37,816 75.916 .69145-002 -l 0 74820•Q02 9.70579.002 -1,64090+002 1.08000•002 37,812 7!1,913 9,62897-002 •l,748790902 9,6~9112-002 -1,64501+002 1.oi;sooooi,2 37,808 75.910 9.56722-002 -1,74938+902 9,6'113112-002 •l,64834+002 i,o9JOOoOo?. 37,A04 75,907 9 0 5Q621-002 -1 0 749950002 9.70623-002 -1.65029+002 1.09'>00+002 3.7,800 7'5.904 9.44591-002 -1.75051+002 9. 712111-002 -1.65077•002 1.10000•002 37,796 75,902 9.38632-002 .l 75106 0lf2 9 0 702bR.002 -1.65011•002 1.1osoo•on2 37.792 75.899 9.32742-002 .1, 75 I 60+Q02. 9,669S5-002 •l,64891+002 1,11000+002 37.7118 75 0 R96 9.26921-002 •l,75212+Q02 9,61315-002 -1,64777+002 1.11'>000002 37.784 75.893 9,21167-002 •l 7S264 Q02 9.5371>2-002 •l ,6•"722+002 

1,12oooooii2 37,780 7<;.890 9.15479-002 •l,75314+Q02 9.4 .. 982-002 -1.64760+002 1.12sooooli2 37.776 75.888 9.09858-002 -1,753640902 9,3!1745-002 -1.64905+002 1.13000°002 37.773 75 0 8RS 9.04300-002 -1.75413+002 9,26760-002 •l,651510002 

1.13500•0():> 37.769 75.882 

s

0 98Ro1-002 .,.1,75460•902 9,185t>6-002 -1,65479•002 

l

0 14UOO•OO?. 37,765 75.879 8.93375-002 -1.75507+902 9,114117-002 -1..65862•002 1, 1'•500•0ti2 37,761 75,876 8.80006-002 -1,75552+002 9.056J2-002 -1.66268•002 J0 t5UOOoOo? 37.757 75,874 8,82697-002 -1.75597+002 9.00927-002 •l,66670+002 1.15500•002 37.753 75,871 s.77449-002 •l,75641+902 8,97171-002 -1,67046•002 

1,J6J00•002 37.749 75.868 s.72259-002 -1,7568••(!02 8,940112.002 •l,67381•002 1.16500•002 37,745 75.865 11,67127-002 •l 0 75726+Q02 8,91402-002 •l,67668+002 1.11000•00:> 37,741 75.862 8,62053-002 -1.75767°902 8,888J4-002 -1.&7908•002 1.17500•00? 37.737 7!\ 0 859 8,5703s.002 -1,75808+902 8,86171-002 •l,68105•002 

1,18000•002 37,733 75.857 8.52073-002 •l,75847+Q02 8.83255.002 -1.68267+002 1,185000002 37.no 75.854 ll.47165-002 •l.75R86+Q02 8. 79990-002 •l,684040002 

1,19000+002 37,726 75

0 851 8,42312•002 •l,75924+Q02 8,76340-002 •l .68526+002 1,19500•0~? 37,722 75.848 8,37512•002 -1.75961+002 8,72314-002 -1.68642+002 1,20000•002 37.718 75.845 8 0 32764-002 -1,75997+002 8,67960-002 •l,68760+002 

1.20500,002 37.714 75.843 s.28068-002 •l,76033+1)02 a.63347.002 •l,68885+002 1 .?1000+002 37.710 75,840 8.23423-002 -1,76068+002 8.5a5&0.002 •l,690210002 

1,?1500•0ii2 37,706 75.837 8,18828-002 -1,76102•002 8,53684-002 •l,69172+002 i.22000+002 37,702 75.834 ll,14283-002 •1 0 76136+002 8,48805-002 •l,69337+002 1.22'>ooooii2 37 0 69R 75,R31 s.09786-002 .1, 7tll68+l)02 8,43995.002 •l,69516•002 1.2Joooooo2 37.694 75.829 B.05338-002 -1,n201+go2 8.3~317-002 -1,69706•002 

1.23500•0()? 37.690 75.826 R.00937-002 •l,7~232+Q02 8,34818-002 •1,69905+002 1.24000•002 37,686 75.823 7.96583-002 -1,76263+902 8,30529-002 •l, 70110•002 1.2'+500+002 37,683 75.820 7,92274-002 -1,76293+902 8.211467.002 •l,70318+002 1.25000+002 37.679 75.817 7 .8eo11-002 -l.76323•Q02 8.226J6.002 •l,70!124+002 1.25500•002 37.675 75.815 7,83793-002 -1,76352,902 8,19029-002 •l, 70725+002 i.26000+002 37,671 75,812 7,79619-002 -l 0 76380•Q02 8,15629.002 •l,70920•002 l 0 26500ooi,2 37,667 75,809 7,75488-002 •l,76408+Q02 8,12414-002 -1,71105•002 i.27000•0ti? 37,663 75,806 7,71401-002 -1,76435+002 8.09355-002 •I, 71278+002 1.27500•002 37.659 75.803 7.67355-002 •l,76461•002 8,06423-002 •l • 71439+002 

83 
EPSILO" • 

EPSJLO"l • 

Table 11. Path 3, 20MHz (see graphs 21 and 22). 

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS EARTH 

ON A BEAHIN~ OF, 150•"notnEG,) FROM 3R,65510EG, LAT.I, Tb,528(0[G. LONG,) 

8,IOOOO•ool, SIGMA • 2.00000•000, REIEPSILONC) • ~-IOO!O•OUI, IMl[PSILONC) • -1.aoooo•ool 

1,50000•0"1, ~IC.MAI • 2,00000-003, REIEPSILONCll • 1,50000•001, IMIEPSILUNCI) • •l,90000•000 

REIZl • 6,41977•000, IMtzl • 6,13737+000, REIZll • 9,68208+001, lMIZll • 5,78848 000 

v• • 0,00000+000KM, Yl • •l,420iio•ooOKM, Y2 • 2,12500•000KM, RI • 8,115000+00IKM, H2 ■ 8,41800•001KM 

FREQUENCY• 2,00000•00lMHZ, WAVELENGTH• l,49R'i7•002KM 

u LAT, LONG, FtD,ll AHG FID,Zl F•IO,l,Zl) ARG F•tO,Z,Zll (KM) IDEG,l COER.) I MAGN lTUDE l IOEG,l l"AGNlTuDEl tOEG,l 

3,36720•0~0 311,6?.9 76,509 8,26498•001 •6,19248•001 8,26498-001 •6,192411•00I ,,,73~40•0~~ 38,603 76,489 6,95928•00I -8,56384+00I 6,9!>9i?H.OOI -8,56384 001 

l,nlOJ6•001 311,576 76,470 5,119622-00I -1,02565 002 5,896Z2-001 -1.02565•002 1,J4688eOijl 38,550 76,451 5,02173-00I -l,15776,iio2 5,02173.00l -1,15776,002 

1,6t1360•00I Jll,524 76,431 4,29864.QOI -1,26483,002 4,2981>4.00I -1.26483 002 

2,02,13? 001 38,497 76,412 3,69866.001 -1,35327•002 3,698116.00I -1,35327 002 

?,3!:>704•001 38,471 76,393 3,19947•001 •l,4;_,697•002 3,19947-001 •1,42697•002 

;;,,6'1376•091 311,445 76,373 2,78314•001 •l,4BB6J•oo2 2,78314•001 -1,48863•002 ,.nJu48•ont 38,419 76,354 Z,43S1l•OOI •1,54019•002 2,435ll•ool -1,54019•002 

~.36720•001 38,392 76,335 2,14J48•001 •l,5A319•002 2,14348•001 •i.58319•002 3,70J92•091 311,366 u,,315 1,89850-001 •l,61890•002 1,119850-001 •1•61890•002 

4,o4tJ64•0ol JR,340 76,296 1,69213•001 •l,64B38•iio2 1,6921J-001 •1,64839•002 

4,37736•0!)1 38 0n4 76,277 1,Si 775•001 -1 ,67256 Q02 1,s1775-001 -1 ,67256•002 

4,71408•001 311,287 76,258 1,36'188•001 •l,6'1227•002 1,369118-0ol -1,69227•002 5,0!:>0>lO•Ool 311,261 Tf,,239 1,2000-001 -1.10821•002 1,2440n-001 -1.10821•002 

5,)11752•001 38,235 76,219 1,131,3R-ool -1.12102•002 1,136J8-001 -1 • 12102•002 

5,72424•001 311,;,oe 76,200 1,04395•001 •1, 73126•002 1,043115•001 •le7ll26•002 

6,0bO'i6•0iil 38,182 76,181 9,64146•002 •l,7~939•002 9,64146•002 -1,73939•002 

6,39768•001 38,156 7t,,162 e.94886•002 •l,74582•Q02 8,948116-002 -1 • 74582•002 6,73440•0()1 311,130 76,143 8,34443•002 •l,75088•002 8,34443•002 -1,750811•002 1,07112•001 38,103 76,124 T,81395•002 •1,7548T•Q02 7,813115-002 -1,75487•002 

7,40784•0iil 38,oH Ttl,105 7,34'174•002 •l,75800•002 7,34514-002 •1,75800•002 

7,74456•001 38,051 1(,,085 6,93011-002 •l,76046•(!02 6,9JOIT•002 ·1,76046•002 

11.n111211•oii1 38,n2• 16,066 6,55'12q•002 •l,76241•002 6,55929-002 •1,76241•002 e, 11100•001 37,998 7tl,o4T 6,226st1-002 •1,76394•002 6,226l>6-002 •l,76394•002 

ll,4ll!00•001 37,998 76,047 6,2?.656•002 •l,76394•002 6,226!>6-002 •1,76394•002 

A,43528•001 37.997 76,046 6,21041-002 -1,76401•002 2.12082.00? -2,ou80,002 

A,4!:>256•0o! 37,995 76,045 6,19434•002 •1,76408•002 1,52975-002 •2•06423•002 A.461184•001 37 ,'194 76,044 6,17836•002 •1,7641S•ii02 1,246YT•002 •2•04852•002 A,41H12•o(i1 37,993 T6,o43 6016246•002 •l,76421'002 1,07627-002 -2,02888•002 

11,so44o•oi,1 37,991 u,. 042 6,14665•002 •l,7642fl•i,o2 9,60113-003 -2,00862•002 

R,c;21&e•oii1 37,990 76,041 6,1]092•002 -1.11,434•002 8,75Sc6•on3 •1 ,98877•002 

ll,5Jt!96•001 37,988 76,040 6, I 1527-ooz •l,76441•002 8,1osoo-00J -1,96¥66•002 

R,5!:>b24'001 37,987 76,040 6,09970•002 •l,76447•002 7,58811•003 -1,9513B•oo2 A,51J52•0~1 37,986 7f>,oJ9 6,0842l•002 •l,76454•002 1,16614•003 -1,93394•002 A,5908o•O()l 37,984 71',,oJ8 6,06880•002 •1,76460•002 6.81439-ooJ •1,91730•002 8,60II08•00l 37,983 76,037 6,053411•002 •l,76466•002 6,516.i!Z•003 •l,90141•002 

R,t,2536•001 37,9112 76,oJ6 6,03823•002 •l,76472•002 6,25995-003 •1,811623•002 A,"4264+0iil 37,980 76,035 6,0?306•002 •l,76478•002 6,03715-003 •1,87171 •002 

R,t,5~'12•001 37,979 76,034 6,00797•002 •l,76484•002 5,a.1s2-003 •1,85780•002 

,,.,,.1120•001 37,978 76,033 5,99295•002 •1,76490•002 5,66830-003 •1,84447•002 8,694411•001 37,976 76,032 5,97801•002 •l,Tt,496•002 5,513"7-003 •l,83167•002 

A,71176•001 37,975 76,0ll 5,96315-002 -1,76502•002 5.37503-003 •l,111937 002 

II, 72'104•001 37,974 76,030 5,948)6-002 -l,76507•002 s,24974-003 •1,80754•002 

11,7463?•001 37 .•112 76,029 5,93365-002 -1. 76513•002 5,13600-003 •1, 79616 002 

B,76360•0pl 37 • 971 76,028 5,9i9ol-002 -1,76519•002 5,03227-003 •l,78519•002 11,780118•001 37,970 76,027 5,90445•002 •l,76524•002 4.93727.ooJ •1,77460 002 

8,79t!l6•0QI 37,968 76,026 5,88996•002 -1,76530 002 4,8-9113-003 -1.76439•002 8,81544•001 37,967 71',,o25 5,87554-002 •l,76535•002 4,76934-003 •1,75452•002 

~,83272•00I 37,966 76,024 5,86119-002 •l,76540•002 4,69413-003 •1,74499 002 

ll,85000•001 37,964 u,,023 5.84692-002 -1.76546 002 4,62546-003 •l, 73576 002 

84 
Table 11 (cont.) 

,, LAT 0 LONGo FID,ZI ARG ,10,ZI ,•10,Z,zi1 ARG F• 10,z ,zp (KM) <uEl!ol IDEGol (MAGN!TUDEI IOEGol CMAGNITUD£1 IDEGol 

R

0 Rt>~~O•Onl 37.<163 u..022 5083664•002 -1.76549•002 2.413

4 1-002 •l ,5220h002 A.~1sun•oo1 37,962 76,021 5,82639-002 -1,76553+002 2,63941-002 •l,47745+002 

A.RHl~O•Oijl 37,961 76,021 5,81619•002 -1,76557+002 2,&1255.002 •l,52562+002 

,a.qonoo•oot 37,960 76,020 5,80M2•002 -l,76561•!!02 3,0119115.oo;, -1.51865•002 P.~~000•0~1 37,956 76,nl7 5,76570-002 •l,76575•002 3,41742-002 •l,51199 002 

Q.oouOO•OOl 37,952 76,014 5,72594.002 -l,76589+Q02 3,775U3-002 •l,51069+002 <1 0 osuoo•on1 37,94<1 u.,012 5,68675-002 -1,76602•0.02 4,06935.002 •l ,51875+002 9.100 00•011) 37,945 76,009 5,64811-1102 -l,76616•Q02 4,36726.002 •l,54847•002 

9,150U0•001 37,941 76,006 5,61000-002 -l,766211+Q02 4,35754-002 -1.56137+002 

9,?0000•0i)I J7 .937 7E,,003 5,57241-002 -1,76640•002 4,50420.002 -1 ,56173•002 

Q.2'~000+001 37,933 76,000 5,53534-002 -1,76652+002 4,69941-002 •I ,58732+002 

9,)0UOO•OOI 37,929 75,1197 5,49877-002 -1,76664•002 4,769!?.-002 •l ,57796•002 9.:l5nJ OO•OOl 37,925 75,9'15 5,46270-002 •l,76675•002 4,7110110.002 •I ,60127 002 

C>.40000•001 37,921 75,9'12 5,42711-002 •l,766116•002 4,906411.002 •l ,59741 002 

9.45000•001 37,917 7<;,9119 5,39199-002 •l,76696+002 4,811757.002 •l,59186•002 

9,50000•0~1 37,913 75.9116 5,35734-002 •l,767070002 4,97406.002 •l,61602+002 9.55UOO•OOI 37,909 75,983 5,32314-002 •l,7~717•002 5,02242-002 •l,62134+002 

".60000•0~1 37,906 7<;,981 5,28939-002 -1,76726•002 5,097118-002 •l,61280•002' 

Q.65t)OO•OQ1 37,902 7r;,978 5,25607-002 -1,76735+002 4,911910-002 •l,62564•002 

Q.7001".10•0(11 37,1198 75,975 5,223111-002 -1, 76745•Q02 5,052911.002 •l,63280+002 

9,75UOO•OOI 37,1194 75,972 5, 19072-002 -1,76753•002 5,05743-002 •l,64438•002 

9,80000•001 37,1190 75,969 5,15867-002 •l,76762•002 5, 17375.002 •l,64491+002 

9,ASOOO•OQI 37,886 75,966 5,12702-002 -1, 76770+002 5, 11444-002 •1,63912•002 

9,901100•001 37.81!2 75,964 5,09577-002 -1. 767780002 5,067J6-002 •1 ,64881 002 9 , 9!>000•01t 37,1178 · 75,961 5,06491-002 •l,76786+Q02 5,0783•-002 •1,65268 002 

1,00000•002 37,1174 75,958 5,03443-002 -1,76794•002 5,02717.002 •l ,65779•002 1. 00500•0~2 37,870 75,955 5,00433•002 -1,76801•002 s,o3oc1.002 •l ,6700h002 

l,OIUOO•Oii2 37,1166 75,952 4. 97459-002 •l,768080902 5,10032.002 •l,67439•002 

1,01500,002 37,A63 75,950 4,94522-002 

•·l, 761115•002 5, 113"'7-002 •l,67081•002 

i,oc?000•002 37,1159 75,9•7 4,9t61'i-002 •l,761122•002 5,06550.002 •l,67074+002 

t,~2500•0ii2 37,1155 75,944 4,88752-002 •l,7t18?9oi,02 5,03244.002 •l,67553•002 1.n3000•00? 37,851 75,941 4,85919-002 -1,U.835•002 5,021112.002 •l,67874 002 

1,03500•002 37,R47 75,938 4,83120-002 -1, 76841 •002 5,00690-002 •l,67892+002 

1.n1tooo•o~2 37,843 75,935 4,80353-002 -1. 768470902 4,'15373-002 •l,68040•002 

1,n•~oo,002 37,A39 75,933 4, 77619-002 •l,76853•002 4,8'1923-002 •l ,68609 002 

t,o5000•002 37,1135 75,930 4. 74916-002 -1,76859+002 4,87626-002 •l,69399•002 I ,o5500•0ii2 37,A31 75,927 4,72245-002 •l,76865•002 4,811463-002 •l, 70010+002 t.Of>UOO•OO?. 37,827 75,924 < 4 ,69605-002 •l, 761170•002 4,89927.002 •l, 70264•002 1.riosoo•on2 37,823 75,921 4,66994-002 •l,76A76•Q02 4,89791.002 •l,70276•002 

i,07U00•002 37,1119 75,919 4,64414•002 •l,76BBl•Q02 4,876:36-002 •1,70274•002 t.n7500•00? 37,1116 75,916 4,61862•002 -1,76886•002 4,8449H.002 •1,70401•002 1.0thl00•007. 37,812 75,913 4,59339-002 •I, 76891 002 4,8161>5.002 •l,70651•002 

1,011soo•on2 37,A08 75,910 4,56844-002 -1,7(,896+002 4,79750-002 •l,70923•002 

1,090 00•092 37,804 75,907 4,54377-002 -1,76901•002 4,785U2-002 -1,71115•002 

1,o.,soo•oo2 37,800 75,904 .,51'137-002 -1,76906•002 4, 77111•-002 -1, 71186•002 

,,,ooo o+o<i;, 37.796 75,902 4,49523-002 -1, 769f0•~02 4,751!:>B.002 -1 ~71167•002 1,1osoo•on2 37,792 7<;.8119 .4,47136-002 •l,76915+002 4, flt 16-002 •l,71133•002 

i,llHOO•Oii2 37,788 75,896 4,44775-002 -1,7(,919 002 4,6t12J2.002 •l, 71155•002 

1,tl500•0fi2 37,784 7S,A93 4,"2439-002 -1,76923•002 4,6391>1-002 •l, 71277'002 

i.121100,002 37,780 75,8'10 4,40129-002 -1,76927•002 4,59824-002 •l, 71506 002 

1,12soo,og;, 37,776 75,888 4,371143•002 •l,7693l•Q02 4,562<6-002 •I, 71812•002 1,13000+002 37,773 75,885 4,35581-002 -1,76935+002 4,533!:>3.002 •l,72149+002 

!,13500•0ii2 37,769 75,882 4,333•2-002 -l,769390902 4,5111>9-002 •l, 72471 •002 

l,t4U00•002 37,765 75,879 4,31128.002 -1,76'143•002 4,4114114-002 -1, 72744•002 1,14500•00? 37,761 75,876 4.28936-002 •l,76947•002 4,411040-002 •l,72952•002 

1,15000•002 37,757 75,8H 4.26767-002 -1,76950+002 4,465115-002 •1, 730911o002 },t5500•0Q2 37,753 75,871 4,24620-002 -l,769540902 4,44976.002 •l,731960002 

1,16000•002 37,749 75,868 4,22496-002 -t,76958+Q02 4,430116-002 •l, 73267'002 

l,16~00•002 37,745 75,1165 4,2039Z•002 -1,76961+002 4,4u954.002 •l,73328•002 

l,11000+oii2 37,741 75,862 : 4, 18311-00? •l,76964+002 4,386117-002 •l,73398•002 

1,17500,oii;, 37,737 7'5,859 4,16?50-002 •l,76968+!)02 4,36148-002 •1,73484+002 

1,111000+002 37.733 75,A57 4,14210-002 •l,7697l+Q02 4,3367R.002 •l,73\!!90+002 

i,ttt500•0~2 37,730 7'5,854 4,12190-002 .1,7-.974+002 4,312113.002 •l,73714+002 

1,111000,002 37,726 75,851 4,10190-002 -t, 76977•002 4,211024-002 •1,73848 002 

!,t9500•0~2 37,7?.2 75,848 4,0R210•002 -1,76980•0~2 4,211931-002 •lo 73985•002 

1,?.01100•002 37,718 75,845 4,06249-002 •l,76983•002 4,25005-002 •1, 7411!5 002 

J,2osoo•o92 37,714 75,843 4,04308-002 •l,76986•Q02 4,232i0-002 •1,7423) 002 

1,?1000•002 37,710 75,840 4,02385-002 •l,76989+002 4,215l9.002 • 1, 74327+002 

I ,21500•00;> 37,706 75,837 4,00481-002 -1,76992•002 4,1Y9l2-002 •l, 74402 002 

1,?.2U00•002 37,702 75,834 3,98595-002 •l,76995+002 4,l8,!'Yl•002 •l, 74454 002 

1,22soo•oo2 37,698 75,831 3,96727-002 •l,769980002 4,16633-002 -t,74484 002 

1,231100•002 37,694 75,829 J,94877-002 -1,77000 002 4

0 14905.002 •l,74498+002 

1,~3500•0~2 37,690 75,826 3,'iJ045-002 •l, 77003•002 4,13ot15.002 •1,74498 002 

1,24000•002 37,686 75,823 3,91229-002 -1. 77006+002 4,11159.002 •l,74489•002 

!,Z4500•0l)2 37,683 75,820 3,89431-002 -1,77008•002 4,091c9.oo2 •l, 74477•002 

1,25UOO•On? 37,679 75,817 3,87650-002 •l, 77011•002 4,07002-002 •l, 74465,002 

J,25~00•0~2 37,675 75,815 J,85885-002 -1, 77013•002 4,04791.002 -1,74457,002 

1.?.6UOO•On? 37,671 75,812 3,84136-002 •l, 77016•002 4,02519.002 •1,74456•002 

1,;>0500,0;,2 37,667 75,R09 3,82403-002 -1, 77018+002 4,00204-002 -1. 74465,002 

i,27UOO+Oij2 37,663 75,806 J,80687-002 -1. 77020•002 3,'17870.002 •l,74484,002 

i,275 00•002 37,659 75,803 3,78985-002 -1. 7702lo002 3,9553'1.002 •l,74513+002 

85 
Table 12. Path 3, 25 MHz (see graphs 23 and 24). 

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION OVER AN INMOf4nGENEOUS EARTH 

ON A BEAMINfl oF, !SO•OOOlOEG,l FROM 38,65SCOEG, LAT,l, 71>,528COEG, LONG,l 

EPSILON • B,IOOOO•OOI, ~IGMA • 2,00000•000, REIEPSILONCl 

EPStLONI • 1,50000+001, 5IGMAI • 2,00000•003, RECEPSILONCll • RECZ) • 7,2138~+000, IM(z) • 6,8]948+0on, RE(Zll • 

A,IOOOO•OUl, IMIEPSILONCl • •l,44000•oo3 

l,50000+0U1, IMCEPSILONCl) • -1,44000•000 

9,7006A+OOI, IMCZll • 4,64565+000 

vn = n.ooOOO•OOOKM•, YI • -1 ,420oo•ooOKM, Y2 • 2. 12500•000KM, RI • R,115000+00IKM, R2 • 8,41800•001KM ,, FREQUENCY• 2,50000•001MHZ, WAVELENGTH• l,19917•002KM 

D LAT, LONG, FID,Zl ARG FIO,Zl F•IU,lt71l ARG F•co,Z,Zll (KM) IOEG,l lllEG,l I MAGNITUDE l IIJEG,l (MAGNITUDE) CDEG,l 

3,36720•ogo 38,629 76,509 7,44502•001 •7,6?403•001 7,44502-00I •7,62403+001 "·731t40•00l1 31:1,603 76,489 5,72819-001 -1,04029+002 5,72819-001 •l,04029+002 

j,nl~16•00l 38,571', 76,470 4,46928-0ol -1,22861+002 4,46928.00I -1,22861+002 j ,346RR+.OQI 311,550 7f>,45] 3,53335.001 -1,36673+002 3,53335.001 -1,36673+002 !,6t1J60•0~l 38,524 76,431 2,83184-00I -1,47064+002 2,83184.00I •1,47064+002 ?,n.!Ol2•0Q1 38,497 71,,412 2,30252-00I -l,54920+g02 2,302!>2.001 -1,549Z0+002 ;>,357n4+00I 38,471 76,193 1,90052•00I •l,60823•002 1,900!:>2-00I •l,60823•002 2,6'i376+01I 38,445 76,373 1,59103-00I -1,65209+002 1,59303.00l -1,65209+002 3,n3U'+l!+Onl 38,419 76,354 1,35589-001 •l,6R419+002 1,3551:19.001 -1,68419+002 

3,31>720+001 38,392 76,335 1,17123-00l -l,7n734+Q02 I, 17123.00I -1,70734+002 

3,70J92+0~] 38,366 71,,315 1,02585.001 -1,72379+002 1,oz51:15.001 -1,72379,002 4.n4064•00l 311,340 76,296 9,09'169-002 -1,73536+002 9,0'1969.002 -1, 73536+002 4,3H 36+0Ql 3H,Jl4 76,277 8, 16376-002 -I, 74342+002 8, lb376.002 -1,74342+002 4.7140M•0~1 38,2117 76,258 7,39748-002 •I. 74903+002 7,39748.002 -1. 74903+002 5,050>,0+0nl 311,261 76,239 6,76151-002 -1,75294+002 6,7bl!>I.002 -1. 75294 002 

5,Jt17'>2•0nl 311,235 76,219 6,22673-002 -1,75!168+/)02 6,22673-002 -1.75568+002 ,;, 72424•0Q1 311,2011 76,200 5, 77148-002 -l,7!1763+i)02 5, 77148.002 -1,75763•002 f>,n6u~6•0nt 38,182 76,IAI 5,37950-002 -l,7!1905+002 5,379!>0-002 -1,75905•002 6,J97Ml+OQ1 311,156 76,)62 5,03852-002 -1,76009+002 5,03852.002 -1,76009+002 

'-.73'+40•1)1)1 38,]30 76,)43 4,739)4-002 -1,76089+002 4, 73914.002 •l,76089+002 7 ,n7! 12+001 3B,Jo3 76,124 4,47410-002 -1,76150,002 4,47410-002 •l,76150+002 7,4o7114+0Ql 38,077 71,,105 4,23774-002 -l,76200+Q02 4,23774.002 -1,76200•002 7, 744!>6+0Ql 38,051 76,o85 4,02557-002 -1,76240+002 4,02557-002 •l,76240+002 A,nt!l28•0~1 311,024 76,066 3,83399-002 -1,76274•Q02 3,83399.002 -1, 76274 002 

8,4ldOO•OOI 37,998 76,o47 3,66010-002 -1,76303+002 3,66olo.oo2 -1,76303+002 

8,4ltlOO•Onl 37,998 76,047 3,66010•002 -1,76303+002 3,6boln-002 •l,76303•002 

8,43528•0~1 37,997 76,046 3,65161-002 -1.76304+!)02 1,12636-002 -2,04277•002 A, 45Z!:>6•00l 37,995 76,045 3,64315-002 -1,76305+002 8,09857-003 -2,02473 002 

8,4b'i84+001 37,994 76,044 3,63474-002 -1,76307+002 6,64264-003 -1,99499 002 

8,4t1712•0Ql 37,993 76,043 3,62637-002 -1,76308+Q02 5,784111-003 -1 ,96494 002 

R,'\0440+001 37,99] 76,042 3,6)803-002 -1,76309•002 5,2121>7-003 -1,93661•002 

A•c;21~8•0~1 37,990 76,041 3,6ci974-002 -1,76311 002 4,80130-003 -1,91034+002 

11,53t196+0Ql 37,988 76,040 J,60·1411.00« -1,76312+Q02 4,490l6.0o3 •1,88605+002 

A,5!:>624+0Q1 37,987 76,040 3,59326-002 -1,76313•002 4,2 607-003 •l,86358+002 

11,573'>2+0Ql 37,986 76,039 3,58508-002 -l,76315+Q02 4,0 922-003 -1,84273+002 11,5\IUllO+OOl 37,984 76,038 3,57693-002 -1,76316•002 3,8116'i7.on3 •l,82333+002 e.t'Jutlos+of?t 37,983 76,037 3,5681!3-002 -1,76317+002 3,7!>087-003 •l,80523+002 

ll,62!:i36•0Ql 37,'182 76,036 3,56076-002 -1,76318+002 3,63502-003 -1,78830+002 A.64264•0~1 37,9110 71,,035 3,55273-002 •l,76320•Q02 3,53519-ooJ -1,77242+002 

ll,6!:i\1112+001 37,979 76,034 3,54473-002 -1 • 763l'l Q02 3,44825-003 -1. 75749+002 

A,r,77:>o+oin 37,978 n,o33 3,53677-002 -1,76322•002 3,37)1:14.003 -1. 74341 002 

A,6'iHt48•0Ql 37 • '176 76,032 3,52885-002 -1,76323+002 3,30414-003 -1,73012+002 

A, 711"76•0~1 37,975 76,031 3,52096•002 •l,76325+002 3,24373-003 •l,71754,002 R, 721104•001 37,'174 76,030 3,51311-002 •l,76326•002 3,18947-003 -1,70562•002 

A,74632•0iil 37,972 76,029 3,5ii530•002 •1,76327•002 3,14045-003 -1,69429•002 

11,10J6o•nii1 37,'171 76,028 3,49752-002 -1,76328•002 3,09593-003 -1,68352•002 

A,711UHA•O~I 37,970 76,027 3,48'177•002 •l,76329•/)02 3,05531-003 -1,67326•002 

8,7'idl6•001 37,'168 76,026 3,48206•002 -1,76331•002 3,01808-003 •I ,66347•002 l',M)544+00I 37,'167 76,025 3,47438-002 •l,76332•Q02 2,9831:11-003 -1,65412+002 

A,RJ272+0,i1 37,966 7~,024 3,46674-002 -1,76333•002 2,95216-003 -1,64517•002 

A,A5UOO•OOI 37,'164 76,023 3,45913-002 -1,76334+002 2,922111.003 -1,63660 002 

86 
Table 12 (cont.) 

() LAT. LONG, FID,ZI ARG FID,ZI 1"•10,z,z11 ARG F•10,z,z11 

IKM) <uEr,.1 IOEG,I I MAGNITUDE I IOEG,) I MAGNITUDE>- IOE6,1 

A,86250•001 37,'163 76,022 3,45365•002 •1,76335•002 l,4981il-002 •1,52985•002 

A,Al500•0nl 37,962 76,021 3,44819-no2 -1,76336•!102 1,58206-002 •1,50028•002 

A,Ad750•0iH 37,961 76,021 3,44274-002 -1,76337•002 1,79735.002 •l,52527•002 

8.90000•0Q1 37,9b0 76,020 3,43731-002 -l,76337•Q02 1,85645-002 •l,49941•002 

A,95000•00I 37,956 76,017 3,41576-002 -1, 7634l Q02 2,211410-002 •l,51297•002 

9,00000•0QI 37,952 76,014 3,3944<1.002 -1, 76344•002 2,45812-002 •l,51265 002 

9,0~000•001 37,<149 H,012 3,37348-002 -1, 76347•002 2,58861-002 •l,54371•002 

9,10000•001 37,945 76,009 3,35273-002 -1,76350•002 2,744110-002 •l,55296•002 

<l,15000•001 37,'141 76,006 3,33224-002 -1, 7',353•()02 2,8630<>.002 •l,56645•002 

9,20U00•001 37,937 76,003 3,31200-002 -1, U,356•002 2,93712-002 •l ,58081 002 

9.2!::l!l~O•O?t 37,<133 76,000 3,29201-002 -1,76359•002 2,96834-002 •l,59691•002 

9,300J0•001 37,929 75,997 3,27226-002 -1,76362•002 3,07674-002 •l,59432•002 

<>,35JOO•OOI 37,925 75,995 l,25275-002 -1,76365 ()02 3,05517-002 •l,61058•002 

9,40000•001 37,921 75,992 l,23347•002 -1, 76367'002 3,13042-002 •1,61288•002 

<1,45000•001 37,<>!7 7c;,989 J,21443-002 -1,76370•002 3,lUl! l-002 -1,6235,1 002 

<>,c;u~OO•OOl 37,913 75,986 3,19561-002 -1,76373•002 J,111022.002 •l,63828 002 

<1,55U00•001 37,909 75,983 3,17701-002 -1,76375•002 3,16844.002 -1,64050•002 

<l,60U00•0i)I 37,906 75,981 3,15862-002 -1,76378+002 3, 12211.00?. •l,64795•002 

9.6~U00+0Q1 37,902 75,978 3, 14046-002 •I, 7638l Q02 3,!11605-002 -1,65704•002 

<>,70000•001 37,A911 75,975 3,12250-002 -1,76383 002 3,18608-002 •l,66189 002 

9,75000,001 37,894 75,972 3,10474-002 -1,76386 002 3,16213-002 •l,65924•002 

Cl,ijOOJO•OOl 37 ,A90 75,969 3,08719-002 -1,76388+002 3,140"7-002 -1,67395•002 

9.~5U00+0t)l 37 ,8116 75,966 3,06984-002 -1, 76391 002 3,15498.002 •l,67704 002 

Q.90UIJ0•001 37,882 75,964 3,05269-002 -l,7b393+!)02 3,15830.002 •l,68423•002 

<1,9,;000•001 37,878 75,961 3,03573-002 •l,7b395•Q02 3, 1!1697-002 -1,68159•002 

1,00000•002 37,1174 75,958 3,01895-002 -1, 76398+Q02 3, 114110-002 •l,68438 002 

1,ooso0•002 37,870 75,955 3,00237-002 •l,76400•002 3,105 2-002 •l,69277 002 

1.,,1noo+oi,2 37,866 75,952 2,98596-002 -1,76402•002 3,011570.002 •l,69544•002 

1,01500•00;> 37,863 75,950 2,96974-002 -1,76404•002 3,07646-002 -1. 70173•002 1,02000•002 37,A59 75,947 2,95369-002 •l,76406•p02 3,08840-002 -1,70669•002 

1,02500•00? 37,855 75,944 2,93782-002 •l,76409•002 3,01181111-002 •1,70496•002 

\,n3ooo+on?. 37,851 75,941 2,92212-002 -1, 76411 002 3,05693-002 •1,70459•002 

1,03~00•00? 37,847 75,938 2,90658-002 -1,76413•002 3,02909-002 •l,70868•002 ; .o4,JOO•O~? 37,843 75,935 2,89121-002 •l,76415•Q02 3,0170b.002 -1,71202•002 

1,04500•0ii2 37,1139 75,933 2,87601-002 -1,76417•002 2,91191>0-002 -1, 71325•002 1.0~000•002 37,835 75,930 2,86096-002 -1,76419•002 2,97218-002 •l, 71582+002 1,ossoo•on2 37,831 75,927 2,84608-002 -1,76421•002 2,951113-002 -1, 72077•002 1 ,o&aoo•oo2 37,A27 75,924 2,83135-002 -1, 76423 002 2,946110-002 •l,72519•002 

\,06~00•0ii? 37,A23 75,921 2,81677-002 -1,76425•002 2,94677-002 •l, 72677•002 

i,01000•00;, 37,1119 75,919 2,8g234-002 -1,76427•002 2,93808.002 •l,72630•002 

1,Q7500•00;> 37,RII', 7<;,916' 2,78806-002 -1,764?9 002 2,918112-002 •l,72605•002 1.ottooo+ofl2 37,1112 7'5,913 2, 77392-002 -1,76430•002 2,811674-002 •l,72717•002 1.08500•00? 37 ,ROB 75,910 2,75993-002 -1,76432•002 2,878 8-002 -1,72910 002 

1,n11~oo•on2 37,~o4 75,907 2, 74608•002 -1,76434•002 2,116470.002 -1, 73068 002 

J.,:,'15iJO•O~? 37,eo0 75,904 2,73237-002 -1,76436•002 2,851ll-002 -1,73134•002 1 .10000+0,,::~ 37,796 75,<102 2,71880•002 •l,7643fl+002 2,83404-002 -1,73147 002 

1,1osoo,0~2 37,792 75,1199 2,70536•002 -1,76439 002 2,81211s.002 •l,73189•002 

1,11000•002 37,788 75,896 2,69206-002 -1, 76441 002 2,789119.002 •l, 73318•002 1, 11soo,oii;> 37,784 75,893 2,67889-002 -1, 76"43•!)02 2,711877.002 -1,73534+002 

1,121l00•0ii2 37,780 75,890 2,66584-002 -1,76445 002 2, 7!:>217-002 •1,73789•002 

1,12500•0~? 37,776 75,8118 2,65292-002 -1,76446 002 2,739"'7-00?. •1,74022•002 

1, j3U00•002 37,773 75,885 2,64013-002 •l,76448•002 2,73045.002 -1,74189 002 

I, J3500•00? 37,769 7<;,882 2,62746-002 -1,76449 002 2, 7c134-002 •l,74281•002 

1,14000•002 37,765 75,879 2,61492-002 -1. 76451 002 2, 7108&-002 •l,74316•002 

1,14Soo,nii2 37,761 75,876 2,60249-002 -1,76453 002 2,69830-002 •l,74326•002 i, 151lOO•Or\2 37,757 75,874 2,59018-002 •l,76454•002 2,611395-002 •1,74341•002 

1,J5500•0~? 37,753 75,871 2, 57799-002 •l,76456+Q02 2,66871-002 •1, 74379 002 

1,16000•00?. 37,749 75,863 2,56591-002 -1,76457•002 2,65360-002 •l,74443•002 

j,J6500•0ii?. 37,745 75,865 2,55395-002 -1,76459•002 2,6393R.002 •1,74523+002 

,11000,002 37,741 75,862 2,54210•002 -1,76460•002 2,62634-002 •1,74603•002 

1,11soo•oij2 37,737 75,859 2,53036•002 -1,76462•002 2,61433-002 •l,74671•002 

1,111000•002 37,733 75,857 2,51873-002 -1,76463 002 2,60211<1.002 -1, 74716•002 1,)8500•002 37,730 75,854 2,50120-002 •l,76465•002 2,511147-002 •1,74736 002 

1,19000•00? 37,726 75,851 2,49578-002 -1,76466+002 2,579!:>8-002 •1,74735•002 

1,111soo•oii2 37,722 75,848 2,48446-002 -1,76468•002 2,56689-002 •l,74722•002 

1,2oooo•oij2 37,718 75,845 2,47325-002 -1,76469•()02 2,55332-002 •l,74706•002 

1,2osoo•og2 37,714 75,843 2,46214-002 -1,76471 902 2,53898-002 •l,74698 002 

1.2ltJ'lO+On2 37,710 7'5,R40 2,45113-00<' •l,76472•002 2,52412-002 -1, 74703•002 1,?1500•002 37,706 75,837 2,44021-002 -1,76473•002 2,50910-002 •l,74727•002 

1,22000+002 37,702 75,834 2,42940•002 -1,76475•Q02 2,49424-002 •l,74769•002 

1,22500•002 37,r.<18 75,831 2,41868-002 -1, 76476•002 2,47984-002 -1. 74827 002 

1,23000•002 37,694 75,1129 2,4oeo5-002 -1, 76477•002 2,46612-002 •1,74898 002 

1.23500•0!1? 37,690 7<;,826 2,39752-002 -l,76479+g02 2,45318-002 •l,74975•002 

1,24UOO•OQ2 37,686 75,823 2,38708-002 •l,76480 Q02 2,44103-002 •l,75054 002 

1,?4500•002 37,683 7'5,820 2,37673-002 -1,76481•002 2,4Z961-002 -1,75129 002 

1,25000,002 37,679 75,817 2,36647-002 -1,76482•!)02 2,41879-002 •l,75196•002 

\,?5500•0ff2 37,675 75,815 2,35630-002 -1,76484•002 2,4084z.oo2 •l,75253•002 

1,?6000•0~? 37,671 75,812 2,34621-002 -1,76485•002 2,39835.002 •l,75300•002 

1,26500•00? 37,667 75,809 2,33622-002 -1,76486•002 2,38843-002 •l,75336•002 

\,27000•002 37,663 75,806 2,32631•002 -1,76487•002 2,378!:>3-002 •l,75363•002 

1,21son•oo2 37,659 75,803 2,31648-002 -1,76489•()02 2,36858-002 •l,75383•002 

GPO 832 - 965 

87