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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

MIAMI DIVISON

CASE NO.:

WINDY LUCIUS,

Plaintiff, 

v. 

CHAR-HUT OF AMERICA, INC., 

d/b/a Char-Hut

Defendant. 

_____________________________________________/ 

COMPLAINT FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF

Plaintiff, Windy Lucius (“Plaintiff”) hereby sues Defendant, Char-Hut of America, Inc., 

(“Defendant”) a Florida for Profit Corporation authorized to transact business in the state of 

Florida, doing business as Char-Hut for Injunctive Relief, attorney’s fees, litigation expenses and 

costs pursuant to Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 

§§s 12181-12189 (“ADA”), 28 C.F.R. Part 36, et seq. 

1. Venue lies in the Southern District of Florida pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b) and 

Local Rule 3.1, in that the original transaction or occurrence giving rise to this cause of action 

occurred in this District.

2. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 28 U.S.C. § 1343, this Court has been given 

original jurisdiction over actions which arise from Defendant’s violations of Title III of the 

Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12181 et seq. See also 28 U.S.C. § 2201 and § 2202.

3. Plaintiff is a Florida resident, livesin Miami-Dade County, issui juris, and qualifies 

as an individual with disabilities as defined by the ADA. Plaintiff is legally blind and a member 

of a protected class under the ADA, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12102(1)-(2), the regulations implementing the 

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ADA set forth at 28 CFR §§ 36.101 et seq. and in 42 U.S.C. 3602, §802(h). Plaintiff is substantially 

limited in the major life activity of seeing. Plaintiff’s disability is defined in 28 C.F.R. 

§36.105(b)(2). 

4. Plaintiff uses the internet and a mobile device to help her navigate a world of goods, 

products and services like the sighted. The internet, websites and mobile applications provide her 

a window into the world that she would not otherwise have. She brings this action against 

Defendant for offering and maintaining a mobile website (software that is intended to run on 

mobile devises such as phones or tablet computers) that is not fully accessible and independently 

usable by visually impaired consumers. Plaintiff utilizes the Apple Screen Reader VoiceOver 

software to read computer materials and/or access and comprehend internet mobile website

information which is specifically designed for the visually impaired. 

5. Plaintiff is also an advocate of the rights of similarly situated disabled persons and 

is a “tester” for the purpose of asserting her civil rights. As such, she monitors mobile websites to 

ensure and determine whether places of public accommodation and/or their mobile websites are in 

compliance with the ADA. 

6. Defendant, Char-Hut of America, Inc., (also referenced as “Char-Hut of America” 

or “Defendant’s Restaurant”) is a Florida for Profit Corporation which owns and operates a familyowned restaurant chain branded as “Char-Hut”. Defendant’s restaurant is located at 12221 Taft 

Street, Pembroke Pines, FL 33026, and is open to the public. As such, identified as a Place of 

Public Accommodation subject to the requirements of Title III of the ADA and it’s implementing 

regulation as defined by 42 U.S.C. §12181(7)(B), §12182, and 28 C.F.R. §36.104(2). Defendant’s 

restaurant is also referenced as “place of public accommodation,” “Char-Hut” or “restaurant.”

 

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7. Defendant is defined as a “Public Accommodation" within meaning of Title III 

because Defendant is a private entity which owns and/or operates “[A] restaurant, bar, or other 

establishment serving food or drink,” 42 U.S.C. §12181(7)(B) and 28 C.F.R. §36.104(2). 

8. Subsequent to the effective date of the ADA, Defendant constructed, or caused to be 

constructed, the https://ordercharhut.com mobile website (hereinafter “mobile website”) for the 

general public to access on their mobile devices (phones, tablets). This mobile website supports, 

is an extension of, is in conjunction with, is complementary and supplemental to, Defendant’s 

Char-Hut restaurant. The mobile website delineates the goods, services, accommodations, 

privileges, benefits and facilities available to patrons at the restaurant’s physical location. 

9. The mobile website is offered as a way for the public to become familiar with CharHut’s menu selections, hours of operation, restaurant locations, specials, and other information 

Defendant seeks to communicate to the public. The mobile website allows the public to obtain 

information about “Char-Hut” catering services, provides a full-service catering menu as well as 

a link to inquire and book special/private events. Through the mobile website, the public can also 

place an order online to-go, or schedule for delivery within the restaurants (including Defendant’s 

restaurant), and showcases the Chart-Hut’s gift card, but there is no ability to purchase the gift 

card online at this time. The mobile website provides links to “Char-Hut” Facebook, and 

Instagram, pages to learn about pop-ups and specials. By the provision of menu selection, the 

ability to place an order online, and inquire about catering services, the mobile website is an 

integral part of the goods and services offered by Defendant. By this nexus, the mobile website is 

characterized as a Place of Public Accommodation to Title III of the ADA1

, 42 U.S.C. §§ 

1

 Ensuring Web Accessibility for people with disabilities has become a priority for the Department 

of Justice. The Department of Justice Civil Rights Division has taken the position that both State 

and local government websites (Title II) and the websites of private entities that are public 

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12181(7)(B) & (E) and 28 C.F.R. §36.104(2) and (5).

10. Defendant’s mobile website allows mobile device users to use a mobile platform 

through a connection to Wi-Fi or cellular data so that users can manage their dining choice from 

their mobile device. As such, it has subjected itself to the ADA because its mobile website is 

offered as a tool to promote, advertise and sell its products and services from its brick-and-mortar 

restaurant location, which is a place of public accommodation. As a result, Defendant’s mobile 

website must interact with its restaurant and the public, and in doing so must comply with the 

ADA, which means it must not discriminate against individuals with disabilities and may not deny 

full and equal enjoyment of the goods and services afforded to the general public.2

11. Defendant’s mobile website does not properly interact with the VoiceOver screen 

reader software technology in a manner that allows blind and visually impaired individuals to 

comprehend the mobile website and does not provide other means to accommodate blind and 

visually impaired individuals.

12. Like the seeing community, Plaintiff would like the opportunity to be able to use

Defendant’s mobile website, to test whether she can comprehend the “Char-Hut” restaurant menu 

selections, test for the ability to place an order online, or test whether she can use the mobile 

website in a manner substantially similar to persons without vision disabilities. However, unless 

accommodations (Title III) are covered by the ADA. On March 18, 2022, the DOJ issued guidance 

on Web Accessibility, see https://beta.ada.gov/resources/web-guidance/. The guidance states that 

individuals with disabilities should not be denied equal access to information, and inaccessible 

websites are as excluding as are access barriers to physical locations. DOJ guidance requires that 

website barriers must be identified, prevented, and removed so that all Title II and Title III entities 

offer websites that are accessible to people with disabilities.

2 According to Statista, almost half of web traffic in the United States originated form mobile 

devices in 2021. Therefore, Defendant knew or should have known that potential customers would 

be using the mobile version of its website and provided accessibility for blind users.

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Defendant is required to eliminate the access barriers at issue and required to change its policies 

so that access barriers do not reoccur, Plaintiff will continue to be denied full and equal access to 

the mobile website as described and will be deterred from fully using Defendant’s mobile website. 

13. Plaintiff is continuously aware of the violations on Defendant’s mobile website and 

is aware that it would be a futile gesture to attempt to utilize the mobile website as long as those 

violations exist unless she is willing to suffer additional discrimination.

14. Defendant and alike restaurants are fully aware of the need to provide full access 

to all visitors to its mobile website as such barriers result in discriminatory and unequal treatment 

of individuals with disabilities who are visually impaired and result in punishment and isolation 

of blind and low vision individuals from the rest of society. 

15. Plaintiff has no plain, adequate, or complete remedy at law to redress the wrongs 

alleged herein and this action is her only means to secure adequate redress from Defendant’s 

discriminatory practice.

16. Notice to Defendant is not required as a result of Defendant’s failure to cure the 

violations. Enforcement of the rights of Plaintiff is right and just pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201, 

2202. 

17. Plaintiff has been obligated to retain the civil rights law office of J. Courtney 

Cunningham, PLLC and has agreed to pay a reasonable fee for services in the prosecution of this 

cause, including costs and expenses incurred. Plaintiff is entitled to recover those attorney’s fees, 

costs and expenses from Defendant pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §12205 and 28 CFR §36.505. 

COUNT I – VIOLATIONS OF TITLE III OF THE ADA

18. The ADA requires that Public Accommodations (and Places of Public 

Accommodation) are required to ensure that communication is effective, which includes the 

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provision of auxiliary aids and services for such purpose.

19. According to 28 C.F.R. Section 36.303(b)(1), auxiliary aids and services includes 

“voice, text, and video-based telecommunications products and systems.” 28 C.F.R. Section 

36.303(b)(2) specifically states that (VoiceOver) screen reader software is an effective method of 

making visually delivered material available to individuals who are blind or have low vision.

20. 28 C.F.R. Section 36.303(c)(1)(ii) specifically states that public accommodations 

must furnish appropriate auxiliary aids and services where necessary to ensure effective 

communication with individuals with disabilities. “In order to be effective, auxiliary aids and 

services must be provided in accessible formats, in a timely manner, and in such a way as to protect 

the privacy and independence of the individual with a disability.” 

21. Part 36 of Title 28 of the C.F.R. was designed and is implemented to effectuate 

subtitle A of Title III of the ADA, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability by 

public accommodations and requires places of public accommodation to be designed, constructed, 

and altered in compliance with the accessibility standards established by Part 36. 

22. Defendant’s mobile website has been designed to integrate with its brick-andmortar restaurant through the provision of a place an order online, the ability to inquire about 

catering services, as well as the option to place an order for delivery with “Char-Hut” restaurant. 

By and through its mobile website, Defendant extends its restaurant into individual persons' homes 

and portable devices wherever located, therefore the mobile website is a service, facility, privilege, 

advantage, benefit and accommodation of Defendant's restaurant and is a nexus to its brick-andmortar restaurant location. Therefore, it is governed by the following provisions:

a. U.S.C. Section 12182(a) provides: “No individual shall be discriminated 

against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, 

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privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person 

who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation.”

b. 42 U.S.C. Section 12182(b)(1)(A)(i) provides: “It shall be discriminatory to 

subject an individual or class of individuals on the basis of a disability or disabilities of such 

individual or class, directly, or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements, to a denial 

of the opportunity of the individual or class to participate in or benefit from the goods, services, 

facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of an entity[.]”

c. 42 U.S.C. Section 12182(b)(1)(A)(ii) provides: “It shall be discriminatory 

to afford an individual or class of individuals, on the basis of a disability or disabilities of such 

individual or class, directly, or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements with the 

opportunity to participate in or benefit from a good, service, facility, privilege, advantage, or 

accommodation that is not equal to that afforded to other individuals[.]”

d. 42 U.S.C. Section 12182(b)(1)(A)(ii) provides: “It shall be discriminatory 

to provide an individual or class of individuals, on the basis of a disability or disabilities of such 

individual or class, directly, or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements with a good, 

service, facility, privilege, advantage, or accommodation that is different or separate from that 

provided to other individuals, unless such action is necessary to provide the individual or class of 

individuals with a good, service, facility, privilege, advantage, or accommodation, or other 

opportunity that is as effective as that provided to others[.]”

e. 42 U.S.C. Section 12182(b)(1)(B) provides: “Goods, services, facilities, 

privileges, advantages, and accommodations shall be afforded to an individual with a disability in 

the most integrated setting appropriate to the needs of the individual.”

f. 42 U.S.C. Section 12182(b)(1)(C) provides: “Notwithstanding the existence 

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of separate or different programs or activities provided in accordance with this section, an 

individual with a disability shall not be denied the opportunity to participate in such programs or 

activities that are not separate or different.”

g. 42 U.S.C. Section 12182(b)(2)(ii) describes as discrimination: “a failure to 

make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures, when such modifications are 

necessary to afford such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations to 

individuals with disabilities, unless the entity can demonstrate that making such modifications 

would fundamentally alter the nature of such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or 

accommodations[.]”

h. 42 U.S.C. Section 12182(b)(2)(iii) describes as discrimination: “a failure to 

take such steps as may be necessary to ensure that no individual with a disability is excluded, 

denied services, segregated or otherwise treated differently than other individuals because of the 

absence of auxiliary aids and services, unless the entity can demonstrate that taking such steps 

would fundamentally alter the nature of the good, service, facility, privilege, advantage, or 

accommodation being offered or would result in an undue burden[.]”

23. Plaintiff attempted to access and/or utilize Defendant's mobile website, but was 

unable to, and continues to be unable to enjoy full and equal access to the mobile website and/or 

understand the content therein because numerous portions of the mobile website do not interface 

with mobile VoiceOver screen reader software. Specifically, features of the mobile website that 

are inaccessible to VoiceOver screen reader software users include, but are not limited to, the 

following (citing the WCAG 2.1 Level A and AA Guidelines): 

i. Guideline 1.3.1- Information and Relationship. The website failed to convey the 

information, structure, and relationships through presentation that can be programmatically 

determined or are also available in text. The 'Quick Catering Services' menu content is 

visually styled in columns. A heading, such as 'Other cold side items' is displayed with a 

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list of options below this heading. The issue is that that focus sequence is left to right. For 

example, after the 'Garden Salad' in this section is announced, then focus moves to the 

'Rentals' section and "most types of tables" is announced. This happens throughout the 

document, so users will hear disjointed and unexpected information. In addition, a radio 

button is displayed next to each option, but it's announced as only "o”, so users hear each 

product name incorrectly such as "O most types of tables."

ii. Guideline 2.4.3 - Focus order is violated. The 'Full-Service Catering' menu is also not 

accessible due to an incorrect focus order. The focus order moves left to right, so users 

don't hear a section label followed by the options for that section.

iii. Guideline 1.4.5 - Images of Text is violated. menu is an image with embedded text and 

none of the text is announced. For example, page 2 of the menu is announced only as "Take 

OUT at link image." Users cannot swipe to access the text and an accessible alternative 

isn't available elsewhere on the website.

24. The fact that a portion of the WCAG 2.1 Level A and AA Guideline violations may 

be related to various third-party vendor platforms does not absolve Defendant of culpability. 

Because restaurants are places of public accommodation, their operators are subject to the 

requirements of Title III as well. 42 U.S.C. § 12181(7)(b). Those requirements include a 

prohibition against subjecting patrons with disabilities to discrimination “through contractual, 

licensing, or other arrangements,” such as use of third-party vendors’ inaccessible platforms for 

making reservations. 42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(1)(A); See Kohler v Bed Bath & Beyond of Cal., LLC,

780 F.3d 1260, 1264-66 (9th Cir. 2015) (Pre-existing obligations under Title III of the ADA may 

not be avoided through contractual arrangements, and those obligations remain even where 

compliance is under control of another party); Robles v. Yum! Brands, Inc., 2018 WL 566781, *4 

(C.D. Cal. January 24, 2018) (restaurant operators are liable for website and mobile app 

accessibility where there is a nexus to the restaurants themselves).

25. As the owner and/or operator of “Char-Hut” restaurant mobile website, Defendant 

is required to comply with the ADA and the provisions cited above. This includes Defendant’s 

obligation to create and maintain a mobile website that is accessible to and usable by visually

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impaired persons so that they can enjoy full and equal access to the mobile website and the content

therein, including the ability to order food online within the “Char-Hut” restaurants, and order food

online.

26. With respect to its mobile website, Defendant has violated the ADA by failing to 

interface its mobile website with VoiceOver screen reader software utilized by visually impaired

individuals (as specifically delineated within paragraph 23) either directly or through contractual, 

licensing, or other arrangements. Defendant’s violations have resulted in Defendant denying 

Plaintiff accommodation on the basis of her disability:

a. by depriving Plaintiff of the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, 

facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of its place of public accommodation (42 

U.S.C. § 12182(a));

b. in the denial of providing Plaintiff the opportunity to participate in or benefit 

from the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations (42 U.S.C. §

12182(b)(1)(A)(i));

c. in failing to afford Plaintiff the opportunity to participate in or benefit from 

a good, service, facility, privilege, advantage, or accommodation that is equal to that afforded to 

other individuals (42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(1)(A)(ii));

d. by providing Plaintiff a good, service, facility, privilege, advantage, or 

accommodation that is different or separate from that provided to other individuals (unless such 

action is necessary to provide the individual or class of individuals with a good, service, facility, 

privilege, advantage, or accommodation, or other opportunity that is as effective as that provided 

to others) (42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(1)(A)(iii));

e. by failing to afford Plaintiff goods, services, facilities, privileges, 

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advantages, and accommodations in the most integrated setting appropriate to the needs of the 

disabled individual (42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(1)(B));

f. notwithstanding the existence of separate or different programs or activities 

provided in accordance with this section, by denying Plaintiff the opportunity to participate in such 

programs or activities that are not separate or different. (42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(1)(C));

g. by a failure to make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or 

procedures, when such modifications are necessary to afford such goods, services, facilities, 

privileges, advantages, or accommodations to individuals with disabilities (unless the entity can 

demonstrate that making such modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of such goods, 

services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations) (42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(2)(ii)); and,

h. by a failure to take such steps as may be necessary to ensure that disabled 

individuals are not excluded, denied services, segregated or otherwise treated differently than other 

individuals because of the absence of auxiliary aids and services (unless the entity can demonstrate 

that taking such steps would fundamentally alter the nature of the good, service, facility, privilege, 

advantage, or accommodation being offered or would result in an undue burden) (42 U.S.C. §

12182(b)(2)(iii)).

27. Plaintiff is continuously aware of the violations within Defendant's mobile website

and is aware that it would be a futile gesture to attempt to utilize the mobile website as long as 

those violations exist unless she is willing to suffer additional discrimination.

28. Plaintiff is well aware that the ADA requires effective communications. However, 

long after the required date of compliance, many public accommodations refuse to comply leaving 

Plaintiff feeling excluded and rejected because she is disabled. As a result, Plaintiff has suffered

(and continues to suffer) frustration and humiliation as the result of the discriminatory conditions 

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present within Defendant's mobile website. By continuing to operate its mobile website with 

discriminatory conditions, Defendant contributes to Plaintiff's sense of isolation and segregation 

and deprives Plaintiff the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges 

and/or accommodations available to the general public. By encountering the discriminatory 

conditions within Defendant's mobile website and knowing that it would be a futile gesture to 

attempt to utilize the mobile website unless she is willing to endure additional discrimination, 

Plaintiff is deprived of the meaningful choice of freely visiting and utilizing the same 

accommodations readily available to the general public and is deterred and discouraged from doing 

so. By maintaining a mobile website with violations, Defendant deprives Plaintiff the equality of 

opportunity offered to the general public.

29. Plaintiff has suffered (and will continue to suffer) direct and indirect injury as a 

result of Defendant’s discrimination until Defendant is compelled to comply with the requirements 

of the ADA and conform its mobile website to WCAG 2.1 Level A and AA Guidelines.

30. Plaintiff has a realistic, credible, existing, and continuing threat of discrimination 

from Defendant’s non-compliance with the ADA with respect to its mobile website. Plaintiff has 

reasonable grounds to believe that she will continue to be subjected to discrimination in violation 

of the ADA by Defendant when she visits the mobile website to test for compliance with the ADA. 

Plaintiff desires to access the mobile website to avail herself of the benefits, advantages, goods 

and services therein, and/or to assure herself that the mobile website is in compliance with the 

ADA so that she and others similarly situated will have full and equal enjoyment of the mobile 

website without fear of discrimination.

31. Plaintiff is without adequate remedy at law and has suffered (and will continue to 

suffer) irreparable harm. The Plaintiff and all others similarly situated will continue to suffer such 

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discrimination, injury and damage without the immediate relief as requested herein.

32. Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 12188, this Court is provided with authority to grant Plaintiff 

Injunctive Relief, including an order to require Defendant to alter its mobile website to make it 

readily accessible to and usable by Plaintiff and other persons with vision impairments. 

WHEREFORE, Plaintiff, Windy Lucius hereby demands judgment against Defendant, 

Char-Hut of America, Inc., d/b/a Char-Hut, and requests the following injunctive and declaratory 

relief: 

a. The Court issue a Declaratory Judgment that determines that Defendant's mobile 

website is in violation of Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. 

§ 12181 et seq.; 

b. The Court issue a Declaratory Judgment that Defendant has violated the ADA by 

failing to monitor and maintain its mobile website to ensure that it is readily 

accessible to and usable by persons with vision impairment;

c. The Court issue an Order directing Defendant to alter its mobile website to make it 

accessible to, and useable by, individuals with disabilities to the full extent required 

by Title III of the ADA;

d. The Court issue an Order directing Defendant provide the appropriate auxiliary aids 

such that individuals with visual impairments will be able to effectively 

communicate with the https://ordercharhut.com mobile website for purposes of 

comprehending Defendant’s “Char-Hut” menu selections, and ordering food, and 

during that time period prior to the mobile website’s being designed to permit 

individuals with visual impairments to effectively communicate, requiring 

Defendant to provide an alternative method for individuals with visual impairments 

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to effectively communicate so that disabled individuals are not impeded from 

obtaining the goods and services made available to the public through Defendant’s 

mobile website. 

e. The Court enter an Order directing Defendant to evaluate and neutralize its policies 

and procedures towards persons with disabilities for such reasonable time so as to 

allow Defendant to undertake and complete corrective procedures;

f. The Court enter an Order directing Defendant to continually update and maintain 

its mobile website to ensure that it remains fully accessible to and usable by visually 

impaired individuals;

g. The Court award attorney’s fees, costs and litigation expenses pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 

§ 12205; and, 

h. The Court provide such other relief as the Court deems just and proper, and/or is 

allowable under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Respectfully submitted this December 20, 2022. 

 By: /s/ J. Courtney Cunningham 

 J. Courtney Cunningham, Esq. 

 FBN: 628166 

 J. COURTNEY CUNNINGHAM, PLLC

 8950 SW 74th Court, Suite 2201 

 Miami, Florida 33156 

 Telephone: 305-351-2014 

 cc@cunninghampllc.com 

 legal@cunninghampllc.com 

 

 Counsel for Plaintiff

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