NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

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7109

PERFORMANCE OF COATING SYSTEMS WHEN APPLIED TO SURFACED BUILT-UP

ROOFS TO FACILITATE THE REMOVAL OF ATOMIC FALLOUT

by

William C. Cullen

and

Edgar H. MacArthur

<J«p>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and

properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices,

and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; in- vention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the dev^elopment

of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research,

development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various

consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when ihe

Bureau’s unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of

divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers. These papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the journals

of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from

the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,

presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary

and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides

data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world.

There are also five series^ of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series,

Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. Information on the Bureau’s publications can he found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of the

National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($1.50), available from the Superintendent

of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1004-30-10640 20 March 1961 7109

PERFORMANCE OF COATING SYSTEMS WHEN APPLIED TO SURFACED BUILT-UP

ROOFS TO FACILITATE THE REMOVAL OF ATOMIC FALLOUT

by

William C. Cullen

and

Edgar H. MacArthur

Organic Building Materials Section

Building Research Division

Sponsored by

Atomic Energy Commission

IMPORTANT NOTICE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANE

Intended for use within the Gov

to additional evaluation and revir listing of this Report) either In w

the Office of the Director, Nation however, by the Government age

to reproduce additional copies fo

^.pproved for public release by the

)ireetor of the National Institute of

standards and Technology (NIST) on October 9, 2015.

ess accounting documents

y

published it Is subjected

eduction, or open-literature

is obtained In writing from

1 permission Is not needed,

ared If that agency wishes

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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Based on these data^ it can be concluded that the early removal of a radioactive contaminant from a surfaced built-up roof will not be possible.

Obviously^ a roof which presents a smooth, even surface can minimize

the hazard due to the accumulation of radioactive fallout, because the

probability of its ultimate removal by the conventional decontamination

methods will be greatly increased. In the case of new construction, this can be partially accomplished by the specification of smooth-surfaced roofs

at the sacrifice, of course, of some durability, since mineral-surfaced

roofs generally out-perform their smooth- surfaced counterparts.

Existing slag- or gravel-surfaced roofs must be treated in some manner to render their surface smooth. The application of coating or topping systems to fill the voids between the surfacing particles has

been suggested as a possible method. If such a system is to perform

adequately, it should possess many, if not all, of the following

attributes

1 . Be economical and easy to apply.

2. Provide good coverage, i.e», present a smooth, dense surface even after extended periods of exposure.

3. Provide good adhesion to the base on which applied.

4. Be compatible with the base on which applied.

5. Possess desirable weathering characteristics.

6. Resist flow at roof temperatures.

7. Easy to maintain.

At the request of the Atomic Energy Commission, the National Bureau

of Standards carried out a program to study the performance of a number

of coating systems employed as surface preparations for built-up roofs

surfaced with slag or gravel. Ten organic coating systems were selected

for inclusion in the program and they may be placed in one or more of the

following categories:

(1.) Asphalt Base.

(2.) Coal-tar Base.

(3.) Resin Base (epoxy, polyvinyl acetate).

(4.) Rubber Base.

Each of the coatings was intended for cold application by brush and/or

spray in either a solvent or emulsion form.
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The performance of the coating systems was studied during a series of

simulated service tests carried out in the laboratory. In addition^ outdoor

exposure tests were conducted on a slag-surfaced^ coal-tar pitchy, built-up

roof located at the Atomic Energy Commission site at Germantown^ Md.

2. COATING SYSTEMS

Ten coating systems were selected for inclusion in the program and were obtained directly from the manufacturers by the Atomic Energy Commission

in response to a letter request. Table 2 lists the NBS Sample Number

(assigned in the order of the receipt of the sample)^ manufacturer^ trade

name^ weight per gallon and the spreading rate as applied^ both in

laboratory and outdoor exposure tests. Cost data were not available.

3. SIMULATED SERVICE TESTS

A laboratory investigation was carried out to study the performance

characteristics of the various systems when subjected to environments

simulating actual exposure conditions. Whenever possible^ existing methods

of test were employed^ but in some cases existing methods had to be modified

or new methods devised to obtain the type of test data which were desired.

The following characteristics of the coating systems appeared to be worthy

of consideration in the laboratory phase of the study

1. Resistance to accelerated weathering tests.

2. Resistance to flow at elevated temperatures.

3. Adhesion of materials simulating fallout from a nuclear explosion.

3.1 Accelerated Weathering Tests

The accelerated tests which were employed were designed to simulate

exposure on dead-level roofs where there are no run-offs and standing

water evaporates in place.

One specimen of each sample was prepared by depositing a uniform film

of the coating material over the bottom of a 90 mm by 20 mm petri dish.

A second specimen was similarly prepared except that the bottom of the

dish was covered with glass beads (5 mm in diameter) to simulate a roughened

surface

The specimens were exposed in a horizontal position in a low-intensity^

single^ enclosed carbon-arc accelerated weathering machine. .2/ They were exposed 23 hours per day to light only. The petri dishes were filled

3/ — Available from the Atlas Electric Devices Co.^ 4114 N. Ravenswood Ave.^,

Chicago 13^ Illinois.
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three-quarters full with distilled water after each 100 hours exposure and were then reexposed to the radiation of the arc allowing the water to

evaporate in place^ which required from 4 to 6 hours. The temperature of

the specimens during exposure varied from 50 to 60°C.

The results of the accelerated weathering tests after 1000 hours

exposure are given in Table 3.

3o2 Flow Tests at 60“C.

The flow test was employed to indicate the stability (ability to re- main in place after set) of the coating material after it had been applied

to the roof surface.

Two specimens of each sample were prepared by applying the material

by brush to a 70 mm, by 150 mm, aluminum panel at the spreading rate

recommended for application. The specimens were conditioned at room

temperature (25°C.) for 24 hours and then placed in a vertical position

for 5 hours in an oven maintained at a temperature of 60° C. The amount

of flow was noted and recorded.

The results of the flow tests Indicated that none of the specimens

showed flow at 60°C for 5 hours,

3,3 Dust Retention Test

The dust retention test was developed to determine the ease of remova

of simulated fallout particles from the surfaces of the various coating

systems^ originally and after predetermined periods of exposure to the

accelerated weathering test.

The specimens were prepared as described in Section 3.1 and allowed

to condition at room temperature (25°C,) for at least 48 hours.

Each specimen was dusted with a mixture of 3 parts U.S.P, talcum

powder and 1 part of fluorescent powderit/ (zinc salt of 8 hydroxyquinoline) and then inverted and tapped gently to remove the excess

material. The specimen was then flushed with water maintained at a flow rate of 1500 ml. per minute through a 3/ 16-in. orifice;, while

being slowly revolved at an angle of 45°, After flushing with 500 ml.

of water; the specimens were examined under a black lightJ./ to indicate

—^Trade name **Glo-Craft®; obtained from Switzer Bros.; Inc.; Cleveland 15;

Ohio

—^The Burton Twin Fluorescent Illuminator; No. 1920; equipped with two

Sylvania black light; blue bulbs (4W)
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the degree of removal of the fluorescent powder = The amount of fluorescence

(brilliant light green color) was noted and recorded.

The dust retention tests were performed on specimens prepared on a smooth substrate after 0^ 1000^ and 2000 hours of exposure. The results

are presented in Table 4. In addition^ similar tests were made on the

specimens prepared on the roughened surface after 2000 hours exposure

and the results are given in Table 5.

4. OUTDOOR EXPOSURE

The outdoor exposure tests were conducted to study the performance of

the ten coating systems on actual slag-surfaced^ coal-tar pitchy built-up

roofs. The roof selected as the test site was located on the Radio Building at the Atomic Energy Facilityj, Germantown^ Md,

Prior to the application of the coatings^ the roof surfaces were

prepared as follows:

(a) The loose slag was removed by sweeping with a stif f -bristle

broom.

(b) The deck was washed down thoroughly with a hose to remove dirt^

dust and other fines which may have affected the adhesion, of the coating

system,

(c) The surface was allowed to dry thoroughly prior to the application of the coating.

On 6 June 1960^ each coating system was applied by brush to an area

of 21 sq.ft, of prepared surface. In the case of the emu Is ion- type

coating^ the roof surface was dampened slightly prior to the application

of the material. The test applications were made by Atomic Energy

Commission personnel and were witnessed by a number of manufacturer's

representatives (all were invited) and members of the staffs of the

Atomic Energy Commission and the National Bureau of Standards. Inspections of the exposures were made periodically^ the latest being made on

13 January 1961 after approximately 6 months exposure. During the

inspections^ particular attention was directed not only toward the

durability of the system^ but also to those aspects which would contribute to the retention of fallout particles^, such as alligatoring^ checking^,

cracking blisters^ and pitting of the surface.

The results of the outdoor exposure tests after six months exposure

are presented in Table 6.
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TABLE 4.

NBS

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Results of Dust-Retention Tests on Smooth Specimens

Rating—^ after Exposure to Accelerated Weathering Tests for

hours 1000 hours 2000 hours

2

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TABLE 5.

Results of Dust-Retention Tests on Coatings Applied to

Roughened (Glass Beads) Surface After Exposure of 2000

Hours to Weatherometer

NBS

No. Rating—^

1 3

2 2

3 3

4 1

5 1

6 1

7 2

8 2

9 3

10 2

1/

Dust completely removed - 0

Trace = 1 Evident = 2

Pronounced = 3
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- 6 -

5, DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The results of the study indicated that two major problems exist in

regard to the contamination and subsequent decontamination of a mineral^

surfaced j built-up roof from radioactive fallout. The uneven surface of

such a roof may permit the accumulation of fine particles and^ most important;, the difficulties encountered to completely decontaminate such a roof

by conventional methods may prove formidable. The obvious solution to the

problems appears to be in the conversion of the roughened surface to a smooth^ dense surface by the application of a material capable of filling

the voids between the granular surfacing. In this connection^ the results

indicated that 8 of the 10 materials appeared capable of meeting this

requirement. However^ is should be kept in mind that the protective

system must also act as a durable weather surface and retain its desirable

characteristics over a number of years of exposure. Surface irregularities

resulting from cracks^ blisters^ holes and pits^ alligatoring and checking^

would in all probability hold rather tenaciously the fine particles of

radioactive fallout. Poor coverage, of course, defeats the purpose of

the system, although it does reduce the surface area to some extent. Poor

adhesion to the substrate may allow the contaminant to penetrate to the area between the coating and the roof, rendering its removal impossible.

Therefore, in the course of the study, particular attention was directed

toward these conditions as they occured, in both the simulated service

tests and the outdoor exposures.

As expected, the specimens which were applied to smooth bases performed

better than those which were applied to the roughened substrate (glass beads)

in that five of the ten specimens evidenced cracking to some extent under

the latter condition and no cracking was observed under the former condition.

It is interesting to note here that 8 of the 10 specimens showed some degree of cracking during the outdoor exposure tests.

The formation of blisters and subsequent pits, holes, and other surface

irregularities resulting therefrom, appeared to be much more severe in the

outdoor tests, both in the number of systems exhibiting the failure and

the degree to which the conditions developed.

Coverage was generally not adequate with coatings of paint-type

consistency, as Nos, 1 and 3. These materials, which contain relatively

high volatile vehicle contents, flowed between each surfacing particle

and deposited a thin film surrounding each granule, but still leaving

numerous voids.
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- 7

-

Poor adhesion to the substrate was exhibited by coating systems Nos.

k, 5, and 6 in the outdoor tests. This condition was evidenced by the

curling of the edges of the test exposures and the presence of water between the old roof surface and the coating system. These failures were

not observed during the simulated service tests in the laboratory.

There was no incompatability observed between the coating systems

and the base during the outdoor exposure tests.

As expected^ the dust retention tests indicated that the removal of

the simulated fallout particles could best be accomplished from the

specimens presenting a smooth^ dense surface. On the other hand^ the

removal of the fine particles was quite difficult from the specimens

on which the coverage was poor or where the surface was marked with

Irregularities caused by checks^ cracks^ pitSj, blisters^, or other

imperfections. Generally^, the ease of removal was related to the degree

of surface roughness.

In general^ the results of the tests showed the outdoor exposures

on actual roofs to be more severe than the simulated service tests

conducted in the laboratory.

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are based on the observations made during

the application and subsequent inspections of the outdoor exposure speci- mens as well as on the data which were obtained during the laboratory

tests :

1. In the outdoor tests, Systems Nos. 2, 7, and 8 appeared to perform

the most satisfactory. However, it is felt that the performance of these

systems was not sufficiently adequate to justify their use on large roof areas

2. Coatings which have a paint- type consistency, as Nos. 1 and 3, were not satisfactory due to their poor coverage over the surfacing

granules of a built-up roof. These coatings, however, may have use as

a protective or decorative covering over suitable systems,

3. Coatings which exhibited poor adhesion to the substrate, as Nos. 4, 5, and 6, are not considered satisfactory

4. Blisters, cracks, pits, alligatoring, and other surface irregularities retained the fine particles which are present in radioactive

fallout. Cracking of the coatings appeared to be the most serious defect.
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5 Multiple applications of a given coating appeared to give better

results than a single^ heavy application

6.

The data which were obtained in the dust-retention test appeared

to give a good indication as to the ease of removal of simulated fallout

from a surface.

7

SUGGESTIONS

1„ Since the correlation between the laboratory test and the outdoor

exposures was generally poor^ it is suggested that future weathering tests

be restricted to outdoor exposure on existing surfaced roofs.

2. It is suggested that further consideration be given to the use of

a plastic or other type of sheet material to facilitate fallout removal.

The sheets sufficiently large to cover a given area of a roof, could be

stored in protected rolls along the edge of the roof and could be quickly

unrolled in the event of a warning of a nuclear explosion. The entire

sheet could be rolled up and removed to a disposal area, along with the

contaminant, after the fallout had been deposited. This roeth^jd would be

somewhat analogous to the protection, afforded to a baseball infield by a plastic or canvas covering during a sudden summer shower. It would appear

that a polyethylene sheet or similar material, with a minimum thickness of

4 to 6 mils, may prove satisfactory and economical for this purpose.

8

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Thomas H. Boone, Organic

Building Materials Section, National Bureau of Standards, and Mr. L. A.

Tarbox, Division of Construction and Supply, Atomic Energy Commission,

in the various phases of this project. The cooperation of manufacturers

in furnishing samples and offering suggestions is also acknowledged.

USCOMM-NBS-DC
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TABLE

6.

Results

of

Outdoor

Exposure

Tests

After

6“Months

Exposure

(Rating)—

I

tJOo ns

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboiatories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colo., is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In

general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its

title. A bj’ief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C. ELECTRICITY. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments, Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. METROLOGY. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering

Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

HEAT. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Molecular Kinetics. Free

Radicals Research. Equation of State. Statistical Physics. Molecular Spectroscopy.

RADIATION PHYSICS. X-Ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological

Equipment. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

CHEMISTRY. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

MECHANICS. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum, Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Combustion Controls. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS MATERIALS. Rubber, Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications.

Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

METALLURGY. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics.

MINERAL PRODUCTS. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals, Constitution and

Microstructure.

BUILDING RESEARCH. Structural Engineering. Fii’e Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer, Inorganic Building Materials. APPLIED MATHEMATICS. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical

Physics.

DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog

Systems. Applications Engineering.

ATOMIC PHYSICS. Spectroscopy. Radiometry, Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics.

Atomic Physics.

INSTRUMENTATION. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical

Instruments. Basic Instrumentation.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Pi'oces.ses. Properties of Materials. Gas

Liquefaction.

IONOSPHERE RESEARCH AND PROPAGATION. Low Frequency and Vei-y Low Frequency Research. Ion- osphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. RADIO PROPAGATION ENGINEERING. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain ElTects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

RADIO STANDARDS. High frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave

Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Standards. Electronic- Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Microwave Circuit Standards.

RADIO SYSTEMS, High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Space Telecommunications.

UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE PHYSICS. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and

Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.
NBS