IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-1772

Filed August 5, 2015

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF MARK E. BRUS

AND ARELI BRUS

Upon the Petition of

MARK E. BRUS,

Petitioner-Appellant,

And Concerning

ARELI BRUS,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Buena Vista County, Don E. 

Courtney, Judge. 

The father appeals from the decree modifying physical care of the parties’ 

child. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

David P. Jennett of David Jennett, P.C., Storm Lake, for appellant.

M.W. Miller Jr. of Miller, Miller, Miller, P.C., Cherokee, for appellee.

Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, J.

Mark Brus appeals from the modification decree, which changed physical 

care of K.B. from Mark to his former spouse Areli Brus. Mark contends Areli 

failed to prove that there had been a substantial and material change of 

circumstances since the entry of the parties’ dissolution decree, that she would 

be the superior care provider, and that a change in physical care would be in the 

child’s best interests.

I.

Mark and Areli Brus married in 2002 and separated in 2009. Their 

daughter K.B. was born in 2003. Mark petitioned to dissolve their marriage in 

January 2010. Following a hearing on temporary matters in February, the court 

issued its ruling on temporary matters, finding “[b]oth parties have performed the 

functions of primary caretakers,” and “it is in the best interest of the minor child 

that the parties have joint legal custody; that primary physical care be placed with 

Mark and that Areli have visitation.” In August, the parties stipulated to a 

dissolution decree providing joint legal custody of K.B., awarding Mark physical 

care of K.B., providing for “reasonable and liberal visitation with the minor child 

upon such terms as the parties shall agree,” and ordering Areli to pay child 

support.

Both parties are employed full time. Mark normally works from 2:00 p.m.

to 10:00 p.m. Areli normally works from 7:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Mark has a 

three-bedroom home in rural Alta, Iowa. Areli lives in Storm Lake. She has a 

two-year-old child from another relationship. K.B. attends school in Storm Lake. 
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During the week, Mark takes K.B. to school in Storm Lake every morning. At the 

end of the school day, K.B. attends daycare after school until approximately 4:30 

p.m. when Areli picks her up after work. K.B. stays with her mother through the 

evening until Mark picks up the child after work and takes her home. Mark 

usually arrives at Areli’s house around 10:40 p.m. In the summer, Mark takes 

K.B. to daycare around noon. Areli picks up K.B. after work and has visitation 

through the remainder of the evening until Mark picks up K.B. after work. Mark 

works every third Sunday. When that day of work falls on a weekend in which 

K.B. is in his care, K.B. stays with Areli while Mark is at work. 

In August 2012 Mark was arrested and charged with manufacturing

methamphetamine. He received a deferred judgment and was discharged from 

his three-year probation after successfully completing the terms of probation in 

eighteen months. A child abuse assessment following Mark’s arrest resulted in a 

founded report for denial of critical care and his placement on the child abuse 

registry. K.B. was removed from Mark’s home after Mark’s arrest, adjudicated a 

child in need of assistance (“CINA”) in October, and initially placed with her 

paternal aunt, then later with her mother. In September 2013, K.B. was returned 

to Mark’s care. The CINA case was closed in November.

In September 2013 Areli filed her application for modification of the 

stipulated decree, alleging a substantial change in circumstances (1) in that she 

had become the de facto primary caretaker of K.B. and (2) in that it was in K.B.’s 

best interest to reside primarily with her. The district court granted Areli’s 

petition, concluding:
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When the Decree was entered on August 27, 2010, the court 

awarded physical care to Mark. The court intended Mark to be the 

primary physical caretaker. The evidence convinces this court by a 

preponderance of the evidence that the child is with Areli the 

majority of the time and that she is the primary caretaker for the 

child and has been since the dissolution. This was not what the 

court contemplated.

. . . . It is this court’s opinion that this schedule, whether it be 

during the school year or during the summer, is not in the best 

interest of a child 11 years old nor is this what the court 

contemplated when the decree awarded physical care to Mark.

The next question for the court is whether Areli has proven 

an ability to provide superior care? The court believes that the 

evidence reflects that she has proven the ability to provide superior 

care. The court has concluded that Areli has been the de facto 

primary physical caretaker for the child since the dissolution. She 

lives in Storm Lake where the child’s school is located, she has 

family in Storm Lake and her home provides the child her own 

bedroom. The past winter was so cold that Mark had to have the 

child sleep with him in his bedroom in a separate bed. A 

modification of the court’s decree allows the child to sleep 

uninterrupted from the time she goes to bed until she gets up to go 

to school. The court believes that Areli has and will continue to 

allow Mark maximum continuous physical and emotional contact 

with the child. Mark, when given the opportunity to allow Areli that 

opportunity, chose to have his sister have physical care of K.L.B. 

The court believes that this modification only confirms the de facto 

custody arrangement of the parties.

II.

Our review is de novo. Iowa R. App. P. 6.907; see In re Marriage of 

Sisson, 843 N.W.2d 866, 870 (Iowa 2014). We give weight to the fact findings of 

the trial court, especially when considering the credibility of witnesses, but are 

not bound by them. Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g); see In re Marriage of 

McDermott, 827 N.W.2d 671, 676 (Iowa 2013). 

III.

Changing physical care of a child from one parent to another is one of the 

most significant modifications that can be undertaken in family law matters. In re 
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Marriage of Hoffman, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2015 WL 2137550, at *5 (Iowa 

2015); see In re Marriage of Thielges, 623 N.W.2d 232, 236 (Iowa Ct. App. 

2000). The party requesting modification must first establish a substantial and 

material change in circumstances. Hoffman, ___ N.W.2d at ___. A substantial 

change in circumstances is one that is more or less permanent, not contemplated 

by the court when the decree was entered, and that affects the children’s welfare. 

See id.; see also In re Marriage of Frederici, 338 N.W.2d 156, 158 (Iowa 1983); 

Thielges, 623 N.W.2d at 238. After establishing a substantial change in 

circumstances, the party seeking modification must also establish the ability to 

minister more effectively to the needs of the children. See Hoffman, ___ N.W.2d 

at ___; see also Frederici, 338 N.W.2d at 158. This is a “heavy burden,” and 

rightly so. See Hoffman, ___ N.W.2d at ___; see also Thielges, 623 N.W.2d at 

235-37. To promote stability in children’s lives, our courts have concluded that 

“once custody of children has been determined, it should be disturbed only for 

the most cogent reasons.” Dale v. Pearson, 555 N.W.2d 243, 245 (Iowa Ct. App.

1996).

A.

On de novo review, we conclude Areli failed to carry her heavy burden of 

establishing a substantial and material change in circumstances. There are two 

primary problems of proof. First, Areli failed to introduce evidence establishing 

the parties’ care and visitation arrangements at and around the time of the 

dissolution decree. In the absence of evidence of the circumstances prior to the 

time of the dissolution decree, a party cannot establish a substantial and material 
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change in circumstances supporting modification. Second, while the district court 

found “the child is with Areli the majority of the time and that she is the primary 

caretaker for the child and has been since the dissolution,” this is not supported 

by the evidence. The child is actually under Mark’s physical care a greater 

percentage of the time than under Areli’s care. 

Another consideration militates in favor of concluding there has not been a 

substantial and material change in circumstances outside the contemplation of 

the decretal court. In the stipulated decree, the parties provided for Areli to have 

“reasonable and liberal visitation with the minor child upon such terms as the 

parties shall agree.” (Emphasis added.) Iowa Code section 598.41(1) (2013)

provides, in relevant part:

The court, insofar as is reasonable and in the best interest of the 

child, shall order the custody award, including liberal visitation 

rights where appropriate, which will assure the child the opportunity 

for the maximum continuing physical and emotional contact with 

both parents after the parents have separated or dissolved the 

marriage, and which will encourage parents to share the rights and 

responsibilities of raising the child.

The original decree gave the parties the ability to work together to “assure the 

child the opportunity for the maximum continuing physical and emotional contact 

with both parents.” While it is correct that Areli spends a significant amount of 

time caring for K.B. after school while Mark is at work, it is also certainly correct 

that Mark could have hired another caretaker to watch K.B. during this same 

period of time. Instead, Mark and Areli cooperated in K.B.’s best interest to give 

her the most time possible with both of her parents. Mark should not now be 
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punished by losing physical care of his child for granting Areli very liberal 

visitation with K.B. in accord with the stipulated decree. 

We agree with the district court, generally, that there may be a point at 

which one parent has been the de facto physical caretaker for an extended 

period of time such that the decree should be modified to reflect that reality. That 

is not this case. In the typical de facto care claim, the parent granted physical 

care has abandoned the child to the care of the other parent for a long period of 

time. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Spears, 529 N.W.2d 229, 229 (Iowa Ct. App. 

1994) (granting modification where mother left the area); In re Marriage of Scott, 

457N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa Ct. App. 1990) (granting modification where mother 

moved to another state and left daughter in father’s care for two years); In re 

Marriage of Green, 417 N.W.2d 252, 252-53 (Iowa Ct. App. 1987) (granting 

modification where custodial mother moved 150 miles away and left children with 

the father for two years). This case is more analogous to In re Marriage of 

Caldwell, No. 06-1369, 2007 WL 912124, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 28, 2007). In 

Caldwell, the father had physical care of the children but granted the mother 

liberal visitation due to work schedules. See Caldwell, 2007 WL 912124, at *1. 

The mother argued there had been a de facto transfer of primary physical care. 

The court rejected the claim, concluding the father was merely granting more 

visitation to the mother than was required in the decree while also providing daily 

care for the children. See id. at *2. The same rationale applies here. 

On de novo review, we also conclude Areli has not proved the ability to 

provide superior care to K.B. Areli has an apartment where K.B. has her own 
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bedroom. Mark has a home on an acreage where K.B. has her own bedroom. 

Areli has family nearby; so does Mark. Although Areli lives in Storm Lake where 

K.B. attends school, her work schedule does not permit her to take K.B. to school 

or pick her up from school. Mark lives just outside of Storm Lake and takes K.B. 

to school every day. We note there is no indication that Mark’s arrest impacts his 

ability to provide care for the child. He demonstrated he was able to quickly turn 

his life around and learn from his mistake. He successfully discharged his 

probation in half the required time. The department of human services 

recommended that care of the child be returned to him. There is no evidence in 

this record supporting the conclusion that Areli can provide superior care. 

Finally, on de novo review, we conclude that modification of the parties’ 

decree is not in K.B.’s best interests. The district court concluded the parties’ 

agreed-upon schedule was not in K.B.’s best interest, solely because she does 

not have the opportunity to sleep uninterrupted through the night. We note the

current schedule allows for ample sleep and the disruption after Mark gets off 

work is de minimis. The parties’ care arrangement has not affected K.B.’s 

schooling. Areli’s friend testified K.B. was “doing good in school.” The case 

worker who worked with K.B. during the CINA case testified concerning K.B.’s 

custody:

I worked with this family for well over a year. KLB stated that she 

wanted to live back at her father's home. Mark meets every need 

of KLB. She is happy. She is healthy. I believe that Mark goes out 

of his way to co-parent with Areli. The first district court felt that 

Mark should have custody, and I would not see the point at this 

time, based on my interaction with the family, why that will change 

or why KLB would be uprooted and moved from one home to 

another.
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We are unable to conclude the current care schedule has a negative effect on 

K.B.’s welfare or that a modification is in K.B.’s best interest. See Frederici, 338 

N.W.2d at 158.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the district court 

modifying the custody provisions of the parties’ stipulated decree and remand for 

dismissal of Areli’s application for modification.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.