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THE

EMPLOYMENT

PROBLEMS

OF OLDER

WORKERS

BULLETIN 1721

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Bureau of Labor Statistics

document collection

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
THE

EMPLOYMENT

PROBLEMS

OF OLDER

WORKERS

Prepared for

The W hite House

Conference on Aging

November 29,1971

BULLETIN 1721

U .S . DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR

J. D. Hodgson, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Geoffrey H. Moore, Commissioner

rs rf

1971

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Preface

T h is b u lle tin w as p r e p a r e d fo r d is trib u tio n a t th e 

W hite H ouse C o n fe re n ce on A ging, N o v e m b er 29 to D e ­

c e m b e r 3, 1971, in W ash in g to n , D. C. T he b u lle tin w as

p r e p a r e d in th e O ffice of E co n o m ic T re n d s and L a b o r 

C o n d itio n s,; O ffice of D ata A n a ly s is , B u re a u of L a b o r 

S ta tis tic s , U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r0

R o b e rt L . S tein and J a n ic e N e ip e rt H ed g es had m a jo r 

re s p o n s ib ility fo r its p r e p a r a tio n . D onald M . L an d ay and 

A rn o ld S t r a s s e r , O ffice of W ages and In d u s tria l R e la tio n s , 

c o n trib u te d th e c h a p te r on P e n s io n P la n s and R e tire m e n t 

B e n e fits . T he c h a p te r on D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r M an p o w er 

P r o g r a m s and S e rv ic e s w as p r e p a r e d in th e M an p o w er A dm in is tr a tio n , U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, by A lb e rt M apou 

and F r e d A. K ahn. M a ria n L. H e s te r , C a ro l M iln e r, 

and M a ry E lle n T a lb e r t a ls o a s s is te d in th e p re p a r a tio n 

of th e r e p o r t.

iii

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Contents

C h a p te rs :

1. In tr o d u c tio n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

2. L a b o r fo rc e p a r t i c i p a t i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3

O ld e r m en in th e la b o r f o r c e -------------------------------------------------------- 3

O ld e r w om en in th e la b o r f o r c e --------------------------------------------------- 4

F u tu re g ro w th of th e la b o r f o r c e -------------------------------------------------- 4

3. U n em p lo y m en t ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

4. W ork e x p e r ie n c e --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

5. M o b ility --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

6. In co m e and e a r n in g s-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

7. P e n s io n p la n s and r e tir e m e n t b e n e f i t s--------------------------------------------- 16

8. Job p e rfo rm a n c e and tra in in g p o t e n t i a l -------------------------------------------- 19

9. Jo b d is c r im in a tio n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

10. E d u c a tio n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

11. D e p a rtm e n t of la b o r m a n p o w er p r o g r a m s an d s e r v i c e s ------------------ 25

T a b le s:

A. E x p e c ta tio n s of y e a r s of life , w o rk life , and r e tir e m e n t fo r

m en in the la b o r fo rc e a t s e le c te d a g e s and y e a r s ----------------------- 4

B . S e le c te d m e a s u r e s of u n e m p lo y m e n t, b y ag e and s e x , 1 9 7 0 ----------- 6

C. P e r c e n t of p e rs o n s w ith w o rk e x p e rie n c e in I9 6 0 , 1965 and

1970, who w o rk e d y e a r ro u n d fu ll tim e , by age an d s e x ------------- 8

D. P e r c e n t of p e rs o n s a t w o rk in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s tr ie s by

p a r t- ti m e s ta tu s , age and s e x , an n u al a v e r a g e , 1970 ----------------- 9

E . O c c u p a tio n a l m o b ility r a te s b e tw ee n J a n u a ry 1965 and

J a n u a ry 1966 of em p lo y ed p e r s o n s , by a g e , se x , and c o lo r,

J a n u a ry 1 9 6 6 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

F . P e r c e n t of em p lo y ed w o rk e rs who m o v ed to a d iffe re n t county

in th e U. S. by age and s e x , M a rc h 1969-M a rc h 1 9 7 0 ------------------ 11

G. Index of m e d ia n e a rn in g s of s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s ,

1969 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

H. L a b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a te s of th e p o p u la tio n , b y age and

s e x , and y e a r s of sch o o l c o m p le te d , M a rc h 1 9 7 0 ------------------------ 24

J . F i r s t - t i m e e n ro lle e s in m a n p o w er p r o g r a m s , b y age g ro u p ,

f is c a l y e a r 1 9 7 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28

A ppendix T a b le s:

L a b o r fo r c e p a rtic ip a tio n

A - l . T o ta l la b o r fo r c e (in clu d in g A rm e d F o r c e s ) and la b o r fo r c e

p a rtic ip a tio n r a t e s , b y ag e and sex : A nnual a v e r a g e s , 1950,

I9 6 0 , 1970, 1971 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31

A -2 . C iv ilia n la b o r fo rc e and p a rtic ip a tio n r a t e s , by ag e and sex :

A nnual a v e r a g e s , 1950, I9 6 0 , 1970, and 1971 ------------------------ 31

P a g e

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C ontents------Continued

A ppendix T a b le s — C ontinued

L a b o r fo r c e p a rtic ip a tio n -—C ontinued

A -3 . C iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e and p a r tic ip a tio n r a t e s , by a g e , s e x , and

c o lo r: A nnual a v e r a g e s , 1954, I9 6 0 , 1970, and 1 9 7 1 ------------- 32

A -4 . T o tal p o p u la tio n and to ta l la b o r fo rc e by ag e and sex :

A ctu al I960 and 1970 and p ro je c te d , 1 9 8 0 -------------------------------- 33

A -5 . E m p lo y ed p e r s o n s , by age an d sex : A nnual a v e r a g e s , 1950,

I9 6 0 , 1970, and 1 9 7 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 34

A -6 . E m p lo y ed p e r s o n s , by a g e , s e x , and c o lo r: A nnual a v e r a g e s ,

1954, I9 6 0 , 1970, and 1971 ------------------------------------------------------- 34

A -7 . P e r s o n s n o t in th e la b o r fo r c e , by ag e and sex : A nnual

a v e r a g e s , 1950, I9 6 0 , 1970, and 1 9 7 1 ------------------------------------- 35

A -8 . P e r s o n s n o t in the la b o r fo r c e , by a g e , s e x , and c o lo r:

A nnual a v e r a g e s , 1954, I9 6 0 , 1970 and 1971 -------------.-------------35

U n em p lo y m en t

B - l . U nem ployed p e rs o n s and u n em p lo y m e n t r a te s , by ag e and sex :

A nnual a v e r a g e s , 1950, I9 6 0 , 1970, and 1 9 7 1 ------------------------- 36

B -2 . U n em p lo y m en t r a te s , by a g e , s e x , and c o lo r: A nnual

a v e ra g e , 1950, I960, 1970, and 1971 --------------------------------------- 36

B -3 . L o n g -te rm u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p a re d w ith to ta l u n e m p lo y m e n t, 

by ag e and sex : A nnual a v e r a g e s , I9 6 0 , 1965, 1970, and 

1971 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

W ork e x p e rie n c e

C - l. P e r s o n s w ith w o rk e x p e rie n c e in 1965 and 1970 who w e re in 

the la b o r fo rc e 50 to 52 w e e k s , by a g e, s e x , c o lo r, and

m a r ita l s ta tu s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

C -2 , M a jo r re a s o n fo r p a r t- y e a r w o rk in 1965 and 1970 by c o lo r:

P a r t- y e a r w o r k e r s , by ag e and s e x ----------------------------------------- 38

C -3 . N o n a g ric u ltu ra l w o rk e rs on p a r t tim e , by ag e and sex :

A nnual a v e r a g e s , I9 6 0 , 1970 and 1 9 7 1 --------------------------------------- 38

C -4 . R ea so n s fo r n o t w o rk in g : P e r s o n s w ith no w o rk e x p e rie n c e 

in I9 6 0 , by ag e and sex and in 1965 and 1970 by a g e , se x , 

and c o l o r --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39

M o b ility

D - l. O c c u p a tio n a l m o b ility r a te s by o c cu p atio n : Age and s e x ,

J a n u a ry 1 9 6 6 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

D -2 . Age: E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s in J a n u a ry 1965 of a ll p e rs o n s 35

y e a r s and o v e r em p lo y ed in J a n u a ry 1966, by s e x and c o lo r— 40

D -3 . Age: T e n u re on c u r r e n t jo b , by se x , J a n u a ry 1 9 6 8 ------------------ 41

D -4 # O ccu p atio n of w o rk e rs in s e le c te d ag e g ro u p s : T e n u re on

c u r r e n t jo b , by se x , J a n u a ry 1968 -------------------------------------------- 42

P a g e

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C ontent C ontinued

A ppendix T a b le s — C ontinued 

In co m e and e a rn in g s

E - l . M ed ian w eek ly e a rn in g s of w age and s a la r y w o rk e rs on f u lltim e s c h e d u le s , by a g e , s e x and c o lo r, M ay 1 9 7 1 ------------------- 43

E d u c a tio n

F - l . M ed ian y e a r s of s c h o o l c o m p le te d by th e c iv ilia n la b o r fo rc e 

18 y e a r s and o v e r, b y s e x and a g e , s e le c te d d a te s , 1952-

7 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

F - 2 . L a b o r fo rc e p a r tic ip a tio n r a te of th e p o p u la tio n by, a g e , s e x ,

and y e a r s of sch o o l c o m p le te d , M a rc h 1959, 1965 and 1 9 7 0 — 44 

F -3 . E d u c a tio n a l a tta in m e n t of th e c iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e 25 y e a r s

and o v e r, by ag e and c o lo r, M a rc h 1970 --------------------------------- 45

F -4 . O c c u p a tio n a l d is trib u tio n of em p lo y ed p e rs o n s 35 y e a r s an d

o v e r: A nnual a v e r a g e s , 1970 ------------------------------------------------- 45

F - 5 . U n em p lo y m en t r a t e s , by a g e , s e x , and y e a r s of sc h o o l

c o m p le te d , M a rc h 1962, 1965 and 1 9 7 0 ----------------------------------- 46

P a g e

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chapter 1. Introduction

T he p o s itio n of th e o ld e r w o r k e r 1 in th e la b o r m a r k e t of th e 1970’s 

in c h a r a c te r iz e d by s tre n g th s a s w e ll as w e a k n e s s e s . Along w ith o th e r 

w o rk e rs he h a s s h a r e d in the b e n e fits of r is in g p ro d u c tiv ity and e co n o m ic 

g ro w th and now en jo y s a h ig h e r le v e l of in c o m e an d lo n g e r p e rio d s of le is u r e 

th a n e v e r b e fo re . H o w ev er, once o ld e r w o rk e rs h av e a b r e a k in e m p lo y m e n t 

th e y h av e m o re s e r io u s p ro b le m s in fin d in g a n o th e r job th a n y o u n g e r w o rk e rs .

A c tu ally , th e o ld e r w o rk e r g e n e r a lly is in a good p o s itio n to r e ta in 

h is p la c e in th e la b o r m a rk e t. He h a s th e a d v an ta g e of e x p e rie n c e w hich 

is re g a rd e d a s an a s s e t by m an y e m p lo y e rs . He is u n lik e ly to in itia te a 

v o lu n ta ry jo b s h ift o r r e s id e n tia l ch an g e. He h a s th e p ro te c tio n of s e n io r ­

ity and, in so m e in d u s tr ie s , c o n tra c tu a l a rra n g e m e n ts w hich g u a ra n te e the 

c o n tin u ity of h is s p e c ific w o rk a c tiv ity u n til he r e t i r e s . W hen he d oes 

re a c h th e ag e of r e tir e m e n t, he p ro b a b ly w ill b e b e tte r off th an any p r e ­

v io u s g e n e ra tio n of r e t i r e d w o rk e rs . H is s o c ia l s e c u r ity b e n e fits w ill be 

h ig h e r, h is o p p o rtu n itie s fo r p a r t- ti m e o r in te r m itte n t w o rk w ill be 

g r e a te r , and h e w ill be r e tir in g a f te r h av in g e a rn e d m o re d u rin g h is 

w o rk in g life th an did p re v io u s g ro u p s of r e t i r e e s . A lthough h is e a rn in g s 

g e n e ra lly a r e so m ew h a t lo w e r th an th o s e of w o rk e rs aged 3 5 -4 4 , h is 

fa m ily r e s p o n s ib ilitie s in m o s t c a s e s a ls o a r e le s s .

F o r a s iz a b le m in o rity of w o r k e r s , h o w e v e r, th is r o s y p ic tu re d oes 

n o t r e f le c t th e fa c ts a c c u ra te ly . O ld e r w o rk e rs do lo s e th e ir jo b s fro m 

tim e to tim e . E x p e rie n c e and s e n io r ity a r e no a b so lu te g u a ra n te e s of 

im m u n ity fro m u n e m p lo y m e n t. E v en in a p e rio d of u n u su a lly tig h t job 

m a r k e ts , su ch as 1 9 6 8 -6 9 , 8 out of e v e ry 100 w o rk e rs p a s t 45 y e a r s of 

age h ad a t le a s t one s p e ll of u n e m p lo y m e n t.

O nce an o ld e r w o rk e r lo s e s h is jo b , p r o s p e c ts fo r re -e m p lo y m e n t 

a r e d im m e r th an fo r y o u n g e r w o r k e r s . O ld e r w o rk e rs s till fa c e d is c r im ­

in a tio n in h irin g . In a d d itio n , th e ir lo w e r a v e ra g e le v e l of e d u c a tio n a l 

a tta in m e n t, and in so m e c a s e s o b s o le s c e n c e of s k ills , m ak e it m o re d iffic u lt fo r th e m to co m p ete w ith y o u n g e r w o rk e rs . M any of th o se who do 

b e co m e re -e m p lo y e d fin d it n e c e s s a r y to a c c e p t a lo w e r w age th an th ey 

re c e iv e d on th e ir p re v io u s jo b . T he d iffic u lty of le a rn in g new s k ills o r 

of re lo c a tin g in a new co m m u n ity add to th e p ro b le m of re -e m p lo y m e n t. 

F o r so m e o ld e r w o r k e r s , e a r ly r e tir e m e n t b e ck o n s a s a re fu g e fro m the 

b u rd e n s of fa ilin g h e a lth and u n s u c c e s s fu l jo b s e e k in g , ev en though th ey 

m u s t a c c e p t a p e rm a n e n t re d u c tio n in b e n e fit le v e ls .

T he r e p o r t th a t fo llo w s a tte m p ts to p r e s e n t a b a la n c e d p ic tu r e of the 

p o s itiv e and n e g a tiv e a s p e c ts of th e o ld e r w o r k e r 's p o s itio n in th e la b o r 

m a r k e t a s it is r e fle c te d in the la te s t a v a ila b le d a ta , u s u a lly 1970 o r 1971 

(9-m o n th a v e ra g e ). 2 M o st of the ta b le s p ro v id e c o m p a ra tiv e d a ta fo r 

e a r l i e r p e rio d s . Am ong the m o re im p o rta n t s ta t is tic a l fin d in g s m a n ife s te d in th e d a ta , th e follow ing m e r it h ig h lig h tin g —

1. T he la b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a te s of o ld e r m e n a r e continuing 

to d e c lin e , w h ile th o se of o ld e r w om en co n tin u e u p w a rd . On

1

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b a la n c e , th e n u m b e r of w o rk e rs o v e r 45 y e a r s of ag e w ill c o n ­

tin u e to g ro w in th e 1 9 7 0 's, b u t a t a m u ch s lo w e r r a te th an 

p re v io u s ly .

2. O p p o rtu n itie s fo r p a r t- ti m e and p a r t - y e a r e m p lo y m e n t h av e g ro w n 

s u b s ta n tia lly . O nly a s m a ll p ro p o rtio n of o ld e r w o rk e rs w o rk 

p a r t- ti m e in v o lu n ta rily , b e c a u s e of s la c k b u s in e s s c o n d itio n s; a 

m u ch l a r g e r p ro p o rtio n w o rk p a r t tim e b e c a u s e of p o o r h e a lth 

o r p a r tia l d is a b ility , o r fo r p e r s o n a l r e a s o n s .

3. U n em p lo y m en t r a te s of o ld e r w o rk e rs co n tin u e to b e lo w e r th an 

fo r y o u n g e r w o r k e r s , alth o u g h b o th h av e r is e n s in c e la te 1969. 

A m ong th o se who do lo s e th e ir jo b s , th e a v e ra g e d u ra tio n of 

u n e m p lo y m e n t is s ig n ific a n tly lo n g e r fo r o ld e r w o rk e rs .

4. O ld e r w o rk e rs a r e le s s lik e ly th an y o u n g e r w o rk e rs to change 

fro m one e m p lo y e r to a n o th e r, fro m one o c cu p a tio n to a n o th e r, 

o r fro m one lo c a tio n to a n o th e r. H o w ev er, a s iz a b le m in o rity 

of o ld e r w o rk e rs (12 p e rc e n t) do ch an g e th e ir la b o r m a r k e t s i t ­

u a tio n in so m e r e s p e c t o v e r th e c o u rs e of a y e a r .

5. O ld e r w o rk e rs h av e le s s a b s e n te e is m , h av e g e n e r a lly h ig h r a te s 

of p ro d u c tio n , and by m o s t o th e r in d e x e s show th e m s e lv e s to be 

u s e fu l, r e lia b le , and p ro d u c tiv e w o rk e rs .

6. T he e a rn in g s of fa m ily h e ad s g e n e r a lly a r e le s s fo r th o s e o v e r 

45 y e a r s of age th an fo r th o se ag ed 3 5 -4 4 y e a r s . H o w ev er, 

fa m ily n e e d s of o ld e r w o rk e rs a ls o a r e le s s . W o rk e rs in th e 

4 5 -5 4 y e a r ag e b r a c k e t a r e b e tte r off in r e la tio n to b u d g e ta ry 

re q u ire m e n ts th an a r e y o u n g e r w o r k e r s .

7. On th e a v e r a g e , o ld e r w o rk e rs a r e n o t a s w e ll e d u c a te d a s th e 

y o u n g e r g e n e ra tio n . L a rg e ly fo r th is r e a s o n , a so m ew h a t 

s m a lle r p ro p o rtio n of w o rk e rs p a s t 45 a r e in p ro f e s s io n a l and 

o th e r h ig h ly s k ille d jo b s . H o w ev e r, th e e d u c a tio n a l gap b e tw ee n 

th e age g ro u p s h a s b e e n n a rro w in g and is le s s th an i t w as 10 

y e a r s ago.

8. O v e r h a lf a m illio n w o rk e rs 45 y e a r s o r o ld e r in d ic a te d th a t 

th e y h ad e x p e rie n c e d d is c r im in a tio n on th e jo b in 1969.

9. P u b lic and p riv a te p e n sio n p a y m e n ts ev en in co m b in a tio n do n o t u s ­

u a lly e n ab le r e tir e d w o rk e rs to m a in ta in th e s ta n d a rd of living th ey 

d e s ir e . M o re o v e r, a m a jo rity of w o rk e rs in th e p r iv a te eco n o m y 

do n o t q u alify fo r a p r iv a te p la n b e n e fit. B e c a u s e of th e le v e l of r e ­

tir e m e n t b e n e fits and a ls o b e c a u s e w o rk o ften fu lfills a n eed fo r a 

p u rp o s e in life , m an y o ld e r p e r s o n s w o rk p a r t- ti m e o r p a r t y e a r .

F o o tn o te s

1 A lthough age 65 is c o n s id e re d th e b eg in n in g of old age fo r m a n y 

p u r p o s e s , th e o ld e r w o rk e r g e n e r a lly is d e fin e d a s th o se w o rk e rs ag ed 

45 o r o ld e r. T he ra tio n a le in th is c a s e fo r a d iv id in g lin e of 45 y e a r s 

is th a t c r o s s - s e c tio n a l d a ta show a t th is ag e th e o n s e t of an in c r e a s e in 

w ith d ra w a ls of m en fro m th e la b o r f o r c e , an in c r e a s e in th e p re v a le n c e 

of p a r t- ti m e and p a r t - y e a r w o r k e r s , a d e c lin e in a n n u al and w eek ly e a r n ­

in g s , and a le n g th e n in g of th e d u ra tio n of u n e m p lo y m e n t— a ll f a c to r s th a t 

in c r e a s e in s u b se q u e n tly o ld e r age g ro u p s .

2 F o r in fo rm a tio n on te c h n o lo g ic a l d is p la c e m e n t and w o rk e r p r o ­

d u c tiv ity , i t w as n e c e s s a r y to d ra w on s tu d ie s co n d u cted in th e e a r ly 

I960 's .

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Chapter 2. Labor Force Participation

T he p o p u la tio n 45 y e a r s of age and o ld e r n u m b e re d ab o u t 62. 1 m illio n in 1970. Of th is to ta l ab o u t 3 1 .5 m illio n , o r o v e r h a lf, w e re in the 

la b o r fo r c e . T h e se o ld e r w o rk e rs m ad e up a b o u t 37 p e r c e n t of th e la b o r 

fo rc e .

By 1980, th e p o p u la tio n 45 y e a r s of age and o ld e r w ill in c r e a s e to 

ab o u t 66. 2 m illio n . S om ew h at le s s th an h a lf, o r ab o u t 32. 6 m illio n a r e 

ex p ected to be in th e la b o r fo r c e in th a t y e a r . T hey w ill a c c o u n t fo r 

about 32 p e r c e n t of the la b o r fo rc e .

The e x p ec te d in c r e a s e of 1 m illio n o ld e r w o rk e rs d u rin g the 1970's 

c o m p a re s w ith an in c r e a s e of 4 m illio n d u rin g th e 1 9 6 0 's. T he d e c lin e 

in th e g ro w th of the o ld e r w o rk e r g ro u p is due to fa c to r s th a t in c lu d e a 

s m a lle r in c r e a s e in th e o ld e r p o p u la tio n and a co n tin u ed d e c lin e in the 

la b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a te s of p e rs o n s 65 y e a r s of age and o v e r.

The d is c u s s io n th a t follow s s u m m a riz e s p a tte r n s and tre n d s in th e 

la b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n of o ld e r w o rk e rs .

O ld e r m en in the la b o r fo r c e

V irtu a lly a ll m en in th e ir la te tw e n tie s , t h ir tie s , and f o r tie s w o rk 

o r look fo r w o rk . By age 5 5 -5 9 , h o w e v e r, 11 out of 100 m en a r e no 

lo n g e r in th e la b o r fo r c e and by age 6 0 -6 4 , 28 out of 100 h av e d ro p p e d 

out. B etw een a g e s 64 and 65, th e p ro p o rtio n of m en n o t in th e la b o r 

fo rc e r i s e s ra p id ly , fro m 36 to 50. The r is e r e f le c ts th e w id e s p re a d 

e lig ib ility of w o rk e rs a t age 65 fo r r e tir e m e n t u n d e r p riv a te and p u b lic 

p e n sio n p la n s .

M any m en who le a v e th e la b o r fo rc e a t ag e 55, o r ev en 65, w ould 

p r e f e r to co n tin u e w o rk in g . A s u rv e y in e a r ly 1 9 6 7 1 of m en n o t in th e 

la b o r fo rc e show ed th a t th r e e - f if th s of the 1 .3 m illio n who w e re 55-64 

y e a r s old w ith d re w fro m the la b o r fo r c e b e c a u s e th e y w e re s ic k o r d i s ­

a b led . T h is r e a s o n w as g iv en by a l e s s e r p ro p o rtio n of w h ite m en th an 

by m en of o th e r r a c e s ; th is d iffe re n c e is a re fle c tio n of the h ig h e r in ­

c id en c e of p o o r h e a lth and d is a b ility am ong m in o rity r a c e s . V e ry few of 

the s ic k o r d is a b le d m en re p o rte d th a t th ey w ould be a b le to o r p lan n ed 

to w o rk w ith in a y e a r . F o r m an y of th e m in a b ility to w o rk w as of long 

d u ra tio n .

R e tire m e n t w as th e sec o n d m o s t im p o rta n t r e a s o n m en 55 to 64 

y e a r s old w e re n o t in th e la b o r fo rc e ; a lm o s t o n e -fifth gave th is r e a ­

son. 2 T he re m a in in g fifth w e re n o t in the la b o r fo rc e fo r su ch r e a ­

so n s a s te m p o r a r y w ith d ra w a l, fa m ily r e s p o n s ib ilitie s , o r p e r s o n a l 

re a s o n s .

W hen a w o rk e r le a v e s the w o rk fo rc e a t ag e 55, th e e co n o m ic lo s s 

to the n atio n and to the in d iv id u a l is s u b s ta n tia l. M en of 55 h av e on th e 

a v e ra g e 11 y e a r s of w o rk ah ead of th e m , o r n e a r ly o n e -fo u rth of the 

e n tire w o rk life e x p e c ta n c y fo r m en a t age 16. 3 (See ta b le A. )

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Table A. Expectations of years of life, worklife, and retirement for men in the labor force

at selected ages and years

A ge

Life exp ecten cy Expectationl of w orklife Expectation of retirem ent

1940 1950 1960 1968 1940 1950 1960 1968 1940 1950 1960 1968

16 years — — ------ 5 0 .4 5 2 .6 5 3 .3 5 2 .9 4 4 .8 4 6 .8 4 6 .3 4 5 .3 5 .6 5 .8 7 .0 7 .6

25 years ----------------- 4 2 .4 4 4 .4 4 5 .0 4 4 .7 3 6 .7 3 8 .5 3 7 .9 3 7 .0 5 .7 5 .9 7 .1 7 .7

35 y ea rs----------------- 3 3 .7 3 5 .2 3 5 .7 3 5 .6 2 8 .8 2 9 .3 2 8 .6 2 7 .7 5 .9 5 .9 7 .1 7 .9

45 y ea rs----------------- 2 5 .5 2 6 .6 2 6 .9 2 6 .8 1 9 .7 2 0 .6 1 9 .7 1 8 .9 5 .8 6 .0 7 .2 7 .9

55 y ea r s----------------- 1 8 .3 1 9 .0 1 9 .2 1 9 .0 1 2 .4 1 3 .0 1 1 .9 1 1 .0 5 .9 6 .0 7 .3 8 .0

65 y ea r s----------------- 1 2 .2 1 2 .7 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 6 .8 7 .4 6 .3 5 .5 5 .4 5 .3 6 .5 7 .3

75 y ea rs----------------- 7 .3 7 .8 8 .0 8 .2 4 .5 4 .7 5 .1 4 .9 2 .8 3 .1 2 .9 3 .3

L a b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a te s of m en ag ed 55 and o v e r h av e d e c lin e d 

in r e c e n t y e a r s . T he r a te f o r m en ag ed 5 5 -6 4 d e c lin e d fro m 87 to 83 

p e r c e n t fro m 1950 to 1970, w h ile th e r a te fo r th o s e ag ed 65 and o v e r d e ­

c lin e d fro m 46 to 27 p e rc e n t.

O ld e r w om en in the la b o r fo rc e

A m a rk e d in c r e a s e in o ld e r w om en w o rk e rs h a s b e e n one of th e 

m o s t n o ta b le la b o r fo r c e d e v e lo p m e n ts of th e p o s t-W o rld W ar II p e rio d .

T he n u m b e r of w om en w o rk e rs 45 y e a r s of ag e and o v e r m o re th an d o u bled 

b e tw ee n 1947 and 1970. W om en acc o u n te d f o r ab o u t 30 p e r c e n t of the 

to ta l in c r e a s e in the c iv ilia n la b o r fo rc e d u rin g th is p e rio d . T he p r o p o r ­

tio n of w om en 55 to 64 y e a r s old in the la b o r fo r c e in c r e a s e d fro m o n e - 

fo u rth in 1947 to o v e r tw o -fifth s in 1970. A m ong th o s e ag ed 45 to 54, 

th e p ro p o rtio n in the la b o r fo r c e ro s e fro m o n e - th ir d to o v e r o n e -h a lf 

d u rin g th e s a m e p e rio d .

The ag e p a tte r n of la b o r fo r c e p a rtic ip a tio n r a te s am ong w om en d iff e r s fu n d a m e n ta lly fro m th a t fo r m en . A lthough a re la tiv e ly h ig h p r o p o r ­

tio n of young w om en aged 18 to 24 y e a r s a r e in th e la b o r fo r c e (57 p e r c e n t 

in 1970), m an y sto p w o rk in g w ith the a r r i v a l of c h ild re n . As th e c h ild re n 

g ro w o ld e r, in c r e a s e d n u m b e rs of w om en a g a in s e e k jo b s . T he la b o r 

fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a te fo r w om en ag ed 45 to 54 in 1970 (54 p e rc e n t) a p ­

p ro a c h e d th a t fo r w om en 20 to 24 y e a r s .

O ld e r m a r r ie d w om en r e tu r n to w o rk fo r v a rie d r e a s o n s . T h e se 

in c lu d e h elp in g to fin a n c e th e ir c h ild r e n 's e d u c a tio n , p ay in g off th e m o r t ­

g a g e, ra is in g th e ir f a m ily 's liv in g s ta n d a rd , o r im p ro v in g th e ir fin a n c ia l 

s e c u r ity a g a in s t old a g e . Som e w o rk in o r d e r to u s e th e ir e d u c a tio n and 

tra in in g o r to m e e t p e o p le . B u t m an y , in clu d in g w idow s and the w iv es of 

low e a r n e r s , w o rk b e c a u s e of fin a n c ia l n e c e s s ity .

F u tu r e g ro w th of th e la b o r fo r c e

A s h a rp slow dow n is e x p e c te d in th e g ro w th of th e la b o r fo r c e ag ed 

45 to 64 y e a r s . 4 T h e se w o rk e rs a r e e x p e c te d to in c r e a s e fro m 28. 3 m illio n in 1970 to 29. 3 m illio n in 1980, T h is in c r e a s e w ill be only o n e - 

fo u rth as g r e a t a s th a t b e tw ee n I960 and 1970. T h e ir p ro p o rtio n of th e

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to ta l la b o r fo rc e w ill d e c lin e s h a rp ly , fro m ab o u t 33 p e r c e n t to about 29 

p e rc e n t. T he slow dow n in the g ro w th of th is g ro u p of w o rk e rs is e x ­

p e c te d la rg e ly b e c a u s e of a s iz a b le d e c lin e in th e 4 5 -5 4 y e a r old p o p u ­

la tio n , as a r e s u lt of th e c o m p a ra tiv e ly s m a ll n u m b e r of b ir th s in the 

y e a r s of the G r e a t D e p re s s io n . L a b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a te s fo r m en 

ag ed 4 5 -5 4 y e a r s a r e e x p e c te d to re m a in ab o u t th e s a m e , b u t r a te s fo r 

th o se 5 5 -64 a r e e x p e c te d to d e c lin e slo w ly . R ates fo r m en o v e r 65 a r e 

e x p ec te d to co n tin u e to d e c lin e s u b s ta n tia lly . R a te s f o r w om en 5 5 -6 4 a r e 

e x p ec te d to co n tin u e to in c r e a s e .

No s ig n ific a n t ch an g e is e x p e c te d in the n u m b e r of w o rk e rs o v e r 65, 

who w ill re m a in a t j u s t o v e r 3 m illio n th ro u g h th e 1 9 7 0 f s. A t th is le v e l, 

th ey w ill r e p r e s e n t a d e clin in g p ro p o rtio n of the w o rk fo rc e . T he d e ­

c r e a s e d p ro p e n s ity to w o rk a f te r 65 r e f le c ts in p a r t th e im p ro v e m e n t in 

r e tir e m e n t b e n e fits , im p ro v e d s e c u r ity a s a r e s u lt of h e a lth in s u ra n c e 

p r o g r a m s , in clu d in g m e d ic a re and m e d ic a id , and in c r e a s e d a s s e ts th a t 

m ay hav e r e s u lte d fro m fu ll e m p lo y m e n t d u rin g the la t e r y e a r s of th e 

w o rk life . A l a r g e r su p p ly of young w o rk e rs m a y a u g m e n t p r e s s u r e s on 

o ld e r w o rk e rs to r e t i r e s o o n e r th an th e y m ig h t o th e rw is e . The tre n d fo r 

m en to r e t i r e e a r l i e r is e x p e c te d to co n tin u e th ro u g h th e 1970f s.

F o o tn o te s

1 V e ra C. P e r r e l l a and E d w a rd J . O* B o y le, "W o rk P la n s of M en 

N ot in th e L a b o r F o r c e , " M onthly L a b o r R ev iew , A u g u st and S e p te m b e r 

1968, pp. 8 -1 4 , 3 5 -4 1 .

2 Ibid. See a ls o H e r b e r t S. P a r n e s e t a l, T he P r e - R e tir e m e n t 

Y e a r s , V ol. 1, O hio S ta te U n iv e rs ity , T he C e n te r fo r H um an R e s o u rc e 

R e s e a r c h . U n d er c o n tr a c t to the U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r. P a r n e s 

re p o rte d th a t o v e r fo u r -fifth s of th e 4 5 -5 9 y e a r old m en s u rv e y e d who 

r e tir e d b e tw e e n 1966 and 1967 s a id th a t th ey w e re n o t looking fo r w o rk 

b e c a u s e of ill h e a lth . A n o t u n co m m o n p a tte r n w as one in w hich the 

c o m b in a tio n of u n e m p lo y m e n t and p o o r h e a lth (and s o m e tim e s lim ite d 

e d u catio n ) r e s u lte d fin a lly in w ith d ra w a l fro m th e la b o r fo r c e .

3 H o w ard N. F u lle r to n , "A T a b le of E x p e c ted W orking L ife fo r 

M en, 1 9 6 8 ," M onthly L a b o r R ev iew . Ju n e 1971, pp. 4 9 -5 5 .

4 U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s , T he U. S.

E co n o m y in 1980: A S u m m a ry of BLS P r o je c tio n s » BLS B u lle tin 1673,

1970.

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C hapter 3. U nem ploym ent

T he d iffic u ltie s o ld e r w o rk e rs e n c o u n te r in th e la b o r m a r k e t a r e 

e x p r e s s e d in th e len g th of th e ir p e rio d s of u n e m p lo y m e n t r a th e r th a n in 

th e in c id e n c e of u n e m p lo y m e n t U n em p lo y m en t r a te s 1 ten d to b e re la tiv e ly 

low fo r o ld e r w o r k e r s . In 1970, fo r e x a m p le , th e u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 

(an n u al a v e ra g e ) fo r m e n ag ed 45 and o v e r w as 2. 6 p e r c e n t, c o m p a re d 

w ith a r a te of 3. 0 p e r c e n t fo r m e n 2 5 -4 4 . (See ta b le B. ) T h o se aged 

4 5 -5 4 h ad a lo w e r u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te th an any o th e r ag e g ro u p . E v en 

th e h ig h e s t r a te am ong o ld e r w o r k e r s , fo r th o s e 65 y e a r s and o v e r, w as 

only tw o -fifth s th e r a te fo r m a le w o rk e rs ag ed 2 0 -2 4 . A m ong w om en 

d iffe re n c e s in u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te s by age w e re ev en m o re fa v o ra b le fo r 

th e o ld e r g ro u p .

Table B. Selected measures of unemployment, by age and sex, 1970

(Number in thousands)

A ge U nem ployed

persons

U nem ploym ent

rate

Duration of unem ploym ent

A verage

w eeks

Percent

unem ployed

15 or more weeks

M en, 16 years and o v e r - - — ------------------- 2, 235 4 .4 9 .5 1 7 .8

16 to 19 years — ------------------------------ 599 1 5 .0 6 .7 1 0 .2

20 to 24 y e a r s----------------------------------- 478 8 .4 7 .9 1 3 .7

25 to 44 y e a r s----------------------------------- 643 3 .0 1 0 .0 1 9 .4

45 years and o v e r ------------------------------ 51515 2 .6 1 3 .6 2 8 .3

45 to 54 y e a r s---------------------------- 247 2 .4 1 2 .0 2 4 .0

55 to 64 y e a r s---------------------------- 197 2 .8 1 4 .1 2 9 .8

65 years and o v e r ----------------------- 71 3 .3 1 7 .4 3 9 .1

W om en, 16 years and over — ------------- 1 ,8 5 3 5 .9 7 .9 1 4 .3

16 to 19 y e a r s----------------------------------- 506 1 5 .6 6 .1 9 .3

20 to 24 y e a r s---------------------------------- 386 7 .9 7 .1 1 2 .0

25 to 44 y e a r s----------------------------------- 588 5 .0 8 .5 1 5 .6

45 years and o v e r ------------------------------ 373 3 .2 1 0 .3 2 1 .1

45 to 54 y e a r s---------------------------- 229 3 .5 1 0 .1 2 1 .0

55 to 64 y e a r s---------------------------- 111 2 .7 1 0 .2 2 0 .1

65 years and o v e r ----------------------- 33 3 .1 1 1 .5 2 5 .6

L o w e r u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te s fo r o ld e r w o rk e rs a r e la r g e ly a ttrib u ta b le 

to th e fa c t th a t th e y a r e le s s lik e ly th an y o u n g e r w o rk e rs to be s u b je c t 

to th e h a z a rd s of th e jo b s e a r c h . F i r s t , th e ir lo n g e r jo b t e n u r e 2 g iv e s 

th e m g r e a t e r jo b s e c u r ity . F o r e x a m p le , fr o m th e fo u rth q u a r te r of 1969 

to th e se c o n d q u a r te r of 1971, a p e rio d w hen th e u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te ( s e a ­

so n a lly a d ju ste d ) fo r m a le s ag ed 2 5 -4 4 d o u b led , th e r a te f o r m a le s 45 and

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o v e r rose by ab o u t 70 p e rc e n t. Second, o ld e r w o rk e rs are le s s lik e ly to 

le av e th e ir jo b s v o lu n ta rily and of c o u rs e a r e le s s lik e ly to be e n te rin g 

the la b o r fo rc e fo r the f i r s t tim e (o r r e - e n te r in g a f te r a p e rio d of 

ed u catio n ).

H o w ev er, o ld e r w o rk e rs a r e f a r fro m im m u n e fro m th e lo s s of th e ir 

jo b s . E ven v e ry long s e r v ic e is no g u a ra n te e a g a in s t in v o lu n ta ry s e p a r a ­

tio n s . One out of e v e ry 25 b lu e - c o lla r w o rk e rs w ith 20 o r m o re y e a r s 

of s e r v ic e lo s t h is job in the y e a r follow ing the f i r s t in te rv ie w (1966) of 

the P a r n e s stu d y . 3

O nce o ld e r w o rk e rs have a b r e a k in e m p lo y m e n t, th ey hav e a s e r i ­

ous p ro b le m in finding a n o th e r jo b . The a v e ra g e d u ra tio n of u n e m p lo y ­

m e n t in 1970 fo r m e n 45 y e a r s of age o r o v e r w as n e a r ly double th a t of 

young m en u n d e r 25 y e a r s of ag e. (See ta b le B. ) A bout 28 of e v e ry 100 

u n em p lo y ed o ld e r m en had b e en looking fo r w o rk 15 w eek s o r lo n g e r, 

c o m p a re d w ith 19 of e v e ry 100 u n em p lo y ed m en 2 5 -4 4 y e a r s of ag e.

In s ig h t on th e e x p e rie n c e of o ld e r w o rk e rs who a r e a ffe c te d by p la n t 

sh u td o w n so r la r g e s c a le lay o ffs is p r o v id e d by r e s e a r c h co n d u cted in th e e a r ly 

1960fs. A stu d y of five p la n t shutdow ns o r la r g e - s c a le lay o ffs show ed, 

fo r e x a m p le , th a t u n em p lo y m e n t w as m a rk e d ly h ig h e r am ong w o rk e rs age 

45 and o v e r th a n am ong y o u n g e r w o r k e r s . 4 In tw o of th e c a s e s s tu d ie d 

in w hich d e ta ile d age b re a k d o w n s w e re fe a s ib le , th e h ig h e s t u n e m p lo y m e n t 

r a te s by f a r w e re found in the 55-59 y e a r old g ro u p . A s u b s ta n tia l p r o ­

p o rtio n of th e w o rk e rs ag ed 60 and o v e r who w e re la id off w e re n o t s e e k ­

ing w o rk . M any had ta k e n e a r ly r e tir e m e n t; o th e rs m ay h av e b e en d is - 

c o u ra g e d fro m looking fo r w o rk .

In the tw o p la n ts in w hich w om en w e re a s ig n ific a n t n u m b e r of th e 

d is p la c e d w o r k e r s , th e u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te fo r w om en w as a lm o s t th re e 

tim e s th e r a te fo r m en . At e ach le v e l of e d u ca tio n and age u n d e r 60, 

r a te s fo r w om en w e re m u ch h ig h e r th an fo r m en . A m ong w o rk e rs 6 0 -6 4 

y e a r s of a g e, a la r g e r p ro p o rtio n of w om en th an m en w e re n o t seek in g 

e m p lo y m e n t. T he' h ig h e s t r a te of u n e m p lo y m e n t fo r w om en w o rk e rs w as 

fo r th o s e ag ed 45-5,4, c o m p a re d w ith the 55-59 age g ro u p fo r m en .

F o o tn o te s

1 The u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te is th e p e r c e n t th a t th e u n em p lo y ed c o n ­

s titu te of th e n u m b e r th a t a r e w o rk in g p lu s th o se looking fo r w o rk .

2 T he le n g th of tim e a p e r s o n h a s w o rk ed w ith o u t in te r r u p tio n fo r

the s a m e e m p lo y e r. See E d w a rd J . O fB o y le, 11 Jo b T e n u re : How it R e ­

la te s to R ace and A ge1', M onthly L a b o r R ev iew . S e p te m b e r 1969. R e p rin t

112 .

3 P a r n e s e t a l. , op. c it.

4 U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s , C ase

S tu d ies of D is p la c e d W o r k e r s , B LS B u lle tin 1408, 1964. See a lso 

R ic h a rd C. W ilcock and W a lte r H. F ra n k e , U nw anted w o r k e r s : P e r m a n ­

en t L ay o ffs and L o n g - te r m U n e m p lo y m e n t, New Y ork: F r e e P r e s s of

G len co e, 1963

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C hapter 4. W o rk Experience

T he p ro p o rtio n of m e n who w o rk f u ll- tim e f u ll- y e a r d e c lin e s in e a c h 

s u b se q u e n t age g ro u p a f te r a g e s 35 -4 4 . D ata on w o rk e x p e rie n c e fo r 1970 

show only a s lig h t d e c lin e b e tw ee n age g ro u p s 3 5 -4 4 and 4 5 -5 4 in th e p r o ­

p o rtio n of m a le w o rk e rs who w o rk ed fu ll tim e fu ll y e a r , b u t th e g ro u p s 

ag ed 5 5-59 and 6 0 -6 4 h ad d e c lin e s of a n o th e r 4 p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts . (See 

ta b le C. ) T he p ro p o rtio n of m e n aged 65 and o v e r who w o rk e d fu ll tim e 

fu ll y e a r in 1970 w as 35 p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts lo w e r th a n th e p e rc e n ta g e of 

th o s e ag ed 60 to 64 y e a r s (73 and 38 p e rc e n t, re s p e c tiv e ly ).

T he ag e p a tte r n of w o rk e x p e rie n c e fo r w om en d iffe rs m a rk e d ly fro m 

th a t fo r m e n in th a t th e p ro p o r tio n w o rk in g fu ll y e a r fu ll tim e is h ig h e r 

am ong th o se 4 5 -6 4 y e a r s of age th a n am ong th o se 3 5 -4 4 . H o w ev er, th e 

p ro p o rtio n w o rk in g fu ll tim e fu ll y e a r show s ab o u t th e s a m e re la tiv e d e ­

c lin e b e tw ee n th e a g es of 60 to 64 and 65 and o v e r a s f o r m en .

Table C. Percent of persons with work experience in 1960, 1965 and 1970, who worked

year round full time, by age and sex

A ge

1960 1965 1970

T otal M ale F em ale T otal M ale F em ale T otal M ale F em ale

35 to 44 y e a r s----------------------- 6 5 .2 7 8 .7 4 2 .7 6 9 .6 8 4 .1 4 5 .8 6 8 .5 8 3 .0 4 6 .0

45 to 54 y e a r s----------------------- 6 4 .6 7 5 .9 4 6 .8 6 9 .3 8 2 .5 4 8 .9 7 1 .1 8 2 .5 5 4 .4

55 to 59 y e a r s----------------------- 6 3 .0 7 2 .3 4 7 .1 5 8 .1 7 8 .1 5 2 .3 6 9 .5 7 7 .3 5 7 .7

60 to 64 y e a r s----------------------- 6 0 .9 6 9 .5 4 4 .4 6 3 .5 7 2 .5 4 7 .6 6 4 .2 7 3 .1 5 0 .7

60-61 y e a r s--------------------- <}> (?) (?> (}> (?> (!) 6 7 .5 7 7 .1 5 3 .5

6 2 -6 4 y e a r s--------------------- t1) t1) t1) 0 ) t1) ( 1) 6 1 .4 6 9 .8 4 8 .2

65 years and o v e r ----------------- 3 5 .4 3 9 .1 2 7 .2 3 7 .9 4 3 .2 2 7 .8 3 3 .8 3 7 .8 2 6 .7

65 to 69 y e a r s----------------- 3 8 .5 4 3 .5 2 8 .6 4 3 .1 4 9 .2 3 0 .9 3 9 .1 4 4 .0 3 0 .4

70 years and o v e r ------------ 3 1 .7 3 4 .2 2 5 .3 3 1 .0 3 4 .9 2 3 .8 2 6 .7 2 9 .6 2 1 .5

* Not availab le.

The p ro p o rtio n of a ll m a le w o rk e rs on p a r t- ti m e sc h e d u le s (w h eth er 

f u ll- o r p a r t - y e a r w o rk e rs ) in 1970 in c r e a s e d by ag e fro m ab o u t 4 p e r c e n t 

am ong th o s e 4 5 -6 4 y e a r s old to 38 p e r c e n t am ong th o s e ag ed 65 and o v e r. 

The h ig h e r p ro p o rtio n of p a r t- ti m e w o rk e rs 65 y e a r s of age o r o ld e r w as 

due a lm o s t e n tire ly to an in c r e a s e by age in th e p ro p o rtio n of th o se on 

v o lu n ta ry p a r t tim e , 2 p e r c e n t am ong th o s e 4 5 -6 4 and 35 p e r c e n t am ong 

th o se 65 and o ld e r.

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In e v e ry age g ro u p , p a r t tim e is m o re fre q u e n t fo r w om en w o rk e rs 

th an fo r m en . T he p ro p o rtio n of a ll w om en w o rk e rs on p a r t tim e is ab o u t 

o n e -fo u rth in the age g ro u p s 2 5 -4 4 and 4 5 -6 4 , b u t in c r e a s e s to a lm o s t 

o n e -h a lf a t age 65 and o v e r. The g r e a t m a jo rity of w om en who w o rk 

p a r t tim e do so v o lu n ta rily . (See ta b le D. )

Table D. Percent of persons at work in nonagricultural industries by part-time status,

age and sex, annual average, 1970

A ge and sex

T otal

at

work

F u ll-tim e

schedules

Part-tim e schedules

T otal

Econom ic

reasons

Voluntary

reasons

M ale

25 to 44 y e a r s----------------------------------- 100 .0 9 6 .6 3 .4 1 .9 1 .5

45 to 64 y ea rs----------------------------------- 1 0 0 .0 9 5 .9 4 .1 2 .0 2 .1

65 years and o v e r ------------------------------ 1 0 0 .0 6 1 .8 3 8 .2 3 .0 3 5 .2

F em ale

25 to 44 y ea rs----------------------------------- 1 0 0 .0 7 4 .3 2 5 .7 3 .5 2 2 .2

45 to 64 y ea rs----------------------------------- 1 0 0 .0 7 6 .9 2 3.1 3 .9 1 9 .2

65 years and o v e r ------------------------------ 1 0 0 .0 4 9 .9 5 0 .1 3 .9 4 6 .2

Includes persons who do not perfer, or are unavailable for, fu ll-tim e work.

The p ro p o rtio n of o ld e r w o rk e rs who v o lu n ta rily w o rk p a r t tim e h a s 

in c r e a s e d in r e c e n t y e a r s . In I9 6 0 , fo r e x a m p le , ab o u t 7 p e r c e n t of a ll 

w o rk e rs 4 5 -6 4 y e a r s of age and 30 p e r c e n t of th o se 65 and o v e r w e re 

em p lo y ed p a r t tim e . B y 1970, the p ro p o rtio n s had r is e n to 9 and 39 p e r ­

c e n t re s p e c tiv e ly .

T he p ro p o rtio n of m a le w o rk e rs who w o rk p a r t y e a r ( ir r e s p e c tiv e of 

f u ll- o r p a r t- tim e ) in c r e a s e s w ith ag e. In 1970, fo r e x a m p le , th e p r o ­

p o rtio n of p a r t- tim e w o rk e rs w as 16 p e r c e n t fo r th o se 4 5 -5 4 y e a r s old ,

22 p e r c e n t fo r th o s e ag ed 5 5 -6 4 , and 43 p e r c e n t fo r th o s e 65 y e a r s of age 

and o v e r. U n em p lo y m en t and illn e s s o r d is a b ility w e re th e tw o m a jo r 

re a s o n s fo r p a r t - y e a r w o rk am ong m en 4 5 -6 4 y e a r s of a g e , 43 and 30

p e r c e n t re s p e c tiv e ly . A m ong m en 65 y e a r s of age and o ld e r, r e tir e m e n t

and o th e r re a s o n s w e re c ite d by 72 p e r c e n t of th e p a r t - y e a r w o rk e rs .

T he p ro p o rtio n of w om en w o rk e rs who w o rk ed p a r t y e a r d e c lin e d 

fro m 48 p e r c e n t am ong th o se 25 to 44 y e a r s of age to ab o u t 35 p e r c e n t

fo r th o s e 45 to 54 y e a r s and 55 to 64, th e n ro s e to 51 p e r c e n t fo r th o se

65 y e a r s of age and o v e r. W om en in e v e ry age g ro u p c ite d h o m e r e s p o n ­

s ib ilitie s as th e ir m a jo r re a s o n fo r p a r t - y e a r w o rk .

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Chapter 5. M obility

T he o ld e r w o rk e r u s u a lly is w e ll s e ttle d in h is c a r e e r and in h is 

co m m u n ity . H e is le s s lik e ly th a n y o u n g e r w o r k e r s to m o v e v o lu n ta rily 

fro m one jo b , o c c u p a tio n , o r r e s id e n c e to a n o th e r, and h e is le s s a b le 

to m o v e. S ta b ility , r a th e r th a n m o b ility , c h a r a c te r iz e s th e o ld e r g ro u p .

A r e c e n t s u rv e y of m a le w o rk e rs in th e " p r e - r e t i r e m e n t y e a r s " (ag es 4 5 - 

59) fo r e x a m p le , in d ic a te d th a t th r e e - f if th s of th e m h ad w o rk e d fo r th e ir 

p r e s e n t e m p lo y e r (o r h ad b e e n s e lf-e m p lo y e d ) f o r 10 y e a r s o r m o re and 

tw o -fifth s s a id th e y w e re u n w illin g to c o n s id e r a n o th e r jo b even fo r a 

h ig h e r w ag e. N ine o u t of te n lik e d th e ir c u r r e n t jo b and tw o -th ird s r e ­

g a rd e d it a s th e b e s t of th e ir liv e s . N e a rly fo u r -fifth s s a id th ey w ould 

w o rk e v en if th ey h ad enough m o n ey to liv e c o m fo rta b ly w ith o u t w o r k in g .1

A lthough o ld e r w o rk e rs a r e s ig n ific a n tly le s s m o b ile th an y o u n g e r 

w o r k e r s , n o n e th e le s s , P a r n e s found th a t a b o u t 12 p e r c e n t of th e 4 5 -5 9 - 

y e a r - o ld m e n s u rv e y e d in 1966 w e re in d iffe re n t la b o r m a r k e t s itu a tio n s 

in 1967, b e c a u s e of a m o v e fro m one e m p lo y e r to a n o th e r, b e tw ee n e m ­

p lo y m e n t and u n e m p lo y m e n t, o r in to o r out of th e la b o r fo r c e . 2

Jo b m o b ility . O ld e r w o r k e r s , ir r e s p e c tiv e of r a c e o r s e x , g e n e r a lly 

s ta y lo n g e r on a jo b th an y o u n g e r w o r k e r s . 3 S e n io rity g iv e s th e o ld e r 

g ro u p a la r g e r d e g re e of e m p lo y m e n t s e c u r ity , h ig h e r r a te s of p a y , an d 

m o re g e n e ro u s frin g e b e n e fits th a t in clu d e lo n g e r p a id v a c a tio n s and p e n ­

sio n r ig h ts . F u r th e r m o r e th e y fe e l th a t m an y e m p lo y e rs h e s ita te o r r e ­

fu se to h ir e o ld e r a p p lic a n ts , e s p e c ia lly th o se w h o se e x p e rie n c e o r t r a i n ­

ing is n o t r e la te d s p e c ific a lly to th e jo b o p en in g . E v en if lay o ffs a r e 

th re a te n e d — w h e th e r a s a r e s u lt of te c h n o lo g ic a l c h a n g e s , e co n o m ic c o n ­

d itio n s , o r o th e r re a s o n s----they a r e lik e ly to co n clu d e th a t it is le s s ris k y

to s ta y w h e re th e y a r e .

M o st jo b s h ifts m ad e b y m e n o v e r 45 a r e e x p la in e d b y th e lo s s of 

th e ir p re v io u s jo b . In c o n tr a s t, m o s t jo b ch an g es m a d e by y o u n g e r m en 

a r e m a d e in th e e x p e c ta tio n of g e ttin g a b e tte r jo b .

O c c u p a tio n a l m o b ility . T he o u tsta n d in g d e m o g ra p h ic f a c to r a s s o c ia te d 

w ith o c c u p a tio n a l m o b ility is th e age of th e w o rk e r. O c cu p a tio n a l m o b ility 

d e c lin e s a s age in c r e a s e s , ir r e s p e c tiv e of se x o r r a c e . 4 (See ta b le E . )

O ld e r w o rk e rs who ch an g e th e ir o c cu p a tio n o ften m o v e in to s e r v ic e 

jo b s , m an y of w hich h av e no g r e a t d em an d fo r s k ills and a r e le s s d e ­

m an d in g p h y s ic a lly th a n o th e r low s k ille d o r u n s k ille d w o rk . F o r so m e 

o ld e r w o r k e r s , an o c c u p a tio n a l s h ift is th e b eg in n in g of s e m i - r e tir e m e n t.

C hange in r e s id e n c e . T he p e r c e n t of em p lo y e d w o rk e rs who m o v e 

to a d iff e r e n t county d e sc e n d s s h a r p ly w ith a g e. D ata on th e r e s id e n tia l 

m o b ility of w o rk e rs fo r 1969-70 show th a t le s s th a n 3 p e r c e n t of a ll e m ­

p lo y ed p e r s o n s ag e 45 o r o ld e r ch an g ed c o u n tie s d u rin g th e y e a r . 5 (See 

ta b le F . ) A lthough A m e ric a n s u n d o u b ted ly d e s e rv e th e ir re p u ta tio n fo r 

b ein g a p eo p le on th e m o v e, it is p r im a r ily th e y o u n g e r g e n e ra tio n th a t 

is doing th e m o v in g . W hen o ld e r w o rk e rs do m o v e , th e ir r e a s o n is 

m o re lik e ly to b e w o r k - r e la te d th a n in th e c a s e of y o u n g e r w o r k e r s .

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Table E. Occupational mobility rates1 between January 1965 and January 1966 of employed persons,

by age, sex, and color, January 1966

A ge

A ll persons W hite

Negro and

other races

Men W omen M en W omen Men W omen

T o ta l, 18 years and o v e r ------------ 9 .9 6 .9 9 .6 6 .8 1 2 .4 7 .1

18-19 y e a r s------------------------------------------- 3 1 .7 2 9 .0 3 1 .8 2 8 .3 (2 > (2)

2 0 -2 4 y e a r s------------------------------------------ 2 8 .5 1 4 .9 2 8 .4 1 4 .4 2 9 .2 1 9 .0

2 5 -3 4 y e a r s------------------------------------------ 1 3 .8 8 .5 1 3 .5 8 .3 1 6 .8 9 .7

3 5 -4 4 y e a r s----------------------------------------- 7 .4 5 .3 7 .2 5 .5 9 .5 4 .3

4 5 -5 4 y e a r s------------------------------------------- 5 .2 4 .7 5 .1 4 .8 6 .6 3 .8

5 5 -6 4 y e a r s------------------------------------------ 3 .8 2 .4 3 .8 2 .6 3 .7 1 .2

65 years and o v e r --------------------------------- 2 .7 1 .8 2 .7 1 .6 3 .5 ( 2)

* Proportion of persons em ployed in both January 1965 and January 1966 who had a different occu p ation in January 1966.

2 R ate not shown w here base is less than 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 .

Table F. Percent of employed workers who moved to a different

county in the U.S. by age and sex, March 1969-March 1970

A ge Percent

Men:

1 8 -2 4 y e a r s---------------------------------------------- 1 2 .7

2 5 -3 4 y e a r s---------------------------------------------- 1 0 .4

3 5 -4 4 y e a r s------ -------------------------------------- 4 .9

4 5 -6 4 y e a r s---------------------------------- ---------- 2 .7

65 years and o v e r ------------------------------------- 1 .6

W omen:

18 -2 4 years — ----------------------------------- -— 1 4 .4

2 5 -3 4 y e a r s------ ------------------ ------------------- 8 .0

3 5 -4 4 y e a r s---------------------------------------------- 3 .6

4 5 -6 4 y ea rs---------------------------------------------- 2 .3

65 years and o v e r ------------------------------------- 2 .6

W illin g n e ss to m o v e is a p o s itiv e fa c to r in o b tain in g em p lo y m e n t.

T he stu d y of p la n t c lo s in g s in th e e a r ly 1 9 6 0 fs fo r ex am p le show ed th a t 

m o s t w o rk e rs had to look o u tsid e th e ir h om e a r e a to o b tain a jo b in th e 

s a m e in d u s try . G r e a te r p ro p o rtio n s of em p lo y ed th an u n em p lo y ed w o rk e rs 

h ad so u g h t w o rk o u ts id e th e ir h o m e c itie s .

As m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r , the s ta b ility of o ld e r w o rk e rs is a c o n s id e r ­

a b le a s s e t to th e ir e m p lo y e rs . B u t w hen o ld e r w o rk e rs lo s e th e ir jo b s — 

fo r w h a te v e r re a s o n — th e ir a tta c h m e n t to a p a r tic u la r lin e of w o rk o r in ­

d u s try , th e ir s p e c ia liz a tio n in p a r tic u la r s k ills and a c tiv itie s , and th e ir

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d eep ro o ts in th e c o m m u n ity p u t th e m a t a d is a d v a n ta g e . If th e ir u n e m ­

p lo y m e n t r e s u lts fro m th e o b s o le s c e n c e of th e ir s k ills (o r th a t of th e ir 

p la n ts ), a s h ift in c o n s u m e r d em an d , o r th e d e c lin e o r re lo c a tio n of th e ir 

in d u s try , th e ir p ro b le m is ev en m o re a c u te . M an p o w er re tr a in in g and 

re lo c a tio n a s s is ta n c e p r o g r a m s fo r o ld e r w o rk e rs re c o g n iz e th a t th e s e 

w o rk e rs n e ed s p e c ia l a s s is ta n c e b e c a u s e of th e ir r e l a t i v e im m o b ility .

F o o tn o te s

1 H e r b e r t S. P a r n e s e t a l, The P r e - R e tir e m e n t Y e a r s , V ol. I, Ohio 

S ta te U n iv e rs ity , T he C e n te r fo r H um an R e s o u rc e s . U n d er c o n tr a c t to 

th e U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, 1968.

2 P a r n e s , op. c it. , V ol. II, 1970, pp. 2 9 -3 0 .

3 O 'B o y le , op. c it. , pp. 16-23.

* S am u el S ab en , "O cc u p a tio n a l M o b ility of E m p lo y ed W o rk e rs " , 

M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w , Ju n e 1967, pp. 3 1 -3 8 .

® U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e rc e , B u re a u of th e C e n su s, M o b ility 

of th e P o p u la tio n of th e U n ited S ta te s . M a rc h 1969 to 1970. S e r ie s P -2 0 , 

No. 210.

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C hapter 6. Income and Earnings

In c o m e 1 fo r w o rk e rs ag ed 45 y e a r s and o v e r g e n e r a lly is le s s th an 

fo r w o rk e rs ag ed 3 5 -4 4 , the p e ak e a rn in g g ro u p . The d iffe re n c e a c c e l e r ­

a te s in s u c c e s s iv e ly o ld e r ag e g ro u p s .

The to ta l in c o m e of o ld e r p e rs o n s c o m p a re d w ith th a t of p e rs o n s 

ag ed 35-44 is show n in th e follow ing ta b u la tio n , by sex fo r th e y e a r s I960, 

1965, and 1970. The fig u re s a r e e x p re s s e d in te r m s of ra tio s (in co m e 

of age g ro u p 35-44= 100). L ittle if any change is d is c e rn ib le d u rin g th is 

p e rio d in th e in c o m e -a g e in d e x es fo r m en . T he s m a ll im p ro v e m e n t in 

th e in c o m e -a g e in d e x es fo r w om en p r im a r ily r e f le c ts the in c re a s in g e m ­

p lo y m e n t of o ld e r w om en:

Year 35 -4 4 4 5 -5 4 5 5 -6 4 65 and o1

Men:

1970 .................. .......... 97 81 32

1965 ...... ...................... 95 78 32

1960 --------------------- ............. 100 95 78 31

Women:

1 9 7 0 .............................. ............. 100 107 85 44

1 9 6 5 .............................. ............. 100 103 81 40

1 9 6 0 ............................- - ........... 100 103 70 44

O ld e r p e rs o n s liv in g on r e tir e m e n t in c o m e s a r e p a r tic u la r ly lik e ly 

to be h a rd p r e s s e d fin a n c ia lly , b u t th o s e s till in th e la b o r fo r c e a r e not 

e x em p t. As n o ted e a r l i e r , the w o rk e x p e rie n c e of o ld e r p e rs o n s is c h a r ­

a c te r iz e d by lo n g e r p e rio d s of u n em p lo y m e n t and m o re p a r t- tim e w o rk . 

B ut ev en th o se em p lo y ed y e a r ro u n d fu ll tim e h av e lo w e r e a rn in g s th an 

y o u n g er w o r k e r s . E a rn in g s of m a le h e ad s of fa m ilie s em p lo y ed fu ll tim e 

y e a r ro u n d in n o n fa rm o ccu p a tio n s in 1969, fo r e x a m p le , w e re only 86 

p e r c e n t as m u ch fo r th o se ag ed 5 5 -6 4 a s fo r th o se ag ed 3 5 -4 4 , w h ile 

th o se 65 and o v e r e a rn e d 68 p e r c e n t as m u ch a s th e y o u n g e r g ro u p . 2

L o w er a v e ra g e e a rn in g s of o ld e r w o rk e rs em p lo y ed fu ll tim e y e a r 

ro u n d a r e n o t e x p la in e d by d iffe re n c e s in w eek ly h o u rs , a s th e follow ing ta b ­

u la tio n in d ic a te s . D iffe re n c e s in m e d ia n y e a r s of e d u ca tio n by a g e, h o w ­

e v e r , p ro b a b ly a c c o u n t fo r so m e d iffe re n c e s in e a rn in g s :

A ge Earnings Hours worked

3 5 -4 4 y e a r s------------------------.......... 100 100

4 5 -5 4 y e a r s------------------------ 98

5 5 -6 4 y ea rs------------------------ 96

65 years and o v e r -------------- .......... 68 96

NOTE: Earnings data refer to m en who head husband-wife

fa m ilies and who are em ployed year round full tim e in nonfarm

occupations. Data on hours worked refer to married m en , w ife

present, on fu ll-tim e schedules in nonagricultural industries, but

w ithout reference to year-round em ploym ent.

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T he d iffe re n c e in e a rn in g s by age is m o re p ro n o u n c e d in so m e o c c u p a ­

tio n a l g ro u p s th an m o t h e r s . 3 S a le s m e n aged 4 5 -5 4 e a rn e d only n in e -te n th s 

a s m u ch a s y o u n g e r s a le s m e n . E a rn in g s of m a n a g e rs and o ffic ia ls ag ed 

4 5 -5 4 a r e s u b s ta n tia lly le s s th an th o se of m a n a g e rs ag ed 3 5 -4 4 a ls o . B u t 

in o th e r o c c u p a tio n s , w o rk e rs ag ed 4 5 -5 4 e a rn e d ab o u t th e s a m e a s th o s e 

ag ed 3 5 -44 y e a r s . (See ta b le G. )

Table G. Index of median earnings of selected occupational groups, 1969

(A ge 35-44=100)

O ccupation

A ge

3 5 -4 4 4 5 -5 4 5 5 -6 4

65 years

and over

T o ta l---------------------------- 100 95 86 68

Professional w orkers--------------- 100 102 98 77

Managers and o c c ic ia ls---------- 100 94 86 63

C lerical w orkers--------------------- 100 99 96 77

S a lesm en -------------------------------- 100 91 77 69

C raftsm en------------------------------ 100 101 96 72

Operatives r ---------------------------- 100 97 94 81

Laborers--------------------------------- 100 97 88 69

T he p e rio d of p e ak e a rn in g s c o v e rs a w id e r age g ro u p in so m e o c ­

c u p atio n s th an in o th e rs . T he 1 0 -y e a r age b r e a k s u s e d in the ta b le , fo r 

e x a m p le , in d ic a te a lo n g e r p e rio d of p e ak e a rn in g s fo r p r o f e s s io n a l, 

c le r ic a l, and c r a f t w o rk e rs and o p e ra tiv e s th an fo r w o rk e rs in o th e r 

o c c u p a tio n s.

W hen 1969 in c o m e s of fa m ilie s h e ad e d by m a le s who w o rk ed y e a r 

ro u n d fu ll tim e th e p re v io u s y e a r a r e r e la te d to th e B u re a u of L a b o r 

S ta tis tic s fa m ily b u d g e ts ,4 ab o u t o n e -fo u rth of th o s e h e a d e d by m e n age 

4 5 -5 4 and a lm o s t o n e -fifth of th o s e h e ad e d by m e n 5 5 -6 4 w e re a t o r 

b elow the lo w e r b u d g e t le v e l. T h e se p ro p o rtio n s w e re le s s th an fo r 

fa m ilie s h ead ed by m en ag ed 3 5 -4 4 , tw o -fifth s , p r im a r ily b e c a u s e in co m e 

d e c lin e s le s s ra p id ly th an fa m ily s iz e . T he in c o m e -b u d g e t s itu a tio n of 

th e s e o ld e r fa m ily h e ad s is a c a u s e fo r c o n c e rn , h o w e v e r, p a r tic u la r ly 

s in c e th e BLS fa m ily b u d g ets c o n tain no p ro v is io n fo r sa v in g s o th e r th an 

p a y m e n ts fo r s o c ia l s e c u r ity and life in s u ra n c e v a lu ed a t one y ear* s 

r e g u la r fa m ily in c o m e .

F o o tn o te s

1 In clu d es e a rn in g s and in c o m e fro m old a g e , s u r v iv o r s , and d i s a ­

b ility in s u ra n c e (OASID), p riv a te p e n sio n p la n s , an d o th e r s o u r c e s .

2 B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s a n a ly s is of in c o m e and w o rk e x p e rie n c e 

su p p le m e n ts to th e C u rre n t P o p u la tio n S u rv ey , B u re a u of th e C e n su s. F o r 

m o re in fo rm a tio n on e a rn in g s and in co m e by age s e e R o b e rt L . S te in and 

J a n ic e N. H edges " E a rn in g s and F a m ily In c o m e , 11 M onthly L a b o r R ev iew . 

Ju n e 1971. R e p rin t 2738.

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3

4

F o o t n o t e s - — C o n tin u e d

Ibid.

T he BLS fa m ily b u d g e ts a r e b e n c h m a rk m e a s u r e s fo r r e s e a r c h 

p u rp o s e s of how m u ch it w ould c o s t to m a in ta in s p e c ife d le v e ls of liv in g 

(id e n tified a s in te r m e d ia te , lo w e r, and h ig h e r) in u rb a n a r e a s . The 

b u d g ets can be s c a le d to fa m ilie s of v a rio u s s iz e s an d ty p e s liv in g in 

d iffe re n t a r e a s of th e U nited S ta te s . See U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, 

B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s , BLS B u lle tin s 1570-1 to 1570-6 (1968-1970).

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C hapter 7. Pension Plans and Retirem ent Benefits

U n le s s c o m p e lle d to r e t i r e fr o m th e la b o r fo r c e b e c a u s e o f d i s ­

a b ility o r ill h e a lth , m a n y m e n r e t i r e p a r tia lly in th e ir e a r ly s ix tie s 

(so m e in th e ir la te fiftie s ), b y sw itch in g f r o m fu ll- tim e y e a r - r o u n d w o rk 

to p a r t- ti m e p a r t - y e a r w o rk . T h en , d ep en d in g on th e s a tis f a c tio n s a n d 

d e m an d s of th e ir w o rk , th e y fu lly r e t i r e fr o m a ll g a in fu l a c tiv ity in th e ir 

la te s ix tie s an d e a r ly s e v e n tie s a s th e ir m e n ta l a n d p h y s ic a l c a p a b ilitie s 

d e c lin e o r th e ir in te r e s t s an d n e e d s s h ift to o th e r a c tiv itie s .

A lth o u g h fu ll b e n e fits a r e n o t p a y a b le u n til age 65 u n d e r s o c ia l 

s e c u r ity a n d m o s t p r iv a te p e n sio n p la n s , th r e e f a c to r s e n c o u ra g e m e n to

r e t i r e fr o m fu ll e m p lo y m e n t b e fo re th e y a tta in th a t a g e . Tw o of th e m ----

th e p re v a le n c e of p h y s ic a l and m e n ta l d is a b ilitie s an d i l l h e a lth am ong 

o ld e r w o r k e r s and th e d is c r im in a tio n s an d o th e r d iffic u ltie s th e y e n ­

c o u n te r in g e ttin g r e g u la r f u ll- tim e jo b s— a r e d is c u s s e d in o th e r c h a p te r s . 

T h e th ir d fa c to r— p u b lic an d p r iv a te p e n sio n p la n s — e n c o u ra g e s o ld e r 

w o r k e r s to r e t i r e by m e e tin g so m e of th e ir fin a n c ia l r e q u ire m e n ts b u t, 

a t th e s a m e tim e , d is c o u ra g e s th e m f r o m c e a s in g a ll g ain fu l a c tiv ity , 

b e c a u s e a lo n e , o r ev en in co m b in a tio n , th e s e p la n s u s u a lly do not e n ab le 

w o r k e r s to m a in ta in th e s ta n d a rd of liv in g th e y d e s ir e . M any o ld e r p e r ­

so n s re s o lv e th is c o n flic t and fu lfill th e ir n e e d fo r m e a n in g fu l a c tiv ity — 

" p s y c h ic in c o m e " — and fo r c o n ta c t w ith o th e r p e o p le by w o rk in g p a r t tim e 

o r p a r t y e a r .

T h e m ix tu r e of e n c o u ra g e m e n t a n d d is c o u ra g e m e n t s te m s f r o m th r e e 

c h a r a c te r is tic s of th e b e n e fits p ro v id e d b y th e s e p la n s; (1) th e ir a v a ila b ility to em p lo y ed w o r k e r s , (2) th e ir a v a ila b ility b e fo re age 65, and 

(3) th e ir lim ite d ad eq u a c y . T h e r e f o r e , m a n y w o rk e rs c an an d do p a r ­

tia lly r e t i r e a s e a r ly a s age 62 on s o c ia l s e c u r ity , b e c a u s e re d u c e d 

b e n e fits c o m m e n c in g a t th a t ag e a r e p a y a b le to q u a lifie d w o rk e rs w ith o u t 

f u r th e r re d u c tio n if th e ir e a r n in g s a r e b elo w $ 1 , 680 a y e a r . 1 M any o th e r 

p u b lic and p r iv a te p e n sio n p la n s a ls o p ay p e n s io n s , u s u a lly re d u c e d b e ­

c a u s e o f a g e, to m e m b e r s w ith th e r e q u is ite a m o u n t of s e r v ic e 2, who

r e t i r e fr o m a jo b c o v e re d b y th e p la n b e fo re ag e 65, 3 and p e r m it th e m

to e a r n a ll th e y c an f r o m w o rk in g .

A s a r e s u lt, m o re th a n h a lf th e m e n a w a rd e d s o c ia l s e c u r ity r e t i r e ­

m e n t b e n e fits in r e c e n t y e a r s a r e u n d e r age 65. Tw o out of fiv e of

th e m c o n tin u e to w o rk c h ie fly b e c a u s e of th e lo w le v e l of su ch b e n e fits

a n d th e ir in e lig ib ility , in m o s t in s ta n c e s , fo r a n o th e r p e n sio n . In 

a d d itio n , m a n y c o n tin u e to w o rk n o t o n ly fo r th e s e re a s o n s b u t a ls o 

b e c a u s e o f th e n e e d fo r a m e a n in g fu l p u rp o s e in lif e .

In fa c t, th e s m a lle r th e ir s o c ia l s e c u r ity b e n e fits th e le s s lik e ly 

th e y a r e to g et a p riv a te p e n sio n and th e m o re lik e ly th e y a r e to do 

so m e w o rk . F e w e r th a n one out o f th ir ty m a r r ie d m e n a w a rd e d s o c ia l 

s e c u r ity b e n e fits u n d e r $130 a m o n th in th e l a t t e r h a lf of 1969, f o r 

e x a m p le , a ls o r e c e iv e d p r iv a te p e n sio n s c o m p a re d w ith o v e r h a lf of th o s e 

a w a rd e d l a r g e r b e n e f its . A s a r e s u lt, a lm o s t h a lf th e m a r r ie d co u p les 

a n d tw o -th ird s of th e sin g le p e r s o n s in itia lly e n title d to s o c ia l s e c u r ity

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r e tir e d w o rk e r b e n e fits in la te 1969 h ad r e tir e m e n t in c o m e s (p e n sio n s 

p lu s in c o m e f r o m a s s e ts ) b elo w th e p o v e rty th re s h o ld a s p u b lish e d by the 

D e p a rtm e n t of H e alth , E d u c a tio n , a n d W e lf a r e .4 O nly ab o u t one in fo u r 

co u p les and th e s a m e p ro p o rtio n of sin g le p e r s o n s co u ld a ffo rd th e BLS 

in te rm e d ia te le v e l of liv in g on th e ir r e tir e m e n t in c o m e s . H o w ev er, w hen 

th e y s u p p le m e n te d th is b y th e ir e a rn in g s about th r e e out of fiv e co u p les 

an d n e a r ly h a lf th e s in g le p e r s o n s could a ffo rd th a t le v e l. (In 1969, th is 

w as $ 4 ,2 3 0 a y e a r fo r a co u p le and $ 2 ,3 2 5 fo r s in g le p e r s o n s .) N e v e rth e le s s , m a n y w h o se r e tir e m e n t in c o m e fr o m s o c ia l s e c u rity and p riv a te 

p e n sio n s is s u ffic ie n t to m a in ta in th e ir d e s ir e d s ta n d a rd o f liv in g n e ed 

m o re th a n can b e s u p p lie d by m o n ey a lo n e . T h e y p e rc e iv e a n e ed — 

w h ich is v e r y r e a l to th e m — to h av e a m e an in g fu l p u rp o s e in life . Such 

a p u rp o s e can be, and f o r m a n y is , s a tis f ie d b y c o m m u n ity s e r v ic e .

F o r o th e rs , su ch a n e e d c a n only b e s a tis f ie d by g ain fu l e m p lo y m e n t.

A p a rt fr o m s o c ia l s e c u r ity , p e n sio n s a r e th e c h ie f s o u r c e s of 

r e tir e m e n t in c o m e . In la te 1969, p riv a te p e n s io n s w e re re c e iv e d by 

ab o u t one of fo u r m a r r ie d co u p les n ew ly e n title d to s o c ia l s e c u r ity b e n e ­

fits (ex clu d in g th o s e r e t i r e d fr o m g o v e rn m e n t and r a ilr o a d jo b s not 

c o v e re d by s o c ia l s e c u rity ) , by one out of s ix sin g le m en , an d by one out 

o f e ig h t s in g le w o m en .

A s u b s ta n tia l m a jo r ity of w o rk e rs do not o b ta in a n y p e n sio n c o v e r ­

ag e o r do not a c q u ir e s u ffic ie n t y e a r s of co n tin u o u s c o v e ra g e d u rin g th e ir 

e n tir e w o rk in g life to q u a lify fo r a p r iv a te p la n b e n e fit. T h e in c id e n c e 

of n o n c o v e ra g e is h ig h e s t am o n g th o se who w o rk in tr a d e , s e r v ic e s , and 

c o n stru c tio n ; th e d e g re e of c o v e ra g e o r p o te n tia l c o v e ra g e is g r e a te s t fo r 

th o s e who w o rk fo r f ir m s in m in in g an d m a n u fa c tu rin g . E v en am ong 

th e s e in d u s tr ie s , h o w e v e r, w o rk e rs ' c h a n c e s of o b ta in in g p e n sio n b e n e fits 

a r e le s s if th e y a r e em p lo y e d by s m a ll nonunion f ir m s th a n if th e y w o rk 

fo r in d u s tr ia l g ia n ts o r fo r f ir m s w ith c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g a g re e m e n ts .

In th e a g g re g a te , ab o u t 55 p e r c e n t of a ll p r iv a te n o n a g ric u ltu ra l w o rk e rs 

a r e e m p lo y ed b y f ir m s th a t h av e e ith e r a p r iv a te p e n sio n p lan , a d e f e r r e d 

p r o f it- s h a r in g p la n , o r b o th . H o w ev er, ab o u t 40 p e r c e n t of th e s e w o rk e rs 

do n o t p a r tic ip a te in th e ir c o m p a n ie s ' p la n s b e c a u s e th e y a r e s h o r t - t e r m 

e m p lo y e e s o r b e c a u s e th e y a r e e x clu d e d fo r o th e r r e a s o n s .5 M o re o v e r, 

m an y of th e w o r k e r s n o t c o v e re d b y a p riv a te p e n sio n p la n h a v e little 

p r o s p e c t of e v e r o b ta in in g an y c o v e ra g e u n le s s th e y can o b ta in s te a d y 

e m p lo y m e n t w ith a la r g e f i r m o r w ith a u n io n iz e d f ir m . T h o se who g ain 

e m p lo y m e n t w ith a s m a ll u n io n iz e d f ir m do n o t h av e m u ch c h an c e of 

g ain in g a n y p e n sio n b e n e fit u n le s s th e f ir m p a r tic ip a te s in a m u ltie m p lo y e r 

p la n . Such p la n s a r e found in m a n y in d u s tr ie s , but a r e p re v a le n t c h ie fly 

in a p p a r e l m a n u fa c tu rin g , c o n s tru c tio n , tru c k in g , and th e m in in g in d u s tr ie s .

T h e p riv a te p la n p ro v is io n s c o v e rin g th o s e who do p a r tic ip a te in 

p riv a te p e n sio n p la n s h a v e b een , an d a r e e x p e c te d to co n tin u e to be, 

lib e r a liz e d . D u rin g th e l a tte r p a r t of th e 1 9 6 0 's, fo r e x am p le, s h a rp 

im p ro v e m e n ts o c c u r r e d in th e r e tir e m e n t fo rm u la s of p riv a te p la n s , and 

e a r ly r e tir e m e n t and v e s tin g 6 p ro v is io n s w e re in tro d u c e d o r lib e r a liz e d .

B y th e end of th e d e c a d e , m o re th a n th r e e - f o u r th s of th e w o rk e rs 

c o v e re d by p r iv a te p e n sio n p la n s w e re in p la n s th a t h ad a v e s tin g p r o ­

v isio n , and m o re th a n n in e -te n th s w e re in p la n s w ith v e s tin g , e a r ly 

r e tir e m e n t, o r b o th . A t th e b eg in n in g of th e d e c a d e , only a b o u t 59 p e r ­

cen t of th e c o v e re d w o r k e r s w e re in p la n s w ith v e s tin g an d ab o u t 82 

p e rc e n t w e re in p la n s w ith e ith e r v e stin g , e a r ly r e tir e m e n t, o r b oth.

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In 1969, ab o u t 84 p e r c e n t of a ll c o v e re d w o rk e rs p a rtic ip a te d in 

p la n s th a t g ra n te d a b e n e fit rig h t by ag e 55 u n d e r e ith e r th e n o rm a l, 

e a r ly , o r v e s tin g p ro v is io n of th e p la n to m e m b e rs who h a d th e re q u is ite 

s e r v ic e . A lm o s t th r e e - f if th s could gain su ch a rig h t by ag e 40, and 

ab o u t tw o -th ird s b y a g e 45, if th e y a ls o m e t th e s e r v ic e r e q u ir e m e n ts .

In g e n e ra l, m o s t w o rk e rs p a r tic ip a te d in p la n s th a t re q u ire d not m o re 

th a n 15 y e a r s of s e r v ic e , and a lm o s t tw o -fifth s o f th e m in p la n s th a t 

r e q u ir e d 10 y e a r s o r fe w e r to q u a lify fo r a n o n fo rfe ita b le b e n e fit rig h t.

To g ain th e s e rig h ts , h o w e v e r, w o rk e rs h ad to m e e t a n ago, s e r v ic e , 

o r, m o re often , a co m b in a tio n of ag e and s e r v ic e r e q u ir e m e n ts . T he 

re q u ire m e n ts of th e p la n p ro v is io n s p re v a ilin g in 1969 can be illu s tr a te d 

g e n e r a lly b y c o n s id e rin g 100 w o rk e rs who e n te r e d c o v e re d e m p lo y m e n t a t 

ag e 25. U n d er th e 1969 p ro v is io n s , if th e s e w o rk e rs , who r e p r e s e n t a ll 

c o v e re d w o r k e r s , re m a in w ith th e ir p la n fo r 10 y e a r s , o n ly 31 of th e m 

w ill h av e g ain ed a n o n fo rfe ita b le rig h t to a p e n sio n b e n e fit; if th e y r e ­

m a in fo r 15 y e a r s , 51 of th e m w ill hav e a c h ie v e d su ch a rig h t; and a f te r 

20 y e a r s on ly 57 of th e m w ould a tta in a n o n fo rfe ita b le rig h t to a p e n sio n 

b e n e fit. A t any of th e s e s e r v ic e - a g e s , v ir tu a lly a ll 57 w ould h av e g ain ed 

th e ir b e n e fit rig h t u n d e r th e v e s tin g p ro v is io n s of th e ir p lan , b e c a u s e th e 

e a r ly r e tir e m e n t p ro v is io n s u s u a lly do not b e co m e o p e ra tiv e u n til th e 

w o rk e r re a c h e s 55 and n o rm a l r e tir e m e n t r a r e l y o c c u rs b e fo re ag e 60. 

S hould th e 100 w o rk e rs h av e e n te r e d in to th e ir c o v e re d e m p lo y m e n t a t 

ag e 30 in s te a d of 25, h o w e v e r, m o re th a n th r e e - f o u r th s of th e m w ould 

hav e g ain ed a n o n fo rfe ita b le r ig h t a f te r 20 y e a r s of s e r v ic e . Som e of 

th e s e w ould b e c o m e e lig ib le fo r e a r ly r e tir e m e n t a f te r 20 y e a r s of s e r v ic e , 

a n d by ag e 55 a b o u t th r e e - f o tir th s of th e m w ould h av e q u a lifie d fo r e a r ly 

r e t i r e m e n t .7

A s in d ic a te d p re v io u s ly , em p lo y m e n t by a f ir m w ith a p riv a te p la n 

is n o t ta n ta m o u n t to b ein g c o v e re d b y th e p la n . Som e p la n s r e q u ir e th e 

a tta in m e n t of a s p e c ifie d ag e o r len g th of s e r v ic e , o r b oth, b e fo re a new 

em p lo y ee is e lig ib le to p a r tic ip a te . U su a lly th e s e re q u ire m e n ts a r e ju s tifie d 

on the b a s is of a d m in is tra tiv e c o s t and the u n c e r ta in te n u re of new e m p lo y e e s . 

H o w ev er, the ad o p tio n of a p a rtic ip a tio n re q u ire m e n t s ig n ifie s m o re th an a d ­

m in is tr a tiv e c o n v e n ie n c e , s in c e th r e e - f o u r th s of the p la n s w ith p a rtic ip a tio n 

re q u ire rn e n ts do n o t give c r e d it fo r em p lo y m e n t s e r v e d b e fo re jo in in g th e 

p la n , e ith e r in q u a lify in g fo r a p e n sio n o r in co m p u tin g th e p e n sio n b e n e ­

fit. T h e se p la n s c o v e re d ab o u t t h r e e - fo u rth s of th e w o rk e rs in p la n s w ith 

p a r tic ip a tio n re q u ir e m e n ts .

F o o tn o te s

1 F o r e a c h $2 in an n u al e a rn in g s fr o m $ 1 ,6 8 0 to $ 2 ,8 8 0 , $1 in

b e n e fits is w ith h e ld an d fo r e a c h $1 o v e r $ 2 ,8 8 0 , $ 1 in b e n e fits is

w ith h e ld . H o w ev er, fu ll b e n e fits a r e p a y a b le , r e g a r d le s s of an n u al 

e a r n in g s , fo r any m o n th in w hich the b e n e f ic ia ry e a rn e d le s s th an $ 140.

2 U su a lly 20 to 30 y e a r s .

3 Age 55 in two out of th r e e p riv a te p la n s and in m o s t p la n s fo r 

g o v e rn m e n t e m p lo y e e s .

4 S o c ia l S e c u rity B u lle tin , J u ly 1971, pp. 11-17. In 1969, th e p o v ­

e r ty th re s h o ld f o r m a r r ie d c o u p les w as $ 2 ,2 0 0 and fo r s in g le p e r s o n s ,

$ 1 ,7 5 0 .

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F o o t n o t e s— C o n tin u e d

5 E m e rs o n B e ie r, " In c id e n c e of p riv a te r e tir e m e n t p la n s , " M onthly 

L a b o r R eview , J u ly 1971, pp. 3 7 -4 0 .

6 V e stin g is d efin ed a s a g u a ra n te e to th e w o rk e r of a rig h t in a 

p e n sio n p la n b a se d on a ll o r p a r t of h is a c c ru e d r e tir e m e n t b e n e fits 

sh o u ld h is e m p lo y m e n t te r m in a te b e fo re h e b e c o m e s e lig ib le fo r r e t i r e ­

m e n t b e n e fits ; th a t is , if h is rig h ts a r e v e s te d , th e w o rk e r is e n title d to 

a r e tir e m e n t b e n e fit w hen he re a c h e s r e tir e m e n t a g e, r e g a r d le s s of 

w h e re he m a y be a t th e tim e .

7 H a rry E . D av is and A rn o ld S t r a s s e r , " P r iv a te P e n s io n P la n s , 

I960 to 1969— A n O v e rv ie w ," M onthly L a b o r R eview , J u ly 1970,

pp . 4 5 -5 6 .

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C hapter 8. Jo b P erform ance and Training Potential

C o m p a ris o n of jo b p e rfo rm a n c e s c o r e s b y ag e in d ic a te s th a t re f u s a l 

to h ir e o ld e r w o r k e r s h a s little m e r it, e x c e p t fo r p o s itio n s w ith d e m a n d ­

in g p h y s ic a l r e q u ir e m e n ts .

S tu d ies of th e r e la tiv e w o rk p e rfo rm a n c e of o ld e r and y o u n g e r 

w o r k e r s c o n d u cte d by th e B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s in th e la te 1 9 5 0 's 

an d e a r ly 1 9 6 0 's in d ic a te d no c o n s is te n t p a tte r n o f s u p e r io r p ro d u c tiv ity 

in an y age g r o u p .1 A c tu a l r e c o r d s of w o rk p e r f o r m e d show ed g r e a te r 

d iff e r e n c e s in p ro d u c tiv ity w ith in age g ro u p s th a n am ong d iffe re n t a g e s . 

L a rg e p ro p o r tio n s of w o rk e rs in th e o ld e r g ro u p s e x c e e d e d th e a v e ra g e 

p e rfo rm a n c e of y o u n g e r w o r k e r s . M o re o v e r, o ld e r w o rk e rs h ad a 

s te a d ie r r a te of o u tp u t.

R e s u lts w e re s im ila r fo r e v e r y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s u rv e y e d — o ffice 

w o r k e r s , o p e r a tiv e s , an d m a il s o r t e r s — a s w e ll a s fo r h ig h e r v e r s u s 

lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s , and tim e v e r s u s in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s . M o re o v e r, 

a tte n d a n c e an d s a fe ty r e c o r d s of o ld e r w o rk e rs w e re found to e q u a l o r 

e x c e e d th o s e of y o u n g e r w o rk e rs g e n e ra lly .

A c o m p a ris o n of th e p e rfo rm a n c e of o ld e r and y o u n g e r w o rk e rs 

(m a in te n a n c e m e c h a n ic s , e n g in e e rs , c ra f ts m e n , a n d te le p h o n e o p e r a to r s ) 

in in d u s tr ia l r e tr a in in g p r o g r a m s s u g g e s ts th a t ag e b y its e lf is n o t a 

r e lia b le c r ite r io n fo r d e te rm in in g th e s u ita b ility of w o rk e rs fo r tra in in g . 

A lth o u g h y o u n g e r w o r k e r s p e rfo rm e d b e tte r on th e a v e ra g e o v e r a ll th a n 

o ld e r w o r k e r s , in d iv id u a l o ld e r w o rk e rs p e r f o r m e d b e tte r th a n th e a v e r ­

a g e y o u n g e r w o r k e r .2

M o re o v e r, a v e ra g e d iff e r e n c e s in th e s u c c e s s of tr a in in g o ld e r and 

y o u n g e r w o rk e rs h av e b e e n found to d im in is h w hen e d u c a tio n is h e ld c o n ­

s ta n t. D iffe re n c e s a r e f u r th e r m in im iz e d b y a d a p tin g te a c h in g m e th o d s 

to th e le a r n in g a b ilitie s of o ld e r w o rk e rs , fo r e x a m p le , s tr e s s in g s im u ­

la te d e x e r c is e s r a t h e r th a n l e c t u r e s . 3

F o o tn o te s

1 S ee, fo r e x a m p le , J a m e s F . W a lk e r, "T h e Jo b P e r f o r m a n c e of 

F e d e r a l M ail S o r te r s by A ge, " M onthly L a b o r R eview , M a rc h 1964;

U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s , C o m p a ra tiv e Jo b 

P e r f o r m a n c e by A ge: O ffice W o rk e rs , BLS B u lle tin 1273, I9 6 0 ; Jo b

P e rf o rm a n c e and A ge: A S tudy in M e a s u re m e n t, BLS B u lle tin 1203, _ g - ------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------

2 U. S„ D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , I n d u s tr ia l

R e la tio n s P r o g r a m s fo r T e c h n o lo g ic a l C hange: A Study of th e P e r f o r m ­

a n ce of O ld e r W o rk e rs , BLS B u lle tin 1368, 1963.

3 IL KL B elb in , T ra in in g M ethods fo r O ld e r W o rk e rs . O rg a n iz a tio n 

f o r E c o n o m ic C o -o p e ra tio n and D ev elo p m en t, (OECD) P a r i s , 1965.

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C hapter 9. Jo b Discrim ination

In a s u rv e y of em p lo y e d p e rs o n s in 1969, o v e r h a lf a m illio n 

w o r k e r s 45 y e a r s o f ag e an d o ld e r in d ic a te d th a t th e y had e x p e rie n c e d 

d is c r im in a tio n on th e j o b .1 T h e n u m b e r of w o rk e rs who e n c o u n te r ag e 

d is c r im in a tio n in s e e k in g e m p lo y m e n t m a y b e f a r g r e a te r , a c c o rd in g to 

d a ta on d is c r im in a to r y e m p lo y m e n t p r a c tic e s .

T h e A ge D is c r im in a tio n in E m p lo y m en t A ct (ADEA), e n a c te d by th e 

U . S. C o n g re s s in 1967, 2 p ro h ib its d is c r im in a tio n a g a in s t w o rk e rs 4 0 -6 5 

y e a r s of a g e . T h e la w s ta te s " . . . t h e p u rp o s e of th is A ct (is ) to p r o ­

m o te e m p lo y m e n t of o ld e r p e r s o n s b a s e d on th e ir a b ility r a th e r th a n ag e; 

to p ro h ib it a r b i t r a r y age d is c r im in a tio n in em p lo y m e n t; to h e lp e m p lo y e rs 

an d w o r k e r s fin d w ay s of m e e tin g p ro b le m s a r is in g fr o m th e im p a c t of 

ag e on e m p lo y m e n t." T h e a c t p r o te c ts w o rk e rs fr o m age d is c r im in a tio n 

b y e m p lo y e rs th a t h av e 25 e m p lo y e e s o r m o r e ;b y e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s 

s e rv in g c o v e re d e m p lo y e rs ; an d b y la b o r o rg a iiiz a tio n s th a t h av e 25 

m e m b e rs o r m o re , o r th a t m ak e r e f e r r a l s to c o v e re d e m p lo y e rs o r th a t 

r e p r e s e n t e m p lo y e e s o f c o v e re d e m p lo y e rs . 3

T h e AD EA is a d m in is te r e d by th e U .S . D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r. 

V o lu n ta ry c o m p lia n c e is so u g h t, b u t le g a l a c tio n m a y be in itia te d e ith e r 

b y th e D e p a rtm e n t o r th e in d iv id u a l if su ch e ffo rts fa il. D u rin g f is c a l 

1970, 14, 000 e s ta b lis h m e n ts w hich w e re c o n ta c te d in fo rm a lly re m o v e d 

p o te n tia lly d is c r im in a to r y e m p lo y m e n t p r a c tic e s a ffe c tin g o v e r 500, 000 

jo b s . In v e s tig a tio n s w e re co n d u cted in a n a d d itio n a l 1 0 ,4 0 0 e s ta b lis h ­

m e n ts , of w h ich 2, 200 w e re found in v io la tio n of th e a c t.

Ille g a l a d v e r tis in g w as b y f a r th e le a d in g n o n c o m p lia n ce p r a c tic e in 

f is c a l 1970; it a c c o u n te d fo r h a lf th e p r a c tic e s of w hich e m p lo y e rs w e re 

found in v io la tio n , and tw o -th ird s of th o s e o f w h ich em p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s 

w e re found in v io la tio n . R e fu sa l to h ir e a c c o u n te d fo r ab o u t o n e -fo u rth 

a n d p ro m o tio n a l b a r s fo r a b o u t o n e -te n th of th e v io la tio n s of e m p lo y e rs . 

D is c h a rg e s a c c o u n te d fo r a s m a ll f r a c tio n , about o n e -tw e n ty fifth . F o r 

e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s , f a ilu r e to r e f e r c o n s titu te d m o s t of th e v io la tio n s 

o th e r th a n ille g a l a d v e r tis in g . One la b o r o rg a n iz a tio n w as found in n o n - 

c o m p lia n c e , fo r ex clu d in g a w o rk e r fr o m u n io n m e m b e rs h ip b e c a u s e o f 

a g e .

M o n e ta ry d a m a g e s p a id to in d iv id u a ls b y e s ta b lis h m e n ts in n o n c o m ­

p lia n c e h av e in c r e a s e d , f r o m $4 0 , 000 in 1969, th e f i r s t y e a r th e a c t 

w a s in e ffe c t, to a lm o s t $740, 000 in 1971 (fis c a l y e a r s ) .

O ne of th e f i r s t in ju n c tio n s is s u e d u n d e r th e A ge D is c rim in a tio n in 

E m p lo y m e n t A ct c a m e w ith a r e c e n t ru lin g o f th e U. S. D is tr ic t C o u rt in 

M in n eso ta th a t c o m p u ls o ry r e tir e m e n t p ro v is io n s in an e m p lo y e r's p e n ­

sio n p la n m a y n o t be u s e d to fo rc e e a r ly r e tir e m e n t of n o n p a r tic ip a n ts .4

In a d d itio n to F e d e r a l p ro h ib itio n s on ag e d is c r im in a tio n , 27 s ta te s 

a n d P u e rto R ico h a d age d is c r im in a tio n in em p lo y m e n t law s in 1970.

No ag e lim its w e re s p e c ifie d in th e law s of A la sk a , H aw aii, and M ain e. 

L o w er ag e lim its in th e re m a in in g s ta te s ra n g e d f r o m 18 y e a r s in 

C o lo rad o , M a ry la n d , and New M exico to 45 y e a r s in D e la w a re , Illin o is ,

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an d R hode Is la n d . U n d e r S ta te le g is la tio n , c o v e ra g e of e s ta b lis h m e n ts 

g e n e r a lly is e x ten d e d to f ir m s th a t h av e a m in im u m of 3 to 6 e m p lo y e e s , 

b u t in e lev e n s ta te s le g is la tio n a p p lie d to a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts , ir r e s p e c tiv e 

of s iz e .

F o o tn o te s

1 S u rv ey of W o rk in g C o n d itio n s, U n iv e rs ity of M ich ig an , S u rv ey 

R e s e a r c h C e n te r, 1971.

2 P u b lic Law 9 0 -2 0 2 ; e ffe c tiv e d a te , Ju n e 1968.

3 E m p lo y e e s of F e d e r a l, S tate a n d lo c a l g o v e rn m e n ts a r e n o t c o v e re d 

u n d e r th e a c t. P r o te c tio n a g a in s t age d is c r im in a tio n is a ffo rd e d F e d e r a l 

e m p lo y e e s , h o w e v e r, voider 5 U. S. C. 3307 w hich p ro h ib its e s ta b lis h m e n t 

of a m a x im u m age lim it in fillin g p o s itio n s in th e c o m p e titiv e s e r v ic e .

A P r e s id e n tia l m e m o ra n d u m o f M arch 14, 1963, e x ten d e d th is r e s tr ic tio n 

to th e e x c e p te d s e r v ic e . E x e c u tiv e O r d e r 11141, F e b r u a r y 12, 1964,

e x te n d e d th e p rin c ip le of e q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n itie s fo r o ld e r w o rk e rs 

to p r iv a te f ir m s h o ld in g c o n tra c ts and s u b c o n tra c ts w ith th e F e d e r a l 

G o v e rn m e n t. E m p lo y e e s o f S ta te and lo c a l g o v e rn m e n ts o fte n a r e c o v e re d 

u n d e r S tage age d is c r im in a tio n in e m p lo y m e n t la w s.

4 S hultz v s . A m e ric a n H a rd w a re M u tu al In s u ra n c e C o m pany (J u ly 1,

1971).

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Chapter 10. Education

O ld e r w o rk e rs as a g ro u p hav e le s s e d u ca tio n th a n y o u n g e r w o rk e rs . 

In M a rc h 1970, th o se ag ed 4 5 -5 4 a v e ra g e d 1 2 .3 y e a r s of sch o o lin g (m ed ian ),

0 .4 y e a r s le s s th an w o rk e rs 2 0 -2 4 y e a r s of ag e. E d u c a tio n a l a tta in m e n t 

d e c lin e d to 1 1 .8 y e a r s fo r w o rk e rs ag ed 5 5 -6 4 and to 9 .6 y e a r s fo r th o se 

65 y e a r s of age and o v e r.

T he e d u c a tio n gap b e tw ee n w h ite and m in o rity w o rk e rs is g r e a te s t 

fo r o ld e r w o r k e r s : 3 .6 y e a r s fo r th o se 55 y e a r s and o v e r, n in e tim e s 

the gap fo r th o se ag ed 2 5 -3 4 y e a r s .

The d iffe re n c e s in th e m e d ia n e d u ca tio n of o ld e r and y o u n g e r w o rk e rs 

is le s s , h o w e v e r, th an the d iffe re n c e in th e m e d ia n ed u ca tio n of the o ld e r 

and y o u n g er p o p u la tio n . W o rk e rs w ith the lo w e st e d u c a tio n a l a tta in m e n t 

a r e m o re lik e ly to w ith d ra w fro m th e la b o r fo r c e . In th e age g ro u p 5 5 - 

64, fo r e x a m p le , th e m e d ia n e d u c a tio n a l a tta in m e n t of m en who w e re in 

the la b o r fo r c e in M a rc h 1970 w as ab o u t 2*/2 y e a r s h ig h e r th an th a t of 

th o se who h ad w ith d ra w n fro m the la b o r fo r c e .

T ab le H show s la b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a te s by y e a r s of sch o o l 

c o m p le te d . T he holding p o w e r of e d u ca tio n is illu s tr a te d b y th e fa c t th a t 

th e la b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a te of a ll m a le s 5 5 -6 4 y e a r s of age w as 

14 p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts lo w e r th an fo r a ll m a le s 3 5 -4 4 y e a r s , w h ile th e d if ­

fe re n c e in p a rtic ip a tio n r a te s am ong h ig h ly e d u c a te d w o rk e rs w as only 5 

p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts .

E d u c a tio n a ls o is the key to m an y b e tte r p ay in g o c c u p a tio n s. N o tab le 

d iffe re n c e s in th e p ro p o rtio n s of o ld e r and y o u n g e r m a le w o rk e rs in th e 

p ro f e s s io n s , fo r e x a m p le , a r e a ttrib u ta b le in p a r t to d iffe re n c e s in e d u c a ­

tio n a l a tta in m e n t. Am ong w o rk e rs 5 5 -6 4 , fo r e x a m p le , 11 p e r c e n t of 

w hom h av e fo u r y e a r s o r m o re of c o lle g e , 10 p e r c e n t a r e in th e p r o f e s ­

s io n s , w h ile am ong th o se 3 5 -4 4 , 16 p e r c e n t of w hom h av e fo u r y e a r s of 

c o lle g e , 18 p e r c e n t a r e in th e p ro f e s s io n s .

T he le v e l of e d u ca tio n of w o rk e rs is an im p o rta n t fa c to r in d e te r m in ­

ing th e ir u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te s . T his is tru e of b o th o ld e r and y o u n g er 

w o rk e rs . In M a rc h 1970, th e u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te s fo r m en age 5 5 -6 4 

w e re 1 .5 fo r th o s e w ith fo u r y e a r s of c o lle g e , 2 .5 fo r th o se w ith fo u r 

y e a r s of high sch o o l e d u c a tio n , and 3. 5 fo r th o se w ith an e le m e n ta ry sch o o l 

e d u ca tio n . A m ong m en w ith a h ig h sch o o l e d u c a tio n , the d iffe re n c e b e ­

tw een th e u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te of th o se age 3 5 -4 4 and th o se 5 5 -6 4 w as only

0 .5 p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts .

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Table H. Labor force participation rates of the population, by age and sex, and years of school completed,

March 1970

Years of school com pleted

and sex

T otal 18

years old

and over

18 to 24

years

25 to 34

years

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

Men

T otal ----------------------------------- 8 1 .5 7 4 .7 9 6 .5 9 7 .1 9 4 .6 8 3 .4 2 7 .2

Elementary: Less than 5 y ea rs1 — 4 8 .7 7 1 .4 7 7 .2 8 4 .1 8 4 .4 6 4 .8 1 6 .5

5 to 7 y ea rs-------------- 6 6 .7 8 5 .7 9 2 .7 9 2 .2 8 5 .6 7 5 .6 2 3 .8

8 years--------------------- 7 0 .7 8 6 .9 9 6 .0 9 6 .3 9 3 .1 8 2 .7 2 5 .1

High school: 1 to 3 y ea rs-------------- 8 3 .5 7 5 .8 9 7 .1 9 6 .8 9 4 .7 8 4 .3 2 9 .8

4 y ea rs--------------------- 9 0 .1 8 2 .8 9 8 .2 9 8 .2 9 6 .3 8 8 .8 3 2 .5

C ollege: 1 to 3 y ea rs-------------- 8 0 .6 5 9 .9 9 5 .7 9 8 .7 9 7 .5 8 7 .5 3 3 .3

4 y ea rs------ ------------- 8 9 .8 7 9 .7 9 7 .2 9 9 .5 9 7 .6 8 7 .5 3 8 .6

5 years or m ore-------- 9 0 .8 6 1 .0 9 3 .4 9 7 .9 9 7 .3 9 2 .6 5 4 .9

W omen

T o ta l----------------------------------- 4 3 .8 5 4 .5 4 5 .6 5 1 .3 5 4 .4 4 3 .7 1 0 .3

Elementray: Less than 5 y ea rs1---- 17.1 2 6 .5 2 8 .5 3 5 .3 3 3 .1 2 5 .0 5 .0

5 to 7 years-------------- 2 5 .7 2 8 .0 3 3 .9 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 3 2 .9 7 .4

8 years -------------------- 3 0 .7 3 8 .5 3 8 .4 4 5 .8 4 8 .5 3 9 .4 8 .8

High school: 1 to 3 y ea rs-------------- 4 1 .0 3 8 .7 4 2 .4 5 1 .1 5 2 ,6 3 9 .8 1 0 .7

4 y e a r s--------------------- 5 0 .3 5 9 .7 4 5 .5 5 2 .7 5 7 .8 4 9 .4 1 3.1

C ollege: 1 to 3 y ea rs-------------- 4 8 .6 5 3 .8 4 5 .5 5 2 .7 5 7 .0 5 0 .6 1 5 .0

4 y e a r s--------------------- 5 5 .6 8 3 .4 5 4 .1 4 9 .7 6 0 .6 5 7 .7 1 7 .6

5 years or m o re------- 7 0 .6 7 5 .6 6 8 .2 7 4 .4 8 2 .1 7 6 .9 3 5 .0

1 Includes persons reporting no school years com pleted.

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C hapter 11. D epartm ent of Labor M anpow er

Program s and Services

T h e M an p o w er A d m in is tra tio n 's p r in c ip a l e ffo rts fo r o ld e r w o rk e rs 

in c lu d e e m p lo y m e n t a s s is ta n c e s e r v ic e s and m a n p o w er w o rk and tra in in g 

p r o g r a m s . E m p lo y m e n t a s s is ta n c e h a s b e e n p ro v id e d to o ld e r w o rk e rs 

b y th e M an p o w er A d m in is tra tio n an d a ffilia te d S ta te e m p lo y m e n t s e r v ic e s 

f o r m an y y e a r s u n d e r th e a u th o rity of th e W a g n e r - P e y s e r A c t. M anpow er 

w o rk and tr a in in g p r o g r a m s , f i r s t in itia te d in 1962, a r e co n d u cted u n d e r 

fo u r le g is la tiv e a c ts : T h e M anpow er D ev elo p m en t an d T ra in in g A ct

(M D TA ), th e E c o n o m ic O p p o rtu n ity A ct (EO A ), th e S o cial S e c u rity A ct, 

a s a m en d e d , and th e re c e n tly e n a c te d E m e rg e n c y E m p lo y m e n t A ct (E E A ).

In ad d itio n , th e F e d e r a l- S ta te U n em p lo y m en t In s u ra n c e P r o g r a m p ro v id e s 

e x p e rie n c e d w o rk e rs w ith in c o m e d u rin g p e rio d s of u n e m p lo y m e n t.

E m p lo y m e n t A s s is ta n c e A c tiv itie s . T h ro u g h F e d e r a l g ra n ts S ta te s 

o p e ra te o v e r 2, 300 lo c a l o ffic e s of S ta te e m p lo y m e n t s e r v ic e s , w hich 

s e r v e th o s e seeking o r n e ed in g e m p lo y m e n t and th o s e p ro v id in g it.

G e n e ra l s e r v ic e s in c lu d e in te rv ie w in g , te s tin g , co u n se lin g , a n d r e f e r r a l to 

p la c e m e n t o r to a p p ro p ria te tra in in g o r o th e r s e r v ic e s in v o lv ed in re a d y in g 

in d iv id u a ls f o r e m p lo y m e n t. S p e c ia liz e d s e r v ic e s to w o rk e rs age 45 and 

o v e r in c lu d e s p e c ia liz e d jo b co u n selin g , jo b d e v e lo p m e n t, r e f e r r a l to 

tr a in in g o r n e c e s s a r y h e a lth and s o c ia l s e r v ic e s and jo b p la c e m e n t. A 

lim ite d n u m b e r of lo c a l o ffic e s h av e o ld e r w o rk e r s e r v ic e u n its to in te n s ify 

an d in d iv id u a liz e s e r v ic e s to th is g ro u p . In c a le n d a r y e a r 1969, th e 

E m p lo y m e n t S e rv ic e p r o c e s s e d ab o u t 1 .4 6 m illio n new a p p lic a tio n s fo r 

s e r v ic e s f r o m w o rk e rs 45 y e a r s o ld an d o v e r, o r 15 p e r c e n t of to ta l new 

a p p lic a tio n s . A bout 1 1 2 ,0 0 0 in itia l c o u n se lin g in te rv ie w s w e re p ro v id e d 

to o ld e r w o r k e r s , o r ab o u t 10 p e rc e n t of in te rv ie w s giv en to a ll ag e g ro u p s . 

A bout 1 .0 3 m illio n n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p la c e m e n ts w e re o ld e r re c ip ie n ts , o r 

20 p e r c e n t of to ta l n o n a g ri c u ltu ra l p la c e m e n ts .

M DTA In s titu tio n a l T r a in in g . In s titu tio n a l T ra in in g u n d e r th e M an ­

p o w e r D e v elo p m e n t an d T ra in in g A ct o f 1962, a s a m en d ed , p ro v id e s 

c la s s r o o m o c c u p a tio n a l tra in in g , su p p o rtiv e s e r v ic e s , and re m e d ia l 

e d u c a tio n to eq u ip u n d e re d u c a te d and u n e m p lo y e d in d iv id u a ls w ith th e s k ills 

th e y n e ed to o b ta in g ain fu l, s e lf -s u s ta in in g em p lo y m e n t. E m p h a s is is 

p la c e d on aid in g d is a d v a n ta g e d in d iv id u a ls who do not r e q u ir e s p e c ia l 

in te n s iv e a s s is ta n c e . In 1970, 1 in d iv id u a ls 45 y e a r s old and o v e r r e p r e ­

s e n te d 9 p e r c e n t o f f i r s t - t i m e e n ro llm e n ts in th e p r o g r a m o r ab o u t 1 1 ,7 0 0 

e n ro llm e n ts , th e h ig h e s t e n ro llm e n t in a b so lu te n u m b e rs of a ll m a n p o w er 

w o rk and tra in in g p r o g r a m s .

Jo b O p p o rtu n itie s in th e B u s in e s s S e c to r (JO B S ). 2 JO B S is a n a tio n ­

w ide u n d e rta k in g b y in d u s try and g o v e rn m e n t to s tim u la te p r iv a te in d u s try 

to h ir e , tr a in , and r e t r a i n u n e m p lo y e d p e r s o n s , and to u p g ra d e th e sk ills 

of p eo p le a lre a d y em p lo y e d . T he p r o g r a m s e r v e s only d isa d v a n ta g e d 

w o rk e rs an d in v o lv e s a c o m m itm e n t by e m p lo y e rs to h ir e th e w o rk e rs f i r s t 

a n d tr a in th e m a fte rw a r d . E m p lo y e rs a r e e n c o u ra g e d to p ro v id e n o t only 

jo b s and tra in in g b u t a ls o a fu ll ra n g e of s u p p o rtiv e s e r v ic e s , su ch a s 

re m e d ia l e d u ca tio n , p re v o c a tio n a l a n d o n -th e -jo b skill tr a in in g , c o u n se lin g ,

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te s tin g , an d co ach in g re q u ire d to h e lp s e v e r e ly d isa d v a n ta g e d w o rk e rs 

m ak e a s a tis f a c to r y jo b a d ju s tm e n t. In 1970, 4 p e r c e n t of f ir s t - t i m e 

e n ro llm e n ts of JO B S o r ab o u t 3, 500 e n ro llm e n ts w e re 45 y e a r s old an d 

o v e r.

T h e JO B O p tio n al P r o g r a m 3 is s im ila r in n a tu re to JO B S. It is 

in te n d e d p r im a r i ly to s e r v e d is a d v a n ta g e d p a rtic ip a n ts in th o s e c a s e s 

w h e re th e tra in in g o b je c tiv e s c an b e s a tis f ie d w ith a low le v e l of s u p p o rtiv e a s s is ta n c e . A bout 10, 000 in d iv id u a ls 45 y e a r s of ag e and o v e r, o r 

11 p e r c e n t of a ll f i r s t tim e e n ro llm e n ts , p a r tic ip a te d in M DTA o n -th e -jo b 

tr a in in g in 1970. (See ta b le J . )

C o n c e n tra te d E m p lo y m e n t P r o g r a m . T he C o n c e n tra te d E m p lo y m en t 

P r o g r a m (C E P )4 is a s y s te m fo r p ack ag in g an d d e liv e rin g m a n p o w er 

s e r v ic e s . W orking th ro u g h a s in g le c o n tra c t w ith a s in g le s p o n s o r ( u s ­

u a lly a C o m m u n ity A c tio n A gency), th e M anpow er A d m in is tra tio n p ro v id e s 

a fle x ib le p a c k a g e of m a n p o w er s e r v ic e s , in c lu d in g o u tre a c h and r e c r u i t ­

m e n t; o rie n ta tio n ; c o u n se lin g and jo b co ach in g ; b a s ic e d u catio n ; v a rio u s 

m e d ic a l, d a y c a re , and o th e r su p p o rtiv e s e r v ic e s ; w o rk e x p e rie n c e o r 

v o c a tio n a l tra in in g u n d e r a v a r ie ty of in d iv id u a l m a n p o w er p ro g r a m s ; job 

d e v e lo p m e n t an d p la c e m e n t; a n d in d iv id u a liz e d follow up a f te r p la c e m e n t. 

P r o je c ts a r e e s ta b lis h e d by p r io r ity in u rb a n n e ig h b o rh o o d s o r r u r a l 

a r e a s h av in g s e r io u s p ro b le m s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t and u n d e r e m p lo y m e n t, 

c o o rd in a tin g and c o n c e n tra tin g F e d e r a l m a n p o w er e ffo rts to a tta c k th e 

to ta l e m p lo y m e n t p ro b le m s of th e h a r d e s t h it of th e d is a d v a n ta g e d in a 

w ay th a t w ill m a k e a s ig n ific a n t im p a c t on th e to ta l w e ll-b e in g of th e a r e a . 

P o o r an d u n e m p lo y e d in d iv id u a ls 45 y e a r s o r o ld e r, r e s id e n ts of a 

d e s ig n a te d C E P ta r g e t a r e a , a r e e lig ib le to re c e iv e s e r v ic e s . In 1970,

8 p e r c e n t of f ir s t - t i m e e n ro lle e s o r a b o u t 8, 800 C E P e n ro lle e s w e re 45 

y e a r s o ld and o v e r. (See ta b le J . )

W o rk In c e n tiv e P r o g r a m (W IN ). T he p u rp o s e o f th e W o rk In c e n tiv e 

P r o g r a m 5 is to p ro v id e a ll th e s e r v ic e s and o p p o rtu n itie s n e c e s s a r y to 

m o v e A id to F a m ilie s w ith D ep en d en t C h ild re n (A FD C) re c ip ie n ts fr o m 

d e p en d e n c y to s ta b le e m p lo y m e n t at a liv in g w ag e. WIN p ro v id e s a 

c o m p re h e n s iv e p r o g r a m of th e s e r v ic e s r e q u ire d , in clu d in g c h ild c a r e 

an d o th e r s u p p o rtiv e s e r v ic e s , fu n d ed th ro u g h a s in g le s o u rc e . WIN e n ­

r o lle e s a r e p ro v id e d w ith tra in in g , e d u c a tio n an d w o rk e x p e rie n c e to 

p r e p a r e th e m to u s e th e ir p o te n tia ls in a jo b . W h ere s u ita b le w o rk 

o p p o rtu n itie s in o th e r m a n p o w e r p r o g r a m s o r in th e jo b m a r k e t do n ot 

e x is t, s p e c ia l w o rk p r o je c ts m a y be d ev elo p e d fo r c e r ta in in d iv id u a ls . 

E ld e r ly w e lfa re re c ip ie n ts c o v e re d b y th e A FD C p r o g r a m a r e r e f e r r e d 

b y w e lfa re a g e n c ie s to th e lo c a l o ffice of th e S tate E m p lo y m en t S e rv ic e .

In 1970, p e r s o n s 45 y e a r s old a n d o v e r r e p r e s e n te d 6 p e r c e n t of f i r s t ­

tim e e n ro llm e n ts in th e p ro g r a m , o r ab o u t 5, 600 e n ro llm e n ts .

O p e ra tio n M a in s tre a m . O p e ra tio n M a in s tre a m 6 is a jo b c re a tio n and 

w o rk tr a in in g p r o g r a m fo r c h ro n ic a lly u n em p lo y ed p o o r a d u lts , m a in ly in 

r u r a l a r e a s , who hav e no re a s o n a b le p r o s p e c ts fo r f u ll-tim e e m p lo y m e n t 

o r tr a in in g a s s is ta n c e u n d e r o th e r p r o g r a m s . E n r o lle e s p a r tic ip a te in 

p r o je c ts d e sig n e d to im p ro v e o r b e a u tify th e c o m m u n ity . P r o je c t a c tiv itie s 

c o n trib u te to th e m a n a g e m e n t, c o n s e rv a tio n , o r d e v e lo p m e n t of n a tu r a l 

r e s o u r c e s , r e c r e a tio n a l a r e a s , p a r k s , h ig h w ay s, an d o th e r la n d s in r u r a l 

a r e a s and s m a ll to w n s. T h e r e g u la r M a in s tre a m p r o g r a m 7 p ro v id e s 4 0 - 

h o u r w o rk w e e k s . In a d d itio n , w o rk an d tr a in in g o p p o rtu n itie s a r e p ro v id e d 

in p r o je c ts f o r s e n io r c itiz e n s ; th e s e lim it th e w o rk w eek to 20 h o u r s .

In 1970, p e r s o n s 45 y e a r s old an d o v e r r e p r e s e n te d ab o u t 51 p e r c e n t of

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f i r s t - t i m e e n ro llm e n ts in th e r e g u la r p r o g r a m o r ab o u t 6, 400 e n r o llm e n ts . 8

O p e ra tio n M a in s tre a m h a s th e g r e a te s t p e rc e n ta g e p a r tic ip a tio n of 

o ld e r w o rk e rs of a ll m a n p o w er p r o g r a m s . L a rg e n a tio n a l c o n tra c ts 

r e f e r r e d to a s S e n io r C itiz e n P r o g r a m s s e r v e o nly w o rk e rs o v e r 55 y e a r s . 

P r o g r a m g u id e lin e s f o r c o n tra c ts a d m in is te r e d th ro u g h th e re g io n a l o ffic e s 

o f th e M an p o w er A d m in is tra tio n c le a r ly s p e c ify th a t e m p h a s is is to b e on 

o ld e r w o r k e r s .9

N ew C a r e e r s . N ew C a r e e r s 10 is a w o rk -tra in in g em p lo y m e n t p r o g r a m 

fo r b o th y o u th an d a d u lts in v o lv in g a c tiv itie s d e sig n e d to im p ro v e th e p h y s ic al, s o c ia l, e c o n o m ic , o r c u ltu ra l co n d itio n s of th e co m m u n ity . It a s s i s t s 

th e d e v elo p m en t of e n tr y - le v e l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n itie s ; p ro v id e s m a x im u m p r o s p e c ts fo r a d v a n c e m e n t an d c o n tin u ed em p lo y m e n t w ith o u t F e d e r a l 

a s s is ta n c e ; and co m b in e s w o rk -tra in in g e m p lo y m e n t w ith n e c e s s a r y e d u c a ­

tio n a l tra in in g , c o u n se lin g , and o th e r s u p p o rtiv e s e r v ic e s as m a y be 

n e e d e d . A n o th e r p u rp o s e of N ew C a r e e r s is to c o n trib u te to th e d e sig n 

and c re a tio n of new c a r e e r jo b s in p u b lic s e r v ic e a s s u p p o rt o r p a r a p r o - 

fe s s io n a l p e rs o n n e l. In d iv id u als 45 y e a r s a n d o ld e r who a r e p o o r o r 

u n e m p lo y ed a r e e lig ib le to e n ro ll in p r o je c ts . In 1970, th e y r e p r e s e n te d 

7 p e rc e n t of f i r s t - t i m e e n ro llm e n ts in th e p ro g r a m , o r ab o u t 300 e n ­

ro llm e n ts . (See ta b le J . )

N ew P r o g r a m — E m e rg e n c y E m p lo y m e n t A ct of 1971 (E E A ). A new 

p r o g r a m is b e in g in itia te d u n d e r th e r e c e n tly e n a c te d E m e rg e n c y E m p lo y ­

m e n t A ct of 1971 (P . L 9 1 -54) w hich p ro v id e s te m p o r a r y 2 - y e a r

a u th o rity fo r a p p ro x im a te ly 150, 000 a d d itio n a l new jo b s e ach f is c a l y e a r 

in th e fie ld o f p u b lic s e r v ic e fo r th e u n e m p lo y e d and u n d e re m p lo y e d , 

in c lu d in g a s ig n ific a n t n u m b e r of m id d le -a g e d and o ld e r p e r s o n s . T he 

e m p lo y m e n t and tra in in g o p p o rtu n itie s p ro v id e d by th e E E A a r e in 

a d d itio n to e x is tin g m a n p o w e r w o rk and tr a in in g p r o g r a m s . T he jo b s a r e 

" tr a n s itio n a l" in th a t th e y w ill le a d p eo p le in to p e rm a n e n t jo b s , and not 

be a s u b s titu te fo r th e m . T he E m e rg e n c y E m p lo y m en t A ct a u th o riz a tio n 

fo r fu n d s w ill b e tr ig g e r e d w hen th e n a tio n a l r a te of u n e m p lo y m e n t is 

4 - 1 /2 p e r c e n t o r m o r e fo r th re e c o n se c u tiv e m o n th s . In ad d itio n , lo c a l 

a r e a s s u ffe rin g f r o m co n tin u in g h ig h u n e m p lo y m e n t (o v e r 6 p e rc e n t) w ill 

q u a lify fo r a s e p a r a te p r o g r a m a u th o riz e d b y th e b ill. T h is new p r o g r a m 

w ill p ro v id e a m e a s u r e of a d d itio n a l a s s is ta n c e to th e m id d le -a g e and 

e ld e r ly u n e m p lo y e d an d u n d e re m p lo y e d .

U n em p lo y m en t In s u ra n c e P r o g r a m (U I). T he F e d e r a l- S ta te P r o g r a m 

o f U n em p lo y m en t In s u ra n c e now c o v e rs ab o u t 52 m illio n w o rk e rs an d 

a n o th e r 5 m illio n w ill b e c o v e re d s ta r tin g J a n u a r y 1, 1972, a s a r e s u lt

of th e E m p lo y m en t S e c u rity A m en d m en ts of 1970, P . L. 9 1 -3 7 3 . T he 

s y s te m p ro v id e s e x p e rie n c e d w o rk e rs w ith in c o m e re p la c e m e n ts d u rin g 

in v o lu n ta ry u n e m p lo y m e n t. In f is c a l y e a r 1971, to ta l b e n e fits a m o u n tin g 

to $ 4 . 8 b illio n w e re p a id to ab o u t 7 m illio n d iffe re n t in d iv id u a ls . On 

th e a v e r a g e a b o u t 40 p e r c e n t of th o s e re c e iv in g b e n e fits w e re ag e 45 o r 

o ld e r. W o rk e rs 45 y e a r s of age and o ld e r r e p r e s e n te d so m eth in g le s s 

th a n o n e -fo u rth of th e 1970 u n em p lo y ed .

B e n e fits a r e p a y a b le in m o s t S ta te s fo r a m a x im u m of 26 w eek s in 

a y e a r . A s a r e s u lt of th e 1970 F e d e r a l A m e n d m en ts, d u ra tio n of UI 

b e n e fits m a y be e x ten d e d fo r a n o th e r 13 w eek s d u rin g p e rio d s of h ig h 

u n e m p lo y m e n t ( e ith e r 4 .5 p e r c e n t in s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t n a tio n a lly o r 

4. 0 p e r c e n t in s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t in a S ta te , p lu s 20 p e r c e n t o v e r th e 

le v e l in th e p re c e d in g y e a r b a s e p e rio d )— e co n o m ic c o n d itio n s d u rin g

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w h ich u n e m p lo y m e n t e ffe c ts ev en o ld e r, m o re e x p e rie n c e d w o rk e rs . S ince 

o ld e r w o rk e rs who b e c o m e u n e m p lo y e d te n d to h a v e s p e c ia l d iffic u lty in 

fin d in g new jo b s , e x ten d e d b e n e fits a r e e s p e c ia lly h e lp fu l fo r th e m . In 

1971, 21 S ta te s p a id e x ten d e d b e n e fits , to ta llin g ab o u t $35 0 m illio n .

Table J. First-time enrollees in manpower programs, by age group, fiscal year 1970

{Numberinthousands)

Program T I

Under age 22 A ge 45 and over

i otal

Percent Number Percent Number

T o ta l------------------------------------------ ------------- 1 ,0 5 1 .4 68 7 1 6 .8 4 4 6 .3

Manpower D evelopm ent and Training Act:

In stitu tio n a l------------------------------------------- ------ 1 3 0 .0 37 4 8 .1 9 1 1 .7

O n -th e -jo b -tr a in in g ---------------------- ----------- - - 9 1 .0 35 3 1 .9 11 1 0 .0

JO B S-------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 6 .8 47 4 0 .8 4 3 .5

C oncentrated Em ploym ent Program--------------------- 110.1 41 4 5 .1 8 8 .8

Work Incentive P ro g ra m --------------- -------------------- 9 2 .7 23 2 1 .3 6 5 .6

Operation M ain stream --------------------------------- ------ 1 2 .5 4 5 5 .0 51 6 .4

New C a r e e r s------------------- ----------------------------------- 3 .6 21 .8 7 .3

Youth programs:

Neighborhood Youth Corps:

In-school — - — ------------- -— - — — ----------- - 7 4 .4 100 7 4 .4 _

O u t-o f-sc h o o l-------------------------------------------- 4 6 .2 98 4 5 .3

S u m m e r ---------------------------------------------------- 3 6 1 .5 100 3 6 1 .5 • •

Job C o r p s------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2 .6 100 4 2 .6 - -

F o o tn o te s

1 A ll d a ta in th is s e c tio n r e f e r to th e f is c a l y e a r (Ju ly 1 th ro u g h 

Ju n e 30) u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d .

2 42 U .S . C. 2571-2620, P u b lic Law 9 0 -6 3 6 .

3 M anpow er D ev elo p m en t an d T ra in in g A c t of 1962.

4 E c o n o m ic O p p o rtu n ity A ct of 1964, a s a m en d e d , S e c tio n 123 (a)

(5), and T itle II of M DTA of 1962, a s a m e n d e d .

5 P a r t C of T itle IV of S o c ia l S e c u rity A ct of 1935, as a m e n d e d in

1967.

6 T itle I- B , S e c tio n 123 (a) (3) of th e E c o n o m ic O p p o rtu n ity A ct o f 

1964, a s a m e n d e d in 1967; T itle I - E , S e c tio n 162 (a) (1) of th e E c o n o m ic 

O p p o rtu n ity A ct of 1964, a s a m e n d e d in 1969.

7 T itle I- B .

8 T h e s e d a ta do n o t in c lu d e T itle I - E p ro g r a m s w h ich o p e ra te in 

a r e a s of s p e c ia l n e e d s . T itle I - E p r o g r a m s d id n o t b eg in a c tu a l o p e ra tio n s 

u n til w e ll in to 1971.

9 A r e c e n t M an p o w er A d m in is tra tio n O rd e r, MAO 1 9 -7 1 , r e q u ir e s 

th a t 40 p e r c e n t of a ll O p e ra tio n M a in s tre a m p o s itio n s b e r e s e r v e d fo r 

a p p lic a n ts 55 an d o v e r. O nly p r o je c ts on In d ia n r e s e r v a tio n s a r e e x e m p te d .

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F o o tn o te s— C ontinued

10 T itle I-B of th e E c o n o m ic O p p o rtu n ity A c t of 1964, 

in 1966; now p a r t o f th e P u b lic S e rv ic e C a r e e r s P r o g r a m , 

in itia te d d u rin g th e fo u rth q u a r te r of FY 1970.

a s a m en d ed 

w hich w as

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Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix Tables

Table A-l, Total labor force (including Armed Forces) and labor force participation rates, b y age and sex;

Annual averages, 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1971 J./

(Numbers in thousands)

A Total labor force Pa rticioat;Lon rate. Ag6 dtld S6X

1950 1960 1970 1971 1950 1960 1970 1971

MALE

Total, 16 years and over ------------------------------ 45,446 48,870 54,343 54,862 8 6 .8 84.0 . 80.6 80.2

16-19 years -------------------------------------------------------- 2,821 3,184 4,395 4,559 65.9 59.4 58.4 59.1

20-24 years -------------------------------------------------------- 5,224 5,089 7,378 7,625 89.1 90.2 8 6 .6 8 6 .1

25-34 y e a r s -------- --------------------------- 11,044 10,930 11,974 12,209 96.2 97.7 96.6 92.6

35-44 y e a r s -------------------------------- ---------------------- 9,952 11,340 10,818 10,684 97.6 97.7 97.0 96.6

45 years and o v e r ---------------------------------------- 16,405 18,326 19,778 19,784 79.9 75.3 71.1 70.5

45-54 years ------------------------------------------------- 8,152 9,634 10,487 10,528 95.8 95.8 94.3 94.1

55-64 y e a r s -------- ------------------------------------------ 5,800 6,405 7,127 7,157 86.9 8 6 .8 83.0 82.4

65 years and over ------------------------------------------ 2,453 2,287 2,164 2 ,1 0 0 45.8 33.1 26.8 25.7

FEMALE

Total, 16 years and over -------------- 18,412 23,272 31,560 31,865 33.9 37.8 43.4 43.1

16-19 y e a r s -------- ------ ----- ----- 1,704 2,062 3,250 3,316 40.8 39.4 44.0 43.9

20-24 years -------------------------------------------------------- 2,681 2,590 4,893 5,049 46.1 46.2 57.8 57.4

25-34 years --------------------------- 4,101 4,140 5,704 5,827 34.0 36.0 45.0 44.9

35-44 y e a r s ------------------------------------------------------- 4,166 5,308 5,971 5,922 39.1 43.5 51.1 51.2

45 years and over ------------------------------------------ 5,751 9,173 11,742 11,751 26.6 33.9 36.1 35.6

45-54 years --------------------------------------------------- 3,328 5,280 6,533 6,524 38.0 49.8 54.4 53.9

55-64 years -------------------------------------------------- 1,839 2,986 4,153 4,182 27.0 37.2 43.0 42.7

65 years and o v e r -------------------------------------- 584 907 1,056 1,046 9.7 1 0 .8 9.7 9.4

I f Data for 1971 are 9 -month averages.

Table A-2. Civilian labor force and participation rates, by age and sex: Annual averages, 1950, 1960, 1970,

and 1971 1/

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex Civilian 1,abor force Participation rates

1950 1960 1970 1971 1950 1960 1970 1971

MALE

Total, 16 years and o v e r...... 43,819 46,388 51,195 52,044 86.4 83.3 79.7 79.4

16-19 y e a r s.................. 2,504 2,786 4,006 4,230 63.2 56.1 56.1 57.3

20-24 y e a r s.................. 4,632 4,123 5,709 6,178 87.9 88.1 83:3 83.3

25-34 y e a r s ................... 10,527 10,252 11,311 11,586 96.0 97.5 96.4 96.0

35-44 y e a r s.................. 9,793 10,967 10,464 10,329 97.8 97.7 96.9 96.5

45 years and o v e r........... 16,365 18,261 19,705 19,720 79.8 75.2 71.1 70.5

45-54 y e a r s................ 8,117 9,574 10,417 10,467 95.8 95.7 94.2 94.1

55-64 y e a r s................ 5,794 6,400 7,124 7,153 86.9 86.8 83.0 82.4

55-59 y e a r s.............. (2) (2) 4,218 4,234 (2) (2) 89.5 89.1

60-61 y e a r s.............. (2) (2) 1,365 1,374 (2) (2) 82.6 81.8

62-64 y e a r s.............. (2) (2) 1,541 1,544 (2) (2) 69.4 68.7

65 years and o v e r......... 2,454 2,287 2,164 2,100 45.8 33.1 26.8 25.7

FEMALE

Total, 16 years and o v e r...... 18,389 23,240 31,520 31,825 33.9 37.7 43.3 43.1

16-19 y e a r s.................. 1,712 2,055 3,241 3,307 40.9 39.3 44.0 43.8

20-24 y e a r s.................. 2,675 2,580 4,874 5,030 46.1 46.1 57.7 57.3

25-34 y e a r s.................. 4,092 4,131 5,698 , 5,820 34.0 36.0 45.0 44.9

35-44 y e a r s.................. 4,161 5,303 5,967 5,919 39.1 43.4 51.1 5

45 years and o v e r ............ 5,750 9,171 11,740 11,749 26.6 33.9 36.1

45-54 y e a r s................ 3,327 5,278 6,531 6,522 37.9 49.8 54.4 5j

55-64 y e a r s................ 1,839 2,986 4,153 4,182 27.0 37.2 43.0 42.7

55-59 y e a r s.............. (2) (2) 2,547 2,536 (2) (2) 49.0 48.2

60-61 y e a r s.............. (2) (2) 775 817 (2) (2) 41.4 42.7

62-64 y e a r s.............. (2) (2) 832 829 (2) (2) 32.3 31.6

65 years and o v e r......... 584 907 1,056 1,046 9.7 10.8 9.7 9.4

1 / Data for 1971 are 9-month averages.

2 / Data not available.

31

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-3. Civilian labor force and participation rates,by age, sex, and color: Annual averages, 1954,

1960, 1970, and 1971 1 /

(Numbers in thousands)

Age, sex, and color

Civilian labor force Participation rates

1954 1960 1970 1971 1954 1960 1970 1971

WHITE

Male

Total, 16 years and over--------------- 39,760 41,742 46,013 46,816 85.6 83.4 80.0 79.9

16-19 years---------------------------- 1,989 2,433 3,550 3,771 57.6 55.9 57.5 59.0

20-24 years--------------- ----- ------ 2,656 3,559 4,983 5,406 86.4 87.8 83.3 83.5

25-34 years---------------------------- 9,695 9,153 10,088 10,332 97.5 97.7 96.7 96.4

35-44 years------------ ---------- --- 9,516 9,919 9,413 9,290 98.2 97.9 97.3 97.0

45 years and over------------------- — 15,906 16,679 17,980 18,017 78.4 75.3 71.3 70.8

45-54 years— ------ -— 7,914 8,689 9,488 9,540 96.8 96.1 94.9 94.8

55-64 years----------------— ---- 5,654 5,861 6,515 6,551 89.2 87.2 83.3 82.9

55-59 years----------------------- (2) (2) 3,858 3,867 (2) (2) 90.1 89.5

60-61 years----------------------- (2) (2) 1,251 1,267 (2) (2) 83.0 82.7

62-64 years-------- - — ---------- (2) (2) 1,406 1,416 (2) (2) 69.3 68.9

65 years and over------------------- 2,338 2,129 1,977 1,926 40.4 33.3 26.7 25.7

Female

Total, 16 years and over-----— ----- - 17,057 20,171 27,505 27,738 33.3 36.5 42.6 42.3

16-19 years---------------------------- 1,512 1,843 2,889 2,968 40.6 40.3 45.6 45.7

20-24 years---------------- ----------- 2,098 2,228 4,246 4,379 44.4 45.7 57.7 57.4

25-34 years---------------------------- 3,532 3,441 4,790 4,867 32.5 34.1 43.2 42.9

35-44 years---------------------------- 4,025 4,531 5,112 5,051 39.4 41.5 49.9 49.8

45 years and over------- -— -------- 5,890 8,129 10,467 10,474 27.1 32.8 35.4 34.9

45-54 years-------------------------- 3,346 4,633 5,781 5,768 39.8 48.6 53.7 53.3

55-64 years-------------------------- 1,937 2,661 3,734 3,755 29.1 36.2 42.6 42.2

55-59 years....................... (2) (2) 2,279 2,267 (2) (2) 48.5 47.7

60-61 years----------------------- (2) (2) 699 738 (2) (2) 41.0 42.5

62-64 years----------------------- (2) (2) 756 750 (2) (2) 32.1 31.3

65 years and over------------------- 607 835 952 951 9.1 10.6 9.5 9.3

NEGRO AND OTHER RACES

Male

Total, 16 years and over-------- ----- - 4,203 4,645 5,182 5,228 85.2 83.0 76.5 75.3

16-19 ye a r s-------- ------------- - 305 353 455 458 61.1 57.5 47.2 46.0

20-24 y e ars---------------------------- 396 564 725 773 91.1 90.4 83.5 82.3

25-34 y e ars---------------------------- 1,074 1,099 1,223 1,255 96.2 96.2 93.7 92.9

35-44 ye a r s---------------------------- 997 1,049 1,052 1,039 96.6 95.5 93.2 92.3

45 years and over-------------------- 1,428 1,580 1,726 1,703 77.3 74.6 68.8 67.2

45-54 y e ars-------------------------- 790 884 929 927 93.2 92.3 88.2 87.0

55-64 years------ ----------------- - 451 538 609 602 83.0 82.5 79.2 77.6

55-59 y e ars— -------------------- (2) (2) 360 367 (2) (2) 83.3 84.6

60-61 years----------------------- (2) (2) 114 107 (2) (2) 78.6 71.8

62-64 y e ars----------------------- (2) (2) 134 128 (2) (2) 69.8 66.3

65 years and over------- ----------- 187 158 188 174 41.2 31.2 27.4 25.1

Female

Total, 16 years and over--------------- 2,621 3,069 4,015 4,087 46.1 48.2 49.5 49.1

16-19 y e ars---------------------- ----- 169 213 351 339 31.0 32.8 34.1 31.9

20-24 years---------------------------- 326 352 628 652 49.6 48.8 57.7 56.4

25-34 years------ --- ------ ----------- 680 690 907 952 49.7 49.7 57.6 58.7

35-44 years------- ----- ------- ------ 684 771 855 868 57.5 59.8 59.9 60.8

45 years and over--------------------- 761 1,042 1,273 1,276 39.6 44.9 42.6 41.8

45-54 years-------------------------- 476 645 750 754 53.4 60.5 60.2 59.4

55-64 years-------------------------- 226 324 419 427 41.2 47.3 47.1 47.0

55-59 years----------------------- (2) (2) 268 269 (2) (2) 53.5 52.8

60-61 years---------------- ------ (2) (2) 76 79 (2) (2) 45.5 45.4

62-64 years-------------- ---- ---- (2) (2) 75 79 (2) (2) 34.1 35.1

65 years and over----------------- - 59 73 104 95 12.2 12.8 12.2 10.8

1/ Data for 1971 are 9-month averages.

2/ Data not available.

32

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e A-4. Total p opulation a n d total labor force b y a g e a n d sex: A c t u a l I 9 6 0 a n d 19 7 0 a n d projected, 1980

A g e a n d s e x

Total population, J uly 1

Total la bor for

(annual a v e r a

ce,

le) p a r

L a b o r force

ticipation raites

C h a n g e ,

(in total la

1 9 6 0 - 1 9 7 0

b o r force)

C h a n g e ,

(in total 1;

1 9 7 0 - 1 9 8 0

abor force)

1960 1970 1 980 I 9 6 0 1 1 970 19 8 0 19 6 0 1 9 7 0 2 19 8 0 A m o u n t P e r c e n t A m o u n t P e r c e n t

B o t h s e x e s

Total, 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r ------------------------ 1 2 1 , 8 1 7 142 , 9 1 6 1 6 6 , 5 5 3 7 2 , 1 0 4 8 5 , 9 0 3 1 0 0 , 7 2 7 5 9 . 2 60. 1 60. 5 1 3 , 7 9 9 19. 1 1 4 , 8 2 4 17. 3

16 to 4 4 y e a r s --------------------------------- 6 8 , 9 5 1 8 0 , 8 4 5 1 0 0 , 3 1 1 4 4 , 5 9 8 5 4 , 3 8 2 6 8 , 1 6 6 64. 7 67. 3 68. 0 9 , 7 8 4 2 1 . 9 1 3 , 7 8 4 25. 3

4 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ----------------------------- 5 2 , 8 6 5 6 2 , 0 7 4 6 6 , 2 4 4 2 7 , 5 0 6 3 1 , 5 2 0 3 2 , 5 6 1 52. 0 5 0 . 8 49. 2 4 , 0 1 4 14.6 1,041 3. 3

4 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ----------------------------- 2 0 , 5 8 6 2 3 , 2 6 9 2 2 , 1 4 8 1 4 , 7 1 8 1 7 , 0 2 0 1 6 ,341 71. 5 73. 1 73. 8 2, 3 0 2 15.6 - 67 9 - 4. 0

55 to 6 4 y e a r s ----------------------------- 1 5 , 6 3 4 18,648 2 1 , 0 3 2 9 , 4 0 9 1 1 , 2 8 0 1 2 , 9 5 2 60. 2 60. 5 6 1 . 6 1 ,871 19.9 1 , 672 14.8

55 to 59 y e a r s -------------------------- 8 , 4 6 5 9 , 9 9 2 1 1 , 2 6 2 5 , 5 3 0 6 , 7 6 8 7 , 6 8 5 65. 3 67. 7 6 8 . 2 1 , 2 3 8 2 2 . 4 917 13.5

6 0 to 6 4 y e a r s -------------------------- 7, 169 8, 6 5 6 9, 77 0 3 , 8 7 9 4 , 5 1 2 5 , 2 6 7 54. 1 52. 1 5 3 . 9 6 3 3 16. 3 755 16. 7

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r ------------------------- 1 6 , 6 4 5 2 0 , 1 5 7 23, 06 4 3, 3 7 9 3 , 2 2 0 3 , 2 6 8 20. 3 16. 0 14. 2 - 159 - 4 . 7 48 1. 5

65 to 69 y e a r s -------------------------- 6 , 2 8 8 6,831 8, 223 1, 9 2 7 1 , 9 2 2 2, 048 3 0 . 6 28. 1 24. 9 5 . 3 126 6.6

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r --------------------- 1 0 , 3 5 8 13,326 14 , 8 4 1 1 , 4 5 2 1, 2 9 8 1 , 2 2 0 14. 0 9 . 7 8. 2 - 154 - 10.6 78 - 6 . 0

M a l e

Total, 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r ------------------------ 5 9 , 4 2 0 6 8 , 6 9 6 80, 332 4 8 , 9 3 3 5 4 , 3 4 3 6 3 , 6 1 2 8 2 . 4 79. 1 79. 2 5 , 4 1 0 11. 1 9 , 2 6 9 17. 1

16 to 4 4 y e a r s --------------------------------- 3 4 , 1 7 6 4 0 , 2 1 3 5 0 , 3 5 5 3 0 , 4 9 5 3 4 , 5 6 5 4 3 , 5 9 1 8 9 . 2 86. 0 8 6 . 6 4 , 0 7 0 13. 3 9 , 0 2 6 26. 1

45 y e a r s a n d o v e r ---------------------------- 2 5 , 2 4 2 2 8 , 4 8 5 2 9 , 9 7 8 1 8 , 4 3 8 1 9 , 7 7 8 2 0 , 0 2 1 73. 0 6 9 . 4 66. 8 1 , 3 4 0 7. 3 243 1. 2

4 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ----------------------------- 1 0 , 1 4 8 11,2 2 9 1 0 , 7 2 6 9 , 5 6 8 1 0 , 4 8 7 1 0 , 0 8 2 94. 3 9 3 . 4 94. 0 9 1 9 9. 6 4 0 5 - 3.9

55 to 6 4 y e a r s ----------------------------- 7 , 5 6 4 8, 8 1 5 9 , 7 4 5 6 , 4 4 5 7, 127 7 , 8 4 9 85. 2 8 0 . 9 80. 5 6 8 2 10. 6 72 2 10. 1

55 to 59 y e a r s -------------------------- 4, 144 4, 7 7 1 5, 278 3, 72 7 4 , 2 2 1 4 , 5 9 7 8 9 . 9 88. 5 87. 1 4 9 4 13. 3 376 8.9

6 0 to 64 y e a r s -------------------------- 3 , 4 2 0 4 , 0 4 4 4 , 4 6 7 2 , 7 1 8 2 , 9 0 6 3 , 2 5 2 7 9 . 5 7 1 . 9 7 2 . 8 188 6 . 9 346 11.9

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r ------------------------- 7 , 5 3 0 8,441 9 , 5 0 7 2 , 4 2 5 2, 164 2, 0 9 0 32. 2 2 5 . 6 22. 0 - 261 - 10.8 74 - 3.4

65 to 6 9 y e a r s -------------------------- 2, 9 4 1 3 ,075 3 , 6 3 5 1 , 3 4 8 1 , 2 7 8 1 , 3 0 9 4 5 . 8 4 1 . 6 36. 0 70 - 5 . 2 31 2.4

7 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r --------------------- 4 , 5 9 0 5, 3 6 6 5 , 8 7 2 1, 07 7 88 6 781 23. 5 1 6.5 13.3 - 191 - 17.7 105 - 11.9

F e m a l e

Total, 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r ------------------------ 6 2 , 3 9 7 7 4 , 2 2 0 8 6 , 2 2 1 2 3 , 1 7 1 3 1 , 5 6 0 3 7 , 1 1 5 37. 1 42. 5 43. 0 8, 389 36. 2 5 , 5 5 5 17.6

16 to 4 4 y e a r s --------------------------------- 3 4 , 7 7 5 4 0 , 6 3 2 4 9 , 9 5 6 1 4 , 1 0 3 1 9 , 8 1 7 2 4 , 5 7 5 4 0 . 6 4 8 . 8 49. 2 5 , 7 1 4 40. 5 4 , 7 5 8 24. 0

4 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ---------------------------- 2 7 , 6 2 3 3 3 , 5 8 9 3 6 , 2 6 6 9, 06 8 1 1 , 7 4 2 12, 5 4 0 32 . 8 35. 0 3 4 . 6 2 , 6 7 4 29. 5 798 6. 8

4 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ----------------------------- 1 0 , 4 3 8 12 , 0 4 0 1 1 , 4 2 2 5, 150 6 , 5 3 3 6 , 2 5 9 49. 3 54. 3 5 4 . 8 1 , 3 8 3 2 6 . 9 274 - 4. 2

55 to 6 4 y e a r s --------------------------- — 8 , 0 7 0 9, 8 3 3 1 1 , 2 8 7 2 , 9 6 4 4, 153 5, 103 36. 7 4 2 . 2 45. 2 1, 189 40. 1 95 0 22. 9

55 to 59 y e a r s -------------------------- 4, 321 5,221 5 , 9 8 4 1 , 8 0 3 2 , 5 4 7 3, 088 41. 7 4 8 . 8 51. 6 7 4 4 41. 3 541 21. 2

6 0 to 6 4 y e a r s -------------------------- 3 , 7 4 9 4 , 6 1 2 5, 303 1, 161 1 , 606 2, 015 31. 0 3 4 . 8 38. 0 4 4 5 38. 3 4 0 9 25. 5

6 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ------------------------- 9, 115 11,716 1 3 , 5 5 7 9 5 4 1, 0 5 6 1, 178 10. 5 9 . 0 8. 7 102 10. 7 122 11. 6

65 to 6 9 y e a r s -------------------------- 3 , 3 4 7 3 ,756 4 , 5 8 8 5 7 9 6 4 4 73 9 17. 3 17. 1 16. 1 65 11. 2 95 14.8

70 y e a r s a n d o v e r --------------------- 5 , 7 6 8 7 , 9 6 0 8 , 9 6 9 375 4 1 2 4 3 9 6. 5 5. 2 4 . 9 37 9 . 9 27 6.6

1 B a s e d o n r e v i s e d population data reflecting the I960 D e c e n n i a l C e n s u s results. F o r this r e a s o n they differ s o m e w h a t f r o m figures s h o w n in the p r e c e e d i n g table, w h i c h w e r e b a s e d on e stimates

of the population.

2 Participation rates differ f r o m those in the p r e c e e d i n g table b e c a u s e they a r e b a s e d o n total population as of July 1.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-5. Employed persons, by age and sex: A n n u a l averages, 1950, 1960, 1970,

and 1971 1/

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex 1950 1960 1970 1971

MALE

Total, 16 years and o v e r — 41,580 43,904 48,960 49,204

16-19 years -------------- 2,186 2,360 3,407 3,531

20-24 y e a r s ------- — ---- 4,255 3,754 5,230 5,528

25-34 years -------------- 10,060 9,759 10,921 11,069

35-44 y e a r s ------------ — 9,445 10,551 10,211 10,002

45 years and o ver- — ---- 15,634 17,479 19,191 19,073

45-54 years — ---------- 7,790 9,182 10,171 10,145

55-64 y e a r s ------------ 5,508 6,106 6,926 6,902

55-59 y e a r s --------- (2) (2) 4,094 4,088

60-61 y e a r s ---------- (2) (2) 1,331 1,329

62-64 years — ---- --- (2) (2) 1,502 1,484

65 years and o v e r---— 2,336 2,191 2,094 2,027

FEMALE

Total, 16 years and over — 17,340 21,874 29,667 29,572

16-19 y e a r s----- --- ----- 1,517 1,769 2,734 2,726

20-24 y e a r s — ------- ---- 2,491 2,366 4,489 4,528

25-34 y e a r s-------- ----- 3,857 3,871 5,372 5,407

35-44 y e a r s-------------- 3,979 5,046 5,705 5,605

45 years and o v e r ------- 5,496 8,821 11,367 11,306

45-54 y e a r s------------ 3,176 5,055 6,302 6,256

55-64 y e a r s------- ---- 1,757 2,884 4,042 4,034

55-59 y e a r s ---------- (2) (2) 2,474 2,446

60-61 y e a r s ---------- (2) (2) 757 787

62-64 y e a r s--------- (2) (2) 811 805

65 years and ov e r ----- 563 882 1,023 1,011

1 / Data for 1971 are 9-month averages.

2/ Data not available.

Table A-6. Employed persons,by age, sex, and color: Annual averages, 1954, 1960, 1970, and 1971 J^/

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex Wh ite Neero an d other races

1954 1960 1970 1971 1954 1960 1970 1971

MALE

Total, 16 years and over ----- 37,847 39,775 44,157 44,458 3,772 4,148 4,803 4,746

16-19 years — — ------------- 1,724 2,092 3,065 3,207 261 268 342 324

20-24 y e a r s ------- ---------- 2,394 3,264 4,596 4,884 330 490 634 645

25-34 y e a r s --------- ------- 9,287 8,777 9,773 9,904 967 982 1,148 1,166

35-44 y e a r s ----------------- 9,175 9,589 9,200 9,015 907 963 1,011 987

45 years and o v e r ------- -— 15,267 16,033 17,523 17,448 1,307 1,444 1,668 1,625

45-54 years --------------- 7,614 8,372 9,272 9,261 716 809 899 884

55-64 y e a r s ------ --------- 5,412 5,618 6,338 6,330 418 487 588 572

55-59 years — ----------- (2) (2) 3,748 3,738 (2) (2) 346 350

60-61 y e a r s ----- -— - — - (2) (2) 1,219 1,227 (2) (2) 111 102

62-64 years — ---------- (2) (2) 1,371 1,365 (2) (2) 131 119

65 years and over -------- 2,241 2,043 1,913 1,858 173 148 181 169

FEMALE

Total, 16 years and over ----- 16,110 19,095 26,025 25,940 2,378 2,779 3,642 3,631

16-19 y e a r s -------------- - 1,355 1,609 2,504 2,508 135 160 231 218

20-24 years ------------------ 1,964 2,067 3,955 3,992 283 298 534 536

25-34 years ------------------ 3,329 3,244 4,536 4,557 607 627 836 849

35-44 years ------------------ 3,825 4,341 4,891 4,799 634 705 814 807

45 years and over ----------- 5,637 7,834 10,140 10,085 720 988 1,227 1,221

45-54 y e a r s ------ --------- 3,197 4,448 5,582 5,536 449 608 720 720

55-64 years — ------------- 1,850 2,574 3,637 3,628 215 310 405 410

55-59 y e a r s ------------- (2) (2) 2,216 2,189 (2) (2) 259 257

60-61 y e a r s -----------— (2) (2) 683 711 (2) (2) 74 76

62-64 y e a r s ---— ------- (2) (2) 738 728 (2) (2) 72 77

65 years and o v e r -------- 590 812 921 920 56 70 102 91

1 / Data for 1971 are 9-month averages.

2 / Data not available.

34

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-7. Persons not in the labor force,by age and sex: Annual averages,

1950, 1960, 1970, and 1971 U

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex 1950 1960 1970 1971

MALE

Total, 16 years and over-- 6,906 9,274 13,066 13,508

16-19 years-------------- 1,459 2,178 3,136 3,156

20-24 years-------------- 639 556 1,142 1,235

25-34 years-------------- 437 262 422 477

35-44 years-------------- 242 263 340 375

45 years and over------- 4,131 6,015 8,025 8,265

45-54 years------------ 356 427 636 659

55-64 years------------ 871 973 1,464 1,529

55-59 years--------- (2) (2) 496 520

60-61 years--------- (2) (2) 287 306

62-64 years--------- (2) (2) 681 703

65 years and over----- 2,904 4,615 5,925 6,077

FEMALE

Total, 16 years and over-- 35,881 38,343 41,214 42,053

16-19 years-------------- 2,470 3,168 4,130 4,246

20-24 years-------------- 3,136 3,014 3,579 3,747

25-34 years-------------- 7,958 7,354 6,972 7,142

35-44 years-------------- 6,486 6,905 5,711 5,644

45 years and over------- 15,831 17,902 20,822 21,274

45-54 years------------ 5,442 5,323 5,475 5,575

55-64 years------------ 4,966 5,051 5,496 5,619

55-59 years---------- (2) (2) 2,654 2,730

60-61 years--------- (2) (2) 1,097 1,095

62-64 years--------- (2) (2) 1,745 1,794

65 years and over----- 5,423 7,528 9,851 10,080

1/ Data for 1971 are 9-month averages.

2/ Data not available.

Table A-8. Persons not in the labor force, by age, sex, and color: Annual averages, 1954, 1960, 1970

and 1971 1 /

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

White Negro and other races

1954 1960 1970 1971 1954 1960 1970 1971

MALE

Total, 16 years and o v e r ------------ 6,702 8,325 11,475 11,789 729 950 1,591 1,718

16-19 y e a r s ------------------------- 1,466 1,916 2,628 2,618 194 261 508 538

20-24 y e a r s ------------------------- 418 495 999 1,069 40 61 143 166

25-34 y e a r s ------------------------- 253 220 341 381 45 42 82 96

35-44 y e a r s ----------— ------ ----- 172 212 263 288 34 50 77 87

45 years and o v e r - ---------------- 4,394 5,479 7,244 7,433 419 537 782 832

45-54 y e a r s---------------------- 258 353 512 521 57 75 125 139

55-64 y e a r s --------------- ------ 687 860 1,304 1,355 94 114 160 174

55-59 y e a r s -------------------- (2) (2) 425 453 (2) (2) 71 67

60-61 y e a r s ------------------- (2) (2) 256 264 (2) (2) 31 42

62-64 y e a r s -------------------- (2) (2) 623 638 (2) (2) 58 65

65 years and o v e r --------------- 3,449 4,266 5,428 5,557 268 348 497 520

FEMALE

Total, 16 years and o v e r ------------ 34,186 35,044 37,119 37,823 3,062 3,300 4,095 4,230

16-19 y e a r s ------ ----------- ------ 2,213 2,732 3,452 3,522 377 436 678 723

20-24 y e a r s ------------------------ 2,622 2,645 3,118 3,246 330 370 461 501

25-34 y e a r s ------------------------- 7,338 6,656 6,305 6,473 687 697 667 669

35-44 y e a r s-------- — ------------- 6,202 6,387 5,140 5,085 507 519 571 559

45 years and o v e r ----- --- --------- 15,810 16,621 19,105 19,497 1,162 1,279 1,717 1,777

45-54 y e a r s ---------------------- 5,051 4,903 4,979 5,061 415 419 496 514

55-64 y e a r s ---— ---- ------------ 4,715 4,688 5,026 5,138 322 363 470 481

55-59 y e a r s-------------------- (2) (2) 2,420 2,490 (2) (2) 233 240

60-61 y e a r s ------------------- (2) (2) 1,006 1,000 (2) (2) 92 95

62-64 y e a r s-------------------- (2) (2) 1,600 1,648 (2) (2) 145 146

65 years and o v e r-------- ------ 6,044 7,030 9,100 9,298 425 497 751 782

1 / Data for 1971 are 9-month averages.

2/ Data not available.

35

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-l. Unemployed persons and unemployment rates, by age and sex: Annual averages, 1950, 1960, 1970

and 1971 1/

(Numbers in thousands)

A g e and sex Unemployed persons Unemploynlent rates

1950 1960 1970 1971 1950 1960 1970 1971

MALE

Total, 16 years and over--------------- 2,239 2,486 2,235 2,840 5.1 5.4 4.4 5.5

16-19 years----- ------- ------- ------ - 318 425 599 699 12.7 15.3 15.0 16.5

20-24 years----------------------------- 377 369 478 650 8.1 8.9 8.4 10.5

25-34 years-------- --- ---- ------ ----- 467 492 390 517 4.4 4.8 3.4 4.5

35-44 years----— — — ------ --------- 348 415 253 327 3.6 3.8 2.4 3.2

45 years and over— ------- ------------ 730 782 515 647 4.5 4.3 2.6 3.3

45-54 years------------------- ------ 327 392 247 322 4.0 4.1 2.4 3.1

55-64 years-------------- ----- — --— 286 294 197 251 4.9 4.6 2.8 3.5

55-59 years------------------------- (2) (2) 124 146 (2) (2) 2.9 3.4

60-61 years---------------------- - (2) (2) 35 45 (2) (2) 2.5 3.3

62-64 years------------------------- (2) (2) 39 60 (2) (2) 2.5 3.9

65 years and over-— ------------ — 117 96 71 73 4.8 4.2 3.3 3.5

FEMALE

Total, 16 years and over---------- - — 1,049 1,366 1,853 2,253 5.7 5.9 5.9 7.1

16-19 years----------------------------- 195 286 506 580 11.4 13.9 15.6 17.6

20-24 years----------------------------- 184 214 386 502 6.9 8.3 7.9 10.0

25-34 years----------------------------- 235 260 263 413 5.7 6.3 5.7 7.1

35-44 years-------------- -------------- 182 256 262 313 4.4 4.8 4.4 5.3

45 years and over---------------------- 253 348 373 444 4.4 3.8 3.2 3.8

45-54 years------------ -------------- 151 222 229 265 4.5 4.2 3.5 4.1

55-64 years- — — --------------- 82 101 111 144 4.5 3.4 2.7 3.4

55-59 years------------------------ (2) (2) 73 90 (2) (2) 2.8 3.5

60-61 years-------------------- ---- (2) (2) 18 30 (2) (2) 2.3 3.7

62-64 years------------------------- (2) (2) 21 24 (2) (2) 2.5 2.9

65 years and over------- ------- - 20 25 33 34 3.4 2.8 3.1 3.3

1/ Data for 1971 are 9-month averages.

2/ Data not available.

Table B-2. Unemployment rates,by age. and color: Annual average, 1950, I960, 1970, and 1971 1 /

Age and sex

White Negro and other races

1950 1960 1970 1971 1950 1960 1970 1971

MALE

Total, 16 years and over--------------- 4.7 4.8 4.0 5.0 9.4 10.7 7.3 9.2

16-19 y ears---------------------------- 12.4 14.0 13.7 15.0 15.0 24.0 25.0 29.4

20-24 y ears---------------------------- 7.7 8.3 7.8 9.7 12.6 13.1 12.6 16.6

25-34 years---------------------------- 3.9 4.1 3.1 4.1 10.0 10.7 6.1 7.1

35-44 y ears---------------------------- 3.2 3.3 2.3 3.0 7.9 8.2 3.9 5.0

45 years and over--------------------- 4.2 3.9 2.5 3.2 7.5 8.6 3.4 4.6

45-54 years-------------------------- 3.7 3.6 2.3 2.9 7.4 8.5 3.3 4.6

55-64 years-------------------------- 4.7 4.1 2.7 3.4 8.0 9.5 3.4 5.0

55-59 years----------------------- (2) (2) 2.8 3.3 (2) (2) 4.0 4.5

60-61 years----------------------- (2) (2) 2.5 3.2 (2) (2) 2.4 4.4

62-64 years----------------------- (2) (2) 2.5 3.6 (2) (2) 2.5 7.0

65 years and over------------------- 4.6 4.0 3.2 3.5 7.0 6.3 3.8 3.1

FEMALE

Total, 16 years and over--------------- 5.3 5.3 5.4 6.5 8.4 9.4 9.3 11.1

16-19 years---------------------------- 10.9 12.7 13.4 15.5 15.4 24.8 34.4 35.6

20-24 years---------------------------- 6.1 7.2 6.9 8.8 13.0 15.3 15.0 17.7

25-34 years---------------------------- 5.2 5.7 5.3 6.4 9.1 9.1 7.9 10.8

35-44 years---------------------------- 4.0 4.2 4.3 5.0 6.6 8.6 4.8 7.1

45 years and over--------------------- 4.2 3.6 3.1 3.7 5.5 5.2 3.6 4.3

45-54 years-------------------------- 4.3 4.0 3.4 4.0 5.9 5.7 4.0 4.5

55-64 years------------------- ----- 4.3 3.3 2.6 3.4 4.8 4.3 3.2 4.0

55-59 years-..... ------- --------- (2) (2) 2.8 3.4 (2) (2) 3.4 4.4

60-61 years------------ ----------- (2) (2) 2.3 3.6 (2) (2) 2.1 3.9

62-64 years----------------------- (2) (2) 2.4 2.9 (2) (2) 4.0 2.8

65 years and over------------------- 3.1 2.8 3.3 3.3 5.7 4.1 1.9 3.8

1/ Data for 1971 are 9-month averages.

2 / Data not available.

36

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
fable B-3. Long-term j-.iemployner.t compared w i t h total unemployment, by age and sex: Annual averages

i960, ld6b, 1970, and 7 971 J./

(.Percent di sc r: but ion ‘

Age and sex

Total 15 weeks and over 7 weeks and over

1960 1965 1970

2/

1971 i; I960 L965 1970 1971 1960 1965 1970 1 1971

Total: Number (thous.) — 2,931 3,456 4,088 5,093 956 755 662 1,212 454 351 235 520

Percent-------- 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

M a l e..................... 64.6 57.3 54.7 55.8 69.5 60.8 60.1 62,8 72,2 65.0 62.4 62.9

Under 20 y e a r s ------- 12.2 15.8 14.7 13.7 8.7 10.6 9.2 9.1 7.3 9.1 5.5 7.5

Under 18------------ 6.5 9.1 7.5 6.9 4.2 5.6 4.5 3,8 3.5 5.1 3.4 2.9

1C and 19........... 5.7 6.7 7.2 6,9 4.5 4.9 4.7 5.3 3.7 4.0 | 2.1 4.6

20 to 24 y e ars------- 9.A 9.0 11.7 12.8 8.6 6.8 10.0 12.1 7,7 6,6 ji 9.3 11.0

25 to 44 ye a r s------- 23.1 16.7 15.7 16.6 24.0 18.3 16.9 21.5 24.2 19.1 i| 20% 3 21.3

45 to 64 /ears------- i 17.5 13.7 10.9 11.3 2^,3 i| 21.1 17.8 17.4 27 .4 25.1 11 21.5 19.8

65 years and o ver---- 2.4 2.2 1.7 1.4 3.9 ! 4 . 1 4.2 2.7 5.6 5.1 5.9 3.5

Female-------- ------ --- 35.4 42.7 45.3 44.2 30.5 39.2 39.9 37.3 27.8 35.0 37.6 37.1

Under 20 years------- 7.9 12.1 12.4 11.4 4.3 8.2 7.1 5,0 3.1 5.1 4.2 4,8

Under 18----- ------ 3.8 5.4 5.7 5.0 1.7 3.1 3.2 1.7 1.3 2.0 1.3 1.3

18 and 1 9 .......... 4.1 6.7 6.7 6.4 2.6 5.2 3.9 3,2 2.0 3.1 3.0 3.7

20 to 24 years------- 5.5 7.1 9.4 9.9 4.7 4.9 6,9 7.2 4.4 4.0 5.9 6.2

25 to 44 years----- 13.1 14.4 14.4 14.3 12.0 14.0 14.0 14.2 10.8 13.7 13.9 14.2

45 to 64 y ears------- 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.0 8.6 10.7 10.6 10.0 8.5 10.5 11.8 10.8

65 years and o ver---- .6 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.3 1.2 ,9 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.2

1/ Data for 1971 are 9-month averages,

2/ Data refer to persons 16 years and over in accordance w ith the changes in age limit and concepts

introduced in 1967; prior to this the items "under 20 years" and "under t8 years" referred to persons 14 to

19 years and 14 to 17 years respectively.

Table C-l, Persons w i t h w o r k experience in 1965 and 1970 w h o were in the labor

force 50 to 5l weeks, by age, sex, color, and marital status

(P-Sicoiu distribution)

Male Female

Age and marital status (Negro and Negro and

Total White jjother races Total White other races

1965 i

AL L PERSONS

25 to 44 y e a r s.......... ....... 1 91.5 91.8 88.8 56.2 55.8 58.8

45 to 54 y e a r s............ . 91.4 91.8 87.0 65.7 65.9 64.7

55 to 64 y e a r s........ .......... 85.9 86.3 82.0 67.9 68.6 62.0

65 years and o v e r ............. 62.6 63,7 50.7 49.8 51.0 41*. 2

MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT

25 to 44 y e a r s.................. 1i 92.6 92.9 90.3 50.7 50.5 51.5

45 years and o v e r............... 86.7 87.0 83.1 60.5 |j 61.0

1

56.2

SINGLE AND OTHER MARITAL STATUS

25 to 44 y e a r s.................. 83.7 83.8 83.3 73.2 73.9 70.9

45 years and o v e r............... 77.6 78.5 72.4 70.7 71.4 65.9

1970

A L L P E R S O N S

25 to 44 y e a r s.................. 90.6 91.1 86.0 58.6 57.1 66.8

45 to 54 y e a r s.................. 90.8 91.1 88.4 70.9 71.1 70.1

55-64 y e a r s................... . 85.7 86.1 80.6 71.3 72.3 63.1

65 years and o v e r.......... 60.4 61.0 53.6 51.5 52.2 44.4

MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT

25 to 44 y e a r s.................. 91.8 92.2 87.8 53.5 52.0 65.6

45 and o v e r...... 1 85.9 86.2 82.7 67.4 67.5 65.7

45 to 54 y e a r s............... | 91.6 91.8 89.0 68.2 68.2 68.8

55 to 64 years ............... 86.9 87.1 83.9 68.1 68.7 62.5

65 years and o v e r............ 60.8 61.2 55.7 53.2 53.7 (1)

SINGLE AND OTHER MARITAL STATUS

25 to 44 y e a r s.............. . 83.8 84.5 80.4 74.0 75.9 68.5

45 years and o v e r....... ....... 77.1 77.6 74.3 71.3 72.3 64.7

1/ Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000,

37

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table C-2. Major reason for part-year wo r k in 1965 and 1970 by color: Part-year workers, b y age and sex

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

WHITE NEGRO AND OTHER RACES

Persons w h o did not w o r k a full-year because o f — Persons w h o did not w o r k a full-year because of

Total

partyear

workers

Unemployment

Illness

or

disability

1/

Taking

care

of

home

Going

to

school

2/

Other

reasons

3/

Total

partyear

workers

Unemployment

Illness

or

disability

1/

Taking

care

of

home

Going

to

school

2/

Other

reasons

3/

1965

BOTH SEXES

25 to 44 years----- 8,230 2,267 876 3,767 395 925 1,526 586 212 538 35 155

45 to 64 years----- 6,458 1,813 1,320 2,195 - 1,130 987 336 228 284 _ 139

65 years and over-- 1,644 162 262 426 - 794 224 20 81 61 - 62

MEN

25 to 44 years----- 3,110 1,699 480 - 269 662 583 362 91 - 23 107

45 to 64 years----- 2,750 1,193 832 - - 725 453 228 125 - - 100

65 years and over-- 1,006 123 188 - 695 122 13 56 - - 53

WOMEN

25 to 44 years----- 5,120 568 396 3,767 126 263 943 224 121 538 12 48

45 to 64 years----- 3,708 620 433 2,195 - 405 534 108 103 284 - 39

65 years and over-- 638 39 74 426 - 99 102 7 25 61 - 9

1970

BOTH SEXES

25 to 44 years— — 9,475 2,981 922 4,090 573 909 1,512 556 279 417 Ill 149

45 to 64 years----- 6,728 1,978 1,459 2,029 - 1,262 910 276 271 248 - 115

65 years and over-- 1,866 142 286 371 -

1,067 220 25 71 45 - 79

ME N

25 to 44 years----- 3,656 2,097 510 - 344 705 652 360 128 - 54 110

45 to 64 years----- 3,037 1,306 900 - - 831 373 161 129 - - 83

65 years and over-- 1,125 99 192 - - 834 135 18 46 - - 71

WOMEN

25 to 44 ye a r s----- 5,819 884 412 4,090 229 204 860 196 151 417 57 39

45 to 64 years----- 3,691 672 559 2,029 - 431 537 115 142 248 - 32

65 years and over-- 741 43 94 371 - 233 85 7 25 45 " 8

1/ Excludes paid sick leave from job (which counted as time worked) and period of illness or disability during w hich the person would not

have worked or would not have been in the labor force even if well.

2/ Restricted to persons under 30 years of age.

3/ Includes Armed Forces, retirement, unpaid vacations, strikes, and summer vacations for students.

Table C-3. Nonagricultural workers on part time, by age and sex: A n nual averages, 1960, 1970 and 1971 U

(Percent distribution)

Age and sex Total Ecor omic reasons Volunt.ary part time 2/

1960 1970 1971 1960 1970 1971 1960 1970 1971

Total: Number (thousands)--------- 8.375 11,583 11,651 2,560 2,196 2,502 5,815 9,387 9,149

Percent -------------------- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

M E N --------------------------------- 41.2 35.6 36.2 57.7 50.3 50.0 33.9 32.2 32.3

Under 18 years-------------------- 10.5 8.3 8.2 4.5 4.5 5.0 13.2 9.2 9.0

18 to 24 years ------------------- 7.7 11.3 11.5 9.8 12.9 13.4 6.7 11.0 11.0

25 to 44 years ------------------- 8.9 5.7 6.0 21.6 17.0 16.6 3.3 3.0 3.2

45 to 64 years ------------------- 8.7 5.3 5.5 19.1 13.8 13.1 4.1 3.3 3.4

45 to 54 years ----------------- (3) 2.4 2.6 (3) 7.6 7.1 (3) 1.1 1.3

55 to 59 years ----------------- (3) 1.4 1.4 (3) 3.7 3.5 (3) .9 .9

60 to 64 years ----------------- (3) 1.5 1.5 (3) 2.5 2.5 (3) 1.3 1.2

65 years and over ---------------- 5.4 5.1 4.9 2.7 2.1 2.0 6.6 5.8 5.7

WOMEN _______________________________ 58.8 64.4 63.8 42.3 49.6 50.0 66.1 67.8 67.7

Under 18 y e a r s --------- ------- 8.0 7.2 7.2 2.9 3.2 3.9 10.2 8.2 8.1

18 to 24 years ------------------- 6.6 12.2 12.7 6.5 12.2 13.0 6.7 12.2 12.6

25 to 44 years ------------------- 21.5 22.5 21.7 16.4 16.2 15.9 23.8 23.9 23.3

45 to 64 years ------------------- 18.6 18.6 18.3 15.0 16.5 15.5 20.2 19.1 19.0

45 to 54 years ----------------- (3) 10.9 10.7 (3) 9.7 9.1 (3) 11.2 11.1

55 to 59 years ----------------- (3) 4.4 4.2 (3) 4.2 3.9 (3) 4.4 4.3

60 to 64 years _________________ (3) 3.3 3.4 (3) 2.5 2.5 (3) 3.5 3.6

65 years and over ---------------- 4.0 3.9 4.0 1.4 1.6 1.6 5.2 4.4 4.7

1/ Data for 1971 are 9-month averages.

2/ Includes persons who do not prefer, or are unavailable for, full-time work.

3/ Not available.

38

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table C-4. Reasons for not working: Persons with no work experience in 1960,by age

and sex and in 1965 and 1970 by age, sex, and color

(Numbers in thousands)

Total Persons who did not w o r k because of-'

Age, sex, and color with no

wo r k ex ­

perience

Illness

or

disability

Taking

care of

home 1./

Going

to

school 2/

Inability

to find

w o r k

Other

reasons

3/

1960

A L L PERSONS

Men

25 to 64 years---------- 1,544 832 43 217 452

65 years and o ver------ 3,962 1,015 - - 75 2,872

Women

25 to 64 ye a r s ---------- 20,597 695 19,172 27 374 329

65 years and o v e r------ 7,229 992 5,681 * 30 526

1965

A L L PERSONS

Men

25 to 64 years — - — - — 1,511 880 43 112 476

65 years and o v e r------ 4,600 927 - 37 3,636

Women

25 to 64 y e a r s--------- 18,897 689 17,423 76 157 552

65 years and over------ 7,930 979 6,222 21 708

NEGRO AND OTHER RACES

Men

25 to 64 years---------- 307 226 15 36 30

65 years and over------ 410 152 - " 1 257

Women

25 to 64 y e a r s----— --- 1,670 197 1,371 13 49 40

65 years and o v e r------ 589 174 367 - 1 47

1970

AL L PERSONS

Men

25 to 64 y e a r s--------- 2,176 1,350 112 115 599

65 years and o v e r ----— 5,241 1,210 - - 20 4,011

Women

25 to 64 y e a r s--------- 19,963 1,546 17,703 123 220 371

65 years and o v e r ------ 9,471 1,889 5,514 7 29 2,032

NEGRO A ND OTHER RACES

Men

25 to 64 years — — ---- 399 287 23 30 59

65 years and over----— 431 179 - - 2 250

W o men

25 to 64 y e a r s--------- 1,803 433 1,255 17 62 36

65 years and over- ----- 732 328 292 1 3 108

1/ Reason restricted to women*

2/ Reason restricted to persons under 30 years of age*

3/ Includes retirement and service in the Armed Forces.

39

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-l. Occupational mo b i l i t y rates 1 / by occupations Age and sex, January 1966

Occupation in January 1966

A g e and sex

Total

Professional,

technical,

and

kindred

workers

Farmers

and farm

managers

M a n a g e r s ,

officials,

an d pr o ­

prietors,

except

farm

Clerical

and

kindred

workers

Sales

workers

C r a f t s ­

men,

foremen,

and

kindred

workers

O p e r ­

atives

and

kindred

workers

Private

ho u s e ­

hold

Service

w o r k e r s ,

except

private

h o u s e ­

hold

Farm

laborers

and

foremen

Lab o r e r s ,

except

farm and

mine

A L L PERSONS

Men

25 to 44 y e a r s------------- 10.4 5.9 3.1 9.9 13.7 9.9 10.3 12.7 (2) 10.5 12.1 16.1

45 to 54 y e a r s------------- 5.2 4.4 1.1 4.2 7.0 5.3 4.4 6.0 (2) 7.3 5.7 8.9

55 years and over - -------- 3.6 1.8 .4 2.8 4.4 1.1 2.5 5.7 (2) 7.0 4.5 8.8

Wo m e n

25 to 44 ye a r s------------- 6.7 2.9 (2) 11.2 7.2 8.1 (2) 7.0 3.2 8.2 2.6 (2)

45 to 54 y e ars------------- 4.7 3.8 - 2.8 5.1 6.0 (2) 4.0 1.7 6.9 - (2)

55 years and o v e r------ --- 2.3 1.1 3.2 3.6 1.9 " 1.0 2.3 3.4 " ~

If Proportion of persons employed in both January 1965 and January 1966 w h o had a different occupation in January 1965*

If R ate now shown w h e r e base is less than 100,000.

Table D-2. Age: Employment status in January 1965 of all persons 35 years and over employed in January 1966, by sex and color

(Percent distribution)

Age and color

Men W omen

Total

in Janu

employed

arv 1966

Same

occupation in

January

1965

Different

occupation in

January

1965

Not

working

in

January

1965

Occupational

mobility

rate 1/

Total

in Janu

employed

arv 1966

Same

occupation in

January

1965

Different

occupation in

January

1965

Not

working

in

January

1965 '

Occupational

mobility

rate If

Number

(thousands)

Percent

Number

(thousands)

Percent

A L L PERSONS

35 to 44 y e a r s------- 10,721 100.0 90.9 7.3 1.8 7.4 5,419 100.0 80.8 4.6 14.6 5.3

45 to 54 y e a r s----- - 9,778 100.0 93.1 5.1 1.8 5.2 5,511 100.0 86.5 4.2 9.3 4.7

55 to 64 y e a r s----- — 6,453 100.0 93.7 3.7 2.6 3.8 3,551 100.0 92.5 2.3 5.2 2.4

65 years and o v e r---- 1,910 100.0 92.0 2.6 5.4 2.7 942 100.0 91.4 1.6 7.0 1.8

NEGRO AND OTHER RACES

35 to 44 y e a r s------- 1,002 100.0 88.6 9.3 2.1 9.5 796 100.0 86.5 3.9 9.6 4.3

45 to 54 ye a r s------- 875 100.0 90.1 6.4 3.5 6.6 627 100.0 87.0 3.4 9.5 3.8

55 to 64 y e a r s — ----- 553 100.0 91.7 3.6 4.7 3.7 359 100.0 93.1 1.1 5.7 1.2

65 years and o v e r---- 144 100.0 95.1 3.5 1.4 3.5 86 (2) “ ~ (2)

If Proportion of persons employed in both January 1965 and January 1966 who had a different occupation in January 1965,

2/ Percent (or rate) not shown where base is less than 100,000.

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-3. Age: Tenure on current job, by sex, January 1968

^^JPerjcent^istribiation^

Age and sex

Total

employed

Tenure on current job

Median

years

on job

6

months

or less

7

to 12

months

to 2

vears

2

to 3

vears

3

to 5

years

5

to 10

vears

10

to 15

vears

15

to 20

vears

20

to 25

Years

25

to 30

vears

30

to 35

vears

Over

35

vears

Number

(in thousands)Percent

Period when job started

July

1967-

Jan.

1968

Jan.—

June

1967

Jan.-

Dee.

1966

Jan.—

Dec.

1965

Jan.

1963-

Dec.

1964

Jan.

1958-

Dec.

1962

Jan.

1953-

Dec.

1957

Jan.

1948-

Dec.

1952

Jan.

1943-

Dec*

1947

Jan.

1938-

Dec.

1942

Jan.

1933-

Dec.

1937

Prior

to

Jan.

1933

BOTH SEXES

Total, 16 years old and o v er__ 73,275 100.0 19.1 7.8 11. 3 7.9 10.2 15. 1 10.0 7. 1 5.0 2. 7 1. 5 2. 3 3.8

16 and 17 years _ _________ _ — _ 1,859 100.0 53.7 16.6 15.0 6 .6 6.5 1.7 0 .6

18 and 19 years _____________________ 2,977 100 . 0 55.9 17. 1 18.2 5.9 2 . 1 . 8 _ _ _ _ _ _ . 6

20 to 24 y e a r s ______________________ 8,383 100.0 39.4 13.9 19.8 11.5 11.0 4. 1 0 . 2 - _ _ _ - 1.0

25 to 34 years __ _ _ __ 14,789 100.0 21 . 2 9.4 14.9 11 . 6 14.6 2 0 . 1 7.0 1.0 0 . 1 - - - 2.5

' 25 to 29 y e a r s ___________________ 7,796 100.0 24.2 10.8 16.2 12.9 15.7 17. 7 2.4 . 1 _ - _ _ 2 .0

30 to 34 year 8 ___________________ 6,993 100.0 17.9 7.9 13.4 10 . 2 13.4 2 2.8 12.2 2 . 1 . 1 - _ - 3. 2

35 to 44 y e a r s ______________________ 16,135 100.0 13.9 7. 1 10.2 7.5 10.8 18. 5 15.2 10.9 4.8 0 . 8 (*) 0. 3 5.2

35 to 39 y e a r s ___________________ 7,607 100.0 15.0 7.7 11.0 8 .2 11.4 19.4 16.8 8 .2 2 . 2 . 2 _ 4. 5

40 to 44 y e a r s ___________________ 8,528 100.0 12.9 6 .6 9.4 6 .8 10.4 17. 7 13.8 13.3 7. 1 1. 3 0 . 1 . 6 6 . 2

45 to 54 years ______________________ 15,828 100.0 9.6 4. 7 7.9 6.4 9.5 16.9 13. 3 11.9 10.2 6 . 1 2.4 1. 2 8 .6

45 to 49 years ____________________ 8,351 100.0 10.9 5.0 8 . 3 6.7 9.8 17.6 12.8 12. 3 9.9 5.2 . 6 .9 7.7

50 to 54 years _ _ 7,477 100.0 8 .2 4. 3 7. 3 6 .0 9.3 16. 1 13.9 11. 5 10. 5 7. 1 4 .4 1. 5 9.7

55 to 64 y e a r s ______________________ 10,430 100.0 7.6 3.5 5.2 4.7 7.5 15.8 13.0 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 1 6 .8 5. 7 9.0 12. 3

55 to 59 y e a r s ___________________ 6 , 195 100.0 7.8 3.6 5. 3 5. 1 7. 3 16.0 13. 5 11.5 10.4 7.0 5.9 6 .8 12.0

60 to 64 y e a r s ___________________ 4,235 100.0 7.4 3.2 5.2 4. 1 7.9 15. 5 1 2 . 2 10 . 6 9.7 6 .6 5.5 1 2 . 1 12.8

65 years and o v e r __________________ 2,874 100.0 11.2 4.0 5.4 4.7 6.7 13.4 11.6 8 .8 7.9 5.7 3. 1 17.4 1 2 . 1

65 to 69 y e a r s ___________________ 1,722 100.0 11.0 4.8 5.7 4.5 6 .0 13.7 13. 3 9.3 8.7 5.7 3. 2 14. 0 11.7

70 years and o v e r _______________ 1, 152 100.0 11.5 2 .8 4.8 5.0 7.6 13.0 9. 3 8 .0 6 .8 5. 7 3.0 22.5 13.0

MEN

Total, 16 years old and over__ 46,472 100.0 16. 3 7.2 9.9 7.5 9.9 15.4 1 0 . 8 8.4 6 .2 3. 5 2 . 0 2.9 4.8

16 and 17 y e a r s _____________________ 1, 103 100.0 54.4 16.9 14.8 6 . 1 5.7 2 . 1 0. 5

18 and 19 years _____________________ 1,443 100.0 55.0 16.9 17.4 5.9 3.4 1.4 _ _ _ - _ _ . 5

20 to 24 y e a r s ______________________ 4,629 100.0 40. 3 14.5 18.0 11.0 11.0 4 .8 0. 3 - _ _ _ _ . 8

25 to 34 y e a r s ____________________ _ 10,150 100.0 17.4 8.9 14. 3 11.8 15.6 22. 7 8 .0 1.2 0 . 1 _ _ _ 2 .8

25 to 29 y e a r s ___________________ 5,301 100.0 2 0 . 6 10.5 16.4 13.4 17.0 19.5 2. 5 . 1 _ _ _ _ 2 . 1

30 to 34 y e a r s ___________________ 4,849 100.0 13.9 7.0 1 2 . 1 10.0 14. 1 26. 3 14.0 2.4 . 2 - _ _ 3.9

35 to 44 y e a r s ______ I_____________ 10,530 100.0 11.0 6 . 3 8 . 3 6.5 9.8 18.5 18.2 14. 1 6 .0 0 . 9 (*) 0.4 6.9

35 to 39 years _ _ _ 5,062 100.0 12 . 2 7.0 9.2 7.4 10.5 2 0 .2 20.4 10. 3 2.7 . 2 _ 5.8

40 to 44 years _ 5,468 100.0 9.9 5.7 7.6 5.6 9. 1 17. 0 16. 1 17.6 9. 1 1.6 0 . 1 . 7 8.4

45 to 54 y e a r s ______________________ 9,959 100.0 7.9 3.9 6 . 3 5.4 8 .0 14.9 13. 3 14. 6 13.0 8 . 2 3. 3 1. 3 11. 3

45 to 49 years 5,266 100.0 8 . 5 4. 1 6.5 5.9 8.4 15.9 13. 1 15. 7 13.2 6.9 . 8 . 9 10.2

50 to 54 years ___ 4,693 100.0 7. 1 3.6 6 .2 5.0 7.5 13.7 13.4 13.4 12.7 9.7 6 .0 1.7 12.6

55 to 64 y e a r s __ _ - __ 6,711 100.0 6 .2 3. 3 4.2 4. 3 7.0 13.6 11.7 10. 5 1 2 . 1 8 . 5 7. 5 1 1 . 0 14.8

55 to 59 years __ __ _ 3,949 100.0 6 . 3 3.3 4 .0 4 .6 6 . 5 13.8 1 2 . 1 10.8 12.7 9. 1 8 .0 8 . 7 14.7

60 to 64 year 8 . ... ___ 2,762 100 . 0 6 .0 3.2 4.4 3.8 7.8 13. 3 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 1 11. 3 7. 7 6.9 14.4 15. 1

65 years and o v e r __________________ 1,947 100 . 0 10.0 3.6 5. 1 5. 3 6.4 12.6 9.9 7.6 8 .0 6 . 1 3.8 21.6 13. 5

65 to 69 years . ____ 1, 165 100 . 0 1 0 . 9 4.6 5.6 5. 1 6 . 1 12.2 11. 3 8 . 1 8.5 6 . 1 4. 3 17. 2 12.4

70 year 8 and over ________________ 782 100.0 8 .6 2 . 1 4. 5 5.6 6.9 13. 1 7.9 6.9 7.4 6 . 1 3.0 28.0 16.0

WOMEN

Total, 16 years old and o v er__ 26,803 100.0 23.9 9.0 13.7 8 .8 10.7 14. 5 8 . 5 4.9 2.9 1. 3 0 . 6 1.3 2.4

16 and 17 years _________________ _ 756 100.0 52.8 16.0 15.3 7.3 7. 6 1.0 0. 5

18 and 19 years _____________________ 1,534 100.0 56.8 17.2 19.0 5.8 .9 # 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ . 5

20 to 24 years ______________________ 3,754 100.0 38.3 13. 2 2 2 . 1 12.2 11.0 l.Z 0 .2 _ _ _ _ _ .9

25 to 34 years ______________________ 4,639 100 . 0 29.6 10. 7 16. 0 11.2 12. 3 14. 5 4. 9 0. 7 - _ - _ 1.6

25 to 29 y e a r s ___________________ 2,495 100.0 31.8 11.4 15.9 11.7 12.9 14.0 2 . 2 . 2 _ _ - _ 1.4

30 to 34 years ____________________ 2, 144 100.0 27.0 9.9 16. 1 10.6 11.8 15. 1 8 .0 1.4 _ _ _ 1.8

35 to 44 y e a r s ______________________ 5,605 100.0 19.3 8 .6 13.5 9.4 12.8 18.4 9.6 5.0 2. 5 0. 5 (*> 0 .2 2.9

35 to 39 y e a r s _______________ 2,545 100.0 2 0 . 6 9. 1 14.5 9.9 13. 1 17.8 9.5 4. 2 1. 3 . 1 _ 2 . 6

40 to 44 y e a r s ___________________ 3,060 100.0 18. 2 8 . 3 12.7 9.0 12.6 19.0 9.7 5.7 3.5 . 8 <*) . 4 3.2

45 to 54 y e a r s ____ _____ __ 5,869 100.0 12. 5 6 .0 10.4 7.9 12 . 2 20 . 2 13.4 7. 3 5.5 2. 5 0. 9 1.0 5. 1

45 to 49 years 3,085 100.0 14.9 6 .6 11.5 8 .2 12 . 1 20.4 12. 3 6.4 4.2 2. 3 . i . 9 4.4

50 to 54 y e a r s _________________ 2,784 100.0 10.0 5.4 9.2 7.6 12. 3 2 0 . 0 14.6 8 . 3 6.9 2 .6 1.8 1.2 6 . 2

55 to 64 years _ _ _____ 3,719 100.0 10 . 1 3.8 7. 1 5. 5 8.4 19.6 15.3 1 2 . 1 6 .5 3. 7 5 5.4 8.7

55 to 59 y e a r s ___________________ 2,246 100.0 10. 3 4. 1 7.6 5.9 8 .6 19.7 15.9 12. 5 6 . 3 3. 2 2. 3 3.6 8 . 2

60 to 64 y e a r s __________________ 1,473 100.0 9.9 3. 3 6.5 4 .7 8 .0 19.4 14.4 11.6 6.9 4,5 2 .8 8 .0 9.4

65 years and o v e r ________________ _ 927 100.0 13.9 4 .7 5.8 3.4 7.2 15. 2 15.2 1 1 . 1 7. 7 5.0 1.9 8.9 10.0

65 to 69 y e a r s ___________________ 557 100.0 11. 3 5. 1 6 . 1 3. 1 5.9 16.9 17. 3 11.7 9. 1 5. 1 1.0 7. 3 10. 5

70 years and o v e r ___ _ _ 370 100.0 17.6 4. 1 5.4 3.9 9.0 12.7 1 2 . 1 10. 3 5.7 4.9 3. 1 11 . 1 9. 1

1 L e s s than 0. 05 percent.

41

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D >4. Occupation o f w orke rs in selected age groups: Tenure on current job, by sex, January 1968

(Percent distribution)

Total employed Period w h e n current job started

M ajor occu p ation group,

a g e , and s e x N um ber

(in thousan d s)

P ercen t

Ju ly

1 9 6 7 -

Jan .

1968

J a n .—

June

1967

J a n .—

D ec.

1966

J a n .—

D ec.

1965

Jan.

1 9 6 3 -

D ec.

1964

Jan.

1 9 5 8 -

D ec.

1962

Jan.

1 9 5 3 -

D ec.

1957

Jan.

1 9 4 8 -

D e c .

1952

Jan.

1 9 4 3 -

D ec.

1947

Jan.

1 9 3 8 -

D e c .

1942

Jan.

1 9 3 3 -

D ec.

1937

P r io r

to

Jan.

1933

y e a r s

on

job

M EN

T o ta l, 25 to 44 y e a r s old 2 0 .6 5 6 100. 0 14. 1 7 .6 11. 3 9 .1 1 2 .6 2 0 .6 1 3 .2 7 .8 3. 1 0 .5 (l ) 0 .2 4. 2

P r o fe s s io n a l, te c h n ic a l, and kin d red

w o r k e r s- 3 ,5 6 7 1 0 0 .0 1 3 .8 7 .0 1 3 .6 9 .5 1 2 .9 2 2 .4 13. 1 5 .9 1 .4 0. 1 (l ) 0. 1 3 .9

W age and s a la r y w o r k e r s 3, 309 100. 0 1 4 .4 7 .2 14. 3 9 .8 1 2 .7 2 2 .0 12. 3 5 .7 1 .2 .2 (*) . 1 3 .6

S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s 258 100. 0 5 .8 4. 3 3 .9 5 .4 15. 1 28. 3 2 4 . 0 8 .9 3 .9 - .4 7 .4

F a r m e r s and farm m a n a g e rs- 500 1 0 0 .0 3 .2 3 .6 5 .4 4 .0 7 .4 2 2 .6 23. 0 1 7 .6 1 1 .2 1 .8 0. 2 _ 10. 8

M a n a g ers, o ffic ia ls , and p r o p r ie to r s ,

ex c ep t f a r m ____ _________________— — 2 ,9 0 6 1 0 0 .0 9 .9 6 .8 1 1 .6 9 .5 13. 7 2 2 .9 13. 1 8 .0 3 .6 .7 . 1 .3 4 .7

W age and s a la r y w o r k e r s 2 ,2 6 0 iOO.O 10. 1 7. 1 11. 3 9 .8 1 2 .9 2 3 .2 1 3 .5 7 .8 3 .4 .7 . 1 .2 4 .8

S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s_____ — ——— 646 100. 0 9 .3 5 .6 12. 8 8 .4 1 6 .6 22. 0 1 1 .6 8. 5 4 .2 .6 _ .5 4 .7

C le r ic a l and kindred w o r k e r s-------- ------ 1 ,4 4 0 100. 0 11. 1 7 .0 9 .6 9. 1 1 1 .9 2 1 .7 16. 3 7 .9 5. 1 . 3 - . 1 5 .3

S a le s w o r k e r s — - — 1, 137 1 0 0 .0 1 5 .4 9 .9 1 1 .8 11. 1 1 1 .6 2 1 .9 1 1 .2 5 .2 1 .9 . 1 _ _ 3 .3

C r a ftsm e n , fo re m e n , and kindred

w o r k e r s - - — 4 ,4 4 6 100. 0 1 3 .8 7 .6 1 0 .6 8 .4 1 1 .7 1 9 .9 1 3 .6 9 .7 4 .0 .6 _ .2 4 .6

O p era tiv es and kindred w o r k e r s — —__ 4 ,2 7 5 100. 0 1 5 .6 8. 1 11. 0 9 .4 1 3 .8 1 8 .7 1 1 .7 8 .0 2 .9 .4 (M .3 3 .8

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s , in clu d in g p riv a te

h ou seh old - - - 1 ,0 6 8 100. 0 15. 3 6 .9 1 1 .9 9 .5 1 3 .8 20. 1 1 4 .4 6 .0 1. 3 .7 - . 1 3 .9

F a rm la b o r er s and fo r e m e n ________ ___ 261 100. 0 3 7 .2 1 0 .0 7 .7 8 .0 9 .2 1 3 .8 10. 0 1 .5 1 .9 .8 - - 1 .4

L a b o r e r s, e x c ep t farm and m in e -_____ 1 ,0 5 6 1 0 0 .0 23. 3 9 .4 1 1 .4 8. 3 1 2 .4 1 6 .6 10. 9 5 .2 1 .6 .5 -

. 5 2 .7

T o ta l, 45 y e a r s old and o v e r ------- 1 8 ,646 1 0 0 .0 7. 5 3 .6 5 .4 5 .0 7. 5 1 4 .2 12. 3 1 2 .4 12. 1 8. 1 4 .9 6 .9 1 2 .7

P r o fe s s io n a l, tec h n ic a l, and kindred

w o r k e r s ___________________ ______ ____ 2 ,0 4 8 1 0 0 .0 6 .2 2 .8 6. 1 4 .8 7 .5 1 4 .4 1 1 .7 1 2 .8 13. 0 9 .2 4 .4 7. 1 1 3 .4

W age and s a la r y w o r k e r s----------— — 1 ,6 7 4 100. 0 7 .0 3 .2 7 .2 5 .5 8 .6 15. 8 12. 3 1 1 .2 11. 3 9. 1 3 .9 4 .8 11. 1

S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ———________ - 374 1 0 0 .0 2 .7 1. 1 1 .6 1. 3 2 .4 8. 3 9. 1 19. 8 2 0 .6 9 .4 6 .4 1 7 .4 20. 9

F a r m e r s and farm m a n a g e r s--------------- 1, 189 100. 0 1 .4 1 .8 1 .6 1 .3 2 .7 7 .6 6 .7 1 0 .4 1 4 .9 14. 8 1 0 .4 2 6 .4 2 5 .4

M a n a g ers, o ffic ia ls , and p r o p r ie to r s ,

ex c ep t fa rm — 3 ,3 5 1 100. 0 4 .5 3 .5 4 .2 .4 .8 7 .6 16. 5 13. 3 12. 3 13. 2 7 .4 5 .5 7 . 1 13. 3

W age and s a la r y w o r k e r s .________ __ 2 , 184 1 0 0 .0 4 .8 3 .7 5 .2 4 .9 7. 1 1 5 .2 1 2 .9 12. 1 1 3 .2 8. 1 5. 9 7. 1 13. 5

S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s- 1, 167 100. 0 3 .9 3 .3 2 .4 4 . 5 8 .6 18. 9 14. 0 1 2 .8 1 3 .2 6 .2 5 .0 7 .2 13. 0

C le r ic a l and kindred w o r k e r s-----------— 1, 168 1 0 0 .0 5. 3 3 .0 7 .4 5 .0 6 .7 13. 1 1 1 .4 14. 3 14. 5 9 .2 4. 5 5 .7 14. 3

S a le sw o r k e r s ____ 950 100. 0 8 .6 4 .9 6. 0 8. 1 8 .8 1 6 .2 13. 0 13. 3 8. 3 5. 0 2 .9 4 .8 9. 1

C r a ftsm e n , fo re m e n , and kin d red

w o r k e r s ________________ . . . . . . . . , 3 ,9 0 0 1 0 0 .0 8 .0 4 .2 5. 3 4 .3 7. 8 1 2 .8 1 2 .4 12. 3 1 2 .7 8 .6 5. 3 6 . 3 1 3 .0

O p era tiv es and kindred w o r k e r s- 3 ,2 8 8 1 0 0 .0 7 .9 2. 5 5 .4 5. 1 7. 3 1 3 .6 1 4 .2 1 4 .5 1 2 .4 8. 7 4. 5 3 .9 1 2 .8

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s , in clu d in g p riv a te

h o u seh o ld _____________________________ 1 ,3 9 9 1 0 0 .0 13. 1 5 .3 8. 1 7 .6 9 .0 1 7 .4 1 2 .8 9 .9 7. 5 3 .8 1 .9 3 .6 6 .7

F arm la b o r e r s and fo re m e n -____—— 332 100. 0 25. 3 8 .4 4 .8 4 . 5 1*2. 0 1 4 .8 7 .2 7. 5 3 .6 3. 3 3 .6 4 .8 4. 2

L a b o r e r s, e x c ep t farm and m in e —__— 1,021 100. 0 11. 3 5. 0 6 .6 6 .8 8. 1 1 5 .7 12. 3 1 0 .2 1 0 .6 6 .2 3 .4 4 .0 8 .8

WOMEN

T o ta l, 25 to 44 y e a r s o ld ----------- 1 0 .2 3 4 1 0 0 .0 2 3 .9 9 .6 1 4 .6 10. 2 1 2 .6 1 6 .6 7. 5 3. 1 1 .4 0 .3 n

0. 1 2. 1

P r o fe s s io n a l, tec h n ic a l, and kin d red

w o rk er s , ...... _ - ------ 1 ,7 1 5 1 0 0 .0 25. 1 5 .9 1 4 .7 11. 5 1 3 .9 1 8 .6 7. 2 2 .4 0 .7 - 0. 1 2. 3

W age and s a la r y w o r k e r s 1 ,6 5 8 1 0 0 .0 2 5 .2 5 .7 14. 9 1 1 .6 14. 1 19. 0 6. 8 2. 1 . 5 - _ . 1 2. 3

S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s 57 (?) - - - - - - - - - - - - <*)

F a r m e r s and farm m a n a g e rs---------------- 24 (2 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - (2 )

M a n a g ers, o ffic ia ls , and p r o p r ie to r s ,

e x c ep t fa rm --------------- 368 100. 0 14. 8 10. 5 13. 7 10. 2 14. 8 19. 1 9. 2 4 .9 1 .9 0. 5 - . 3 3. 1

W age and s a la r y w o r k e r s ———— — — 267 100. 0 1 7 .8 8 .6 14. 9 1 0 .4 1 2 .6 1 9 .0 9. 3 5 .2 1. 1 . 7 - .4 2 .8

S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s--------------------- 101 100. 0 6 .9 1 5 .7 1 0 .8 9 .8 2 0 .6 1 9 .6 8. 8 3 .9 3 .9 - - - 3. 7

C le r ic a l and kindred w o r k e r s--------------- 3 ,4 6 5 100. 0 1 9 .4 10. 1 1 4 .2 10. 8 13. 0 18. 5 8. 7 3 .2 1 .7 .4 . . 2 2. 5

S a le sw o r k e r s - — ------ - — 546 100. 0 30. 5 12. 0 1 5 .6 9 .8 1 1 .6 1 2 .2 3. 8 2. 2 1. 1 .7 0. 2 .2 1. 5

C r a ftsm e n , fo re m e n , and kindred

w o r k e r s --m-n-v—r—.__,_______ 121 100. 0 1 2 .4 8. 3 1 4 .0 8. 3 1 7 .4 24. 0 7 .4 4 . 1 3. 3 . 8 - - 3. 8

O p e ra tiv es and kindred w o r k e r s----------- 1 ,8 2 3 100. 0 2 2 .9 9 .7 16. 1 8. 3 11. 4 1 6 .5 9 .0 4 . 1 1.6 .2 - .2 2. 1

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s----------------------------------- — 2, 021 100. 0 3 2 .7 1 1 .4 15. 0 1 0 .4 1 1 .6 1 1 .6 4. 1 1 .8 1. 0 . 2 - . 1 1. 3

P r iv a te h o u seh o ld w o r k e r s — - 427 100. 0 3 4 .4 9. 3 8. 8 13.0 11. 2 1 3 .7 4. 0 2. 8 1 .9 . 9 - - 1 .7

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s, e x cep t p riv a te

h o u seh o ld ----------------------------------------- 1 ,5 9 4 100. 0 32. 3 1 2 .0 1 6 .6 9 .7 1 1 .7 11. 1 4. 2 1. 5 .7 - - . 1 1. 3

F arm la b o r er s and fo r e m e n ----------------- 108 100. 0 16. 5 3 .7 2. 8 4 .6 10. 1 2 2 .9 20. 2 16. 5 1. 8 .9 - - 7. 0

L a b o r e r s, e x c ep t farm and m in e .-------- 43 (2 ) - - - - - - - " - - - <2 )

T o ta l, 45 y e a r s old and o v e r ----- - 1 0 .5 2 8 100. 0 11. 8 5. 1 8. 8 6 .6 1 0 .4 19. 5 14. 3 9 .4 6 . 1 3. 1 1 .6 3. 3 6 .6

P r o fe s s io n a l, te c h n ic a l, and kin d red

w o r k e r s ......_,.____ ......... 1 ,4 7 8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 3 .2 6 .4 4 .4 8. 1 2 1 .4 1 5 .2 11. 3 7. 3 3 .8 2 .8 5 .9 9. 1

W age and s a la r y w o r k e r s----------------- 1, 362 1 0 0 .0 1 0 .6 3 .4 6 .6 4. 5 8 .2 21. 8 15. 0 1 1 .7 7 .5 3 .6 2 .7 4. 5 8 .8

S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s--------------------- 116 1 0 0 .0 3. 4 1 .7 4 . 3 3 .4 6 . 8 17. 1 17. 1 7 .7 5. 1 6 .8 4. 3 2 2 .2 1 4 .2

F a r m e r s and farm m a n a g e rs— -------- 56 (2 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - (2 )

M a n a g e r s, o ffic ia ls , and p r o p r ie to r s ,

e x c ep t f a r m ------------- — — --------- 730 100. 0 6 .7 2 .9 6 . 1 5 .4 11. 8 2 1 .8 1 5 .4 1 0 .5 8 .6 5. 3 1. 8 3 .8 8 .9

W age and s a la r y w o r k e r s-------------- - 470 100. 0 7. 8 3 .6 7 .6 6. 3 12. 3 1 9 .7 1 3 .7 9 .9 7. 8 4 .9 1 .9 4 .4 8. 0

S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s--------------------- 260 1 0 0 .0 4 .6 1. 5 3 .4 3 .8 11. 1 2 5 .6 18. 3 1 1 .4 9 .9 6. 1 1 .5 2 .7 1 0 .2

C le r ic a l and kindred w o r k e r s -------------- 2 ,8 2 6 100. 0 10. 0 4 .6 8. 3 7. 3 1 0 .9 1 9 .3 1 5 .7 9 .5 6 .6 3 .3 1 .2 3. 3 6 .9

S a le sw o r k e r s ........ ........ .___ 858 100. 0 1 3 .9 6. 1 1 0 .6 6. 0 1 2 .4 22. 0 1 1 .8 7 .2 3 .7 3 .4 1 .4 1 .5 5. 1

C r a ftsm e n , fo re m e n , and kindred

w o r k e r s -----------------------------------------------— 161 100. 0 6 .2 2. 5 8 .7 5. 0 7. 5 2 3 .6 1 2 .4 1 8 .6 6 .8 1 .2 3. 1 4 . 3 9 .4

O p era tiv es and kindred w o r k e r s----------- 1 ,6 3 2 100. 0 9 .6 4.7 8. 5 6. 8 9 .7 18. 9 16. 1 10. 7 7 .9 2 .6 1. 5 3 .2 7.7

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s---------------- — — _ 2 ,6 0 1 100. 0 18. 0 7 .7 11. 3 8. 1 11. 3 18. 1 1 1 .7 6 .9 3. 1 1 .4 . 7 l. 5 3 .8

P r iv a te h ou seh old w o r k e r s — _____ - 864 100. 0 2 1 .6 6 .8 1 0 .6 8 .5 8. 3 1 6 .6 11. 3 6 .8 4 .6 1 .4 1 .4 2. 3 3 .6

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s , ex cep t p riv a te -

hous e ho id — — — — — — — — — — — 737 100. 0 1 6 .2 8. 2 11. 7 7 .9 1 2 .9 1 8 .8 1 1 .9 7. 0 2 .4 1 .5 .4 1. 1 3 .9

F arm la b o r e r s and fo r e m e n ----------- 145 1 0 0 .0 6 .2 3 .4 4 .8 2 .7 3 .4 15. 1 1 1 .6 1 1 .0 1 2 .3 15. 1 6 .2 8 .2 1 6 .2

L a b o r e r s, e x c ep t farm and m i n e _____ 41 (2 ) ~ ■ ■ " “ " “ “ (2 )

1 Less than 0. 05 percent.

2 Percent and m e d i a n not s h o w n whe r e base is less than 75, 000.

4 2

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
> 1 . Median weeklv earnings o f wage and sa la ry workers on ful 1-tiir.e sch edu les, bv age, sex and c o l o r , May 1971

Male i Female

Age

Earnings in

d o lla r s

I index i

j 35

of earnings

-44=100

i Earnings in

1 d o lla r s

Index o f earnings

35-44=100

j White

Negro and

oth er races White

Negro and

other races White

! Negro and

oth er races White

Negro and

other races

35-44 y e a r s..................... $132 100 100 $105 $96 100 100

45-49 y e a r s..................... . . . i 185 134 98 102 107 87 102 91

50-54 y e a r s..................... 128 96 97 107 78 102 81

55 years and o v e r .. .. . . . | 164 113 87 86 103 71 98 74

55-59 y e a r s.............. . . . j 172 115 91 87 105 72 100 75

60-64 y e a r s.............. . . . 1 162 121 86 92 106 (1) 101 (1)

60-61 y e a r s. . . . . . . : 162 0 ) 86 (1) 106 (1) 101 (1)

62-64 y e a r s . . . . (1) 86 (1) 106 0 ) 101 (1)

65 years and o v e r . . . . . . . | 127

i

1

(1) 67 (1) 84 (1> 80 (D

1/ Median earnin gs not shown where b ase i s l e s s than 100,000.

Table F - l. Median years o f sch ool completed by the c iv i l ia n labor fo rce 18 years

and over, by sex and a g e, s e le c te d d a te s, 1952-70

Sex and date

18 to 24

years

25 to 34

years

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

BOTH SEXES

October 1952-------- 12.2 12.1 11.4 8 .8 8 .3

March 1957............... 12.3 12.2 12.0 9 .5 8 .5

March 1959............... 12.3 12.3 12.1 10.8 8 .9 8 .6

March 1962............... 12.4 12.4 12.2 11.6 9 .4 8 .8

March 1964----------- 12.4 12.4 12.2 12.0 10.0 8 .9

March 1965 —.......... 12.4 12.5 12,3 12.0 10.3 8 .9

March 1966—-------- 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.1 10.4 9 .1

March 1967............... 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.1 10.8 9 .0

March 1968............... 12.5 12.5 12.4 12.2 11.1 9 .3

March 1969.............- 12.5 12.6 12.4 12.3 11.4 9 .3

March 1970............... 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.3 11.8 9 .6

MALE

October 1952-------- 11.5 12.1 11.2 8, 7 8 .2

March 1957............... 12.1 12.2 11.8 9,.0 8 .4

March 1959............... 12.1 12.3 12.1 10.4 8 .8 8 .5

March 1962............... 12.3 12.4 12.2 l l . l 9 .0 8 .7

March 1964............... 12.3 12.4 12.2 11.6 9 .3 8 .8

March 1965............... 12.3 12.5 12.3 11.7 9 .6 8 .8

March 1966............... 12.4 12.5 12.3 11.9 9 .7 8 .9

March 1967............... 12.4 12.5 12.3 12.1 10.4 8 .9

March 1968—.......... 12.4 12.5 12.4 12.2 10.6 9 .0

March 1969----------- 1 2.4 12.6 12.4 12.2 10.9 9 .0

March 1970............... 12.5 12.6 12.4 12.3 11.2 9 .0

FEMALE

October 1952-------- 12.4 12.2 11.9 9., 2 8 .8

March 1957----------- 12.4 12.3 12.1 10.,8 8 .8

March 1959----------- 12.4 12.3 12.2 11.7 10.0 8 .8

March 1962............... 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.1 10.7 9 .0

March 1964----------- 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.1 11.2 10.2

March 1965— ------ 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.2 11.5 9 .8

March 1966----------- 12.6 12.5 12.3 12.2 11.6 10.4

March 1967............... 12.6 12.5 12.3 12.2 11.6 10.1

March 1968............... 12.6 12.5 12.3 12.3 12.0 10.3

March 1969............... 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.1 10.2

March 1970—.......... 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.3

_ ^ _ 1

10.9

43

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T able F -2. Labor fo r c e p a r t ic ip a t io n ra te o f the pop u lation by, age, sex, and years o f school com pleted, March 1959, 1965 and 1970

Years of sch ool

ompleted and sex

19'59 1965 1970

c 35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

y ears

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

T o ta lBOTH SEXES

6 9.5 71.6 6 0.8 21.0 7 0 .4 7 2 .2 62.1 18.2 7 3.3 7 3.7 6 2 .4 17.5

Elem entary: 1 to 4 y ea rs 1 /--------- 7 0 .4 65.5 5 3.3 16.3 62.8 67.1 5 3.5 12.5 6 4 .2 6 0 .0 4 6.5 10.7

5 to 7 y e a r s --------------- 6 7.2 65.9 5 5.3 19.4 6 9.5 6 7.6 54.3 15.0 6 9 .0 6 4 .0 53.9 14.5

8 y e a r s----------------------- 69.7 7 0 .0 6 2 .0 20.9 72.7 7 L. 6 6 1 .2 16.4 7 3.8 7 1.2 60.1 16.0

High school : 1 to 3 y e a r s--------------- 7 1 .4 71.9 6 1 .0 22.3 69.9 7 0.9 6 1 .2 20.7 7 0 .8 7 2 .3 6 0.7 18.4

4 y e a r s--------------------- 6 5.9 71.6 6 1.6 23.5 6 7 .3 7 1 .4 64.1 21.9 7 1 .2 7 3.8 6 6 .2 19.7

C o lleg e: 1 to 3 y e a r s--------- - 70.1 73.1 6 3 .2 28.5 6 7 .8 7 4 .0 64.6 26.2 7 6 .6 7 8 .2 6 7 .5 21.8

4 y e a r s------------------ 7 4.3 83.7 7 2 .6 30.9 7 9 .2 8 0.5 7C.5 29.3 7 9 .2 82.1 7 1.6 27.8

5 y ea rs or more--------- 9 0.3 9 2.2 8 4 .0 52.6 9 2.9 9 4 .0 87.9 5 0.5 9 1 .4 9 2.5 86.9 4 7 .4

Total -

MALE

97.9 9 6 .0 8 6 .8 33.9 9 7.2 9 5.5 85.1 28.1 97.1 94.6 8 3 .4 27.2

Elem entary: 1 to 4 y ea rs 1J --------- 91.9 88.8 7 6.7 26.0 85.1 8 6 .0 74.1 17.7 84.1 8 4 .4 6 4 .8 16.5

5 to 7 y e a r s-------------- 96.7 9 3 .0 8 2 .2 3 1.6 9 2 .8 8 3 .4 7 7.9 22.9 9 2 .2 85.6 7 5.6 23.8

8 y e a r s----------------------- 98.6 95.6 88.9 34.3 95.6 9 4 .8 8 5.5 27.1 9 6.3 93.1 82.7 25.1

High school : 1 to 3 y e a r s - ------------ 9 8.3 9 7 .4 8 9.6 38.3 9 7 .2 9 4.9 8 5.3 3 5 .5 9 6.8 9 4.7 8 4 .3 29.8

4 y e a r s----------------------- 98.7 97.5 9 0 .5 3 9.2 9 8.7 9 7 .2 9 0 .0 35. J 9 8 .2 9 6.3 8 8.8 3 2.5

C o lleg e: 1 to 3 y e a r s----------- - 98.1 9 7 .4 8 9.5 4 9.8 9 8 .4 9 8 .0 90.6 44.1 98.7 9 7.5 87.5 3 3 .3

4 y e a r s----------------------- 97.8 9 9 .0 9 3 .4 48.8 9 9 .5 9 8 .2 93.9 41.1 9 9 .5 97.6 87.5 3 8.6

5 y ea rs or more—- —- 9S.8 9 9.3 9 1 .2 5 9.2 9 8.9 9 9 .4 93.9 57.5 97.9 9 7.3 9 2.6 54.9

T o ta lFEMALE4 3.3 4 8 .5 36.7 10.4 45.7 5 0.3 4 1 .0 10.5 5 1.3 5 4 .4 4 3 .7 10.3

Elem entary: 1 to 4 y ea rs 1 /--------- 3 7.2 3 5 .0 28.2 5 .7 3 2 .3 38.7 26.0 7 .5 3 5.3 33.1 2 5.0 5 .0

5 to 7 y e a r s-------------- 3 9.2 4 0 .6 29.3 8 .5 4 3 .4 4 2 .0 3 1 .4 8.1 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 32.9 7 .4

8 y e a r s----------------------- 40.9 4 4 .5 3 4 .2 10.6 47.1 4 7 .4 37.1 7 .9 4 5 .8 48. 5 3 9 .4 8 .8

High school : 1 to 3 y e a r s-------------- 4 5 .3 4 6.6 35.7 12.3 4 5.8 48.1 3 9.6 11.8 51.1 52.6 3 9.8 1C.7

4 y e a r s - - - ----------------- 42.9 52.7 4 1 .4 14.1 4 6 .2 52.7 4 6 .0 13.8 52.7 5 7.8 4 9 .4 13.1

C o lleg e: 1 t o 3 y e a r s - ------------ 4 1 .4 5 3.2 4 5.7 14.0 3 9 .2 5 1 .4 4 6 .3 14.7 52.7 5 7 .0 50.6 15.0

4 y ea rs or m o re------- 53.1 6 9 .4 5 7.2 17.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2 ) (2 )

4 y e a r s------------------- (2) (2 ) (2 ) (2) 4 9.9 3 9 .4 63.1 20.6 4 9.7 60.6 57.7 17.6

5 y ea rs or m ore----- (2) (2) (2) (2) 7 3.7 8 4.3 78.1 3 8.7 7 4 .4 82.1 , 7 6.9 3 5 .0

lJ In clu d es person rep ortin g no school years completed.

2 / Not a v a ila b le .

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Table F-3. Educational attainment of the civilian labor force 25 years and over,

by age and color, March 1970

(Percent distribution)

Years of school completed

Age and color Elementary ' High school College

Total (8 years

or less)

1 to 3

years

4 years

or more

1 to 3

years

4 years

or more

WHITE

25 to 34 years............ 100 78 14 44 15 19

35 to 44 years...... . 100 15 17 40 12 16

45 to 54 years............ 100 19 18 40 11 12

55 to 64 years...... . 100 32 17 30 10 11

65 years and over......... 100 45 15 19 8 13

NEGRO AND OTHER RACES

25 to 34 years............ 100 14 28 38 11 11

35 to 44 years............ 100 28 25 30 9 8

45 to 54 years....... . 100 41 23 24 7 6

55 to 64 years............ 100 61 17 13 3 7

65 years and over.... . 100 71 13 11 2 3

NOTE: Individual items may not total 100 due to rounding.

Table F-4. Occupational distribution of employed persons 35 years and over; Annual averages, 1970

(Percent distribution)

Major occupation group and sex

45 years and over

35 - 44

years T otal

45 - 54

years

55 - 64

years

65 years

and over

Male, t o ta l 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

P r o fe ssio n a l, te c h n ic a l and kindred w orkers.......... 1 6 .8 1 1.5 1 2.8 9 .9 10.8

Farmers and farm m anagers................................................... 2 .7 6 .0 3 .9 6 .1 16.3

Managers, o f f i c i a l s , and p r o p r ieto r s.......................... 1 7.4 18.1 1 8 .5 1 7 .6 1 7.2

C le r ic a l and kindred w orkers............................................ 6 .1 6 .5 6 .8 6 .4 S . 8

S a les w orkers............................................................................... 5 .0 5 .5 5 .1 5 .4 7 .6

Craftsmen, foremen and kindred........................................ 22.8 21.6 2 3.0 2 2.1 12.6

O peratives and kindred w orkers........................................ 1 8 .3 1 6.8 18.2 17.2 8 .5

P riv a te household w orkers................................................... — 0 .1 — 0 .1 0 .4

S erv ice workers, exclu d in g p r iv a te h o u se h o ld s... 4.7 6 .8 5 .2 7 .5 11.7

Farm la b o rers and forem en................................................... 1 .1 1 .5 1 .0 1 .7 3 .3

Nonfarm la b o r e r s ........................................................................ 5 .2 5 .6 5 .3 5 .9 5 .6

Female, t o ta l 1 00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

P r o fe ssio n a l, te c h n ic a l and kindred w orkers.......... 1 5 .3 1 3.3 1 2.6 1 4.6 1 2.5

Farmers and farm m anagers................................................... 0 .1 0 .6 0 .3 0 .6 2 .2

Managers, o f f i c i a l s , and p r o p r ie to r s.......................... 4 .8 6 .8 6 .2 7 .2 8 .9

C le r ic a l and kindred w orkers............................................ 33.4 27.8 30.9 25.3 1 8.3

S a les w orkers............................................................................... 6 .1 8 .2 7.9 8 .3 9 .8

Craftsmen, foremen and kindred w orkers..................... 1 .3 1 .4 1 .5 1 .3 1 .2

O peratives and kindred w orkers........................................ 1 7.3 15.4 16.9 1 4 .5 9 .3

P riv a te household w orkers................................................... 3.3 7 .0 4 .6 7.7 1 8.5

S erv ice workers, exclu d in g p r iv a te h o u se h o ld s... 1 6.1 17.4 17.0 18.1 1 7 .3

Farm la b o rers and forem en................................................... 1 .8 1 .8 1 .8 1 .9 2 .0

Nonfarm la b o r e r s ........................................................................ 0 .5 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0.2

NOTE: Individual items may not total 100 due to rounding.

45

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
☆ U. S. G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E : 1971 O - 484-786 (36)

Table F-5. Unemployment rates, by age, sex, and years of school completed, March 1962, 1965 and 1970

Years of school

completed and sex

19>62 1965 1970

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

35 to 44

years

45 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

65 years

and over

Total —

MALE

4.7 5.0 5.3 5.0 3.4 3.4 4.0 4.7 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.7

Elementary: 1 to 4 years 1/------ 9.0 11.5 12.4 8.2 5.7 6.8 6.2 10.8 8.0 7.3 2.4 ' 6.4

5 to 7 y e a r s--------- 9.0 7.8 6.1 4.9 8.1 6.0 4.8 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.7 8 y e a r s--------------- 7.4 7.3 5.6 4.0 4.2 4.5 5.2 3.6 4.4 2.7 3.5 4.7

H igh s c h o o l : 1 to 3 ye a r s ---------- 6.6 4.7 4.1 6.5 5.1 4.4 4.3 6.0 3.5 2.8 4.1 3.5

4 y e a r s - ------— 3.0 3.1 3.4 6.1 2.3 2.2 3.0 2.9 2.0 2.1 2.5 1.9

College: 1 to 3 y e a r s--------- 3.3 2.5 3.1 3.9 2.6 1.7 1.5 5.5 2.8 2.2 4.2 2.7

4 years or more— ---- .9 1.0 2.5 - 1.2 .4 1.6 2.4 .6 1.4 1.5 .9

Total---

FEMALE

5.3 4.4 3.4 2.7 4.4 3.6 2.9 3.3 4.4 3.8 2.7 2.6

Elementary: 1 to 4 years 1/------ 9.9 7.2 7.4 (2) 9.9 12.4 4.7 8.5 2.4 6.3 8.2 -

5 to 7 y e a r s--------- 5.0 8.7 4.3 2.5 10.3 6.0 5.1 2.7 6.4 5.2 3.7 5.5 8 y e a r s--------------- 8.7 4.8 2.9 3.7 5.8 3.0 2.8 2.5 7.4 4.5 4.0 3.6

High s c h o o l : 1 to 3 ye a r s--------- 8.0 5.9 4.4 2.3 5.3 5.3 5.0 3.8 6.1 4.7 3.4 1.5

4 years------------- 4.3 3.6 4.3 2.5 3.6 3.1 2.1 4.5 3.9 3.4 2.0 2.7

College: 1 to 3 y e a r s ---------- 2.4 2.8 - (2) 2.7 .2 .6 (2) 3.8 3.5 .7 1.2

4 years or more------ 2.9 .4 .3 (2) 1.5 .8 " - 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.2

1/ Includes persons reporting no school completed.

2/ Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.

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B U R E A U O F L A B O R S TA T IST IC S

W A S H IN G T O N , D .C. 20212

T H I R D C L A S S M A I L

P O S T A G E A N D F E E S PA ID

O F F I C I A L B U SIN ESS

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U.S. D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R V ,

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