IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-1936

Filed March 23, 2016

IN THE INTEREST OF J.F., A.F., A.F., A.F., and S.F.,

Minor Children,

K.W., Father,

Appellant,

K.W., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Christine Dalton, 

District Associate Judge.

A father and mother appeal separately from the juvenile court’s order 

terminating their parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS. 

Barbara E. Maness of Kimball-Stevenson House, Davenport, for appellant 

father.

Christine D.Z. Frederick of Zamora, Taylor, Woods, & Frederick, 

Davenport, for appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Patricia A. Rolfstad, Davenport, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor 

children.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
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MULLINS, Judge.

A father and mother appeal separately from the juvenile court’s order 

terminating their parental rights. Both parents argue the State failed to prove 

(1) the children could not be returned safely to their care, (2) reasonable efforts 

toward reunification had been made, and (3) termination was in the children’s 

best interests. The parents also assert they share a bond with their children that 

weighs against termination of their parental rights. We affirm on both appeals. 

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

The mother has five children involved in this case: S.F., born in October 

2007;1 A.F., born in July 2009; A.F., born in May 2011; J.F., born in April 2012; 

and A.F., born in December 2013. The father involved in this case is the 

biological father of the four youngest children at issue here.

2

 

The family has a long history of involvement with the Iowa Department of 

Human Services (DHS). In the spring of 2010, DHS provided the family with inhome voluntary services to address unsafe and unsanitary conditions in the 

home, including lead paint poisoning. DHS continued to be involved with the 

family periodically on a voluntary basis until July 2011, when DHS received

reports that the father had sexually molested his three-month-old child and 

another young family member. In August 2013, the children again came to 

DHS’s attention due to even worse unsafe and unsanitary conditions in the 

home. A month later, DHS removed the children from the parents’ home due to 

 

1 Notice of the termination hearing was not provided to the biological father of S.F. prior 

to the September 2015 hearing, and a separate hearing regarding his parental rights 

was to be held at a later date. 

2 The parents have another child together, born in 2015, who is not involved in the 

present case. 
3

the unsanitary conditions, as well as the children’s physical and cognitive 

developmental deficiencies resulting from inattentive and neglectful parenting 

practices.3 The children were placed in family foster care and remained there 

throughout the termination proceedings. 

In December 2013, the four oldest children were adjudicated children in 

need of assistance (CINA). At the time, the parents were exercising extended 

and overnight visits with their children in the home. Later that month, the 

parents’ youngest child involved in this case was born. The youngest child 

stayed in the parents’ care and custody until May 2014, when DHS removed her

due to allegations that the father had sexually molested the mother’s oldest 

child.4 The court subsequently adjudicated the youngest child CINA. 

Throughout the case, DHS expressed concerns regarding both parents’ 

mental health. Pursuant to the case plan, both parents completed evaluations 

and were required to attend individual therapy. The parents reported they were 

each attending individual therapy and participating in couples counseling;

however, they refused to sign releases to allow DHS to verify their attendance. 

DHS also expressed concerns about the parents’ abilities to recognize 

that each child is at a different developmental stage and each child has different 

needs. Further, the parents did not understand how their own actions impacted 

 

3 The mother was unemployed and the father worked a paper route up to four hours a 

day, yet neither cared for the condition of the home. There were dog feces, diapers, and 

garbage throughout the home. The children and their toys were coated in dog feces and 

other filth. The children did not have sanitary bedding. The parents were sleeping 

during the day—gating the children in their bedrooms from where the children threw dog 

feces and toys onto the roof outside their second-story windows. In order to clean the 

house, the carpets had to be removed and many of the children’s toys and books had to 

be replaced. 

4 The juvenile court did not find sufficient evidence as to the sexual abuse of the oldest 

child. 
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their children. The father was disrespectful toward the mother and belittled her in 

the presence of the children, while the mother’s suspicion of providers and the 

father created a barrier to reunification with her children. 

Additionally, the father struggled with substance abuse throughout the 

case. He completed two substance abuse evaluations, each recommending 

extended outpatient treatment for his alcohol abuse. In May 2015, he tested 

positive for methamphetamine. As recently as July 2015, the father admitted he 

was crushing and snorting his antidepressant and sleep prescription medication 

and did not believe he was abusing the medication even though he was taking 

approximately three times the prescribed amount. 

In February 2015, the juvenile court entered an order granting the parents 

additional time to work toward reunification with their children. The court 

acknowledged the parents had worked hard to clean the home since the 

children’s removal, yet still struggled to keep the home clean and safe for the 

children. The court commended the mother for her progress in services and her 

appropriate interactions with the children. However, the court expressed 

concerns regarding the mother’s inability to incorporate routines with the children, 

her lack of focus on reading and education, and her inadequate supervision 

skills. The court also expressed safety concerns about whether the mother could 

parent all five children at the same time and meet their individual developmental 

needs. Regarding the father, the court found he “continue[d] to have many 

parenting deficits,” despite his participation in parenting classes. It also found he 

still struggled to interact with the children, even during short visits, and put his 

own needs ahead of parenting the children. 
5

In June, the court entered a modification and permanency review order 

finding the parents had made limited progress in recent months and additional 

time would not result in reunification for the family. It noted DHS had made 

reasonable efforts to reunify the family and the parents had participated in 

services for over five years but still could not meet the needs of their children. 

The court also found the children had shown great strides in their development 

since removal from the parents’ home. The court found any further delay in 

permanency would not be in the children’s best interests and directed the State 

to file petitions for termination of parental rights. 

In August, the Foster Care Review Board submitted a report stating it 

supported termination of the parents’ parental rights. DHS also recommended 

termination. Additionally, therapists for two of the children both recommended 

termination and placement in a foster-to-adopt home. The children’s guardian ad 

litem (GAL) did not make a recommendation. 

In September, the juvenile court held a termination hearing. Thereafter, 

the juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights to all five children and 

the father’s parental rights to his four biological children pursuant to Iowa Code 

section 232.116(1)(d), (f), (h), and (i) (2015). In its order, the court noted both 

parents had attended multiple parenting classes and had engaged in weekly 

parent education sessions for over two years. It recognized the mother had 

made significant progress and improved her parenting skills to where she was 

engaging the children and planning fun and educational activities. However, the 

court found the mother could not multi-task and take care of all five children at 

the same time. It also found the father still struggled to engage his children even 
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during short visits and continued to prioritize his needs above those of the 

children. The court also noted that despite the fact that neither parent had a job, 

the parents struggled to keep the house clean. The court relied on the parents’ 

completed parenting profiles that showed they were in a medium-to-high-risk 

category, and concluded the children were still at risk of adjudicatory harm and 

could not be returned to either parent at that time. The mother and father 

separately appeal. 

II. Standard of Review

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re A.M., 

843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). We give weight to the factual determinations 

of the juvenile court, especially with regard to witness credibility, but we are not 

bound by them. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa 2012). Our primary 

consideration is the best interests of the children. Id. at 776.

III. Analysis

A. Statutory Grounds

The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa 

Code section 232.116(1)(d) and (i) as to all five of the children in the present 

case, paragraph (f) as to the three oldest children, and paragraph (h) as to the 

two youngest children involved here. On appeal, the mother makes a general 

argument that the juvenile court should not have terminated her parental rights to 

her five children and the children should be returned to her care and custody 

because she has completed the goals of the DHS case plan. 

The juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights pursuant to 

section 232.116(1)(d) and (i) as to all four of his children involved here, 
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paragraph (f) as to his two oldest children, and paragraph (h) as to his two 

youngest children involved in the present case. On appeal, the father only 

makes a general argument against the grounds for termination and does not 

challenge a specific subsection. 

We will uphold an order terminating parental rights when there is clear and 

convincing evidence of the statutory grounds for termination. In re D.W., 791 

N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). Evidence is clear and convincing when there is 

no serious or substantial doubt as to the correctness of the conclusions of law 

drawn from the evidence. Id. When a court terminates parental rights on more 

than one ground, we may affirm on any of the grounds. Id. at 707. 

Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) provides the court may terminate a 

parent’s parental rights if the State proves by clear and convincing evidence the 

child (1) is four years of age or older; (2) has been adjudicated CINA; (3) has 

been removed from the physical custody of the parent for at least twelve of the 

last eighteen months, or the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period 

at home has been less than thirty days; and (4) cannot be returned to the 

parent’s custody at the time of the termination hearing. Under section 

232.116(1)(h), the court may terminate parental rights if the court finds the State 

has proved by clear and convincing evidence the child (1) is three years old or 

younger; (2) has been adjudicated CINA; (3) has been removed from the 

physical custody of the parent for at least six of the last twelve months, or the last 

six consecutive months and any trial period at home has been less than thirty 

days; and (4) cannot be returned to the custody of the parent at the time of the 

termination hearing. 
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The oldest three children were all over the age of four years old at the time 

of the termination hearing, and the youngest two children involved in this case 

were age three or younger. The four oldest children were removed from their 

parents’ care in September 2013 and subsequently adjudicated CINA. The 

youngest child involved here was removed from her parents’ care in May 2014 

and subsequently adjudicated CINA. All five of the children had remained out of 

their parents’ care and custody for at least fifteen months at the time of the 

termination hearing in September 2015, without any trial periods at home. 

Although we recognize the parents made progress, particularly the 

mother, neither parent was able to care for their children safely at the time of the 

termination hearing. The family started receiving voluntary, in-home services 

from DHS in 2010. The four oldest children were removed in 2013 due to the 

unsafe and unsanitary conditions of the home and the children’s developmental 

deficiencies caused by the parents’ neglect of the children and their needs. At 

the time of trial, both parents were still struggling to keep the house clean and 

sanitary, even though neither parent had a job. The parents made the decision 

to get a new puppy shortly before the termination hearing and encouraged the 

children to lie to the service providers about it. The mother has a learning 

disability that affects her ability to care for her children and assess their needs. 

She also has a strong distrust of her husband and others, which puts her children 

at risk of danger. In July 2015, the mother incorrectly interpreted the instructions 

for the proper dosage of medicine for one of the children, believing the correct 

dosage was six times the actual amount recommended. She refused to believe 

the father when he attempted to intervene. The father belittles the mother in front 
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of the children and prioritizes his own needs ahead of theirs. He continues to 

struggle with substance abuse and fails to recognize he was abusing his 

prescription medication. 

DHS, the Foster Care Review Board, and two of the children’s therapists 

all supported termination of the parents’ parental rights. The juvenile court had 

already granted the parents’ additional time and found the children could not be 

returned safely at the time of the termination hearing because the children were 

still at risk of adjudicatory harm despite all of the years of services provided to the 

parents and the number of parenting courses in which they had participated. On 

our de novo review, we find clear and convincing evidence to support the 

statutory grounds for termination of the mother and father’s parental rights and 

affirm. 

B. Reasonable Efforts 

The father argues the State failed to prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that reasonable efforts toward reunification have been made.5 He 

contends DHS failed to increase his visitation with the children despite his 

progress and participation in services. The mother also appears to argue that 

despite her progress with the case plan, DHS failed to extend her visits with the 

children or grant her unsupervised visits. 

The State must make reasonable efforts to reunify the family as quickly as 

possible after children have been removed from their parents’ care and custody. 

 

5 The State argues the father failed to preserve error on his reasonable-efforts challenge 

because he did not raise the issue of increased visitation to the court prior to the 

termination hearing. The record reveals that the father raised the issue to the juvenile 

court in a motion filed in May 2015. Therefore, we will consider his reasonable-efforts 

claim on the merits. 
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Iowa Code § 232.102(7). The reasonable-efforts requirement is not, however, 

viewed as a strict substantive requirement at termination. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 

489, 493 (Iowa 2000). Instead, it impacts the State’s burden of proving those 

elements of termination that require reasonable efforts. Id. In determining 

whether reasonable efforts have been made, the court considers “[t]he type, 

duration, and intensity of services or support offered or provided to the child[ren]

and the child[ren]’s family.” Iowa Code § 232.102(10)(a)(1). “[T]he nature and 

extent of visitation is always controlled by the best interests of the child[ren].” In 

re M.B., 553 N.W.2d 343, 345 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996). 

As noted above, the parents started receiving voluntary, in-home services 

in 2010. Despite these services, the children were removed in September 2013. 

Since their removal, the parents have received additional in-home services;

visitation with their children—including extended and overnight visits; parenting 

classes; mental health services; substance abuse services; and employment 

resources for the father. The DHS worker testified the parents regularly ended 

visits early and the father cancelled at least two visits when the mother was 

unable to attend the visits so that he could participate in other activities. On our 

de novo review, we agree with the juvenile court that reasonable efforts toward 

reunification have been made in this case. 

C. Best Interests 

Both parents assert termination is not in the children’s best interests. 

Even if a statutory ground for termination is met, a decision to terminate must still 

be in the children’s best interests. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 37 (Iowa 2010). 
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We have thoroughly reviewed the record before us “giv[ing] primary 

consideration to the child[ren]’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the 

long-term nurturing and growth of the child[ren], and to the physical, mental, and 

emotional condition and needs of the child[ren].” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). Prior 

to the children’s removal from the parents’ home, the children suffered from both 

cognitive and physical developmental deficiencies as a result of the parents’ 

neglect and inattention. The parents gated the children in their bedrooms during 

the day while the parents slept. The parents’ home also lacked age-appropriate 

toys, books, and activities for the children. Since removal, the parents have 

continued to struggle with parenting the children and providing for their needs. 

“Insight for the determination of the child[ren]’s long-range best interests can be 

gleaned from ‘evidence of the parent’s past performance for that performance 

may be indicative of the quality of the future care that parent is capable of 

providing.’” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 495 (quoting In re Dameron, 306 N.W.2d 

743, 745 (Iowa 1981)). The juvenile court found the children had been thriving in 

their foster care homes and making great strides in their development. It noted, 

“[t]he children have caught up educationally and [one child]’s [negative] 

behaviors have all but disappeared.” For these reasons, we agree with the 

juvenile court that termination is in the children’s best interests. 

D. Exceptions

Both parents also assert they share a bond with their children, and 

therefore, the juvenile court should not have terminated their parental rights. 

Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(c) provides that “[t]he court need not 

terminate the relationship between the parent and child . . . [when] [t]here is clear 
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and convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental to the child at 

the time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” This factor is 

permissive, not mandatory, and the court may use its discretion, “based on the 

unique circumstances of each case and the best interests of the child, whether to 

apply the factors in this section to save the parent-child relationship.” In re D.S., 

806 N.W.2d 458, 474–75 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). 

We do not find that the bond between the parents and their children 

weighs against termination of the parents’ parental rights here. Termination and 

adoption will provide these young children with the permanency and stability they 

deserve. We cannot ask these children to continuously wait for their parents to 

become stable. See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707; see also In re A.B., 815 

N.W.2d at 777 (“It is well-settled law that we cannot deprive a child of 

permanency after the State has proved a ground for termination under section 

232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be able to 

provide a stable home for the child.” (quoting In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 41)). “[A]t 

some point, the rights and needs of the children rise above the rights and needs 

of the parent.” In re C.S., 776 N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). 

Thus, upon our de novo review, we affirm the juvenile court’s order 

terminating the mother and father’s parental rights to their children. 

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.