NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

JORGE ARMANDO LOPEZ ESPINOZA, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 21-10159 

D.C. Nos. 

4:20-cr-02715-RM-DTF-1 

4:20-cr-02715-RM-DTF 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Arizona

Rosemary Márquez, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted March 9, 2022**

Phoenix, Arizona

Before: HAWKINS, PAEZ, and WATFORD, Circuit Judges.

Jorge Armando Lopez Espinoza pleaded guilty to smuggling goods from the 

United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 554(a). He appeals from the district 

court’s judgment accepting that plea and imposing a 46-month sentence. We 

affirm.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

MAR 16 2022

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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1. The district court did not plainly err by accepting Espinoza’s guilty plea. 

See United States v. Bain, 925 F.3d 1172, 1176 (9th Cir. 2019). Section 554(a) is 

applicable in relevant part to “whoever . . . in any manner facilitates the

transportation, concealment, or sale of [any merchandise contrary to law], prior to 

exportation, knowing the same to be intended for exportation contrary to any law 

or regulation of the United States.” Espinoza and his attorney both acknowledged 

that he communicated with individuals in Mexico and the United States to

facilitate the transportation of ammunition intended for export. The magistrate 

judge then clarified that Espinoza had been “trying to help . . . get this ammunition 

to people that [Espinoza was] speaking to in Mexico,” and Espinoza 

unambiguously confirmed that was correct. Espinoza also acknowledged that he 

was attempting to transport the ammunition in secret and without a license. Thus, 

even if Espinoza never took possession of or transported the actual ammunition, he

sufficiently established a factual basis for the plea. See United States v. Rivero, 

889 F.3d 618, 621–22 (9th Cir. 2018); United States v. Chi Tong Kuok, 671 F.3d 

931, 943–45 (9th Cir. 2012) (holding that, under § 554(a), a defendant may be 

found guilty even when he neither takes possession of the item intended for export 

nor exports the item himself). 

2. The district court did not err in imposing Espinoza’s sentence. The 

advisory note to United States Sentencing Guidelines § 2M5.2 states that a 
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downward departure from the base offense level may be warranted in the unusual 

case in which the defendant’s conduct posed no risk to United States national

security or foreign policy interests. Here, if the government had not intervened, 

Espinoza would have exported 8,000 rounds of ammunition to Mexico. Espinoza 

argues that the fake ammunition he ended up transporting due to the government’s 

intervention could not have caused any harm to protected interests. However, the 

district court did not abuse its discretion by declining to apply the advisory note to 

conduct that, but for the government’s intervention, could have been harmful to 

United States foreign policy interests.

As for Espinoza’s argument that the district court should have applied 

Sentencing Guidelines § 2X1.1, that guideline applies only to attempt, solicitation, 

and conspiracy. As noted, Espinoza pleaded guilty to the actual offense of 

facilitating the transportation of ammunition under § 554(a), and thus § 2X1.1 does 

not apply.

AFFIRMED.