.Waslimgton, D.C, 20234

^

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

^ Q.UART3^LY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY 'QUALITIES OF CONCRETE

FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM UP, POWER CHECK AND

IIAINTENANCE APRONS

W. L# Pendergast, R., A« Clevenger, Emil Trattner

2632

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards is suggested in the following listing of

the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section is engaged in special*

ized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description

of the activities, and of the resultant reports and publications, appears on the inside of the back

cover of this report.

Electricity. Resistance Measurements. Inductance and Capacitance. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. Applied Electricity. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length. Gage.

Heat and Power. Temperature Measurements. Thermodyneunics. Cryogenics. Engines and

Lubrication. Engine Fuels. Cryogenic Engineering.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State

Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Measurements. Infrared Spectroscopy.

Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-Rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Ramological Equipment. Atomic Energy Commission Instruments Branch.

Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Cheipistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pme Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Aerodynamics. Engineering Mechanics. Hydraulics. Mass. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Organic and Fihrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Organic Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Mineral Products. Porcelain and Pottery. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials. Constitution and Microstructure. Chemistry of Mineral Products.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Conditioning. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Machine

Development.

Electronics. Engineering Electronics. Electron Tubes. Electronic Computers. Electronic

Instrumentation.

Radio Propagation. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular Propagation Services. Frequency Utilization Research. Tropospheric Propagation Research. High

Frequency Standards. Microwave Standards.

Ordnance Development. These three divisions are engaged in a broad program of research

Electromechanical Ordnance, and development in advanc^ ordnance. Activities include

Ordnance Electronics. basic and applied research, engineering, pilot production, field testing, and evaluation of a wdde variety of or^ance materiel. Special skills and facilities of other

NBS divisions also contribute to this program. The activity is sponsored by the Department of

Defense.

Missile Development. Missile research and development: engineering, dynamics, intelligence,

instrumentation, evaluation. Combustion in jet engines. These activities are sponsored by the

Department of Defense. • Office of Basic Instrumentation • Office of Weights and Measures.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

0903-21-4428 June 30, 1953

(QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OP REFRACTORY Q,UALITIES OP CONCRETES

FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARI-'I UP, PO\VER CHECK, AND

NAINTENANCE APRONS

by

W*L» Pendergast, RJl. Clevenger, S:\iil Trattner

Refractories Section

Mneral Products Division

Sponsored by

U* S. Naval Civil Engineering Research and

Evaluation Laboratory, Construction Battalion Center,

Port Hueneme, California

Reference; NT4

-59/NY 4^0 OO8-I

NBS Pile No. 9 . 3/1134-0

Approved:

R.A. Heindl, Chief,

Refractories Section

The publication, reprii

unless permission Isob 25,D, C, Suchpermis

tally prepared If that

Approved for public release by the

n 1 -V T • IT r lards, Washington Director 01 the National Institute 01 , ,

t has been specIH- Standards and Technology (NIST) ^ on October 9, 20 1 5.
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Q,UART3RLY REPORT

OH

EVALUATION OP REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM UP, POWER CHECK, AND miOTSNANCE APRONS

Current Technical Requirements

1, All coarse aggregates shall be sieved and recombined

to produce a gradation that will conform to BuDocks specification 4^Ya paragraph 2-05 for the 1 l/2 inch specified

aggregate size* The aggregates shall be recombined in such

percentages that the fineness moduli shall not vary more

than plus or minus 0*2.

2* All fine aggregates shall be sieved and recombined

so that the resulting gradation conforms to BuDocks I|.5Ya

paragraph 2-03* The aggregate shall be recombined to produce

a fineness moduli of between 2,3 and 3*1 hut for the aggregates now in use it shall not vary more than 0*2*

3« BuDocks 13Yd ^2__7(Table II) shall serve as a guide

in arriving at the ratio of fine to coarse aggregates.

4* The upper limit for cement content shall be 7*5

bags per cubic yard of concrete* The lowest cement content

concrete that develops the required flexural strength is

desirable.
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5# The concretes shall be mixed, specimens fabricated

and cured in accordance with ASTM Designation C192-52T CiJThe curing treatment shall be 28-day fog room storage*

6* The air content of the concrete shall be limited to

4*5 plus or minus 1*5 percent* The air content shall be

measured in accordance with ASTM Designation C231-f;2T

7* The concrete must be of such a consistency as to

yield a 2-inch slump when tested in accordance with ASTM

Designation Cl43'’52 /~’3c__7» hovjever, a concrete is not

sufficiently workable this requirement may be modified*

8* The concrete must develop a flexural strength of

600-6^0 psi after 28-day fog room curing*

9* The compressive strength shall be determined on

each concrete after the 28-day fog room curing period,

10* Resistance of the concrete to destruction when exposed to rapidly increasing and fluctuating temperatures is

necessary.

11* Technical requirements 7 sire not applicable to

Lumnite concretes* The recommendations of the manufacturershould be followed in mixing, placing, and curing these concretes

- 3

-

I. lOTRODUGTIOn

The objective of the investigation is the detemination

of certain physical properties of concretes that will

evaluate their suitability for use in jet aircraft warm up,

power check, and maintenance aprons,

II. mTSRIALS: PREPARATION AND TESTING

Cement s The specific gravity of the three cements

used in designing the concretes follows. The deteminations"^'*

were made in accordance with ASTM Designation C188-44 * Identity Specific Gravity

North American Portland

Green Bag Portland Pozzolan 3*13

Universal Atlas Lumnite 3*09

Aggregates . Coarse and fine fractions of aggregate were

selected to conform with the Specification for Portland Cement

Concrete pavement for Airports No. 45Ya Sept. 1952, and the

technical requirements of NAVCEREIAB,

The screen sizes and percentage of each of the sizes resulting from such selection of the aggregates and which will

be used in all future concretes are given in Table I*

Made by the Concreting Materials Section, Mineral Products

Division, National Bureau of Standards

Table Screen Sizes of Aggregates

Coarse Fractions Pine Fractions

Screen No, Percentage

Passing Screen No* Percentage

passing

1 1/2 100 4

8

16

30

50

100

3/4

1/2

3/8

1 78

48

30

15

85

68

50

21

No. 4 0 100 3

When aggregates are sized in accordance with the gradation

given in Table I the fineness modulus of the coarse will be

7*37 snd that of the fine 2, 73*

One and one-half tons each of White Marsh gravel and

White Marsh sand was screened to meet the gradation requirements. The ratio of gravel to sand in the concretes designed

using this aggregate was 3*6 : 1,9 resulting in a combined

fineness modulus of 5*74*

Bluestone, a second aggregate, is being screened as purchased, After screening one ton of this material the results

Indicate that additional crushing and screening will be

necessary to obtain the proper yield of the required sizes.
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Considerable work has been done to facilitate the

selection of a brick for an aggregate. Tests were made on

a low-grade fire brick and two dense face bricks* The brick

chosen was a West Virginia hard face brick having a flexural

strength of 2l80 psi. This brick when crushed is angular

in shape and the percentage yield of the desired sizes is

reasonably satisfactory.

Properties of the three aggregates tested during this

quarter for future use in designing concretes are as follows:

Bulk Water Los Angeles

Aggregate Size specific absorption abrasion

gravity in percent percentage

S-S Dry by weight wear

White Marsh gravel 2*64 0i30 40.5

sand 2.63 0.30

Bluestone coarse 2.76 1.50 21.3

fine 2.65 0.27

West

Virginia coarse — 26,0

hard face fine —

Concretes * The properties of the fresh concretes are

given in Table II. Three concretes were designed with White

Marsh gravel and sand as the aggregate and either with

in

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hour

after

placing,

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II,

Pronerties

of

Fresh ^

Concrete;

«- 6 —

Portland, portland pozzolan, or high alumina hydraulic cements.

Trial batches of each concrete were mixed in a 1-cubic foot

mixer. As a result of the information gained from these trial

batches concrete was designed for fabricating the spec5-mens

for the complete series of tests. Five sets of test specimens

of each concrete, requiring 3 five-cubic foot charges were

fabricated and will be tested after curing and after one of

four different heat exposures. Two sets have been cured in

the fog room for 28 days, their flexural strengths determined,

and are reported in Table II.

III. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

The results given in Table II indicate that the properties

of the fresh concretes designed and mixed fall within the limits

contained in NAVECSIAB letter of April 1, 1953* Only txTO of

the concretes have completed the 28-day curing cycle and have

been tested for flexural strength. The concrete designed

using Portland cement and White Marsh aggregate failed to

meet the 600-650 psi flexural strength requirement. This

concrete was designed using a 6 sack (per cubic yard of concrete) mix. It is planned to redesign the mix increasing the

cement content to 6.5 - 7 sacks per cubic yard.
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Specification for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

for Airposts. Sept, 1952 Department of the Uavy

Specification for Concrete Construction June 1951

Department of the Navy

ASTH Standards on Mineral Aggregates, Concrete and

Non-bituminous Highway Materials.

(a) Tentative Method of Making and Curing Concrete

Compression and Flexure Test Specimens in the

Laboratory Page ll[7 *

(b) Tentative Method of Test for Air Content of Freshly

Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method,

(c) Standard Method of Test for Slump of Portland-Cement

Concrete Page 18?

(d) Standard Page l65

ASTM Standards on Cement (with related information)

April 1952 . Standard Method of Test for Specific

Gravity of Hydraulic Cement,

One full time professional employee assigned to this

project permanently transferred to another Division of

this Bureau, The employee who replaced him resigned

as of June 30. A third employee was appointed effective

June 29*
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- 8 -

ADDELIDTO A

Cooperative Tests

For the purpose of determining what variation might be

expected in the results of tests of concretes fabricated at

different laboratories, three concretes were designed, fabricated, cured, and tested at the U. S, Naval Civil Engineering

Research and Evaluation Laboratory. Santa Clara sand and

Colton Type I portland cement used in these three concretes

were forwarded from that Laboratory to this Bureau during March,

The results of tests made on the aggregates by the two

laboratories were as follows

;

Laboratory Material Specific

Gravity Absorption Fineness

Modulus

NAVCERELA.B sand 2.53 1.97 3.14

NBS II 2.55 1.68 3.22

NAVCERELA.B gravel 2.53 2.78 6.85

NBS If 2.51 2.98 7.06

The aggregates were brought to a saturated-.surface dry

condition. The designated amounts of gravel, cement, sand, and

water were added in that order and mixed for 4 minutes. The

slurap and air content were determined and specimens fabricated.

- 9 “

The properties of the fresh concrete are given in Table A.

A sufficient number of 6 x 6-inch beams were fabricated

to permit three breaks of each concrete after two different

curing periods* The specimens after curing were tested for

flexural and compressive strength* The results are given

in Table B*

NOTE: The above three concretes were designed, mixed, fabricated, cured, and tested at the National Bureau of

Standards in accordance with instructions given in

HAVCEREIAB letters of February 2^ and May 11, 1953*

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TABLE B. STRENGTH OR CNRED CONCRETES

Identifi- . cation

Laboratory b/

Flexural

after

7 & 21 . days£'

Strengt^l

curing

28

days—'

Compressive Strength-^

after curing

days £/ days £'

psi psi

A 351 1450

C-SC-1

E 200 245 1455 1325

A 625 ,4650

C-SC-2

B 425 540 4540 4340

A 739 5380

C-SC-3

B 395 620 5070 4840

a/—'The letters C-SC denote Colton ceraent and Santa Clara gravel

and sand aggregate

The nmerals 1 , 2 , and 3 denote the cement content, namely,

3 l/2, $ l/2 and 7 l/2 sacks per yd^ of concrete

iA. «= mvcSREL\B;" B = National Bureau of Standards

^Ahe compressive strength results obtained at the NBS laboratory

were determined on portions of the broken beams used for

flexural strength tests

S/curing period* 7 days in fog room and 21 days storage in

laboratory at prevailing temperatures and humidities

28 days in fog room

.£/ The variation 'exprefls-e4 in-pe-ro'ent •i«' based, on results

i5btained at NAVGEREiA^.

12

DISCUSSION DP RESULTS

The values given in Table A for the properties of the

fresh concretes as determined by the two laboratories compare

favorably with one exception, namely, the slump for the concrete containing 7 l/2 bags of cement.

A comparison, however, of the strengths. Table B, of the

three cured concretes (as determined by the two laboratories)

indicates that the values determined at this Bureau are lower

than those of I'JA.VCEREIAB. The flexural strengths of the

concretes ranged from 14 to 30 percent lower and the compressive strengths approximately 10 percent lower.

- 13 -

gggiE'!£Lt£l_g.oncrete Mixes. A limited nuiuber of concrete mixes were deslened in which changes were made in the

cement to aggregate ratio, the fineness modulus of the fine

aggregate, the method of placing, the curing time, and method

of curing. The purpose of the worl: was to learn what could be

accomplished in the laboratory that would result in increasing

the flexural strength above that previously obtained of

cured concretes. The results are given in the following table

as a raatter of record, m these experimental mixes the two

cements used were Portland (P) and Lumnite (L). The same aggregate, namely, white Marsh sand and gravel, was used in the mixes

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THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

siunmary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.00). Information on calibration services and fees can be

found in NBS Circular 483, Testing by the National Bureau of Standards (25 cents). Both are

available from the Government Printing Office. Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Publications, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.
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