l I-?:

Fact book for Estimating the Manpower

Needs of Federal Programs

U.S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

1975

Bulletin 1832
Factbook for Estimating the Manpower

Needs of Federal Programs

U.S. Department of Labor 

John T. Dunlop, Secretary 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 

1975

Bulletin 1832

For sate by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. GPO Bookstore, or

BLS Regional Offices listed on inside back cover. Price $1.40

Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents.

Stock Number 029-001-01388-4

Catalog Number L 2.3:1832
Preface

This bulletin was prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) with funds provided by the 

Manpower Administration for a series of studies on the manpower impact of Federal programs. The 

BLS has for some time been engaged in estimating the employment requirements by industry and 

occupation of various government and private activities. This work received substantial impetus 

when the President, in his Manpower Report of March 1972, directed the Department of Labor to 

develop a capability for measuring the employment effects of all Federal programs and policies.

“Both the efficiency of our economy and ,the well-being of the country’s workers will be served 

by more systematic assessment of the manpower consequences of government policies and 

programs. Accordingly, I am instructing the Secretary of Labor to develop for my consideration 

recommendations with respect to the most effective mechanisms for achieving such an 

assessment and for assuring the findings receive appropriate attention in the government’s 

decision-making processes.”

The Department of Labor has since taken a number of steps to help in this assessment. In the 

BLS, techniques and models used in the past principally for long-term projections of industry and 

occupational employment needs are being adapted to measure the current manpower requirements 

of Federal spending programs, and work is underway on techniques for measuring the effects on 

manpower supply. Future plans include the development of new methods for measuring the 

employment effects of Federal policy changes and the manpower implications of programs that do 

not involve significant changes in outlays. The results will be published as these studies are 

completed.

This study was prepared in the Division of Economic Growth, Office of Economic Trends, under 

the supervision of Ronald E. Kutscher. It was designed and written by Richard P. Oliver with the 

editorial assistance of Virginia A. Broadbeck. Industry employment factors were developed by 

Donald P. Eldridge and Marybeth Tschetter. Thomas F. Fleming, Jr., contributed to the section 

illustrating the application of the factors to specific programs. The occupational demand factors and 

contributions to the text were provided by Daniel Hecker, George Silvestri, Joel Segaloff, and David 

Martin, under the direction of Michael F. Crowley of the Division of Manpower and Occupational 

Outlook, Office of Manpower Structure and Trends. This research was funded by the Office of 

Manpower Research and Development of the Manpower Administration, Howard Rosen, Director.
Contents

Page

Introduction - 1

Chapter 1. What are manpower factors? ........................................................................................................................ 2

Types of factors .................................................................................................................................................... 2

Methods used in deriving factors ........................................................................................................................ 2

Limitations of f a c t o r s ............................................................................................................................................ 3

Chapter 2. Using manpower factors to develop employment requirem ents................................................................ 5

Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Program a n a ly s is .................................................................................................................................................... 5

Selection of factor p ro g r a m s ................................................................................................................................ 6

Data adjustment ..................................................................................................................................................... 8

Factor adjustment ................................................................................................................................................ 9

Employment calculations ........................................................................................................................................ 13

Chapter 3. Illustrations of uses of manpower f a c to r s .................................................................................................... 14

Military expenditures, fiscal year 1974 budget p ro p o sa l.........................................................................................14

Program analysis .............................................................................................................................................14

Factor selectio n .................................................................................................................................................14

Data adjustment ........................................ 15

Factor ad ju stm en t.............................................................................................................................................15

Employment calculations................................................................................................................................ 16

Education revenue sharing, fiscal year 1974 budget p ro p o sal............................ ................................................18

Program analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 1 8

Factor selectio n .................................................................................................................................................18

Data adjustment .............................................................................................................................................19

Factor ad ju stm en t.............................................................................................................................................19

Employment calculations................................................................................................................................ 20

Occupational safety and health, fiscal year 1974 budget p ro p o sal........................................................................ 20

Program analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 20

Factor selectio n ................................................................................................................................................ 21

Tables:

1. Factor programs ........................................................................................................................................ 7

2. Adjustments for price c h a n g e .................................................................................................................... 9

3. Adjustments for productivity c h a n g e ............................................................................................................ 10

4. Total program manpower factors .................................................................................................................10

5. Industry manpower f a c t o r s .............................................................................................................................11

6. Occupational manpower f a c t o r s .....................................................................................................................12

7. Military expenditures: Industry manpower factors

adjusted for productivity change, fiscal year 1974 16

8. Military expenditures: Occupational manpower factors

adjusted for productivity change, fiscal year 1974 16

9. Military expenditures: Calculated employment requirements by sector, fiscal year 1974 17
Contents— Continued

Tables—Continued:

10. Military expenditures: Calculated employment requirements

by occupational group, fiscal year 1974 ............................................................................................ 17

11. Education revenue sharing: Industry manpower factors

adjusted for productivity change, fiscal year 1974 ............................................................................ 19

12. Education revenue sharing: Occupational manpower factors

adjusted for productivity change, fiscal year 1974 ............................................................................ 20

13. Education revenue sharing: Calculated employment requirements

by sector, fiscal year 1974 .................................................................................................................... 20

14. Education revenue sharing: Calculated employment requirements

by occupational group, fiscal year 1974 ........................................................................................ 20

Appendixes:

A. Methods used to derive manpower f a c t o r s .................................................................................................... 22

B. Limitations of manpower f a c t o r s ................................................................................................................ 23

C. Outline of procedures for using manpower f a c to r s ........................................................................................ 26

D. Factor detail by industry and occupation .................................................................................................... 28

E. 1970 interindustry employment and industry-occupational m o d e ls............................................................ 73
Introduction

Almost all Federal Government activities affect manpower in some way. These effects range from the direct 

hiring of Federal personnel to the employment created 

in private industry by Federal spending programs, to the 

more complicated manpower effects of Federal standards, regulations, and economic policies. The effects on 

manpower vary with different activities, but a particular 

Federal program may significantly influence the demand 

for or the supply of labor, or may affect the skills and 

well-being of the labor force.

Federal actions affecting manpower may be 

classified in a number of different ways, but for 

analytical purposes this study broadly classifies them as 

actions which predominantly involve Federal money 

flows and those which affect manpower mainly 

through policies or regulatory actions. Money flow 

programs are defined to include all types of Federal 

outlays and revenue collections. Policy programs would 

include cases where the Federal Government encourages or requires other sectors of the economy to 

alter purchasing patterns, as well as cases where 

manpower effects are significant although money flows 

are small. Pollution control standards or occupational 

safety and health regulations, which involve the 

purchase of additional or modified equipment by the 

private sector, are representative of policy impact 

actions. This category also includes the military draft 

and immigration policies, which affect the supply of 

labor without involving major money flows.

This study deals with one of the more important 

areas of Federal manpower impact—the requirements for 

manpower that are created by Federal expenditures. It is 

intended to provide agency administrators with a means 

of estimating the public and private employment requirements of a program, based upon the program’s 

outlays. The study will not address all of the effects on

manpower that are generated by any Federal program, 

policy, or other type of Federal action. These effects 

would encompass all of the influences working on the 

quantity of manpower demanded and supplied, as well 

as qualitative results such as improvements in health, 

safety, education, and other social benefits. The effects 

discussed here are an important, but limited, sector of 

manpower impact, the demand for manpower created by 

program outlays.

The Factbook contains sets of “manpower factors” 

which show the amounts of employment, by industry 

and occupation, which were generated by a billion 

dollars of outlays for different Federal functions in a 

recent period. By applying these factors to the amounts 

of money projected for a Federal program, that program’s future employment requirements may be roughly 

estimated.

Manpower factors can have many policy uses. Programs can be considered for their employment generating characteristics as well as for their public benefits 

and costs. The job requirements created by existing 

programs can be estimated for past periods, and new 

programs can be evaluated for their job-creating potential in individual industries and occupations. Loss of job 

opportunities due to cutbacks, such as have occurred in 

defense or space programs, can be calculated, pointing to 

potential problems in individual industries and occupations. Or, in the case of expanding programs, bottlenecks 

in particular occupations possibly may be foreseen if 

labor supply information is also available, providing 

guidance to manpower training programs. For example, 

calculating the effects on employment of substantial 

growth in health services may indicate a potential 

shortage of doctors and other health personnel, requiring 

additional professional training and a longer period of 

time for achieving the goals.
Chapter 1. What Are Manpower Factors?

The manpower or employment requirements factors 

given here relate'aggregate expenditures for a particular 

program to the number of job opportunities created by 

these expenditures. They do not provide estimates of the 

actual employment that might result from a Federal 

program. Actual employment will be determined as the 

net result of all influences on both the demand for and 

supply of labor. Manpower factors are simply multipliers

which will convert planned program expenditures into

estimates o f job requirements based upon recent industry employment relationships.

This Factbook presents manpower factors for about 

40 different categories of demand. These categories 

cover the total economy considered as the demand side 

of the gross national product. In some cases, these 

demand categories have been separated into fairly 

specific functions representing or approximately describing a Federal program or one of its components. In other 

cases, the demand categories cover broad sectors of 

expenditures that have not yet been studied from a 

manpower point of view and assigned to specific 

functional programs. For example, at this time, in the 

area of Federal Government purchases, defense and 

space programs have been analyzed separately, but all 

other direct Federal purchases are lumped together in a 

single category.

Since the outlays of many Federal programs ultimately are spent by other sectors of the economy, 

factors for these sectors also are provided. For example, 

Federal grants are spent by State and local government 

institutions, while transfer payments to persons become 

primarily personal consumption expenditures. Thus, in 

selecting a demand category to represent the outlays of a 

given Federal program, it is frequently necessary to use 

factors for some other sector where .the Federal funds 

ultimately are spent.

Types of factors

Two types of factors are provided—industry manpower factors, which can be used to estimate the 

amount of employment required in total or by industry, 

and occupational manpower factors, which can be used 

to calculate the employment required in different

occupations. Each program covered includes a list of 

these factors for both the private and public sectors of 

the economy.

Industry manpower factors are ratios showing the 

relationship between dollars spent and the employment 

required by these expenditures in each industry. They 

represent the number of jobs required1 by $1 billion of 

expenditures in 1972. As such, they reflect 1972 price 

and productivity relationships. The factor tables provide, 

for each program covered, factors for total employment 

requirements (table 4), factors for the employment 

required by major industry sector (table 5), and factors 

for each of 134 industries (table D-l). For example, the 

aggregate employment generated by $1 billion spent on 

defense is shown, in table 4, as a requirement for 74,193 

jobs of all types. This amount is disaggregated into major 

industry sectors such as agriculture, mining, and manufacturing in table 5, and is further separated into 

individual industries in table D-l.

Occupational manpower factors show the amounts of 

employment required by occupation for $1 billion of 

expenditures. Occupational manpower factors represent 

the percentage distribution of industry manpower factors into specific occupations. The total number of job 

requirements generated in each of nine major occupational groups is given in table 6 and these requirements 

are broken down into the demand for each of 160 

occupations in table D-3.

Methods used in deriving factors

The models and analytical approaches used to develop these factors estimate employment requirements 

in the private sector by tracing all production requirements generated by each program’s purchases. The basic 

models are an interindustry employment model and an 

industry-occupation model, discussed in detail in appendix E. The interindustry employment model traces 

purchases of goods and services through each sector, 

determining the employment needed in each industry to

1 Manpower requirements are a count of the number of jobs

rather than the number of persons holding jobs. Thus, an

individual who holds more than one job is counted more than

once. The employment estimates cover wage and salary workers,

self-employed, and unpaid family workers.
support these purchases. The industry-occupation model 

provides a distribution of the employment in each 

industry into 160 occupational categories.

In this framework of analysis, where employment in 

each industry is determined on the basis of generated 

production levels, coverage of employment requirements 

would generally be limited to direct Federal purchases of 

goods and services. However, this system can be extended to other types of Federal outlays, such as 

grants-in-aid, transfer payments, and subsidies, by determining the purchases made by the sector receiving the 

Federal outlay. For example, the employment requirements created by grants to State and local governments 

can be estimated from studies of the purchases made by 

State and local governments in carrying out the purposes 

of the grants. Similarly, transfer payments to persons 

can be analyzed by considering the impact of these 

payments on personal consumption expenditures. This, 

of course, involves determining the extent to which 

transfer payments become disposable income and consumption expenditures and then identifying the pattern 

of subsequent consumption purchases. Similarly, the 

employment effects of subsidies to businesses can be 

estimated once the extent and type of resulting business 

purchases have been determined.

Manpower factors, then, were derived from interindustry employment requirements studies which provided industry employment requirements for each program or category of demand. These estimates were used 

first to construct industry manpower factors. They were 

used next as input into the industry-occupation model 

to obtain the occupational requirements which provide 

the basis for the occupational manpower factors. Since 

both types of factors were based on an interindustry 

system, the employment included consists of both the 

direct employment used in producing final products and 

the indirect employment required in all supplying 

industries. A fuller explanation of the derivation of 

manpower factors is given in appendix A.

Limitations of factors

Manpower factors provide a consistent and reasonably comparable basis for estimating the employment 

requirements of various Federal programs. They are 

calculated within the framework of all requirements on 

the economy, with given control totals for sector 

expenditures and industry output and employment 

levels ensuring a reasonable degree of accuracy. However, the development of these factors for Federal 

programs is just getting underway and there are major 

limitations and gaps in the current estimating system. 

These limitations are covered in general terms in this 

section and in more detail in appendix B.

The principal deficiency of manpower factors, from 

the point of view of complete manpower assessment, is 

that they provide estimates of employment requirements 

and not estimates of the actual employment changes 

that might be expected to result from a new Federal 

program. Estimating actual employment effects would 

require comprehensive information on all of the influences on both the demand and supply sides of particular 

labor markets. Manpower factors estimate just a part of 

manpower demand and, as such, must be regarded as 

estimates of job opportunities created rather than the 

actual employment that might be created. In addition, in 

cases of ongoing programs or new programs that replace 

existing ones, there may be little or no change in actual 

employment. Also, Federal funds that become grants to 

States or transfer payments to persons may merely 

replace money previously spent by these groups for the 

same purpose, with little employment change directly 

attributable to the new program. In some industries 

operating at below capacity levels, additional Federal 

funds may result in better utilization of the existing 

labor force with a less than proportional increase in new 

employment. The interindustry and occupational model 

structures from which the manpower factors were 

derived describe average relationships, or the average 

employment required to produce the total annual 

output of each industry. In this study, these factors are 

used to estimate changes in employment requirements 

due to an increment in purchases from a particular 

industry. For this purpose, marginal or incremental 

manpower factors are more appropriate. That is, a 

directly proportional increase in employment may not 

be required by an increment in outlays and a different 

mix of production and administrative workers may 

result. Also, in measuring or estimating actual employment effects, one would want to include the additional 

employment that would be expected from the income 

multiplier and accelerator effects.

The other major criticism of manpower factors is that 

coverage is limited. Factors are not available for a 

number of major Federal programs. Specific interindustry employment studies in depth are required to produce 

manpower factors. At this time only defense and space 

programs have been subjected to this kind of analysis. 

Other Federal programs have been estimated as a single 

aggregate of category of demand. Studies, currently 

underway, will add a few new programs and reduce this 

aggregate. Some Federal programs that are conducted 

principally in other sectors of the economy, such as 

highway construction grants, are covered in other 

programs. However, a number of major programs such as 

social security payments or Medicare and Medicaid 

cannot be adequately expressed in existing factors and
require detailed study. Further, manpower factors are 

calculated on a national basis and do not identify 

requirements by region or demographic characteristic 

such as age, sex, or race. Assessment of a program’s 

consequences and the development of any needed 

remedies require a more specific determination of the 

people affected.

Since the manpower data included in these estimates 

were basically derived from an interindustry employment model, these estimates will have the characteristic

features and limitations of an interindustry system. The 

industries used here are those defined in the 1963 

input-output study of the Department of Commerce. 

Employment is on a “jobs” basis so that both full- and 

part-time job requirements are estimated by using the 

factors. Although the estimated employment includes 

the direct employment in each industry and the indirect 

employment generated in all of the supplying industries, 

these estimates do not include the income multiplier and 

accelerator effects. The limitations of the interindustry 

system are covered in detail in appendix B.
Chapter 2. Using Manpower Factors to Develop

Employment Requirements

This chapter explains how to use manpower factors 

to develop employment requirements. The summary 

below outlines the major steps in the procedure; a more 

detailed list of instructions is provided in appendix C.

Summary

A. Program analysis

1. Determining economic effects

2. Tracing program outlays to the sectors which 

ultimately spend them

B. Selection of factor programs

Matching program outlays to factor programs 

by:

1. purchasing sector

2. type of purchase

C. Data adjustment

1. Organizing expenditures by factor program

2. Adjusting expenditures to price level of base 

period of factors

D. Factor adjustment

1. Adjusting industry factors for productivity 

change

2. Adjusting occupational factors for productivity change

E. Employment calculations—

Multiplying adjusted outlays by adjusted factors

Program analysis

Economic analysis. Before estimating the employment 

requirements of a Federal program or other activity, it is 

first desirable to broadly examine the various economic 

effects of the program to determine in general how they 

will influence manpower. This examination should focus 

on which sectors of the economy would be affected by 

the program, the mechanism or way in which manpower 

effects would be transmitted, and the kinds of effects on 

manpower that would result. Such an analysis would 

serve as the basis for estimating employment requirements and would give perspective to these estimates by 

providing a general framework of manpower effects in 

which employment requirements could be considered. It 

would determine the sectors of the economy that 

ultimately spend program funds for subsequent use in 

calculating estimates of employment requirements. In 

addition, it would outline the range and general magnitude of all types of manpower effects generated by the 

program. For example, a Federal program might have 

relatively low expenditures and consequently create 

relatively small employment requirements using manpower factors, but still have substantial impact in other 

ways on the demand, supply, or quality of manpower. 

While these aspects are not measurable through use of 

employment requirements factors, their overall significance should be considered in an agency’s assessment of 

its programs.

Tracing outlays. Once an overall analytical framework 

has been established, an agency is better able to proceed 

with the more specific assessment of the job requirements created by outlays for a particular program. 

Analyzing employment requirements involves tracing the 

activities of a Federal program throughout the economy 

and determining the effects on manpower at various 

stages. At this time, when only Federal outlay programs 

can be assessed, employment requirements are determined by tracing money flows. Of course, the direct 

Federal employment for a particular program may be 

readily available from agency personnel records. Most of 

the employment effects, however, will usually occur in 

other sectors, and these are determined by tracing 

program funds to the actual spender.

National income accounting procedures are followed 

in tracing Federal outlays, which are considered to 

consist of direct purchases of goods and services, 

grants-in-aid to State and local government institutions, 

transfer and interest payments to persons, and subsidies, 

transfers, and interest paid to businesses. This definition 

classifies Federal outlays by the economic sector, or 

component of demand, that ultimately spends the 

program money. The way in which the money is spent 

determines the employment requirements. Manpower 

factors are based upon recent purchasing patterns of the
sectors receiving Federal funds and relate these purchases to employment requirements.

Direct Federal purchases of goods and services include compensation for the direct employment of 

Federal Government personnel and expenditures for 

goods and services bought from the private economy. 

These outside purchases create employment requirements both directly in the industries producing the 

products purchased and indirectly in supporting industries. Grants-in-aid are Federal funds transferred to State 

and local governments to be spent for particular purposes, such as highway construction, or for broader 

purposes, as in the case of revenue sharing. Transfer 

payments to persons are Federal payments where productive services are not required in return from the 

recipients, such as Medicare and other social security 

benefits. Subsidies are monetary grants to business to 

achieve certain economic goals. In the case of direct 

purchases of goods and services, the Federal Government 

is the final spender, while grant outlays are spent by 

State and local governments. All Federal payments to 

persons constitute income which will be largely spent by 

the recipient on personal consumption items. Payments 

to businesses, such as subsidies, will be spent by the 

business sector.

Tracing the employment requirements resulting from 

Federal purchases is relatively straightforward. The 

employment effects occur in the direct hiring of Federal 

employees and in the employment required in the 

private sector by the production of goods and services 

actually purchased. These employment requirements are 

embodied in the factors for the Federal government 

programs. Grants-in-aid present a somewhat more complicated path of effect. In these programs, some employment is generated by administrative purchases at the 

Federal level. Most of the employment effects occur, 

however, from the expenditure of the grant funds by the 

State or local government. In many cases, a Federal 

grant will trigger State or local contributions according 

to some matching formula. The employment requirements generated by these matching funds should be 

considered part of the program’s impact. Grant funds 

will create employment in the direct hiring of State and 

local employees and, when they are spent on purchases 

of goods and services, will create employment in the 

private sector. Outlays in the form of transfer payments 

will create some direct Federal employment for program 

administration, but will principally create employment 

in the private sector as recipients use the money for 

personal consumption purchases. Similarly, subsidies to 

businesses will create some Federal employment but will 

mainly affect the private sector.

After a program’s economic effects have been considered and outlays have been traced to the sector which 

finally spends the funds, the next step is to select the 

factor program which most closely represents the Federal action being studied. As indicated, a program may 

be directly represented in the Federal purchases sector, 

or in some other sector which spends program funds. In 

some cases factors may not be available for all of the 

component parts of a program and other factors which 

reasonably approximate the remaining purchasing sectors may be substituted. In other cases no factor 

program will adequately describe the Federal program 

under consideration. Since the factors apply only to 

outlays, no attempt to use them should be made unless 

Federal outlays are a significant part of a program. And, 

since outlays may in part be spent through other sectors 

of the economy, decisions on factor selection must be 

postponed until program funds have been traced to the 

various purchasing sectors.

Selecting appropriate program factors requires a basic 

understanding of both the Federal program under 

consideration and of the factor programs available. 

Factor programs are organized first by the components 

of demand, or the sectors which ultimately spend the 

Federal funds. These demand categories include the 

Federal Government, State and local governments, personal consumption expenditures, exports, and gross 

private domestic fixed investment. Within these sectors, 

programs are further broken down by the functional 

types of purchases made by the sector. In a separate 

category, construction programs are listed by type of 

construction, such as residential, industrial, educational, 

or local transit facilities.

Table 1 lists the programs and demand sectors for 

which factors are currently available.

The total public sector encompasses Federal, State, 

and local government sectors. Within the Federal sector, 

defense purchases consist of Department of Defense 

military outlays and Atomic Energy Commission expenditures. The nondefense category includes all other 

Federal spending, with National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration (NASA) requirements given separately.

State and local government programs are grouped 

into three functional areas: education, which consists 

largely of elementary and secondary education requirements; health, welfare, and sanitation; and “other” 

functions, which include highways, parks and recreation, 

natural resources, civilian safety, general government, 

and the capital purchases of government enterprises. 

Each of the three functions, as well as total State and 

local government purchases, is separated into new
Program Program

BY COMPONENT OF DEMAND

Total, public sector

Federal Government

Defense

Nondefense

Except NASA

NASA

State and local government

Except structures

New construction

Education

Except structures

New construction

Health, welfare, and sanitation

Except structures

New construction

Other functions

Except structures

New construction

Total, private sector

Personal consumption expenditures

Durable goods

Nondurable goods

Food

Services

Medical

Exports

Merchandise and services

Merchandise only

Gross private domestic fixed investment

Producers' durable equipment

Private new construction

BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

Residential buildings

Single-family

Multifamily

Nonresidential buildings

Industrial

Office and commercial

Educational

Hospital and institutional

Public utility structures

Telephone and telegraph

Electric

Water

Sewer

Local transit

Highways and streets

construction and all spending excluding structures. State 

and local construction categories differ from the types 

of construction listed separately in table 1. State and 

local programs represent construction purchased by 

these levels of government in total and for each 

functional area, regardless of whether a type of construction is primary to the function. Construction programs 

classified by type refer more strictly to the construction 

or renovation of the particular residential, nonresidential, or public utility facility itself. Demand for these 

structures may be generated by any or all of the 

components of demand—Federal Government, State and 

local government, or business investment.

For example, State and local new educational construction includes such facilities as dormitories, apartments, and administrative offices in addition to educational buildings themselves. Where construction programs are listed by type of building, educational 

construction includes only educational buildings— 

primarily schools, but also museums and art galleries.

Among the private sector programs, personal consumption encompasses all spending by households on 

durable goods, such as automobiles, furniture, and 

household equipment; on nondurable goods, such as 

food and clothing; and on services, which include 

housing expenses, medical care, transportation, and 

recreation.

Within the exports sector, merchandise exports are 

composed of all exported goods and the trade and

transportation costs incurred in their export. This is by 

far the most important component of exports in terms 

of manpower requirements. Nonmerchandise exports 

consist largely of income flows from foreign investments, and have relatively minor manpower implications 

in the context of this study.

In the gross private domestic Fixed investment sector, 

producers’ durable equipment includes machinery and 

all other capital goods except structures.

Factor selection, then, is mainly a process of matching the outlay components of a Federal action to the 

sector of the economy actually using the Federal funds, 

and then matching the type of expenditure by function. 

The tracing procedure of the preceding section will have 

determined the sectors affected so that the remaining 

problem at this stage is to determine which functional 

category, if any, adequately describes the program being 

considered.

Since only a few direct Federal purchasing functions 

have been studied and have manpower factors readily 

available, occasions for their use will be obvious but not 

frequent. In other cases of Federal purchases of goods 

and services, the employment requirements may be best 

approximated by using the total “nondefense except 

NASA” category. However, where program purchases 

are known to be highly specialized, as in the case of 

hospital operations or air traffic control electronics and 

communication equipment, this residual program category would not be satisfactory.
Federal grant programs will generally have a portion 

of their outlays spent on administration, which will 

result in some direct Federal employment and in some 

private employment from direct overhead purchases. 

The employment requirements created as States spend 

grant funds may be approximated by selecting one or 

more sets of factors from the State and local government 

programs. If the grant is for education or for health, 

welfare and sanitation, manpower factors are available in 

the State and local government sector. If the grant is for 

construction, State and local manpower factors include 

construction for education, health, welfare, and sanitation and all other functions. In addition, factors for 

some specific types of construction are listed separately 

in the factor tables. The effects of grants for purposes 

other than those listed may be approximated by using 

factors for “other” State and local government functions. Factors for the total of State and local government activities can be used to estimate the requirements 

of general purpose grants such as general revenue 

sharing. In all cases, the program should be examined to 

see if matching State grants are required which would 

generate additional employment requirements. State and 

local contributions should be added to Federal grant 

outlays to determine the total amount of money spent 

by State and local governments.

The impact of transfer payments to persons can be 

approximated by selecting the manpower factors for one 

or more categories of personal consumption expenditures. For example, the effects of social security 

payments on employment requirements could be 

roughly estimated by using factors for the total of 

personal consumption expenditures. Medicare payments 

would be best handled at this time by using factors for 

personal consumption expenditures on medical services, 

although the results would not be expected to be more 

than a broad approximation.

Since subsidies represent grants to businesses, their 

requirements may be approximated by using some factor 

for business expenditures. This would be true for loan 

guarantee programs also. However, where a subsidy is 

given to a particular industry, such as agriculture or shipbuilding, the program areas given for the business sector 

will probably be too broad to use. And, if subsidy or 

loan funds are granted to single firms within an industry, 

the factors available will not provide suitable representation for estimating employment requirements.

In all cases where factor programs provide only an 

approximate representation of the Federal action being 

studied, an agency will have to determine their adequacy 

in first describing the activity and then in estimating 

employment effects. This, of course, will depend upon 

how the employment requirements estimates will be

used. In some cases only a rough approximation will be 

required while in others a more exact representation will 

be needed.

Data adjustment

The only data required in order to use manpower 

factors are the aggregate program expenditures. These 

expenditures must be classified or distributed in the 

same way in which the factor programs are organized— 

by purchasing sector and by type of purchase. These 

outlays must then be adjusted for price change to make 

them compatible with the manpower factors.

Expenditures may be readily available in the form 

required or an agency may have to estimate some of the 

components. This task will probably have been accomplished earlier in the course of tracing program money 

flows. An additional problem is that data for some 

Federal programs may be available only as obligational 

authority and not as expenditures. Since obligational 

authority represents only potential expenditures, some 

timing adjustments will have to be made to convert 

obligations to anticipated expenditures in a particular 

year. In some of these cases, expenditures may be easily 

estimated since Federal money is required to be spent in 

the same year in which it is obligated. In other cases, 

obligated money may be spent over several years, 

presenting substantial timing problems. Whether expenditures for a program are obtained directly or are 

estimated, they must be calculated for a 1-year period 

since all factors are based on annual employment 

requirements.

Once expenditures have been properly determined 

and classified, the only adjustment needed is for price 

changes. Annual program expenditures, as distributed by 

spender and function, must be converted to 1972 

dollars, the same base year for prices that was used for 

the manpower factors. When factors are applied to 

program expenditures for years other than 1972, employment requirements will be distorted to the extent 

that prices are different from the base period. When 

expenditures for a future year are being considered, 

price deflators must be estimated on the basis of 

historical price behavior and other pertinent information. Price deflators should be representative of the 

purchasing sector and type of purchase. For example, 

Federal highway grants would be adjusted by the 

national income deflator for public structures, highways, 

and streets. Price adjustment then, simply consists of 

dividing expenditures for a year other than 1972 by an 

adjustment factor which eliminates the effects of price 

change since 1972.
Program

Average annual

percentage

change in

prices, calendar

years 1958-72

Annual

price

adjustment

Program

Average annual

percentage

change in

prices, calendar

years 1958-72

Annual

price

adjustment

BY COMPONENT OF DEMAND

Total, public secto r.......................... 4.2 1.042 Exports, merchandise and services . 1.9 1.019

4 2 1 042 Merchandise o n ly ..................... 2.0 1.020

Federal nondefense................. 4.2 1.042 Gross private domestic fixed

4 2 1 042 investment...................................... 2.7 1.027

NASA ............................... 4.2 1.042 Producers' durable

State and local government . . 4.4 1.044 equipment .......................... 1.7 1.017

Except structures............ 4.3 1.043 Private new construction 3.9 1.039

New construction............ 4.5 1.045 BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

Education............................... 5.2 1.052

Except structures............ 5.1 1.051 Residential buildings:

New construction............ 5.2 1.052 Single-fam ily................... 2.6 1.026

Health, welfare, and M u ltifa m ily ...................... 2.8 1.028

sanitation............................. 4.3 1.043 Nonresidential buildings:

Except structures............ 5.2 1.052 Industrial.......................... 4.2 1.042

New construction............ 4.3 1.043 Office and commercial. . 4.4 1.044

Other fun ctio ns................... 4.5 1.045 Educational...................... 4.4 1.044

Except structures............ 4.4 1.044 Hospital and

New construction............ 4.6 1.046 jnctitiitjnnal 4.4 1.044

Total, private sector.......................... 2.4 1.024 Public utility structures:

Personal consumption Telephone and

o v n o n r l iti irp s 2.3 1.023 telegraph...................... 4.5 1.045

n n r a h l f i n n n r lc L / u iu U ic y u u u o •••••«•• .8 1.008 E le c tric ............................. 3.1 1.031

M n n r ln r a h lo n n n H c iv u i iu u i uM iv y u u u o ■ • • • • 2.2 1.022 W ater................................. 4.6 1.046

F n n f l 2.3 1.023 Sewer................................. 4.8 1.048

Spr\/ irps . . 3.1 1.031 Local transit ................... 4.1 1.041

Medical ................... 4.7 1.047 Highways and streets.............. 3.5 1.035

Most agencies have had considerable experience in 

estimating price changes in their programs over the near 

future. Data on past and relatively recent changes by 

overall program can be found for most programs in the 

national income series of implicit deflators.2 Price 

changes in programs dealing with types of construction 

can be found in Bureau of the Census construction 

data.3 For guidance, the average annual changes in 

program prices for 1958 to 1972 are given in table 2. 

Other information on price changes in a particular 

program should also be considered. In periods of rapid 

change in prices an estimated rate of current or future 

change may differ significantly from the rates shown.

Factor adjustment

Since the manpower factors in this Factbook are 

based upon industry productivity relationships in 1972, 

the factors themselves should be adjusted when applied 

to other years. If productivity or output per employee 

were to increase from 1972 to a future year, fewer 

employees would be required than are indicated by these 

factors. If productivity were to drop, more employees 

would be needed to produce the same amount as was

produced in 1972. Factor distortion due to productivity 

changes will generally be greater the more the program 

period departs in time from the base period.

Industry manpower factors. Table 3 provides the average 

annual changes in productivity that occurred between 

1958 and 1970 for the total economy and in selected 

major sectors.

Information on productivity change is available for 

the total economy and for most industry sectors. While 

it is obtainable for some individual industries, it is not 

available for many others. Productivity changes are not 

available by type of occupation. As a result, factor 

adjustment for productivity change must occur first in 

the industry factors, with the derived changes being used 

to adjust the occupational factors. Also, although 

industry factors are provided at three levels of aggregation-total economy, industry sector, and individual 

industry—productivity adjustments are recommended

2 This series is compiled by the Bureau of Economic Analysis,

U.S. Department of Commerce, and is published annually in the

July issue of the Survey o f Current Business.

3 Presented in Construction Review, various issues (U.S.

Department of Commerce).
Sector

Average annual

percentage

change in output

per man-hour,

calendar

years 1958-70

Annual productivity

adjustment

Total public

and private sectors.............. 2.7 1.027

Agriculture................... 5.9 1.059

Private n o n farm .......... 2.8 1.028

Mining .............. 3.8 1.038

Construction . . (1) (1)

Manufacturing . 3.2 1.032

Transportation . . 4.1 1.041

Communication 5.4 1.054

Public utilities . 4.7 1.047

T ra d e ................. 3.3 1.033

Finance,

insurance, and

real estate . .. (1) (1)

Other services . . . (1) (1)

Government

enterprises . .. 2.6 1.026

XJ Since estimates o f p ro d u ctivity change are generally n o t

published fo r these sectors, it is suggested th a t th e private

nonfarm adjustm ent (1 .0 2 8 ) be used.

only at the first two levels. Where industry detail is 

desired, the individual industry factors can be adjusted 

by the change in total sector productivity. In some few 

cases, if data on individual productivity changes are

available, these industries may be separately adjusted, 

with the remaining industry factors adjusted by the 

expected change in total sector productivity.

Since short-term productivity forecasts are usually 

not available, the rates given in table 3 should generally 

be used to estimate productivity changes that might 

occur in the next few years. Of course, where individual 

industry detail is desired, these rates can be applied, but 

with less reliability, to each of the industries within the 

sector. For example, the rate of change in manufacturing 

productivity has averaged 3.2 percent over the 12 years 

from 1958 to 1970. This rate could be applied to each 

of the manufacturing industries. While it is not likely 

that productivity will change at the same rate in 

different industries such as electronics, food processing, 

or automobile production, this adjustment would probably minimize distortion due to productivity changes 

where more than 1 year is involved.

The productivity adjustment of industry manpower 

factors simply involves dividing each of the factors by 

the appropriate productivity adjustment figure given in 

table 3. For example, manpower factors for manufacturing would be adjusted to calendar year 1973 by dividing 

by 1.032. If the factors are used for calendar year 1974, 

they would be divided by 1.065 (1.032 x 1.032). On the 

other hand, if the program is for fiscal year 1973 the 

adjustment amount would reflect half the annual rate of

Table 4. Total program manpower factors

(E m p lo ym e n t requirem ents per billio n dollars o f expenditures, calendar year 1 97 2 )

Program

BY COMPONENT OF DEMAND

Total, public sector .........................................

Federal Government:

D efen se......................................

Nondefense................................

Except N A S A ................

NASA ............................

State and local governm ent................

Except structures . . . .

New construction . . .

Education..................................

Except structures . . . ,

New construction . . ,

Health, welfare,and sanitation

Except structures . . . ,

New construction . .

Other functions ...................

Except functions . . .

New construction . .

Total, private secto r......................................

Personal consumption expenditures ....

Durable goods ...................................

Nondurable g o o d s .............................

F ood ......................................

S ervices................................................

M e d ic a l...................................

Factor Program

90,054 Exports, merchandise and services......................

74,193

Merchandise o n ly .........................................

Gross private domestic fixed investment ....

66,592 Producers' durable equipment ................

68,846 Private new construction .........................

62,411

101,283 BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

112,265

59,908 Residential buildings:

. 108,803 Single-family ...................................

114,957 Multifamily ......................................

. 63,541

94,966 Nonresidential buildings:

. 95,313

56,620

. 90,028

116 789

Industrial .........................................

Office and com m ercial...................

Educational ......................................

Hospital and institutional .............

59,049

69,009

. 70,310

71,248

Public utility structures:

Telephone and telegraph................

E lectric...............................................

76,630

77,529

W a te r...................................................

S ew er...................................................

. 63,811

. 81,678

Local tra n s it......................................

Highways and streets...................................

Factor

49,865

57,474

67,571

62,207

69,309

77,223

75,860

62,488

61,394

62,407

60,703

53,749

60,266

59,871

53,992

44,772

57,802
Table 5. Industry manpower factors

(E m p lo y m e n t re q u ire m e n ts per b illio n d o llars o f e x p e n d itu re s , b y m ajo r in d u s try secto r, calen d ar year 1 9 7 2 )

Program Total Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing

Transportation, 

communication, 

and public 

utilities

Trade

Finance, 

insurance, 

and real 

estate

Other

services

Government

enterprises

General

government

BY COMPONENT OF DEMAND

Total, public sector................................. 90,054 585 624 3,567 13,261 2,754 2,765 876 5,754 841 59,027

Federal defense............................ 74,193 560 382 1,126 15,566 3,212 1,802 515 4,076 516 46,438

Federal nondefense...................... 66,592 193 393 2,742 10,596 2,729 2,559 742 8,692 1,268 36,678

Except N A S A................... 68,846 191 427 3,088 8,513 2,639 2,581 785 8,998 1,380 40,244

N A S A ................................. 62,411 318 349 1,281 30,167 4,880 3,795 852 11,387 1,200 8,182

State and local government......... 101,283 622 834 5,038 10,774 3,480 3,201 1,116 5,731 895 69,592

Except structures . . 112,265 679 640 2,392 9,830 3,472 2,778 1,171 6,039 1,014 84,250

New construction .. 59,908 503 1,622 22,234 17,915 4,359 5,993 1,118 5,625 539 —

E ducation.......................... 108,803 428 491 2,896 9,219 3,336 2,044 775 1,411 875 87,328

Except structures . . 114,957 415 435 1,225 8,008 3,265 1,489 759 2,326 924 96,111

New construction . . 

Health, welfare, and

63,541 595 1,049 22,466 21,185 4,445 7,220 1,038 4,997 546 —

sanitation...................... 94,966 1,438 570 3,133 13,191 3,316 3,430 1,076 12,192 1,060 55,560

Except structures . . 95,313 1,573 484 1,025 12,268 3,255 3,265 1,089 13,256 1,139 57,959

New construction . . 56,620 483 1,199 19,713 20,273 3,824 4,653 1,024 4,947 504 —

Other functions ............... 90,028 523 969 6,765 10,382 3,300 3,726 1,278 6,122 788 56,175

Except structures . . 116,789 636 864 3,856 10,447 3,567 3,786 1,553 7,304 1,014 83,762

New construction . . 59,049 479 1,887 22,556 16,329 4,395 5,735 1,160 5,965 543 —

Total, private se cto r.............................. 69,009 4,153 646 3,504 18,607 5,525 17,777 3,199 14,378 1,220 —

Personal consumption

expenditures .......................... 70,310 4,430 554 874 15,439 5,523 20,575 3,812 17,704 1,399 —

Durable goods.................... 71,248 591 417 330 28,903 3,782 32,531 1,129 2,730 835 -

Nondurable goods............. 76,630 9,041 767 462 22,196 4,014 34,235 1,580 3,430 905 —

F ood........................ 77,529 16,149 365 475 16,907 4,520 32,860 1,626 3,760 867 —

Services.............................. 63,811 1,234 392 1,498 3,472 7,742 2,200 7,095 38,060 2,118 —

Medical.................... 81,678 695 194 407 7,096 2,334 13,413 4,758 51,857 924

Exports, merchandise and

services .................................. 49,865 5,978 1,194 435 23,472 6,724 5,204 1,325 4,780 753

Merchandise only ............. 57,474 7,997 1,560 454 30,831 5,246 6,347 1,229 3,215 595

Gross private domestic fixed

investm ent.............................. 67,571 705 775 15,684 30,079 3,996 10,698 1,292 3,741 601

Producers' durable

equipm ent.................... 62,207 400 499 302 39,406 4,017 13,102 1,095 2,765 621

Private new construction . 69,309 1,007 1,083 28,310 20,098 4,457 8,164 1,081 4,554 555

BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

Residential buildings:

Single-family...................... 77,223 1,889 992 33,980 19,284 4,469 10,419 1,085 4,527 578

M u ltifam ily ........................ 75,860 1,466 1,049 33,969 19,266 4,333 8,987 1,095 5,112 583

Nonresidentia! buildings:

Industrial .......................... 62,488 395 929 21,303 20,546 5,147 7,340 1,174 5,062 592

Office and commercial . . . 61,394 452 1,041 21,277 20,586 4,654 6,837 1,031 4,969 547

Educational ...................... 62,407 575 1,050 21,276 21,327 4,427 7,178 1,043 4,987 544

Hospital and institutional . 60,703 491 1,048 21,266 19,675 4,174 7,232 1,059 5,197 561

Public u tility structures:

Telephone and telegraph . . 53,749 449 1,429 18,410 18,694 3,722 5,137 976 4,433 499

E lectric .............................. 60,266 613 1,051 18,422 24,214 4,475 5,283 1,046 4,642 520

Water ................................. 59,871 248 1,031 18,403 25,283 3,771 4,851 1,049 4,741 494

S ew er................................. 53,992 465 1,274 18,393 20,428 3,681 3,330 1,054 4,883 484 _

Local tra n s it...................... 44,772 224 747 18,310 13,850 2,421 3,425 843 4,444 508 _

Highways and streets ................. 57,802 384 2,538 22,970 13,584 4,581 5,257 1,236 6,695 557 -

NOTE: These data are summarized from requirements for 134 industry sectors shown in appendix D.
(Employment requirements per billion dollars of expenditures, by major occupational group, calendar year 1972)

P ro g ram T o ta l

Professional

and

te c h n ic a l

M anagers

and

a d m in is tra to rs

C le ric a l

w o rk e rs

Salesw o rk e rs

C ra ft

and

k in d re d

w o rk e rs

O p era tiv es

S ervice

w o rk e rs

L a b o rers ,

e x c e p t fa rm

a n d m in e

F a rm ers

and fa rm

w o rk e rs

A rm e d

F orces

BY COMPONENT OF DEMAND

T o ta l, p u b lic s e c t o r............................................................. 90,050 17,000 4,200 10,400 900 7,200 6,550 7,500 2,500 400 33,400

F e d e ra l d e f e n s e ....................................................... 74,200 7,550 3,500 7,850 950 7,550 8,850 2,050 2,000 500 33,400

F e d e ra l n o n d e fe n s e ............................................... 66,600 15,750 4,550 21,550 1,050 7,950 7,300 6,250 1,800 400 —

E x c e p t N A S A ............................................ 68,850 15,400 4,750 22,700 1,050 8,150 7,550 6,900 1,900 400 —

N A S A ............................................................. 62,400 19,600 4,950 12,150 1,600 8,850 10,700 2,700 1,650 200 -

S ta te a n d lo cal g o v e r n m e n t............................. 101,250 34,150 7,150 16,500 1,450 11,500 9,250 16,150 4,450 650 —

E x c e p t s tru c tu re s .................... 112,250 42,950 7,350 19,350 1,400 8,150 8,350 20,750 3,200 750 -

N e w c o n s t r u c t io n .................... 59,850 5,550 5,400 7,500 2,000 17,550 13,500 1,050 7,050 300 -

E d u c a t io n .................................................... 108,800 58,950 4,800 14,250 1,100 7,350 7,500 12,150 2,350 300 -

E x c e p t s t r u c t u r e s .................... 114,950 64,550 4,150 15,400 1,050 6,700 7,250 13,450 2,000 350 —

N e w c o n s t r u c t io n .................... 63,550 5,550 6,250 8,200 2,350 18,550 14,200 1,100 7,000 300 -

H e a lth , w e lfa re , a n d

s a n it a t io n .............................................. 94,950 24,000 4,950 16,000 1,550 7,550 10,350 25,700 3,750 1,150 -

E x c e p t s t r u c t u r e s .................... 95,300 25,000 4,700 16,350 1,500 6,300 9,650 27,100 3,400 1,250 -

N e w c o n s t r u c t io n .................... 56,600 5,450 5,550 7,150 1,700 16,150 13,950 1,000 5.350 300 -

O th e r fu n c t io n s ......................................... 90,050 10,450 10,050 18,250 1,550 16,750 9,700 15,750 6,600 850 -

E x c e p t s tru c tu res .................... 116,800 15,700 13,650 29,300 1,700 11,350 9,100 29,600 5,000 1,350 -

N e w c o n s t r u c t io n .................... 59,050 5,450 5,000 7,250 1,850 16,950 14,150 1,000 7,100 300 -

Total private sector.............................................. 69,000 6,050 7,900 11,400 5,150 9,550 13,700 8,300 3,550 3,400 -

P ersonal c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu re s 70,300 6,300 8,400 12,000 5,800 7,600 13,050 10,450 3,000 3,700 -

D u ra b le g o o d s ........................................... 71,250 3,650 10,450 11,400 8,650 13,850 18,000 1,600 3,250 400 -

N o n d u ra b le g o o d s ................................... 76,650 3,650 10,600 11,350 8,050 6,200 19,450 6,350 3,500 7,500 -

F o o d ................................................. 77,550 2,700 10,100 11,100 5,550 5,400 15,050 10,200 4,150 13,300 -

S e r v ic e s .......................................................... 63,800 10,150 5,400 12,950 2,350 6,750 4,800 18,050 2,350 1,000 -

M e d i c a l ............................................ 81,650 22,300 4,650 15,300 5,600 3,800 5,500 22,650 1,300 550 —

E x p o rts , m e rc h a n d is e

an d services ....................................................... 49,850 4,500 4,650 7,950 2,050 7,550 13,250 2,300 2,850 4,750 -

M e rc h a n d is e o n ly ................................... 57,500 5,200 4,750 8,700 2,350 9,150 16,600 1,500 2,900 6,350

G ross p riv a te d o m e s tic fix e d

in v e s t m e n t.......................................................... 67,650 5,550 6,650 9,200 3,300 18,200 16,700 1,300 6,300 450

P ro d u c e rs ' d u ra b le

e q u i p m e n t ........................................... 62,200 5,900 6,400 10,400 3,950 12,400 18,800 1,400 2,700 250

P riv a te n e w c o n s t r u c t io n .................... 69,300 4,950 6,300 7,800 2,250 22,450 14,600 1,100 9,250 600

BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

R e s id e n tia l b u ild in g s:

S in g le -f a m ily ............................................... 77,200 4,300 7,300 8,200 3,000 26,650 13,050 1,150 12,450 1,100 -

M u l t i f a m i l y ................................................. 75,850 5,100 6,900 9,500 2,750 26,450 11,800 1,150 11,200 950 -

N o n re s id e n tia l b u ild in g s:

In d u s tria l .................................................... 62,500 5,500 6,500 8,550 2,400 18,050 13,550 1,150 6,550 250 —

O ffic e an d c o m m e rc ia l ....................... 61,400 5,700 6,100 8,200 2,250 18,000 13,350 1,150 6,350 300 —

E d u c a tio n a l................................................. 62,400 5,700 6,150 8,150 2,200 17,800 14,500 1,100 6,450 350 -

H o s p ita l a n d in s t i t u t i o n a l ................. 60,700 6,600 6,050 8,500 2,100 17,650 12,050 1,100 6,300 350 -

P u b lic u t ilit y s tru c tu res :

T e le p h o n e an d te le g r a p h .................... 53,750 5,350 5,100 7,050 1,700 15,050 14,050 1,000 4,050 250 —

E le c t r i c .......................................................... 60,200 6,050 5,700 7,750 1,850 16,200 16,450 1,100 4,800 300 —

W a te r ............................................................. 59,650 5,650 5,500 7,700 1,750 17,500 15,800 1,000 4,600 150 -

S e w e r ............................................................. 54,000 5,450 5,200 6,700 1,500 15,050 14,200 1,000 4,650 250 —

L o c a l t r a n s i t ............................................... 44,750 5,350 4,150 5,600 1,250 13,450 11,000 750 3,050 150 —

H ig h w ay s an d s tr e e ts ............................................ 57,750 5,550 4,300 7,000 1,850 16,600 13,950 1,000 7,250 250 -

NOTE: These data are summarized from the full occupational detail shown in appendix D. Occupational factors have been rounded to nearest 50.
change, and would be 1.016.

Occupational manpower factors. Since changes in productivity are only available by major sector, productivity 

adjustments must first be made to the industry manpower factors to provide a basis for adjusting occupational factors. For any given program, adjusting the 

industry manpower factors will provide a new total of 

the employment required per billion dollars. This adjusted total employment should be compared to the 

unadjusted total for the program. The ratio of the 

adjusted employment to the unadjusted total may be 

viewed as a percent or scaling factor which is simply 

multiplied by each of the occupational manpower 

factors for the program. Each program would, of course, 

have different scaling factors, which will produce adjusted totals of the occupational employment required 

per billion dollars.

Employment calculations

Estimating employment requirements is now simply a 

matter of multiplying the price-adjusted expenditures, 

expressed in billions of 1972 dollars, by the productivity-adjusted set of factors. Five different factor tables 

are provided which give varying degrees of employment 

detail. These tables provide three different levels of 

employment aggregation. If only the total amount of job 

opportunities generated by a Federal program is desired, 

it can be obtained by using table 4. In this case the 

price-adjusted program total would be multiplied by a 

single productivity-adjusted factor representing that program. If employment requirements are desired by major 

industry sector, such as agriculture, mining, or manufacturing, table 5 should be used. In this case, the total 

of price-adjusted expenditures would be multiplied by 

10 adjusted factors representing the employment requirements in each industry sector for that program. 

Similarly, in order to estimate employment requirements 

by occupational group, one would multiply total program expenditures in 1972 dollars by nine adjusted 

occupational factors from table 6. If full industry and 

occupational detail is desired it can be obtained by using 

factor tables D-l and D-3 in appendix D. Use of these 

tables, as with tables 4-6, involves simply multiplying a 

program total, in billions of 1972 dollars, by factors in 

that program which have been adjusted for productivity 

changes.

Examples of how the factors can be used with 

different types of programs are provided in the next 

chapter.

Total employment requirements per billion dollars o f

program expenditures, 1972. Table 4 shows the total 

employment requirements per billion dollars of expenditures for various purchasing sectors or factor programs. 

These requirements are based upon a cross-section of the 

expenditures that each purchasing sector made in 1970 

and therefore assume that expenditure patterns will be 

largely maintained in the period in which the factors are 

used. The factors reflect 1972 prices and productivity 

levels.

Manpower factors by major industry sector. Table 5 

provides a breakdown by major industry sector of the 

total employment requirements per billion dollars of 

expenditures for each program. This employment includes both the direct jobs required in producing the 

final product and the indirect employment required in 

supporting industries which produce the raw materials, 

fuels, transportation, trade, and other services embodied 

in the final product. The factors are stated in 1972 price 

and productivity levels.

Manpower requirements by occupational group. Table 6 

shows the employment requirements per billion dollars 

of expenditures by major occupational groups, stated in 

1972 prices and productivity levels. These occupational 

requirements include both the direct and indirect jobs 

required for a program.
Chapter 3. Illustrations of Uses of Manpower Factors

This chapter presents three different applications of 

manpower factors to proposed programs to demonstrate 

how the factors can be used. These include a case where 

a Federal program has already been studied and factors 

are directly available, one where a program has not been 

covered but where other factors may be reasonably 

substituted, and, third, a case where none of the factors 

currently available would be considered suitable. Military expenditures were selected to illustrate the first case 

since defense program factors principally describe this 

program’s outlays. Education revenue sharing outlays 

were selected for the second case, and occupational 

safety and health regulations for the third. In the 

examples given, factors are applied by main industry 

sector and occupational group (tables 5 and 6). If a total 

employment estimate for a program is desired, table 4 

factors would be used. Detailed industry and occupational estimates would require using appendix D-l and 

D-3 tables.

Military expenditures, fiscal year 1974

budget proposal

Program analysis

This program is defined to cover all Department of 

Defense (DOD) military outlays planned for fiscal year 

(FY) 1974, including civil defense, housing provided for 

military families, and deliveries under foreign military 

aid. Expenditures for DOD civil functions, such as the 

development of water resources by the Corps of Engineers, are excluded. Also excluded are Atomic Energy 

Commission outlays, frequently defined as part of 

national defense.

The analysis of economic effects was confined to 

outlays. While the impact of defense programs on the 

supply of manpower in certain age groups and on 

manpower training is obviously substantial, it is beyond 

the scope of the Factbook. The first step in this analysis 

was to examine military expenditure aggregates in the 

FY 1974 Federal budget to determine which DOD 

accounting adjustments, if any, would have the effect of 

overstating or understating employment requirements. 

DOD military expenditures were estimated at a total of 

$78,200,000,000 in the 1974 budget proposal. However,

miscellaneous receipts of $95 million were used to offset 

total expenditures in thif^stimate. Since this subtraction 

reduces total outlays, it has the effect of causing actual 

employment requirements to be understated. This 

amount was therefore added back to the total. Other 

accounting adjustments were not judged to be substantial, so no further changes were made.

A total of $78,295,000,000 of military expenditures 

in FY 1974 was accepted for the calculation of 

employment requirements. This total was examined to 

determine the amounts to be spent by various sectors of 

the economy or, in our analysis, the amounts to be used 

with different factor programs. Military outlays can be 

divided into three different expenditure groups: 1) 

direct purchases of goods and services by DOD, 2) 

personal consumption purchases resulting from transfer 

payments to persons, which consist almost completely 

of retirement pay, and 3) the spending of grants-in-aid to 

State and local government institutions. Military outlays 

for FY 1974 were estimated to be distributed among 

these economic sectors as follows (in millions of 

dollars):

T o t a l ........................................................................$78,295

Purchases of goods and s e rv ic e s ............................................73,195

Transfer payments ....................................................................4,900

G ran ts-in-aid.................................................................................... 200

Factor selection

The next step was to select the most appropriate 

factor programs to use in estimating the employment 

effects of each of the three expenditure groups. The 

direct purchases, transfers, and grants were examined to 

determine if it would be desirable and possible to further 

distribute these amounts to various programs within the 

Federal, State and local, and personal consumption 

demand categories. In the case of direct military 

purchases, factors for the total of national defense 

outlays are available. As previously noted, these factors 

are based upon 1970 purchasing patterns. While these 

distributions tend to be relatively stable over a few 

years, some moderate distortion would occur in this 

case. The use of total defense program factors to 

estimate 1974 defense employment requirements would 

tend to understate requirements in such industries as
shipbuilding and to overstate them in others such as 

ammunition. Also, these factors include the employment 

requirements of Atomic Energy Commission purchases 

as well as those of DOD, while the program being 

considered is only DOD. Use of these factors would 

result in some overstatement of employment requirements in a few industries, including chemicals and 

electric power generation, but not to a significant 

degree. However, since DOD employment represented 

by far the largest weight in constructing these factors, it 

was decided that the defense program factors would 

provide a good measure of the DOD impact.

In the case of transfer payments, which consist 

primarily of retirement pay, overall personal consumption purchases were selected as most representative. It 

was assumed, for simplicity, that all transfer payments 

would be spent on consumption. More realistically, a 

somewhat smaller amount would be spent, and a 

program that was more closely oriented toward the 

purchases of older or retired persons would be more 

appropriate than overall consumption expenditures. At 

this time such a program is not available.

Grants consist largely of research contracts with State 

and local universities. Although the program factors 

selected should approximate the purchasing patterns of 

these institutions in fulfilling DOD contracts, there is no 

State or local program that adequately describes this 

activity. Since the factors given for State and local 

education are weighted heavily by the employment 

requirements for elementary and secondary public education, these factors were rejected. The total purchases 

for all State and local government functions were 

ultimately selected as providing the best available approximation of DOD grant effects at this time. While 

this choice was not entirely satisfactory, the amount of 

grant funds is relatively small and would not significantly distort DOD employment requirements.

Data adjustment

At this point the three expenditure groups were 

examined to determine their relationship to calendar 

year (CY) 1972 prices. The FY 1974 budget proposal 

includes expected pay increases as well as estimated 

increases in most program costs. This budget amount 

was, therefore, assumed to be in FY 1974 dollars. In 

order to use these amounts with the factors provided, 

the expenditures had to be deflated to CY 1972 dollars. 

Separate price deflators were estimated for Federal 

purchases, transfers, and grants. The historical implicit 

price deflators were considered and rejected as understating price increases in recent months. Rough estimates

were made for changes from CY 1972 to FY 1974. The 

price increases for the three sectors for this lH-year 

period were estimated as follows:

Percent

Federal Government purchases ................................................10.1

Personal consumption expenditures ..........................................8.0

State and local government purchases ......................................8.7

It should be noted that the GNP implicit deflators are 

more comprehensive than the program being considered. 

Separate deflators are not available for the defense and 

nondefense portions of Federal purchases, so the total 

was used. While more detailed deflators are available for 

compensation, construction, and the total of other 

purchases of the Federal government, they were not 

used. Defense factors, like other program factors, are 

based on total outlays which include construction and 

government compensation. In the cases of consumption 

expenditures and State and local government purchases, 

the total program factors were being used so that overall 

deflators were appropriate. When these deflators were 

applied to the three expenditure groups, they adjusted 

expenditures to the following, in millions of CY 1972 

dollars:

T o t a l ........................................................................$71,201

Purchases of goods and s e rv ic e s ............................................66,480

Transfer payments ....................................................................4,537

G rants-in-aid.....................................................................................184

Factor adjustment

The next step was to adjust the industry and 

occupational manpower factors given by major industry 

sector for estimated productivity changes from CY 1972 

to FY 1974. Table 7 illustrates the adjustment for 

productivity change of the industry manpower factors. 

As indicated, this adjustment is carried over to the 

occupational manpower factors since productivity estimates are not available by occupation.

Industry manpower factors. Since productivity projections were not available, estimates of the productivity 

changes that were likely to occur from CY 1972 to FY 

1974 were obtained by assuming that past rates of 

increase in each industry sector would continue. These 

annual adjustments, given by industry sector in table 3, 

were converted to a l^-year period, as shown in the first 

column of table 7. The manpower factors for each of the 

three program areas (defense, total personal consumption, and total State and local government) were 

obtained from table 5 and were then divided by these 

productivity adjustments. Government employment was 

not adjusted since, by national income definition, 

government is assumed to have a fixed productivity over
Table 7. Military expenditures: Industry manpower factors adjusted for productivity

change, fiscal year 1974

Productivity

Adjusted factors

(employment requirements per

billion dollars)

Sector adjustment

C Y 1972-F Y 1974

Defense

purchases

Consumption

purchases

State and

local

government

purchases

T otal ...................................................... - 72,848 66,886 99,784

Private em ploym ent............................................... — 26,410 66,886 30,192

Agriculture ................................................... 1.090 514 4,064 571

M in in g ............................................................ 1.058 361 524 788

Construction ............................................... 1.042 1,081 839 4,835

Manufacturing ............................................

T ransportation, communication,

1.049 14,839 14,718 10,271

and public utilities ................................ 1.072 2,996 5,152 3,246

T rade ............................................................

Finance, insurance, and

1.050 1,716 19,595 3,049

real estate ............................................... 1.042 494 3,658 1,071

Other services............................................... 1.042 3,912 16,990 5,500

Government enterprises............................. 1.039 497 1,346 861

Public employment ............................................... — 46,438 — 69,592

Military ......................................................... 1.000 33,390 — —

Civilian ......................................................... 1.000 13,048 — 69,592

time. The rate of change in the total private nonfarm 

economy was used to estimate productivity changes in 

construction, finance, and services. The productivity 

adjustments used and the adjusted manpower factors are 

given in table 7.

Occupational manpower factors. At this stage the 

adjusted total employment per billion dollars of expenditures in each program was compared with the unadjusted total. The ratio of the adjusted to the unadjusted total provided the basis for adjusting the 

occupational factors for productivity change. For 

example, the total employment per billion dollars in 

defense was adjusted from 74,193 to 72,848, forming a 

ratio of 98.19 percent. The ratios for personal consumption and State and local government were 95.13 and 

98.52 respectively.

The factors for the occupational groups given in table 

6 were then scaled by these ratios. That is, the factors 

given for defense were multiplied by 98.19 percent or by

0.9819; those for consumption were multiplied by

0.9513; and those for State and local government were 

multiplied by 0.9852. The adjusted occupational factors 

are given in table 8.

Employment calculations

The next step was to multiply the adjusted program 

expenditures, expressed in billions of 1972 dollars, by

their respective columns of adjusted factors given in 

tables 7 and 8. The program amounts in billions of 

dollars were:

Defense purchases ............................................................... $66,480

Consumption purchases ........................................................... 4.537

State and local government purchases ................................. 0.184

Industry employment requirements. The results of 

multiplying these dollar amounts by their respective

Table 8. Military expenditures: Occupational manpower

factors adjusted for productivity change, fiscal year 1974

(E m p lo ym e n t requirem ents per billion dollars)

Adjusted factors

Occupational group Defense

purchases

Consumption

purchases

State and

local government

purchases

Total ...................... 72,857 66,877 99,752

Professional and technical

w o rk e rs ............................... 7,413 5,993 33,645

Managers and administrators . 3,437 7,991 7,044

Clerical workers ...................... 7,708 11,416 16,256

Sales w orkers............................ 933 5,518 1,429

Craft and kindred workers . . 7,413 7,230 11,330

Operatives ................................ 8,690 12,414 9,113

Service workers ...................... 2,013 9,941 15,911

Nonfarm laborers ................... 1,964 2,854 4,384

F arm ers...................................... 491 3,520 640

Armed Forces ......................... 32,795 - -
columns of adjusted factors in table 7 are given in table 

9.

These figures may be used as estimates of the 

employment required by the FY 1974 military budget. 

However, an additional adjustment could be made. Since 

the budget contains planned levels for military and 

civilian manpower at the end of the fiscal year, average

levels could be derived directly and substituted for the 

calculated amounts in the public sector. The levels that 

were estimated directly from budget manpower figures 

amount to an average of about 925,000 for civilian 

employees in the United States and 2,300,000 for 

military forces. When these estimates were substituted 

for the calculated amounts the final estimates of

Table 9. Military expenditures: Calculated employment requirements by sector,

fiscal year 1974

(In thousands)

Sector Total

Defense

purchases

Consumption

purchases

State and

local government

purchases

T o ta l.......................... 5,164.9 4,843.0 303.5 18.4

Private em ploym ent................. 2,064.9 1,755.8 303.5 5.6

Agriculture..................... 52.7 34.2 18.4 .1

Mining ............................. 26.5 24.0 2.4 .1

Construction ................. 76.6 71.9 3.8 .9

Manufacturing .............. 1,055.2 986.5 66.8 1.9

Transportation,

communication,

and public

u tilitie s ..................... 223.2 199.2 23.4 .6

T ra d e ............................... 203.6 114.1 88.9 .6

Finance, insurance, and

real e s ta te ................. 49.6 32.8 16.6 .2

Other services................. 338.2 260.1 77.1 1.0

Government

enterprises................. 39.3 33.0 6.1 .2

Public employment ................. 3,100.0 3,087.2 — 12.8

Military .......................... 2,219.8 2,219.8 — —

C ivilian............................. 880.2 867.4 - 12.8

Table 10. Military expenditures: Calculated employment requirements by

occupational group, fiscal year 1974

(In thousands)

Occupational group Total

Defense

purchases

Consumption purState and

local government

purchases

Total ........................ 5,285.0 4,963.2 303.4 18.4

Professional and

technical workers .............. 526.2 492.8 27.2 6.2

Managers and

administrators..................... 266.1 228.5 36.3 1.3

Clerical w orkers........................ 567.2 512.4 51.8 3.0

Sales w orkers.............. .......... 87.3 62.0 25.0 .3

Craft and kindred

w orkers................................. 527.7 492.8 32.8 2.1

Operatives .................................. 635.7 577.7 56.3 1.7

Service workers ........................ 181.8 133.8 45.1 2.9

Nonfarm laborers..................... 144.3 130.6 12.9 .8

Farm ers...................................... 48.7 32.6 16.0 .1

Armed Forces1 .......................... 2,300.0 2,300.0 - -

1 Planned level has been substituted for calculated level.
employment requirements became (in thousands):

State and

Consump- local governDefense tion ment

Total purchases purchases purchases

5,304 4,981 304 19

Private ................... 2,066 1,756 304 6

Public....................... 3,238 3,225 - 13

Military . . . 2,300 2,300

Civilian . . . . 938 925 — 13

Occupational employment requirements. When the same 

program expenditures were multiplied by the adjusted 

occupational factors from table 8, the results were as 

shown in table 10.

Differences in the employment estimates calculated 

with the industry and occupational factors result from 

rounding the occupational factors to the nearest 50, and 

excluding all amounts under 50.

Education revenue sharing, fiscal year

1974 budget proposal

Program analysis

The FY 1974 budget contains a special revenue 

sharing proposal intended to replace approximately 30 

separate educational programs with flexible funding for 

the following major purposes: elementary and secondary 

education, school assistance in federally affected areas, 

education for the handicapped, vocational and adult 

education, and the basic school lunch program. This 

proposal is designed to permit some flexibility in 

transferring funds among these functions, while allowing 

considerable freedom in the way in which funds for a 

particular function are spent.

The total outlays proposed for education revenue 

sharing in FY 19744 are estimated to be $1.9 billion, 

with funds earmarked in six categories to insure that 

minimum levels of spending are maintained for certain 

purposes. The amounts specified, in thousands of 

dollars, are as follows:

T o t a l ..................................................................$1,936,699

Elementary and secondary education ...................... 1,190,639

Education for the h an d ic a p p e d ............................................15,759

School assistance in federally affected a r e a s ................. 192,500

Vocational and adult e d u c a tio n ....................................... 238,770

Other (ed u cation ).................................................... 55,031

Basic school lunch p ro g ram ................................................ 244.000

The proposal is designed to encompass existing programs, so that local education agencies do not suffer 

from a shortage of grant funds before passage.

Factor selection

Since this proposal is new and provides greater 

flexibility and freedom to local education agencies in 

their disbursement of Federal funds for education, no 

existing set of factors specifically covers this program. 

However, it is likely that this funding, if approved, will 

be spent largely as designated since it replaces other 

funds for these purposes. It is also likely that the ways in 

which this money is spent will, for the most part, 

approximate past expenditure patterns for these functions. It was, therefore, decided that actual expenditures 

stemming from education revenue sharing would probably resemble the usual patterns of State and local 

government spending for education.

Existing program factors for education were then 

compared with the proposed allocations for education 

revenue sharing. An examination of the amounts in the 

six revenue sharing categories indicated a somewhat 

different distribution of funds than had occurred previously in overall State and local spending for education. 

This appeared to be a significant problem only in the 

case of school lunch assistance, to which a relatively 

higher proportion of funds was allocated, compared to 

the previous overall pattern. Use of the current factors 

for State and local education would therefore somewhat 

understate requirements for farmers, food manufacturing employees, and cafeteria workers, while slightly 

overstating requirements for teachers and other educational employees. However, since both the revenue 

sharing proposal and the factor program for education 

would generate requirements predominantly for educational personnel, it was felt that these factors provided a 

reasonable approximation of the proposal’s employment 

effects.

In addition, since the Elementary and Secondary 

Education Act, which the program primarily replaces, 

has included only very small amounts of new construction in recent years, it seemed reasonable to further 

refine factor selection and use the factor for State and 

local education except structures. This decision was 

reinforced by the current decline in public school 

enrollments on a nationwide basis, which has resulted in 

a significant decline in construction of educational 

facilities.

4 Department o f Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare

Appropriations for 1974, Hearings, 93d Congress, (1973) pt. 1,

pp. 66-67.
It was, therefore, decided that the planned functional 

distribution of educational revenue sharing outlays could 

best be considered as a single program (the total outlays) 

and that this amount could be adequately represented 

by the program factors for State and local education 

minus structures.

Data adjustment

Because the revenue sharing proposal was expected to 

cover FY 1974 outlays for previously existing programs, 

it was necessary to adjust program outlays to reflect 

1972 prices. To match the factors being used, an 

estimated deflator was required for State and local 

government purchases for education, except structures. 

After examining historical implicit price deflators for 

State and local government, an estimated deflator was 

developed on the basis of past patterns of price behavior 

in this area coupled with anticipated price changes 

between 1972 and FY 1974. The adjustment for FY 

1974 outlays is shown below:

Combined total in FY 1974 prices

(thousands of d o lla rs ).................................................$1,936,699

Implicit price deflator (1972 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... 109.6

Combined total in CY 1972 prices

(thousands of d o lla rs )................................................ 1,767,061

Factor adjustment

Before the factors could be applied to the adjusted 

outlays, they also had to be adjusted to reflect the 

productivity changes expected between 1972 and FY 

1974. Table 11 shows the productivity adjustments of 

the industry manpower factors which are described 

below.

Industry manpower factors. As in the previous example 

of defense purchases, the productivity adjustment from 

1972 to FY 1974 was accomplished by assuming that 

past rates of increase in each industry sector would 

continue in this 18-month period. The productivity rate 

for the private nonfarm sector was used for construction, finance, and services. It should be noted again that, 

by national income conventions, direct government 

employment is assumed to have no productivity change 

from year to year. Table 11 shows the 1972 factors by 

major sector, the estimated productivity adjustments 

between 1972 and FY 1974, and the adjusted 1974 

factors.

Occupational manpower factors. The occupational 

factors were adjusted by using the ratio of adjusted total 

employment to the total employment unadjusted for

Table 11. Education revenue sharing: Industry manpower factors adjusted for

productivity change, fiscal year 1974

Sector

1972 factors

(employment

requirements

per billion

dollars)

Productivity

adjustment

CY 1 9 7 2 -

FY 1974

Adjusted

1974 factors

(employment

requirements

per billion

dollars)

T o ta l.......................... 114,957 - 114,026

Private employment:

Agriculture..................... 415 1.090 381

Mining ............................. 435 1.058 411

Construction ................. 1,225 1.042 1,176

M anufacturing.............. 8,008 1.049 7,634

Transportation,

communcation,

and public

utilities ..................... 3,265 1.072 3,046

T ra d e ............................... 1,489 1.050 1,418

Finance, insurance, and

real estate ................. 759 1.042 728

Other services................. 2,326 1.042 2,232

Government

enterprises................. 924 1.039 889

Public employment:

State and local

government.............. 96,111 1.000 96,111
Table 12. Education revenue sharing: Occupational

manpower factors adjusted for productivity change,

fiscal year 1974

Occupational group

Employment requirements

per billion dollars

1972 factors Adjusted

1974 factors

T o t a l......................... 114,950 114,026

Professional and technical

w o rk e rs ................................ 64,550 64,031

Managers and

administrators ................... 4,150 4,117

Clerical w o rk e rs ...................... 15,400 15,276

Salesworkers............................ 1,050 1,042

Craft and kindred

w o rk e rs ................................ 6,700 6,646

Operatives ................................ 7,250 7,192

Service workers ...................... 13,450 13,342

Nonfarm laborers ................... 2,000 1,984

Farm ers...................................... 350 347

productivity change. The total employment per billion 

dollars for State and local education, except structures, 

was adjusted from 114,957 to 114,026, forming a ratio 

of 99.2 percent. The factors for the occupational groups 

in table 6 were then scaled by this ratio, with the 

adjusted factors shown in table 12.5

Employment calculations

At this point, the manpower requirements of this 

program could be estimated for FY 1974. Proposed

Table 13. Education revenue sharing: Calculated

employment requirements by sector, fiscal year

1974

Sector Employment

requirements

T o t a l......................................................... 201,490

Private employment:

Agriculture ............................................ 673

M in in g ...................................................... 726

Construction ......................................... 2,078

Manufacturing ...................................... 13,490

Transportation...................................... 5,382

T rade ...................................................... 2,506

Finance ................................................... 1,286

Services ................................................... 3,944

Government enterprises...................... 1,571

Public employment:

State and local governm ent................ 169,834

5 Differences in totals in tables 11 and 12, and 13 and 14,

arise from rounding of occupational factors.

Table 14. Education revenue sharing: Calculated

employment requirements by occupational group,

fiscal year 1974

Occupational group

Employment

requirements

T o t a l................................................... 201,495

113,149

7,275

26,994

1,841

11,744

12,709

23,577

3,506

613

Professional and technical workers .............

Managers and adm inistrators.........................

Clerical workers ...............................................

Sales w orkers......................................................

Craft and kindred workers ............................

Operatives .........................................................

Service workers ...............................................

Nonfarm laborers ............................................

Farm ers...............................................................

program outlays for FY 1974, deflated into 1972 

dollars, were multiplied by the adjusted factors. The 

total employment requirements estimated for this program in FY 1974 were 201,490 employees of all types. 

However, it is likely that little or no new employment 

will be required by this proposal since revenue sharing 

funds primarily represent a substitute for grants provided in the past to local education agencies.

Industry employment requirements. Following the procedure outlined above, the employment requirements by 

major sector were estimated as shown in table 13.

Occupational employment requirements. The calculated 

occupational employment requirements are given in 

table 14.

Occupational safety and health,

fiscal year 1974 budget proposal

Program analysis

The Federal occupational safety and health program 

is presented as an example of one whose activities are 

not reasonably approximated by an existing factor 

program. This program is administered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the 

Department of Labor with support from the National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in 

the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and 

from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. OSHA is responsible for setting workplace 

safety and health standards, and for enforcing them by 

inspecting plants, issuing citations, and assessing 

penalties for violations. OSHA also grants funds to
States according to matching formulas for the development and operation of State safety and health programs. 

NIOSH conducts background research to identify health 

hazards in the workplace and develops criteria for 

standards. Both agencies offer safety and health training 

programs for public and private personnel. Private firms 

are required to take necessary actions to meet specified 

safety and health standards or face penalties for noncompliance.

In FY 1974, OSHA is budgeted for outlays of $64 

million, NIOSH for about $25 million, and the Review 

Commission for about $5 million, for a total outlay of 

about $94 million. Since NIOSH is funded through the 

appropriation for “Preventive Health Services” , its outlays were not separately obtainable but were estimated 

from obligations. Almost half of the Federal funds for 

the program are to be transferred to States as grants 

while most of the remainder will be used for Federal 

salaries and administrative expenses.

The areas of direct manpower impact resulting from 

these expenditures would be the Federal sector, which 

hires researchers, inspectors, and program administrators, and the State governments which will spend the 

Federal grant money, plus matching funds, to employ 

State inspectors and administrators. However, the principal manpower impact of the program would occur in the

private sector which will be required to spend additional 

amounts of money for safety and health improvements. 

These outlays would vary by industry and by the safety 

conditions of each establishment affected by OSHA 

standards.

Factor selection

In attempting to find factor programs to represent 

this activity, it is obvious that the employment requirements of these private purchases cannot be covered. 

Although private expenditures represent the area of 

greatest employment impact, there is no comprehensive 

information available on the kinds of purchases required 

under this program in the past, and it does not appear 

that any existing factor program would approximate 

these purchases. Information on the private purchases 

stimulated or required by OSHA standards could only be 

obtained through extensive and time-consuming surveys. 

While some approximation might be made of the 

employment effects of Federal and State outlays for 

administration, they represent a relatively small part of 

this program’s overall employment requirements. We 

would, therefore, conclude that employment requirements estimates cannot be made for this program 

through the use of existing manpower factors.
Appendix A. Methods Used to Derive Manpower Factors

Industry manpower factors for each program were

developed initially from an interindustry employment

model system. An interindustry model takes the final

purchases o f a particular Federal program, such as

defense, or an economic demand category, such as

personal consumption expenditures, and translates these

into industry-by-industry production requirements

which are necessary to produce the final product. For

example, the purchase of single-family housing requires

employment, not only in the construction industry, but

in all major building component industries such as

lumber, heating and plumbing products, stone, clay, and

glass products and in all supplying industries such as

metals and basic mining activities. The interindustry

model, through its input coefficients, provides a mathematical solution of the material and service inputs

required through all stages of production of a final

product. The only information needed to use this model

is a list o f final purchases made to carry out a particular

program. These purchases are then converted by the

model into the production required through all stages in

all industries. Employment-output ratios or productivity

factors are used to convert these gross industry outputs

into the employment required in each industry. The

manpower factors calculated through this model include

the direct employment required in the producing industry and the indirect employment required in all

supporting industries providing material or service inputs

to the producing industry,

The industry manpower factors in this study were

derived in the following manner. First, lists of final

purchases, or “bills of goods” were prepared for each

program or demand category. Compiling these bills of

goods frequently involved very detailed analyses of

the program sectors. These purchases were used with

an interindustry model for 1970 In which the sector

relationships had been developed in 1963 dollars.

Program purchases for 1970 were, therefore, deflated

to 1963 dollars to be compatible with the model.

The bills, of goods were then applied as inputs to the

model to produce the output requirements o f all

industries through ail stages of production. Output

requirements were next converted to the total employment required in each industry. To make this

generated employment comparable for all programs, it

was put on a “per billion dollar” basis by dividing

generated employment by total expenditures for each

program or demand component. The factors for each

program, therefore, implicitly assume that a billion

dollars is spent on a weighted cross-section o f all

purchases for that program in 1970, .

At this stage, the manpower factors represented the

employment, given 3970 productivity levels, that would

be generated by a billion dollars o f purchases for each

program or demand category, stated in 1963 dollars. The

factors were divided by price changes from 1963 to

1972 in each industry sector and by estimates o f

industry productivity changes from 1970 to 1972 in

order to convert them to 1972 price and productivity

levels. The factors for public employment were not

generated by the model but were derived through study

of the particular program or by using directly available

data on employment in the particular government

agency.

The industry employment requirements for each

program were next used as inputs to the industryoccupational matrix, which distributed these requirements into 160 occupational categories. The results were

then summed for each occupation. This distribution was

based on the estimated 1970 occupational patterns given

in the occupational model. The occupational levels

obtained were then used to create the occupational

manpower factors, or the occupational requirements for

each billion dollars o f program expenditures in 1972,
Appendix B. Limitations of Manpower Factors

The development of manpower factors for Federal 

programs is just getting underway, and there are major 

limitations and gaps in the current estimating system 

which are discussed below, These problem areas are 

grouped into the following broad categories: limitations 

of coverage, limitations of the model system, and 

limitations of the employment requirements estimates 

themselves.

Limitations of coverage

Limited coverage o f Federal programs. As already noted, 

one of the major gaps in this presentation of manpower 

factors is the limited number of Federal programs 

studied to date. Past work has dealt with major demand 

components of the economy, with subsectors, or with 

programs covered only as special needs arose. Lists of 

purchases, or bills of goods, were developed for broad 

categories of demand such as Federal Government 

purchases, State and local government purchases, personal consumption expenditures, exports, and business 

expenditures for producers’ durable equipment. Federal 

Government coverage was limited to defense, space, and 

all other nondefense programs combined. Work is now 

underway, with the financial sponsorship of the National 

Science Foundation, on the manpower requirements 

related to Federal grants for pollution control. A few 

special studies have examined sectors of the economy 

other than the Federal Government. These include State 

and local government purchases for education, health, 

welfare, and sanitation, and other State and local 

functions. Also, for a number of years, the BLS has 

worked on a program of construction labor requirements, which has developed employment estimates for 

various types of construction, such as highways, housing, 

and sewers.

Imbility to estimate the effects on manpower supply.

The existing system for analyzing manpower effects, as 

indicated, is demand oriented. Current factors accordingly represent just a basis for estimating requirements 

for labor and do not provide supply effects. Adequate 

coverage, therefore, is not possible for some Federal 

actions, such as immigration policies, where supply

effects are predominant. And, more importantly, lack of 

supply data precludes a full assessment of the employment impact of any Federal program.

Manpower factors do not specifically identify the groups

affected. Manpower factors are calculated on a national 

basis and do not identify employment requirements by 

region or by demographic characteristic such as age, sex, 

or race. In many cases, Federal actions do not affect 

manpower uniformly in different regions. For example, 

defense and space program cutbacks affected employment most severely on the West Coast due to the relative 

importance of defense industries in that region. And, in 

many cases, Federal policies or programs are designed to 

affect disadvantaged groups. Thus, with the current 

system of manpower analysis, the effects can be shown 

by industry and occupation but not by particular age or 

socioeconomic group.

Limitations of the model system

Aggregate industry classification. The analytical framework used to derive manpower factors divides all 

purchases into 134 industry sectors. Most sectors include 

more than one kind of product or service and the inputs 

to these sectors reflect the production and employment 

requirements of all of these products. However, the 

interindustry model can not differentiate between the 

products or services within a particular sector, and a 

specific purchase will create requirements for employment in all industries supporting the overall sector, even 

though some of the requirements may not be related to 

the product purchased. The average requirements for 

each sector will generally be close to the actual 

requirements for a single purchase since the industry 

sectors are defined to include related or homogeneous 

products. Problems will exist, however, where program 

purchases are specialized. For example, the food products sector in the interindustry framework consists of all 

of the food products industries. Consequently, using the 

interindustry model to determine the manpower requirements of purchases of canned or frozen goods will
generate employment in all food products industries 

including meatpacking, soft drinks, and dairy products.

Manpower factors do not include multiplier and accelerator effects. Manpower factors presented here include 

the primary employment required in the industries 

producing the goods or services actually purchased for a 

particular program and the supporting labor required to 

produce the materials, parts, services, and other items 

embodied in these final products. They do not include 

the multiplier effect, which generates additional jobs as 

workers spend their earnings for consumer goods and 

services. Also excluded is the accelerator effect, which 

would increase jobs when businesses expand their 

investment in plant and equipment in response to the 

increased demand for output.

Manpower factors describe average and not incremental

employment requirements. Manpower factors reflect the 

average employment required to produce the total 

annual output of each industry. They are based upon 

overall or average interindustry relationships, productivity ratios, and occupational distributions for a particular year. As such, they would be most appropriately 

applied to estimation of the employment requirements 

of the total purchases from an industry. In most 

instances, however, these factors will be used to determine the employment requirements of a change in a 

given program or of an increment in purchases from a 

particular industry. For this purpose, marginal or incremental manpower factors would be more appropriate. 

Average manpower factors imply that employment will 

increase in proportion to the increase in output.

At any given time, average and marginal employment 

requirements are likely to be different. This is true 

because the level of operation of the economy and of 

the industries involved will affect employment requirements. If productive resources were not fully utilized, 

output could be intially expanded with little or no 

increase in employment. If the economy were operating 

at a high level, employment requirements would increase 

up to the point where plant capacity was fully utilized.

Occupational estimates would be further distorted by 

marginal changes in occupational requirements. Firms do 

not normally change the level of employment of each 

occupation equally when changing the level of output. 

The level of employment of nonproduction workers 

generally responds less to changes in the level of output 

than does the level of employment of production 

workers. Thus, the use of average occupational patterns 

in these applications tends to overstate the impact on 

employment of nonproduction workers while underestimating the impact on production workers.

Limitations of the employment requirements estimates

Timing problem. Estimates of employment requirements 

do not deal with the timing of employment reduction or 

growth. In the case of shifts in spending priorities or 

other policy changes, the time gap between reduction in 

employment in one area and growth in another is 

important. But the lag between program changes and the 

resulting production and employment changes is not 

currently considered in these estimates. The consideration of many policy questions would benefit from good 

estimates of the timing of any employment effects.

Comparability problems. Program factors are not completely comparable and therefore comparisons of job 

requirements for different programs must be made with 

caution. As developed by the model system, manpower 

estimates refer to the total number of jobs required 

without distinction between full- and part-time jobs. 

Since full- and part-time jobs have equal weight, programs with more part-time jobs will appear to have 

greater job requirements. Programs that draw heavily on 

the retail trade and personal services sectors, where 

part-time jobs are concentrated, would be most affected. 

Also, programs in which average pay levels are high will 

employ fewer people, all else being equal, than programs 

having lower pay levels. Further, manpower factors 

include the jobs required in both the private and public 

sectors. In general, programs with a high proportion of 

their outlays going directly to public employment will 

show greater employment requirements than those 

whose expenditures are concentrated in the private 

sector. This occurs because purchases from the private 

sector embody not only wages, but taxes, depreciation, 

and profits. While these factors also generate jobs, they 

are not included in the program estimates.

1970 pattern o f distribution o f purchases. The 1972 

manpower factors were constructed by adjusting the 

1970 industry requirements of each program for productivity and price changes to 1972. As such, the relative 

distribution of purchases in 1970 is implicitly embodied 

in the 1972 factors. Utilization of these factors for other 

years assumes that the pattern of program purchases 

remains fairly stable. Purchasing patterns, given the 

levels of industry aggregation used, are relatively stable 

over a few years. However, when factors are applied to 

longer periods or when the relative distribution of 

program purchases is expected to change substantially, 

distortions in the employment estimates will occur in 

some industries.1

Variation in number o f recipients. Another problem in
estimating employment requirements is the variation in 

the number of recipients of a Federal expenditure. 

Expenditures for a particular program may be concentrated in a few establishments or they may be dispersed 

among many, with different resulting manpower effects. 

For example, if a billion dollars of purchases by the 

Federal Government is spread over many individual 

establishments, the increased output required in each 

establishment may be absorbed with little or no increase 

in employment, the only effect being an increase in total 

hours worked or in output per man-hour. However, an 

equal amount spent in the same industries but in fewer 

establishments is likely to require more new employment. Since the existing analytical framework is national 

in scope and treats each industry in total, differences of 

this type cannot be determined.

1 An extreme case which has been examined was the change

in defense purchases from mid-1965, just prior to the Vietnam

buildup, to the peak in 1968. Even with defense purchases

greatly expanded, many industries, including electronics and

communications equipment and shipbuilding and repair, continued to receive about the same proportion of defense funds.

However, the proportion of ordnance purchases doubled and

relative requirements for transportation services increased substantially. While most programs will not change this drastically in

a short-run period, all programs should be reexamined after 3 to

5 years and the factors used should be adjusted or recalculated if

necessary.

Substitution effects. A particularly severe problem in 

manpower assessment arises from the difficulty of 

determining whether a proposed expenditure by the 

Federal Government is really a net addition to an 

existing level of expenditures or whether it is offset by a 

reduction in expenditures by the recipient. This problem 

affects programs where final purchases are made, not by 

the Federal Government, but by other sectors of the 

economy. For example, grants to State or local governments may, in part, be substituted for expenditures 

normally made by the State or local government. Or, in 

the case of transfer payments to persons, the use of this 

income may be offset by reductions in normal expenditures by the recipient. Thus, Medicare payments may, at 

least in part, substitute for purchases that otherwise 

would have been made by individuals from their own 

funds.

Use of manpower factors in these cases requires 

further analysis to assess the extent to which a 

program’s outlays are likely to affect total expenditures. 

An agency may either make a rough estimate of the 

degree to which Federal funds might be substituted for 

other funds and adjust total program expenditures 

accordingly, or it may ignore these substitution effects 

in its calculations of employment requirements. If 

potential substitution of funds is not accounted for, 

however, an agency should qualify its employment 

estimates for possible overstatement.
Appendix C. Outline of Procedures for Using

Manpower Factors

The purpose of this appendix is to further illustrate 

the technique of estimating employment requirements 

using manpower factors. While an explanation of the 

calculation procedures is presented in some detail in the 

body of this report, the intention here is to simplify the 

presentation by giving the steps in outline form.

Two general stages can be distinguished in the use of 

manpower factors: program analysis and factor selection; and actual employment calculations. In the first 

phase, the Federal program being considered is analyzed 

to determine in which sectors of the economy Federal 

program funds are spent. The nature of these sector 

expenditures is then examined to establish which factor 

programs, if any, reasonably approximate the outlays. 

The second phase involves the actual calculation of 

employment requirements once factor programs have 

been selected to represent the Federal program or 

subprograms. While these calculations may be carried 

out at any of three different levels of factor aggregation, 

the procedures are basically the same: Total outlays for 

the Federal program or subprograms must be put in 

terms of 1972 dollars; manpower factors must be 

adjusted for productivity change from the 1972 base; 

and the adjusted outlays must be multiplied by the 

adjusted factors.

A. Program analysis and factor selection

1. Identify precisely the Federal program area 

to be studied.

2. Determine total program outlays, ignoring 

offsetting receipts or other accounting adjustments that would change actual program 

expenditures.

3. Separate program outlays into direct Federal 

purchases of goods and services, grants, 

transfer payments, and subsidies.

4. Trace outlay ag^ egates to the sectors of the 

economy which actually spend them.

5. Determine the general nature of the expenditures ultimately made by a sector.

6. Examine available factor programs to determine which, if any, is suitable for a sector’s 

expenditures.

7. Match program or subprogram outlay

amounts with the corresponding factor program.

8. In cases of generalized program outlays it 

may be appropriate to match them to an 

overall or nonspecific factor program.

9. Where no match is suitable, that part of the 

program must be dropped from the analysis.

For guidance, table C-l suggests matching factor 

programs for different types of Federal outlays.

B. Adjustment and employment requirements calculations

I. Data adjustments

1. Estimate the price change in each program 

sector from the base year 1972 to the year 

being studied. Use table 2 on page 9 and 

other data.

2. Divide program and subprogram outlay 

amounts by their respective price change 

adjustment to convert to 1972 dollars.

Table C-1. Types of Federal outlays and matching

factor programs

Type of Federal outlay Probable matching

factor program

Direct Federal

purchases................ Federal Government, total

Defense

Nondefense except NASA

NASA

G ran ts............................. State and local government, total

Except structures

New construction

Education

Except structure

New construction

Health, welfare, and sanitation

Except structures

New construction

Other functions

Except structures

New construction

Transfers to persons . . Personal consumption expenditures

Durable goods

Nondurable goods

Food

Services

Medical
3. Divide outlays in 1972 dollars by $1 billion 

to put them in terms of outlays per billion 

dollars.

II. Factor adjustment

1. Decide the level of aggregation desired: total 

program only; major industry sector and 

occupational group; or individual industry 

and occupation estimates.

2. If just the total employment requirements

estimate of the program is desired, only one 

factor is adjusted for each subprogram.

a. Select the factor given in table 4, p. 11, 

for each program or subprogram.

b. Consult table 3 on page 10 giving annual 

productivity adjustments, 1958-70.

c. Select the annual productivity adjustment for the total public and private 

economy (1.027) as most representative 

of total program employment.

d. Convert this annual figure for the time 

period being considered, that is, the 

number of years from calendar year 1972 

to the year needed.

e. Divide the selected program factor or 

factors by this adjustment to take into 

account the effects of productivity 

change.

f. No adjustment is made of occupational 

factors at this level of estimation.

3. If the employment requirements estimate is 

desired by industry sector and occupational

group the factor program should be selected 

from table 5, p. 12.

a. List the program factors for the 10 

industry sectors given in table 5.

b. Consult table 3 on page 10 giving annual 

productivity adjustments by sector.

c. Select the adjustment for each sector. In 

the three sectors where figures are not 

provided, use the private nonfarm figure 

(1.028).

d. Multiply each adjustment by itself for 

the number of years needed from the 

base year 1972. For example, in the case 

of the services sector use the private 

nonfarm figure. To adjust this to 1974 

multiply 1.028 x 1.028, = 1.057.

e. Divide each industry sector factor in 

table 5 by its adjustment for productivity 

change. Using the “other services” sector 

as an example, the unadjusted 1972

factor for the total public sector in the 

first row of table 5 is 6,947. Dividing by 

an estimated 2-year productivity change 

of 1.057 gives a factor adjusted to 1974 

of 6,574.

f. The total of adjusted factors is then used 

as a basis for adjusting the occupational 

factors in table 6. Divide the new total of 

industry factors by the old total (table 5) 

to obtain a percentage of change. This 

percentage is then used to scale the 

corresponding program row of occupational factors in table 6.

4. If the employment requirements estimate is 

desired by individual industry and occupation, tables D-l and D-3 in appendix D 

would be used.

a. Obtain estimates of annual change in 

productivity for each industry where 

available.

b. Where productivity change data are not 

available for particular industries, use the 

figure given in table 3 for the overall 

industry sector.

c. Convert annual productivity adjustments 

to cover the time period between 1972 

and the program year being studied.

d. Divide each industry factor for the program, as given in table D-l, by the 

productivity adjustment developed for 

each industry.

e. The result of this is a list of industry 

factors for the program which have been 

adjusted for estimated productivity 

change from 1972 to the year being 

studied.

f. Again, obtaining the total of these factors for the program, and dividing this 

total by the 1972 program total (table 

D-l program total) provides a measure of 

total program productivity change. This 

rate is used to adjust the occupational 

factors in table D-3 by simply multiplying down the column of program factors 

in the table.

III. Employment calculations

1. The calculation of employment requirements, for all three levels of aggregation, 

simply involves multiplying program outlays 

in billions of 1972 dollars by the already 

adjusted program factors.
Appendix D. Factor Detail by Industry and Occupation

Industry manpower factors

Table D-l shows the full industry detail for the data 

summarized in the text in tables 4 and 5. Industry 

manpower factors, which include both the direct and 

indirect employment requirements, are given for 134 

industry sectors, including Federal, State, and local 

governments and for employment of domestic workers 

in households. Table D-2 lists the individual industries 

constituting each sector, as numbered in the interindustry model of BLS and in the Standard Industrial 

Classification (SIC) of the Bureau of the Budget (now 

the Office of Management and Budget).

Occupational manpower factors

Table D-3 shows the occupational requirements per 

billion dollars, given 1972 productivity and price levels. 

Here the industry employment totals from table D-l are 

distributed over 160 occupations in the private sector. 

The manpower factors given in table D-l for the Federal 

Government and for State and local government are also 

disaggregated in this table into occupational groups, 

except for the Armed Forces. These data provide the full 

occupational detail of the data summarized in table 6 of 

the text.
Public sector

Industry number and title

Federal State and local

Total Nondefense

Total 

State 

and local

Education Health,, welfare, and sanitation Other functions

public

sector Defense Total Except

NASA NASA

Except

structures

New

construction Total Except

structures

New

constructionTotal Except

structures

New

construction

Total Except

structures

New

construction

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries:

1. Livestock and livestock products............... 188 198 146 167 92 171 199 82 119 124 95 442 499 80 133 174 82

2. Crops and other agricultural products ............................................................ 303 270 29 12 153 352 388 263 213 204 315 795 871 240 322 407 243

3. Forestry and fisheries.................................. 34 16 9 6 16 48 44 76 36 30 91 48 41 87 51 55 74

4. Agriculture, forestry, and fishery services ........................................................... 60 76 9 6 57 51 48 82 60 57 94 153 162 76 17 _ 80

Mining:

5. Iron ore mining............................................ 23 16 9 6 20 29 23 64 17 14 53 24 21 62 37 33 74

6. Copper ore mining ...................................... 30 26 33 35 39 28 23 59 24 16 106 32 31 35 28 28 44

7. Other nonferrous metal ore m ining............ 39 42 75 81 58 24 30 53 19 13 65 32 25 46 24 24 41

8. Coal mining ................................................. 88 61 47 46 59 164 106 135 109 110 119 88 87 153 98 102 145

9. Crude petroleum.......................................... 205 180 145 161 105 214 207 298 174 178 164 185 182 * 164 231 233 364

10. Stone and clay mining and quarry ............ 216 41 75 86 55 347 229 995 136 93 522 177 105 720 514 393 1,200

11. Chemical and fertilizer mining ................... 23 16 9 12 13 28 32 18 12 11 20 32 ' 33 19 37 51 19

Construction:

12. New residential building construction ........................................................... 160 80 242 1,714 256 3,186 95 836 248 1,334

13. New nonresidential building construction ................................................... 700 157 222 233 250 1,082 7,678 1,527 18,990 762 6,731 713 3,839

14. New public utilities construction ............... 247 - — — — 425 — 3,015 — — — 1,344 — 11,877 494 — 2,659

15. New highway construction......................... 742 23 138 159 — 1,227 — 8,715 — — — — — — 2,447 — 13,189

16. All other new construction......................... 310 381 1,122 1,282 125 113 — 806 — — — — — — 227 — 1,221

17. Maintenance and repair construction........ 1,408 485 1,260 1,414 906 1,949 2,392 306 1,113 1,225 290 932 1,025 269 2,636 3,856 314

Manufacturing:

18. Guided missiles and space vehicles ............ 356 645 887 185 6,085 3 3 3 2 4 8 7 3 2 3 3

19. Other ordnance............................................ 522 1,309 29 23 91 7 6 12 4 3 16 8 7 9 7 9 8

20. Food products ............................................. 261 235 334 393 132 238 280 94 160 169 103 643 730 90 181 242 94

21. Tobacco manufacturing ............................. 1 — — — 2 1 1 — — 1 2 1 2 2 2 2

22. Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills ..................... 123 136 94 104 71 105 114 88 70 65 119 297 347 82 77 92 80

23. Miscellaneous textiles and floor

coverings................................................. 36 33 14 12 25 39 35 64 36 29 92 48 48 58 35 37 56

24. Hosiery and knit goods................................ 25 26 23 29 15 22 23 18 10 7 17 80 89 16 15 18 15

25. Apparel......................................................... 128 106 178 208 77 121 137 70 39 35 77 522 589 84 79 97 72

26. Miscellaneous fabricated textile

products ................................................. 39 44 38 46 14 32 37 18 19 19 33 56 69 22 33 44 18

27. Logging, sawmills, and planning m ills ........ 205 79 127 144 91 288 254 521 204 162 595 257 210 572 332 346 482

28. Millwork, plywood and other wood

products ................................................. 192 74 118 133 79 272 216 609 204 148 723 386 223 1,536 273 272 437

29. Household fu rn itu re .................................... 41 16 47 52 17 52 54 59 75 76 66 32 33 17 35 32 64

30. Other furniture............................................. 137 25 127 150 31 225 242 76 373 407 126 72 86 10 89 112 68

31. Paper products............................................ 230 140 202 220 194 275 293 258 267 259 365 410 428 256 225 269 215

32. Paperboard................................................... 102 74 66 69 89 118 128 105 119 119 139 273 307 97 72 78 92

33. Publishing..................................................... 298 132 51 35 198 435 510 187 727 798 199 313 328 167 201 243 182

34. Printing......................................................... 378 240 80 41 405 499 583 217 407 435 232 594 652 189 500 683 209

35. Chemical products ...................................... 368 419 225 231 296 322 332 351 221 207 365 723 784 314 276 305 347

36. Agricultural chemicals ................................ 32 12 14 17 10 46 55 18 24 26 14 24 32 12 65 90 16

37. Plastic materials and synthetic rubber ............................................................ 70 61 47 46 91 73 71 99 68 55 184 104 109 87 63 72 67
Public sector

Federal State and local

Industry number and title

Total Nondefense

Total 

State 

and local

New

construction

Education Health, welfare, and sanitation Other functions

public

sector Defense Total Except

NASA NASA

Except

structures Total Except

structures

New

constructionTotal Except

structures

New

construction

Total Except

structures

New

construction

Manufacturing — Continued

38. Synthetic fibers ........................................... 26 30 19 17 18 22 22 23 17 17 42 48 58 28 17 24 27

39. D rugs............................................................ 75 25 80 98 9 102 128 6 12 12 8 755 865 6 11 15 7

40. Cleaning and toilet preparations................. 34 12 19 17 23 50 59 18 88 97 13 40 50 14 19 21 14

41. Paint.............................................................. 66 30 47 52 44 89 92 94 58 57 78 56 53 82 111 132 103

42. Petroleum products .................................... 127 119 89 98 63 127 121 187 95 97 97 96 105 94 147 148 240

43. Rubber products........................................... 142 140 80 81 127 142 141 181 92 84 172 217 224 162 149 167 187

44. Plastic products ........................................... 248 209 193 185 360 262 254 363 289 227 879 402 412 354 185 220 187

45. Leather, footwear, and leather products .......................................................... 22 50 9 12 8 2 12 3 12 _ _ 11 2 _ 10

46. Glass.............................................................. 89 61 75 81 94 102 103 123 112 102 212 169 175 111 70 78 85

47. Cement, clay, and concrete p roducts......... 531 90 202 231 127 857 549 2,534 458 291 2,003 771 294 4,129 1,099 857 2,507

48. Miscellaneous stone and clay products .......................................................... 174 94 85 81 142 232 179 538 206 150 713 273 181 878 219 198 425

49. Blast furnaces and basic steel products .......................................................... 547 346 324 329 445 679 524 1,586 388 300 1,199 538 408 1,423 870 756 1,745

50. Iron and steel foundries and forgings......... 221 230 127 110 292 211 147 568 112 93 293 161 141 330 278 197 698

51. Primary copper metals ................................ 12 10 19 17 17 11 8 23 10 6 46 8 11 12 11 11 15

52. Primary aluminum ...................................... 36 41 29 23 70 29 22 70 24 18 94 24 23 93 31 28 63

53. Other primary and secondary nonferrous m e ta l........................................... 41 33 113 127 59 26 22 53 20 15 78 32 29 44 28 26 44

54. Copper rolling and drawing.......................... 28 26 14 12 34 29 25 59 27 19 104 32 25 34 28 27 43

55. Aluminum rolling and draw ing................... 73 83 42 29 138 65 48 217 53 36 211 64 46 207 67 57 131

56. Other nonferrous rolling and drawing......... 92 71 23 6 145 112 91 240 106 45 683 153 162 56 96 112 104

57. Miscellaneous nonferrous metal

products . . . . ......................................... 72 113 80 57 255 34 32 53 32 27 74 32 25 47 33 37 48

58. Metal containers........................................... 25 22 14 17 16 26 28 23 19 20 22 48 53 21 24 28 26

59. Heating apparatus and plumbing fix ­

tures ........................................................ 91 33 33 35 43 135 101 334 165 100 745 80 59 273 113 109 190

60. Fabricated structural metal.......................... 728 184 282 306 288 1,131 734 3,301 747 483 3,189 1,108 607 4,686 1,322 989 3,163

61. Screw machine products.............................. 221 269 188 162 471 170 158 269 177 146 456 153 144 224 153 164 211

62. Other fabricated metal products................. 325 256 249 236 450 357 292 755 286 219 927 313 246 771 387 362 689

63. Engines, turbines, and generators............... 63 90 61 63 83 38 35 64 22 20 43 40 34 49 46 46 67

64. Farm machinery........................................... 12 7 5 6 8 15 17 6 19 22 6 8 8 7 11 14 9

65. Construction, mining, and oilfield

machinery ............................................... 94 59 75 87 34 113 89 252 32 25 88 72 43 232 173 162 304

66. Material handling equipment ..................... 60 57 33 35 34 62 55 111 56 54 69 56 35 189 63 58 113

67. Metalworking machinery ............................ 165 240 127 81 502 101 98 140 109 98 227 72 62 119 92 104 118

68. Special industry machinery.......................... 33 31 38 41 43 30 30 41 32 30 39 40 34 36 24 25 36

69. General industrial machinery ..................... 149 183 103 92 222 118 104 267 97 79 272 104 79 239 127 131 194

70, Machine shop products................................ 288 464 188 92 945 154 159 164 198 212 113 72 61 98 123 127 183

71. Computers and peripheral equipment......... 118 123 347 381 327 55 66 18 89 98 19 32 38 17 29 40 17

72. Typewriters and other office machines ..................................................... 38 14 29 29 54 54 66 6 92 105 8 24 32 7 26 35 7

73. Service industry machines............................ 84 48 42 46 56 111 110 140 151 134 270 88 94 90 79 88 105

74. Electric transmission equipment................. 200 195 136 110 380 195 139 515 244 95 1,581 145 143 106 151 172 173

75. Electrical industrial apparatus...................... 161 185 169 150 397 127 119 193 119 101 286 112 101 192 123 135 160

76. Household appliances.................................. 30 23 23 23 32 33 35 29 36 36 59 32 38 20 28 33 24

77. Electric lighting and w irin g .......................... 212 109 183 185 265 268 224 544 243 212 563 193 172 301 280 239 572

78. Radio and television sets.............................. 26 38 23 17 82 16 17 12 24 25 15 8 14 9 9 12 9

79. Telephone and telegraph apparatus............. 59 99 61 52 160 23 23 29 19 17 39 24 31 21 24 28 23
Public sector

Industry number and title

Federal State and local

Total Nondefense

Total 

State 

and local

New

construction

Education Health, welfare, and sanitation Other functions

public

sector Defense Total Except

NASA NASA

Except

structures Total Except

structures

New

construction

Total Except

structures

New

constructionTotal Except

structures

New

construction

Manufacturing — Continued

80. Other electronic communication

equipment............... ............................. 831 1,614 1,235 964 3,613 99 106 88 60 57 108 321 358 47 68 76 92

81. Electronic components............................. 543 1,031 625 485 1,893 122 121 152 126 110 296 177 194 93 94 106 117

82. Other electrical m achinery....................... 57 70 38 35 78 46 45 58 29 28 60 64 62 47 50 54 61

83. Motor vehicles .......................................... 198 140 103 122 22 238 295 17 162 181 15 96 113 11 304 452 17

84. A ircra ft....................................................... 1,419 3,227 1,165 231 8,041 33 31 53 27 22 62 40 38 50 33 35 45

85. Ship and boatbuilding and repair ............ 256 559 98 116 57 46 38 94 27 20 104 32 23 122 59 60 89

86. Railroad and other transportation

equipment............................................ 14 12 9 6 18 16 18 6 4 6 11 8 6 10 24 33 9

87. Miscellaneous transportation equipment ..................................................... 2 4 _ 11 2 1 6 1 4 1 4 4 4 10

88. Scientific and controlling instruments ..................................................... 229 277 267 254 496 163 144 293* 240 176 840 209 190 313 79 92 88

89. Medical and dental instruments .............. 53 34 61 57 100 60 73 12 14 14 16 394 454 13 11 13 12

90. Optical and ophthalmic equipment.......... 52 100 47 29 210 15 17 6 22 25 9 24 27 7 5 6 6

91. Photographic equipment and supplies ....................................................... 89 95 98 92 174 73 85 35 70 74 37 161 181 25 48 62 31

92. Miscellaneous manufactured products ....................................................... 136 55 71 75 79 193 216 70 230 248 105 120 127 86 163 196 149

Transportation, communication, and public 

utilities:

93. Railroad transportation ........................... 427 348 319 352 265 462 411 819 325 278 788 466 434 709 522 518 842

94. Local transit and intercity bus transportation ............................................... 298 60 61 63 93 485 593 88 865 967 93 273 303 85 199 272 85

95. Truck transportation ................................ 778 638 605 664 534 831 713 1,598 609 505 1,609 803 745 1,259 929 878 1,640

96. Water transportation.................................. 226 469 38 35 87 68 65 99 51 50 76 64 63 73 75 77 110

97. Air transportation...................................... 393 477 409 421 546 289 293 339 177 160 367 353 356 324 331 393 330

98. Other transportation.................................. 86 86 66 75 57 ' 81 80 105 60 60 77 80 79 71 89 94 126

99. Communications, except radio and

T V ......................................................... 82 877 1,043 843 2,956 644 623 901 422 360 1,016 755 739 879 727 818 861

100. Radio and TV broadcasting ..................... 51 31 38 41 48 62 66 59 70 72 64 72 76 53 48 55 56

101. Electric utilities ........................................ 270 147 33 12 189 379 436 199 475 512 213 313 335 207 286 368 197

102. Gas u tilities................................................. 95 50 75 87 57 121 129 105 151 158 101 129 125 121 85 94 108

103. Water and sanitary services....................... 48 29 42 46 48 58 63 47 131 143 41 8 - 43 9 - 40

Wholesale and retail trade:

104. Wholesale trade.......................................... 1,765 1,261 1,695 1,686 2,686 1,951 1,843 2,938 1,639 1,489 3,193 2,193 2,182 2,355 1,949 2,000 2,932

105. Retail trade................................................. 1,000 541 864 895 1,109 1,250 935 3,055 405 - 4,027 1,237 1,083 2,298 1,777 1,786 2,803

Finance, insurance, and real estate:

106. Finance ....................................................... 256 124 188 196 224 338 363 298 172 156 330 249 251 280 452 586 289

107. Insurance ................................................... 362 243 267 283 301 477 490 527 441 451 415 490 490 487 456 504 571

108. Owner-occupied dwellings ....................... - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _

109. Other real estate........................................ 258 148 287 306 327 301 318 293 162 152 293 337 348 257 370 463 300 .

Services:

110. Hotels and lodging places......................... 935 795 1,343 1,559 633 851 1,028 211 22 228 1,237 1,385 208 1,313 1,903 209

111. Other personal services............................. 181 121 254 283 196 189 220 82 114 117 94 490 553 92 159 212 81

112. Miscellaneous............................................ 1,747 1,442 1,906 1,813 3,549 1,746 1,907 1,399 128 1,285 1,382 1,968 2,048 1,404 1,888 2,391 1,404

113. Advertising................................................. 48 34 38 41 53 55 55 64 39 36 73 80 86 60 55 63 64
P ublic sector

Industry number and title

Federal State and local

Nondefense Education Health, welfare, and sanitation Other functions

public

sector Defense Total Except

NASA NASA

Total 

State 

and local

Except

structures

New

construction

Total Except

structures

New

constructionTotal Except

structures

New

construction

Total Except

structures

New

construction

Services — Continued

114. Miscellaneous professional services........... 1,096 454 921 820 2,105 1,473 1,154 3,354 754 550 2,664 964 728 2,684 1,999 1,833 3,708

115. Automobile repair .................................... 156 89 108 110 166 197 197 246 128 116 264 193 181 232 233 273 234

116. Motion pictures ......................................... 64 80 61 35 274 46 51 29 68 73 34 32 39 29 28 32 31

117. Other amusements .................................... 60 112 9 6 52 26 23 47 4 — 51 40 41 44 37 42 45

118. Health services except hospitals............... 345 78 272 323 71 516 642 35 53 57 28 3.486 3,980 30 137 193 35

119. Hospitals...................................................... 307 76 423 514 38 416 523 — 3 3 4 3,413 3,901 4 4 6 4

120. Educational services.................................. 404 285 2,282 2,593 1,417 57 70 12 3 — 13 48 55 12 96 141 12

121. Nonprofit organizations ........................... 411 510 1,075 901 2,833 159 169 146 95 89 162 241 259 148 173 215 138

Government enterprises:

266 122. Post O ffic e ................................................. 468 337 385 358 757 529 610 269 296 302 279 972 1,077 239 555 749

123. Commodity Credit Corporation............... - - - — — — — — — — — — — — — - —

124. Other Federal enterprises.......................... 55 34 33 6 244 68 73 59 68 68 65 64 62 52 63 78 55

125. State and local government enterprises ..................................................... 318 145 850 1,016 199 298 331 211 511 554 202 24 - 213 170 187 222

Imports:

126. Transferred im p o rts .................................. - — - — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

127. Transferred imports .................................. - - - - - - - - - - — — — — ~

Dummy industries:

128. Business travel, entertainment, and

g ifts ........................................................ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

129. Office supplies........................................... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

130. Scrap, used and secondhand goods........... - - - - - — - - - — — — ~ — ~ — —

Special industries:

131. Government ind u stry................................ 59,027 46,438 36,678 40,244 8,182 69,592 84,250 - 87,328 96.111 - 55,560 57,959 - 56.175 83,762 -

132. Rest of the world in d u s try ........................ - - - — - - - — - — - — - - - - -

133. Households................................................. - - - — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

134. Inventory valuation adjustment ............... - — — ~ — — — — — ~
Private sector

Industry number and title Total

private

sector

Personal consumption expenditures Exports Gross private domestic investment

Durable

goods

Nondurable goods Services Total Merchandise

only

Producers'

durable

equipment

Total

Total Food Total Medical

merchandise

and

services

Total New

construction

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries:

1. Livestock and livestock products ............... 1,405 1,662 132 3,514 6,851 374 224 829 946 108 91 121

2. Crops and other agricultural products ......................................................... 2,267 2.291 293 4,597 7,773 722 370 4,400 6,037 361 182 531

3. Forestry and fisheries.................................. 76 60 62 106 162 14 16 103 141 115 35 206

4. Agriculture, forestry, and fishery services ......................................................... 405 417 104 824 1,363 124 85 646 873 121 92 149

Mining:

5. Iron ore mining............................................. 26 13 41 11 12 4 5 95 123 63 66 62

6. Copper ore m in in g ...................................... 31 13 41 10 8 6 5 105 146 76 67 91

7. Other nonferrous metal ore mining............. 26 14 40 14 11 6 8 75 104 56 58 55

8. Coalmining ................................................. 126 102 96 93 67 113 50 359 500 122 116 132

9. Crude petroleum.......................................... 314 339 126 546 179 212 91 309 342 165 122 208

10. Stone and clay mining and quarrying......... 94 51 51 61 56 40 22 143 196 274 53 514

11. Chemical and fertilizer mining ................... 29 22 22 32 32 11 13 108 149 19 17 21

Construction:

12. New residential building construction ......................................................... 1,888 10,548 19.234

13. New nonresidential building construction ................................................. 519 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2,904 _ 5,296

14. New public utilities construction ............... 247 - - - — - - - - 1,378 - 2,514

15. New highway construction......................... — — — — — — — — — — — —

16. All other new construction......................... 94 — — — — — — — — 523 — 954

17. Maintenance and repair construction........ 756 874 330 462 475 1,498 407 435 454 331 302 312

Manufacturing:

18. Guided missiles and space vehicles............. 8 4 7 4 4 2 2 38 52 19 34 4

19. Other ordnance............................................. 35 19 55 23 2 1 6 217 313 21 30 11

20. Food products ............................................. 1,853 2.273 101 5,221 10.327 123 329 1,000 1,046 111 109 111

21. Tobacco manufacturing ............................. 85 101 1 236 1 1 21 99 141 2 2 2

22. Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills ..................... 693 802 690 1,579 121 60 91 551 621 187 228 136

23. Miscellaneous textiles and floor

coverings................................................. 158 163 583 151 50 16 21 117 147 123 128 117

24. Hosiery and knit goods................................ 299 375 38 862 28 10 10 103 88 21 24 18

25. Apparel......................................................... 1,344 1,696 74 3,952 52 35 25 457 241 79 85 74

26. Miscellaneous fabricated textile

products ................................................. 224 260 358 448 92 34 42 123 158 84 132 32

27. Logging, sawmills, and planing m ills ........... 293 172 398 177 146 80 72 479 668 756 217 1,376
Component of demand

Private sector

Personal consumption expenditures Exports Gross private domestic investment

Industry number and title Total

private

sector Durable

goods

Nondurable goods Services Total

merchandise

and

services

Merchan­ Producers'

Total

Total Food Total Medical

dise

only

Total durable

equipment

niew

construction

Manufacturing — Continued

28. M ilw o rk, plywood, and other

wood products............................................. 284 154 504 135 151 39 35 175 234 935 267 1,707

29. Household fu rn itu re .......... .......................... 351 387 2,384 12 10 4 7 42 55 279 215 349

30. Other fu rn itu re .................................................. 119 21 115 4 4 2 25 25 34 638 1.132 114

31. Paper produ cts...................... 467 489 435 779 635 169 363 670 888 291 271 311

32. Paperboard.................................................... 231 242 258 432 495 44 138 208 264 158 187 128

33. P o lis h in g ............................................... ........... 603 686 1.076 943 527 278 372 417 506 242 278 197

34. Printing........................................................... .... 547 609 531 835 774 410 387 395 466 269 303 225

35. Chemical p ro d u cts........................................... 446 368 508 536 338 145 290 1,217 1,658 368 366 376

36. Agricultural chemicals ..................... ............. 67 63 16 95 148 49 17 159 216 16 13 19

37. Plastic materials and synthetic rubber .................................................................. 136 110 277 123 86 33 66 340 464 143 161 124

38. Synthetic fibers ............................................... 145 156 225 271 31 14 IS 179 225 56 62 49

39. D ru g s.................................................................. 167 193 11 344 74 110 2,246 176 242 11 13 8

40. Cleaning and toilet preparations................... 142 175 23 386 18 19 48 66 72 ! 13 13 14

41. P a in t.................................................................... 64 50 95 38 37 45 17 66 86 j 117 90 153

42. Petroleum products ........................................ 184 196 73 371 110 66 50 195 214 j 99 71 129

43. Rubber products............................................... 302 309 1,173 213 105 77 138 283 357 250 336 154

44. Plastic products ............................................... 428 382 1,023 412 281 107 235 481 625 : 567 673 443

45. Leather, footw ear, and leather products ................................................................ 319 410 122 924 16 6 100 ! 111 33 50 14

46. G lass.................................................................... 161 150 281 210 315 39 131 204 S 259 156 173 136

47. Cement, clay, and concrete p ro d u cts.......... 229 54 55 52 44 56 26 92 ! 119 } 1.137 58 2.257

48. Miscellaneous stone and clay products ................................................................ 152 73 199 60 44 51 34 186

!

| 274 462 187 753

49. Blast furnaces and basic steel products ................................................................ 534 276 948 215 253 82 88 j 1.055 ! 1.452 1.462 1,559 1,436

50. Iron and steel foundries and fo rg in g s......... 237 114 509 49 47 30 21 ? 470 I 652 704 1,017 298

51. Primary copper m e ta ls ................................... 11 5 16 3 2 2 1 ! 33 46 31 27 38

52. Primary alu m in u m ........................................... 32 15 52 12 13 5 4 ! 93 [ 130 j 76 77 75

53. Other primary and secondary nonferrous m e ta l............................................... 30 IS j| 48 13 11 7 9 j 79

I

! 108 68 74 66

54. Copper roiling and draw ing............................. 27 i 12 j 43 7 5 5 3 : 29 I 54 87 72 108

55. Aluminum rolling and draw in g..................... 59 30 100 26 32 8 8 I 109 :! 150 152 143 162

56. Other nonferrous rolling and draw ing.......... 74 25 78 15 10 15 7 I m ![ 150 278 158 443

57. Miscellaneous nonferrous metal

products ...................................................... 63 36 167 13 9 8 8

i

| 123 169 159 252 59

58. Metal containers............................................... 91 103 24 222 375 14 37 ! 73 86 27 27 29
Private sector

Industry number and title

Personal consumption expenditures Exports Gross private domestic investment

Total

private

Durable

goods

Nondurable goods Services Total

Merchan­ Producers' New

construction

sector Total

Total Food Total Medical

merchandise

and

services

dise

only

Total durable

equipment

Manufacturing — Continued

59. Heating apparatus and plumbing fix ­

tures ............................................................. 80 31 95 11 10 2? 7 61 82 320 88 564

69. Fabricated structural m etal............................ 373 70 182 53 48 45 23 300 398 1JB49 904 2.834

61. Screw machine products................................. 297 205 793 130 157 56 54 547 756 572 837 286

62 Other fabricated metal products................... 418 272 883 230 195 SO 68 642 861 958 1.035 892

63. Engines, turbines, and generators................ 101 40 162 17 17 16 8 243 340 320 558 68

136 10 24 11 17 4 3 140 196 732 1.407

1,244

585

7

65. Construction, mining, and oilfield

m achinery..................... ..................... 135 20 37 18 15 15 8 689 980 716 155

66. M aterial handling eoucm ent ....................... 83 16 31 15 13 11 6 117 165 387 194

87 Metalworking machinery ................ 297 81 369 31 29 21 16 581 816 1.169 2.141 121

68. Special industry roacm nery............................ 183 35 62 43 34 16 15 476 674 747 1.403 43

69. General industrial m ach in ery....................... 262 62 228 38 32 22 15 590 830 1.045 1.775

700

272

70. Machine shop products................................... 173 97 360 39 42 56 22 377 515 418 113

71 Computers and peripheral equipm ent......... 231 22 33 20 20 1S 14 751 1.075 1.116 2.137 18

72. Typewriters and other office machines . . . ...................................... 45 14 58 7 6 5 4 65 92 178 337 7

73. Service industry machines............................... 142 63 299 15 15 20 12 191 269 490 765 202

74. Electric transmission equipm ent................... 189 47 139 31 22 28 17 350 491 778 1.178 291

75. Electrical industrial apparatus....................... 203 93 357 47 35 39 22 400 550 605 989 191

76. Household appliances..................................... 247 263 1,480 43 9 20 16 155 157 134 179 90

77. Electric lighting and w irin g ............................ 164 95 300 73 32 39 26 196 275 466 306 647

78. Radio and television s e ts .............................. 172 193 1,176 6 6 e 6 94 125 75 135 10

79. Teiepbone and telegraph apparatus.............. 161 38 44 18 18 56 I1 18 102 137 797 1.511 32

80 Other electronic communication

equipment .......... . . ......... 143 29 120 12 9 !i H 356 497 574 1.038 77

81 Electronic components ................................. 405 240 854 56 42 191 jj 66 1,131 1.596 820 1.456 132

S2 Other electrical m achinery............................ 106 79 304 35 32 3S if 18 151 207 206 336 68

82. M otor vehicles . . ............................ 674 575 3.545 8 10 15 j1 4 803 1.096 1.248 2,400 14

84. A k c ra ft........................................ .. ................ 250 46 109 34 30 35 ii 24 1.422 1.926 496 910 50

85. Sh-p and boatbuilding and repair ................ 98 42 136 22 23 8 4 170 144 345 574 99

86. Railroad and other transportation

equipment .................................................... SO 21 106 5 5 5 2 49 61 379 722 to

87 Miscellaneous transportation equipment . . . . ................................................. 105 104 648 1 2 1

•

19 26 134 255 5

89. Scientific and controlling instruments ................................. ........................... 181 88 444 22 16 20 26 485 676 455 674 186

89. Medical and dent a! instruments ................... 85 59 53 52 17 69 576 110 153 187 347 15
Private sector

Personal consumption expenditures Exports Gross private domestic investment

Industry number and title Total

private

sector Durable

goods

Nondurable goods Services Total Merchan­ Producers* New

construction Total

Total Food Total Medical

merchandise

and

services

dise

only

Total durable

equipment

Manufacturing — Continued

90. Optical and ophthalmic equipment........... 52 37 184 14 6 5 36t 67 93 118 220 8

91. Photographic equipment and supplies........................................................ 109 83 115 80 40 73 117 208 250 180 320 30

92. Miscellaneous manufactured produ c ts ........................................................ 483 510 1,449 556 80 105 72 387 479 378 626 112

Transportation, communication, and public

utilities:

93. Railroad transportation ............................ 626 520 722 703 919 258 189 1.171 1.554 805 685 956

94. Local transit and intercity bus transportation ............................................... 242 293 68 67 64 607 97 67 80 86 84 88

95. Truck transportation ................................ 976 870 1,006 1,340 1,826 344 433 1,280 1,692 1.245 1,061 1,473

96. Water transportation.................................. 278 148 135 228 183 72 24 1,903 232 88 81 98

97. Air transportation....................................... 508 494 295 293 277 772 380 916 346 362 376 342

98. Other transportation.................................. 146 138 67 212 88 90 45 337 304 77 64 90

99. Communications, except radio and

T V .......................................................... 1,926 2,117 1,000 609 618 4.067 661 606 545 910 1,246 986

100. Radio and TV broadcasting ...................... 126 135 137 194 186 75 120 109 102 81 96 64

101. Electric utilities ......................................... 402 464 228 219 216 809 239 192 225 209 206 213

102. Gas utilities.................................................. 203 236 85 95 89 436 74 100 118 94 83 104

103. Water and sanitary services........................ 92 108 39 54 54 212 72 43 48 39 35 43

Wholesale and retail trade:

104. Wholesale trade........................................... 3,953 3,826 4,514 6,447 6.073 914 2,116 3.963 5.296 4,319 5,299 3.276

105. Retail trade................................................. 13,824 16,749 28,017 27,788 26,787 1.286 11,297 1.241 1.051 6,379 7,808 4,888

Finance, insurance,and real estate:

106. Finance........................................................ 1,077 1,300 362 532 525 2.435 395 385 421 447 432 344

107. Insurance .................................... ............. 1,275 1.540 363 489 558 3.052 3,803 457 430 427 370 439

108. Owner-occupied dwellings ........................ - - - - - - - - - - — -

109. Other real estate......................................... 847 972 404 559 543 1.608 560 483 378 418 293 298

Services:

110. Hotels and lodging places.......................... 807 886 177 185 175 2,084 259 1,248 195 220 207 214

111. Other personal services.............................. 2.184 2,828 167 243 285 6,457 463 233 271 113 131 90

112. Miscellaneous............................................. 1,421 1,425 1,160 1,427 1.542 1.525 1.104 1.357 1,570 1,356 1,308 1,367

113. Advertising.................................................. 141 153 158 223 213 80 137 104 117 93 110 73

114. Miscellaneous professional services........... 941 874 513 600 609 1,288 575 672 526 1,422 513 2,253

115. Automobile repair .................................... 518 612 240 233 282 1.137 132 179 220 238 216 259
Private sector

Industry number and title Total

private

sector

Personal consumption expenditures Exports Gross private domestic investment

Total Durable

goods

Nondurable goods Services Total

merchandise

and

services

Merchandise

only

Total

Producers'

durable

equipment

New

Total Food Total Medical construction

Services — Continued

116. Motion pictures ........................................ 161 160 67 94 90 263 62 394 52 43 49 34

117. Other amusements .................................... 535 664 90 106 101 1,506 78 272 52 57 60 50

118. Health services except hospitals............... 1,455 1,900 30 158 279 4.375 23,792 66 60 31 25 30

119. Hospitals..................................................... 1,388 1.826 5 7 7 4,361 25.078 6 5 6 4 4

120. Educational services.................................. 1.056 1.375 11 14 15 3.298 15 128 12 13 11 13

121. Nonprofit organizations........................... 1.529 1.969 112 140 162 4,528 162 121 135 149 131 167

Government enterprises:

122. Post O ffic e ................................................. 550 620 398 432 399 894 544 321 330 320 351 281

123. Commodity Credit Corporation............... - — — — — — — — — — — —

124. Other Federal enterprises......................... 207 239 202 207 202 285 110 157 59 80 85 70

125. State and local government enterprises ..................................................... 463 540 235 266 266 939 270 275 206 201 180 204

Imports:

126. Directly allocated imports ....................... - — — — — — — — — — — —

127. Transferred im p o rts .................................. - - - - - - - - - - -

Dummy industries:

128. Business travel, entertainment, and

g ifts ....................................................... — — — — — — — — — — —

129. Office supplies .......................................... - - - - - - - - - - -

130. Scrap, used and secondhand goods.......... - - - - - - ~ - - - - -

Special industries:

131. Government in d u stry................................ — — — — — — — — — — — —

132. Rest of the world ind u stry....................... — — — — — — — — — — — —

133. Households................................................. 2,242 3,032 — — — 7,158 — — — — — —

134. Inventory valuation adjustment ............... - — — — — ~ — — “ — ~
U>

00

Type of construction

Residential buildings Nonresidential buildings

Industry number and title

Singlefamily

Multifamily I ndustrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

ways

and

streets

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries:

176 156 90 89 93 93 79 89 63 73 52 75

2. Crops and other agricultural prod1,044

413

886 197 228 302 272 201 232 116 217 100 176

221 35 57 88 47 88 190 18 103 28 64

4. Agriculture, forestry, and fishery ser256 203 73 78 92 79 81 102 51 72 44 69

Mining:

38 51 56 63 51 76 34 75 105 56 52 80

53 70 80 72 114 50 565 101 52 25 31 26

33 43 52 54 67 57 207 70 63 41 39 33

8. Coal mining ............................................... 115 126 119 129 116 141 87 132 191 160 84 156

9 Crude petroleum ....................................... 187 198 157 207 165 169 233 201 131 155 209 465

10 Stone and clay mining and quarrying......... 546 541 444 495 517 533 278 446 472 820 308 1,761

11 Chemical and fertilizer mining ................... 20 20 21 21 20 22 25 26 17 17 24 17

Construction:

12. New residential building construction ........................................................ 33,648 33,648

13. New nonresidential building construction ................................................. 20,987 20,987 20,987 20,987

14 New public utilities construction ...............

____ 18,130 18,130, 18,130 18,130 18,130 22,636

15 New highway construction..........................

______

--

--—

16 All other new construction..........................

_____ ...—--

17 Maintenance and repair construction ......... 332 321 316 290 289 279 280 292 273 263 180 334

Manufacturing:

18 Guided missiles and space vehicles .............

3

3

3

3

4

53

73

2 12

3

19 Other ordnance.............................................

6

9 12 11 17 10

6 18 15

8

9

5

20 Food products ............................................. 140 113 114 104 102 107 88 92 86 82 69 92

21 Tobacco manufacturing ..............................

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

11

1

1

2

22 Fabric yarn and thread m ills ..................... 121 245 95 121 120 116 142 99 48 56 53 54

23. Miscellaneous textiles and floor

coverings................................................. 91 314 70 100 89 106 81 53 20 28 31 25

24 Hosiery and knit goods................................ 18 23 17 17 17 17 16 16 12 10 11 14

25 Apparel.......................................................... 75 69 76 71 78 72 73 79 61 47 48 71

26. Miscellaneous fabricated textile

products ................................................. 25 40 30 32 33 40 19 32 14 19 14 12

27 Logging sawmills and planing m ills ........... 2,779

3,321

598

1,481

1,207

819

219 372 575 298 580 1,270 108 686 307 419

28. Millwork, plywood and other wood

prnrlunts .................................. 279 490 666 544 1,077 1,852 128 2,002 215 231

29 Household furniture ................................ 17 22 56 16 16 22

9 17 14

9

Public utility structures
Type of construction

Industry number and title

Residential buildings Nonresidential buildings Public utility structures

Highways

and

streets

SinglefamilyMultifamily Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

Manufacturing — Continued

30. Other fu rn itu re ............................................. 93 45 197 300 138 27 81 35 12 10 36 6

31. Paper products............................................ 314 341 331 370 371 338 256 242 175 207 177 177

32. Paperboard................................................... 121 127 130 156 141 134 114 126 90 77 64 71

33. Publishing..................................................... 199 201 206 196 196 195 185 183 170 149 115 180

34. Printing......................................................... 229 231 239 223 232 218 202 212 193 173 137 206

35. Chemical products ...................................... 341 336 391 362 374 420 502 367 257 257 605 342

36. Agricultural chemicals ................................ 27 24 12 12 14 13 13 12 37 11 11 11

37. Plastic materials and synthetic rubber ........................................................... 103 108 149 115 198 154 291 126 47 56 50 52

38. Synthetic fibers .......................................... 40 108 34 43 42 45 44 29 14 16 14 16

39. Drugs ........................................................... 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 8 7

40. Cleaning and toilet preparations................. 14 15 17 17 13 13 12 12 13 15 10 14

41. P aint.............................................................. 154 147 379 101 74 93 50 78 82 78 42 113

42. Petroleum products .................................... 113 121 151 128 98 101 147 125 68 88 137 311

43. Rubber products.......................................... 109 175 171 188 175 153 138 185 129 181 167 195

44. Plastic products .......................................... 424 396 624 444 960 835 266 324 134 126 118 113

45. Leather, footwear, and leather products ......................................................... 13 12 10 12 12 40 11 14 12 10 7 9

46. Glass.............................................................. 155 134 162 150 214 154 59 121 101 86 75 58

47. Cement, clay, and concrete products........ 2,872 2,682 3,194 2,035 1,939 1,849 820 1,361 2,761 5,212 525 2,930

48. Miscellaneous stone and clay products ......................................................... 552 686 571 973 671 678 392 1.978 146 961 155 157

49. Blast furnaces and basic steel products ......................................................... 860 1,156 1,278 1,444 1.146 1,785 670 1.736 2,518 1,274 1,216 1,908

50. Iron and steel foundries and forgings........ 213 277 394 306 292 345 214 365 7,072 339 451 201

51. Primary copper metals ................................ 22 29 33 29 48 18 253 42 19 8 10 7

52. Primary aluminum ...................................... 44 62 86 94 94 105 159 105 113 87 64 46

53. Other primary and secondary nonferrous m etal.......................................... 39 49 56 58 82 57 318 82 65 37 38 35

54. Copper rolling and drawing......................... 79 106 127 103 104 42 453 90 26 19 22 15

55. Aluminum rolling and draw ing................... 95 130 180 199 212 244 373 224 219 189 138 97

56. Other nonferrous rolling and drawing........ 118 173 159 173 774 111 5,408 664 52 42 88 33

57. Miscellaneous nonferrous metal

products ................................................. 43 54 84 75 75 79 39 72 104 33 43 31

58. Metal containers.......................................... 29 27 45 25 22 23 21 24 21 21 20 27

59. Heating apparatus and plumbing fix ­

tures ....................................................... 702 731 904 537 762 710 146 89 57 78 33 28

60. Fabricated structural m etal......................... 1,113 2.571 4,254 4,634 3.010 2,956 1.350 4,736 5,999 5,441 3.573 2.459

61. Screw machine products............................. 172 238 277 349 486 270 386 499 216 163 192 140

62. Other fabricated metal products................. 764 820 618 905 917 1,428 772 814 668 468 626 571

63. Engines, turbines, and generators............... 33 40 59 53 42 49 42 328 57 50 59 56
Type of construction

industry number and title

Residential bufldings Nonresidential buildings Public utility structures

Highways

and

streets

SinglefamilyMultifamily Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

Manufacturing — Continued

64. Farm m achinery........................................... 6 7 8 7 6 7 6 9 25 8 17 71

65. Construction, mining, and oilfield

m achinery............................................... 58 76 138 113 86 104 159 243 244 308 1,228 328

66. Material handling equipment ...................... 30 76 728 439 42 507 120 60 49 49 41 43

67. Metalworking machinery ............................ 81 105 149 147 240 153 104 164 294 104 155 86

68. Special industry machinery.......................... 44 41 47 45 38 45 34 44 101 32 34 25

69. General industrial m achinery...................... 188 182 468 406 267 401 155 436 367 192 193 114

70. Machine shop products................................ 77 95 147 121 114 131 192 150 602 86 106 176

71. Computers and peripheral equipment......... 18 18 20 20 19 19 15 19 19 16 18 16

72. Typewriters and other office machines ...................................................... 6 7 8 9 8 8 6 7 7 6 8 6

73. Service industry machines............................ 71 214 328 523 272 195 120 70 34 30 24 22

74. Electric transmission equipment................. 113 158 180 217 1,814 188 104 1,557 92 48 87 58

75. Electrical industrial apparatus...................... 120 169 241 259 300 314 117 278 332 126 134 107

76. Household appliances.................................. 181 79 46 66 63 37 32 40 17 11 13 11

77. Electric lighting and w irin g .......................... 323 617 666 1,133 550 870 474 854 375 26 224 332

78. Radio and television sets.............................. 7 9 10 10 15 12 11 23 8 7 15 8

79. Telephone and telegraph apparatus............. 23 32 39 36 40 34 37 41 23 15 38 18

80. Other electronic communication

equipm ent............................................... 21 24 32 30 115 149 52 358 18 13 838 71

81. Electronic components................................ 71 96 127 134 323 222 105 344 84 50 539 76

82. Other electrical m achinery.......................... 53 64 52 67 62 52 195 86 39 46 26 53

83. Motor vehicles ............................................. 10 12 16 16 15 14 25 18 19 10 11 16

84. A ircraft.......................................................... 38 46 58 60 63 64 36 71 52 44 59 38

85. Ship and boat building and repair............... 74 96 133 129 101 98 52 129 145 132 100 69

86. Railroad and other transportation

equipm ent............................................... 7 9 11 14 11 11 7 14 13 10 9 8

87. Miscellaneous transportation equipment ........................................................ 4 6 5 8 3 4 2 5 5 5 4 14

88. Scientific and controlling instruments ........................................................ 121 179 284 212 895 868 90 87 47 31 37 29

89. Medical and dental instruments ................. 14 15 14 14 16 16 13 15 15 12 13 10

90. Optical and ophthalmic equipment............. 7 7 8 8 10 8 8 9 8 7 5 5

91. Photographic equipment and supplies .......................................................... 26 27 34 33 38 30 23 41 25 23 23 31

92. Miscellaneous manufactured products .......................................................... 106 115 85 146 106 91 103 94 66 55 39 184

Transportation, communication, and public 

utilities:

93. Railroad transportation .............................. 1,129

________1___

976 844 795 774 723 731 939 671 714 357 912
Type of construction

Industry number and title

Residential buildings Nonresidential buildings Public utility structures

H jghSinglefamily

Multifamily Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

ways

and

streets

Transportation, communication, and public 

utilities — Continued

94. Local transit and intercity bus transp ortation............................................... 90 95 95 92 93 100 72 80 82 79 59 85

95. Truck transportation ................................ 1,275 1,247 2,133 1,812 1.620 1,372 1.056 1,664 1,133 1.205 735 1,777

96. Water transportation.................................. 103 88 81 80 75 69 198 92 75 75 49 131

97. Air transportation...................................... 349 368 362 355 367 382 297 321 311 301 229 328

98. Other transportation.................................. 83 83 109 93 77 76 81 85 63 68 63 148

99. Communications, except radio and

T V ......................................................... 1.013 1,043 1,070 1.009 1.007 1.025 863 902 976 838 695 801

100. Radio and TV broadcasting ..................... 65 65 67 63 63 63 60 59 54 46 34 54

101. Electric utilities ........................................ 213 216 223 209 210 214 217 202 242 207 117 192

102. Gas u tilities................................................. 103 105 116 103 100 102 103 97 131 118 63 111

103. Water and sanitary services....................... 46 47 47 43 41 48 44 34 33 30 20 42

Wholesale and retail trade:

104. Wholesale trade............................ 3,368 3,388 3.403 3.164 3.186 2.975 3.227 2,858 2,703 2.030 2,055 2.818

105. Retail trade................................................. 7.051 5,599 3,937 3.673 3,992 4,257 1.910 2,425 2.148 1,300 1.370 2.439

Finance, insurance, and real estate:

106. Finance................................................. 344 343 443 319 334 332 280 289 297 274 156 276

107. Insurance................................................... 422 435 419 417 417 428 438 494 506 544 481 645

108. Owner-occupied dwellings ....................... — — — — — _ _ _ _ _

109. Other real estate........................................ 319 317 312 295 292 299 258 263 246 236 206 315

Services:

110. Hotels and lodging places......................... 218 232 233 224 227 246 177 195 200 193 149 210

111. Other personal services....................... 79 90 106 103 93 92 68 100 109 91 69 72

112. Miscellaneous.......................... 1.373 1,404 1.394 1,376 1.379 1.389 1.242 1,363 1,382 1.441 1.301 1,418

113. Advertising.................................. .... .. :.. . 75 74 76 72 72 72 69 67 62 53 39 62

114. Miscellaneous professional services . . . . . . 2,184 2,705 2,650 2.639 2.662 2,802 2.448 2.456 2.582 2.610 2.568 4.444

115. Automobile repair ................. ............... 285 282 282 262 260 286 184 207 200 204 166 232

116. Motion pictures .......................... 35 35 36 34 34 34 32 31 29 26 19 30

117. Other amusements..................... 54 54 52 50 51 53 41 43 42 39 30 45

118. Health services except hospitals -* ...... 32 32 29 28 28 29 28 31 30 32 28 38

119. Hospitals........................................... . . . . . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4

120. Educational services................... ........... 14 15 15 13 13 14 11 11 8 13 6 11

121. Nonprofit organizations...........v ............. 174 185 185 164 164 176 129 134 94 178 66 129

Government enterprises:

122. Post office ................................................. 285 292 307 287 279 292 240 270 252 232 248 264

123. Commodity Cred it Corporation............... — — — — — _ _ _ _ _

124. Other Federal enterprises......................... 83 75 68 62 64 66 54 54 57 46 55 53
Type of construction

Residential buildings Nonresidential buildings Public utility structures

HighIndustry number and title

Singlefamily

Multifamily I ndustrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

ways

and

streets

Government enterprises — Continued

125. State and local government enterprises ...................................................... 210 216 217 198 201 203 205 196 185 206 205 240

Imports:

126. Directly allocated imports ........................ — - — — — — — — — — —

127. Transferred imports .................................. - - - - - - — — — — ~

Dummy industries:

128. Business travel, entertainment, and

g ifts ........................................................

129. Office supplies ........................................... — - — — — — — — — — —

130. Scrap, used and secondhand goods........... - - - - - - - - — — —

Special industries:

131. Government in d u stry................................ — - — — — — — — — — —

132. Rest of the world in d u stry........................ — — — — — — — — — — —

133. Households................................................. - - — — — — — — — — — -

134. Inventory valuation adjustment ............... — — “ '
Sector

number Sector name

1963

Input-output

number

SIC code1

Sector

number Sector name

1963

I nput-output 

number

SIC code1

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries: Manufacturing -- Continued

1 1.01-1.03 01 32 Paperboard ......................................................... 25 265

2 Crops and other agricultural 33 Publishing........................................................... 26.01 -26.04 271,272,273,

products......................................................... 2.01-2.07 01 and 274

3 3 0.74 08, and 091 34 Printing............................................................... 26.05-26.08 275, 276, 277,

4 Agriculture, forestry, and 278, and 279

4 071,0723, pt. 0729, 35 Chemical products ............................................ 27.01 and 281, 286, and 289

073,085,and 098 27.04 (except 28195)

36 Agricultural chemicals........................................ 27.02-27.03 287

Mining: 37 Plastic materials and synthetic

5 Iron ore m ining.................................................. 5 101,106 r i ihhpr 28.01-28.02 2821,2822

6 Copper ore mining ............................................ 6.01 102 38 <^ynthpfir fihprc 28.03-28.04 2823,2824

7 Other nonferrous metal ore m ining................... 6.02 103-109, except 39 29.01 283

106 40 Cleaning and toilet preparations....................... 29.02-29.03 284

8 Coal mining......................................................... 7 11, 12 41 Paint 30 285

9 Crude petroleum................................................ 8 1311,1321,138 42 Pptrnlpiim prnHnpts 31.01 -31.03 29

10 Stone and clay mining and 43 Rubber products................................................ 32.01-32.03 30 except 307

quarrying....................................................... 9 141-145,148, 44 Plpctir* prnrliirtQ 32.04 307

and 149 45 Leather, footwear, and leather

11 Chemical and fertilizer mining ......................... 10 147 products 33 and 34.01 31

34.03 Construction: 46 Glass................................................................... 35.01-35.02 321,322, and 323

12 New residential building construction \ 47 Cement, clay, and concrete (excludes equipment and land 1 products......................................................... 36.01 -36.05 324,325,and

development costs) ...................................... 11.01 I and 36.10-36.14 327

13 New nonresidential building

11.02 1 48 Miscellaneous stone and clay construction.................................................. products......................................................... 36.06-36.09 326, 328,and

14 New public utilities construction ..................... 11.03 Vi 5, 16, and 17 and 36.15- 329

15 New highway construction............................... 11.04 | 36.22

16 All other new construction............................... 11.05 1 49 Blast furnaces and basic steel 17 Maintenance and repair products......................................................... 37.01 331 construction.................................................. 12.01-12.02 ) 50 Iron and steel foundries, and

Manufacturing: forgings ......................................................... 37.02-37.04 332, 3391, and 3399

18 fiiiiriorl micciloc anri cparo v/phirloc 13.01 1925 51 Primary copper metals ...................................... 38.01 3331

19 Othof* 13.02-13.07 19 except 1925 52 Primary aluminum ............................................ 38.04 3334 and 28195

20 Food products .................................................. 14.01-14.32 20 53 Other primary and secondary

21 Tnharrn manufarturing 15.01-15.02 21 nonferrous m e ta l.......................................... 38.02-38.03, 3332, 3333, 3339,

22 Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills ........................... 16.01-16.04 221,222, 223, 38.05, and and 334

224, 226 and 228 38.06

23 Miscellaneous textiles and floor 54 Copper rolling and drawing................................ 38.07 3351

coverings....................................................... 17.01 -17.10 227 and 229 55 Aluminum rolling and draw ing......................... 38.08 3352

24 Hosiery and knit goods...................................... 18.01-18.03 225 56 Other nonferrous rolling and

25 Apparel ......................................................... 18.04 23 (except 239), drawing ......................................................... 38.09-38.10 3356and 3357

3992 57 Miscellaneous nonferrous metal

26 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products......................................................... 38.11-38.14 336 and 3392

prndunt«i . . . . 19.01-19.03 239 58 Metal containers................................................ 39.01-39.02 341 and 3491

27 Logging, sawmills, and planing 59 Heating apparatus and plumbing

m i 11q 20.01-20.04 241 and 242 fixtures ......................................................... 40.01-40.03 343

28 Millwork, plywood, and other wood 60 Fabricated structural m etal................................ 40.04-40.09 344

pmrinrts . . 20.05-20.09 243, 244, and 61 Screw machine products.................................... 41.04-41.02 345 and 346

and 21 249 62 Other fabricated metal products....................... 42.01 -42.11 342. 347,348 and

29 Household fu rn itu re .......................................... 22.01-22.04 251 349 except 3491

30 Other furniture . . . ............. 23.01-23.07 25 except 251 63 Engines, turbines, and generators..................... 43.01-43.02 351

31 Paper prnriiirt^ 24.01-24.07 26 except 265 64 Farm machinery................................................. 44 352
4^

Sector

number Sector name

Manufacturing — Continued

65 Construction, mining, and oilfield

66

67

68

69

70

71

72 Typewriters and other office

73

74

75

76

77

78

79 Telephone and telegraph apparatus...................

80 Other electronic communication

equipm ent.....................................................

81 Electronic components......................................

82 Other electrical machinery ................................

83 Motor vehicles.....................................................

84 A irc ra ft................................................................

85 Ship and boat building and repair.....................

86 Railroad and other transportation

equipm ent.....................................................

87 Transportation equipment ................................

88 Scientific and controlling

instruments...................................................

89 Medical and dental instruments.........................

90 Optical and ophthalmic equipment...................

91 Photographic and equipment and

supplies .........................................................

92 Miscellaneous manufactured

nrnducts _____

Transportation, communication, and public utilities:

0.1 Railroad transoortation.......................................

94 Local transit and intercity bus ..........................

95 Truck transportation...........................................

96 Water transportation...........................................

97 Air transportation...............................................

98 Other transportation...........................................

99 Communications, except radio and

T V ..................................................................

100 Radio and TV broadcasting................................

101 Electric utilities...................................................

102 Gas u tilitie s.........................................................

1963

Input-output

number

45.01- 45.03

46.01- 46.04

47.01- 47.04

48.01- 48.06

49.01- 49.07 

50

51.01

51.02- 51.04

52.01- 52.05

53.01- 53.03 

53.04-53.08

54.01- 54.07

55.01- 55.03

56.01- 56.02 

56.03

57.01- 57.03

58.01- 58.05

59.01- 59.03

60.01- 60.04

61.01- 61.02

61.03- 61.05 

61.06-61.07

62.01- 62.03 

and 62.07

62.04- 62.06

63.01- 63.02

63.03

64.01- 64.12

65.01

65.02

65.03

65.04

65.05

65.06-65.07

66

67

68.01

68.02

SIC code1

3531,3532, and 3533 

3534, 3535,3536. 

and 3537

354

355

356 

359

3573,3574

357, except 3573 

and 3574 

358

361

362

363

364

365

3661

3662 

367 

369

371

372

373

374 and 375 

379

381,382, and

387

384

383 and 385 

386

39 (except 3992)

40 and 474

41

42 and 473

44

45

46, 47 (except 

473 and 474)

48 except 483

483

491 and part 493

492 and part 493

Sef^ ° r Sector name number

1963

Input-output 

number

SIC code1

Transportation, communication 

and public utilities — Continued

103 Water and sanitary services................................ 68.03 494,495,496,497. 

and part 493

Wholesale and retail trade:

104 Wholesale trade................................................... 69.01 50

105 Retail trade......................................................... 69.02 52. 53.54. 55,56, 

57. 58. and 59

Finance, insurance and real estate:

106 Finance............................................................... 70.01-70.03 60.61.62. and 67

107 Insurance ........................................................... 70.04-70.05 63 and 64

108 Owner-occupied dwellings.................................. 70.01 (2)

109 Other real estate................................................. 71.02 65 and 66

Services:

110 Hotels and lodging places.................................. 72.01 70

111 Other personal services...................................... 72.02-72.03 72 and 76

112 Miscellaneous business services......................... 73.01 73 except 731

113 Advertising......................................................... 73.02 731

114 Miscellaneous professional

services........................................................... 73.03 and 74 81 and 89 except 

892. nonprofit 

research

115 Automobile repair............................................... 75 75

116 Motion pictures................................................... 76.01 78

117 Other amusements............................................. 76.02 79

118 Health services except hospitals ....................... 77.01 and 80 (except 806).

77.03 0722

119 Hospitals............................................................. 77.02 806

120 Educational services.......................................... 77.04 82

121 Nonprof it organizations.................................... 77.05 84, 86, and 892

Government enterprises:

122 Post O ffic e ......................................................... 78.01 (2)

123 Commodity Credit Corporation ....................... 78.03 (2)

124 Other Federal enterprises.................................. 78.02 and 

78.04

(2)

125 State and local government

enterprises..................................................... 79.01-79.03 (2)

Imports:

126 Directly allocated imports 80.01 (2) ..................................

127 Transferred imports .......................................... 80.02 (2)

Dummy industries:

128 Business travel, entertainment.

and g ifts ......................................................... 81 (2)

129 Office supplies ................................................... 82 (2)

130 Scrap, used and secondhand goods................... 83 (2)

Special industries:

131 Government industry (2) ........................................ 84

132 Rest of the world industry ................................ 85 (2)

133 Households......................................................... 86 (2)

134 Inventory valuation adjustment ....................... 87 (2)

1Standard Industrial Qassification Manual, 1967 edition. Bureau of the Budget (now Office of Management and Budget). 

3 No comparable industry.
Component of demand

Public sector

Occupation

Federal State and local

Total

public

sector

Nondefense Total Except

structures

New construction

Education

Defense Total Except

NASA NASA State and 

local Total Except

structures

New construction

T o ta l............................................................ 90,050 74,200 66,600 68,850 62,400 101,250 112,250 59,850 108.800 114.950 63,550

Professional and technical workers ..................... 17,000 7,550 15.750 15,400 19,600 34.150 42,950 5,550 58,950 64,550 5,550

Engineers..................................................... 1,100 2,500 1,900 1,100 8.550 1,050 950 1.250 700 700 1,400

Aeronautical .................................... 100 350 350 100 2.500

******

Chem ical...........................................

* 100 50* 200** 50***

C iv il................................................... 200 200 200 200 300 400 300 400 150 100 450

Electrical........................................... 250 750 500 300 2,000 150 150 150 200 200 250

Industrial........................................... 100 200 150 100 500 100 50 100

** 100

Mechanical......................................... 200 550 300 150 1,550 150 150 250 150 150 200

Metallurgical ....................................

* 50** 150****

*

*

M inin g ...............................................

*

*

*********

Sales .................................................

* 100 50* 200** 100** 100

O ther................................................. 100 200 200 150 900 100 100 200 100 100 200

Medical and health w orkers....................... 1,650 200 2,350 2,650 100 3,450 4.450 900 950

Dentists.............................................

** 50 50 100 100**

Dietitians and n utritio n ists .............

** 50 50 100 100 50 100

Professional nurses............................ 800 100 1,050 1,200 1.650 2.100 300 350

Optom etrists....................................

******——

Osteopaths.........................................

******—-

Pharmacists......................................

** 50 50 50 100**

Physicians and surgeons................... 150

* 250 250 350 450 50 50

Psychologists....................................

Medical and dental

50

*

*

150 200 250 300

technicians.................................. 250

* 400 450 550 700 100 100

Veterinarians....................................

** 100 100****

O the r................................................. 250

* 350 400 500 650 50 50

Teachers ..................................................... 7,850 300 1.400 1,600 150 18,550 24.200 42.950 47.250

Elementary ...................................... 3,250 100 600 650

— 7.700 10.000 17,850 19.650

Secondary......................................... 2.600 50 500 550

— 6.200 8.100 14.400 15,850

College............................................... 1.400

* 250 300 150 3.400 4,400 7.850 8,650

O ther................................................. 550 150 100 100

— 1.300 1.650 2,800 3.100—

Natural scientists......................................... 500 450 1,300 1,200 2,200 700 850 150 1.050 1,150 150

Chemists ........................................... 100 100 150 150 200 150 150 50 150 200 100

Agricultural scientists ..................... 100

* 450 500* 100 150* 150 150*

Biological scientists..........................

Geologists and geo100

*

200 200 50 150 200

*

200 250

physicists ....................................

** 50 100**** 50 50*

Mathematicians................................ 50 100 100 100 300

* 50

* 100 100

*
Component of demand

Public sector

Occupation

Federal State and local

Total

public

sector

Nondefense Total Except

structures

New construction

Education

Defense Total Except

NASA NASA

State and 

local Total Except

structures

New construction

Natural scientists — Continued

Physicists........................................... 50 100 50 50 200 50 100

*

150 150

O ther.................................................. 100 50 200 50 1,400 150 150

* 250 300

*

Social scientists........................................... 50 50 350 350 50 ’ 50 100

* 50 50

*

Economists.......................................

** 200 200 

** 

—

Statisticians and actuaries...............

** 150 150

*

**

**

*

O ther.................................................

***

*****

**

Technicians, except medical

and dental............................................... 1,100 1,650 2,750 2,600 4,400 1,200 1,150 1,550 1,100 1,100 1,600

D rafters............................................. 200 350 300 250 850 350 250 650 200 150 750

S u rv e y o rs ......................................................... 50

*

** 50 100 50 300

*

* 100

Air traffic controllers........................ 50

* 650 750———

*

——

*

R a d io operators................................

*

*

*

** 50 50*

**

*

Electrical and electronic

technicians.................................. 200 500 500 400 1,300 150 150 150 150 150 100

Other engineering and 

physical science

technicians................. ................. 300 550 850 750 1,800 250 200 350 200 200 450

O ther................................................. 200 150 400 400 350 300 400 100 550 600 50

Other professional and

technical w orkers.................................. 4,750 2,400 5,750 5,950 4,150 9,100 11,300 1,500 12,200 13,400 2,400

Accountants and a u d ito rs ............... 400 300 1,150 1,200 650 650 650 750 300 250 700

Airplane pilots and

navigators.....................................

* 100 150 150 100 50 50*** 50

Architects .........................................

***

* 50 50* 100*

* 100

Clergy ...............................................

* 100 250 250- 50 50

** 50

*

Designers, except

drafters .........................................

* 50 100 100 100 50 150 100** 100

Editors and reporters........................ 50 100 100 50 100 100 100

* 100 100

*

Lawyers and judges.......................... 300 100 650 700 500 550 550 750 200 150 600

Librarians ................................. 300

* 100 100* 700 900

* 1,550 1,700

*

Personnel and labor

relations workers ........................ 200 150 300 300 200 350 400 100 100 100 100

Photographers..................................

* 50 50 50 100

* 50* 50 50

*

Social and welfare

workers......................................... 400

* 150 150 50 900 1,150* 150 200*

Workers and teachers 

in the arts and

entertainment.............................. 1,200 200 750 800 2,600 3,400 100 5,600 6,200

Professional and technical 

workers not elsewhere 

classified....................................... 1,750 1,150 1,950 1,950 2,250 3,050 3,800 550 3,950 4,350 700
Public sector

Occupation Total

public

sector

Federal State and local

Defense

Nondefense Total 

State and 

local

Except

structures

New const ruction

Education

Total Except

NASA NASA Total Except

structures

New construction

Managers and administrators................................ 4,200 3,500 4,550 4.750 4,950 7,150 7,350 5,400 4,800 4,150 6,250

Railroad conductors ............................ . . . * * * * * * * 50 * * 100

Ship officers, pilots.

and engineers ........................................ * 100 * * * * * * * * *

Credit and collection

managers................................................. * * * * * * * * * * *

Purchasing agents........................................ 100 250 100 50 500 150 150 150 150 150 150

Postmasters and assistants.......................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Managers and administrators

not elsewhere classified.......................... 4,000 3,100 4,400 4,600 4,350 6,900 7,100 5,150 4,650 3,950 6,000

Clerical workers..................................................... 10,400 7,850 21,550 22,700 12,150 16,500 19,350 7,500 14,250 15,400 8,200

Stenographers, typists, and

secretaries............................................... 3,500 2,300 4,950 5,200 3,850 5,950 7,100 2,250 6,000 6,550 2,350

Office machine operators ............................ 350 400 300 300 450 500 550 300 300 300 300

Other clerical w orkers................................ 6,600 5,150 16,300 17,150 7,850 10,100 11,700 4,950 8,000 8,550 5,550

Accounting clerks ............................ 350 300 650 700 350 650 600 350 350 350 400

Bookkeepers.................................... 300 300 250 250 500 550 500 700 400 400 900

Bank te lle rs ...................................... * * * * * * 50 * * * *

Cashiers............................................. 150 100 200 200 200 350 400 100 350 400 100

Mail carriers...................................... 100 100 150 150 300 200 200 100 100 100 100

Postal clerks...................................... 150 150 150 150 350 250 250 100 150 150 100

Shipping and receiving

clerks ........................................... 150 200 200 200 300 200 200 250 150 150 150

Telephone operators....................... 150 350 450 400 900 450 500 300 350 350 350

Clerical workers not

elsewhere classified..................... 5,250 3,600 14,200 15,100 4,900 7,550 8,950 3,000 6,100 650 3,200

Salesworkers .......................................................... 900 950 1,050 1,050 1,600 1,450 1,400 2.000 1,100 1,050 2,350

Insurance agents and

brokers................................................... 100 50 100 100 100 150 150 150 150 150 150

Real estate agents and

brokers................................................... 50 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 100

Other salesworkers not

elsewhere classified................................ 750 850 850 850 1,400 1,200 1,150 1,750 900 850 2,100

Craft and kindred w orkers.................................... 7,200 7,550 7,950 8,150 8,850 11.500 8,150 17,550 7,350 6,700 18,550

Construction craftworkers.......................... 2.700 1,450 2,600 2,850 1.300 4,950 1,900 9.700 2,000 1,350 10,950

Carpenters........................................ 750 300 800 900 250 1,400 450 2,450 550 350 3,050

Brickmasons, stone and

tile setters.................................... 150 * 100 150 50 350 50 650 150 * 1,250
Public sector

Occupation

Federal State and local

Total

public

sector

Nondefense Total Except

structures

New construction

Education

Defense Total Except

NASA NASA

State and 

local Total Except

structures

New construction

Construction craftworkers — Continued

Cement and concrete

finishers ....................................... 50 150 400 400

Electricians....................................... 450 450 450 450 450 650 400 750 350 300 1.100

Excavating, grade, and road

machinery operators................... 400 100 350 400 100 850 200 3,150 150 100 950

Painters and paperhangers ......................................... 400 200 400 450 200 750 450 700 400 300 1.500

Plasters .............................................

***** 50* 150*

* 300

Plumbers and p ip e fitters ................. 350 300 250 300 200 550 250 800 250 200 1,300

Roofers and slaters .......................... 50

**

*

* 100

* 300 50* 700

Structural m etalworkers................. 100 100 150 150

* 150* 350*

* 350

Blue-collar worker supervisors

not elsewhere classified.......................... 950 1,000 1,450 1,450 1,550 1,400 1,200 2,200 1,050 1.000 1,950

Metalworking craftworkers

except mechanics.................................. 800 1.650 950 850 2,150 -850 650 f,500 650 550 1,850

Machinists......................................... 400 850 550 500 1,150 350 300 500 300 300 650

Blacksmiths, forge and

hammer operators........................

*.*******.*

Boilermakers.....................................

*

****

** 50**

*

Heat treaters, annealers,

and temperers..............................

#»*..*.***.

M illwrights.........................................

* 100

** 100 50* 100** 100

Metal molders ..................................

* 100** 50** 100*

* 100

Metal and wood

patternmakers..............................

. 100** 100*.****

Rollers and roll hands......................

******* 50*

* 50

Sheet metal workers ........................ 150 300 100 50 300 200 100 400 100 50 600

Toolmakers, diemakers,

and setters .................................. 100 250 150 150 400 100 100 150 100 100 200

Mechanics and repairers.............................. 1,850 2,200 1,750 1,800 2,050 2,700 2,900 2.100 2,300 2,450 1.850

Air conditioning, heating,

and refrigeration.......................... 100 100 100 100 50 100 50 100 50

. 100

Airplane............................................. 200 550 350 300 550 100 100 50 50 50 50

Motor vehicle..................................... 200 250 150 150 200 350 400 350 250 250 300

Office machine ................................

**** 50** 100*

**

Radio and TV .................................. 50 150

** 50* 50***

*

Railroad and car shop ......................

***********

O the r................................................. 1,250 1,150 1,100 1,100 1,100 2,000 2,200 1.450 1,900 2.000 1,300
Public sector

Federal State and local

Total

public

sector

Nondefense Total Except

structures

New construction

Education

Defense Total Except

NASA NASA State and 

local Total Except

structures

New construction

Printing trades craftworkers................. . . . 150 150 150 150 200 250 300 100 300 350 100

Compositors and typesetters ........................................... 100 50 100 150 100 150 200 50 200 200 50

Electro typers and stereotypers ...........................................

**•-**•••••

Engravers, except

photoengravers............................

******.

*

*•*

Photoengravers and lithographers ..

***

*

**

*****

Pressmen and plate

printers .........................................

* 50** 50 50 100• 100 100•

Transportation and public

utility craftworkers................................ 100 350 350 300 950 350 300 450 200 200 400

Telephone and power

installers and repairers ............... 100 350 350 300 950 300 250 350 200 200 350

Locomotive engineers .....................

******* 50** 50

Locomotive firemen .......................

***********

Other craft and kindred w orkers............... 650 650 700 750 700 1,050 900 1.500 800 800 1.450

Bakers...............................................

***** 50 100* 100 100*

Cabinetmakers..................................

******** 50 50 100

Crane, derrick, and

hoist operators............................ 100 150 50 50 100 200 100 600 100 50 400

Glaziers.............................................

******* 50** 150

Jewelers and watchmakers .............

***********

Loom fixe rs ......................................

********

*

**

Opticians, lens grinders,

and polishers................................

•.**.*.••..

Log and lumber inspectors...............

***

*

*******

Other inspectors .............................. 50 50

*

* 50 100 50 200 50 50 200

Upholsterers ....................................

***********

Craft and kindred workers

not elsewhere classified............... 350 350 500 500 400 550 550 500 450 450 500

Operatives.............................................................. 6.550 8,850 7,300 7.550 10,700 9.250 8,350 13,500 7,500 7.250 14,200

Drivers and delivery w orkers..................... 1,450 1,000 1.150 1.250 1.000 2.600 2.350 4,000 2,400 2,450 3,050

Bus, truck, and tractor

drivers........................................... 1,250 800 1,000 1.050 800 2,300 1.950 3.800 2,050 2.000 2.800

Delivery and route

workers......................................... 200 200 150 150 200 350 350 200 400 450 250

Semiskilled metalworking occupations . .. 1.150 2,250 1,650 1.450 3,600 1,150 900 2,200 950 800 3.050

Metalworking assemblers,

class A ........................................ 100 200 150 100 400 50 50 100 50 50 200
Component of demand

Public sector

Federal State and local

Total

public

sector

Nondefense Total Except

structures

New construction

Education

Defense Total Except

NASA NASA

State and 

local Total Except

structures

New construction

Semiskilled metalworking — Continued 

Metalworking assemblers,

class B ........................................... 350 750 500 450 1,300 300 250 400 250 250 650

Metalworking inspectors,

class B ........................................... 150 350 150 150 550 100 100 200 100 100 300

Machine tool operators,

class B ........................................... 150 350 200 150 650 150 150 250 150 100 300

Electroplaters ..................................

**

***

*

*

**

*

*

Electroplater helpers........................

*

***

**

*

**

*

*

Furnace tenders, smelters,

and pourers, metal ......................

* 50

*

* 50** 100** 100

Metal heaters.....................................

**

 

** *

*

*

Welders and flame

cutters ......................................... 350 500 550 550 550 500 300 1,100 350 250 1,500

Selected transportation and

public utility operatives ........................ 100 200 50 50 50 100 100 150 50 50 150

Railroad brake and switch

operators and couplers...............

* 50*** 50 50 100** 100

Power station operators....................

**

 

** *

**

Sailors and deck hands......................

* 100****

**

*

**

Semiskilled textile occupations................. 100 200 150 150 100 100 150 100 100 100 100

Knitters, loopers, and

toppers.........................................

*

*

******

Spinners.............................................

***

**

*

*

**

**

Weavers.............................................

*****

***

**

*

Sewers and stitchers.......................... 100 100 100 150 100 100 100 100 50 50 100

Other operatives and kindred

workers.................................................... 3,750 5,250 4,350 4,650 6,150 5,250 4,900 7,050 4,000 3,850 7,800

Asbestos and insulation

workers.........................................

***

.

** 100***

Auto attendants................................

**** 50* 50*

*

*

*

Blasters .............................................

****

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Laundry and drycleaning operatives...................... 150 100

*

** 200 300 100 100*

Mine operatives and laborers

not elsewhere classified............... 150 100 100 150 100 250 200 450 150 150 300

Meat cutters, except meatpacking .........................................

* 50*********

Operatives not elsewhere

classified....................................... 3,450 4,950 4,100 4,400 5,750 4,700 4,350 6,400 3,650 3,550 7,250
Public sector

Occupation

Federal State and local

Total

public

sector

Nondefense Total New construction

Education

Defense Total Except

NASA NASA State and 

local structures I otal Except

structures

New construction

Service w orkers..................................................... 7,500 2,050 6,250 6,900 2,700 16,150 20,750 1.050 12,150 13,450 1,100

Private household w orkers.........................

-*——--

*

—

*

Protective service w orkers......................... 2,200 350 850 900 350 4,900 6,350 200 300 ' 350 250

F ire fighters...................................... 500 100

*—* 1,200 1,550

*

-

*

Police and detectives........................ 1,150

* 400 450

* 2,700 3,500* 50 100*

Guards............................................... 500 250 450 450 300 1,000 1,250 200 200 300 200

Food service workers......................... . . . . 1,000 350 700 800 400 2,200 2,850 150 3,750 4,100 150

Bartenders.........................................

*

***

******

*

Cooks, except private

household.................................... 550 100 300 300 150 1,200 1,550

* 2,050 2,250

Counter and fountain

workers........................................ 250

* 150 150 50 600 750* 1,150 1,250*

Waiters and waitresses..................... 200 100 250 300 200 450 550 50 550 600

*

Other service workers ................................ 4,300 1,350 4,700 5.200 1,900 9,000 11,550 650 8,100 9,000 700

Flight attendants..............................

* 50

** 50

*

*

**

*

*

Hospital and other

institutional attendants............... 1.000 50 1,550 1,750 50 2,100 2,750

* 200 250*

Building interior cleaners,

not elsewhere classif ied ............... 200 100 300 350 200 400 450 100 350 400 100

Janitors and sextons ....................... 1,100 300 550 550 600 2,400 3.050 200 3,900 4,350 200

Practical nurses................................ 300 50 350 400

* 650 850

**

*

*

Other service workers not

elsewhere classified..................... 1,700 800 1,900 2,100 950 3,450 4,400 300 3,600 3,950 350

Laborers, except farm and mine ......................... 2,500 2,000 1.800 1.900 1,650 4,450 3,200 7,050 2,350 2,000 7,000

Farmers and farm workers.................................... 400 500 400 400 200 650 750 300 300 350 350

Armed Forces....................................................... 33,400 33,400

--

------

-
Component of demand

Occupation

Public sector Private sector

State and local

Total

private

sector

Personal consumption expenditures Health, welfare, and sanitation Other functions

Total Except

structures

New construction Total Except

structures

New construction Total Durable

goods

Nondurable goods

Total Food

T o ta l........................................................ 94,950 95,300 56,600 90.050 116,800 59,050 69,000 70.300 71,250 76.650 77,550

Professional and technical workers ...................... 24,000 25,000 5,450 10,450 15,700 5,450 6,050 6.300 3.650 3,650 2,700

Engineers...................................................... 700 600 1,150 1,450 1.500 1.250 800 550 900 450 350

Aeronautical ..................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Chem ical........................................... 50 50 * * * * * * * 50 *

C iv il.................................................... 150 ! 100 400 800 850 350 100 100 * 50 50

Electrical........................................... 150 150 150 150 150 150 200 150 250 50 50

Industrial........................................... 50 50 100 100 100 100 100 50 150 50 *

Mechanical......................................... 100 100 200 150 150 250 150 100 200 100 50

Metallurgical ..................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

M inin g ................................................ * * * * * * * * * * *

Sales .................................................. * * 100 * * 100 * * 50 * *

Other .................................................. 100 100 150 150 150 200 100 50 150 50 50

Medical and health w orkers........................ 1,600 17,950 * 250 400 * 1.200 1,600 50 800 150

D entists............................................. 400 450 * * * * * * * * *

Dietitians and nutritionists ............. 250 300 — * * — * * — * *

Professional nurses............................ 7,950 8,400 * 50 100 * 450 600 * * *

O ptom etrists..................................... 50 50 — * * - # * * * *

Osteopaths......................................... 50 50 — * * — * * — — *

Pharmacists....................................... 250 250 * * *

•

250 350 * 750 *

Physicians and surgeons................... 1.600 1,700 * * 50 * 100 150 * * *

Psychologists..................................... 100 100 * 50 100 * * * — * *

Medical and dental

technicians.................................. 2,850 3,000 * * * * 150 200 * * *

Veterinarians..................................... * * — * * — * * — * *

O the r.................................................. 2,500 2,650 * * * * 150 200 * * *

Teachers ...................................................... 200 200 * 150 300 * 500 700 * * *

Elementary .................................... 50 50 » * * * 200 300 * * *

Secondary......................................... * * * * * * 200 250 * * *

College............................................... * * * * * * 100 100 * * *

O the r.................................................. 100 100 * 100 200 * 50 100 * * *

Natural scientists......................................... 400 350 150 400 700 150 200 200 150 250 200

Chemists ........................................... 200 200 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 150 100

Agricultural scientists ...................... * * * 150 300 * * * * * 50

Biological scientists.......................... 150 50 * 100 200 * * * * * *

Geologists and geophysicists........... * * * * * * * * * *
Component of demand

Public sector Private sector

Occupation

State and local

Health, welfare,and sanitation Other functions Total

private

sector

Personal consumption expenditures

Total Except New construction Total Except New con­ Total Durable Nondurable goods

structures structures struction goods Total Food

Mathematicians................................ * * * * * * * * * * *

Physicists........................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

O ther................................................. * * * * * * * * * * *

Social scientists........................................... * * * 100 200 * * * * * *

Economists ...................................... * * * * 50 * * * * * *

Statisticians and actuaries............... * * * 50 100 * * * * * *

O the r................................................. — — — * * — * * — * -

Technicians, except medical

and dental............................................... 700 550 1,800 1,500 1,650 1,500 750 550 800 450 450

D rafters............................................. 250 150 650 450 400 600 250 150 300 100 100

Surveyors........................................... * * 200 200 200 400 * * * * *

Air traffic controllers....................... - — - — - — — — — - -

Radio operators................................ * * * 150 300 * * * * * *

Electrical and electronic

technicians.................................. 100 100 250 100 150 150 150 100 200 50 50

Other engineering and

physical science technicians . . . . 200 150 550 150 300 250 200 150 200 100 100

Other ................................................. 100 100 100 450 300 50 100 100 100 150 150

Other professional and

technical w orkers.................................. 6,000 6,300 2,250 6,600 10,950 2,600 2,550 2,700 1,700 1,600 1,550

Accountants and a ud ito rs ............... 400 350 700 1,000 1,500 750 400 350 400 300 300

Airplane pilots and

navigators.................................... 53 50 * 50 100 * 50 50 * 50 50

Architects ........................................ * * 50 50 50 100 * * * * *

Clergy ...............................................' 200 200 * * * * 150 200 * * *

Designers, except drafte rs ............... 50 50 150 100 50 100 100 50 150 100 *

Editors and reporters....................... 100 100 * 100 100 * 100 100 100 150 100

Lawyers and judges.......................... 250 200 600 1,000 1,450 850 200 200 100 150 150

Librarians ......................................... 100 150 * * * * * * - * *

Personnel and labor

relations workers ....................... 200 200 50 650 1,200 100 100 100 100 100 50

Photographers.................................. 50 50 * * 50 * 50 100 * * *

Social and welfare

workers......................................... 500 550 * 1,950 3,750 * * 50 . * *

Workers and teachers in the

arts and entertainment............... 500 550 100 200 350 50 300 450 * 200 *

Professional and technical workers 

not elsewhere classified............... 3,500 3,850 500 1,450 2,200 550 900 950 750 500 750
Component of demand

Occupation

Public sector Private sector

State and local

Total

private

sector

Personal consumption expenditures

Health , welfare, and sanitation Other functions

Total Except

structures

New construction Total Except

structures

New construction Total Durable

goods

Nondurable goods

Total Food

Managers and administrators................................ 4,950 4,700 5,550 10,050 13.650 5,000 7,900 8,400 10,450 10,600 10,100

Railroad conductors .................................. * * * * * 50 * * * * 50

Ship officers, pilots,

and engineers ......................................... * * 50 * * * * * * * ■ *

Credit and collection

managers................................................. * * * * * * 50 50 150 50 *

Purchasing agents......................................... 150 150 150 150 200 100 150 100 150 100 100

Postmasters and assistants.......................... * 50 * * * * * * * *

Managers and administrators

not elsewhere classified.......................... 4,650 4,400 5,150 9,800 13,350 4,750 7.600 8,100 10,050 10,300 9,850

Clerical workers...................................................... 16,000 16,350 7,150 18,250 29,300 7,250 11,400 12,000 11,400 11,350 11,100

Stenographers, typists, and

secretaries............................................... 550 5,650 2,100 5,750 9,450 2,150 2,600 2,650 2,450 1,950 1,700

Office machine operators............................ 350 300 250 750 1,250 300 500 500 500 500 450

Other clerical w orkers................................ 10,150 10,400 4.750 11,800 18,650 4,800 8,300 8,850 8,400 8,850 8,950

Accounting c le rk s ............................ 400 400 350 800 1,250 300 400 400 500 450 400

Bookkeeping..................................... 750 700 700 550 450 700 900 950 1,700 950 650

Bank te lle rs....................................... 200 200 * 50 100 * 150 200 50 100 100

Cashiers............................................. 150 150 100 300 500 100 900 1,150 250 2,200 3,200

Mail carriers....................................... 350 400 100 200 250 100 200 200 150 150 150

Postal clerks....................................... 400 450 100 250 300 100 250 250 150 200 150

Shipping and receiving

clerks ........................................... 250 250 250 200 200 250 350 350 550 450 350

Telephone operators........................ 650 650 300 400 550 300 600 650 400 250 250

Clerical workers not

elsewhere classified..................... 6,950 7,200 2,850 9,050 1 5,050 2,950 4,550 4,650 4,700 4,150 3,700

Salesworkers .......................................................... 1,550 1,500 1,700 1,550 1,700 1,850 5,150 5,800 8,650 8,050 5,550

I nsurance agents and brokers..................... 150 150 150 150 150 150 400 450 100 150 200

Real estate agents and

brokers................................................... 100 100 50 100 150 100 250 250 100 150 150

Other salesworkers not

elsewhere classif ie d ................................ 1,350 1,300 1,500 1,300 1,400 1,600 4,500 5,050 8,400 7,750 5,200

Craft and kindred workers..................................... 7,550 6,300 16,150 16,750 11,350 16,950 9,550 7,600 13,850 6,200 5,400

Construction craftworkers.......................... 2,000 1,200 8,140 9,100 2,900 9,250 2,250 850 1,050 600 600

Carpenters......................................... 500 300 2,150 2,650 600 2,200 850 200 300 150 150

Brickmasons, stone and

tile setters..................................... 100 * 900 650 100 450 150 50

*
(E m p lo y m e n t re q u ire m e n ts per b illio n dollars o f expen d itu res, b y occu p atio n , calendar year 1 9 7 2 )

Component of demand

Public sector Private sector

State and local

Occupation Health , welfare, and sanitation Other functions Total

private

sector

Personal consumption expenditures

Total Except New con- Total Except New con­ Total Durable Nondurable goods

structures struction structures struction goods Total Food

Construction craftworkers—Continued 

Cement and concrete

finishers ...................................... 200 250 500

Electricians ...................................... 400 300 1.100 1,050 600 550 350 200 350 150 150

Excavating, grade, and road

machinery operators................... 200 100 1,000 1,700 450 4,000 150 100 50 50 50

Painters and paperhangers............... 350 300 650 1,300 650 450 350 150 100 100 100

Plasterers........................................... * * 100 100 * 100 * * * * *

Plumbers and pipefitters ................. 300 150 1,150 1,000 350 600 250 100 150 100 50

Roofers and slaters .......................... * * 250 200 * 150 * * * * *

Structural metalworkers ................. 50 * 600 250 * 300 50 * * * *

Blue-collar worker supervisors

not elsewhere classified............... 1,150 1,000 2,000 1,800 1,600 2,300 1,400 1,150 1,900 1,450 1,300

Metalworking craftworkers

except mechanics.................................. 700 550 1,800 1,000 850 1,350 950 550 1,750 400 350

Machinists......................................... 300 250 500 350 400 450 500 250 850 200 200

Blacksmiths, forge and

hammer operators.......................

. * * * * * . * . » .

Boilermakers.................................... * * 150 * * 50 * * * * *

Heat treaters, annealers,

and temperers..............................

* * * * • * * * * * *

M illwrights......................................... 50 * 150 100 50 100 50 * 100 50 50

Metal molders .................................. * * 50 * * 100 * * 100 * *

Metal and wood

patternmakers..............................

* * * * * * * 100 , *

Rollers and roll hands..................... * * 50 * * 100 * * * * *

Sheet metal workers ....................... 150 50 700 300 150 350 100 * 150 * *

Toolmakers, diemakers,

and setters .................................. 100 100 150 100 100 150 150 100 350 50 *

Mechanics and repairers.............................. 2,150 2,100 2,000 3,100 4,250 2,000 2,800 2.900 6,250 1,850 1,550

Air conditioning, heating,

and refrigeration.......................... 100 50 300 50 100 100 50 100 * * *

Airplane............................................. 50 50 50 150 200 50 100 100 100 50 50

Motor vehicle.................................... 250 250 250 500 750 350 950 1,100 3,450 500 300

Office machine ................................ * * * * * * 50 50 100 50 *

Radio and TV .................................. * * * 100 150 * 250 300 650 50 *

Railroad and car shop ..................... * * * * * * * * * * *

O ther................................................. 1,650 1,650 1,250 2,250 2,950 1,400 1,350 1,250 1,900 1,150 1,150
Component of demand

Public sector Private sector

Occupation

State and local

Health , welfare, and sanitation Other functions Total

private

sector

rersonai consumption expenditures

Total Except New con- Total Except New con­ Total Durable Nondurable goods

structures st ruction structures struction goods Total Food

Printing trades craftworkers........................ 250 250 100 200 250 100 300 300 400 450 300

Compositors and typesetters........... 150 150 50 100 150 50 150 200 200 250 200

Electrotypers and stereotypers .... * * * * * * * * * * *

Engravers, except

photoengravers............................

* * * * • * * * * * * •

Photoengravers and lithographers . . * * * * * * * * * * *

Printing press operators................... 50 50 * 50 50 * 100 100 100 100 100

Transportation and public

utility craftworkers................................ 350 300 600 400 400 450 700 750 450 300 300

Telephone and power

installers and repairers ............... 300 250 550 350 350 350 650 700 350 200 200

Locomotive engineers ...................... * * 50 * * 50 * * * * 50

Locomotive firemen ........................ * * * * * * * * * * *

Other craft and kindred w orkers............... 1,000 900 1,500 1,200 1,100 1,500 1,150 1,150 2,050 1,200 1,000

Bakers............................................... 50 50 * * * * 100 100 * 250 250

Cabinetmakers.................................. * * * * * * 100 100 450 * *

Crane, derrick, and

hoist operators............................ 100 100 400 300 150 750 100 50 150 50 50

Glaziers............................................. * * 50 * * 50 * * * * *

Jewelers and watchmakers............... * * * * * * * 50 100 * *

Loom fixe rs....................................... * * * * * * * * * 50 *

Opticians, lens grinders,

and polishers................................

* * * * * * » * 50 * *

Log and lumber inspectors............... * * 50 * * * * * * * *

Other inspectors .............................. 150 100 200 100 50 150 50 50 50 50 50

Upholsterers ..................................... * * * * * * 100 100 300 * *

Craft and kindred workers

not elsewhere classified............... 550 500 700 650 800 500 550 550 850 600 350

Operatives: ............................................................ 10,350 9,650 13,950 9,700 9,100 14,150 13,700 13,050 18,000 19,450 15,050

Drivers and delivery w orkers..................... 2,150 2,000 2,800 2,750 2,300 4,600 2,400 2,350 2,700 3,400 4,350

Bus, truck, and tractor

drivers ........................................... 1,800 1,650 2,600 2,500 2,000 4,350 1,750 1,650 1,900 2,250 2,800

Delivery and route w orkers............. 350 350 200 250 350 250 650 750 750 1,150 1,550

Semiskilled metalworking

occupations ........................................... 1,000 850 2,150 1,300 1,100 2,050 1,650 1,000 3,750 450 400

Metalworking assemblers,

class A ......................................... 100 100 100 50 50 100 100 50 250 * *

Metalworking assemblers,

class B ........................................... 250 250 350 250 300 350 500 300 1,500 100 100
(Employment requirements per billion dollars of expenditures, by occupation, calendar year 1972)

C/l

Component of demand

Public sector Private sector

Occupation

State and local

Health, welfare, and sanitation Other functions Total

private

sector

Personal consumption expenditures

Total Except New con- Total Except New con­ Total Durable Nondurable goods

structures struction structures struction goods Total Food

Operatives — Continued

Metalworking inspectors,

class B ........................................... 100 100 150 100 100 150 200 100 500

Machine tool operators,

class B ........................................... 100 100 200 150 150 200 250 150 600 50 50

Electroplaters .................................. * * * * * * * * * * *

Electroplater helpers ....................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Furnace tenders, smelters,

and pourers, metal .....................

* * 100 50 50 100 « * 100 * *

Metal heaters.................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Welders and flame

cutters ........................................ 400 250 1,200 600 400 1,100 450 300 750 200 150

Selected transportation and

public utility operatives ....................... 100 100 200 100 100 150 150 100 150 150 150

Railroad brake and switch

operators and couplers............... 50 50 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 100

Power station operators................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Sailors and deck hands..................... * * 50 * * * * * * * *

Semiskilled textile occupations................. 400 400 100 100 100 100 1,050 1,300 550 2,850 100

Knitters, loopers, and

toppers........................................

* * * * * * 50 100 * 150 *

Spinners............................................. * * * * * * 50 50 50 150 *

Weavers............................................. * * * * * * 50 100 100 150 *

Sewers and stitchers.......................... 300 350 50 * 100 50 900 1,100 400 2,400 100

Other operatives and kindred

workers................................................... 6,700 6.300 8,700 5,500 5,500 7,300 8,450 8,300 10,900 12,600 10,100

Asbestos and insulation

workers......................................... * * 100 50 * 50 * • • « «

Auto attendants................................ 50 50 * 100 100 * 450 600 150 1,250 50

Blasters ............................................. * * * * * 50 * * * * *

Laundry and dry

cleaning operatives..................... 900 950 * * * * 50 100 * * «

Mine operatives and laborers

not elsewhere classified............... 150 150 350 300 250 550 200 150 150 200 100

Meat-cutters, except meatpacking ......................................... 50 50 * * * * 250 350 * 750 1,300

Operatives not elsewhere

classified...................................... 5,550 5,150 8,200 5,000 5,050 6,600 7,450 7,100 10,600 10,400 8,600
Component of demand

Public sector Private sector

State and local

Occupation Health, welfare, and sanitation Other functions Total

private

sector

Personal consumption expenditures

Total Except New con- Total Except New con­ Total Durable Nondurable goods

structures struct ion structures struction goods Total Food

Service w orkers...................................................... 25,700 27,100 1,000 15,750 29,600 1.000 8,300 10,450 1,600 6,350 10,200

Private household workers.......................... - - - - - 1,950 2.650 - -

Protective service w orkers.......................... 400 400 200 12,500 24.200 200 250 200 250 200 200

Fire fighters....................................... * * - 3,200 6.300 * * * * - -

Police and detectives........................ * * * 7.100 13,900 * * * * * *

Guards............................................... 350 350 200 2,150 4,050 200 250 200 250 200 200

Food service workers.................................. 2,000 2,100 100 550 850 150 1,700 2,150 200 3,950 7,000

Bartenders......................................... * * * * 50 * 150 150 * 350 650

Cooks, except private

household..................................... 1,150 1,200 * 200 350 . 500 650 * 1,050 2,000

Counter and fountain

workers......................................... 350 400 » . 50 * 200 300 * 500 600

Waiters and waitresses...................... 450 500 50 250 400 50 850 1,050 100 2,050 3,750

Other service workers ................................ 23,300 24,600 650 2,750 4,500 650 4,400 5,450 1,150 2,200 3,000

Flight attendants.............................. * * * * * * 50 50 * * *

Hospital and other

institutional attendants............... 10,500 11,100 * 150 250 * 600 800 * 50 100

Building interior cleaners

not elsewhere classified............... 600 650 100 250 400 100 200 250 150 200 200

Janitors and sextons ........................ 1,950 2,000 200 800 1,400 200 550 600 300 350 350

Practical nurses................................ 3,400 3,600 * 50 100 * 250 350 * * *

Other service workers

not elsewhere classified............... 6,800 7,200 300 1,450 2,300 350 2,750 3,400 650 1,600 2,300

Laborers, except farm and mine .......................... 3,750 3,400 5,350 6.600 5,000 7,100 3,550 3,000 3,250 3,500 4,150

Farmers and farm w orkers.................................... 1,150 1,250 300 850 1,350 300 3,400 3,700 400 7,500 13,300
(Employment requirements per billion dollars of expenditures, by occupation, calendar year 1972)

Component of demand T ype of 

construction

Private sector Residential

Occupation Personal consumption 

expenditures Exports Gross private domestic fixed investment buildings

Services Total

merchandise 

and services

Merchandise Total

Producers' New SingleTotal Medical only durable

equipment construction family

Total ................................................... 63,800 81,650 49,850 57,500 67,650 62,200 69,300 77,200

Professional and technical w orkers................... 10,150 22,300 4,500 5,200 5,550 5,900 4,950 4,300

Engineers ................................................. 500 350 1,250 1,600 1,650 2,000 1,250 1,100

Aeronautical.................................. * * 100 150 * 50 * *

Chemical........................................ * * 100 100 * 50 * *

Civil ............................................... 150 50 100 100 300 50 500 550

Electrical........................................ 100 100 300 350 400 600 150 100

Industrial ...................................... * * • 150 200 200 250 100 50

Mechanical .................................... 50 50 300 400 350 500 150 100

Metallurgical.................................. * * * * * * * *

Mining............................................. * * * * * * * *

Sales............................................... * * 100 100 100 150 100 50

Other ............................................. 50 50 150 150 200 200 150 100

Medical and health workers..................... 3,000 18,650 * * * * * *

Dentists.......................................... 100 550 * * * * * *

Dietitians and nutritionists........... * 250 — * - * - -

Professional nurses ....................... 1,400 7,650 * * * * * *

Optometrists.................................. * 100 — * * * - _

Osteopaths .................................... * 100 - * — * - -

Pharmacists.................................... * 2,800 * * * * * *

Physicians and surgeons ............... 350 1,900 * * * * * *

Psychologists.................................. * 50 * * * * * —

Medical and dental

technicians................................ 500 2,800 * * * . * *

Veterinarians.................................. * 150 — * * * - _

Other ............................................. 450 2,300 * * * * * *

Teachers................................................... 1.700 100 50 * * * * *

Elementary.................................... 700 * * * * * * *

Secondary ...................................... 550 * * * * * * *

College .......................................... 300 * * * * * * *

Other ............................................. 150 100 * * * * * *

Natural scientists...................................... 200 550 300 400 200 250 150 150

Chemists......................................... 50 200 150 200 100 100 50 50

Agricultural scientists................... * * * * * * * *

Biological scientists........................ * 200 * * * * * *

Geologists and geophysicists........ * * * * * * * *

Mathematicians.............................. * * * 50 50 100 * *
(Employment requirements per billion dollars of expenditures, by occupation, calendar year 1972)

Occupation

Component of demand T ype of 

construction

Private sector Residential

Personal consumption buildings

expenditures Exports Gross private domestic fixed investment

Services Total

merchandise 

and services

Merchandise

only Total

Producers'

durable

equipment

New

construction

Singlefamily Total Medical

Natural scientists — Continued

Physicists ....................................... * * * * * * * *

Other ............................................. * 100 * * * * * *

Social scientists......................................... * * * * * * * *

Economists..................................... * * * * * * * *

Statisticians and actuaries............. * * * * * * * *

Other ............................................. * * * * - — - -

Technicians, except medical

and dental ........................................... 500 450 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,600 1,300 1,000

Drafters........................................... 150 100 300 400 700 650 700 700

Surveyors ....................................... * * * * 50 * 100 100

Air traffic controllers ................... - - - - - — — -

Radio operators ............................ * * * * * * * *

Electrical and electronic

technicians................................ 100 50 200 300 300 450 150 50

Other engineering and

physical science technicians . . . 100 100 250 350 350 400 300 100

Other ............................................. 100 200 150 200 100 100 50 50

Other professional and

technical w orkers................................ 4,250 2,200 1,800 1,850 2,100 1,950 2,200 2,000

Accountants and auditors............. 400 300 350 400 500 450 550 450

Airplane pilots and

navigators.................................. 100 * 100 50 * 50 * *

Architects....................................... * * * * 50 * 100 100

C lergy............................................. 500 * * * * * * *

Designers, except drafters............. * * 100 100 100 150 100 50

Editors and reporters ................... 100 50 50 100 * 50 * *

Lawyers and judges........................ 300 150 150 150 350 150 500 400

Librarians...................................... 100 100 * * * * * *

Personnel and labor

relations w orkers...................... 100 150 100 100 100 150 50 50

Photographers................................ 150 50 * * * * * *

Social and welfare

workers .................................... 150 250 * * * * * *

Workers and teachers in the

arts and entertainment............. 800 * 250 150 100 150 100 50

Professional and technical workers

not elsewhere classified ........... 1,550 950 600 750 750 800 700 750
(Employment requirements per billion dollars of expenditures, by occupation, calendar year 1972)

Occupation

Component of demand Type of 

construction

Private sector Residential

Personal consumption buildings

expenditures Exports Gross private domestic fixed investment

Services Total

merchandise 

and services

Merchandise

only Total

Producers'

durable

equipment

New

construction

Singlefamily Total Medical

Managers and administrators.............................. 5,400 4,650 4,650 4,750 6,650 6,400 6,300 7,300

Railroad conductors................................ * * 50 100 50 * 50 50

Ship officers, pilots.

and engineers...................................... ‘ * * 250 * * * * *

Credit and collection

managers............................................. * * * * * 50 * *

Purchasing agents .................................... 50 100 150 200 200 250 150 150

Postmasters and assistants........................ * * * * * * * *

Managers and administrators

not elsewhere classified ..................... 5,250 4,450 4,150 4,350 6,300 6,000 6,050 7,000

Clerical workers ................................................. 12,950 15,300 7,950 8,700 9,200 10,400 7,800 8,200

Stenographers, typists, and

secretaries ........................................... 3,500 4,350 1,950 2,200 2,400 2,550 2,150 2,150

Office machine operators ....................... 450 400 400 450 400 550 300 300

Other clerical workers.............................. 9,000 10,550 5,650 6,050 6,350 7,300 5,350 5,700

Accounting clerks ......................... 400 400 300 350 400 400 400 450

Bookkeepers.................................. 700 750 400 450 850 750 900 1,100

Bank tellers.................................... 350 50 100 50 50 100 50 50

Cashiers........................................... 400 800 200 150 150 150 100 100

Mail carriers .................................. 300 200 100 100 100 150 100 100

Postal clerks .................................. 400 250 150 150 150 150 100 100

Shipping and receiving

clerks ......................................... 100 200 400 450 450 550 300 300

Telephone operators..................... 1,200 550 250 250 300 400 300 350

Clerical workers not

elsewhere classified ' ................. 5,200 7,350 3,750 4,100 3,900 4,650 3,050 3,150

Sales workers ..................................................... 2,350 5,600 2,050 2,350 3,300 3,950 2,250 3,000

I nsurance agents and brokers ................. 900 1,100 150 150 150 100 150 150

Real estate agents and

brokers................................................. 450 150 150 100 100 100 100 100

Other sales workers not

elsewhere classified ............................ 1,000 4,350 1,750 2,100 3,050 3,750 2,000 2,750

Craft and kindred workers ................................ 6,750 3,800 7,550 9,150 18,200 12,400 22.450 26,650

Construction craft workers..................... 1,050 700 900 1,000 9,000 1,100 15,400 20,350

Carpenters...................................... 250 150 150 200 3,900 250 6,850 10,450
(Employment requirements per billion dollars of expenditures, by occupation, calendar year 1972)

Occupation

Component of demand T ype of 

construction

Private sector

Residential

Personal consumption buildings

expenditures Exports Gross private domestic fixed investment

Services Total

merchandise 

and services

Merchandise

only Total

Producers'

durable

equipment

New

construction

Singlefamily Total Medical

Construction craftworkers — Continued

Brickmasons, stone and

tile setters ................................ 850 * 1,550 1,950

Cement and concrete

finishers..................................... * * * * 300 * 550 800

Electricians..................................... 250 200 300 400 850 350 1.200 1,300

Excavating, grade, and road

machinery operators ............... 100 * 100 150 500 50 850 750

Painters and paperhangers............. 250 200 100 100 1,100 100 1,850 2,500

Plasterers ......................................... * * * * 100 * 150 100

Plumbers and pipefitters............... 150 100 150 150 1,000 200 1,650 2,050

Roofers and slaters........................ * * * * 150 * 250 150

Structural metalworkers............... * * * * 250 * 400 300

Blue-collar worker supervisors

not elsewhere classified ........... 550 600 1,550 1,950 2,050 2,150 1,850 1,700

Metalworking craftworkers

except mechanics................................ 250 200 1,700 2,350 2,600 3,700 1,450 900

Machinists....................................... 100 100 900 1,250 1,300 2,050 550 400

Blacksmiths, forge and

hammer operators ................... * * * * * * * *

Boilermakers.................................. * * * * * * 50 *

Heat treaters, annealers.

and temperers .......................... * - * * * 100 * *

Millwrights ..................................... * * 100 150 150 150 100 100

Metal m olders................................ * * 100 100 150 200 100 *

Metal and wood

patternmakers .......................... * * 50 50 100 100 * *

Rollers and roll hands................... * * * 50 50 50 50 *

Sheet metal w orkers..................... * * 150 150 300 250 350 150

Toolmakers, diemakers.

and setters................................ * * 300 400 450 700 150 100

Mechanics and repairers .......................... 2,700 1,350 1,950 2,200 2,700 3,550 1,800 1,800

Air conditioning, heating.

and refrigeration ..................... 100 * * * 50 * 100

Airplane ......................................... 150 50 250 150 100 150 50 50

Motor vehicle ................................ 750 150 200 300 800 1,250 300 300

Office m achine.............................. 50 * 100 100 150 250 * *

Radio and T V ................................ 400 * * * *
(E m p lo y m e n t req u irem en ts per b illio n dollars of exp en d itu res, by occu p atio n , calendar year 1 9 7 2 )

Component of demand Type of 

construction

Private sector

Residential

Occupation buildings Personal consumption 

expenditures Exports Gross private domestic fixed investment

Services Total Merchandise Total

Producers' New SingleTotal Medical

merchandise 

and services only durable

equipment construction family

Mechanics and repairers — Continued

Railroad and car sh op ...................

*

100 100 *

50

Other ............................................. 1,200 1,050 1,250 1,500 1,550 1,800 1,250 1,300

Printing trades craftworkers ................... 150 200 200 250 150 150 100 100

Compositors and typesetters........ 100 100 100 150 100 100 50 50

Electrotypers and stereotypers .. . * * * * * * * *

Engravers, except

photoengravers.........................

* * * * * * * *

Photoengravers and lithographers . * * * * * * * *

Printing press operators................. * 50 50 50 * * * *

Transportation and public

utility craft workers............................ 1,300 250 350 400 400 500 450 450

Telephone and power

installers and repairers............ 1,300 200 250 250 350 450 400 350

Locomotive engineers................... * * 100 100 50 50 50 50

Locomotive fire m en ..................... * * * * * * * *

Other craft and kindred workers............. 750 550 900 1,000 1,300 1,200 1,350 1,300

Bakers............................................. * 50 * * * * * *

Cabinetmakers .............................. * * * * 150 100 150 250

Crane, derrick, and

hoist operators.........................

* 200 250 300 250 300 200

Glaziers........................................... * * * * 50 * 100 100

Jewelers and watchmakers ........... * * * * * * * *

Loom fixers .................................. * * * * * * * *

Opticians, lens grinders

and polishers ............................ * * * * * * * .

Log and lumber inspectors.......... * * * * 50 * 100 150

Other inspectors............................ 50 100 100 100 100 50 150 100

Upholsterers.......................... 100 * * * 50 100 * *

Craft and kindred workers

not elsewhere classified .......... 450 300 450 500 550 550 500 400

Operatives............................................................ 4,800 5,500 13,250 16,600 16.700 18,800 14,600 13,050

Drivers and delivery workers................... 1,250 1,200 1,900 2,400 2,550 1,800 3,150 3,800

Bus, truck, and tractor

drivers ...................................... 950 600 600 2,000 2,250 1,500 2,950 3,500

Delivery and route workers.......... 350 600 300 350 300 350 200 300
Table D-3. Occupational manpower factors—Continued

(Employment requirements per billion dollars of expenditures, by occupation, calendar year 1972)

Occupation

Component of demand T ype of 

construction

Private sector Residential

Personal consumption buildings

expenditures Exports Gross private domestic fixed investment

Services Total

merchandise 

and services

Merchandise

only Total

Producers'

durable

equipment

New

construction

Singlefamily Total Medical

Semiskilled metalworking

occupations......................................... 500 300 2,500 3,650 4,200 6.200 2,050 1,200

Metalworking assemblers.

class A ....................................... * 50 250 350 350 550 100 50

Metalworking assemblers.

class B ....................................... 100 100 900 1,200 1,300 2,150 400 250

Metalworking inspectors,

class B ...................................... * * 350 450 450 700 200 150

Machine tool operators.

class B ....................................... * * 500 700 750 1,200 250 150

Electroplaters................................ * * * * * * * *

Electroplater helpers..................... * * * * * 50 * *

Furnace tenders, smelters.

and pourers, m e ta l................... * * 100 150 150 150 100 50

Metal heaters.................................. * * * * * * * *

Welders and flame

cu tte rs....................................... 300 100 550 750 1,150 1,350 950 450

Selected transportation and

public utility operatives...................... 100 * 400 250 150 100 150 200

Railroad brake and switch

operators and couplers............. * * 150 200 100 100 150 150

Power station operators ............... * * * * * * * *

Sailors and deck han d s ................. * * 200 * * * * *

Semiskilled textile occupations............... 50 50 450 400 200 250 150 150

Knitters, loopers, and

toppers....................................... * * * * * * * *

Spinners ......................................... * * * 50 * * * *

Weavers........................................... * * 50 50 * * * *

Sewers and stitchers...................... * * 350 250 150 200 100 100

Other operatives and kindred

w orkers............................................... 2,900 3,850 7,850 9,900 9,550 10,400 9,100 7,750

Asbestos and insulation

workers ..................................... * * * * * * 50 *

Auto attendants ............................ 100 50 50 * 50 50 * *

Blasters ........................................... * - * * * * * *

Laundry and dry

cleaning operatives................... 200 750 * * * * *
(E m p lo y m e n t req u irem en ts per b illio n dollars o f exp en d itu res, b y o c c u p atio n , calendar year 1 9 7 2 )

Component of demand Type of 

construction

Private sector

Residential

Occupation Personal consumption 

expenditures Exports Gross private domestic fixed investment buildings

Services Total

merchandise Merchandise Total

Producers'

durable New SingleTotal Medical only construction and services equipment family

Other operatives and kindred

workers — Continued

Mine operatives and laborers

not elsewhere classified .......... 100 50 400 500 250 150 350 300

Meatcutters, except meatpacking ....................................

Operatives not elsewhere

* * * * * * * *

classified .................................. 2,500 2,950 7,350 9,300 9,300 10,100 8,650 7,400

Service workers................................................... 18,050 22,650 2,300 1,500 1,300 1,400 1,100 1,150

Private household workers ..................... 6,050 — - * — * — -

Protective service workers....................... 250 250 250 300 300 300 250 300

Fire fighters .................................. * * * * * * - -

Police and detectives..................... * * * * * * * *

Guards ........................................... 200 200 250 300 250 300 250 300

Food service workers .............................. 1,100 2,700 450 200 150 200 150 150

Bartenders......................................

Cooks, except

50

* * * #

private household.....................

Counter and fountain

450 1,000 150 100

*

50 50

workers .................................... 150 1,000 * * * * * *

Waiters and waitresses................... 450 700 200 100 100 100 50 50

Other service w orkers.............................. 10,400 19,700 1,600 1,000 850 900 650 700

Flight attendants...........................

Hospital and other

100

*

100

* * * *

institutional attendants.......... 1,850 9,850 * * * * * *

Building interior cleaners

not elsewhere classified .......... 350 500 150 100 100 100 100 100

Janitors and sextons..................... 1,000 700 250 250 250 300 150 200

Practical nurses..............................

Other service workers

750 3,300

* *

not elsewhere classified .......... 6,350 5,300 1.050 550 400 450 350 350

Laborers except farm and m ine......................... 2,350 1,300 2,850 2,900 6,300 2,700 9,250 12,450

Farmers and farm workers ................................ 1,000 550 4,750 6,350 450 250 600 1,100
Type of construction

Occupation

Residential

buildings Nonresidential buildings Public utilities structures

Highways

and

Multi­ streets

family Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

T elephone 

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

Total ............................................................ 75,850 62,500 61,400 62,400 60,700 53,750 60,200 59,900 54,000 44,750 57,750

Professional and technical w orkers............................ 5,100 5,500 5,700 5,700 6,600 5,500 6,050 5.800 5,450 5,350 5,550

Engineers .......................................................... 1,350 1,300 1,350 1,400 1,450 1,100 1,300 1,200 1.050 1,100 1,200

Aeronautical...........................................

****

**

*****

Chemical.................................................

* 50***

* 50*

***

Civil ........................................................ 600 450 450 400 450 300 300 300 300 300 350

Electrical.................................................. 100 150 150 250 200 150 250 150 100 200 150

Industrial ............................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Mechanical ............................................. 150 200 250 200 250 200 250 200 200 200 250

Metallurgical...........................................

***

** 50* 50

*

**

Mining......................................................

*

****

***

*

*

*

Sales........................................................ 50 100 100

* 100 50 100 100 100 100 50

Other ...................................................... 200 200 200 200 250 150 150 150 150 150 200

Medical and health workers..............................

********

*

**

Dentists....................................................

*****

**

-

*

**

Dietitians ...............................................

*-———

*

——-——

Professional nurses ................................

*****

**

—

***

Optometrists...........................................

*-———

*

——-—-

Osteopaths .............................................

*-———

*

————-

Pharmacists.............................................

*****

**

—

***

Physicians and surgeons ........................

 

** *

-

*

*

*

Psychologists...........................................

**

***

*

*

—

***

Medical and dental

technicians.........................................

*******—

***

Veterinarians...........................................

*-———

*

—————

Other ......................................................

*******—

***

Teachers............................................................

********

***

Elementary.............................................

**

*****

-

***

Secondary...............................................

**

*

*

*

**

—

*

**

College ...................................................

*****

*

*

-

*

*

*

Other ......................................................

***

****

—

*

*

*

Natural scientists............................................... 150 150 150 150 200 200 200 150 150 150 150

Chemists.................................................. 50 100 50 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 50

Agricultural scientists............................

**

*****

**

**

Biological scientists................................

**

***

*

*

**

**

Geologists and geophysicists ...........................................

**

***

 

** 

Mathematicians.......................................

*****

***

***

Physicists ...............................................

*******

 

Other ......................................................

** *

****
Type of construction

Residential

buildings Nonresidential buildings Public utilities structures

Highways

Multifamily Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

and

streets

Social scientists................................................. * * * * * * * * * * *

Economists............................................. * * * * * * * - * * *

Statisticians and actuaries..................... * * * * * * * _ * * *

Other ..................................................... * * — * * — _ * - -

Technicians, except medical

and dental ................................................... 1,200 1,600 1,600 1,650 1,750 1,900 2,150 2,050 1,950 1,950 1,400

Drafters................................................... 800 750 750 750 800 550 700 650 600 600 550

Surveyors ............................................... 100 100 100 100 150 200 200 200 200 200 550

Air traffic controllers ............................ * — - * — * — * — — -

Radio operators .................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Electrical and electronic

technicians........................................ 100 150 150 200 200 350 400 350 300 400 100

Other engineering and

physical science technicians............. 150 500 500 500 500 700 700 650 650 650 150

Other ..................................................... 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Other professional and

technical w orkers........................................ 2,400 2,350 2,500 2,400 3,150 2,250 2,350 2,300 2,250 2,050 2,750

Accountants and auditors..................... 600 700 750 700 950 700 700 700 650 600 850

Airplane pilots and

navigators........................................... * 50 50 50 50 * * * * * *

A rchitects............................................... 100 100 100 100 150 50 50 50 50 50 100

C lergy..................................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Designers, except

drafters ............................................. 50 100 100 100 150 150 200 150 150 150 50

Editors and reporters ........................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Lawyers and judges................................ 600 600 700 600 950 550 550 600 600 600 1,000

Librarians............................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Personnel and labor

relations w orkers.............................. 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50

Photographers........................................ * * * * * * * * * * *

Social and welfare

workers ............................................. . * * . * • * * , * *

Workers and teachers in

the arts and entertainment............... 100 100 100 100 200 *

100 100 50 50

Professional and technical 

workers not elsewhere 

classified ........................................... 700 550 550 650 600 600 600 600 500 450 550
Type of construction

Occupation

Residential

buildings Nonresidential buildings Public utilities structures

Highways

and

Multi­ streets

family Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

Managers and administrators....................................... 6,900 6,500 6,100 6,150 6,050 5,100 5,700 5,500 5,200 4,150 4,300

Railroad conductors......................................... 50 50 50 50

* 50 50**

* 50

Ship officers, pilots, and

engineers ......................................................

**

*

*

* 100 50 50 50 50

*

Credit and collection managers........................

****

**

*

*

***

Purchasing agents ............................................. 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 . 100 100

Postmasters and assistants................................

**

*******

**

Managers and administrators

not elsewhere classified .............................. 6,600 6,250 5,850 5,900 5,800 4,800 5,350 5,200 4,950 3,950 4,050

Clerical workers .......................................................... 9,500 8,550 8,200 8,150 8,500 7,050 7,750 7,700 6,700 5,600 7,000

Stenographers, typists, and

secretaries .................................................... 3,400 2,400 2,400 2,350 2,650 2,100 2,250 2,200 2,000 1,800 2,150

Office machine operators ................................ 350 350 300 350 350 300 300 300 250 250 250

. Other clerical w orkers....................................... 5,800 5,800 5,450 5,500 5,500 4,650 5,150 5,150 4,450 3,550 4,550

Accounting clerks .................................. 450 450 400 400 400 350 350 400 300 250 250

Bookkeepers........................................... 1,050 850 800 850 900 700 650 600 600 450 600

Bank tellers............................................. 50 50

* 50

*

*

*****

Cashiers.................................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100

Mail carriers ........................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100

Postal clerks ........................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Shipping and receiving

clerks ................................................. 300 350 300 350 300 300 350 350 250 200 200

Telephone operators.............................. 350 350 350 350 350 300 300 350 300 250 250

Clerical workers not

elsewhere classified .......................... 3,250 3,350 3,200 3,200 3,150 2,700 3,150 3,200 2,700 2,150 2,900

Salesworkers................................................................ 2,750 2,400 2,250 2,200 2,100 1,700 1,850 1,750 1,500 1,250 1,850

Insurance agents and brokers .......................... 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 200

Real estate agents and

brokers.......................................................... 100 100 100 100 100 50 1,050 50 50 50 100

Other sales workers not

elsewhere classified ..................................... 2,500 2,150 2,050 2,000 1,900 1,450 650 1,550 1,250 1,050 1,600
Type of construction

Occupation

Residential

buildings Nonresidential buildings Public utilities structures

Highways

Multifamily Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

and

streets

Craft and kindred workers ......................................... 26,450 18,050 18,000 17,800 17,650 15.050 16,200 17.500 15,050 13,450 16,600

Construction craftworkers .............................. 20,050 10,100 10,050 10.050 10,050 6,750 6.850 7,000 6,850 6,450 8,900

Carpenters............................................... 10,150 2.350 2,350 2.350 2,350 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1.700 1.750

Brickmasons, stone and

tile setters ......................................... 1,900 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 700 700 750 700 700 50

Cement and concrete finishers ............. 750 350 300 350 350 150 100 150 150 150 550

Electricians............................................. 1,350 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1.150 1,150 1,200 1,100 1.050 250

Excavating, grade, and road

machinery operators ....................... 750 1,000 950 950 950 950 950 950 1,000 900 5.850

Painters and paperhangers..................... 2,500 1,400 1,400 1,400 1,400 250 250 300 300 250 100

Plasterers ................................................. 150 300 300 300 300

* 50***

Plumbers and pipefitters....................... 1,950 1,250 1,250 1,200 1,250 1,100 1,100 1.100 1.050 1,050 150

Roofers and slaters . . . ( ....................... 150 750 800 800 800

*****•

Structural metalworkers....................... 350 400 400 350 350 650 700 700 700 700 150

Blue-collar worker supervisors

not elsewhere classified ................... 1,750 1,950 1,950 2,000 1,900 2,150 2,300 2,400 2.050 1,650 2,500

Metalworking craftworkers,

except mechanics........................................ 1,150 1,950 2,000 1,900 1,900 1,900 2,250 3.200 1,800 1,750 950

Machinists............................................... 500 650 650 650 650 550 650 700 400 500 350

Blacksmiths, forge and

hammer operators ............................

 ,,»

100

** 

Boilermakers..........................................* 50 50

** 200 250 250 200 200*

Heat treaters, annealers and

temperers...........................................

*****.,

100

,

#

Millwrights ............................................. 100 100 150 150 150 150 150 200 150 100 100

Metal m olders........................................ 50 100 100 100 100 150 100 550 50 100 50

Metal and wood

patternmakers ..................................

***.*.

100

Rollers and roll hands................... .... . . 50 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 50 50 50

Sheet metal w orkers.............................. 200 700 700 600 600 450 700 800 750 600 200

Toolmakers, diemakers, and

setters ............................................... 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 250 100 150 100

Mechanics and repairers.................................... 1,750 1,950 2,000 1,900 1,850 2,000 2,250 2,300 2,000 1,650 2,200

Air conditioning, heating,

and refrigeration ..............................

* 100 100 100 100 400 400 400 400 400»

Airplane ................................................. 50 50 50 100 50 50 50 50 50* 50

Motor vehicle ........................................ 300 350 300 300 300 250 250 250 250 200 400

Office m achine......................................

** 100******* 100

Radio and T V ........................................

***********

Railroad and car sh op ............................ 50

**********

Other ..................................................... 1,250 1,300 1.350 1.300 1,250 1,200 1,400 1.500 1,250 950 1,550
Type of construction

Occupation

Residential

buildings Nonresidential buildings Public utilities structures Highways

Multifamily Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

and

streets

Printing trades craftw orkers............................ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100

Compositors and typesetters................. 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

*

* 50

Electrotypiers and stereotypers.............

*

***

**

**

*

Engravers, except

photoengravers..................................

***********

Photoengravers and lithographers.........

*

*

*

*

*

*

***

**

Printing press operators..........................

*

*

***

*

***

*

Transportation and public

utility craftw orkers..................................... 450 450 400 400 400 750 750 750 750 700 350

Telephone and power

installers and repiairers...................... 350 350 350 350 350 650 650 700 700 650 250

Locomotive engineers............................ 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

* 50

Locomotive fire m e n ..............................

***

**

****

*

Other craft and kindred workers...................... 1,200 1,450 1,450 1.400 1,400 1,450 1,650 1,700 1.500 1,250 1,600

Bakers......................................................

*****

*

*

*

**

*

Cabinetmakers ....................................... 200 50 50 50 50

*

**

**

*

Crane, derrick, and

hoist operators.................................. 250 500 450 450 450 350 350 600 400 250 900

G laziers.................................................. 50 150 150 100 150

*

**

*

*

Jewelers and watchmakers ...................

***

**

***

*

*

*

Loom fixers ...........................................

**

**

**

***

*

*

Opticians, lens grinders, and

piolishers.............................................

*******

*

***

Log and lumber inspectors................... 100

***

** 100

* 50

*

Other inspectors..................................... 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 150 150

Upholsterers...........................................

*

*

***

*

*

**

*

*

Craft and kindred workers

not elsewhere classified ................... 400 500 500 500 500 850 900 850 800 800 450

Operatives..................................................................... 11,800 13.550 13,350 14.500 12,050 14,050 16.450 15,800 14.200 11,000 13,950

Drivers and delivery workers............................ 3,550 3,450 2.950 3,000 2,750 2,150 2,650 2,450 2.750 1,550 5,700

Bus, truck, and tractor

d rive rs ............................................... 3,250 3,150 2,750 2,750 2,550 1.950 2,450 2,250 2.550 1.450 5.500

Delivery and route workers.................... 300 250 200 250 200 200 200 200 200 150 200

Semiskilled metalworking

occupations................................................. 1,700 3,000 3,150 3,200 2,950 1,850 2,700 3.050 1,800 1.850 1.450

Metalworking assemblers,

class A ............................................... 100 150 150 200 150 100 150 100 50 100 50

Metalworking assemblers,

class B ............................................... 350 450 550 650 550 350 700 450 250 400 250

Metalworking inspectors,

class B ................................................ 150 200 250 300 250 250 300 300 100 150 100
Type of construction

Occupation

Residential

buildings Nonresidential buildings Public utilities structures

Highways

M ultifamily Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

and

streets

Operatives — Continued

Machine tool operators,

class B ............................................... 200 300 300 300 300 250 300 350 200 250 150

E lectrop laters............................................ * * * * * * * * * * *

Electroplater helpers................................. * * * * * * * * * * *

Furnace tenders, smelters, and

pourers, metal ..................................... 100 100 100 150 100 300 150 350 100 100 100

Metal heaters............................................... * * * * * * * 50 * * *

Welders and flame

c u tte rs .................................................... 700 1,700 1,750 1,550 1,500 600 1,100 1,450 1,050 800 750

Selected transportation and public

u tility operatives ............................................ 150 150 150 150 100 250 250 250 200 150 100

Railroad brafce and switch

operators and coup lers ....................... 150 100 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 50 150

Power station operators ......................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Sailors and deck hands ............................ * * * * * 100 100 100 100 200 *

Semiskilled textile occupations......................... 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 * 50

Knitters, loopers, and

toppers...................................................

* * * * * * * * * * *

Spinners ...................................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

W eavers........................................................ * * * * * * * * * * *

Sewers and stitchers ................................. 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 * * * 50

Other operatives and kindred w o rke rs ......................... 6,350 7,150 7,000 8,100 6,100 9,700 10,750 10,000 9,350 6,800 6,550

Asbestos and insulation

workers .................................................

* 200 200 200 200 50 50 50 50 50 *

Auto attendants ........................................ * * * * * * * * * * *

B lasters........................................................ * * * * * * * * * * 100

Laundry and dry-cleaning

operatives...............................................

Mine operatives and laborers

not elsewhere classified ..................... 300 350 300 300 300 450 300 300 400 200 750

Meatcutters, except meatpacking .................................................

* * * * * * * * * * *

Operatives not elsewhere

classified ............................................... 5,900 6,250 6,450 7,500 5,550 9,150 10,300 9,550 8,850 7,050 5,700

Service w o rk e rs .................................................................. 1,150 1,150 1,150 1,100 1,100 1,000 1,100 1,000 1,000 750 1,000

Private household workers ................................ - - - — - - * _ _ _

Protective service w o rk e rs ................................... 300 200 200 250 200 250 250 250 250 150 200

Firefighters ............................................... - - - - * * * * * - -

Police and detectives................................. * * * * * * * * * * *

Guards ........................................................ 250 200 200 200 200 200 250 250 200 150 200
Table D-3. Occupational manpower factors—Continued

Type of construction

Occupation

Residential

buildings Nonresidentiai buildings Public utilities structures

Highways

Multifamily Industrial

Office

and

commercial

Educational

Hospital

and

institutional

Telephone

and

telegraph

Electric Water Sewer Local

transit

and

streets

Service workers — Continued

Food service workers ....................................... 150 150 250 150 150 100 150 50 150 100 150

Bartenders............................................... * * • * * * * * * * *

Cooks, except private

household ......................................... • , • • « * • • * . ,

Counter and fountain

workers .............................................

* • . * . » • . * .

Waiters and waitresses............................ 100 100 150 50 50 100 50 * 50 50 50

Other service w orkers....................................... 750 750 700 700 700 600 700 650 650 500 650

Flight attendants.................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Hospital and other

institutional attendants...................

* * • • • • , • * . .

Building interior cleaners

not elsewhere classified ................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Janitors and sextons.............................. 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 150 150 150

Practical nurses....................................... * * * * * * * * * * *

Other service workers

not elsewhere classified ................... 350 350 350 350 350 300 350 300 300 250 300

Laborers except farm and m ine.................................. 11,200 6,550 6,350 6,450 6,300 4,050 4,800 4,700 4,650 3,050 7,250

Farmers and farm workers ......................................... 950 250 300 350 350 250 300 150 250 150 250
Appendix E. 1970 Interindustry Employment

and Industry-Occupational Models

This appendix describes the 1970 interindustry employment model and the national industry-occupational 

matrix which were used in the basic stages of the 

development of the manpower factors presented in this 

bulletin.

Interindustry employment model

The 1970 employment table was constructed from a 

1970 interindustry model of 134 industry sectors. Each 

sector represents a group of industries classified by 

4-digit Standard Industrial Classification codes. An 

interindustry model, in its most basic form, distributes 

the transaction value of the sales that each industry 

sector makes to itself, to each of the other industry 

sectors, and to final purchasers. Intermediate goods are 

sold to other industries where further fabrication occurs 

before a finished good is produced. Finished products 

are sold to the final demand, or product, sectors of the 

national income accounts—personal consumption expenditures, gross private domestic investment, net exports of goods and services, Federal government purchases, and State and local government purchases. 

Intermediate sales provide the basic structure of an 

interindustry model while final sales, or final demand, 

represent the usual input to a model of this type.

Each of the 134 rows in the interindustry model 

shows the sales made by an industry to itself, to other 

industries, and to the final demand sectors. Each of the 

129 columns shows an industry’s purchases from each 

industry, including itself, which were required to produce its own output. The sum of all purchases in a 

column plus that industry’s value added1 is equal to the 

total value of production for that industry. When the 

purchases in a column are divided individually by the 

total production of that industry, they form ratios that 

define the amount of input required from each industry 

in order to produce a unit of output (usually stated in 

dollar terms) of the purchasing industry. For example, 

these ratios, or coefficients, would show how much the 

automobile industry would have to buy from such

1The value added of a sector includes compensation of

employees, depreciation, profits, and other payments to the

factors of production.

industries as rubber, textiles, steel, aluminum, advertising, business services, plastics, transportation, and trade 

in order to produce a value unit of output.

These purchases represent the requirements from the 

immediate or first tier of supplying industries. Each of 

these supplying industries would also require inputs in 

order to manufacture its product. The steel industry 

would need coal and iron ore to make steel. The coal 

and iron ore industries, in turn, would need fuel and 

other products and services to produce their outputs. 

Each final purchase would require a chain of purchases 

back through the more basic supplying industries. An 

interindustry model provides a way of solving simultaneously all of the interrelated requirements created in 

the economy by purchases of the various final demand 

sectors or programs.

The elements of this model can be transformed from 

production requirements to employment requirements 

by applying employment-output ratios to each industry’s total output. The interindustry employment 

table which results from this process shows the total 

employment attributable to deliveries to final demand. 

(Total employment consists of direct employment in the 

industry producing the final product or service, and 

indirect employment in all the supporting industries). 

Total employment can be easily converted to employment per billion dollars of delivery to final demand by 

each industry in the economy.

It should be noted that the resulting table reflects 

1970 industry technology and productivity levels and is 

expressed in 1963 prices. Also, the transactions in 1963 

dollars are in terms of producers’ values and not 

purchasers’ values. Producers’ values are purchasers’ 

values minus trade and transportation costs—put another 

way, producers’ values are values stated at the site of 

production. The trade margins and transportation costs 

associated with all of these transactions appear as direct 

purchases from the trade and transportation industries. 

Using the data would, therefore, require converting 

purchases to 1963 producers’ prices.

In cases where the manpower factors presented in this 

bulletin do not satisfactorily match a program, some 

agencies may wish to make their own calculations using 

the model described above. Any agency contemplating 

this approach should contact the Division of Economic
Growth in BLS concerning the feasibility of the project

and the data and techniques for undertaking it.

Industry-occupational model

The 1970 industry-occupational matrix is a table

which distributes total U.S. employment into 160

occupations cross-classified by 116 industries. Each

column shows an industry’s occupational structure by

giving each o f the 160 occupations as a percent of total

industry employment. Estimated employment requirements for specific occupations can be obtained by

applying each industry’s occupational structure to the

estimates o f total employment in that industry. To

arrive at total requirements for each occupation, the

estimates by industry are summed across each row in the

table.

The data incorporated into the matrix are based on

1970 occupational distributions. Since each industry’s

occupational structure changes slowly and is relatively

stable over short time periods, these distributions were

used to estimate occupational requirements for 1972.

U pdating th e m atrix. The BLS is now compiling em ployment data by industry and occupation from the 1970

Census o f Population, which will be used to revise the

1970 matrix. Between decennial censuses, a variety of

less comprehensive sources are used to update the

model. Estimates of total U.S. employment and em ployment in broad occupational groups are based on an

annual average o f the monthly data collected by the

Bureau of the Census in its Current Population Survey

(CPS). The occupational group estimates provide control

totals for estimates o f employment in the detailed

occupations within each group.

Detailed occupational estimates for the matrix are

obtained in two general ways. For a number of

occupations, current data sources are available. In

addition to CPS employment estimates, the following

data are compiled more frequently than census reports

and are incorporated directly into the matrix:

• Employment of scientists, engineers, and technicians by

industry based on BLS surveys of employers.

• Employment of teachers and librarians based on data

collected by the Office of Education of the U.S.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

• Occupational employment data collected by regulatory

agencies for sectors such as railroads, airlines, and

telephone and telegraph communications.

• Employment data collected by professional societies,

especially for medical and health occupations.

• Selected data from BLS industry and metropolitan area

occupational wage rate surveys.

• Federal Civil Service Commission statistics on employment by occupation in Federal Government agencies.

• Occupational employment information compiled by the

Postal Service on its employees.

A second general method is used in those cases where

detailed occupational employment data are not available

annually, or every few years. For these occupations, data

from the O ccupation b y Industry tables of the Bureau of

the Census are adjusted alternately to current industry

employment control totals, and to occupational group

control totals. This iterative adjustment procedure is

repeated until the census estimates are consistent with

both sets of controls.

Estimates from sources other than the census account

for roughly 60 percent of all professional and technical

workers and for about 20 percent o f all nonagricultural

employment. Data from non census sources are poor,

however, for blue-collar occupations, which make up

about 75 percent o f the model-derived employment

estimates. Recently the BLS has developed industry

surveys as part of an occupational employment statistics

program that will provide data on employment in many

blue-collar occupations as well as additional detail on

various white-collar occupations. It is expected that

these data will eventually fill many of the existing gaps

in occupational employment statistics.

A d ju stm en ts to th e m atrix. A number o f adjustments

had to be made to the occupational matrix in order to

use it in conjunction with the interindustry model

system since the industry classifications differ in the two

systems. The restructuring of industries in the occupational matrix (116 industries) to conform to the

industries in the interindustry model (134 industries)

was accomplished by comparing the industries in terms

o f Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes and

making necessary adjustments. While many o f the

industries in both models matched exactly by SIC codes

there were various differences that had to be reconciled.

In some areas, there was greater industry detail in the

occupational matrix than in the interindustry model. In

these cases, the matrix industries were simply aggregated, with the exception o f the wholesale and retail

trade sectors, where the matrix contains detail on seven

wholesale and eleven retail industries. The employment

generated by the interindustry model for wholesale and

retail trade was allocated to each of the matrix trade

industries in proportion to the trade margins associated

with each bill o f goods. The corresponding occupational

trade pattern was then applied to each trade industry.
Where the matrix industries were less detailed than 

those in the interindustry model, three methods were 

used to construct occupational patterns for the interindustry sectors. First, the occupational patterns of 

some 2-digit SIC industries were adjusted by a series of 

factors to produce the desired 3-digit SIC industry 

detail. These factors were based on the ratios of 

production and nonproduction workers in each 3-digit 

SIC industry and on the different employment ratios of 

scientists, engineers, and technicians in each industry. 

Second, aggregate occupational patterns were used in 

cases where additional industry detail was not available 

in the matrix. For example, the total metal mining 

pattern was used for iron ore mining and nonferrous 

metal ores mining. Finally, when a matrix industry 

classification differed greatly from a particular interindustry sector, data were obtained from outside sources 

and a new occupational pattern was constructed. Special 

handling was required for the government enterprise 

sector in the interindustry model. Since employment in 

government enterprises in the occupational matrix is 

allocated to the corresponding private industry, no 

occupational pattern exists for this sector. Based on an

examination of each program, the occupational pattern 

for government enterprise was developed by determining 

the most appropriate private industry counterpart(s) and 

by using the private industry occupational pattern(s).

New occupational patterns were also developed for 

specific programs which were not adequately represented by existing matrix patterns. For example, the 

occupational distribution of the Federal public employment sector for the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration (NASA) was based on employment data 

obtained from NASA rather than on the pattern for all 

Federal public employment. A new pattern was similarly 

developed for highway construction.

Agencies wishing additional information on occupational employment patterns and on the methodology 

used to generate these estimates may consult Tomorrow’s Manpower Needs, Volume IV, Revised 1971, 

Bulletin 1737 (Bureau of Labor Statistics) for the 

complete 1970 industry-occupational matrix. Inquiries 

concerning the development of the 1972 occupational 

requirements factors should be directed to the Division 

of Manpower and Occupational Outlook in BLS.
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