NATIONAL BUftEAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

A STUDY OF COURT REPORTING SYSTEMS

, VOLUME IV

ANNOTATED LIST OF REFERENCES

Prepared for the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration of the Department of Justice under

Nl 71-042 IA and for the Federal Judicial Center.

The fact that those agencies furnished financial

support to the activity described in this publication

does not necessarily indicate their concurrence in the statements or conclusions contained herein.

10 644

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT

4314538

NBS REPORT

10 644

STUDY OF COURT REPORTING SYSTEMS

VOLUME IV

ANNOTATED LIST OF REFERENCES

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

PREFACE

The initial impetus for this study was provided

by the proposed use of the computer to translate

stenotype notes to their English equivalent,

offering a potentially large reduction in the

time necessary to transcribe these notes manually.

The use of this new technology to produce court

records was seen as offering possible relief

to that portion of congestion and delay in the

criminal courts system attributable to backlogs

in transcript production.

In order to obtain an objective evaluation

of the feasibility of computer-aided transcription

of stenotype notes in the criminal courts system,

the National Institute of Law Enforcement and

Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration, Department of Justice, in conjunction

with the Federal Judicial Center, sponsored this

study by the Department of Commerce's National

Bureau of Standards (NBS) . In addition to evaluating

the computer-aided transcription process, the

study afforded an opportunity to survey the stateof-the-art of legal reporting in general. The

study had two limited objectives: (1) identification

and analysis of representative examples of criminal

11

courtroom reporting techniques, and (2) design and

execution of an experiment throuqh which the characteristics of each reporting system could be examined.

With such system attributes as time and cost documented, it should then become possible to weigh

the advantages and disadvantages of each given

system for use in a particular courtroom environment.

This study report has been prepared in four

volumes

(a) Volume I - Decision Factors, summarizes

the project activity, presents system descriptions,

and offers a decision technique for selection

of court reporting procedures. This volume is

intended for general distribution.

(b) Volume II - Experimental Phase, describes the

laboratory and courtroom phases of the experiment. This

volume is designed to provide background detail for those

readers particularly interested in the data gathering

and analyses performed in the course of our work

.

(c) Volume III - Summary of State Laws, provides

background on the legal requirements and constraints

for court reporting throughout the United States.

(d) Volume IV - Annotated List of References.

The judicial enthusiasm for the study was demonstrated

by the willingness of court systems to cooperate with

iii
the study team and to participate in the test phases

of the program. President Judqe D. Donald Jamieson

and Court Administrator Edward J. Blake, Esq. of the

Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas provided courtrooms*

for part of the testing, as well as the time and

expenses of two of their court reporters, Mr. Allen

Kaplan and Mr. Bernard Goldstein, together with their

typists, Mrs. Helen DiPietro and Mr. Vincent Murphy.

Chief Justice Thomas Kavanaugh of the Supreme Court of

Michigan arranged for the provision of the time and expense of one of their court reporters, Mr. James Mann,

to participate in the tests. Mr. William M. Madden, Esq.,

Deputy Administrator of the Illinois Courts and Mr. Leroy

Hoskins, Administrator of Official Court Reporters, also

arranged, with the help of the Illinois Law Enforcement

Commission, for the participation in the tests of one of

their court reporters. Miss Sarah Walker. In addition,

the Executive Officer of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Mr. Arnold Malech, and his Chief of

Court Reporters, Mr. Antony Nigro, arrancred for the participation in the tests of two of their court reporters,

Mrs. Isabelle Cormier and Mrs. Sylvia Colebreuner.

*The presiding judges of these courtrooms, The Honorable Joseph L. McGlvnn, Jr., and the Honorable James

T. McDermott, were unfailing in their interest, enthusiasm

and cooperation. This support contributed substantially

to our efforts.

IV
This study was conducted by the National Bureau

of Standards' Technical Analysis Division under

the general direction of Richard T. Penn, Jr. and

Walter G. height. Day-to-day control was exercised

by Ernest H. Short, Project Leader. The project

staff was composed of representatives of the fields

of the law, psychology, operations research, and

computer systems analysis, and included the following

members of the Technical Analysis Division:

Mr. Ernest H. Short, Project Leader

Dr. Nancy Kingsbury

Miss Jenny Eldreth

Mrs. Suellen Halpin

Mr. Miles Ruthberg

Mr. John Rick

Credit and thanks are due to the ladies who

typed the report: Miss Frances Jones, who graciously

bore the many burdens of a very demanding staff

throughout the course of the project; Mrs. Mary

Abbott, Mrs. Theresa Conrad, and Mrs. Frances Hilten.

Finally, deep appreciation must be expressed

for the magnificent cooperation of all participants

in this program, and most especially the professional

reporters and transcribers who took part in the

experimental phase.

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. BOOKS 1

II. ARTICLES 7

III. MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE ...... 22

IV. MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS 24
ANNOTATED LIST OF REFERENCES

I . BOOKS

Abrams, Ray. Transcription Error Charts . New York, Chicago:

Gregg Publishing Co,, 1939.

A textbook and workbook for stenographers ' use in

recording error frequency,

Addy, Gulielmi. Stenographia; or the Art of Short -Writing . London: 1664.

This is a textbook, written in pen and ink, of instruction

in a method of manual shorthand.

Bridges, Noah. Stenographie and Crytographie ; or the Art of Short

and Secret Writing. London: 1659.

A complete description and illustration of a very early method

of manual shorthand.

Cons t i tut ion and By - Laws

.

As amended 1967. United States Court

Reporters Association, 1946.

The constitution and by-laws of the U. S. Court

Reporters Association.

Deming, P. The Court Stenographer . Albany: J. Munsell, 1879.

An instruction book in court reporting techniques for the

manual shorthand reporter and the stenotypist.

Directory of Official Court Reporters and the Systems of Shorthand

They Write. New York: Andrew J. Graham and Co., 1905.

A directory of court reporters and the types of shorthand

they use, including Graham, Nunson, Pitman, Longley,

New Rapid, Cross and others.

Fox, Sir John Charles. A Handbook of the English Law Reports . London: ButterwortbTand Co., 1913.

This handbook contains English law reports from the

last quarter of the 18th Century to the year 1865,

with biographical notes on judges and reporters

.
Fry, William W. and Parker, Arthur L. Dictatypy

.

Philadelphia:

Dictatype Shorthand Machine Co., 1915.

A description and illustration of dictatype machine

shorthand, and instruction in its use.

Fuller, Roy E. Requirements for Court Reporting. Chicago:

Gunthrop-Warren Printing Co., 1945.

A court reporter discusses the importance of competent

,

skilled court reporters and lists the requirements

of a career in court reporting.

Garvin, Paul L. and Trager, Edith C. The Conversion of Phonetic

into Orthographic English: A Machine Translation Approach

to the Problem.' Prepared for Air Force Office of Aerospace

Research, Office of Scientific Research, under Contract No.

AF 49(638) -1186. Canoga Park, California: Thompson Ramo

Wooldridge, Inc. , 1963 (limited distribution)

.

This is a highly technical book explaining the processes

involved in converting recorded speech into written English.

Hancock, Vesta Wills. Dictype . (n.p.) 1932. (mimeographed.)

This text offers a complete course in dictype. Dictypy is a system of shorthand designed to be written on the

typewriter.

Handbook on Certified Shorthand Reporting Laws

.

National Shorthand

Reporters Association, n.d.

An explanation of Certified Shorthand Reporting Laws -- their history, importance and role in the profession

of court reporting.

Handbook on Electrical Recording . National Shorthand Reporters

Association, rev. 1965.

Prepared by National Shorthand Reporters Association,

this handbook presents and reviews facts concerning

the potential and shortcomings of sound recording.

2
Horne, Berry H. Stenotype Reporting. New York: Ferris Printing Co.,

1937.

This is a textbook for advanced stenotypists who have

attained speeds of better than 150 words per minute

and are interested in court reporting. Instruction

is offered in the following areas: court procedure,

legal and Latin vocabulary, medical terms, advanced

stenotype theory, phrase and abbreviation material,

convention reporting and others.

Ireland, W. S. National Machine Shorthand . St. Louis, Missouri:

National Shorthand Machine Co., 1917.

This text offers complete instruction in National

Machine Shorthand --a description of the shorthand machine,

explanation of its system and texts.

Kowan, Theodor Ira. The Legal Stenographer . Cleveland: Cadillac

Press, 1941.

A handbook on legal language, law office practices, and the

proper preparation of legal documents for use by the legal

secretary.

Lapointe, John W. Court Reporting on the Stenograph or Stenotype . Los Angeles: 1955.

A manual of instruction in machine shorthand.

. Machine Court Reporting , Los Angeles : Stanley

M. Lan'gdon, Superior Court, 193$.

This text is designed to assist court reporters in building

their stenotype skills.

LaSalle Extension University. The Theory of Stenotypy; The Machine

Way in Shorthand . Chicago: LaSalle Extension University, 1943.

Stenotypy is explained from basic finger positions to

practice speed writing.

Leslie, Louis A., ed. Testimony Dictation . New York, Chicago:

Gregg Publishing Co., 1944.

The author has compiled sample testimony dictation in areas of criminal law, negligence and medical case

law and contracts.

3
Linton, John Douglas. An Introduction to Court Reporting in

Thomas Natural Shorthand, Including~Scl

c

ctcd Lists of

Nigh frequency Legal and Medical Terms . New York

:

Prent i ce - 1 lal 1 , 19 5 id

Tliis book contains background training for a court

reporter using manual shorthand. The author offers

some shortcuts in recording phrases, and a model trial.

Making the Record. 6th ed. Port Huron: National Shorthand

Reporters Association, 1950.

A book of suggestions on making a more perfect record

of court proceedings, this book is aimed at the members

of the Bench, Bar, law schools and students.

Moran, Clarence Gabriel. The Heralds of the Law. London: Stevens,

1948.

A collection of essays written by a law reporter about his

profession and the practice of law reporting in England.

Morphy, Anthony N. How to be a Court Reporter . Bayonne, New Jersey:

Pengad Companies, 1959.

A complete ,rhow to 1

' book for a court reporting career,

including technical requirements , academic requirements

,

proper court procedure, and instruction in reporting

proceedings

.

National Shorthand Reporters Association. Digest of Statutes and

Legal Decisions Relating to Official Stenographers . New Haven,

Connecticut : The Mac Printing Corp., 1906.

A collection of summarized statutes and legal decisions

pertaining to court reporters in effect as of 1906.

National Shorthand Reporters Association. Shorthand Reporters; A Digest

of Statutes and Legal Decisions Relating to Official

Stenographers" and Their Reports . 2nd ecE lies Moines , Iowa:

Homestead Printing Co., 1916,

A collection of summarized statutes and legal decisions

pertaining to court reporters and their reports in effect

as of 1916.

Nealis, Michael F. Law and Court Stenographers

,

New York: Delahanty

Institute, 1940.

Tliis is a textbook and workshop designed for a class in

court stenography. Topics covered in this publication are: Latin and legal terminology, divisions of government agencies

and general office practice.

4
New York Civil Service Aid Publication. Law and Court Stenographer. New York: Aid Publishing Co., 1940.

A pre-exam study book, this text prepares the court reporter

for the Civil Service Court reporter examination and offers

instruction in court procedure, court reporter duties and

responsibilities, legal terminology and preparation of

legal documents

.

Osgoodby, Willi. am V/. The Stenographic Miscellany . New York: E. R.

Andrews Printing Co .

,

1903

.

Dais collection of poems and short stories is written

entirely in manual phonetic shorthand.

Parker, Arthur Lloyd. Dictatype . Wilmington, Delaware: New

Dictatype Co., 1942.

Hie dictatype method of machine shorthand is explained

and illustrated. Dictatype machines have no numeral bar -- numbers are written out.

Quayle, Marget Sidney, A Study of Some Aspects of Satisfaction in

the Vocation of Stenography . New York: ’ Columbia University,

1935.

A comparative study of satisfied and dissatisfied

stenographers (secretaries) , this book offers reasons

for dissatisfaction and possible remedies.

Reese, J. L. How to be a Public Stenographer . Sacramento: 1914.

Directed at office stenographers, this book offers

information on how to establish a private business

as a public stenographer.

Shorthand Reporting as a Career , rev, 1968, Madison, Wisconsin:

National Shorthand Reporters Association, 1961.

Written for aspirant court reporters, this publication

describes the court reporting field, its opportunities

and rewards

,

Simone, Paul. A Stroke in Time; Principles of Machine Shorthand

and One Stroke Words and’ Ph'rasesT 5th ed, / 1959

.

A book of instruction in the principles of abbreviating,

phrasing techniques and practical stroke saving to aid

stenotypists in speed building.

5
Sound Recording in the Courts . New York State Shorthand Reporters

Association, 1954.

Court reporters cite cases in which sound recording proved

inadequate as a means of reporting court proceedings

(e.g.,U. S. Navy, United Nations, New York City, and Puerto

Rico)

.

Stenographic Machines, Inc. Dictionary for Machine Shorthand . Chicago 3 Stenographic Machines ,' Inc. , 1957.

This is a dictionary of stenotype words and phrases

frequently used in machine shorthand.

Stenorite Shorthand; New Alphadynamic Method . Carden City, New York:

Doiib 1 eday , 1963

.

Thf> stenorite method of manual shorthand is described

and illustrated in this textbook.

Stenospeed Dictionary of Machine Shorthand: English to Stenotype.

Brooklyn : Stenospeed Publishing Co., 1962.

This is a reference manual of frequently used words and

phrases and their stenotype equivalents.

Stenotype Company of California, Stenotype Theory , Los Angeles:

Stenotype Company of California,' Ii)5l,

This textbook offers instruction in the use of stenotypy

and the stenotype machine.

Stone, Vernon W. Tested Stenotypy Shortcuts. MBA. Nuremberg Germany

1948.

The author offers a collection of shortcuts in recording

frequently used phrases in stenotype.

Van Allen, Edward J. Why Not a $15,000 a Year Court Reporting

Career? Mineola, New York: Reportorial Press, 1965.

This book encourages young men and women, not yet set on a career, to investigate the shorthand reporting

profession. The author describes his experiences in the

profession and offers information on schools and salaries

in the United States

.

6
. Your Future as a Shorthand Reporter . New York:

Richards Rosen Press, Inc . , 1969.

This book is directed to aspirant court reporters

and offers experiences of the author, benefits of

the profession, hints on being a professional and

information on schools, scholarships and salaries

around the country.

Wellman, Rowena. Examination of Certain Factors Involved in

Reporting and Transcribing of Stenographic Materials . Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1937.

This book describes a technical study in which

syllabic count, stroke count, length of sentence

and vocabulary frequency factors were used to

deteimine the difficulty of stenographic material

as a method of evaluating dictation material.

II. ARTICLES

Alex, Douglas G. "Protecting Our Courts -- A Case for the Public."

National Shorthand Reporter XXIII, 3 (1961), 105.

The author discusses the need for minimum standards of

competence in the court reporting field.

"Audio Standards Listings." Audio Engineering Society Journal 18

(1970), 317-321.

This is a list of existing standards in the electronic

field for all types of recording equipment,

Batton, Virginia K. "Emphasize That Personal Touch." National

Shorthand Reporter XXV, 2 (1963), 70.

Court reporters must strive for better relations with

the members of the Bench and the Bar by offering

personal services that no electronic recording machine

could supply.

Bieber, Seymour. "The Verbatim Reporter, Keeper of the Record."

National Shorthand Reporter XXIII, 9 (1962), 347.

This article commends the court reporter for his ability

to perform so well in the face of obstacles ever present

in reporting the record.

7
Bimie, George A, "The Reporter in Fiction --As Others See

Us." National Shorthand Reporter XXIV, 4 (1963), 137,

The author expresses his displeasure at the role

court reporters play in popular books and indicates

that the fiction writers know little about the court

reporting profession.

Blackett, Fred. "Court Reporting in Japan." National Shorthand

Reporter (December 1970)

.

A report on a court reporter's visit to Japan, describes

the Japanese Court System and its court reporting methods.

Blum, Alexander. "Oh, My Aching Arm." National Shorthand

Reporter XXIII, 2 (1961), 70-72.

Manual shorthand reporters develop cramps in their hands

from the strain of recording lengthy proceedings.

Bowers, Dan M. "Code Set for Machine Language Translation."

Computer Design 4 (1965), 44-47.

A coding scheme used in language translation is described

in this technical article.

Bowers, Dan M. and Fisk, M, B. "The World's Fair Machine

Translator." Computer Design 4 (1965), 16-29.

This article describes the construction, dictionary organization

and mode of operation of the machine translator exhibited

at the New York World's Fair.

Boyle, Otto. "What Does 'CSR' Mean?" National Shorthand Reporter

XXV, 2 (1963), 71-72.

A court reporter defines "CSR" (Certified Shorthand

Reporter) and describes what a certificate in shorthand

reporting means to the reporter and his profession.

Braun, W. L, "NAB Recording and Reproducing Standards." Audio

Engineering Society Journal 16 (1968), 168-173.

This technical article lists and explains standards for

electronic recording and reproducing equipment.

Bricker, P. D. and Pruzansky, S. "Effects of Stimulus Content

and Duration on Talker Identification . " Journal of Acoustical

Society of America 40 (1966), 1441-1449.

This article describes a study done by the Bell Telephone

Laboratories, Inc., to determine the effect of certain

stimuli, such as duration of a speaker's material, on aural identification of that speaker.

8
Brown, James Harvey. "In Re: Abolishment of CSR in California."

National Shorthand Reporter 29, 3 (1967), 6.

The author expresses his views in favor of retaining

the Certified Shorthand Reporter Laws in California.

The shortcomings of sound recording are also discussed.

Buckley, Leonard J. "Are We Overlooking the Verbatim Record?"

Wisconsin Bar Bulletin 39 (1966), 10-15.

It is the responsibility of all those involved in litigation

to see to it that the court reporter takes a verbatim

record. Litigants should be more aware of the record- taking

process rather than assuming the reporter can hear inaudible

witnesses

.

Cafiaux, J, A. "Brief Review of Electronic Industries Association

Standards in the Audio Field." Audio Engineering Society

Journal 16 (1968), 21-25.

This article gives the background of the Electronics

Industries Association, its engineering department,

and identifies 25 of its standards in the audio field.

Cemy, J. H. "Court Reporting: Facts for Public Officials."

American Bar Association Journal 42 (1956), 437-440.

This article, written by a court reporter, expresses a need for better understanding of the court reporter's

role and duty to protect the public in litigation.

Cheasty, John Cye, Commander, U.S.N, "Mechanical Recording."

Journal of the Adjutant General (November 1949), 12-15.

Court reporting methods used by the Navy are reviewed and

it is suggested that mechanical recording might better

meet the needs of the Navy.

Cofield, II. S., Commander, U.S.N. "Mechanical Court Reporting."

Journal of the Adjutant General (July 1952), 8.

The author describes an experiment which examined and

compared four systems of court reporting, i.e.» electronic,

stenotype, shorthand, and stenomask. The article

concludes that stenomask could be a satisfactory substitute

for shorthand and stenotype.

Cohen, William. "Shorthand, Yes? Mechanical Aids , No.'"

Case and Comment 63, 5 (1958), 12-16.

The author disputes the use of tape recording as an aid to

court reporters and suggests that a competent reporter needs

only his skills.
Compton, Arthur J. "Effects of filtering and Vocal Duration

Upon the Identification of Speakers, Aurally." Journal of

Acoustical Society of America 55 (1963), 1748-1752.

This highly technical article explains a study to determine

the effect of duration of recorded stimuli on aural

identification of speakers.

"Continuing Battle with ER." National Shorthand Reporter 29, 5 (1968), 8.

Sound recording techniques in court reporting are not

yet developed to the stage of being capable of replacing

the live court reporter,

Covel, Julian J. "A Court Reporter's View of Electronic Recorders."

Journal of the American Judicature Society 51 (1968), 340-343.

A court reporter questions the ability of recording equipment

to record and transcribe trial proceedings accurately, inexpensively, and quickly.

"Court Recordings in New Zealand." Justice of the Peace 122 (1958),

70.

The installation of recording equipment in the courtroom

and its advantages over the previous method of court

reporting, i.e., typewriting and note taking, are discussed.

Craft, J, L,; Goldman, E. H, ; and Strohm, W. B. "A Table Look

Up Machine for Processing Natural Languages." IBM Journal of

Research and Development 5 (1961), 192-203.

This technical article describes a machine with the

capability of translating other written languages

into written English, e.g., Russian to English.

de Ciucis, Vincent. "Is There a Future to Shorthand Reporting?"

National Shorthand Reporter 27, 2 (1965), 11-12.

Concerned about the possible replacement of court

reporters with machines , a court reporter advises others

in his profession to improve their skills, initiate

and encourage training programs and adopt CSR requirements

in order to avoid having to compete with a machine.

"Discretionary Reporting of Trial Court Decisions: A Dialogue."

University of Pennsylvania Law Review 114 (1965), 249-255.

This article employs "Question and Answer" style in

discussing the publication of trial court opinions.

10
Doubles, M. Ray, ''A Camera in the Courtroom." Washington and

Lee Law Review 22 (1965), 1-16, ^

The author discusses the legality of cameras in the

courtroom in light of Canon 35 of the American Bar

Association Canon of Professional and Judicial Ethics.

Ehlers, L, W, "Twelve Ways to a Perfect Record," Law Office

Economics and Management 6 (1966), 505-510,

Written by a court reporter, this article discusses

some everyday problems in court reporting and offers

12 ways to correct them,

Eisler, Hannes, "Measurements of Perceived Acoustic Quality of

Sound Reproducing Systems by Means of Factor Analysis."

Journal of Acoustical Society of America 39 (1966)

,

48‘4-4‘9Tr ~ ~

A technique study to determine quality of sound

reproducing systems by analyzing sound level, tone,

etc. , is explained,

Erickson, Howard 0, "Why Use a Recorder as an Aid," National

Shorthand Reporter XIX, 1 (1957), 22.

The author disputes the use of recorders as aids to court

reporters , calling such use a crutch for incompetent reporters

,

Finley, Beryl. "Advice is Given on How to Make a Sound Record,"

Hennipin Lawyer 23 (1955), 59-63,

This article is a condensed version of the National

Shorthand Reporters Association's booklet entitled,

"Making the Record,"

Flaherty, D, H, "Select Guide to the Manuscript Court Records

of Colonial New England," American Journal of Legal

* History 11 (1967), 107-126,

r ' " r

Written for the historian, this article directs the reader

to court records in New England dated prior to 1776.

Galli, E. J. "The Stenowriter -- A System fop- the Lexical Processing

of Stenotypy." IRE Transactions and Electronic Computers

EC-11, 2 (1962), 187-1897

This technical article describes and discusses an experiment

in computer transcription of stenotypy into written English,

11
Gardner, Mark B, "Effect of Noise on Listening Levels in

Conference Telephony," Journal of Acoustical Society

of America 36 (1964) , 2354-2362.

This is a description^ of a technical study to determine the

effect of noise (i.e.

? shuffling of feet, rustling of paper,

coughing, etc.) on ability to clearly hear proceedings

of a conference taking place in two areas at the same

time through the use of telephone communication.

Gradwohl, John M. 'Trials -- Court Reporting -- Use of Sound

Disc and Electronic Recording." Nebraska Law Review 32

(1953), 509-512.

This article discusses the feasibility of using

electronic devices in place of court reporters and

suggests that experimentation in this area be undertaken to determine the best method of court reporting,

Halleran, Arthur L. "Sound! Action! Quiet!" National Shorthand

Reporter XXI, 7 (1960), 288-289,

A poetic presentation of the inadequacies of sound

recording equipment and the advantages of a live reporter,

Hanlon, J. "CIA Helps Develop Stenotype Reader." Computerworld

2, 46 (1968), 9.

The author describes the combined efforts of CIA and

IBM in developing the stenotype reader and discusses its uses

,

Healy, B. "Recesses Make Fascinating Subject for Court Reporters."

Hennipin Lawyer 24 (1956), 142.

A court reporter discusses the necessity and importance

of a recess in accomplishing a complete and accurate record.

Without a break, the pressure of continuous reporting

affects the reporter’s ability to maintain speed and

accuracy

.

Hirst, Ray. "Official Court Reporting with Electronic Recorders,"

Journal of American Judicature Society 36 (1954), 78-82,

Both sound recording and human court reporting are discussed, pointing up the comparative advantages and

disadvantages of each method of court reporting.

12
Huggins, A. W. F, "Distortion of the Temporal Pattern of Speech:

Interruption and Alternation," Journal of Acoustical Society

of America 56 (1964), 1055-1064.

This article describes a technical study to determine the

intelligibility of continuous speech when interrupted or alternated from ear to ear (using head sets), and/or changed

in speed.

Hunt, Vernon W. "Electronic Necklaces vs. Court Reporters."

Alabama Lawyer 24 (1963), 104-109.

This article discusses the advantages of having a live court reporter rather than a machine in the

courtroom and the disadvantages of sound recording

equipment

.

. "Electronic Recording Devices are Upbraided

by Judge Hunt," National Shorthand Reporter (November 1967),

6-12.

The author discusses the impracticability of electronic

recording equipment in the courts.

. "Electronic Recording Devices: No Eyes with which

to See, No Ears with which to Hear, Selectively I" Los Angeles

Bar Bulletin 41 (1965), 86,

The author disputes the use of electronic recording

equipment as a replacement for a court reporter.

Josselson, H. H, "Machine Translation in Review." Computers and

Automation 17 (1968), 44-46.

This article looks at machine translation research: its history,

tasks, objectives, and the organizations involved.

Kemis , Francis H. "Sound Recording in the Courts." Alabama Lawyer

14 (1953), 196-199.

The author discusses the aftyaptages of using sound recorders

with shorthand reporters and the disadvantages of using

sound recording equipment alone as the official record.

Koemer, C. F. "Making the Record." Oklahoma Bar Association

Journal 27 (1956) , 1211.

A court reporter describes the difficulties involved

in court reporting due to lawyers ' poor speaking

habits and carelessness in seeing to it that the

court reporter receives all information, evidence,

etc., pertinent to the case.

13
Lane, Harlan, "Foreign Accent and Speech Distortion." Journal

of Acoustical Society of America 35 (1963), 451-453.

A technical study to determine the degree of distortion

of words spoken by persons with a foreign accent, and the

ability of Midwestern Americans to recognize the words

when distorted.

Libby, Harry L. "Report of Survey of Alaskan Courts System,"

National Shorthand Reporter XXV, 4 (1964), 137-143.

A court reporter describes his findings on investigation

of the sound recording system used in Alaska courts. This

reporter found the system to be inadequate, expensive and

not well received by members of the Bar.

Lockner, J. P. A. "Mechanical Recording of Law Court Proceedings,"

Justice of the Peace 118 (1954), 776-777,

Hie author describes an experiment in sound recording in

the South African courts , The results of his investigation

show: a, sound recording is practicable and effective; b,

sound recording is more accurate than shorthand reporters;

c, sound recording saves judges’ time, and d, reading back

of testimony is clearer and more accurate.

Louisell, W. and Pirsig, M. E, "Significance of Verbatim Recording

of Court Proceedings." Minnesota Law Review 38 (1953), 29-45,

The authors discuss the effect of a court reporter

on trial proceedings Ce.g.,. trial participants’ awareness

that their testimony is being recorded and subject to possible

review) and further discuss the importance of the record

as an unbiased report of the trial for presentation to the

Appellate Court.

Madden, William M, "Illinois Pioneers Videotaping Trials,"

American Bar Association Journal 55 (1969), 457.

The author expresses satisfaction with videotape

as a court record, but suggests that until cost

and storage studies are performed, this system should

not be adopted,

Martin, Carl, "Electronic Courtroom Recording." Journal of the

American Judicature Society 50 (1967), 262-264.

Written by an electronics engineer, this article

advocates the use of sound recording equipment for

recording trial proceedings, and goes on to explain

the most advantageous use of the equipment.

14
McKnight, J, B, "List of Published Standards Related to Magnetic

Sound Recordings," Audio Engineering Society Journal

15 (1967) , 314 ff

,

The author lists standards for magnetic tape recording

equipment

.

Nesbett, Buell A, "Electronic Recording of Court Proceedings

in Alaska." The Practical Lawyer 7, 7 (1961), 59-61,

Written by the Chief Justice of the Alaska Supreme Court,

this article expresses satisfaction with electronic

recording and suggests its use elsewhere as improvements

become known.

Newitt, J. W, and Odarchenko, A, "A Structure for Real-Time

Stenotype Transcription." IBM Systems Journal (1970),

24-35.

This is a highly technical explanation of an automatic

stenotype transcription method.

Perry, Grant E. "The Reporter as Discriminator." National Shorthand

Reporter 30, 4 (1969), 11,

This author discusses the court reporter’s problems in

trying to accurately report court proceedings when counsel,

witnesses, and other participants are difficult to hear and

understand,

Peschel, Kurt. "Official Reporting in USA and Germany." National

Shorthand Reporter XXI, 2 (1959), 61-66,

A comparison of American and German practices of

court reporting, conference reporting, and

transcription of notes,

Phillipi, Edward, "Stenotype Tape to Finished Transcript Via

Computer." National Shorthand Reporter 27, 8 (1966), 4.

The Philitron Corp, of California describes the cost,

time advantage and possible uses of its computer

translation system.

Pollack, Irwin. "Message Probability and Message Reception,"

Journal of Acoustical Society of America 36 (1964), 937-945.

A technical study to determine whether expected words

are easier to hear than unexpected words,

15
Popelka, Gerald J, "Court Reporting in Puerto Rico," National

Shorthand Reporter 50, 2 (1968), 11,

Tliis is a description of Puerto Rico’s use of court

reporters in the Superior Court and unmonitored sound

recorders in the District Courts.

Posner, Fred, "Who ’Owns’ the Court Reporter?” Trial Lawyer's

Guide 7 (1963), 334-340.

The author discusses problems of litigants in obtaining

copies of trial transcripts from a court reporter

hired by opposing counsel.

Pruzansky, Sandra. "Pattern Matching Procedure for Automatic

Talker Recognition." Journal of Acoustical Society of

America 35 (1963) , 354-3'58\ ~

This article discusses an experiment to determine

whether a computer, given a voice pattern input, could

identify the speaker.

Radley, T. B, "Recording as Testimony to Truth." Criminal Law

Reviieii (1954), 96-105,

A discussion by the author regarding the use of recorded

statements of fact as evidence in a criminal case. This

article is concerned with the practical use of recording

equipment by the police in criminal cases

.

Rand, Preston B. "The Use of Tape Recorders as an Aid to Court

Reporters." Case and Comment 63, 1 (1958), 28-35.

A court reporter who professes to be only "average"

in skills discusses the advantageous use of recorders

as an aid in transcribing notes and as a test of his

stenotype note taking.

Reabum, Norman S, "Court Reporting in the Electronic Age."

Canadian Bar Journal 12 (1969), 110,

The author attributes the dissatisfaction of many with sound

recording equipment to the misuse of the equipment, and

explains its successful use in the Supreme Court of Victoria.

. "Recorders in the Courts -- A Defense," Journal

of the American Judicature Society 52 (1969), 293-296.

The author is an experienced sound recorder operator in

Australia. Here he offers an explanation of the court

reporting operation in Australia and suggests that use of

electronic systems elsewhere is practicable when the

equipment is used properly.

16
Reynolds, Robert H, "Alaska’s Ten Years of Electronic Reporting."

American Bar Association Journal 56 (1970), 1080-1083.

The Administrative Director of Alaska Courts discusses

electronics sound reporting in Alaska, pointing up its

reliability, flexibility, accuracy, and cost effectiveness,

Rimbold, Edgar A. "I Want a Real, Live Court Stenographer,"

National Shorthand Reporter 29, 10 (1968), 22,

A lawyer discusses his distrust and dislike for tape

recording of court proceedings

,

Roberts, Alan. "Sound Recording in the New Jersey Courts," National

Shorthand Reporter XXVI, 8 (1965), 326-330.

This is a discussion of an experiment in sound recording in

New Jersey, The findings show1 sound recording to be too

expensive, but suggest the use of inexpensive tape recording

devices with stenotype reporter to insure a verbatim record.

Rodebaugh, Everett G, "Electronics in Court: Shorthand Reporters

v, Recording Machines," American Bar Association Journal 39

(1953), 287-291,

' '

The author disputes the infallibility of the electronic

recording machine and cites some of the disadvantages

of its use,

. Alow Good are Three Guesses?" National Shorthand ~ Reporter XXVI, 1 (1964), 26 ,

T —

This article discusses the problem of guessing what is

recorded on tape when the material is garbled or if

there is confusion from homonyms.

, "Make Do in Puerto Rico: A Sound Recording

Record, " Pennsylvania Bar Association Quarterly 26 (1954)

,

61-71,

The author describes the court reporting system used in

Puerto Rico and discusses contradicting reports on its success

.

17
. "Publicity v. Publicity." National Shorthand

Reporter )CXVl, 10 (1965), 434.

The author expresses concern that aspirant court reporters

will be frightened away from pursuing the profession due

to the overpublicizing of sound recording as a better

means of making the record.

. "Sound Recording in Courts: Echoes from

Anchorage and Washington." American Bar Association Journal

50 (1964), 552-554.

The author appraises a favorable report made by a Federal

Judge of his experience with sound recording in Alaska.

Some of the problems in making sound recordings and

transcribing them are pointed out and legislation authorizing

sound recording as an auxiliary to shorthand reporting in

Federal Courts is discussed.

. "Sound Recording in the Courtroom: A Reappraisal."

American Bar Association Journal 47 (1961), 1185-1189.

The author discusses what he feels to be the biggest

drawback in sound recording — transcribing from a sound tape accurately.

Russ in, J. "British Courts and Law Reporting in East Africa."

Law Library Journal 56 (1963), 234-246.

A complete description of the East African courts and

their system of selective law reporting.

Salton, Gerard. "The Automatic Transcription of Machine Shorthand."

Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference (1959)

,

148-159.

A method of computer transcription of machine shorthand

is described.

Salzman, Sidney. "Late Word from Alaska and California." National

Shorthand Reporter XXII, 3 (1960), 114-115.

A backlog of dispositions in Alaska and the rehearing of a court case in San Rafael, California, are cited by the author

as evidence of the impracticability of sound recording in

the courts.

18
Savin, Harris B, ’Word Frequency Effect and Errors in the

Perception of Speech/' Journal of Acoustical Society of

America 35 (1963), 200-206,

The author describes a study to determine the factors

governing the ability to recognize words in speech.

"Selective Publication of Case Law." Southern California Law

Review 39 (1966), 608-614.

The present method of publication of case law is

discussed and suggestions are offered to revise

the system.

Shortridge, Harold T, "Are We a Professional?" National

Shorthand Reporter XXIII, 2 (1961), 75-76.

Professional ethics in the court reporting field are discussed,

Smith, Lyle D, "Court Reporter’s Viewpoint." North Dakota Law

Review 28 (1952), 179*184,

Members of the Bar can help make a more perfect record

by understanding the court reporter’s role in the

proceedings

.

Souris, Theodore, "Address to Michigan Court Reporters Association,"

National Shorthand Reporter 27, 7 (1966), 4,

A Supreme Court Justice in Michigan speaks to court reporters

about the inadequacies of sound recording equipment and the

shortcomings of live court reporters

,

Stone, 0. M, "Knowing the Law," Modem Law Review 24 (1961), 475-480.

The author discusses the problems of obtaining information

in law reports that are unpublished or published late,

Sullivan, Harold W, "Court Record by Video-Tape Experiment -- A

Success," Chicago Bar Record 50 (1969), 336-341.

A description of an experiment with video-taping in

Illinois courts is described and the author expresses

his views about the benefits of video-tape.

19
Swem, Charles Lee, "Get Something Down -- And with the Aid of

Context, You can Decipher it Later," National Shorthand

Reporter XXrV, 2 (1962), 61-64.

A shorthand reporter discusses the tension and pressure

under which he is forced to take notes and describes

the difficulties of transcribing them. The author suggests

that a shorthand reporter can rely on context in

transcribing notes.

, "The Future of Reporting." National Shorthand

Reporter XXIII, 4 (1962), 145.

A court reporter assures others of his profession that,

skills and experience cannot be replaced by sound

recording equipment.

Tremaine, William W. "Handbook on Electrical Recording," National

Shorthand Reporter XXVI, 8 (1965), 537-338.

This article discusses the Handbook and instructs the

reader on how to obtain a copy, The author expresses

his views on sound recording as a poor means of court

reporting.

Vander Werf, Daniel, Jr. "Watts My Line." National Shorthand Reporter

XXIV, 6 (1963), 205-206.

A court reporter describes a conversation he had with a sound

recording equipment salesman and advises court reporters

to be prepared to have similar conversations. The author

suggests that court reporters increase their skills as they may soon have to compete with recording equipment.

'Versatile New Shorthand System." National Shorthand Reporter

XXII, 5 (1961), 6.

A system called "Oscar" --a dot or braille method of

machine or manual shorthand -- is explained.

Voiers, W. D. "Perceptual Bases of Speaker Identity." Journal of

Acoustical Society of America 36 (1964), 1065-1073,

This article discusses a study to determine the basic

way in which voices are perceived to differ from each other

by a typical listener.

20
von Recklinghausen, D. R. "Standards Activities of the Institute

of High Fidelity." Audio Engineering Society Journal 16 (1968),

289-290.

This article describes the activities of the Institute

of High Fidelity and what the Institute does for the

consumer

.

West, Hugh E. "The Evolution of the Court Reporter." Case and

Comment 62, 2 (1958), 26-28.

The author discusses the physical and mental requirements

of a court reporting position and the importance of the

court reporter's role in litigation.

White, Marjorie Allen. "Microfilming Stenotapes.” National

Shorthand Reporter 27, 7 (1966), 22.

In La Junta, Colorado, stenotapes are microfilmed to allow

for better utility of storage space. This article

describes La Junta's microfilming system.

Whitehurst, E. "Courts of Record and Records of Courts." Journal

of American Judicature Society 58 (1954), 42-46.

The author discusses the problem of maintaining court records

and disposing of retired records. Microfilm is suggested

in larger districts to conserve storage space.

Wolfstone, Leon L. "Electronic Court Reporting as a Substitute -- And What to do About it." National Shorthand Reporter XXVI,

2 (1964), 62.

The author disputes the use of sound recording equipment

in the courts, pointing to the cost of its installation

and general upkeep. He feels that the live court reporter

is less expensive and more reliable.

Wood, Robert L. "The Lunch Hour." National Shorthand Reporter

XXIV, 6-7 (1963), 214.

Court reporters, while at lunch, discuss the problems

they face in translating their shorthand and stenotype

notes into English.

Yandell, G. D. "Recording Experiment." Justice of the Peace 124

(1960), 266-267.

A description of a 6-month experiment in Great Britain with

sound recording equipment which proved to be an unacceptable

method of court reporting. The experiment suggested the use

of the sound equipment for depositions,

21
Young, M. A. and Campbell, R. A. ’'Effects of Context on Talker

Identification." Journal of Acoustical Society of America

42 (1967), 1250-1254.

Tliis technical article describes a study to determine

what effect a change in word context has on speaker

identification, i.e., can the same word, used in another

sentence, be identified and associated with a particular

speaker by a trained listener.

III. MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE

Bambrick, W. Lewis. Memorandum to Municipal Court Judges from the

Assistant Director of the Administrative Office of the Courts

(New Jersey), Subject: Type, Installation and Operation of

Sound Recording Equipment in Municipal Courts, February 13, 1970.

Additional recording equipment approved for the New Jersey

courts is listed with the approximate cost of each unit.

Delaney, John. Letter with attachments dated December 22, 1968.

This correspondence discusses the effective use of sound

recording equipment as a better means of court reporting

than the live court reporter.

Georges, M. P, Memorandum to Clerks of Juvenile and Domestic Relations

Courts, District Courts, Municipal Courts and Transcribing

Agencies from the Chief of Reporting Services, Administrative

Office of New Jersey Courts, Subject: Increase in Transcript

Rates, August 11, 1970.

Tliis memorandum notifies the Clerks of the Courts and

the Transcribing Agencies of an increase in transcript

rates from $.75 per page of original and $.12 per page

of copy to $1,00 per page of original and $.25 per page

of copy.

Hepler, Frank. Memorandum with attachment on Videotape Demonstration,

March 1, 1971.

The author describes a videotape experiment in court

reporting, emphasizing the installation and maintenance

costs. The attachment is a brochure which describes

in detail the videotape system used in the experiment.

22
Hightower, Catherine. Letter with attachments for the Certified

Shorthand Reporters Board, Sacramento, California, to Ernest

H. Short, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.,

March 25, 1971.

This letter describes the examination given to court

reporters by the Certified Shorthand Reporters Board

in California.

Maher, Jack. Interview with Jack Maher, reporter assigned to Chief

Judge Curran of the United States District Court for the

District of Columbia, n.d.

During an interview, this court reporter discusses the

impracticability of automatic transcription of

stenotype notes taken in trial proceedings in the

District of Columbia, pointing out that rapid speech

and often unclear speech are recorded on the stenotype

machine and only the reporter who took the notes

can make them intelligible.

McConnell, Edward B. Memorandum to Municipal Court Judges from

the Administrative Director of the Administrative Office

of the Courts in New Jersey, Subject: Type, Installation

and Operation of Sound Recording Equipment in Municipal

Courts, May 22, 1969.

Standards are outlined for the type, installation and

operation of sound recording equipment in the New Jersey

courts. A list of approved equipment is included.

, Memorandum with attachments to All Municipal

Court Judges from the Director of the Administrative Office

of the Courts in New Jersey, Subject: Sound Recording

of Proceedings, December 17, 1969.

This memorandum transmits to the Municipal Judges the

Supreme Court Order requiring municipalities of a population of better than 10,000 to provide for sound

recording of all proceedings in those municipal courts.

Also transmitted are sound recording standards and a list of municipalities with the population of each.

Murray, Phil. Memorandum on Court Reporter Study, Washington,

D. C.: Federal Judicial Center, April 20, 1970

(mimeographed)

.

This memorandum summarizes a study on causes of delay

in transcript delivery by court reporters and suggests

caseload as a possible cause.

23
Olney, III, Warren, Memorandum to all United States Court

Reporters. Administrative Office of United States Courts,

Memorandum No. 365, February 24, 1964,

The Director of the Office of U. S. Courts, in order to

quiet speculation among court reporters who are concerned about the use of sound recording equipment,

issued this memorandum which cites statements made by

him that court reporters are preferred to sound equipment

,

and that his interest in sound equipment stems from

difficulty in finding competent reporters.

Price, Phillip. Letter to Honorable Tom C. Clark, dated October

21, 1968.

The author expresses concern regarding the delay by court

reporters in delivering the trial transcript for appellate

review.

Sokol, Wesley M. Memorandum to All Members of the Executive Committee

of the Civil Procedure Section , New Jersey State Bar Association,

October 21, 1970.

This memorandum transmits a report by the District Court

Committee which points up some of the limitations of

voice recording devices,

Solomon, H. E, Memorandum on Appellate Delay and Court Reporters.

Washington, D. C.: Federal Judicial Center, June 8, 1970

(mimeographed)

.

The author attributes appellate delay to late filing

of trial transcripts by the official court reporters,

IV. MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS

Administrative Regulations Governing Reporters in the New Jersey

Courts, Administrative Office of the Courts, Trenton, New

Jersey, effective September 8, 1969,

This manual of regulations governing court reporters

includes such topics as; supervision, responsibility,

transcripts and administrative instructions. Also,

included are samples of forms used by court reporters

and instruction in their completion.

24
AvramSj Herbert M, Presentation to Session on Law Enforcement and

judicial Administration7~^fey 18',' A7l, by' President , Stenocomp. Inc.

The author describes the development and operation of a system

of computer transcription of stenotype notes

.

Bell, Griffin B. "Atlanta Court Reporter Project," in a letter

to Justice Tom C. Clark at the Federal Judicial Center,

Washington, D, C„, from Atlanta, on October 6, 1969

(mimeographed )

.

Results of a study to determine causes of appellate delay

show court reporters’ failure to prepare transcripts

within their allotted time to be a principal factor.

Blumberg, Jr., Samuel M. Report of a Survey of the Electronic

Recording System in the State Courts of Alaska' United States

Court Reporters Association, 1969 (mimeographed)

.

A report based on observation of court reporting procedures

in Alaska by a court reporter finds sound recording to be

an unacceptable method of making the record.

Committee on Court Administration, Qualifications and Compensation

Plan for Official Court Reporters , United States District Courts.

Approved by" Judicial Conference at March 1971' Meeting'.

The new qualification and compensation standards for

official court reporters require incumbents to have 4

years experience and a certificate of proficiency

from the National Shorthand Reporters Association or

the Administrative Office of U. S. Courts. A salary

scale plan is outlined.

Committee to Evaluate Electronic Recording Techniques , Rules for

Conducting of Court Sound Recording Tests (in the Southern

District of New York) , n.d, —

The rules to be followed by reporters, recording

companies and transcribers are explained for sound

recording experiments conducted in the New York courts

.

"Committee on Electrical Reporting, Interim Report." National

Shorthand Reporter XXIII, 7 (1962), 257,

The Committee expresses the concern of court reporters

about being replaced by electronic recording equipment.

25
Madden, William M. Interim Report to the Supreme Court of Illinois on Experimentally!deo -Taping of Courtroom Proceedings

Chicago, November 1968.

Based on an experiment in the Illinois Courts with videotaping of court proceedings, the author offers his views

on the subject of electronic recording devices.

McKeown, James F, The Use of Video-Tape in Civil Trials . Submitted

to Judge T. Murphy. ii.cT.

The report examines the use of electronic and video-tape

recording techniques in the court reporting field and

discusses the experiments that have been conducted.

Olney , III, Warren , Report on Electronic Sound Recording in the

Trial Courts of the State' of Alaska . Administrative Office

of the United States Courts, Washington, D. C. , February

20, 1961.

A detailed report based on observation of sound recording

in Alaska courts finds this method of court reporting

to be less expensive, more accurate, more flexible and

faster than stenotype and the live court reporter.

Parker, Charles and Tharp, Norman R. The Court Reporting System

in the United States District Courts . Administrative Office

o'f the United States Courts, Washington, P, C,, 1960.

This report describes a management study of court

reporter systems in the United States District

Courts. The study was conducted with a view to

improving existing reporting systems and their

administration.

Proceedings of the Fifty-sixth Annual Convention of the National

Shorthand Reporters Association . New' York, August 7-10, 1957.

The most widely discussed topic in these proceedings

is the use of electronic recording devices in the courts

.

Court reporters in attendance discuss their views on sound

equipment and its effect on their profession.

Regulations Pertaining to Sound Recording in the New Jersey Courts . Administrative Office of the Courts, Trenton, New Jersey, 1969.

This is a manual of instruction in the operation of

sound equipment, maintenance of log sheets and production

of court transcripts.

26
Report on Electrical Recording. Committee on Electrical Recording,

' Court of’- Common Pleas, Summit Comity, Ohio, December 1969.

This committee, having looked at sound recording, found

it to be an expensive, less accurate and slower means of

court reporting.

Review of Court Reporting Procedures and Preparation of Transcripts

in Los Angeles Trial Courts . Joint Legislative Audit

Committee of the California State Legislature, Office of

the Auditor General, December 1970.

As a part of a management review of the Los Angeles

trial courts, this committee found that present court

reporting procedures were costly, subject to avoidable

error and a factor in delay of criminal cases. This

committee suggests that the use of electronic recording

rather than stenotype would correct these problems and

be more economical.

Ryan, Sylvester J. Comments Upon Electronic Sound Recording in the

Trial Courts of~the State of Alaska, in a letter to Warren

Olney, III, at the Administrative Office of New York Courts

,

from New York, on March 29, 1961.

The author suggests that sound recording in the New

York courts is not feasible and that since there are an ample number of court reporters in New York, the need

for sound recording is eliminated.

Staff Report on a Test of Sounds criber Recording of Court Proceedings

.

“ Administrative Board of the Judicial Conference of the State

of New York to Thomas F. McCoy, State Administrator, June 15, 1965.

This test report concludes in part that court reporters'

transcripts are more quickly prepared and better than

voice recording transcripts and that the use of voice recording

is feasible in courts that lack adequate numbers of court

reporters

.

U, S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary. Hearings on

H. R. 4056, 62nd Cong,, 2nd Sess., May 6, 1912.

Testimony regarding a Bill to provide shorthand reporters

for the United States District Courts,

U. S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Hearings on S,

1045, 69th. Cong., 1st Sess. , April 29, 1926,

Testimony on a Bill to authorize appointment of stenographers

in the courts of the United States and to fix their duties

and compensation.

27
U. S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary. Hearings before

Subcommittee No. 5, on S 952, 91st Cong., 1st Sess

.

, October-November, 1969.

Testimony on a Bill to remove the ceiling on salaries

for court reporters and to delete a provision of the

proposed Bill which authorizes the use of electronic

sound recording equipment.

28