UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

Case No. 22-cv-23077-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

ANGELA CHRISTINE REVILLA, 

Plaintiff,

v. 

RACETRAC, INC., 

Defendant.

______________________________/ 

ORDER REMANDING CASE

THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon a sua sponte review of Defendant’s Notice of 

Removal, ECF No. [1] (“Notice”). The Court has also reviewed Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint 

(“Complaint”), ECF No. [1-1] at 39-43, which was removed from the Eleventh Judicial Circuit in 

and for Miami-Dade County, Florida to this Court. For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds 

that Defendant has failed to establish the existence of subject matter jurisdiction in this case.

“Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. They possess only that power authorized 

by Constitution and statute, which is not to be expanded by judicial decree.” Kokkonen v. Guardian 

Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (internal citations omitted). “It is to be presumed 

that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing the contrary rests 

upon the party asserting jurisdiction.” Id. (citing Turner v. Bank of N. Am., 4 U.S. (4 Dall.) 8, 11 

(1799) and McNutt v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 182-183 (1936)). A “district 

court may act sua sponte to address the issue of subject matter jurisdiction at any time.” Herskowitz 

v. Reid, 187 F. App’x 911, 912-13 (11th Cir. 2006). This is because federal courts are “‘empowered 

to hear only those cases within the judicial power of the United States as defined by Article III of 

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the Constitution,’ and which have been entrusted to them by a jurisdictional grant authorized by 

Congress.” Univ. of S. Ala. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 168 F.3d 405, 409 (11th Cir. 1999) (quoting Taylor 

v. Appleton, 30 F.3d 1365, 1367 (11th Cir. 1994)). Accordingly, “once a federal court determines 

that it is without subject matter jurisdiction, the court is powerless to continue.” Id. at 410.

In the Notice, Defendant asserts that this Court has diversity jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s 

claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. ECF No. [1]. “A removing defendant bears the burden of 

proving proper federal jurisdiction.” Coffey v. Nationstar Mortg., LLC, 994 F. Supp. 2d 1281, 1283 

(S.D. Fla. 2014). District courts have diversity jurisdiction over cases in which the parties are 

completely diverse and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). “Where, 

as here, the plaintiff has not pled a specific amount of damages, the removing defendant must 

prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdiction 

requirement.” Pretka v. Kolter City Plaza II, Inc., 608 F.3d 744, 752 (11th Cir. 2010) (citing 

Williams v. Best Buy Co., Inc., 269 F.3d 1316, 1319 (11th Cir. 2001)); see also 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1332(a).

“To determine whether this standard is met, a court first examines whether it is facially 

apparent from the complaint that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional 

requirement.” Miedema v. Maytag Corp., 450 F.3d 1322, 1330 (11th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted), 

abrogated on other grounds by Dudley v. Eli Lilly & Co., 778 F.3d 909 (11th Cir. 2014). “If the 

jurisdictional amount is not facially apparent from the complaint, the court should look to the 

notice of removal and may require evidence relevant to the amount in controversy at the time the 

case was removed.” Id. (citation omitted). Even so, “a removing defendant is not required to prove 

the amount in controversy beyond all doubt or to banish all uncertainty about it.” Pretka, 608 F.3d 

at 754 (citations omitted). “Where, as in this case, the complaint alleges an unspecified amount of 

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damages, ‘the district court is not bound by the plaintiff’s representations regarding its claim,’ and 

may review the record for evidence relevant to the amount in controversy.” DO Rests., Inc. v. 

Aspen Specialty Ins. Co., 984 F. Supp. 2d 1342, 1344 (S.D. Fla. 2013) (citing Roe v. Michelin N. 

Am., Inc., 613 F.3d 1058, 1061 (11th Cir. 2010)). Moreover, “defendants may submit a wide range 

of evidence in order to satisfy the jurisdictional requirements of removal,” including “affidavits, 

declarations, or other documentation.” Pretka, 608 F.3d at 755. The Court may also use its judicial 

experience and make reasonable inferences and deductions to determine the amount in 

controversy. See Roe, 613 F.3d at 1061-62; Pretka, 608 F.3d at 754 (discussing the difference 

between reasonable deductions and inferences with “conjecture, speculation, or star gazing”); 

E.S.Y., Inc. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 217 F. Supp. 3d 1356, 1360 (S.D. Fla. 2015). “However, courts 

must be mindful that removal statutes are construed narrowly and that uncertainties are resolved 

in favor of remand.” Chiu v. Terminix Co. Int’l, L.P., No. 8:16-cv-306-T-24 JSS, 2016 WL 

1445089, at *1 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 13, 2016) (citing Burns v. Windsor, 31 F.3d 1092, 1095 (11th Cir. 

1994)).

The Court first reviews the allegations in the Complaint—the operative pleading—to

determine whether the amount in controversy is satisfied. Plaintiff’s Complaint asserts claims 

related to injuries Plaintiff sustained when she slipped on a liquid substance on the floor of 

Defendant’s premises. Significantly, in the first paragraph of the Complaint, Plaintiff alleges only 

that: “[t]his is an action for damages which exceeds the sum of Thirty Thousand dollars 

($30,000.00), exclusive of interest and costs[.]” ECF No. [1-1] at 39, ¶ 1. As such, it is not facially 

apparent from the Complaint that the amount in controversy is satisfied.

Because Plaintiff does not plead a specific amount of damages, the Court next looks at the 

Notice to determine whether the amount in controversy is satisfied, mindful that it is Defendant’s 

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burden to establish subject matter jurisdiction. Defendant contends that the amount in controversy 

is satisfied because “Plaintiff sent a time-limited Proposal For Settlement (“PFS”) to Defendant in 

the amount that exceeds $75,000.00.” ECF No. [1] at 2. Defendant asserts further that “Plaintiff’s 

PFS, in tandem with Plaintiff’s injuries, medical treatments, prognosis, and future expenses, 

delineates the extent of the plaintiff’s injuries that ascertains the jurisdictional amount to exceed 

$75,000.00.” Id. The Complaint, however, does not specify the extent of Plaintiff’s injuries or the 

cost of medical treatment, stating only in general terms that she

sustained severe, grievous and permanent injuries, physical and mental pain and 

suffering, disability, physical impairment, disfigurement, mental anguish, 

inconvenience, loss of capacity for the enjoyment of life, loss of earnings and 

impairment of earning capacity and/or permanent aggravation of a pre-existing 

condition, and further incurred hospital bills, medical bills, and/or other bills as a 

result of said injuries; said injuries are either permanent or continuing in their nature 

and the Plaintiff . . . will suffer the losses in the future.

ECF No. [1-1] at 41-42, ¶ 12. Moreover, Defendant provides no underlying supporting facts or 

other information from which the Court could conclude that Defendant has met its burden of 

proving that the amount-in-controversy requirement is indeed satisfied.

The Court notes that while the injuries sustained by Plaintiff and the damages she seeks as 

a result may very well exceed the amount in controversy, they may very well not. “A conclusory 

allegation in the notice of removal that the jurisdictional amount is satisfied, without setting forth 

the underlying facts supporting such an assertion, is insufficient to meet the defendant’s burden.” 

Williams, 269 F.3d at 1319-1320; see also Burns, 31 F.3d at 1097 (finding defendant failed to 

satisfy burden of proof regarding amount in controversy where defendant offered only conclusory 

allegations); Gaitor v. Peninsular & Occidental S.S. Co., 287 F.2d 252, 254-55 (5th Cir. 1961)1

1 The Eleventh Circuit adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down 

prior to close of business on September 30, 1981. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th 

Cir. 1981) (en banc).

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(stating that removing defendant must make “an affirmative showing . . . of all the requisite factors 

of diversity jurisdiction” and that “the amount in controversy being open was ground for 

remand.”). 

As such, the Court finds that Defendant’s Notice is facially deficient in that it fails to 

demonstrate that the $75,000.00 amount-in-controversy requirement has been satisfied. The Court, 

therefore, concludes that diversity jurisdiction is lacking, rendering it without subject matter 

jurisdiction to preside over Plaintiff’s claims.

Accordingly, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that this case is REMANDED to the 

Circuit Court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade County, Florida. The Clerk 

of Court is directed to CLOSE this case. 

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, on September 26, 2022. 

_________________________________ 

BETH BLOOM

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Copies to: 

Counsel of Record 

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