USEFUL WEB SITES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY www.energy.gov 

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy www.eere.energy.gov

FreedomCar and Vehicle Technologies www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels

Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells

Biomass www.eere.energy.gov/biomass

Alternative Fuels Data Center www.eere.energy.gov/afdc

Clean Cities www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities

Transportation Fact of the Week www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts

Fuel Economy www.fueleconomy.gov

Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicle Program www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/hev/

Power Technologies Energy Data Book www.nrel.gov/analysis/power_databook

Buildings Energy Data Book www.btscoredatabook.net

Hydrogen Data Book hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/hydrogen/article/103

Energy Information Administration www.eia.doe.gov

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY www.ornl.gov

Center for Transportation Analysis cta.ornl.gov

Transportation Energy Data Book cta.ornl.gov/data

Biomass Energy Data Book cta.ornl.gov/bedb

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY www.anl.gov

GREET Model www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - FEDSTATS www.fedstats.gov 

USA.GOV - GOVERNMENT MADE EASY www.usa.gov

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc

U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS www.bls.gov

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU www.census.gov

Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE www.commerce.gov

Bureau of Economic Analysis www.bea.gov

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION www.dot.gov

Bureau of Transportation Statistics www.bts.gov

Commodity Flow Survey Program www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey

National Transportation Library ntl.bts.gov

Omnibus Monthly Survey www.bts.gov/programs/omnibus_surveys

TranStats www.transtats.bts.gov

Federal Aviation Administration www.faa.gov

Federal Highway Administration www.fhwa.dot.gov

Office of Highway Policy Information www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation

Nationwide Household Travel Survey nhts.ornl.gov

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration www.fmcsa.dot.gov

Federal Railroad Administration www.fra.dot.gov

Federal Transit Administration www.fta.dot.gov

Maritime Administration www.marad.dot.gov

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration www.nhtsa.dot.gov

Research and Innovative Technology Administration www.rita.dot.gov

The Volpe Center www.volpe.dot.gov

U.S. Coast Guard www.uscg.mil

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY www.epa.gov

Office of Air and Radiation www.epa.gov/oar

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps

Office of Transportation and Air Quality www.epa.gov/otaq

More Useful Web Sites on inside back cover

ORNL-6984

(Edition 28 of ORNL-5198)

Center for Transportation Analysis

Energy and Transportation Science Division

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK:

EDITION 28

Stacy C. Davis

Susan W. Diegel

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Robert G. Boundy

Roltek, Inc.

2009

Prepared for the

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

U.S. Department of Energy

Prepared by the

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6073

Managed by

UT-BATTELLE, LLC

for the

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725

Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 28

can be found on line at: 

cta.ornl.gov/data
DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY

Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy

(DOE) Information Bridge:

Web site: http://www.osti.gov/bridge

Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following

source:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Telephone: 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847)

TDD: 703-487-4639

Fax: 703-605-6900

E-mail: info@ntis.fedworld.gov

Web site: http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm

Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE)

representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following

source:

Office of Scientific and Technical Information

P.O. Box 62

Oak Ridge, TN 37831

Telephone: 865-576-8401

Fax: 865-576-5728

E-mail: reports@adonis.osti.gov

Web site: http://www.osti.gov/contact.html

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the

United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency

thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or

assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or

usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents

that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any

specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,

manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,

recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency

thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state

or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
Spreadsheets of the tables in the

Transportation Energy Data Book

can be found on the web at: 

cta.ornl.gov/data

Users of the Transportation Energy Data Book are encouraged to comment on errors,

omissions, emphases, and organization of this report to one of the persons listed below. Requests

for additional complementary copies of this report, additional data, or information on an existing

table should be referred to Ms. Stacy Davis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Stacy C. Davis

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

National Transportation Research Center

2360 Cherahala Boulevard

Knoxville, Tennessee 37932

Telephone:(865) 946-1256

FAX: (865) 946-1314

E-mail: DAVISSC@ornl.gov

Web Site Location: cta.ornl.gov/data

Philip D. Patterson

Vehicle Technologies Program

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Department of Energy, EE-2G

Forrestal Building, Room

1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.

Washington, D.C. 20585

Telephone:(202) 586-9121

FAX:(202) 586-1637

E-mail: PHILIP.PATTERSON@ee.doe.gov

Web Site Location: www.eere.energy.gov

Jacob W. Ward

Vehicle Technologies Program

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Department of Energy, EE-2G

Forrestal Building

1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.

Washington, D.C. 20585

Telephone:(202) 586-7606

FAX:(202) 586-1600

E-mail: JACOB.WARD@ee.doe.gov

Web Site Location: www.eere.energy.gov
Find useful data and information in other U.S.

Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency

and Renewable Energy Data Books. 

Biomass Energy Data Book:

cta.ornl.gov/bedb 

Buildings Energy Data Book:

www.btscoredatabook.net

Hydrogen Data Book:

hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/hydrogen/article/103

Power Technologies Energy Data Book:

www.nrel.gov/analysis/power_databook
v

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

CHAPTER 1 PETROLEUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–1

Table 1.1 World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2

Figure 1.1 World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2

Table 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3

Table 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4

Table 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5

Figure 1.2 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6

Table 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6

Figure 1.3 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

Table 1.6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

Table 1.7 U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

Figure 1.4 Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9

Table 1.8 Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the

Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10

Figure 1.5 Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007 ..................... 1–11

Table 1.9 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007 .......... 1–12

Table 1.10 Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 

1978–2008 .................................................. 1–13

Table 1.11 United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008 .......... 1–14

Table 1.12 Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent 

Shares, 1950–2008 ............................................ 1–15

Figure 1.6 United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030 . . 1–16
vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Figure 1.7 United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption,

1970–2030 .................................................. 1–17

Table 1.13 Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 ................... 1–18

Table 1.14 Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 ......... 1–19

Table 1.15 Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 ...... 1–20

Table 1.16 Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007 ........................ 1–21

CHAPTER 2 ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–1

Figure 2.1 World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2

Table 2.1 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

Table 2.2 Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4

Table 2.3 Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5

Table 2.4 Ethanol Consumption, 1995–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6

Table 2.5 Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and 

Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Table 2.6 Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8

Table 2.7 Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Table 2.8 Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 ........ 2–10

Table 2.9 Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 ......... 2–11

Table 2.10 Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007 .................. 2–12

Table 2.11 Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2007 ................... 2–13

Table 2.12 Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007 .................................. 2–14

Table 2.13 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 ................. 2–15

Table 2.14 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 .............. 2–16

Figure 2.2 Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007 ........................ 2–17

Figure 2.3 Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007 ............................. 2–18

Figure 2.4 Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007 .......................... 2–18
vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table 2.15 Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 

2006 and 2007 ................................................ 2–19

Table 2.16 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2007 ........................... 2–20

CHAPTER 3 ALL HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–1

Table 3.1 Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2

Table 3.2 Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Table 3.3 U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5

Figure 3.1 Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other 

Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6

Table 3.4 Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .............. 3–8

Table 3.5 Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990–2007 ................ 3–8

Table 3.6 Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . 3–9

Table 3.7 Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ................. 3–10

Table 3.8 Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ............... 3–11

Table 3.9 Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 ......................... 3–12

Figure 3.2 Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007 ................ 3–13

Table 3.10 Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .................. 3–14

CHAPTER 4 LIGHT VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1

Table 4.1 Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2

Table 4.2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3

Table 4.3 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Table 4.4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . 4–4

Table 4.5 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

Table 4.6 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the 

United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6
viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table 4.7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New 

Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Table 4.8 Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8

Table 4.9 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New

Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Table 4.10 Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ........... 4–10

Figure 4.1 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008 ...................... 4–11

Table 4.11 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ............................ 4–12

Table 4.12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks

by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ............................ 4–13

Table 4.13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars

by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ............................ 4–14

Table 4.14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars

by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008 ............................ 4–15

Table 4.15 Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000,

and 2007 .................................................... 4–16

Table 4.16 New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2007....................... 4–17

Table 4.17 Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993–2007 .............................. 4–18

Table 4.18 Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy 

Standards, MY 2008–2011 ...................................... 4–19

Table 4.19 Footprints for Selected Vehicles ........................................ 4–20

Table 4.20 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus

Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................ 4–21

Table 4.21 Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus 

Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................ 4–22

Table 4.22 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007 ......... 4–23

Table 4.23 The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars ...................................... 4–24

Table 4.24 Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007 ..................... 4–25

Table 4.25 Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results ............................ 4–26
ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Figure 4.2 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies ...................... 4–27

Table 4.26 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies ...................... 4–28

Table 4.27 Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ................. 4–29

Table 4.28 Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ............ 4–30

Table 4.29 Driving Cycle Attributes .............................................. 4–31

Figure 4.3 City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32

Figure 4.4 Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32

Figure 4.5 Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Figure 4.6 Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Figure 4.7 High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle ....................................... 4–34

Figure 4.8 New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Figure 4.9 Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Table 4.30 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles .... 4–36

Table 4.31 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ................. 4–37

Table 4.32 Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007 ............... 4–38

CHAPTER 5 HEAVY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–1

Table 5.1 Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2

Table 5.2 Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3

Table 5.3 New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4

Table 5.4 Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Table 5.5 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . 5–6

Table 5.6 Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7

Table 5.7 Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8

Table 5.8 Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Table 5.9 Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 ............. 5–10
x

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Figure 5.1 Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by VehicleMiles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Figure 5.2 Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 ............... 5–12

Table 5.10 Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy .......................... 5–14

Table 5.11 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Figure 5.3 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function

of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Figure 5.4 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Table 5.12 Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002

and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys ............................... 5–19

Table 5.13 Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002

and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys ............................... 5–20

Table 5.14 Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007 ............ 5–21

CHAPTER 6 ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1

Table 6.1 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3

Table 6.2 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . 6–4

Table 6.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 .......... 6–5

Table 6.4 Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

Figure 6.1 Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7

Table 6.5 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9

CHAPTER 7 FLEET VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–1

Figure 7.1 Fleet Vehicles in Service as of June 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2

Table 7.1 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . 7–3

Table 7.2 Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Table 7.3 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . 7–4
xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Figure 7.2 Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Table 7.4 Federal Government Vehicles, 2002–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6

Table 7.5 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Table 7.6 Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

CHAPTER 8 HOUSEHOLD VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–1

Table 8.1 Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2

Table 8.2 Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Table 8.3 Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Table 8.4 Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6

Table 8.5 Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS 

and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Table 8.6 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per 

Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . 8–8

Table 8.7 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 

1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–9

Table 8.8 Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS ............................... 8–10

Figure 8.1 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 

2001 NHTS .................................................. 8–11

Figure 8.2 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 

2001 NHTS .................................................. 8–12

Table 8.9 Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age ................ 8–13

Table 8.10 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 

2001 NHTS .................................................. 8–14

Figure 8.3 Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ........................ 8–15

Figure 8.4 Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–15

Table 8.11 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS ..... 8–16

Table 8.12 Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS ................................... 8–17

Figure 8.5 Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS ....................... 8–17
xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table 8.13 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the 

Household, 2001 NHTS ........................................ 8–18

Table 8.14 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle

in a Household, 2001 NHTS ..................................... 8–18

Figure 8.6 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ..... 8–19

Figure 8.7 Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS .... 8–19

Table 8.15 Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census ............... 8–20

Table 8.16 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven ................. 8–21

Table 8.17 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type

and Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

Table 8.18 Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005 ...................................... 8–22

Table 8.19 Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census ........................ 8–23

Table 8.20 Bicycle Sales, 1981-2007 ............................................. 8–24

Figure 8.8 Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS .......................... 8–25

Table 8.21 Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS ........................... 8–27

CHAPTER 9 NONHIGHWAY MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–1

Table 9.1 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2

Table 9.2 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Table 9.3 Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4

Table 9.4 Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne 

Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Table 9.5 Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6

Table 9.6 Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7

Table 9.7 Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by 

Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–8

Table 9.8 Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

Table 9.9 Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007 ..................................... 9–10
xiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table 9.10 Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation 

(Amtrak), 1971–2007 .......................................... 9–11

Table 9.11 Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007 ............... 9–12

Table 9.12 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007 .................. 9–13

CHAPTER 10 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY .......................... 10–1

Figure 10.1 Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–2

Table 10.1 Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990–2007 ......................... 10–3

Table 10.2 Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1998–2007 ....................... 10–4

Figure 10.2 Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007 ...................... 10–5

Figure 10.3 Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007 ........................ 10–6

Table 10.3 Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008 .......... 10–7

Table 10.4 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008 ................................. 10–8

Table 10.5 Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008 ................ 10–9

Table 10.6 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008 ........... 10–10

Table 10.7 State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007 ................................ 10–11

Table 10.8 Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007 .............................. 10–11

Table 10.9 Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009 ........................ 10–12

Table 10.10 Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009 ................... 10–13

Table 10.11 Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007 ................................ 10–14

Table 10.12 Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007 .............. 10–15

Table 10.13 Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008 ................................ 10–16

Table 10.14 Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008 .......................... 10–17

Table 10.15 Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008 .......................... 10–18

Table 10.16 Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008 .................................... 10–18

Table 10.17 Transportation-related Employment, 1998 and 2008 ....................... 10–19
xiv

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table 10.18 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts 

Manufacturing, 1990–2008 ..................................... 10–20

CHAPTER 11 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–1

Table 11.1 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005 .......................... 11–2

Table 11.2 Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared

with Carbon Dioxide ........................................... 11–3

Table 11.3 U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential,

1990–2007 .................................................. 11–4

Table 11.4 Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2007 .................. 11–5

Table 11.5 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by

End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 ..................................... 11–6

Table 11.6 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation

Sector, 1990–2007 ............................................ 11–7

Table 11.7 Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007 ........... 11–8

Figure 11.1 GREET Model ...................................................... 11–9

Figure 11.2 GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels ................................... 11–10

Table 11.8 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ........................... 11–12

Table 11.9 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import 

Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................ 11–13

Table 11.10 Average Annual Carbon Footprint by Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2008 .... 11–14

Table 11.11 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel ......................... 11–15

CHAPTER 12 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–1

Table 12.1 Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 

2007 ....................................................... 12–2

Table 12.2 Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007 .................. 12–3

Table 12.3 Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ........... 12–4

Table 12.4 Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007 .................... 12–5

Table 12.5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ............ 12–6
xv

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table 12.6 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 

1970–2007 .................................................. 12–7

Table 12.7 Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles,

1970–2005 .................................................. 12–8

Table 12.8 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 

1970–2007 .................................................. 12–9

Table 12.9 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 

1970–2005 ................................................. 12–10

Table 12.10 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 

1990–2007 ................................................. 12–11

Table 12.11 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 

1990–2005 ................................................. 12–12

Table 12.12 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks .................. 12–13

Table 12.13 Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when 

U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14

Table 12.14 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification

Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

APPENDIX A. SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–1

APPENDIX B. CONVERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–1

APPENDIX C. MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–1

GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G–1

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I–1
xvi

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009
xvii

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

FOREWORD

Welcome to this 28th edition of the Transportation Energy Data Book. Over two-thirds of

these editions have been produced by Stacy Davis. DOE is grateful for her dedication and the

skill she has brought to this effort. 

We would like to bring to your attention some of the data that is new in this edition:

Fi g u r e 2. 2: Li g ht R ail T r a n sit E n e r g y I nt e n sit y . T h e s e d at a s h o w t h e l a r g e v a ri ati o n i n li g ht

r ail e n e r g y i nt e n sit y a c r o s s m et r o p olit a n a r e a s i n t h e U. S.

T a bl e 3. 1 0: C a r a n d Li g ht T r u c k S u r vi v a bilit y R at e s a n d Lif eti m e Mil e s . A n e w s o u r c e f o r

t h e s e d a t a i s n o w b ei n g u s e d. T h e li g ht t r u c k lif eti m e mil e s i s 1 7 4, 9 5 4, w hi c h i s 2 7, 8 1 7

m o r e mil e s t h a n f o r c a r s .

T a bl e 5. 1 0: Ef f e c t of T e r r ai n o n Cl a s s 8 T r u c k F u el E c o n o m y . T h e s e d at a s h o w t h e af f e c t

of sl o p e a n d of si n gl e wi d e tir e s o n f u el e c o n o m y .

T a bl e 8. 1 1: S h a r e of V e hi cl e s b y A n n u al Mil e s of T r a v el a n d V e hi cl e A g e. T h e s e d at a s h o w

t h e a n n u al t r a v el f o r v e hi cl e s a s a f u n c ti o n of a g e. F o r e x a m pl e, o nl y 3 % of n e w v e hi cl e s

t r a v el l e s s t h a n 1, 0 0 0 mil e s p e r y e a r, w h e r e a s , 7 % of 1 0 - y e a r ol d v e hi cl e s a n d 4 7 % of

v e hi cl e s o v e r 2 0 y e a r s ol d t r a v el l e s s t h a n 1, 0 0 0 mil e s p e r y e a r.

T a bl e 1 0. 1 1: A v e r a g e Pri c e of a N e w C a r, 1 9 0 6 - 2 0 0 7. A n u m b e r of s o u r c e s w e r e u s e d t o

d e v el o p t h e s e e s ti m at e s o f n e w c a r p ri c e s b a c k t o 1 9 0 6. T h e s e d at a s h o w t h at i n 2 0 0 7

c o n s t a nt d oll a r s , a n e w c a r i n 1 9 0 6 h a d a c o s t t h at w a s $ 1 3, 1 0 6 g r e at e r t h a n t h e c o s t of

a n e w c a r i n 2 0 0 7. T h e r e al c o s t of a 2 0 0 7 n e w c a r w a s $ 4 5 3 l e s s t h a n a n e w c a r i n 1 9 8 6.

T a bl e 1 1. 7: T r a n s p o rt ati o n G r e e n h o u s e G a s E mi s si o n s b y M o d e, 1 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 7. H e a v y

t r u c k s h a d t h e bi g g e s t p e r c e nt i n c r e a s e s i n C O 2 b et w e e n 1 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 7.

T a bl e 1 1. 1 1: C a r b o n Di o xi d e E mi s si o n s f r o m a G all o n of F u el.

We hope you find value in this data book. We welcome suggestions on how to improve it.
xviii

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009
xix

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the many individuals who assisted in the

preparation of this document. First, we would like to thank Phil Patterson, Jacob Ward, and the

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy staff for their continued support of the Transportation

Energy Data Book project. We would also like to thank Jamie Payne for the cover design and

Patricia Hu for her guidance and mentoring. Finally, this book would not have been possible without

the dedication of Debbie Bain, who masterfully prepared the manuscript.
xx

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009
xxi

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

ABSTRACT

The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 28 is a statistical compendium prepared and

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the U.S. Department of

Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Program and the

Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies Program. Designed for use as a desk-top

reference, the Data Book represents an assembly and display of statistics and information that

characterize transportation activity, and presents data on other factors that influence transportation

energy use. The purpose of this document is to present relevant statistical data in the form of tables

and graphs. The latest edition of the Data Book is available to a larger audience via the Internet

(cta.ornl.gov/data).

This edition of the Data Book has 12 chapters which focus on various aspects of the

transportation industry. Chapter 1 focuses on petroleum; Chapter 2 – energy; Chapter 3 – highway

vehicles; Chapter 4 – light vehicles; Chapter 5 – heavy vehicles; Chapter 6 – alternative fuel

vehicles; Chapter 7 – fleet vehicles; Chapter 8 – household vehicles; Chapter 9 – nonhighway

modes; Chapter 10 – transportation and the economy; Chapter 11 – greenhouse gas emissions; and

Chapter 12 – criteria pollutant emissions. The sources used represent the latest available data. There

are also three appendices which include detailed source information for some tables, measures of

conversion, and the definition of Census divisions and regions. A glossary of terms and a title index

are also included for the reader’s convenience.
xxii

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009
xxiii

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

INTRODUCTION

In January 1976, the Transportation Energy Conservation (TEC) Division of the Energy

Research and Development Administration contracted with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)

to prepare a Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book to be used by TEC staff in their

evaluation of current and proposed conservation strategies. The major purposes of the Data Book

were to draw together, under one cover, transportation data from diverse sources, to resolve data

conflicts and inconsistencies, and to produce a comprehensive document. The first edition of the

TEC Data Book was published in October 1976. With the passage of the Department of Energy

(DOE) Organization Act, the work being conducted by the former Transportation Energy

Conservation Division fell under the purview of the DOE's Office of Transportation Programs.

Policymakers and analysts need to be well-informed about activity in the transportation sector.

The organization and scope of the data book reflect the need for different kinds of information. For

this reason, Edition 28 updates much of the same type of data that is found in previous editions.

In any attempt to compile a comprehensive set of statistics on transportation activity, numerous

instances of inadequacies and inaccuracies in the basic data are encountered. Where such problems

occur, estimates are developed by ORNL. To minimize the misuse of these statistics, an appendix

(Appendix A) is included to document the estimation procedures. The attempt is to provide

sufficient information for the conscientious user to evaluate the estimates and to form their own

opinions as to their utility. Clearly, the accuracy of the estimates cannot exceed the accuracy of the

primary data, an accuracy which in most instances is unknown. In cases where data accuracy is

known or substantial errors are strongly suspected in the data, the reader is alerted. In all cases it

should be recognized that the estimates are not precise.

The majority of the statistics contained in the data book are taken directly from published

sources, although these data may be reformatted for presentation by ORNL. Consequently, neither

ORNL nor DOE endorses the validity of these data.

Currently, the Vehicle Technologies Program and the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure

Technologies Program in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, support the Data

Book production.
xxiv

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009
1–1

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

+ =

Crude

oil

Natural gas 

plant

liquids Petroleum

Chapter 1

Petroleum

Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter

Source

Table 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 2008 (million barrels per day) 81.73

U.S. Production (million barrels per day) 6.74

U.S. Share 8.2%

Table 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 2007 (million barrels per day) 85.90

U.S. Consumption (million barrels per day) 19.44

U.S. Share 24.1%

Figure 1.5 Average refinery yield, 2007

OECD

Europe

North 

America

Gasoline 20.3% 41.0%

Diesel oil 37.2% 25.0%

Residual fuel 15.6% 6.0%

Kerosene 6.6% 8.0%

Other 20.3% 20.0%

Table 1.12 U.S. transportation petroleum use as a percent of U.S. petroleum production, 2008 198.0% 

Table 1.12 Net imports as a percentage of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2008 56.9%

Table 1.13 Transportation share of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2007 68.3%

Table 1.16 Highway share of transportation petroleum consumption, 2007 83.9%

Table 1.16 Light vehicle share of transportation petroleum consumption, 2007 64.9%

In this document, petroleum is defined

as crude oil (including lease condensate)

and natural gas plant liquids.
1–2

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 1.1

World Fossil Fuel Potential

(gigatonnes of carbon)

Consumption

(1860–1998) Reserves Resources

Additional

occurrences

Oil

Conventional 97 120 121 0

Unconventional 6 102 305 914

Natural Gas

Conventional 36 83 170 0

Unconventional 1 144 364 14,176

Coal 155 533 4,618 a

Source:

Rogner, H.H., World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, Part II,

Chapter 5, 2000, p. 149.

Figure 1.1. World Fossil Fuel Potential

Source:

See Table 1.1.

a Data are not available.

Although the world has consumed about 40% of estimated conventional oil resources, the total fossil fuel potential is

huge. Methane hydrates–a potential source of natural gas–are included in the “additional occurrences” of

unconventional natural gas, and constitute the largest resource.
1–3

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 1.2

World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2008a

(million barrels per day)

Year

United

States

U.S.

share

Total 

OPECb

OPEC

share OPEC +c

OPEC +c

share

Total 

nonOPEC

Persian

Gulf 

nationsd

Persian

Gulfd

share World

1960 7.04 33.5% 8.70 41.4% 12.25 58.3% 12.29 5.27 25.1% 20.99

1965 7.80 25.7% 14.35 47.3% 19.83 65.4% 15.98 8.37 27.6% 30.33

1970 9.64 21.0% 23.30 50.8% 31.12 67.8% 22.59 13.39 29.2% 45.89

1975 8.38 15.9% 26.10 51.3% 37.86 71.4% 25.73 18.93 35.8% 52.83

1980 8.60 14.4% 26.96 45.3% 41.38 69.5% 32.60 17.96 30.2% 59.56

1985 8.97 16.6% 16.93 31.4% 32.54 60.3% 37.27 9.63 17.8% 53.97

1986 8.68 15.4% 18.28 32.5% 34.05 60.6% 37.95 11.70 20.8% 56.23

1987 8.35 14.7% 18.52 32.7% 34.72 61.3% 38.15 12.10 21.4% 56.67

1988 8.14 13.9% 20.32 34.6% 36.66 62.4% 38.42 13.46 22.9% 58.74

1989 7.61 12.7% 22.07 36.9% 38.50 64.3% 37.79 14.84 24.8% 59.86

1990 7.36 12.2% 23.96 39.6% 39.81 65.8% 36.64 15.28 25.3% 60.49

1991 7.42 12.3% 23.27 38.6% 38.53 64.0% 36.94 14.74 24.5% 60.21

1992 7.17 11.9% 24.40 40.5% 37.67 62.6% 35.81 15.97 26.5% 60.21

1993 6.85 11.4% 25.12 41.7% 37.65 62.5% 35.12 16.71 27.7% 60.24

1994 6.66 10.9% 25.51 41.8% 37.67 61.8% 35.48 16.96 27.8% 60.99

1995 6.56 10.5% 27.04 43.3% 39.27 63.0% 36.34 17.21 27.6% 62.39

1996 6.46 10.1% 27.57 43.2% 40.25 63.1% 36.19 17.37 27.2% 63.75

1997 6.45 9.8% 28.81 43.8% 41.80 63.6% 36.93 18.10 27.5% 65.74

1998 6.25 9.3% 29.89 44.6% 42.73 63.8% 37.08 19.34 28.9% 66.97

1999 5.88 8.9% 28.70 43.5% 41.61 63.1% 37.23 18.67 28.3% 65.92

2000 5.82 8.5% 30.41 44.4% 44.09 64.4% 38.09 19.89 29.0% 68.50

2001 5.80 8.5% 29.50 43.3% 43.69 64.1% 38.60 19.10 28.0% 68.10

2002 5.75 8.6% 27.64 41.2% 42.26 62.9% 39.92 17.79 26.5% 67.16

2003 5.68 8.2% 29.14 42.0% 44.50 64.1% 40.30 19.06 27.5% 69.43

2004 5.42 7.5% 31.50 43.5% 47.39 65.4% 40.99 20.79 28.7% 72.49

2005 5.18 7.0% 32.94 44.7% 48.78 66.2% 40.80 21.60 29.3% 73.74

2006 5.10 6.9% 32.61 44.4% 48.34 65.8% 40.85 21.23 28.9% 73.46

2007 5.06 6.9% 31.17 44.1% 47.67 65.3% 40.83 20.67 28.3% 73.01

2008 4.96 6.7% 33.44 45.3% 48.54 65.8% 40.36 21.87 29.6% 73.79

Average annual percentage change

1960–2008 -0.7% 2.8% 2.9% 2.5% 3.0% 2.7%

1980–2008 -1.9% 0.8% 0.6% 0.8% 0.7% 0.8%

1998–2008 -2.3% 1.1% 1.3% 0.9% 1.2% 1.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009,

Washington, DC, 2009, Table 11.1a and 11.1b. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Includes lease condensate. Excludes natural gas plant liquids.

b

 See Glossary for membership.

c

 OPEC+ includes all OPEC nations plus Russia, Mexico, Norway and Oman.

d

 See Glossary for Persian Gulf Nations.

In 2008, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) accounted for more than 45% of world oil

production. Responding to low oil prices in early 2000, Mexico, Norway, Russia, and Oman joined OPEC in cutting

production. This group of oil countries, referred to here as OPEC+, account for more than 65% of world oil

production.
1–4

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 1.3

World Petroleum Production, 1973-2008a

(million barrels per day)

Year

United

States

U.S.

share

Total 

OPECb

OPEC

share

Total nonOPEC

NonOPEC

share

Persian

Gulf 

nationsc

Persian

Gulfc

share World

1973 10.95 18.7% 31.33 53.6% 27.14 46.4% 20.86 35.7% 58.47

1974 10.44 17.8% 31.04 53.1% 27.47 46.9% 21.51 36.8% 58.51

1975 10.01 18.0% 27.47 49.4% 28.48 51.2% 19.18 34.5% 55.62

1976 9.74 16.2% 31.06 51.6% 29.14 48.4% 21.81 36.2% 60.21

1977 9.86 15.7% 31.75 50.6% 30.94 49.4% 22.06 35.2% 62.69

1978 10.27 16.2% 30.37 48.0% 32.87 52.0% 21.02 33.2% 63.24

1979 10.14 15.4% 31.58 47.9% 34.37 52.1% 21.52 32.6% 65.96

1980 10.17 16.1% 27.69 43.9% 35.70 56.6% 18.50 29.3% 63.03

1981 10.18 17.1% 23.65 39.6% 36.03 60.4% 15.84 26.5% 59.68

1982 10.20 17.9% 19.96 35.0% 37.13 65.0% 12.77 22.4% 57.09

1983 10.25 18.0% 18.69 32.9% 38.21 67.1% 11.63 20.4% 56.90

1984 10.51 18.0% 18.78 32.2% 39.60 68.8% 11.39 19.5% 58.38

1985 10.58 18.3% 17.59 30.4% 40.85 70.5% 10.28 17.7% 57.91

1986 10.23 16.9% 19.82 32.8% 41.14 68.2% 12.40 20.5% 60.36

1987 9.94 16.3% 20.06 32.9% 41.44 68.0% 12.82 21.0% 60.92

1988 9.77 15.5% 22.16 35.1% 41.83 66.2% 14.27 22.6% 63.18

1989 9.16 14.2% 24.00 37.3% 41.11 63.9% 15.69 24.4% 64.30

1990 8.91 13.7% 25.24 38.7% 40.73 62.5% 16.21 24.9% 65.13

1991 9.08 14.0% 25.38 39.0% 40.46 62.2% 15.67 24.1% 65.01

1992 8.87 13.7% 26.61 41.0% 39.29 60.5% 16.97 26.1% 64.96

1993 8.58 13.2% 27.41 42.0% 38.74 59.4% 17.76 27.2% 65.23

1994 8.39 12.6% 28.13 42.3% 39.22 58.9% 18.29 27.5% 66.57

1995 8.32 12.2% 28.81 42.3% 40.22 59.1% 18.57 27.3% 68.04

1996 8.30 11.9% 29.34 42.2% 41.25 59.3% 18.72 26.9% 69.53

1997 8.27 11.5% 30.67 42.8% 42.03 58.7% 19.52 27.2% 71.66

1998 8.01 11.0% 31.82 43.6% 42.32 58.0% 20.83 28.5% 73.03

1999 7.73 10.7% 30.69 42.5% 41.47 57.5% 20.16 27.9% 72.16

2000 7.79 10.4% 32.51 43.4% 42.45 56.6% 21.54 28.7% 74.96

2001 7.67 10.2% 31.81 42.5% 43.06 57.5% 20.82 27.8% 74.87

2002 7.63 10.3% 30.05 40.6% 43.99 59.4% 19.59 26.5% 74.04

2003 7.40 9.7% 31.69 41.4% 44.90 58.6% 21.04 27.5% 76.59

2004 7.23 9.0% 34.21 42.8% 45.68 57.2% 22.89 28.6% 79.89

2005 6.90 8.5% 35.88 44.1% 45.51 55.9% 23.78 29.2% 81.39

2006 6.84 8.4% 35.63 43.9% 45.62 56.1% 23.52 28.9% 81.26

2007 6.85 8.5% 35.27 43.6% 45.69 56.4% 22.99 28.4% 80.96

2008 6.74 8.2% 36.59 44.8% 45.14 55.2% 24.21 29.6% 81.73

Average annual percentage change

1973–2008 -1.4% 0.4% 1.5% 0.4% 1.0%

1998–2008 -1.7% 1.4% 0.6% 1.5% 1.1%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly, March 2009, Tables 1.1c,

1.1d and 1.3. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Includes natural gas plant liquids, crude oil and lease condensate. Does not account for all inputs or refinery processing

gain.b

 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership.

c

 See Glossary for Persian Gulf Nations.

This table shows petroleum production, which includes both crude oil and natural gas plant liquids. The United States

was responsible for 8.2% of the world’s petroleum production in 2008, but only 6.7% of the world’s crude oil

production (Table 1.2). 
1–5

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 1.4

World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008

(million barrels per day)

Year

United

States U.S. share Total OECDa

Total 

non-OECD World

1960 9.80 45.9% 15.78 5.56 21.34

1965 11.51 37.0% 22.81 8.33 31.14

1970 14.70 31.4% 34.69 12.12 46.81

1975 16.32 29.0% 39.14 17.06 56.20

1976 17.46 29.3% 41.72 17.95 59.67

1977 18.43 29.8% 42.78 19.05 61.83

1978 18.85 29.4% 43.98 20.18 64.16

1979 18.51 28.4% 44.39 20.84 65.22

1980 17.06 27.0% 41.76 21.35 63.11

1981 16.06 26.4% 39.49 21.45 60.94

1982 15.30 25.7% 37.77 21.78 59.54

1983 15.23 25.9% 36.91 21.87 58.78

1984 15.73 26.3% 37.69 22.12 59.82

1985 15.73 26.2% 37.48 22.60 60.09

1986 16.28 26.3% 38.60 23.21 61.81

1987 16.67 26.4% 39.34 23.75 63.10

1988 17.28 26.6% 40.65 24.31 64.97

1989 17.33 26.2% 41.33 24.75 66.08

1990 16.99 25.5% 41.61 25.07 66.68

1991 16.71 24.8% 42.00 25.28 67.28

1992 17.03 25.2% 42.95 24.52 67.46

1993 17.24 25.5% 43.30 24.30 67.60

1994 17.72 25.7% 44.44 24.43 68.86

1995 17.73 25.3% 44.90 25.17 70.07

1996 18.31 25.6% 45.98 25.65 71.63

1997 18.62 25.4% 46.72 26.65 73.37

1998 18.92 25.6% 46.89 27.12 74.00

1999 19.52 25.8% 47.81 27.86 75.66

2000 19.70 25.7% 47.93 28.79 76.71

2001 19.65 25.4% 47.99 29.46 77.44

2002 19.76 25.3% 47.94 30.15 78.09

2003 20.03 25.1% 48.65 31.01 79.66

2004 20.73 25.2% 49.34 33.07 82.41

2005 20.80 24.8% 49.82 34.18 84.01

2006 20.69 24.3% 49.56 35.42 84.98

2007 20.68 24.1% 49.13 36.77 85.90

2008 19.44 b 47.33 b b

Average annual percentage change c

1960–2008 1.4% 2.3% 4.1% 3.0%

1970–2008 0.7% 0.8% 3.0% 1.7%

1998–2008 0.3% 0.1% 3.4% 1.7%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly,

February 2009. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership.

b

 Not available.

c

 Average annual percentage for latest available year.

The United States has accounted for approximately one-quarter of the world’s petroleum consumption for the last two

decades.
1–6

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007

Table 1.5

World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007

Crude oil

reserves

(billion

barrels)

Reserve

share

Petroleum

production

(million

barrels

per day)

Production

share

Petroleum

consumption

(million

barrels

per day)

Consumption

share

United States 21.0 2% 6.8 8% 20.7 24%

OPEC 908.9 69% 35.3 41% 7.9 9%

Rest of world 386.8 29% 38.8 48% 57.0 67%

Sources:

Reserves – Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2006, December 2008,

Table 8.1.

Production – Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly, February 2009,

Tables 1.1c, 1.1d, and 1.3.

Consumption (2006 data) – Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2006,

December 2008, Table 1.2, and International Petroleum Monthly, February 2009, Table 4.6.

(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: Total consumption is higher than total production due to refinery gains including alcohol and liquid

products produced from coal and other sources. OPEC countries include Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,

Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Indonesia, Gabon, and Ecuador. OPEC

consumption data are for 2006.
1–7

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 1.3. World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006

Table 1.6

World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006

(trillion cubic feet)

Natural gas

reserves

Reserve

share

Natural gas

production

Production

share

Natural gas

consumption

Consumption

share

United States 204.4 3% 18.5 18% 21.7 21%

OPEC 3,153.4 52% 18.0 17% 12.4 12%

Rest of world 2,766.2 45% 67.5 65% 70.4 67%

Source:

Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2006, August 2008, Tables 1.3, 2.4 and 8.1.

(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: Reserves as of January 1, 2007. Production data are dry gas production.
1–8

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The share of petroleum imported to the United States can be calculated using total imports or net imports. Net imports,

which is the preferred data, rose to 50% of U.S. petroleum consumption for the first time in 1998, while total imports

reached 50% for the first time in 1993. OPEC share of net imports has been below 50% since 1993.

Table 1.7

U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008

(million barrels per day)

Year

Net

OPECa

imports

Net 

OPEC

 share

Net 

Persian

Gulf nationb

imports

Net

Persian 

Gulf 

share

Net 

imports

Net imports

 as a share of

U.S.

consumption

Total

imports

1960 1.31 81.3% c c 1.61 c 1.82

1965 1.48 64.7% c c 2.28 c 2.47

1970 1.34 42.5% c c 3.16 c 3.42

1975 3.60 61.6% 1.17 19.2% 5.85 35.8% 6.06

1980 4.30 62.2% 1.52 22.0% 6.36 37.3% 6.91

1981 3.32 55.4% 1.22 20.3% 5.40 33.6% 6.00

1982 2.15 42.0% 0.70 13.7% 4.30 28.1% 5.11

1983 1.86 36.9% 0.44 8.7% 4.31 28.2% 5.05

1984 2.05 37.7% 0.51 9.4% 4.72 29.9% 5.44

1985 1.83 36.1% 0.31 6.1% 4.29 27.3% 5.07

1986 2.84 45.6% 0.91 14.6% 5.44 33.4% 6.22

1987 3.06 45.8% 1.08 16.2% 5.91 35.4% 6.68

1988 3.52 47.6% 1.54 20.8% 6.59 38.0% 7.40

1989 4.14 51.4% 1.86 23.1% 7.20 41.3% 8.06

1990 4.30 53.6% 1.97 24.6% 7.16 42.2% 8.02

1991 4.09 53.7% 1.84 24.1% 6.63 38.9% 7.63

1992 4.09 51.9% 1.78 22.6% 6.94 40.9% 7.89

1993 4.27 49.6% 1.78 20.6% 7.62 44.9% 8.62

1994 4.25 47.2% 1.73 19.2% 8.05 45.7% 9.00

1995 4.00 45.2% 1.57 17.8% 7.89 44.5% 8.84

1996 4.21 44.4% 1.60 16.9% 8.50 46.4% 9.48

1997 4.57 45.0% 1.76 17.3% 9.16 49.2% 10.16

1998 4.91 45.8% 2.14 19.9% 9.76 51.6% 10.71

1999 4.95 45.6% 2.46 22.7% 9.91 50.8% 10.85

2000 5.20 45.4% 2.49 21.7% 10.42 52.9% 11.46

2001 5.53 46.6% 2.76 23.3% 10.90 55.5% 11.87

2002 4.61 39.9% 2.27 19.7% 10.55 53.4% 11.53

2003 5.16 42.1% 2.50 20.4% 11.24 56.1% 12.26

2004 5.70 43.4% 2.49 19.0% 12.10 58.4% 13.15

2005 5.59 40.7% 2.33 17.0% 12.55 60.3% 13.71

2006 5.52 40.2% 2.21 16.1% 12.39 59.9% 13.71

2007 5.98 44.4% 2.16 16.1% 12.04 58.2% 13.47

2008 5.97 46.3% 2.37 18.4% 11.00 56.9% 12.87

Average annual percentage change

1960–2008 3.2% c 4.1% 4.2%

1970–2008 4.0% c 3.3% 3.5%

1997–2008 2.0% 1.0% 1.2% 1.9%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC, March

2009, Table 3.3a.

a

 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership.

b

 See Glossary for Persian Gulf Nations.

c

 Data are not available.
1–9

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 1.4. Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008

Source: 

Greene, D.L. and N. I. Tishchishyna, Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Update, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

ORNL/TM-2000/152, Oak Ridge, TN, 2000, and data updates, 2009. (Additional resources: wwwcta.ornl.gov/publications)

The Costs of Oil Dependence

Authors Greene and Tishchishyna indicate that the oil market upheavals caused by the OPEC cartel over the last

30 years have cost the United States in the vicinity of $7 trillion (present value 1998 dollars) in total economic costs,

which is about as large as the sum total of payment on the national debt over the same period.

Oil dependence is the product of (1) a noncompetitive world oil market strongly influenced by the OPEC cartel,

(2) high levels of U.S. oil imports, (3) oil’s critical role in the U.S. economy, and (4) the absence of economical and

readily available substitutes for oil. Transportation is key to the problem because transportation vehicles account for a

majority of U.S. oil consumption and nearly all of the high-value light products that drive the market.

Major oil price shocks have disrupted world energy markets five times in the past 30 years (1973-74, 1979-80, 1990-

91, 1999-2000, 2008). Most of the oil price shocks were followed by an economic recession in the United States.
1–10

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 1.8

Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

Source

Original estimates 

(billion dollars)

Year of 

original estimate

General Accounting Office [1] $33 1990

Congressional Research Service [2] $6.4 1990

Greene and Leiby [3] $14.3 1990

Kaufmann and Steinbruner [4] $64.5 1990

Ravenal [5] $50 1992

Delucchi and Murphya

 [6] $20–40 1996

National Defense Council Foundation [7] $49.1 2003

Delucchi and Murphya

 [8] $47–98 2004

[1] U.S. General Accounting Offices, Southwest Asia: Cost of Protecting U.S. Interests,

GAO/NSIAD-91-250, Washington, DC, August 1991.

[2] Congressional Research Service, The External Costs of Oil Used in Transportation,

prepared for the U.S. Alternative Fuels Council, Washington, DC, June 1992. 

[3] Greene, D.L., and P. Leiby, The Social Costs to the U.S. of Monopolization of the

World Oil Market, 1972-1991, ORNL-6744, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak

Ridge, TN, March 1993.

[4] Kaufmann, W.W., and J.D. Steinbruner, Decisions for Defense: Prospects for a New

Order, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1991.

[5] Ravenal, E.C., Designing Defense for a New World Order: The Military Budget in

1992 and Beyond, Cato Institute, Washington, DC, 1991.

[6] Delucchi, M.A., and J. Murphy, U.S. Military Expenditures to Protect the Use of

Persian-Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles, UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (15), University of

California, Davis, California, April 1996.

[7] Copulas, Milton R., America’s Achilles Heel – The Hidden Costs of Imported Oil,

National Defense Council Foundation, Washington, DC, October 2003.

[8] Delucchi, M.A. and J. Murphy, “U.S. Military Expenditures to Protect the Use of

Persian-Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles,” Energy Policy, April 2008.

a

 Annual cost to defend all U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf.

Estimates of military expenditures for defending oil supplies in the Middle East range from $6 to $60 billion per

year. This wide range in estimates reflects the difficulty in assigning a precise figure to the military cost of

defending the U.S. interests in the Middle East. The two main reasons for the difficulty are 1) the Department of

Defense does not divide the budget into regional defense sectors and 2) it is difficult to determine how much of the

cost is attributable to defending Persian Gulf oil.
1–11

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 1.5. Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002. Vehicle Inventory and User Survey, Microdata

File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/ and www.tiusview.html)

a

 Includes jet kerosene and other kerosene.

b

 Includes motor gasoline, jet gasoline, and aviation gasoline.

c

 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership.

Other parts of the world refine crude oil to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline than does North

America. The OECD Pacific countries produce the lowest share of gasoline.
1–12

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 1.9

U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

(thousand barrels)

Year Crude oil

Natural gas

liquids

Oxygenates Other

hydrocarbons

& liquids

Total input to

refineries

Fuel

ethanol MTBEa

Other

oxygenatesb

1987 4,691,783 280,889 cc d 132,720 5,105,392

1988 4,848,175 304,566 cc d 105,645 5,258,386

1989 4,891,381 182,109 cc d 223,797 5,297,287

1990 4,894,379 170,589 cc d 260,108 5,325,076

1991 4,855,016 172,306 cc d 280,265 5,307,587

1992 4,908,603 171,701 cc d 272,676 5,352,980

1993 4,968,641 179,213 3,351 49,393 1,866 280,074 5,482,538

1994 5,061,111 169,868 3,620 52,937 1,918 193,808 5,483,262

1995 5,100,317 172,026 9,055 79,396 4,122 190,411 5,555,327

1996 5,195,265 164,552 11,156 79,407 3,570 214,282 5,668,232

1997 5,351,466 151,769 11,803 86,240 4,246 201,268 5,806,792

1998 5,434,383 146,921 11,722 89,362 4,038 206,135 5,892,561

1999 5,403,450 135,756 13,735 94,784 4,147 225,779 5,877,651

2000 5,514,395 138,921 15,268 90,288 4,005 201,135 5,964,012

2001 5,521,637 156,479 16,929 87,116 4,544 192,632 5,979,337

2002 5,455,530 155,429 26,320 90,291 2,338 224,567 5,955,475

2003 5,585,875 152,763 55,626 67,592 1,937 163,459 6,027,252

2004 5,663,861 154,356 74,095 47,600 940 194,203 6,135,055

2005 5,555,332 161,037 84,088 39,751 612 295,064 6,135,884

2006 5,563,354 182,924 117,198 11,580 57 322,989 6,198,102

2007 5,532,097 184,383 136,603 1,610 0 349,807 6,204,500

Average annual percentage change

1987–2007 0.8% -2.1% dd d 5.0% 1.0%

1997–2007 0.3% 2.0% 27.7% -32.8% -100.0% 5.7% 0.7%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual 2007, Vol. 1, July 2008, Table 15,

and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov) 

a

 Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE).

b

 Includes methanol and other oxygenates.

c

 Reported in “Other” category in this year.

d

 Data are not available.

Oxygenate refinery input increased significantly in 1995, most certainly due to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

which mandated the sale of reformulated gasoline in certain areas beginning in January 1995. The use of MTBE has

declined in recent years due to some states banning the additive. The other hydrocarbons and liquids category includes

unfinished oils, motor gasoline blending components and aviation gasoline blending components. In 2005 the gasoline

blending components rose significantly.
1–13

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

When crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less dense than the

input, a processing volume gain occurs. Due to this gain, the product yield from a barrel of crude oil is more

than 100%. The processing volume gain has been growing over the years.

Table 1.10

Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008

(percentage)

Year

Motor

gasoline

Distillate

fuel oil Jet fuel

Liquified

petroleum gas Othera Totalb

1978 44.1 21.4 6.6 2.3 29.6 104.0

1979 43.0 21.5 6.9 2.3 30.3 104.0

1980 44.5 19.7 7.4 2.4 30.0 104.0

1981 44.8 20.5 7.6 2.4 28.7 104.0

1982 46.4 21.5 8.1 2.2 26.2 104.4

1983 47.6 20.5 8.5 2.7 24.8 104.1

1984 46.7 21.5 9.1 2.9 24.2 104.4

1985 45.6 21.6 9.6 3.1 24.6 104.5

1986 45.7 21.2 9.8 3.2 24.8 104.7

1987 46.4 20.5 10.0 3.4 24.5 104.8

1988 46.0 20.8 10.0 3.6 24.4 104.8

1989 45.7 20.8 10.1 4.0 24.2 104.8

1990 45.6 20.9 10.7 3.6 24.1 104.9

1991 45.7 21.3 10.3 3.8 24.1 105.2

1992 46.0 21.2 9.9 4.3 24.0 105.4

1993 46.1 21.9 10.0 4.1 23.3 105.4

1994 45.5 22.3 10.1 4.2 23.2 105.3

1995 46.4 21.8 9.7 4.5 22.9 105.3

1996 45.7 22.7 10.4 4.5 22.4 105.7

1997 45.7 22.5 10.3 4.6 22.5 105.6

1998 46.2 22.3 10.4 4.4 22.5 105.8

1999 46.5 22.3 10.2 4.5 22.3 105.8

2000 46.2 23.1 10.3 4.5 22.0 106.1

2001 46.2 23.8 9.8 4.3 21.7 105.8

2002 47.3 23.2 9.8 4.3 21.5 106.1

2003 46.9 23.7 9.5 4.2 22.1 106.4

2004 46.8 23.9 9.7 4.0 22.2 106.6

2005 46.2 25.0 9.8 3.6 21.6 106.2

2006 45.8 25.4 9.3 3.9 21.7 106.1

2007 45.5 26.1 9.1 4.1 21.5 106.3

2008 44.2 27.8 9.6 4.1 20.8 106.5

Source:

Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual 2007, Vol.1,

July 2008, Table 21 and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Includes aviation gasoline (0.1%), kerosene (0.2%), residential fuel oil (4.0%), naphtha and other

oils for petrochemical feedstock use (1.0%), special naphthas (0.3%), lubricants (1.1%), waxes (0.1%),

petroleum coke (5.3%) asphalt and road oil (2.7%), still gas (4.3%), and miscellaneous products

(0.5%). b

 Products sum greater than 100% due to processing gain. The processing gain for years 1978 to

1980 is assumed to be 4 percent.
1–14

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Most of the petroleum imported by the United States is in the form of crude oil. The United States does export small

amounts of petroleum, mainly refined petroleum products which go to Canada and Mexico.

Table 1.11

United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008

(million barrels per day)

Domestic Production Imports Exports

Crude 

oil

Natural

gas

plant

liquids Totala

Crude

oil

Petroleum

products Total Crude oil

Petroleum

products Total

1950 5.41 0.50 5.91 0.49 0.22 0.85 0.10 0.21 0.31

1955 6.81 0.77 7.58 0.78 0.46 1.23 0.03 0.34 0.37

1960 7.05 0.93 7.98 1.02 0.80 1.82 0.01 0.19 0.20

1965 7.80 1.21 9.01 1.24 1.23 2.47 0.00 0.18 0.19

1970 9.64 1.66 11.30 1.32 2.10 3.42 0.01 0.25 0.26

1975 8.38 1.63 10.01 4.11 1.95 6.06 0.01 0.20 0.21

1980 8.60 1.57 10.17 5.26 1.65 6.91 0.29 0.26 0.54

1981 8.57 1.61 10.18 4.40 1.60 6.00 0.23 0.37 0.60

1982 8.65 1.55 10.20 3.49 1.63 5.11 0.24 0.58 0.82

1983 8.69 1.56 10.25 3.33 1.72 5.05 0.16 0.58 0.74

1984 8.90 1.63 10.53 3.43 2.01 5.44 0.18 0.54 0.72

1985 8.97 1.61 10.58 3.20 1.87 5.07 0.20 0.58 0.78

1986 8.68 1.55 10.23 4.18 2.05 6.22 0.15 0.63 0.79

1987 8.35 1.60 9.95 4.67 2.00 6.68 0.15 0.61 0.76

1988 8.16 1.63 9.97 5.11 2.30 7.40 0.16 0.66 0.82

1989 7.61 1.55 9.16 5.84 2.22 8.06 0.14 0.72 0.86

1990 7.36 1.56 8.91 5.89 2.12 8.02 0.11 0.75 0.86

1991 7.42 1.66 9.08 5.78 1.84 7.63 0.12 0.89 1.00

1992 7.18 1.70 8.88 6.08 1.81 7.89 0.09 0.86 0.95

1993 6.85 1.74 8.59 6.79 1.83 8.62 0.10 0.90 1.00

1994 6.66 1.73 8.39 7.06 1.93 9.00 0.10 0.84 0.94

1995 6.56 1.76 8.32 7.23 1.61 8.84 0.10 0.86 0.95

1996 6.47 1.83 8.30 7.51 1.97 9.48 0.11 0.87 0.98

1997 6.45 1.82 8.27 8.23 1.94 10.16 0.11 0.90 1.00

1998 6.25 1.76 8.01 8.71 2.00 10.71 0.11 0.84 0.95

1999 5.88 1.85 7.73 8.73 2.12 10.85 0.12 0.82 0.94

2000 5.82 1.91 7.73 9.07 2.39 11.46 0.05 0.99 1.04

2001 5.80 1.87 7.67 9.33 2.54 11.87 0.02 0.95 0.97

2002 5.75 1.88 7.63 9.14 2.39 11.53 0.01 0.98 0.98

2003 5.68 1.72 7.40 9.67 2.60 12.26 0.01 1.01 1.03

2004 5.42 1.81 7.23 10.09 3.06 13.15 0.03 1.02 1.05

2005 5.18 1.72 6.90 10.13 3.59 13.71 0.03 1.13 1.17

2006 5.10 1.74 6.84 10.12 3.59 13.71 0.03 1.29 1.32

2007 5.06 1.78 6.85 10.03 3.42 13.47 0.03 1.41 1.43

2008 4.96 1.78 6.74 9.76 3.12 12.87 0.03 1.80 1.83

Average annual percentage change

1950–2008 -0.1% 2.2% 0.2% 5.3% 4.7% 4.8% -2.1% 3.8% 3.1%

1970–2008 -1.7% 0.2% -1.4% 5.4% 1.0% 3.5% 2.9% 5.3% 5.3%

1998–2008 -2.3% -0.1% -1.7% 1.1% 4.5% 1.9% -12.2% 7.9% 6.8%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007, June 2008, Table 5.3

and Monthly Energy Review, March 2009, Tables 3.1 and 3.3b.

a

 Total domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids and small amounts of other liquids.
1–15

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The U.S. share of the world’s petroleum consumption is approximately one-quarter. The United States relies heavily on imported

petroleum. Imports accounted for over 56% of U.S. petroleum consumption in 2008.

Table 1.12

Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008

Domestic

petroleum

productiona

Net

petroleum

imports

Transportation

petroleum

consumption

U.S.

petroleum

consumption

World

petroleum

consumption

Net

imports

as a share of

U.S.

U.S.

petroleum

consumption

as a share of

world

Transportation

petroleum use

as a share of

domestic

(million barrels per day) consumption consumption production

1950 5.91 0.55 3.36 6.46 b 8.4% b 56.8%

1955 7.58 0.88 4.46 8.46 b 10.4% b 58.8%

1960 7.99 1.62 5.15 9.82 21.34 16.5% 46.0% 64.5%

1965 9.01 2.28 6.04 11.51 31.14 19.8% 37.0% 67.0%

1970 11.30 3.16 7.78 14.70 46.81 21.5% 31.4% 68.9%

1975 10.01 5.85 8.95 16.32 56.20 35.8% 29.0% 89.4%

1980 10.17 6.36 9.57 17.06 63.11 37.3% 27.0% 94.1%

1981 10.18 5.40 9.49 16.06 60.94 33.6% 26.3% 93.2%

1982 10.20 4.30 9.31 15.30 59.54 28.1% 25.7% 91.2%

1983 10.25 4.31 9.41 15.23 58.78 28.3% 25.9% 91.8%

1984 10.51 4.72 9.71 15.73 59.82 30.0% 26.3% 92.4%

1985 10.58 4.29 9.84 15.73 60.08 27.3% 26.2% 93.0%

1986 10.23 5.44 10.19 16.28 61.81 33.4% 26.3% 99.6%

1987 9.94 5.91 10.50 16.67 63.10 35.5% 26.4% 105.7%

1988 9.76 6.59 10.88 17.28 64.97 38.1% 26.6% 111.4%

1989 9.16 7.20 10.94 17.33 66.08 41.6% 26.2% 119.4%

1990 8.91 7.16 10.89 16.99 66.63 42.2% 25.5% 122.2%

1991 9.08 6.63 10.76 16.71 67.22 39.6% 24.9% 118.5%

1992 8.87 6.94 10.91 17.03 67.39 40.8% 25.3% 123.0%

1993 8.58 7.62 11.12 17.24 67.51 44.2% 25.5% 129.7%

1994 8.39 8.05 11.13 17.72 68.78 45.5% 25.8% 132.6%

1995 8.32 7.89 11.61 17.73 68.99 44.5% 25.3% 139.5%

1996 8.30 8.50 11.91 18.31 71.54 46.4% 25.6% 143.5%

1997 8.27 9.16 12.05 18.62 73.30 49.2% 25.4% 145.7%

1998 8.01 9.76 12.36 18.92 73.94 51.6% 25.6% 154.3%

1999 7.73 9.91 12.70 19.52 75.60 50.8% 25.8% 164.3%

2000 7.73 10.42 12.98 19.70 76.71 52.9% 25.7% 167.9%

2001 7.67 10.90 12.86 19.65 77.44 55.5% 25.4% 167.7%

2002 7.63 10.55 13.12 19.76 78.09 53.4% 25.3% 172.0%

2003 7.40 11.24 13.20 20.03 79.66 56.1% 25.1% 178.4%

2004 7.23 12.10 13.61 20.73 82.41 58.4% 25.2% 188.2%

2005 6.90 12.55 13.79 20.80 84.01 60.3% 24.8% 200.0%

2006 6.84 12.39 13.95 20.69 84.98 59.9% 24.3% 203.9%

2007 6.85 12.04 13.97 20.68 85.90 58.2% 24.1% 204.1%

2008 6.74 11.04 13.34 19.42 b 56.9% b 198.0%

Average annual percentage change

1950–2008 0.2% 5.3% 2.4% 1.9% b

1970–2008 -1.4% 3.3% 1.4% 0.7% 1.7%c

1998–2008 -1.7% 1.2% 0.8% 0.3% 1.7%c

Sources:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009, Tables 2.5, 3.1, and A3. (Pre-1973

data from the Annual Energy Review). World petroleum consumption - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,

International Energy Annual 2006, December 2008, Table 1.1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Total domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids and small amounts of other liquids. b

 Data are not available.

c

 Average annual percentage change is to the latest year possible.
1–16

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

In 1973 the United States produced two-thirds of the petroleum consumed. By 2007, only 40% of U.S. consumption is produced

domestically. Forecasts show, however, that with ethanol, liquids from coal, and liquids from biofuels added to domestic

petroleum consumption, the United States will produce close to 60% in 2030.

Figure 1.6. United States Petroleum Production and Consumption – All Sectors, 1973–2030

Source: 

See Tables 1.12 and 2.6. Projections are from the Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2009,

March 2009.

Notes: The U.S. Production has two lines after 2005. The solid line is conventional sources of petroleum. The dashed

line adds in other inputs -- ethanol, liquids from coal, and liquids from biomass. Historical petroleum production includes

crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, refinery gains, and other inputs, which include liquids from gas, liquids from coal,

and alcohols, ethers, petroleum product stock withdrawals, domestic sources of blending components, other

hydrocarbons, and natural gas converted to liquid fuel. 

The sharp increase in values between 2006 and 2007 is caused by the data change from historical to projected values.
1–17

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 1.7. United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030

Source: 

See Tables 1.12 and 2.6. Projections are from the Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2009,

March 2009.

Notes: The U.S. Production has two lines after 2005. The solid line is conventional sources of petroleum. The dashed

line adds in other inputs -- ethanol, liquids from coal, and liquids from biomass. Historical petroleum production includes

crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, refinery gains, and other inputs, which include liquids from gas, liquids from coal,

and alcohols, ethers, petroleum product stock withdrawals, domestic sources of blending components, other

hydrocarbons, and natural gas converted to liquid fuel. 

The sharp increase in values between 2006 and 2007 is caused by the data change from historical to projected values.

In 1989 the transportation sector petroleum consumption surpassed U.S. petroleum production for the first time,

creating a gap that must be met with imports of petroleum. By the year 2030, transportation petroleum

consumption is expected to grow to more than 16 million barrels per day; at that time, the gap between U.S.

production and transportation consumption will be about 6 million barrels per day. The highway mode is expected

to account for the largest growth in petroleum use, with light truck and heavy truck petroleum usage growing the

fastest.
1–18

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Transportation accounts for more than two-thirds of the U.S. petroleum use. Total petroleum

consumption has been more than 20 million barrels per day since 2004.

Table 1.13

Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008

(million barrels per day)

Year Transportation Percentage Residential Commercial Industrial

Electric

utilities Total

1973 9.05 52.3% 1.49 0.75 4.48 1.54 17.31

1974 8.84 53.1% 1.36 0.68 4.30 1.48 16.65

1975 8.95 54.8% 1.32 0.63 4.04 1.39 16.32

1976 9.40 53.7% 1.43 0.70 4.46 1.52 17.51

1977 9.76 53.0% 1.42 0.72 4.82 1.71 18.43

1978 10.16 53.9% 1.38 0.69 4.87 1.75 18.85

1979 10.01 54.0% 1.09 0.63 5.34 1.44 18.51

1980 9.57 56.0% 0.91 0.61 4.86 1.15 17.10

1981 9.49 59.1% 0.81 0.52 4.27 0.96 16.06

1982 9.31 60.9% 0.76 0.48 4.06 0.69 15.30

1983 9.41 61.8% 0.74 0.55 3.85 0.68 15.23

1984 9.62 61.0% 0.78 0.61 4.21 0.56 15.77

1985 9.84 62.6% 0.84 0.50 4.07 0.48 15.72

1986 10.19 62.6% 0.82 0.54 4.09 0.64 16.28

1987 10.50 63.0% 0.87 0.53 4.21 0.55 16.67

1988 10.88 62.7% 0.90 0.52 4.36 0.69 17.34

1989 10.94 62.8% 0.90 0.49 4.33 0.75 17.41

1990 10.89 64.7% 0.77 0.47 4.15 0.57 16.84

1991 10.76 63.2% 0.77 0.44 4.53 0.53 17.03

1992 10.91 64.2% 0.78 0.42 4.45 0.44 17.00

1993 11.12 63.8% 0.80 0.38 4.64 0.50 17.44

1994 11.13 64.2% 0.78 0.39 4.57 0.47 17.33

1995 11.61 64.9% 0.77 0.36 4.83 0.33 17.90

1996 11.91 64.6% 0.84 0.37 4.96 0.36 18.44

1997 12.05 65.2% 0.81 0.35 4.86 0.41 18.47

1998 12.36 65.5% 0.74 0.33 4.84 0.58 18.86

1999 12.70 65.3% 0.85 0.34 5.03 0.53 19.46

2000 12.98 65.9% 0.90 0.38 4.92 0.51 19.69

2001 12.86 65.7% 0.88 0.38 4.89 0.56 19.57

2002 13.12 66.7% 0.85 0.35 4.93 0.43 19.67

2003 13.20 66.3% 0.89 0.39 4.90 0.53 19.91

2004 13.61 65.9% 0.88 0.38 5.23 0.54 20.64

2005 13.79 66.8% 0.83 0.36 5.10 0.55 20.63

2006 13.95 68.2% 0.71 0.32 5.19 0.29 20.45

2007 14.00 68.7% 0.73 0.31 5.05 0.29 20.38

2008 13.28 69.8% 0.69 0.29 4.57 0.21 19.04

Average annual percentage change

1973–2008 1.1% -2.2% -2.7% 0.1% -5.5% 0.3%

1998–2008 0.7% -0.7% -1.3% -0.6% -9.7% 0.1%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2009,

Tables 2.2–2.6. Converted to million barrels per day using Table A3. (Additional resources:

www.eia.doe.gov) 
1–19

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The highway sector used nearly 14 million barrels of petroleum per day in 2007, mostly in light vehicles. Light

trucks include pick-ups, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and vans. See Table 2.7 for highway energy use in trillion

Btu.

Table 1.14

Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007a

(thousand barrels per day)

Year Cars

Light

trucks

Light

vehicles

subtotal

Motorcycles BusesHeavy

trucks

 Highway

subtotal

Total 

transportationb

1970 4,424 803 5,227 4 62 738 6,031 7,335

1975 4,836 1,245 6,081 7 58 952 7,099 8,474

1976 5,107 1,359 6,466 8 63 1,005 7,542 8,971

1977 5,157 1,460 6,617 8 65 1,114 7,805 9,316

1978 5,261 1,576 6,837 9 66 1,247 8,160 9,795

1979 4,996 1,595 6,591 11 68 1,299 7,969 9,727

1980 4,565 1,552 6,117 13 68 1,302 7,500 9,120

1981 4,508 1,546 6,054 14 69 1,329 7,466 9,177

1982 4,509 1,481 5,989 13 71 1,330 7,403 8,946

1983 4,587 1,562 6,149 11 72 1,354 7,586 9,079

1984 4,609 1,670 6,280 11 69 1,398 7,758 9,366

1985 4,665 1,785 6,450 12 72 1,396 7,930 9,538

1986 4,773 1,897 6,670 12 76 1,426 8,184 9,898

1987 4,782 1,996 6,778 12 77 1,469 8,336 10,113

1988 4,784 2,130 6,914 13 80 1,495 8,503 10,345

1989 4,821 2,170 6,992 14 79 1,534 8,618 10,507

1990 4,538 2,323 6,861 12 78 1,597 8,549 10,441

1991 4,196 2,493 6,688 12 83 1,630 8,413 10,259

1992 4,268 2,670 6,938 12 87 1,660 8,698 10,596

1993 4,374 2,795 7,169 13 86 1,711 8,979 10,821

1994 4,428 2,878 7,305 13 86 1,806 9,211 11,090

1995 4,440 2,975 7,415 13 87 1,881 9,396 11,347

1996 4,515 3,089 7,604 13 88 1,931 9,636 11,602

1997 4,559 3,222 7,781 13 91 1,949 9,834 11,777

1998 4,677 3,292 7,969 13 93 2,012 10,086 12,061

1999 4,780 3,448 8,228 14 96 2,212 10,550 12,639

2000 4,766 3,453 8,219 14 98 2,298 10,630 12,792

2001 4,798 3,491 8,290 13 93 2,295 10,690 12,672

2002 4,923 3,602 8,525 12 91 2,401 11,029 12,938

2003 4,866 3,963 8,829 12 90 2,334 11,265 13,108

2004 4,919 4,137 9,055 13 92 2,162 11,323 13,344

2005 5,050 3,840 8,890 12 93 2,426 11,422 13,537

2006 4,893 3,959 8,852 14 94 2,476 11,436 13,605

2007 4,850 4,032 8,883 16 92 2,515 11,505 13,710

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 0.2% 4.5% 1.4% 3.8% 1.1% 3.4% 1.8% 1.7%

1997–2007 0.6% 2.3% 1.3% 2.1% 0.1% 2.6% 1.6% 1.5%

Source:

See Appendix A for Highway Energy Use.

a

 Each gallon of petroleum product was assumed to equal one gallon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity

is also estimated. See Appendix A, p. 18 for details. b

 Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all possible

uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles). 
1–20

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Although about 20% of transportation energy use is for nonhighway modes, only 16% of transportation

petroleum use is for nonhighway. This is because some nonhighway modes, such as pipelines and transit

rail, use electricity. An estimate for the petroleum used to make electricity is included in the data. See

Table 2.8 for nonhighway transportation energy use in trillion Btu.

Table 1.15

Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007a

(thousand barrels per day)

Year Air Water Pipeline Rail

Nonhighway

subtotal

Total 

transportationb

1970 625 383 43 253 1,304 7,335

1975 651 425 50 249 1,375 8,474

1976 624 494 51 260 1,429 8,971

1977 655 536 54 265 1,511 9,316

1978 691 626 53 264 1,635 9,795

1979 723 721 44 270 1,758 9,727

1980 697 627 35 262 1,620 9,120

1981 706 724 29 253 1,711 9,177

1982 701 606 21 214 1,543 8,946

1983 699 562 19 212 1,492 9,079

1984 781 579 16 232 1,608 9,366

1985 814 566 13 216 1,608 9,538

1986 884 603 17 210 1,714 9,898

1987 920 628 15 213 1,776 10,113

1988 958 646 18 220 1,842 10,345

1989 960 690 18 221 1,888 10,507

1990 1,006 657 14 216 1,892 10,441

1991 940 692 12 202 1,846 10,259

1992 954 726 10 208 1,898 10,596

1993 961 654 11 215 1,842 10,821

1994 1,002 636 11 230 1,879 11,090

1995 1,036 669 7 239 1,951 11,347

1996 1,068 645 8 245 1,966 11,602

1997 1,114 575 9 246 1,943 11,777

1998 1,148 567 12 248 1,974 12,061

1999 1,196 626 11 257 2,090 12,639

2000 1,234 663 10 256 2,163 12,792

2001 1,167 547 11 257 1,982 12,672

2002 1,071 573 8 257 1,910 12,938

2003 1,073 497 10 263 1,843 13,108

2004 1,136 597 10 278 2,021 13,344

2005 1,199 626 10 281 2,116 13,537

2006 1,216 662 5 286 2,169 13,605

2007 1,215 709 5 276 2,205 13,710

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 1.8% 1.7% -5.6% 0.2% 1.4% 1.7%

1997–2007 0.9% 2.1% -5.7% 1.2% 1.3% 1.5%

Source:

See Appendix A for Nonhighway Energy Use.

a

 Each gallon of petroleum product was assumed to equal one gallon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity

is also estimated. See Appendix A, p. 18 for details. b

 Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all possible

uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).
1–21

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Highway vehicles were responsible for over 80% of all transportation petroleum use in 2007. See

Table 2.6 for transportation energy use in trillion Btu.

Table 1.16

Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007a

Thousand barrels per day Percentage of total

2006 2007 2006 2007

HIGHWAY 11,436.3 11,505.5 84.1% 83.9%

Light vehicles 8,866.0 8,898.4 65.2% 64.9%

 Cars 4,893.0 4,850.3 36.0% 35.4%

 Light trucksb 3,958.6 4,032.4 29.1% 29.4%

 Motorcycles 14.4 15.8 0.1% 0.1%

Buses 94.2 92.4 0.7% 0.7%

 Transit 47.0 43.8 0.3% 0.3%

 Intercity 13.6 14.0 0.1% 0.1%

 School 33.6 34.6 0.2% 0.3%

Medium/heavy trucks 2,476.1 2,514.7 18.2% 18.3%

NONHIGHWAY 2,168.7 2,204.8 15.9% 16.1%

Air 1,215.5 1,214.9 8.9% 8.9%

 General aviation 126.0 120.0 0.9% 0.9%

 Domestic air carriers 893.3 892.5 6.6% 6.5%

 International air 196.3 202.4 1.4% 1.5%

Water 662.3 708.7 4.9% 5.2%

 Freight 535.4 581.9 3.9% 4.2%

 Recreational 126.9 126.8 0.9% 0.9%

Pipeline 5.3 5.3 0.0% 0.0%

Rail 285.6 275.9 2.1% 2.0%

 Freight (Class I) 274.9 266.6 2.0% 1.9%

 Passenger 10.7 9.3 0.1% 0.1%

 Transit 1.0 0.0 0.0% 0.0%

 Commuter 5.5 5.3 0.0% 0.0%

 Intercity 4.2 4.0 0.0% 0.0%

HWY & NONHWY TOTALc 13,605.0 13,710.2 100.0% 100.0%

Source: See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.

a

 Each gallon of petroleum product was assumed to equal one gallon of crude oil. The oil used to produce

electricity is also estimated. See Appendix A, p. 18 for details. b

 Two-axle, four-tire trucks.

c

 Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible uses of fuels for transportation (e.g.,

snowmobiles).

2–1

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 2

Energy

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source

Table 2.1 Transportation share of U.S. energy consumption, 2008 28.2%

Table 2.2 Petroleum share of transportation energy consumption, 2008 94.3%

Table 2.3 Alternative fuel and oxygenate consumption, 2006

(thousand gasoline 

equivalent gallons) (share)

Ethanol in gasohol 3,729,168 77.0%

MTBE 435,000 9.0%

Liquified petroleum gas 173,130 3.6%

Compressed natural gas 172,011 3.6%

E85 44,041 0.9%

Liquified natural gas 23,474 0.5%

Electricity 5,104 0.1%

Table 2.6 Transportation energy use by mode, 2007 (trillion Btu) (share)

Cars 9,218 32.9%

Light trucks 7,676 27.4%

Medium/heavy trucks 5,274 18.8%

Buses 194 0.7%

Total Highway 22,393 80.0%

Air 2,510 9.0%

Water 1,559 5.6%

Pipeline 884 3.2%

Rail 658 2.3%
2–2

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Petroleum accounted for nearly 40% of the world’s energy use in 2006. Though petroleum is the dominant

energy source for both OECD countries and non-OECD countries, the non-OECD countries rely on coal,

natural gas, and hydro-electric power more than OECD countries do.

Figure 2.1. World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2006,

Washington, DC, 2008, Table 1.8. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
2–3

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Energy Information Administration revised the historical energy data series to include renewable energy in

each sector. Also, the residential and commercial sector data are now separated. Total energy use was 99.6 quads

in 2008 with transportation using 28.2%.

Table 2.1

U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008

(quadrillion Btu)

Year Transportation

Percentage

transportation

of total Industrial Commercial Residential Total

1973 18.6 24.6% 32.7 9.5 14.9 75.7

1974 18.1 24.5% 31.8 9.4 14.7 74.0

1975 18.2 25.3% 29.4 9.5 14.8 72.0

1976 19.1 25.1% 31.4 10.0 15.4 76.0

1977 19.8 25.4% 32.3 10.2 15.7 78.0

1978 20.6 25.8% 32.7 10.5 16.2 80.0

1979 20.5 25.3% 34.0 10.6 15.8 80.9

1980 19.7 25.2% 32.1 10.6 15.8 78.1

1981 19.5 25.6% 30.8 10.6 15.4 76.3

1982 19.1 26.1% 27.7 10.9 15.6 73.3

1983 19.2 26.2% 27.5 11.0 15.5 73.1

1984 19.9 25.9% 29.6 11.5 15.8 76.7

1985 20.1 26.3% 28.9 11.4 16.1 76.5

1986 20.9 27.2% 28.4 11.6 15.9 76.8

1987 21.5 27.2% 29.5 12.0 16.2 79.2

1988 21.4 25.8% 30.8 12.6 17.1 82.8

1989 22.6 26.6% 31.4 13.2 17.8 85.0

1990 22.4 26.5% 31.9 13.3 17.0 84.7

1991 22.2 26.2% 31.5 13.5 17.1 84.6

1992 22.5 26.2% 32.7 13.4 17.4 86.0

1993 22.9 26.1% 36.7 13.8 18.3 87.6

1994 23.5 26.3% 33.6 14.1 18.1 89.3

1995 23.8 26.2% 34.0 14.7 18.6 91.2

1996 24.4 25.9% 35.0 15.2 19.6 94.2

1997 24.8 26.1% 35.3 15.7 19.0 94.8

1998 25.3 26.8% 34.9 16.0 19.0 95.2

1999 26.0 26.8% 34.9 16.4 19.6 96.8

2000 26.6 26.8% 34.8 17.2 20.5 99.0

2001 26.3 27.3% 32.8 17.1 20.1 96.3

2002 26.8 27.4% 32.8 17.4 20.9 97.9

2003 27.0 27.5% 32.7 17.4 21.2 98.2

2004 27.9 27.8% 33.6 17.6 21.2 100.4

2005 28.4 28.2% 32.5 17.9 21.7 100.5

2006 28.8 28.8% 32.5 17.7 20.8 99.9

2007 29.1 28.6% 32.5 18.3 21.6 101.6

2008 28.0 28.2% 31.1 18.7 21.7 99.6

Average annual percentage change

1973–2008 1.2% -0.1% 2.0% 1.1% 0.8%

1998–2008 1.0% -1.1% 1.6% 1.3% 0.5%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009, Washington,

DC, Table 2.1. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Electrical energy losses have been distributed among the sectors.
2–4

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Energy Information Administration revised the historical energy data series to include renewable energy in

each sector. In transportation, the alcohol fuels blended into gasoline to make gasohol (10% ethanol or less) are

now counted under “renewables” and have been taken out of petroleum. The petroleum category, however, still

contains other blending agents, such as MTBE, that are not actually petroleum, but are not broken out into a

separate category.

Table 2.2

Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008

(percentage)

Energy

source

Transportation Residential Commercial Industrial Electric utilities

1973 2008 1973 2008 1973 2008 1973 2008 1973 2008

Petroleuma 95.8 94.3 18.9 5.7 16.5 3.5 27.9 26.8 17.8 1.1

Natural gasb 4.0 2.4 33.3 23.0 27.9 17.2 31.8 26.2 19.0 16.9

Coal 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.7 0.4 12.4 5.8 43.8 51.4

Renewable 0.0 3.0 2.4 2.6 0.1 0.6 3.7 6.7 14.5 9.2

Nuclear 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 21.0

Electricityc 0.2 0.3 44.7 68.7 53.9 78.4 24.2 34.5 0.2 0.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009, Washington,

DC, Tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 In transportation, the petroleum category contains some blending agents which are not petroleum. b

 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. Transportation sector includes pipeline fuel and natural gas vehicle use. c

 Includes electrical system energy losses.
2–5

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Oxygenates are blended with gasoline to be used in conventional vehicles. The amount of oxygenate use dwarfs the

alternative fuel use. Gasoline-equivalent gallons are used in this table to allow comparisons of different fuel types. The

biodiesel data are not available for 2007.

Table 2.3

Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007

(thousand gasoline–equivalent gallons)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Alternative fuel

Liquified petroleum gas 224,697 211,883 188,171 173,130 152,360

Compressed natural gas 133,222 158,903 166,878 172,011 178,585

Liquified natural gas 13,503 20,888 22,409 23,474 24,594

E85a 26,376 31,581 38,074 44,041 54,091

Electricityb 5,141 5,269 5,219 5,104 5,037

Hydrogen 2 8 25 41 66

 Biodiesel 18,220 28,244 91,649 260,606 c

Other 0 0 2 2 2

Subtotal 421,161 456,766 512,427 678,409 c

Oxygenates

MTBEd 2,368,400 1,877,300 1,654,500 435,000 618,000

Ethanol in gasohol 1,919,572 2,414,167 2,756,663 3,729,168 4,694,304

Total 4,709,133 4,748,243 4,923,590 4,842,577 c

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 2007 ,

Washington, DC, April 2009, Web site www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/atftables/afvtransfuel_II.html, C1.

(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Consumption includes gasoline portion of the mixture.

b

 Vehicle consumption only; does not include power plant inputs.

c

 Data are not available.

d

 Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether. This category includes a very small amount of other ethers, primarily Tertiary Amyl Methyl

Ether (TAME) and Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE).
2–6

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Ethanol is used as an oxygenate, blended with gasoline to be used as gasohol in conventional vehicles. The

amount of ethanol used in gasohol dwarfs the amount used in E85. Production of E95 ended in 2000.

Table 2.4

Ethanol Consumption, 1995–2007

(thousand gallons)

Ethanol blends

E85 E95 Ethanol in gasohol Total

1995 166 970 934,615 935,751

2000 10,530 12 1,114,313 1,124,855

2001 12,756 0 1,173,323 1,186,079

2002 15,513 0 1,450,721 1,466,234

2003 26,376 0 1,919,572 1,945,948

2004 31,581 0 2,414,167 2,445,748

2005 38,074 0 2,756,663 2,794,737

2006 44,041 0 3,729,168 3,773,209

2007 54,091 0 4,694,304 4,748,395

2007 Percentage 1.1% 0.0% 98.9% 0.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 2007 ,

Washington, DC, April 2009, Web site: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/atftables/afvtransfuel_II.html,

Table C1. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: Gallons of E85, E95 and Ethanol in gasohol, do not include the gasoline portion of the blended fuel.
2–7

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

As data about alternative fuel use become available, an attempt is made to incorporate them into this table. Sometimes

assumptions must be made in order to use the data. Please see Appendix A for a description of the methodology used

to develop these data. See Table 1.16 for transportation petroleum use in thousand barrels per day.

Table 2.5 

Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007a

(trillion Btu)

Gasoline Diesel fuel

Liquified

petroleum

gas Jet fuel

Residual

 fuel oil

Natural 

gas Electricity Total

HIGHWAY 17,022.5 5,288.9 62.4 18.4 0.6 22,392.7

Light vehicles 16,485.5 394.5 44.9 16,924.9

 Cars 9,166.6 51.6 9,218.2

 Light trucksb 7,288.5 343.0 44.9 7,676.4

 Motorcycles 30.3 30.3

Buses 6.9 167.7 18.4 0.6 193.7

 Transit 0.3 71.8 18.4 0.6 91.2

 Intercity 29.7 29.7

 School 6.6 66.2 72.8

Medium/heavy trucks 530.1 4,726.6 17.5 5,274.2

NONHIGHWAY 241.7 930.9 0.0 2,470.5 1,012.1 642.2 312.1 5,609.5

Air 38.9 0.0 0.0 2,470.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,509.5

 General aviation 38.9 204.7 243.6

 Domestic air carriers 1,847.0 1,847.0

 International air carriersc 418.8 418.8

Water 202.7 344.2 1,012.1 1,559.1

 Freight 299.6 1,012.1 1,311.7

 Recreational 202.7 44.6 247.3

Pipeline 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 642.2 241.3 883.5

Rail 0.0 586.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.8 657.5

 Freight (Class I) 566.9 566.9

 Passenger 19.8 70.8 90.5

 Transit 0.0 46.6 46.6

 Commuter 11.2 18.2 29.4

 Intercity 8.6 6.0 14.5

TOTAL HWY & NONHWY 17,264.1 6,219.7 62.4 2,470.5 1,012.1 660.6 312.7 28,002.2

Source:

See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.

a

 Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible uses of fuels for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles). b

 Two-axle, four-tire trucks.

c

 One half of fuel used by domestic carriers in international operation.
2–8

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Highway vehicles were responsible for 80% of all transportation energy use in 2007. See Table 1.16 for transportation

energy use in thousand barrels per day.

Table 2.6

Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007a

Trillion Btu

Percentage of total based on

Btus

2006 2007 2006 2007

HIGHWAY 22,283.5 22,392.7 80.3% 80.0%

Light vehicles 16,892.6 16,924.9 60.9% 60.4%

 Cars 9,315.7 9,218.2 33.6% 32.9%

 Light trucksb 7,549.3 7,676.4 27.2% 27.4%

 Motorcycles 27.6 30.3 0.1% 0.1%

Buses 197.0 193.7 0.7% 0.7%

 Transit 98.0 91.2 0.4% 0.3%

 Intercity 28.9 29.7 0.1% 0.1%

 School 70.8 72.8 0.3% 0.3%

Medium/heavy trucks 5,193.4 5,274.2 18.7% 18.8%

NONHIGHWAY 5,474.8 5,609.5 19.7% 20.0%

Air 2,511.3 2,509.5 9.0% 9.0%

 General aviation 256.3 243.6 0.9% 0.9%

 Domestic air carriers 1,848.7 1,847.0 6.7% 6.6%

 International air 406.2 418.8 1.5% 1.5%

Water 1,451.8 1,559.1 5.2% 5.6%

 Freight 1,204.3 1,311.7 4.3% 4.7%

 Recreational 247.5 247.3 0.9% 0.9%

Pipeline 841.8 883.5 3.0% 3.2%

Rail 670.0 657.5 2.4% 2.3%

 Freight (Class I) 584.5 566.9 2.1% 2.0%

 Passenger 85.4 90.5 0.3% 0.3%

 Transit 44.9 46.6 0.2% 0.2%

 Commuter 26.3 29.4 0.1% 0.1%

 Intercity 14.3 14.5 0.1% 0.1%

HWY & NONHWY TOTAL 27,758.4 28,002.2 100.0% 100.0%

Source: See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.

a

 Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible uses of fuels for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).

b

 Two-axle, four-tire trucks.
2–9

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The highway sector is by far the largest part of transportation energy use. Light truck energy use has increased at

the greatest rate, due to their increased use as personal passenger vehicles. Light trucks include pick-ups,

minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and vans. See Table 1.14 for highway petroleum use in thousand barrels per day.

Table 2.7

Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

(trillion Btu)

Year Cars

Light

trucks

Light

vehicles

subtotal

Motorcycles BusesHeavy

trucks

 Highway

subtotal

Total 

transportationa

1970 8,479 1,539 10,018 7 129 1,553 11,707 15,399

1975 9,298 2,384 11,682 14 124 2,003 13,823 17,427

1980 8,800 2,975 11,775 26 143 2,686 14,630 18,944

1981 8,693 2,963 11,656 27 145 2,724 14,552 18,744

1982 8,673 2,837 11,510 25 151 2,707 14,393 18,241

1983 8,802 2,989 11,791 22 152 2,770 14,735 18,371

1984 8,837 3,197 12,034 22 146 2,873 15,075 19,966

1985 8,932 3,413 12,345 23 153 2,883 15,405 19,208

1986 9,138 3,629 12,767 23 160 2,958 15,908 20,280

1987 9,157 3,819 12,976 24 164 3,061 16,225 20,775

1988 9,158 4,077 13,235 25 169 3,118 16,547 21,330

1989 9,232 4,156 13,388 26 169 3,199 16,782 21,688

1990 8,688 4,451 13,139 24 167 3,334 16,664 21,616

1991 8,029 4,774 12,803 23 177 3,402 16,405 21,208

1992 8,169 5,117 13,286 24 184 3,468 16,962 21,869

1993 8,368 5,356 13,724 25 183 3,577 17,509 22,324

1994 8,470 5,515 13,985 26 183 3,778 17,972 22,928

1995 8,489 5,695 14,184 25 184 3,937 18,330 23,467

1996 8,634 5,917 14,551 24 186 4,045 18,806 23,975

1997 8,710 6,168 14,878 25 192 4,086 19,181 24,329

1998 8,936 6,303 15,239 26 196 4,218 19,679 24,758

1999 9,134 6,602 15,736 26 202 4,638 20,602 25,948

2000 9,100 6,607 15,707 26 208 4,819 20,760 26,269

2001 9,161 6,678 15,839 24 196 4,813 20,872 25,960

2002 9,391 6,682 16,273 24 191 5,035 21,523 26,520

2003 9,255 7,551 16,806 24 189 4,895 21,914 26,673

2004 9,331 7,861 17,192 25 193 4,535 21,945 27,066

2005 9,579 7,296 16,875 24 195 5,088 22,182 27,526

2006 9,316 7,549 16,865 28 198 5,193 22,284 27,759

2007 9,218 7,676 16,895 30 194 5,274 22,393 28,002

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 0.2% 4.4% 1.4% 4.0% 1.1% 3.4% 1.8% 1.6%

1997–2007 0.6% 2.2% 1.3% 1.8% 0.1% 2.6% 1.6% 1.4%

Source:

See Appendix A for Highway Energy Use.

Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.

a

 Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all

possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles). These data have been revised due to a new data

series for recreational boats.
2–10

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

About 20% of transportation energy use is for nonhighway modes. Air travel accounts for nearly half of

nonhighway energy use. See Table 1.15 for nonhighway petroleum use in thousand barrels per day.

Table 2.8

Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

(trillion Btu)

Year Air Water Pipeline Rail

Nonhighway

subtotal

Total 

transportationa

1970 1,307 840 990 555 3,692 15,399

1975 1,274 931 840 559 3,604 17,427

1980 1,434 1,396 896 588 4,314 18,944

1981 1,453 1,273 904 561 4,192 18,744

1982 1,445 1,067 855 481 3,848 18,241

1983 1,440 1,978 740 478 3,636 18,371

1984 1,609 1,968 782 532 3,891 19,966

1985 1,677 1,874 755 498 3,804 19,208

1986 1,823 1,327 735 487 4,372 20,280

1987 1,899 1,382 772 498 4,550 20,775

1988 1,978 1,421 874 511 4,783 21,330

1989 1,981 1,520 890 515 4,906 21,688

1990 2,077 1,445 923 506 4,952 21,616

1991 1,939 1,526 860 478 4,803 21,208

1992 1,970 1,602 846 490 4,907 21,869

1993 1,986 1,440 885 505 4,815 22,324

1994 2,070 1,396 951 539 4,956 22,928

1995 2,141 1,470 967 559 5,137 23,467

1996 2,206 1,412 979 572 5,169 23,975

1997 2,300 1,252 1,022 574 5,148 24,329

1998 2,371 1,233 897 578 5,079 24,758

1999 2,471 1,369 908 599 5,346 25,948

2000 2,549 1,455 904 601 5,509 26,269

2001 2,411 1,188 886 603 5,088 25,960

2002 2,213 1,249 931 605 4,997 26,520

2003 2,217 1,075 850 617 4,759 26,673

2004 2,348 1,300 822 650 5,121 27,066

2005 2,477 1,369 842 657 5,344 27,526

2006 2,511 1,452 842 670 5,475 27,759

2007 2,509 1,559 883 657 5,609 28,002

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 1.8% 1.7% -0.3% 0.5% 1.1% 1.6%

1997–2007 0.9% 2.2% -1.5% 1.4% 0.9% 1.4%

Source:

See Appendix A for Nonhighway Energy Use.

Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.

a

 Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all

possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).
2–11

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

A recent study on off-highway fuel consumption uses the Environmental Protection Agency’s NONROAD2002

model and the Census Bureau’s 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey to estimate fuel use.

Table 2.9

Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001

(million gallons)

1997 2001

Sector Gasoline Diesel Other Total Gasoline Diesel Other Total

Agriculture 319 2,994 5 3,318 338 3,352 4 3,694

Industrial and commercial 1,761 1,579 1,854 5,193 1,733 1,794 2,108 5,636

Construction 289 4,766 18 5,073 274 5,347 19 5,639

Personal and recreational 3,425 37 7 3,469 3,524 42 7 3,573

Other 2 48 2 52 2 61 2 65

Total 5,797 9,424 1,885 17,106 5,870 10,596 2,141 18,607

Examples of off-highway transportation-related vehicles and equipment

Agriculture Tractors, mowers, combines, balers, and other farm equipment which has utility in

its movement.

Industrial and commercial Forklifts, commercial mowers, forestry equipment, shredders, terminal tractors

Construction Pavers, rollers, drill rigs, graders, backhoes, excavators, cranes, mining equipment

Personal and recreational Lawn mowers, tillers, tractors, motorcycles, snowmobiles, golf carts

Other Airport ground equipment

Source:

Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Off-Highway Transportation-Related Fuel Use, ORNL/TM-2002/92, Oak Ridge

National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, April 2004. (Additional resources: wwwcta.ornl.gov/Publications/Publications_2004.html)
2–12

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Mowing equipment consumes nearly half of all the fuel used by lawn and garden equipment. The

gasoline used in lawn and garden equipment is 1.8% of total gasoline use.

Table 2.10

Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007

(million gallons)

Equipment Classification Gasoline Diesel LPG

Total fuel

consumption

Mowing Equipment

Front mowers Commercial 19.30 98.67 0.00 117.97

Lawn & garden tractors Commercial 217.97 20.37 0.00 238.34

Lawn & garden tractors Residential 524.19 0.00 0.00 524.19

Lawn mowers Commercial 146.73 0.00 0.00 146.73

Lawn mowers Residential 198.36 0.00 0.00 198.36

Rear engine riding mowers Commercial 16.03 0.00 0.00 16.03

Rear engine riding mowers Residential 38.91 0.00 0.00 38.91

Total 1,161.49 119.04 0.00 1,280.53

Soil and Turf Equipment

Commercial turf equipmenta Commercial 700.24 15.83 0.00 716.07

Rotary tillers < 6 HP Commercial 82.28 0.00 0.00 82.28

Rotary tillers < 6 HP Residential 18.21 0.00 0.00 18.21

Total 800.73 15.83 0.00 816.56

Wood Cutting Equipment

Chain saws < 6 HP Commercial 70.99 0.00 0.00 70.99

Chain saws < 6 HP Residential 18.04 0.00 0.00 18.04

Chippers/stump grinders Commercial 37.71 134.27 19.09 191.07

Shredders < 6 HP Commercial 8.79 0.00 0.00 8.79

Total 135.54 134.27 19.09 288.89

Blowers and Vacuums

Leafblowers/vacuums Commercial 197.33 0.01 0.00 197.34

Leafblowers/vacuums Residential 18.23 0.00 0.00 18.23

Snowblowers Commercial 31.26 1.75 0.00 33.01

Snowblowers Residential 16.55 0.00 0.00 16.55

Total 263.37 1.76 0.00 265.13

Trimming Equipment

Trimmers/edgers/brush cutter Commercial 60.10 0.00 0.00 60.10

Trimmers/edgers/brush cutter Residential 26.13 0.00 0.00 26.13

Other lawn & garden equipmentb Commercial 22.73 0.37 0.00 23.10

Other lawn & garden equipmentb Residential 19.05 0.00 0.00 19.05

Total 128.00 0.37 0.00 128.37

Total All Equipment 2,489.12 271.28 19.09 2,779.49

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NONROAD2005 Model, www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm.

a

 Includes equipment such as aerators, dethatchers, sod cutters, hydro-seeders, turf utility vehicles, golf course

greens mowers, and sand trap groomers. b

 Includes equipment not otherwise classified such as augers, sickle-bar mowers, and wood splitters.
2–13

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) cautions that data from 1993 on may not be directly comparable to earlier

years. Some states have improved reporting procedures in recent years, and the estimation procedures were revised in 1994.

The definition of gasohol was expanded in 1993 to include blends that are less than 10%. Now, the FHWA does not publish

separate estimates of gasohol or ethanol used in gasohol. See Table 2.3 for details on oxygenate usage. 

Table 2.11

Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2007

(billion gallons)

Year Gasoline Gasohol

Ethanol used

 in gasohola

Total gasoline

and gasohol Dieselb

Percent 

diesel

Total highway 

fuel use

1973 cc c 100.6 9.8 8.9% 110.5

1975 cc c 99.4 9.6 8.8% 109.0

1980 100.7 0.5 0.0 101.2 13.8 12.0% 115.0

1981 98.9 0.7 0.1 99.6 14.9 13.0% 114.5

1982 96.2 2.3 0.2 98.5 14.9 13.1% 113.4

1983 95.9 4.3 0.4 100.1 16.0 13.8% 116.1

1984 96.0 5.4 0.5 101.4 17.3 14.6% 118.7

1985 95.6 8.0 0.8 103.6 17.8 14.6% 121.3

1986 98.6 8.1 0.8 106.8 18.4 14.7% 125.2

1987 101.8 6.9 0.8 108.7 19.0 14.9% 127.7

1988 101.7 8.1 0.8 109.8 20.1 15.5% 129.9

1989 103.7 6.9 0.7 110.6 21.2 16.1% 131.9

1990 102.6 7.5 0.8 110.2 21.4 16.3% 131.6

1991 99.3 8.6 0.9 107.9 20.7 16.1% 128.6

1992 102.1 8.8 0.9 111.0 22.0 16.5% 132.9

1993 103.4 10.3 1.0 113.7 23.5 17.1% 137.2

1994 104.0 11.0 1.0 115.0 25.1 17.9% 140.1

1995 104.0 13.1 1.2 117.1 26.2 18.3% 143.3

1996 107.4 12.1 1.1 119.5 27.2 18.5% 146.7

1997 106.2 14.7 1.3 120.9 29.4 19.6% 150.3

1998 110.7 14.0 1.3 124.7 30.2 19.5% 154.9

1999 114.6 14.2 1.3 128.7 31.9 19.9% 160.7

2000 112.6 16.3 1.5 128.9 33.4 20.6% 162.3

2001 112.3 17.4 1.5 129.7 33.4 20.5% 163.1

2002 112.0 21.0 2.1 133.0 34.8 20.7% 167.8

2003 101.5 32.5 2.7 134.1 35.5 20.9% 169.6

2004 92.4 44.0 3.7 136.5 37.4 21.5% 173.9

2005 d

 d d 135.2 39.1 22.4% 174.3

2006 d

 d d 134.8 40.1 22.9% 174.9

2007 d

 d d 135.4 40.7 23.1% 176.1

Average annual percentage change

1973–2007 dd d 0.9% 4.3% 1.4%

1997–2007 dd d 1.1% 3.3% 1.6%

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Washington, DC, 2008,

Table MF-21 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a

 Estimated for 1980–92 and 2002 as 10% of gasohol consumption.

b

 Consists primarily of diesel fuel, with small quantities of liquified petroleum gas.

c

 Data for gasoline and gasohol cannot be separated in this year.

d

 Gasohol data is no longer published by the Federal Highway Administration.
2–14

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences

among the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible

to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages, and there is a great deal

of variability even within a mode.

Table 2.12

Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007

Number of

vehicles

(thousands)

Vehiclemiles

(millions)

Passengermiles

(millions)

Load factor

(persons/

vehicle)

Energy intensities

Energy use 

(trillion

Btu)

(Btu per 

vehiclemile)

(Btu per 

passengermile)

Cars 135,932.9 1,670,994 2,623,461 1.57 5,517 3,514 9,218.2

Personal trucks 89,286.4 928,755 1,597,459 1.72 6,788 3,946 6,304.0

Motorcycles 7,183.5 13,612 16,334 1.2 2,224 1,853 30.3

Demand response a 64.9 1,471 1,502 1.0 16,771 16,429 24.7

Buses b b b bb b 193.7

 Transit 65.8 2,314 21,132 9.1 39,408 4,315 91.2

 Intercity c b b b bb b 29.7

 School c 677.2 b b bb b 72.8

Air b b b bb b 2,090.7

 Certificated routee b 6,122 595,327 97.2 301,684 3,103 1,847.0

 General aviation 231.6 b b bb b 243.6

Recreational boats 13,078.0 b b bb b 247.3

Rail 19.7 1,333 35,007 26.3 67,900 2,586 90.5

 Intercity (Amtrak) 0.3 267 5,784 21.7 54,585 2,516 14.5

 Transit (light & heavy) 13.0 741 18,070 24.4 62,833 2,577 46.6

 Commuter 6.4 326 11,153 34.2 90,328 2,638 29.4

Source:

See Appendix A for Passenger Travel and Energy Use.

a

 Includes passenger cars, vans, and small buses operating in response to calls from passengers to the transit

operator who dispatches the vehicles.

b

 Data are not available.

c

 Energy use is estimated.

d

 Only domestic service and domestic energy use are shown on this table. (Previous editions included half of

international energy.) These energy intensities may be inflated because all energy use is attributed to

passengers–cargo energy use is not taken into account.
2–15

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences

among the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to

obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages, and there is a great deal of

variability even within a mode.

Table 2.13

Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

Year

Cars Light trucka

(Btu per

vehicle-mile)

Transit Busesb

(Btu per

vehicle-mile)

(Btu per

passenger-mile)

(Btu per

vehicle-mile)

(Btu per

passenger-mile)

1970 9,250 4,868 12,479 31,796 2,472

1975 8,993 4,733 11,879 33,748 2,814

1976 9,113 4,796 11,523 34,598 2,896

1977 8,950 4,710 11,160 35,120 2,889

1978 8,839 4,693 10,807 36,603 2,883

1979 8,647 4,632 10,467 36,597 2,795

1980 7,916 4,279 10,224 36,553 2,813

1981 7,670 4,184 9,997 37,745 3,027

1982 7,465 4,109 9,268 38,766 3,237

1983 7,365 4,092 9,124 37,962 3,177

1984 7,202 4,066 8,931 38,705 3,307

1985 7,164 4,110 8,730 38,876 3,423

1986 7,194 4,197 8,560 37,889 3,545

1987 6,959 4,128 8,359 36,247 3,594

1988 6,683 4,033 8,119 36,673 3,706

1989 6,589 4,046 7,746 36,754 3,732

1990 6,169 3,856 7,746 37,374 3,794

1991 5,912 3,695 7,351 37,732 3,877

1992 5,956 3,723 7,239 40,243 4,310

1993 6,087 3,804 7,182 39,043 4,262

1994 6,024 3,765 7,212 37,246 4,261

1995 5,902 3,689 7,208 37,209 4,302

1996 5,874 3,683 7,247 37,404 4,334

1997 5,797 3,646 7,251 38,778 4,425

1998 5,767 3,638 7,260 41,157 4,384

1999 5,821 3,684 7,327 40,414 4,327

2000 5,687 3,611 7,158 41,491 4,509

2001 5,626 3,583 7,080 38,295 4,120

2002 5,662 3,607 7,124 37,246 4,100

2003 5,535 3,525 7,673 36,731 4,171

2004 5,489 3,496 7,653 37,452 4,318

2005 5,607 3,571 7,009 36,990 4,200

2006 5,511 3,510 6,974 39,049 4,259

2007 5,517 3,514 6,908 39,408 4,315

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 -1.4% -0.9% -1.6% 0.4% 1.4%

1997–2007 -0.5% -0.4% -0.5% 0.2% -0.6%

Source:

See Appendix A for Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities.

a

 All two-axle, four-tire trucks.

b

 Series not continuous between 1983 and 1984 because of a change in data source by the

American Public Transportation Association (APTA). c

 Data are not available.
2–16

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent

differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional

factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes.

Table 2.14

Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

Year

Air Rail

Certificated

air carriersa

(Btu per passenger-mile)

Intercity

 Amtrak 

(Btu per passengermile)

Rail 

transit 

(Btu per passengermile)

Commuter

rail

(Btu per

passenger-mile

1970 10,115 b 2,157 b

1975 7,625 3,548 2,625 b

1976 7,282 3,278 2,633 b

1977 6,990 3,443 2,364 b

1978 6,144 3,554 2,144 b

1979 5,607 3,351 2,290 b

1980 5,561 3,065 2,312 b

1981 5,774 2,883 2,592 b

1982 5,412 3,052 2,699 b

1983 5,133 2,875 2,820 b

1984 5,298 2,923 3,037 2,804

1985 5,053 2,703 2,809 2,826

1986 5,011 2,481 3,042 2,926

1987 4,827 2,450 3,039 2,801

1988 4,861 2,379 3,072 2,872

1989 4,844 2,614 2,909 2,864

1990 4,875 2,505 3,024 2,822

1991 4,662 2,417 3,254 2,770

1992 4,516 2,534 3,155 2,629

1993 4,490 2,565 3,373 2,976

1994 4,397 2,282 3,338 2,682

1995 4,349 2,501 3,340 2,632

1996 4,172 2,690 3,017 2,582

1997 4,166 2,811 2,856 2,724

1998 4,146 2,788 2,823 2,646

1999 4,061 2,943 2,785 2,714

2000 3,952 3,235 2,797 2,551

2001 3,968 3,257 2,803 2,515

2002 3,703 3,212 2,872 2,514

2003 3,587 2,800 2,837 2,545

2004 3,339 2,760 2,750 2,569

2005 3,264 2,709 2,783 2,743

2006 3,250 2,650 2,707 2,527

2007 3,153 2,516 2,577 2,638

Average annual percentage changec

1970–2007 -3.1% -1.1% 0.5% -0.3%

1997–2007 -2.7% -1.1% -1.0% -0.3%

Source:

See Appendix A for Nonhighway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities. a

 These data differ from the data on Table 2.12 because they do not include any international services. These energy

intensities may be inflated because all energy use is attributed to passengers–cargo energy use is not taken into account. b

 Data are not available.

c

 Average Annual Percent calculated to latest year possible.
2–17

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The energy intensity of light rail systems, measured in btu per passenger-mile varies greatly. The average of all

light rail systems in 2007 is 7,605 btu/passenger-mile.

Figure 2.2. Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transit Database, April 2009. (Additional resources:

http://204.68.195.57/ntdprogram/data.htm)
2–18

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 2.3. Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007

Source: 

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transit Database, April 2009. (Additional resources:

http://204.68.195.57/ntdprogram/data.htm)

Figure 2.4. Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007

Source: 

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transit Database, April 2009. (Additional resources:

http://204.68.195.57/ntdprogram/data.htm)
2–19

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent

differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional

factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes.

Table 2.15

Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

Waterborne commerce Class I railroads

2006 2007a 2006 2007

Number of vehicles (thousands) 41 a 24b 24b

Ton-miles (billions) 562 a 1,772 1,771

Tons shipped (millions) 1,024 a 1,957 1,940

Average length of haul (miles) 549 a 906 913

Energy intensity (Btu/ton-mile) 571 a 330 320

Energy use (trillion Btu) 321 a 585 567

Source:

See Appendix A for Freight Movement and Energy Use.

a

 Not available.

b

 Number of locomotives.
2–20

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent

differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional

factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes.

Table 2.16

Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2007

Year

Heavy single-unit and

combination trucks 

(Btu per vehicle-mile)

Class I freight railroad Domestic waterborne

commerce 

(Btu per ton-mile)

 (Btu per freight carmile)(Btu per tonmile)

1970 24,960 17,669 691 545 

1971 24,485 18,171 717 506 

1972 24,668 18,291 714 522 

1973 24,777 18,468 677 576 

1974 24,784 18,852 681 483 

1975 24,631 18,739 687 549 

1976 24,566 18,938 680 468 

1977 24,669 19,226 669 458 

1978 24,655 18,928 641 383 

1979 24,745 19,188 618 436

1980 24,757 18,742 597 358 

1981 25,058 18,629 572 360 

1982 24,296 18,404 553 310 

1983 23,852 17,864 525 286

1984 23,585 17,795 510 346 

1985 23,343 17,500 497 446 

1986 23,352 17,265 486 463 

1987 22,922 16,790 456 414 

1988 22,596 16,758 443 361 

1989 22,411 16,894 437 403 

1990 22,795 16,619 420 387 

1991 22,749 15,835 391 386

1992 22,608 16,043 393 398

1993 22,373 16,056 389 389

1994 22,193 16,340 388 369

1995 22,096 15,992 372 374

1996 22,109 15,747 368 412

1997 21,340 15,784 370 415

1998 21,516 15,372 365 435

1999 22,884 15,363 363 457

2000 23,448 14,917 352 473

2001 23,023 15,108 346 460

2002 23,461 15,003 345 470

2003 22,461 15,016 344 418

2004 20,540 15,274 341 510

2005 22,866 15,152 337 513

2006 23,340 14,990 330 571

2007 23,238 14,846 320 a

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 -0.2% -0.5% -2.1% a

1997–2007 0.9% -0.6% -1.4% a

Source:

See Appendix A for Freight Mode Energy Intensities. a

 Data are not available.
3–1

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 3

All Highway Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source

Table 3.1 U.S. share of world car registrations, 2007 21.0%

Table 3.2 U.S. share of world truck & bus registrations, 2007 42.6%

Table 3.3 Number of U.S. cars, 2007 (thousands) 135,222

Table 3.3 Number of U.S. trucks, 2007 (thousands) 113,479

Table 3.6 Vehicle miles traveled, 2007 (million miles) 3,029,821

Cars 55.2%

Two-axle, four-tire trucks 36.7%

Combination trucks 4.8%

Other single-unit trucks 2.7%

Motorcycles 0.4%

Buses 0.2%

Table 3.9 Median age of vehicles, 2007

Cars (years) 9.4

All trucks (years) 7.6

 Light trucks (years) 7.5
3–2

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The 1997 data in this series were never published. Use caution comparing historical data because of disconnects

in data series, such as China in 1998. Also, the United States is unique in how many light trucks (SUVs, minivans,

pickups) are used for personal travel. Those light trucks are not included on this table. The U.S. share of world cars

has been declining since 1998.

Table 3.1

Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007

(thousands)

Year China India Japan France

United

Kingdom Germanya Canadab

United

Statesc

U.S.

percentage

of worldc

World 

total

1950 d d 43 d 2,307 d 1,913 40,339 76.0% 53,051

1955 d d 153 d 360 d

2,961 52,145 71.4% 73,036

1960 d d 457 4,950 5,650 4,856 4,104 61,671 62.7% 98,305

1965 d d 2,181 8,320 9,131 9,719 5,279 75,258 53.8% 139,776

1970 d d 8,779 11,860 11,802 14,376 6,602 89,244 46.1% 193,479

1975 d d 17,236 15,180 14,061 18,161 8,870 106,706 41.0% 260,201

1980 351 d 23,660 18,440 15,438 23,236 10,256 121,601 38.0% 320,390

1985 795 1,607 27,845 20,800 18,953 26,099 11,118 127,885 34.5% 370,504

1990 1,622 2,694 34,924 23,010 22,528 30,695 12,622 133,700 30.7% 435,050

1991 1,852 2,954 37,076 23,550 22,744 31,309 12,578 128,300 29.1% 441,377

1992 2,262 3,205 38,963 24,020 23,008 37,579 12,781 126,581 28.0% 452,311

1993 2,860 3,361 40,772 24,385 23,402 39,202 12,927 127,327 28.3% 450,473

1994 3,497 3,569 42,678 24,900 23,832 39,918 13,122 127,883 27.0% 473,487

1995 4,179 3,837 44,680 25,100 24,307 40,499 13,183 128,387 26.9% 477,010

1996 4,700 4,246 46,868 25,500 24,864 41,045 13,300 129,728 26.7% 485,954

1997 Data are not available.

1998 2,940 4,820 49,896 26,800 22,115 41,674 13,887 131,839 27.5% 478,625

1999 3,400 5,200 51,164 27,480 27,539 42,423 16,538 126,869 26.7% 496,059

2000 3,750 5,150 52,437 28,060 27,185 43,772 16,832 127,721 23.3% 547,147

2001 4,325 5,750 53,300 28,700 27,790 44,383 17,055 128,714 22.9% 561,652

2002 4,950 6,945 54,540 29,160 28,484 44,657 17,544 129,907 22.5% 575,847

2003 6,789 6,669 55,213 29,560 29,008 44,023 17,755 130,800 22.1% 589,272

2004 7,900 7,300 55,994 29,900 29,378 45,376 17,290 132,823 22.0% 603,274

2005 8,900 7,654 57,091 30,100 30,652 46,090 18,124 132,909 21.5% 617,914

2006 11,000 8,100 57,521 30,250 30,995 41,020 18,739 135,047 21.4% 630,043

2007 13,758 8,595 57,624 30,550 31,225 41,184 19,199 135,222 21.0% 645,286

Average annual percentage change

1950–2007 d d 13.5% d

4.7% d4.1% 2.1% 4.5%

1970–2007 d d 5.2% 2.6% 2.7% 2.9% 2.9% 1.1% 3.3%

1997–2007 10.3% 6.6% 1.9% 1.7% 2.1% 0.0% 3.4% 0.4% 2.6%

Source:

Ward’s Communications, Ward’s World Motor Vehicle Data, 2008 Edition, Southfield, MI, 2008, pp. 239–242 and annual.

 (Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)

a

 Data for 1991 and prior include West Germany only. Kraftwagen are included with cars.

b

 Data from 1991 and later are not comparable to prior data and data from 1999 and later are not comparable to prior data.

c

 Data from 1985 and later are not comparable to prior data.

d

 Data are not available.
3–3

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The 1997 data in this series were never published. Use caution comparing historical data because of disconnects

in data series, such as China in 1998. The United States totals include SUVs, minivans, and light trucks, many of

which are used for personal travel.

Table 3.2

Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007

(thousands)

Year China India Japan France

United

Kingdom Germanya Canadab

United

Statesc

U.S.

percentage

of worldc

World 

total

1950 d d 183 d 1,060 d 643 8,823 50.9% 17,349

1955 d d 318 d 1,244 d

952 10,544 46.1% 22,860

1960 d d 896 1,540 1,534 786 1,056 12,186 42.6% 28,583

1965 d d 4,119 1,770 1,748 1,021 1,232 15,100 39.6% 38,118

1970 d d 8,803 1,850 1,769 1,228 1,481 19,175 36.2% 52,899

1975 811 d 10,854 2,210 1,934 1,337 2,158 26,243 38.8% 67,698

1980 1,480 d 14,197 2,550 1,920 1,617 2,955 34,195 37.7% 90,592

1985 2,402 1,045 18,313 3,310 3,278 1,723 3,149 43,804 37.4% 117,038

1990 4,496 1,536 22,773 4,748 3,774 1,989 3,931 55,097 37.2% 148,073

1995 6,221 2,221 22,173 5,195 3,635 3,062 3,485 73,143 43.1% 169,749

1996 6,750 2,506 21,933 5,255 3,621 3,122 3,515 76,637 41.3% 185,404

1997 Data are not available.

1998 8,313 2,610 20,919 5,500 3,169 4,357 3,694 79,062 44.0% 179,498

1999 9,400 3,000 20,559 5,609 3,392 3,370 722f 86,640 46.9% 188,367

2000 9,650 2,390 20,211 5,753 3,361 3,534 739f 85,579 42.1% 203,273

2001 10,212 2,663 19,985 5,897 3,412 3,592 729f 87,969 42.5% 207,033

2002 10,500 3,535 17,714 5,984 3,487 3,568 724f 91,120 43.2% 210,776

2003 17,222 4,025 17,312 6,068 3,569 3,541 740f 95,262 42.5% 223,729

2004 19,800 4,190 17,012 6,139 3,696 3,540 745 98,576 42.2% 233,537

2005 21,750 4,415 16,734 6,198 3,943 3,133 786 104,788 42.6% 245,798

2006 24,000 4,850 16,731 6,230 4,041 2,766 841 109,596 42.8% 256,222

2007 26,336 5,327 16,505 6,297 4,164 2,837 872 113,477 42.6% 266,236

Average annual percentage change

1950–2007 d d 8.2% d 2.4% d 0.5% 4.6% 4.9%

1970–2007 d d 1.7% 3.4% 2.3% 2.3% -1.4% 4.9% 4.5%

1997–2007 13.2% 7.1% -2.6% 1.7% 1.3% -0.9% -11.9% 3.6% 3.3%

Source:

Ward’s Communications, Ward’s World Motor Vehicle Data, 2008 Edition, Southfield, MI, 2008, pp. 239–242 and

annual. (Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)

a

 Data for 1991 and prior include West Germany only. Kraftwagen are included with cars. Data from 1999 and

later are not comparable to prior data. b

 Data from 1991 and later are not comparable to prior data.

c

 Data from1985 and later are not comparable to prior data.

d

 Data are not available.

e

 Data not comparable to prior data due to reclassification of autos and trucks.

f

 Canada reclassified autos and trucks in 1999.
3–4

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

VEHICLES IN USE

Both the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and The Polk Company report figures on the car and

truck population each year. The two estimates, however, differ by as much as 11.2% (1981). The differences

can be attributed to several factors:

! The FHWA data include all vehicles which have been registered at any time throughout the calendar year.

Therefore, the data include vehicles which were retired during the year and may double count vehicles

which have been registered in different states or the same states to different owners. The Polk Company

data include only those vehicles which are registered on July 1 of the given year. 

! The classification of mini-vans, station wagons on truck chasses, and utility vehicles as cars or trucks

causes important differences in the two estimates. The Polk Company data included passenger vans in

the car count until 1980; since 1980 all vans have been counted as trucks. Recently, the Federal Highway

Administration adjusted their definition of cars and trucks. Starting in 1993, some minivans and sport

utility vehicles that were previously included with cars were included with trucks. This change produced

a dramatic change in the individual percentage differences of cars and trucks. The difference in total

vehicles has been less than 5% each year since 1990 and does not appear to be significantly affected by

the FHWA reclassifications.

! The FHWA data include all non-military Federal vehicles, while The Polk Company data include only

those Federal vehicles which are registered within a state. Federal vehicles are not required to have State

registrations, and, according to the General Services Administration, most Federal Vehicles are not

registered.

According to The Polk Company statistics, the number of cars in use in the United States declined from

1991 to 1992. This is the first decline in vehicle stock since the figures were first reported in 1924. However,

the data should be viewed with caution. A redesign of Polk's approach in 1992 allowed a national check for

duplicate registrations, which was not possible in earlier years. Polk estimates that, due to processing

limitations, its vehicle population counts may have been inflated by as much as 11⁄2 percent. Assuming that

percentage is correct, the number of cars in use would have declined from 1991 to 1992 under the previous

Polk method. The growing popularity of light trucks being used as passenger vehicles could also have had

an impact on these figures.
3–5

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

In the early 1980's, researchers had to make a conscience choice of which data series to use, since they differed by

as much as 16%. In 2007 the two sources differed by less than 1%.

Table 3.3

U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007

(thousands)

Year

Cars Trucks Total

FHWA

The Polk

Company

Percentage

difference FHWA

The Polk

Company

Percentage

difference FHWA

The Polk

Company

Percentage

difference

1970 89,243 80,448 10.9% 18,797 17,688 6.3% 108,040 98,136 10.1%

1975 106,706 95,241 12.0% 25,781 24,813 3.9% 132,487 120,054 10.4%

1980 121,601 104,564 16.3% 33,667 35,268 -4.5% 155,267 139,832 11.0%

1981 123,098 105,839 16.3% 34,644 36,069 -4.0% 157,743 141,908 11.2%

1982 123,702 106,867 15.8% 35,382 36,987 -4.3% 159,084 143,854 10.6%

1983 126,444 108,961 16.0% 36,723 38,143 -3.7% 163,166 147,104 10.9%

1984 128,158 112,019 14.4% 37,507 40,143 -6.6% 165,665 152,162 8.9%

1985 127,885 114,662 11.5% 43,210 42,387 1.9% 171,095 157,049 8.9%

1986 130,004 117,268 10.9% 45,103 44,826 0.6% 175,106 162,094 8.0%

1987 131,482 119,849 9.7% 46,826 47,344 -1.1% 178,308 167,193 6.6%

1988 133,836 121,519 10.1% 49,941 50,221 -0.6% 183,777 171,740 7.0%

1989 134,559 122,758 9.6% 52,172 53,202 -1.9% 186,731 175,960 6.1%

1990 133,700 123,276 8.5% 54,470 56,023 -2.8% 188,171 179,299 4.9%

1991 128,300 123,268 4.1% 59,206 58,179 1.8% 187,505 181,447 3.3%

1992 126,581 120,347 5.2% 63,136 61,172 3.2% 189,717 181,519 4.5%

1993 127,327 121,055 5.2% 66,082 65,260 1.3% 193,409 186,315 3.8%

1994 127,883 121,997 4.8% 69,491 66,717 4.2% 197,375 188,714 4.6%

1995 128,387 123,242 4.2% 72,458 70,199 3.2% 200,845 193,441 3.8%

1996 129,728 124,613 4.1% 75,940 73,681 3.1% 205,669 198,294 3.7%

1997 129,749 124,673 4.1% 77,307 76,398 1.2% 207,056 201,071 3.0%

1998 131,839 125,966 4.7% 79,062 79,077 0.0% 210,901 205,043 2.9%

1999 132,432 126,869 4.4% 83,148 82,640 0.6% 215,580 209,509 2.9%

2000 133,621 127,721 4.6% 87,108 85,579 1.8% 220,729 213,300 3.5%

2001 137,633 128,714 6.9% 92,045 87,969 4.6% 229,678 216,683 6.0%

2002 135,921 129,907 4.6% 92,939 91,120 2.0% 228,860 221,027 3.5%

2003 135,670 131,072 3.5% 94,944 94,810 0.1% 230,614 225,882 2.1%

2004 136,431 132,469 3.0% 100,016 99,698 0.3% 236,447 232,167 1.8%

2005 136,568 132,909 2.8% 103,819 105,475 -1.6% 240,387 238,384 0.8%

2006 135,400 135,047 0.3% 107,944 109,596 -1.5% 243,344 244,643 -0.5%

2007 135,933 135,222 0.5% 110,498 113,479 -2.6% 246,431 248,701 -0.9%

Source:

FHWA - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Washington,

DC, 2009, Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

Polk - The Polk Company, Detroit, Michigan. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additional resources:

www.polk.com)
3–6

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The graphs below show the number of motor vehicles per thousand people for various countries. The

data for the United States are displayed in the line which goes from 1900 to 2007. The points labeled on

that line show data for the other countries/regions around the world and how their vehicles per thousand

people compare to the United States at two different points in time, 1996 and 2007. For instance, the

graph shows that in 1996, Western Europe’s vehicles per thousand people was about where the United

States was in 1967, but by 2007 it is about where the United States was in 1972. The lower part of the

graph (1900-1940) is shown enlarged on the facing page.

Figure 3.1. Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to 

Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007)

Figure 3.1. Continued
3–7

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Source:

See Tables 3.4 and 3.5.
3–8

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 3.4

Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007

Vehicles per 1000 people

Country/Region 1996 2007

Africa 23.4 24.0

Asia, Far East 57.1 63.4

Asia, Middle East 67.8 101.4

Brazil 96.7 132.0

Canada 560.0 609.4

Central & South America 110.3 128.3

China 9.3 30.3

Europe, East 167.0 270.8

Europe, West 495.6 587.5

India 7.2 12.3

Indonesia 22.1 32.8

Pacific 459.8 541.1

Table 3.5

Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990-2007

Year

U.S.

vehicles

per 1000

people Year

U.S.

vehicles

per 1000

people Year

U.S.

vehicles

per 1000

people Year

U.S.

vehicles

per 1000

people Year

U.S.

vehicles per

1000 people

1900 0.11 1922 111.53 1944 220.23 1966 486.89 1988 771.27

1901 0.19 1923 134.90 1945 221.80 1967 497.50 1989 775.35

1902 0.29 1924 154.35 1946 243.11 1968 513.12 1990 771.82

1903 0.41 1925 173.26 1947 262.56 1969 529.97 1991 758.66

1904 0.67 1926 189.10 1948 280.20 1970 542.51 1992 756.84

1905 0.94 1927 195.77 1949 299.56 1971 560.19 1993 760.95

1906 1.27 1928 204.87 1950 322.86 1972 583.89 1994 766.04

1907 1.65 1929 219.31 1951 335.18 1973 613.59 1995 770.18

1908 2.24 1930 217.34 1952 338.06 1974 630.80 1996 780.37

1909 3.45 1931 210.37 1953 350.96 1975 638.56 1997 775.27

1910 5.07 1932 195.38 1954 358.87 1976 658.04 1998 780.46

1911 6.81 1933 192.38 1955 377.80 1977 667.57 1999 789.35

1912 9.90 1934 199.90 1956 385.71 1978 688.65 2000 800.34

1913 12.94 1935 208.61 1957 390.30 1979 698.90 2001 825.97

1914 17.79 1936 222.62 1958 390.53 1980 709.14 2002 816.08

1915 24.77 1937 233.33 1959 401.25 1981 713.66 2003 816.45

1916 35.48 1938 229.65 1960 408.80 1982 712.34 2004 829.94

1917 49.57 1939 236.93 1961 413.53 1983 722.70 2005 837.06

1918 59.69 1940 245.63 1962 424.31 1984 726.59 2006 840.51

1919 72.50 1941 261.57 1963 436.99 1985 742.80 2007 844.41

1920 86.78 1942 244.73 1964 449.81 1986 751.71

1921 96.68 1943 225.89 1965 465.03 1987 756.97

Sources: 

Population – (2007) U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, International Programs Center, April 16, 2009. (Additional

resources: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idprint.html)

Vehicles – (2005) U.S.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007,

Washington, DC, 2008. All others: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Motor Vehicle Data 2008, pp. 239–242.

(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www.wardsauto.com)
3–9

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The trend of using two-axle, four-tire trucks, such as pickups, vans, and sport-utility vehicles, for personal travel is

evident in these data; two-axle, four-tire trucks account for 25% more travel in 2007 than in 1970, and cars account

for 27% less travel in that time period.

Table 3.6

Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007

Year Cars Motorcycles

Two-axle,

four-tire

trucks

Other

single-unit

trucks

Combination

 trucks Buses

Total

vehicle-miles

traveled 

(million miles)

1970 82.6% 0.3% 11.1% 2.4% 3.2% 0.4% 1,109,724

1975 77.9% 0.4% 15.1% 2.6% 3.5% 0.5% 1,327,664

1980 72.8% 0.7% 19.0% 2.6% 4.5% 0.4% 1,527,295

1981 72.9% 0.7% 19.1% 2.5% 4.4% 0.4% 1,555,308

1982 72.8% 0.6% 19.2% 2.5% 4.4% 0.4% 1,595,010

1983 72.3% 0.5% 19.8% 2.6% 4.5% 0.3% 1,652,788

1984 71.3% 0.5% 20.8% 2.6% 4.5% 0.3% 1,720,269

1985 70.2% 0.5% 22.0% 2.6% 4.4% 0.3% 1,774,826

1986 69.2% 0.5% 23.1% 2.5% 4.4% 0.3% 1,834,872

1987 68.5% 0.5% 23.8% 2.5% 4.5% 0.3% 1,921,204

1988 67.6% 0.5% 24.8% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,025,962

1989 66.8% 0.5% 25.6% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,096,487

1990 65.7% 0.4% 26.8% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,144,362

1991 62.5% 0.4% 29.9% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,172,050

1992 61.0% 0.4% 31.5% 2.4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,247,151

1993 59.9% 0.4% 32.5% 2.5% 4.5% 0.3% 2,296,378

1994 59.6% 0.4% 32.4% 2.6% 4.6% 0.3% 2,357,588

1995 59.4% 0.4% 32.6% 2.6% 4.8% 0.3% 2,422,696

1996 59.1% 0.4% 32.8% 2.6% 4.8% 0.3% 2,485,848

1997 58.7% 0.4% 33.2% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,561,695

1998 58.9% 0.4% 33.0% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,631,522

1999 58.3% 0.4% 33.5% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,691,056

2000 58.3% 0.4% 33.6% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,746,925

2001 58.2% 0.3% 33.8% 2.6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,797,287

2002 58.1% 0.3% 33.8% 2.7% 4.9% 0.2% 2,855,508

2003 57.8% 0.3% 34.0% 2.7% 4.8% 0.2% 2,890,450

2004 57.3% 0.3% 34.6% 2.6% 4.8% 0.2% 2,964,788

2005 57.1% 0.3% 34.8% 2.6% 4.8% 0.2% 2,989,430

2006 56.1% 0.4% 35.9% 2.7% 4.7% 0.2% 3,014,369

2007 55.2% 0.4% 36.7% 2.7% 4.8% 0.2% 3,029,821

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 2.8%

1997–2007 1.7%

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Washington, DC, 2009,

Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
3–10

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Due to data restrictions, the 2001 data are the latest than can be published.

Table 3.7

Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

1970 2001

2001 Estimated

vehicle travel Average

annual

miles per

vehicle

Age

(years)

Vehicles

(thousands) Percentage

Cumulative

percentage

Vehicles

(thousands) Percentage

Cumulative

percentage Percentage

Cumulative

percentage

Under 1a 6,288 7.8% 7.8% 6,183 4.8% 4.8% 6.9% 6.9% 15,000

1 9,299 11.6% 19.4% 8,882 6.9% 11.7% 9.4% 16.3% 14,300

2 8,816 11.0% 30.3% 8,093 6.3% 18.0% 8.2% 24.6% 13,700

3 7,878 9.8% 40.1% 7,555 5.9% 23.9% 7.2% 31.8% 12,900

4 8,538 10.6% 50.8% 7,860 6.1% 30.0% 7.2% 39.1% 12,400

5 8,506 10.6% 61.3% 7,337 5.7% 35.7% 6.5% 45.6% 12,000

6 7,116 8.8% 70.2% 8,555 6.6% 42.3% 7.4% 53.1% 11,700

7 6,268 7.8% 78.0% 7,471 5.8% 48.1% 6.3% 59.4% 11,400

8 5,058 6.3% 84.3% 7,420 5.8% 53.9% 6.1% 65.5% 11,100

9 3,267 4.1% 88.3% 6,807 5.3% 59.2% 5.4% 71.0% 10,700

10 2,776 3.5% 91.8% 6,810 5.3% 64.5% 5.0% 76.0% 9,900

11 1,692 2.1% 93.9% 6,692 5.2% 69.7% 4.5% 80.5% 9,000

12 799 1.0% 94.9% 6,742 5.2% 74.9% 4.7% 85.2% 9,400

13 996 1.2% 96.1% 6,189 4.8% 79.7% 3.8% 88.9% 8,200

14 794 1.0% 97.1% 5,345 4.2% 83.9% 2.9% 91.8% 7,200

15 and older 2,336 2.9% 100.0% 20,773 16.1% 100.0% 8.2% 100.0% 5,300

 Subtotal 80,427 100.0% 128,714 100.0%

Age not given 22 0

 Total 80,449 128,714

Average age

Median age

5.6

4.9

9.0

8.1

Source: 

The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.

Vehicle travel - Average annual miles per auto by age were multiplied by the number of vehicles in operation by age to estimate the vehicle

travel. Average annual miles per auto by age - generated by ORNL from the National Household Travel Survey Web site:

nhts.ornl.gov. (Additional resources: www.polk.com, nhts.ornl.gov)

a

 Includes cars from model year 2002 and 2001 which were sold prior to July 1, 2002, and similarly, model years 1971 and 1970 sold

prior to July 1, 1970.
3–11

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Due to data restrictions, the 2001 data are the latest than can be published.

Table 3.8

Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

1970 2001

2001 Estimated

vehicle travel Average

annual miles

per

 vehicle

Age

(years)

Vehicles

(thousands)

 Percentage Cumulative

percentage

Vehicles

(thousands)

 Percentage Cumulative

percentage

 Percentage Cumulative

percentage

Under 1a 1,262 7.1% 7.1% 6,213 7.1% 7.1% 8.5% 8.5% 17,500

1 1,881 10.6% 17.8% 7,958 9.0% 16.1% 12.0% 20.6% 19,200

2 1,536 8.7% 26.5% 7,522 8.6% 24.7% 11.7% 32.3% 19,800

3 1,428 8.1% 34.6% 6,398 7.3% 31.9% 9.0% 41.3% 17,900

4 1,483 8.4% 43.0% 6,109 6.9% 38.9% 8.4% 49.7% 17,500

5 1,339 7.6% 50.5% 5,122 5.8% 44.7% 6.8% 56.6% 17,000

6 1,154 6.5% 57.1% 5,574 6.3% 51.0% 6.8% 63.4% 15,600

7 975 5.5% 62.6% 5,042 5.7% 56.8% 6.1% 69.5% 15,400

8 826 4.7% 67.3% 4,148 4.7% 61.5% 4.9% 74.4% 15,100

9 621 3.5% 70.8% 3,395 3.9% 65.3% 3.5% 77.9% 13,200

10 658 3.7% 74.5% 3,221 3.7% 69.0% 2.3% 80.3% 9,200

11 583 3.3% 77.8% 3,039 3.5% 72.5% 2.2% 82.5% 9,200

12 383 2.2% 80.0% 3,345 3.8% 76.3% 2.4% 84.9% 9,200

13 417 2.4% 82.3% 3,112 3.5% 79.8% 2.3% 89.1% 9,200

14 414 2.3% 84.7% 2,544 2.9% 82.7% 1.8% 89.0% 9,200

15 and older 2,710 15.3% 100.0% 15,227 17.3% 100.0% 11.0% 100.0% 9,200

Subtotal 17,670 100.0% 87,969 100.0% 100.0%

Age not given 15 0

Total 17,685 87,969

Average age

Median age

7.3

5.9

 7.9

 6.8

Source:

The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.

Vehicle travel—The average annual vehicle-miles per truck by age were multiplied by the number of trucks in operation by age to estimate

the vehicle travel. Average annual miles per truck by age were generated by ORNL from the 1997 Truck Inventory and Use Survey

public use tape provided by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 2000. (Additional resources:

www.polk.com, www.census.gov)

a

 Includes trucks from model year 2002 and 2001 which were sold prior to July 1, 2002, and similarly, model years 1971 and 1970

sold prior to July 1, 1970.
3–12

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Until the late 1990's the median age of trucks was nearly always higher than that of cars. Since then,

the median car age has been higher. The increasing popularity of light trucks as personal passenger

vehicles may have had an influence on the median age of trucks.

Table 3.9

Mediana

 Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008

(years)

Calendar

year Cars All trucks

Light

trucks

1970 4.9 5.9 b

1971 5.1 6.1 b

1972 5.1 6.0 b

1973 5.1 5.8 b

1974 5.2 5.6 b

1975 5.4 5.8 b

1976 5.5 5.8 b

1977 5.6 5.7 b

1978 5.7 5.8 b

1979 5.9 5.9 b

1980 6.0 6.3 b

1981 6.0 6.5 b

1982 6.2 6.8 b

1983 6.5 7.2 b

1984 6.7 7.4 b

1985 6.9 7.6 b

1986 7.0 7.7 b

1987 6.9 7.8 b

1988 6.8 7.1 b

1989 6.5 6.7 b

1990 6.5 6.5 b

1991 6.7 6.8 b

1992 7.0 7.2 b

1993 7.3 7.5 b

1994 7.5 7.5 b

1995 7.7 7.6 b

1996 7.9 7.7 7.5

1997 8.1 7.8 7.3

1998 8.3 7.6 7.1

1999 8.3 7.2 6.9

2000 8.3 6.9 6.7

2001 8.3 6.8 6.1

2002 8.4 6.8 6.6

2003 8.6 6.7 6.5

2004 8.9 6.6 6.4

2005 9.0 6.8 6.6

2006 9.2 6.9 6.8

2007 9.2 7.3 7.1

2008 9.4 7.6 7.5

Source:

The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.

 (Additional resources: www.polk.com)

a

 Median is a value in an ordered set of values below and above which there are an

equal number of values. b

 Data are not available.
3–13

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The median age of trucks (classes 1-8) has historically been higher than the median age of cars. In

1995, however, this trend reversed, with median car age higher than median truck age for the first

time. The recent boom in the sales of minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and pick-ups, which are

classified as trucks, is influencing the median age of trucks. So many new light trucks are being

added into the truck population, that the median age of trucks declined from 1997 to 2004, but the

trend reversed in 2005.

Figure 3.2. Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007

Source: 

See Tables 3.3 and 3.7.
3–14

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

A typical car will travel more than 150,000 miles in a lifetime, while a typical light truck will travel 179,954 miles.

Table 3.10

Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles

Vehicle age

(Years)

Car

survivability

rate

Light truck

survivability

rate

1 0.9900 0.9741

2 0.9831 0.9603

3 0.9731 0.9420

4 0.9593 0.9190

5 0.9413 0.8913

6 0.9188 0.8590

7 0.8918 0.8226

8 0.8604 0.7827

9 0.8252 0.7401

10 0.7866 0.6956

11 0.7170 0.6501

12 0.6125 0.6040

13 0.5094 0.5517

14 0.4142 0.5009

15 0.3308 0.4522

16 0.2604 0.4062

17 0.2028 0.3633

18 0.1565 0.3236

19 0.1200 0.2873

20 0.0916 0.2542

21 0.0696 0.2244

22 0.0527 0.1975

23 0.0399 0.1735

24 0.0301 0.1522

25 0.0227 0.1332

26 0.1165

27 0.1017

28 0.0887

29 0.0773

30 0.0673

31 0.0586

32 0.0509

33 0.0443

34 0.0385

35 0.0334

36 0.0290

Lifetime miles 152,137 179,954

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Vehicle Survivability and Travel

Mileage Schedules, January 2006. 

Note: Registration data from 1977 to 2002 were used in developing these estimates. In this analysis, vehicle age was

cut off when the estimated survival rate reached approximately a two percent threshold; for cars, this was 25 years, and

for trucks it was 36 years.
4–1

 

 

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 4

Light Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source

Table 4.1 Cars, 2007

Registrations (thousands) 135,933

Vehicle miles (million miles) 1,670,994

Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 22.5

Table 4.2 Two-axle, four-tire trucks, 2007

Registrations (thousands) 101,470

Vehicle miles (million miles) 1,111,277

Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 18.0

Table 4.6 Light truck share of total light vehicle sales

1970 calendar year 14.8%

2007 calendar year 52.6%

Table 4.7 Car sales, 2008 sales period (thousands) 8,537

Small 3,731

Midsize 3,084

Large 1,720

Table 4.9 Light truck sales, 2008 model year (thousands) 7,871

Midsize pickup 255

Large pickup 1,860

Midsize van 862

Large van 30

Small SUV 143

Midsize SUV 2,701

Large SUV 2,020

Tables 4.20 Corporate average fuel economy (mpg)

and 4.21 Car standard, MY 2009 27.5

Car fuel economy, MY 2009 32.6

Light truck standard, MY 2009 (unreformed) 23.1

Light truck fuel economy, MY 2009 24.2

Table 4.22 Average fuel economy loss from 55 to 70 mph 17.1%
4–2

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

 The data in this table from 1985–on DO NOT include minivans, pickups, or sport utility vehicles.

Table 4.1

Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007

Year

Registrationsa

(thousands)

Vehicle travel

(million miles)

Fuel use

(million gallons)

Fuel economyb

(miles per gallon)

1970 89,244 916,700 67,820 13.5

1971 92,718 966,330 71,346 13.5

1972 97,082 1,021,365 75,937 13.5

1973 101,985 1,045,981 78,233 13.4

1974 104,856 1,007,251 74,229 13.6

1975 106,706 1,033,950 74,140 13.9

1976 110,189 1,078,215 78,297 13.8

1977 112,288 1,109,243 79,060 14.0

1978 116,573 1,146,508 80,652 14.2

1979 118,429 1,113,640 76,588 14.5

1980 121,601 1,111,596 69,981 15.9

1981 123,098 1,133,332 69,112 16.4

1982 123,702 1,161,713 69,116 16.8

1983 126,444 1,195,054 70,322 17.0

1984 128,158 1,227,043 70,663 17.4

 1985c 127,885 1,246,798 71,518 17.4

1986 130,004 1,270,167 73,174 17.4

1987 131,482 1,315,982 73,308 18.0

1988 133,836 1,370,271 73,345 18.7

1989 134,559 1,401,221 73,913 19.0

1990 133,700 1,408,266 69,568 20.2

1991 128,300 1,358,185 64,318 21.1

1992 126,581 1,371,569 65,436 21.0

1993 127,327 1,374,709 67,047 20.5

1994 127,883 1,406,089 67,874 20.7

1995 128,387 1,438,294 68,072 21.1

1996 129,728 1,469,854 69,221 21.2

1997 129,749 1,502,556 69,892 21.5

1998 131,839 1,549,577 71,695 21.6

1999 132,432 1,569,100 73,283 21.4

2000 133,621 1,600,287 73,065 21.9

2001 137,633 1,628,332 73,559 22.1

2002 135,921 1,658,474 75,471 22.0

2003 135,670 1,672,079 74,590 22.2

2004 136,431 1,699,890 75,402 22.5

2005 136,568 1,708,421 77,418 22.1

2006 135,400 1,690,534 75,009 22.5

2007 135,933 1,670,994 74,355 22.5

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 1.1% 1.6% 0.2% 1.4%

1997–2007 0.5% 1.1% 0.6% 0.5%

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Washington, DC,

2009, Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a

 This number differs from R.L. Polk’s estimates of “number of cars in use.” See Table 3.3.

b

 Fuel economy for car population.

c

 Beginning in this year the data were revised to exclude minivans, pickups and sport utility vehicles which may

have been previously included.
4–3

 

 

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 4.2

Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007

Year

Registrations

(thousands)

Vehicle travel

(million miles)

Fuel use

(million gallons)

Fuel economy

(miles per gallon)

1970 14,211 123,286 12,313 10.0

1971 15,181 137,870 13,484 10.2

1972 16,428 156,622 15,150 10.3

1973 18,083 176,833 16,828 10.5

1974 19,335 182,757 16,657 11.0

1975 20,418 200,700 19,081 10.5

1976 22,301 225,834 20,828 10.8

1977 23,624 250,591 22,383 11.2

1978 25,476 279,414 24,162 11.6

1979 27,022 291,905 24,445 11.9

1980 27,876 290,935 23,796 12.2

1981 28,928 296,343 23,697 12.5

1982 29,792 306,141 22,702 13.5

1983 31,214 327,643 23,945 13.7

1984 32,106 358,006 25,604 14.0

 1985a 37,214 390,961 27,363 14.3

1986 39,382 423,915 29,074 14.6

1987 41,107 456,870 30,598 14.9

1988 43,805 502,207 32,653 15.4

1989 45,945 536,475 33,271 16.1

1990 48,275 574,571 35,611 16.1

1991 53,033 649,394 38,217 17.0

1992 57,091 706,863 40,929 17.3

1993 59,994 745,750 42,851 17.4

1994 62,904 764,634 44,112 17.3

1995 65,738 790,029 45,605 17.3

1996 69,134 816,540 47,354 17.2

1997 70,224 850,739 49,389 17.2

1998 71,330 868,275 50,462 17.2

1999 75,356 901,022 52,859 17.0

2000 79,085 923,059 52,939 17.4

2001 84,188 943,207 53,522 17.6

2002 85,011 966,034 55,220 17.5

2003 87,187 984,094 60,758 16.2

2004 91,845 1,027,164 63,417 16.2

2005 95,337 1,041,051 58,869 17.7

2006 99,125 1,082,490 60,685 17.8

2007 101,470 1,111,277 61,816 18.0

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 5.5% 6.1% 4.5% 1.6%

1997–2007 3.7% 2.7% 2.3% 0.5%

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Washington, DC,

2009, Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a

 Beginning in this year the data were revised to include all vans (including mini-vans), pickups and sport utility vehicles.

The Federal Highway Administration released revised historical data back to 1985 which better

reflected two-axle, four-tire trucks. The definition of this category includes vans, pickup trucks, and

sport utility vehicles. In 2007 there were more than 100 million two-axle, four-tire trucks registered

in the United States.
4–4

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 4.3

Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks

CY 1999

truck

sales

(millions)

MY 2000

truck

population

(millions)

Percent

diesel

trucks in

population

Average

age

(years)

Estimated

annual 

milesa

(billions)

Estimated

fuel use

(billiona

gallons)

Estimated

fuel economy

(miles per

gallon)

Class 1 5.7 49.7 0.3% 7.3 672.7 37.4 18.0

Class 2a 1.8 19.2 2.5% 7.4 251.9 18.0 14.0

Class 2b 0.5 5.8 24.0% 8.6 76.7 5.5 13.9

Source: Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Investigation of Class 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to

10,000 lbs GVWR), ORNL/TM-2002/49, March 2002, Table 16.

Note: CY - calendar year. MY - model year.

Table 4.4

Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999

Sales estimates (thousands)

Calendar Year

Class 1

(6,000 lbs

and under)

Class 2a

(6,001-

8,500 lbs)

Class 2b

(8,5001-

10,000 lbs) Total

1989 3,313 918 379 4,610

1990 3,451 829 268 4,548

1991 3,246 670 206 4,122

1992 3,608 827 194 4,629

1993 4,119 975 257 5,351

1994 4,527 1,241 265 6,033

1995 4,422 1,304 327 6,053

1996 4,829 1,356 334 6,519

1997 5,085 1,315 397 6,797

1998 5,263 1,694 342 7,299

1999 5,707 1,845 521 8,073

Percent change

1989–1999 72.3% 101.0% 37.5% 75.1%

Source: Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Investigation of Class 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to

10,000 lbs GVWR), ORNL/TM-2002/49, March 2002, Table 1.

Note: These data were calculated using Methodology 4 from the report.

a

 Estimates derived using 2000 population data and 1997 usage data. See source for details.

Because data on Class 2b trucks are scarce, the U.S. DOE funded a study to investigate available

sources of data. In the final report, four methodologies are described to estimate the sales of Class 2b

trucks. Until another study is funded, the 1999 data are the latest available.
4–5

 

 

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Cars sales have been under 8 million since 2002. In 1980, the Big 3 (Chrysler, Ford and General

Motors) held 73.8% of the market; by 2007, that had dropped to 38.0%.

Table 4.5

New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007

Calendar

 year

Domestica Importb Total Percentage

imports

Percentage

Big 3 Salesc

Percentage

(thousands) diesel

1970 7,119 1,280 8,399 15.2% d d

1975 7,053 1,571 8,624 18.2% d 0.31%

1980 6,580 2,369 8,949 26.5% 73.8% 4.31%

1981 6,181 2,308 8,489 27.2% 71.1% 6.10%

1982 5,757 2,200 7,956 27.7% 71.1% 4.44%

1983 6,795 2,353 9,148 25.7% 71.9% 2.09%

1984 7,952 2,372 10,324 23.0% 74.2% 1.45%

1985 8,205 2,775 10,979 25.3% 72.9% 0.82%

1986 8,215 3,189 11,404 28.0% 70.9% 0.37%

1987 7,085 3,107 10,192 30.5% 67.6% 0.16%

1988 7,543 3,004 10,547 28.5% 69.3% 0.02%

1989 7,098 2,680 9,779 27.4% 67.9% 0.13%

1990 6,919 2,384 9,303 25.6% 65.7% 0.08%

1991 6,162 2,028 8,189 24.8% 64.2% 0.10%

1992 6,286 1,927 8,213 23.5% 65.8% 0.06%

1993 6,742 1,776 8,518 20.8% 67.3% 0.03%

1994 7,255 1,735 8,991 19.3% 65.9% 0.04%

1995 7,129 1,506 8,635 17.4% 65.3% 0.04%

1996 7,255 1,271 8,526 14.9% 64.1% 0.10%

1997 6,917 1,355 8,272 16.4% 62.2% 0.09%

1998 6,762 1,380 8,142 16.9% 59.7% 0.13%

1999 6,979 1,719 8,698 19.8% 58.3% 0.16%

2000 6,831 2,016 8,847 22.8% 55.0% 0.26%

2001 6,325 2,098 8,423 24.9% 51.4% 0.18%

2002 5,878 2,226 8,103 27.5% 48.4% 0.39%

2003 5,527 2,083 7,610 27.4% 47.1% 0.51%

2004 5,396 2,149 7,545 28.5% 44.9% 0.40%

2005 5,533 2,187 7,720 28.3% 43.1% 0.63%

2006 5,476 2,345 7,821 30.0% 41.5% 0.82%

2007 5,253 2,365 7,618 31.0% 38.0% 0.11%

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 -0.8% 1.7% -0.3% 

1997–2007 -2.7% 5.7% -0.8%

Source:

Domestic and import data - 1970–97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and

Figures 1998, Detroit, MI, 1998, p. 15, and annual. 1997 data from Economic Indicators, 4th Quarter 1997.

1998–2007: Ward’s Communication, Ward’s Automotive Yearbook, Detroit, MI, 2008, p. 248.

Diesel data - Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook, Detroit, MI, 2008, p. 34.

Transplant data - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares Data System, Oak Ridge, TN,

2004. (Additional resources: www.aama.com, www.wardsauto.com)

a

 North American built.

b

 Does not include import tourist deliveries.

c

 Big 3 includes Chrysler, Ford and General Motors. Beginning in 1998, Ford includes Jaguar and Volvo. GM

Includes Saab. d

 Data are not available.
4–6

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Light trucks, which include pick-ups, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and other trucks less than 10,000 pounds

gross vehicle weight (GVW), accounted for more than half of light vehicle sales since 2001.

Table 4.6

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007

Percentages

Calendar year

Light truck salesa

(thousands) Importb Big 3 Salesc Dieseld

Light trucks of lightduty 

vehicle salese

Light trucks 

of total 

truck sales

1970 1,463 4.5% f 14.8% 80.4%

1975 2,281 10.0% f 20.9% 87.9%

1980 2,440 19.7% 3.6% 21.4% 88.9%

1981 2,189 20.3% 3.1% 20.4% 89.8%

1982 2,470 16.5% 8.5% 23.6% 92.8%

1983 2,984 15.6% 6.7% 24.5% 93.6%

1984 3,863 15.7% 78.8% 4.8% 27.1% 93.0%

1985 4,458 17.2% 78.2% 3.8% 28.8% 93.6%

1986 4,594 20.1% 76.9% 3.7% 28.6% 94.3%

1987 4,610 17.9% 78.3% 2.3% 31.0% 93.9%

1988 4,800 12.6% 81.6% 2.3% 31.1% 93.2%

1989 4,610 10.9% 81.9% 2.9% 31.8% 93.3%

1990 4,548 13.2% 80.9% 3.1% 32.8% 93.9%

1991 4,123 12.8% 79.4% 3.2% 33.5% 94.5%

1992 4,629 8.6% 83.1% 3.3% 36.0% 94.4%

1993 5,351 6.8% 83.4% 3.7% 38.6% 94.2%

1994 6,033 6.5% 82.9% 3.9% 40.2% 94.0%

1995 6,053 6.5% 83.4% 4.1% 41.2% 93.4%

1996 6,519 6.6% 83.8% 3.7% 43.3% 94.1%

1997 6,797 8.4% 81.9% 4.8% 46.6% 94.1%

1998 7,299 8.9% 80.5% 1.7% 47.3% 93.3%

1999 8,073 9.5% 78.0% 5.9% 48.1% 92.6%

2000 8,387 9.9% 76.1% 4.8% 48.7% 93.9%

2001 8,700 11.3% 75.3% 5.3% 50.8% 96.1%

2002 8,713 12.2% 74.7% 4.9% 51.8% 96.4%

2003 8,938 13.5% 72.4% 4.3% 54.0% 95.5%

2004 9,361 13.1% 70.1% 5.5% 55.4% 95.5%

2005 9,281 13.2% 68.2% 3.7% 54.7% 94.9%

2006 8,684 15.6% 64.1% 3.7% 52.6% 94.1%

2007 8,471 16.4% 65.0% 3.9% 52.6% 95.8%

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 4.9%

1997–2007 2.2%

Sources:

Four-wheel drive and diesel - 1970–88: Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook, Detroit, MI, 1989, p. 168, and

annual. 1989–on: Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook, Factory Installation Reports, Detroit, MI, 2008, and

annual.

Transplants - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light-Duty Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2004. 

All other - 1970–97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 1998, Detroit, MI,

1998, pp. 8, 15, 24, and annual. 1998–on: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Automotive Yearbook, Detroit, MI, 2008.

(Additional resources: www.aama.com, www.wardsauto.com)

a

 Includes all trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight and less sold in the United States.

b

 Excluding transplants.

c

 Big 3 includes Chrysler, Ford and General Motors. Beginning in 1998, Ford includes Land Rover and Volvo light trucks and

GM includes Saab. Trucks include light, medium and heavy trucks. d

 Based on model year factory installations.

e

 Light-duty vehicles include cars and light trucks.

f Indicates less than 1 percent.
4–7

 

 

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The sales-weighted fuel economy of cars increased dramatically from 1975 (15.4 mpg) to 1990 (26.2 mpg), but

has risen only about 2.5 mpg since then.

Table 4.7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies

of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008a

(thousands)

Model Year

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008

CARS

 Small

 Total sales, units 4,088 4,825 5,519 4,999 5,190 4,266 3,185 3,175

 Market share, % 49.6% 51.1% 51.1% 56.7% 55.2% 46.7% 39.7% 37.2%

 Fuel economy, mpg 18.3 26.1 29.8 29.8 30.7 30.3 31.1 31.6

 Midsize

 Total sales, units 1,631 2,987 2,777 2,342 2,515 2,894 2,886 2,911

 Market share, % 19.8% 31.6% 25.7% 26.6% 26.8% 31.7% 36.0% 34.1%

 Fuel economy, mpg 13.6 21.6 24.9 26.2 26.1 27.0 29.8 31.5

 Large

 Total sales, units 1,555 963 1,512 1,092 1,306 1,665 1,234 1,646

 Market share, % 18.9% 10.2% 14.0% 12.4% 13.9% 18.2% 15.4% 19.3%

 Fuel economy, mpg 13.1 19.1 22.3 23.7 24.5 25.6 26.4 26.8

WAGONS

 Small

 Total sales, units 477 310 496 160 198 68 365 556

 Market share, % 5.8% 3.3% 4.6% 1.8% 2.1% 0.7% 4.5% 6.5%

 Fuel economy, mpg 22.4 28.6 32.5 29.6 33.3 29.2 32.5 32.1

 Midsize

 Total sales, units 289 257 341 184 176 234 238 173

 Market share, % 3.5% 2.7% 3.2% 2.1% 1.9% 2.6% 3.0% 2.0%

 Fuel economy, mpg 13.2 21.1 25.2 25.3 26.6 27.3 26.0 26.8

 Large

 Total sales, units 197 102 145 31 10 0 118 74

 Market share, % 2.4% 1.1% 1.3% 0.4% 0.1% 0.0% 1.5% 0.9%

 Fuel economy, mpg 11.9 19.1 20.9 22.7 22.8 b

22.2 22.0

TOTAL

 Total sales, units 8,237 9,443 10,791 8,810 9,396 9,128 8,027 8,537

 Market share, % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

 Fuel economy, mpg 15.8 23.5 27.0 27.8 28.3 28.2 29.5 30.3

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through

2008, September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

a

 The fuel economy data on this table are EPA laboratory test values.

b No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.
4–8

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The term “wagon” conjures up images of the station wagons from the 1960's. However, most of the cars that are

now classified as wagons have little in common with those station wagons. The wagons below make up the

category “wagon” on Tables 4.7 through 4.14.

Table 4.8

Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008

Small Wagon

Audi A3

Audi A3 Quattro

Audi A4 Avant Quattro

Audi S4 Avant

BMW 328I Sport

BMW 328XI Sport

Chrysler PT Cruiser

General Motors HHR FWD

General Motors HHR Panel FWD

General Motors Vibe

GM Daewoo Forenza

Honda Fit

Saab 9-3 Sportcombi

Subaru Impreza WGN-Outback SPT AWD

Suzuki SX4

Suzuki SX4 AWD

Toyota Corolla Matrix

Toyota Scion XB

Volkswagen Jetta Sportwagen

Volvo V50 AWD

Volvo V50 FWD

Midsize Wagon

Audi A6 Avant Quattro

BMW 535XI Sport

Daimler AG E350 4MATIC

Daimler AG E63 AMG

Chrysler Magnum

Chrysler Magnum AWD

Kia Rondo

Mazda Mazda 5

Saab 9-5 Sportcombi

Subaru Outback AWD

Volkswagen Passat

Volkswagen Passat 4MOTIO

Volvo V70 FWD

Volvo XC 70 AWD

Large Wagon

Chrysler Pacifica AWD

Chrysler Pacifica FWD

Daimler AG R320 CDI 4MATIC

Daimler AG R350

Daimler AG R350 4MATIC

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through

2008, September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
4–9

 

 

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Sales of light trucks in 2008 are almost four times that of 1975. Similar to the car trend, the sales-weighted fuel

economy of light trucks increased during the late ‘70's and ‘80's, but has remained fairly constant since then.

Table 4.9

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economiesa

 of New Domestic

and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008

(thousands)

Model Year

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008

PICKUPS

 Small

 Total sales, units 160 452 497 289 298 101 8 b

 Market share, % 8.1% 24.3% 13.5% 7.6% 5.2% 1.4% 0.1% b

 Fuel economy, mpg 22.5 24.3 26.7 24.8 24.4 26.3 25.8 b

 Midsize

 Total sales, units 56 98 616 600 700 766 216 255

 Market share, % 2.8% 5.3% 16.8% 15.8% 12.2% 10.3% 2.7% 3.2%

 Fuel economy, mpg 21.1 25.9 25.7 24.7 24.7 22.8 23.6% 24.0

 Large

 Total sales, units 1,126 887 964 945 1,273 1,746 2,076 1,860

 Market share, % 56.7% 47.6% 26.3% 24.8% 22.1% 23.4% 26.4% 23.6%

 Fuel economy, mpg 13.1 17.2 17.7 18.0 18.0 19.3 19.4 19.8

VANS

 Small

 Total sales, units 2 16 93 30 6 bbb

 Market share, % 0.1% 0.9% 2.5% 0.8% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

 Fuel economy, mpg 20.6 19.0 25.5 23.9 26.5 bbb

 Midsize

 Total sales, units 302 130 600 1,124 1,552 1,522 1,425 862

 Market share, % 15.2% 7.0% 16.4% 29.5% 27.0% 20.4% 18.1% 11.0%

 Fuel economy, mpg 13.3 16.9 19.8 21.8 22.2 23.5 24.2 24.7

 Large

 Total sales, units 153 96 162 107 104 170 55 30

 Market share, % 7.7% 5.2% 4.4% 2.8% 1.8% 2.3% 0.7% 0.4%

 Fuel economy, mpg 12.6 16.0 16.1 16.5 17.1 18.0 19.4 20.0

SUVS

 Small

 Total sales, units 53 60 115 189 189 400 215 143

 Market share, % 2.7% 3.2% 3.1% 5.0% 3.3% 5.4% 2.7% 1.8%

 Fuel economy, mpg 16.1 18.8 22.1 23.4 24.2 22.5 24.3 22.9

 Midsize

 Total sales, units 123 100 563 447 1,397 1,863 2,079 2,701

 Market share, % 6.2% 5.4% 15.3% 11.7% 24.3% 25.0% 26.4% 34.3%

 Fuel economy, mpg 12.1 14.3 19.7 19.1 19.6 21.0 23.0 25.2

 Large

 Total sales, units 11 23 57 72 230 879 1,790 2,020

 Market share, % 0.6% 1.2% 1.6% 1.9% 4.0% 11.8% 22.8% 25.7%

 Fuel economy, mpg 12.2 14.3 16.9 16.7 16.6 17.6 19.9 21.2

TOTAL

 Total sales, units 1,987 1,863 3,669 3,805 5,749 7,447 7,866 7,871

 Market share, % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

 Fuel economy, mpg 13.7 18.6 20.6 20.7 20.5 20.8 21.4 22.5

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008,

September 2008 (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less.

a

 The fuel economy data on this table are EPA laboratory test values.

b

 No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.
4–10

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Back in 1975 only 19% of new light vehicle sales were light trucks. Because of the boom in sales of minivans,

sport utility vehicles, and pick-up trucks, today almost half of light vehicle sales are light trucks.

Table 4.10 

Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

Model Year

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008

Small car 40.0% 42.7% 38.2% 39.6% 34.3% 25.7% 20.0% 19.4%

Midsize car 16.0% 26.4% 19.2% 18.6% 16.6% 17.5% 18.2% 17.7%

Large car 15.2% 8.5% 10.5% 8.7% 8.6% 10.0% 7.8% 10.0%

Small wagon 4.7% 2.7% 3.4% 1.3% 1.3% 0.4% 2.3% 3.4%

Midsize wagon 2.8% 2.3% 2.4% 1.5% 1.2% 1.4% 1.5% 1.1%

Large wagon 1.9% 0.9% 1.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.7% 0.5%

Small pickup 1.6% 4.0% 3.4% 2.3% 2.0% 0.6% 0.1% 0.0%

Midsize pickup 0.5% 0.9% 4.3% 4.8% 4.6% 4.6% 1.4% 1.6%

Large pickup 11.0% 7.8% 6.7% 7.5% 8.4% 10.5% 13.1% 11.3%

Small van 0.0% 0.1% 0.6% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Midsize van 3.0% 1.1% 4.1% 8.9% 10.2% 9.2% 9.0% 5.3%

Large van 1.5% 0.8% 1.1% 0.9% 0.7% 1.0% 0.3% 0.2%

Small SUV 0.5% 0.5% 0.8% 1.5% 1.3% 2.4% 1.4% 0.9%

Midsize SUV 1.2% 1.0% 3.9% 3.5% 9.2% 11.2% 13.1% 16.5%

Large SUV 0.1% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 1.5% 5.3% 11.3% 12.3%

Total light vehicles sold

(thousands) 10,224 11,306 14,460 12,615 15,145 16,575 15,893 16,408

Cars 80.6% 83.5% 74.6% 69.8% 62.0% 55.1% 50.5% 52.0%

Light trucks 19.4% 16.5% 25.4% 30.2% 38.0% 44.9% 49.5% 48.0%

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through

2008, September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less.
4–11

 

 

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Light trucks have been gaining market share since the early 1980s, mainly due to increases in the

market share of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and pickup trucks. 

Figure 4.1. Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008

Source:

See Table 4.9
4–12

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The midsize and large cars and wagons sales-weighted engine sizes have declined drastically since 1975.

Table 4.11

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,

Model Years 1975–2008

( litersa

)

Cars Wagons

Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large

1975 3.67 5.78 6.70 2.10 5.92 6.72

1976 3.70 5.62 6.72 2.23 5.16 6.82

1977 3.67 5.44 6.00 2.20 4.87 5.98

1978 2.90 4.79 5.85 2.20 4.23 5.80

1979 2.72 4.46 5.56 2.02 4.08 5.46

1980 2.25 3.74 5.15 1.85 3.74 5.29

1981 2.11 3.61 4.98 1.77 3.16 5.11

1982 2.15 3.46 4.79 1.79 3.36 5.01

1983 2.25 3.47 4.79 1.72 3.28 5.03

1984 2.29 3.44 4.82 1.75 2.82 5.00

1985 2.26 3.36 4.57 1.74 2.79 5.00

1986 2.25 3.18 4.26 1.85 2.65 4.98

1987 2.20 3.08 4.24 1.90 2.84 4.98

1988 2.18 3.00 4.29 1.85 2.80 4.98

1989 2.15 2.97 4.28 1.84 2.88 4.98

1990 2.15 3.06 4.23 1.97 2.97 4.98

1991 2.15 3.13 4.33 1.97 2.97 4.98

1992 2.20 3.13 4.29 2.00 3.08 5.54

1993 2.18 3.15 4.20 1.93 3.08 5.57

1994 2.25 3.10 4.06 1.98 2.95 5.74

1995 2.25 3.10 4.06 1.93 2.74 5.74

1996 2.23 2.97 4.10 2.00 2.64 5.74

1997 2.18 3.02 3.97 2.03 2.62 b

1998 2.25 2.90 3.93 2.03 2.54 b

1999 2.31 2.87 3.85 2.05 2.57 b

2000 2.28 2.85 3.62 2.08 2.51 b

2001 2.29 2.87 3.62 2.38 2.54 b

2002 2.31 2.90 3.57 2.38 2.49 b

2003 2.36 2.85 3.67 2.08 2.47 b

2004 2.39 2.85 3.69 2.06 2.59 3.52

2005 2.36 2.75 3.69 2.00 3.00 3.56

2006 2.47 2.77 3.75 2.08 2.98 3.59

2007 2.41 2.77 3.72 2.08 2.97 4.05

2008 2.43 2.72 3.62 2.11 2.88 3.82

Average annual percentage change

1975–2008 -1.2% -2.3% -1.8% 0.0% -2.2% -1.7%

1998–2008 0.8% -0.6% -0.8% 0.4% 1.3% -3.3%c

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975

Through 2008, September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

a

 1 liter = 61.02 cubic inches.

b

 No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.

c

 1996–2008.
4–13

 

 

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The engine size of large sport utility vehicles (SUVs) declined an average of 1.7% per year from 1998

to 2008, while the size of a small SUV engine increased by almost 3%.

Table 4.12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,

Model Years 1975–2008

(litersa

)

Pickups Vans SUVs

Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large

1975 1.93 1.79 5.62 1.93 5.08 5.47 4.47 5.72 5.97

1976 1.95 1.79 5.64 1.97 5.20 5.49 4.47 5.80 6.11

1977 1.97 2.03 5.69 1.97 5.34 5.62 4.49 5.72 6.08

1978 1.95 2.03 5.56 1.97 5.36 5.49 4.51 5.87 6.11

1979 1.97 2.15 5.41 1.97 5.24 5.51 4.28 5.64 6.15

1980 2.00 2.18 5.00 1.97 4.72 5.16 3.72 5.31 5.57

1981 2.13 2.15 4.80 1.97 4.57 5.08 3.67 5.20 5.54

1982 2.25 2.49 4.90 1.82 4.65 5.15 3.39 5.24 5.64

1983 2.33 2.39 4.95 1.93 4.82 5.15 3.44 4.10 5.82

1984 2.33 2.43 4.93 1.97 4.06 5.15 3.05 3.70 5.75

1985 2.34 2.52 5.00 1.98 3.82 5.11 2.74 3.47 5.74

1986 2.38 2.41 4.88 2.15 3.67 5.01 2.74 3.34 5.74

1987 2.41 2.61 5.06 2.20 3.70 5.06 2.64 3.54 5.74

1988 2.43 2.70 5.21 2.20 3.65 5.06 2.57 3.83 5.75

1989 2.51 2.90 5.21 2.13 3.57 5.06 2.80 4.16 5.75

1990 2.51 2.87 5.24 2.29 3.59 5.15 2.65 3.98 5.75

1991 2.49 3.11 5.16 2.03 3.51 5.11 2.38 3.87 5.38

1992 2.49 3.20 5.11 2.11 3.57 5.16 2.39 3.82 5.42

1993 2.41 3.24 4.97 1.98 3.46 5.16 2.46 3.97 5.65

1994 2.47 3.23 5.18 2.21 3.59 5.21 2.28 3.90 5.62

1995 2.57 3.11 5.18 2.20 3.70 5.15 2.26 3.88 5.69

1996 2.61 3.06 5.16 2.33 3.46 5.33 1.75 4.08 5.64

1997 2.39 3.20 4.97 b 3.44 4.92 2.98 3.85 5.38

1998 2.62 3.13 5.05 b 3.43 4.87 2.65 3.87 5.13

1999 2.84 3.28 5.13 b 3.49 4.87 2.57 3.74 5.29

2000 2.43 3.15 4.74 b 3.41 4.85 2.80 3.75 5.11

2001 2.41 3.39 4.79 b 3.38 4.97 2.51 3.51 4.64

2002 2.90 3.70 4.82 b 3.44 4.80 2.56 3.34 4.54

2003 2.92 3.21 4.82 b 3.47 4.74 2.64 3.36 4.72

2004 3.02 3.59 4.93 b 3.51 4.79 2.97 3.51 4.74

2005 2.46 3.15 4.82 b 3.49 4.72 2.92 3.34 4.46

2006 2.46 3.23 4.75 b 3.47 4.64 3.28 3.34 4.24

2007 b 3.33 4.88 b 3.56 4.65 3.43 3.20 4.42

2008 b 3.24 4.98 b 3.56 4.85 3.49 3.15 4.31

Average annual percentage change

1975-2008 c

1.8% -0.4% c-1.1% -0.4% -0.7% -1.8% -1.0%

1998-2008 c

0.3% -0.1% c 0.4% -0.0% 2.8% -2.0% -1.7%

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends:

1975 Through 2008, September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less.

a

 1 liter = 61.02 cubic inches.

b

 No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.

c

 Data are not available.
4–14

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 4.13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,

Model Years 1975–2008

(pounds)

Cars Wagons

Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large

1975 3,440 4,630 5,142 2,833 4,791 5,453

1976 3,474 4,558 5,156 2,902 4,555 5,444

1977 3,486 4,473 4,482 2,801 4,410 4,713

1978 3,029 3,820 4,394 2,805 3,836 4,664

1979 2,936 3,710 4,210 2,711 3,758 4,466

1980 2,717 3,362 4,130 2,591 3,534 4,423

1981 2,648 3,346 4,108 2,531 3,285 4,394

1982 2,684 3,321 4,034 2,580 3,384 4,396

1983 2,734 3,316 4,041 2,565 3,348 4,379

1984 2,776 3,318 4,022 2,620 3,298 4,371

1985 2,771 3,318 3,841 2,579 3,356 4,354

1986 2,791 3,241 3,719 2,647 3,355 4,381

1987 2,803 3,247 3,696 2,795 3,434 4,348

1988 2,818 3,293 3,730 2,757 3,378 4,349

1989 2,841 3,314 3,721 2,766 3,436 4,334

1990 2,897 3,450 3,799 3,026 3,498 4,337

1991 2,885 3,412 3,893 3,005 3,506 4,402

1992 2,921 3,515 3,872 3,076 3,503 4,500

1993 2,903 3,515 3,831 2,882 3,498 4,500

1994 2,965 3,529 3,858 2,908 3,532 4,500

1995 2,988 3,546 3,830 2,859 3,482 4,500

1996 2,977 3,527 3,894 2,952 3,661 4,500

1997 2,977 3,551 3,821 2,901 3,666 a

1998 3,013 3,534 3,784 2,874 3,668 a

1999 3,085 3,540 3,854 2,923 3,691 a

2000 3,079 3,550 3,782 3,107 3,572 a

2001 3,101 3,566 3,774 3,470 3,775 a

2002 3,125 3,549 3,767 3,504 3,731 a

2003 3,179 3,567 3,841 3,262 3,745 a

2004 3,192 3,577 3,858 3,235 3,860 4,769

2005 3,163 3,544 3,993 3,160 3,839 4,791

2006 3,255 3,568 4,014 3,255 3,826 4,806

2007 3,227 3,586 4,022 3,267 3,834 4,800

2008 3,267 3,588 3,980 3,294 3,845 4,851

Average annual percentage change

1975-2008 -0.2% -0.8% -0.8% 0.5% -0.7% -0.4%

1998-2008 0.8% 0.2% 0.5% 1.4% 0.5% 0.6%b

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy

Trends: 1975 Through 2008, September 2008. (Additional resources:

www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

a

 Data are not available.

b

 1996–2008.
4–15

 

 

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The interior space of new small and midsize cars in 2008 was about the same as in the early 1990's;

large cars, however, had smaller interior space.

Table 4.14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, 

Model Years 1977–2008

(cubic feet)

Cars Wagons

Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large

1977 95.4 112.9 128.1 108.0 143.6 163.1

1978 90.9 113.0 128.5 108.0 140.0 162.4

1979 89.2 113.1 130.0 105.1 139.7 162.5

1980 90.0 113.2 130.9 108.2 139.7 161.5

1981 91.6 113.9 131.0 110.6 136.2 161.4

1982 92.2 113.9 131.0 112.2 136.1 161.3

1983 95.1 113.8 131.3 108.2 136.2 161.6

1984 95.2 113.7 130.9 116.5 135.9 161.7

1985 95.8 113.6 129.3 117.7 134.8 161.7

1986 96.7 113.8 127.4 118.4 137.8 161.4

1987 96.9 113.7 127.0 120.0 140.2 161.8

1988 98.5 113.4 128.1 118.7 139.4 161.7

1989 98.3 113.6 127.4 118.6 139.9 161.8

1990 97.6 113.7 126.7 122.2 141.6 161.6

1991 97.6 113.5 129.0 123.3 142.3 169.1

1992 97.9 113.9 129.6 123.7 142.6 170.3

1993 98.3 113.9 128.9 123.0 137.7 169.3

1994 98.7 113.5 128.3 122.9 137.4 169.2

1995 99.6 114.3 127.9 122.1 135.9 169.3

1996 99.9 114.1 128.1 118.0 136.9 170.2

1997 99.2 114.5 127.4 119.5 136.5 a

1998 98.8 114.0 127.4 116.9 135.3 a

1999 98.9 114.0 127.0 117.9 136.4 a

2000 99.4 113.6 124.9 119.7 134.0 a

2001 99.2 113.7 124.8 119.6 133.6 a

2002 98.9 114.8 124.0 118.2 133.6 a

2003 98.6 114.6 124.8 115.2 133.5 a

2004 99.0 114.0 124.7 117.5 133.5 165.0

2005 99.1 114.5 125.0 115.9 133.3 165.0

2006 98.8 114.0 124.7 118.4 135.6 164.4

2007 99.0 113.8 123.7 111.9 135.3 159.3

2008 97.0 113.8 123.4 114.6 133.2 159.4

Average annual percentage change

1977-2008 0.1% 0.0% -0.1% 0.2% -0.2% -0.1%

1998-2008 -0.2% 0.0% -0.3% -0.2% -0.2% -0.5%b

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends:

1975 Through 2008, September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

a No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.

b 1996-2008.
4–16

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The average light vehicle in 2007 contained more than 2,000 pounds of steel, most of it conventional steel. High

and medium strength steel, however, made up more than 10% of the vehicle. The use of aluminum grew from 1995

to 2007, while the use of iron castings declined.

Table 4.15

Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Light Vehicle,

Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

Material

1995 2000 2007

Pounds Percentage Pounds Percentage Pounds Percentage

Regular steel 1,630.0 44.1% 1,655.0 42.4% 1,644.0 40.3%

High and medium strength steel 324.0 8.8% 408.0 10.5% 518.0 12.7%

Stainless steel 51.0 1.4% 62.0 1.6% 75.0 1.8%

Other steels 46.0 1.2% 26.0 0.7% 34.0 0.8%

Iron castings 466.0 12.6% 432.0 11.1% 322.0 7.9%

Aluminum 231.0 6.3% 268.0 6.9% 313.0 7.7%

Magnesium castings 4.0 0.1% 8.0 0.2% 10.0 0.2%

Copper and brass 50.0 1.4% 52.0 1.3% 53.0 1.3%

Lead 33.0 0.9% 36.0 0.9% 42.0 1.0%

Zinc castings 19.0 0.5% 13.0 0.3% 9.0 0.2%

Powder metal parts 29.0 0.8% 36.0 0.9% 43.0 1.1%

Other metals 4.0 0.1% 4.0 0.1% 5.0 0.1%

Plastics and plastic composites 240.0 6.5% 286.0 7.3% 331.0 8.1%

Rubber 149.0 4.0% 166.0 4.3% 189.0 4.6%

Coatings 23.0 0.6% 25.0 0.6% 29.0 0.7%

Textiles 42.0 1.1% 44.0 1.1% 46.0 1.1%

Fluids and lubricants 192.0 5.2% 207.0 5.3% 215.0 5.3%

Glass 97.0 2.6% 103.0 2.6% 106.0 2.6%

Other materials 64.0 1.7% 71.0 1.8% 92.0 2.3%

Total 3,694.0 100.0% 3,902.0 100.0% 4,076.0 100.0%

Source:

Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 2008, (and updates, 2009), Detroit, MI, 2008,

p.63.
4–17

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The number of franchised dealerships which sell new light-duty vehicles (cars and light trucks) has declined over 30% since

1970, though new vehicle sales have increased. The average number of vehicles sold per dealer in 2007 was 749 vehicles

per dealer – more than double the 1970 number. 

Table 4.16

New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2007

Calendar year

Number of franchised new

light vehicle dealershipsa

New light vehicle sales

(thousands)

Light vehicle sales 

per dealer

1970 30,800 9,862 320

1971 30,300 12,006 396

1972 30,100 13,189 438

1973 30,100 14,184 471

1974 30,000 11,191 373

1975 29,600 10,905 368

1976 29,300 13,066 446

1977 29,100 14,613 502

1978 29,000 15,122 521

1979 28,500 13,984 491

1980 27,900 11,389 408

1981 26,350 10,678 405

1982 25,700 10,426 406

1983 24,725 12,132 491

1984 24,725 14,187 574

1985 24,725 15,437 624

1986 24,825 15,998 644

1987 25,150 14,802 589

1988 25,025 15,347 613

1989 25,000 14,389 576

1990 24,825 13,851 558

1991 24,200 12,312 509

1992 23,500 12,842 546

1993 22,950 13,869 604

1994 22,850 15,024 658

1995 22,800 14,688 644

1996 22,750 15,046 661

1997 22,700 15,069 664

1998 22,600 15,441 683

1999 22,400 16,771 748

2000 22,250 17,234 774

2001 22,150 17,123 773

2002 21,800 16,816 771

2003 21,725 16,548 762

2004 21,650 16,867 779

2005 21,640 16,948 783

2006 21,495 16,505 768

2007 21,200 16,089 749

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 -1.0% 1.3% 2.3%

1997–2007 -0.7% 0.7% 1.2%

Source:

Number of dealers - National Automobile Dealers Association, Automotive Executive Magazine,

2009. (Additional resources: http://www.nada.org/Publications/NADADATA/) Light-duty

vehicle sales - See tables 4.5 and 4.6.

a

 As of the beginning of the year.
4–18

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The number of conventional refueling stations is declining while the number of vehicles fueling at those stations continues

to rise. In 2007, there were 0.66 fueling stations per thousand vehicles or 1.51 thousand vehicles per station.

Table 4.17

Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993-2007

Year

Number of 

retail outlets

Vehicles

in operation

(thousands)

Stations per

thousand vehicles

Thousand

vehicles

per station

Conventional fuels

1993 207,416 186,315 1.11 0.90

1994 202,878 188,714 1.08 0.93

1995 195,455 193,441 1.01 0.99

1996 190,246 198,294 0.96 1.04

1997 187,892 201,071 0.93 1.07

1998 182,596 205,043 0.89 1.12

1999 180,567 209,509 0.86 1.16

2000 175,941 213,300 0.82 1.21

2001 172,169 216,683 0.79 1.26

2002 170,018 221,027 0.77 1.30

2003 167,571 225,882 0.74 1.35

2004 167,346 232,167 0.72 1.39

2005 168,987 238,384 0.71 1.41

2006 167,476 244,643 0.69 1.46

2007 164,292 248,701 0.66 1.51

Sources: 

Conventional refueling stations: National Petroleum News Survey, 2007.

Conventional vehicles: The Polk Company, Detroit, MI, FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.

Notes: The County Business Patterns (CBP) data published by the Bureau of the Census tells the number of

establishments by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). NAICS is an industry classification system

that groups establishments into industries based on the activities in which they are primarily engaged. NAICS 447

represents gasoline stations. However, the CBP gasoline station data differ from the National Petroleum News Survey

data by as much as 30% (117,189 stations in 2005); the CBP may not include every gasoline retail outlet due to the

classification of the primary activity of the business.

Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations are listed in Chapter 6.
4–19

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 4.18

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average 

Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008-2011

Model Year

CAFE Standard 

(miles per gallon)

Estimated Fuel Savings 

(billions of gallons)

Unreformed Reformed Unreformed Reformed 

Light trucks

2008 22.5 22.7 0.6 0.7

2009 23.1 23.4 1.8 1.9

2010 23.5 23.7 2.0 2.2

2011 None 24.1 Not applicable Not available

Cars

2011 None 30.2 Not applicable Not available

Source:

Federal Register, vol. 71, No. 66, April 6, 2006.

Federal Register, Vol. 74, No. 59, March 30, 2009.

In 2006 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) established new requirements

for the light truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. In the new rule, there are

Unreformed CAFE standards for model years (MY) 2008 through 2010 using the same CAFE

calculations as in the past, and there are Reformed CAFE standards for those years as well, using a new

methodology for the calculation of CAFE. For MY 2008 through 2010, the manufacturers can choose

either standard. See Table 4.19 for details on the Reformed CAFE calculation. Another change with the

Reformed CAFE standards is that larger passenger vans and sport utility vehicles (8,500-10,000 lbs

gross vehicle weight) are included, whereas they are not included in the Unreformed CAFE

calculations. 

For MY 2011, new standards for cars and light trucks were established on March 30, 2009, using a

methodology similar to the Reformed light truck standards. NHTSA is currently researching future

standards.
4–20

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 4.19

Footprints for Selected Vehiclesa

Light Trucks

Footprint

(Square

Feet) 

Ford F-150 Super Cab 75.8

GM Silverado Extended

Cab

65.3

Lincoln Navigator 55.4

Honda Odyssey 54.7

Hummer H3 50.7

GM Equinox 48.2

Saturn Vue 45.2

Ford Escape 43.5

Source:

Federal Register, Vol. 71, No. 66, April 6, 2006.

a Footprint calculated using model year 2005 track

width and wheelbase.

According to the model year (MY) 2008–2010 Reformed light truck CAFE standards, each

manufacturer’s required CAFE will be based on target levels set according to the vehicle size. The

target levels are assigned based on a vehicle’s “footprint” and each footprint has a different target.

The vehicle footprint is calculated as: 

footprint = track width × wheelbase, 

where 

track width = lateral distance between the centerlines of the base tires at ground, and

wheelbase = longitudinal distance between the front and rear wheel centerlines.

The CAFE standards for MY 2011, which apply to both cars and light trucks, also use the vehicle

footprint to determine target fuel economy.
4–21

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards were established by the U.S. Energy Policy and Conservation

Act of 1975 (PL94-163). These standards must be met at the manufacturer level. Some manufacturers fall short

of meeting the standards while others exceed them. Legislation passed in December 2007 will change the CAFE

standards beginning in the 2011 model year. The new standards have a target of combined fleet fuel economy of

35 mpg by 2020, for all cars and light trucks.

Table 4.20

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)

Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009a

(miles per gallon)

Model

yearb

Cars CAFE estimates

CAFE

standards

CAFE estimatesc

Cars and light 

Domestic Import Combined trucks combined

1978 18.0 18.7 27.3 19.9 19.9

1979 19.0 19.3 26.1 20.3 20.1

1980 20.0 22.6 29.6 24.3 23.1

1981 22.0 24.2 31.5 25.9 24.6

1982 24.0 25.0 31.1 26.6 25.1

1983 26.0 24.4 32.4 26.4 24.8

1984 27.0 25.5 32.0 26.9 25.0

1985 27.5 26.3 31.5 27.6 25.4

1986 26.0 26.9 31.6 28.2 25.9

1987 26.0 27.0 31.2 28.5 26.2

1988 26.0 27.4 31.5 28.8 26.0

1989 26.5 27.2 30.8 28.4 25.6

1990 27.5 26.9 29.9 28.0 25.4

1991 27.5 27.3 30.1 28.4 25.6

1992 27.5 27.0 29.2 27.9 25.1

1993 27.5 27.8 29.6 28.4 25.2

1994 27.5 27.5 29.6 28.3 24.7

1995 27.5 27.7 30.3 28.6 24.9

1996 27.5 28.1 29.6 28.5 24.9

1997 27.5 27.8 30.1 28.7 24.6

1998 27.5 28.6 29.2 28.8 24.7

1999 27.5 28.0 29.0 28.3 24.5

2000 27.5 28.7 28.3 28.5 24.8

2001 27.5 28.7 29.0 28.8 24.5

2002 27.5 29.1 28.8 29.0 24.7

2003 27.5 29.1 29.9 29.5 25.1

2004 27.5 29.9 28.7 29.5 24.6

2005 27.5 30.5 29.9 30.3 25.4

2006 27.5 30.3 29.7 30.1 25.8

2007 27.5 30.6 32.2 31.2 26.6

2008 27.5 31.0 31.5 31.2 27.0

2009 27.5 32.6 32.6 32.6 28.2

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, "Summary of Fuel Economy Performance," Washington, DC, March 2009.

(Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)

a

 Only vehicles with at least 75 percent domestic content can be counted in the average domestic fuel economy for

a manufacturer. b

 Model year as determined by the manufacturer on a vehicle by vehicle basis.

c

 All CAFE calculations are sales-weighted.
4–22

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for light trucks are lower than the car standards. Light trucks include

pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles and vans. New legislation passed in December 2007 will change the CAFE standards

beginning in the 2011 model year. The new standards have a target of combined fleet fuel economy of 35 mpg by 2020, for all

cars and light trucks.

Table 4.21

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)

Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009a

(miles per gallon)

Model yearc

Light trucksb CAFE estimates

CAFE

standards

CAFE estimatesd

Cars and light 

Domestic Import Combined trucks combined

1978 e ff f 19.9

1979 e 17.7 20.8 18.2 20.1

1980 e 16.8 24.3 18.5 23.1

1981 e 18.3 27.4 20.1 24.6

1982 17.5 19.2 27.0 20.5 25.1

1983 19.0 19.6 27.1 20.7 24.8

1984 20.0 19.3 26.7 20.6 25.0

1985 19.5 19.6 26.5 20.7 25.4

1986 20.0 20.0 25.9 21.5 25.9

1987 20.5 20.5 25.2 21.7 26.2

1988 20.5 20.6 24.6 21.3 26.0

1989 20.5 20.4 23.5 21.0 25.6

1990 20.0 20.3 23.0 20.8 25.4

1991 20.2 20.9 23.0 21.3 25.6

1992 20.2 20.5 22.7 20.8 25.1

1993 20.4 20.7 22.8 21.0 25.2

1994 20.5 20.5 22.1 20.8 24.7

1995 20.6 20.3 21.5 20.5 24.9

1996 20.7 20.5 22.2 20.8 24.9

1997 20.7 20.1 22.1 20.6 24.6

1998 20.7 20.5 23.0 21.0 24.7

1999 20.7 20.4 22.5 20.9 24.5

2000 20.7 21.1 19.7 21.3 24.8

2001 20.7 20.6 21.8 20.9 24.5

2002 20.7 20.6 21.9 21.4 24.7

2003 20.7 21.8 22.4 21.8 25.1

2004 20.7 20.7 22.3 21.5 24.6

2005 21.0 f f 22.1 25.4

2006 21.6 f f 22.5 25.8

2007 22.2 f f 23.1 26.6

2008 22.5g f f 23.6 27.0

2009 23.1g f f 24.2 28.2

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, "Summary of Fuel Economy Performance," Washington, DC, March 2009. (Additional

resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)

a

 Only vehicles with at least 75% domestic content can be counted in the average domestic fuel economy for a manufacturer.

b

 Represents two- and four-wheel drive trucks combined. Gross vehicle weight of 0-6,000 pounds for model year 1978-1979

and 0-8,500 pounds for subsequent years. c Model year as determined by the manufacturer on a vehicle by vehicle basis.

d

 All CAFE calculations are sales-weighted.

e

 Standards were set for two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive light trucks, but no combined standard was set in this year.

f

 Data are not available.

g

 Unreformed standards. See Table 4.18 for reformed standards.
4–23

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Manufacturers of cars and light trucks whose vehicles do not meet the CAFE standards are fined. Data from the

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration show CAFE fine collection dropped under $25 million in 2002

and 2003; this was due to several factors, including the CAFE credit system, manufacturer mergers, and fines not

being paid in the same year they were assessed.

Table 4.22

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983-2007a

(thousands)

Model

year

Current

dollars

2007 constant

dollarsb

1983 58 121

1984 5,958 11,890

1985 15,565 29,992

1986 29,872 56,511

1987 31,261 57,056

1988 44,519 78,028

1989 47,381 79,225

1990 48,309 76,636

1991 42,363 64,490

1992 38,287 56,581

1993 28,688 41,164

1994 31,499 44,068

1995 40,787 55,491

1996 19,302 25,507

1997 36,212 46,780

1998 21,740 27,654

1999 27,516 34,245

2000 51,067 61,488

2001 35,507 41,570

2002 20,042 23,098

2003 15,225 17,157

2004 33,637 36,921

2005 27,487 29,181

2006 43,183 44,413

2007 37,386 37,386

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety 

Administration, Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance, Washington,

DC, January 2009. (Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)

a

 These are fines which are actually collected. Fines which are assessed in

certain year may not have been collected in that year. b

 Adjusted using the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
4–24

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Consumers must pay the Gas Guzzler Tax when purchasing a car that has an Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) fuel economy rating (combined city and highway) less than that stipulated in the table below. The Gas

Guzzler Tax doubled in 1991 after remaining constant from 1986 to 1990. The tax has not changed since 1991.

This tax does not apply to light trucks such as pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles, and vans.

Table 4.23

The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars

(dollars per vehicle)

Vehicle fuel

economy

(mpg) 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986–90 1991 – on

Over 22.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22.0–22.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 1,000

21.5–22.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 1,000

21.0–21.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 650 1,300

20.5–21.0 0 0 0 0 0 500 650 1,300

20.0–20.5 0 0 0 0 0 500 850 1,700

19.5–20.0 0 0 0 0 0 600 850 1,700

19.0–19.5 0 0 0 0 450 600 1,050 2,100

18.5–19.0 0 0 0 350 450 800 1,050 2,100

18.0–18.5 0 0 200 350 600 800 1,300 2,600

17.5–18.0 0 0 200 500 600 1,000 1,300 2,600

17.0–17.5 0 0 350 500 750 1,000 1,500 3,000

16.5–17.0 0 200 350 650 750 1,200 1,500 3,000

16.0–16.5 0 200 450 650 950 1,200 1,850 3,700

15.5–16.0 0 350 450 800 950 1,500 1,850 3,700

15.0–15.5 0 350 600 800 1,150 1,500 2,250 4,500

14.5–15.0 200 450 600 1,000 1,150 1,800 2,250 4,500

14.0–14.5 200 450 750 1,000 1,450 1,800 2,700 5,400

13.5–14.0 300 550 750 1,250 1,450 2,200 2,700 5,400

13.0–13.5 300 550 950 1,250 1,750 2,200 3,200 6,400

12.5–13.0 550 650 950 1,550 1,750 2,650 3,200 6,400

Under 12.5 550 650 1,200 1,550 2,150 2,650 3,850 7,700

Source:

Internal Revenue Service, Form 6197, (Rev. 1-91), "Gas Guzzler Tax." (Additional resources: www.irs.ustreas.gov)
4–25

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Consumers continue to demand gas guzzling cars. The IRS collected over $178 million in 2007 from those buying

cars with combined city/highway fuel economy less than 22.5 miles per gallon. This tax does not apply to light

trucks such as pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles, and vans.

Table 4.24

Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007

(thousands)

Model

year

Current

dollars

2007 constant

dollarsa

1980 740 1,862

1981 780 1,779

1982 1,720 3,696

1983 4,020 8,369

1984 8,820 17,601

1985 39,790 76,673

1986 147,660 279,341

1987 145,900 266,293

1988 116,780 204,676

1989 109,640 183,329

1990 103,200 163,715

1991 118,400 180,243

1992 144,200 213,104

1993 111,600 160,132

1994 64,100 89,679

1995 73,500 99,997

1996 52,600 69,510

1997 48,200 62,267

1998 47,700 60,676

1999 68,300 85,002

2000 70,800 85,248

2001 78,200 91,553

2002 79,700 91,857

2003 126,700 142,772

2004 140,800 154,545

2005 163,800 173,898

2006 200,200 205,900

2007 178,700 178,702

Source:

Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 2008, 

Detroit, MI, 2008, p. 87. Original data source: Internal Revenue

Service.

a Adjusted using the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
4–26

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) provides vehicle simulations for a variety of research purposes.

It is used by the Department of Energy to evaluate the fuel efficiency potential of advanced powertrain

configurations for different driving conditions. Recently, PSAT was used to develop data on the relationship

between speed and fuel economy.

Table 4.25

Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results

Gasoline Conventional Diesel Conventional Hybrid Vehicles

Speed (mph)

Midsize

Car

Small

SUV

Large

SUV

Midsize

Car

Small

SUV

Large

SUV

2000

Insighta

2004

Prius

2007

Camrya

2008

Tahoea

45 39.1 32.5 29.5 56.4 47.7 43.6 101.3 72.0 52.2 32.2

55 41.7 34.3 30.0 57.0 46.0 39.9 94.3 66.0 46.8 27.1

65 36.9 29.1 23.0 47.9 37.6 32.5 80.0 57.0 40.9 23.7

75 31.9 24.5 19.8 40.2 30.8 26.9 60.6 42.0 35.0 21.1

Fuel Economy Loss

55 - 65 mph 11.5% 15.2% 23.5% 16.0% 18.3% 18.5% 15.2% 13.6% 12.6% 12.4%

65 - 75 mph 13.6% 15.8% 13.8% 16.2% 18.1% 17.2% 24.3% 26.3% 14.5% 11.1%

55 - 75 mph 23.5% 28.6% 34.0% 29.6% 33.1% 32.6% 35.8% 36.4% 25.3% 22.1%

Source:

Argonne National Laboratory, Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit,

www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/PSAT/. (Additional resources: www.transportation.anl.gov)

a

 From Argonne National Laboratory Advanced Powertrain Research Facility (Vehicle Test Data).
4–27

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 4.2. Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies

Source:

See Table 4.25.
4–28

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The two earlier studies by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) indicate maximum fuel efficiency was

achieved at speeds of 35 to 40 mph. The recent FHWA study indicates greater fuel efficiency at higher speeds.

Note that the 1973 study did not include light trucks.

Table 4.26

Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies

(miles per gallon)

Speed

(miles per hour)

1973a

(13 vehicles)

1984b

(15 vehicles)

1997c

(9 vehicles)

15 d 21.1 24.4

20 d 25.5 27.9

25 d 30.0 30.5

30 21.1 31.8 31.7

35 21.1 33.6 31.2

40 21.1 33.6 31.0

45 20.3 33.5 31.6

50 19.5 31.9 32.4

55 18.5 30.3 32.4

60 17.5 27.6 31.4

65 16.2 24.9 29.2

70 14.9 22.5 26.8

75 d 20.0 24.8

Fuel economy loss

55–65 mph 12.4% 17.8% 9.7%

65–70 mph 8.0% 9.6% 8.2%

55–70 mph 19.5% 25.7% 17.1%

Sources:

1973- U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Office of Highway Planning, The Effect of Speed on Automobile Gasoline

Consumption Rates, Washington, DC, October 1973. 

1984 - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Fuel

Consumption and Emission Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC, May

1985.

1997 - West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, and D.E. Smith,

Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and Fuel

Consumption Values for Traffic Models , FHWA Report (in press),

Washington, DC, April 1997, and additional project data, April 1998.

(Additional resources: www.fhwa-tsis.com) 

a

 Model years 1970 and earlier cars.

b

 Model years 1981–84 cars and light trucks.

c

 Model years 1988–97 cars and light trucks.

d

 Data are not available.
4–29

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 4.27

Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study

Vehicle

Curb

weight Engine

Fuel

delivery 

systema

Transmission

EPA fuel economy

City Highway

1988 Chevrolet Corsica 2,665 2.8 liter V6 PFI M5 19 29

1994 Olds Cutlass Supreme 3,290 3.4 liter V6 PFI L4 17 26

1994 Oldsmobile 88 3,433 3.8 literV6 PFI L4 19 29

1994 Mercury Villager 4,020 3.0 liter V6 PFI L4 17 23

1995 Geo Prizm 2,359 1.6 liter I-4 PFI L3 26 30

1994 Jeep Grand Cherokee 3,820 4.0 liter I-6 PFI L4 15 20

1994 Chevrolet Pickup 4,020 5.7 liter V8 TBI L4 14 18

1993 Subaru Legacy 2,800 2.2 liter H4 PFI L4 22 29

1997 Toyota Celica 2,395 1.8 liter I4 PFI L4 27 34

Source:

West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, and D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty

Modal Emissions and Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC, April 1997 and additional

project data, April 1998.

a

 PFI = port fuel injection. TBI = throttle- body fuel injection. 
4–30

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Of the tested vehicles, the 1994 Oldsmobile Olds 88 had the greatest fuel economy loss from 55 mph to 75 mpg.

The 1997 Toyota Celica tested fuel economy was slightly better at 65 mph than at 55 mph.

Table 4.28

Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study

(miles per gallon)

Speed

(mph)

1988

Chevrolet

Corsica

1993

Subaru

Legacy

1994

Oldsmobile

Olds 88

 1994

Oldsmobile

Cutlass

1994 

Chevrolet

Pickup

1994 Jeep

Grand

Cherokee

1994

Mercury

Villager

1995

Geo

Prizm

1997

Toyota

Celica

5 10.0 14.5 10.5 5.1 7.9 8.2 12.3 18.1 19.1

10 16.8 24.7 14.9 7.9 16.0 11.2 19.0 23.1 34.1

15 17.7 31.9 22.2 11.4 16.3 17.5 22.4 38.9 41.7

20 21.7 34.4 26.3 12.5 19.9 24.7 25.8 39.4 46.0

25 23.9 37.4 28.3 15.6 22.7 21.8 30.8 41.7 52.6

30 28.7 39.7 29.0 19.0 26.3 21.6 30.3 40.0 50.8

35 28.6 38.0 30.9 21.2 24.3 25.0 26.1 39.1 47.6

40 29.2 37.0 33.2 23.0 26.7 25.5 29.0 38.9 36.2

45 28.8 33.7 32.4 23.0 27.3 25.4 27.8 42.3 44.1

50 31.2 33.7 34.2 27.3 26.3 24.8 30.1 39.1 44.8

55 29.1 37.7 34.6 29.1 25.1 24.0 31.7 37.7 42.5

60 28.2 35.9 32.5 28.2 22.6 23.2 27.3 36.7 48.4

65 28.7 33.4 30.0 25.0 21.8 21.3 25.3 34.1 43.5

70 26.1 31.0 26.7 22.9 20.1 20.0 23.9 31.7 39.2

75 23.7 28.8 24.0 21.6 18.1 19.1 22.4 28.3 36.8

Fuel economy loss

55–65 mph 1.4% 11.4% 13.3% 14.1% 13.1% 11.3% 20.2% 9.5% -2.4%

65–75 mph 17.4% 13.8% 20.0% 13.6% 17.0% 10.3% 11.5% 17.0% 15.4%

55–75 mph 18.6% 23.6% 30.6% 25.8% 27.9% 20.4% 29.3% 24.9% 13.4%

Source:

B.H. West, R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and

Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC, April 1997, and additional project data, April 1998.

(Additional resources: www.fhwa-tsis.com)

Note: For specifications of the tested vehicles, please see Table 4.26.
4–31

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 4.29

Driving Cycle Attributes

Test Schedule

City Highway High Speed AC Cold Temp

Trip type

Low speeds in

stop-and-go

urban traffic

Free-flow

traffic at

highway speeds

Higher speeds;

harder

acceleration &

braking

AC use under

hot ambient

conditions

City test

w/colder

outside

temperature

Top speed 56 mph 60 mph 80 mph 54.8 mph 56 mph

Average speed 20 mph 48 mph 48 mph 22 mph 20 mph

Max. acceleration 3.3 mph/sec 3.2 mph/sec 8.46 mph/sec 5.1 mph/sec 3.3 mph/sec

Simulated distance 11 mi. 10 mi. 8 mi. 3.6 mi. 11 mi.

Time 31 min. 12.5 min. 10 min. 9.9 min. 31 min.

Stops 23 None 4 5 23

Idling time 18% of time None 7% of time 19% of time 18% of time

Engine startupa Cold Warm Warm Warm Cold

Lab temperature 68-86° F 68-86° F 68-86° F 95° F 20° F

Vehicle air conditioning Off Off Off On Off

Source: 

U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Web site,

 www.fueleconomy.gov.

a

 A vehicle’s engine doesn’t reach maximum fuel efficiency until it is warm.

This table shows the new methodology that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) used to

determine fuel economy ratings for new vehicles beginning in model year 2008. In addition to the Urban

Driving Cycle and the Highway Driving cycle, the EPA will also use three additional tests to adjust fuel

economy ratings to account for higher speeds, air conditioner use, and colder temperatures. Though

the EPA uses a complex combination of these five cycles to determine the fuel economy that will be

posted on a new vehicle window sticker, the manufacturer’s Corporate Average Fuel Economy is still

calculated using only the city and highway driving cycles. To know more about new vehicle fuel

economy ratings, visit www.fueleconomy.gov.
4–32

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

These driving cycles simulate the performance of an engine while driving in the city and on the highway. Once the city

cycle is completed, the engine is stopped, then started again for the 8.5 minute hot start cycle. Three additional cycles

also influence new vehicle fuel economy ratings beginning with the 2008 model year.

Figure 4.3. City Driving Cycle

Figure 4.4. Highway Driving Cycle

Source:

Code of Federal Regulations, 40CFR, "Subpart B - Fuel Economy Regulations for 1978 and Later Model Year

Automobiles - Test Procedures," July 1, 1988 edition, p. 676.
4–33

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 4.5. Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Web site, www.fueleconomy.gov.

Figure 4.6. Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Web site, www.fueleconomy.gov.

Beginning with the 2008 model year, these cycles influence the new vehicle fuel economy ratings.
4–34

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Beginning with the 2008 model year, this cycle influences the new vehicle fuel economy ratings.

The US06 driving cycle was originally developed as a supplement to the Federal Test Procedure.

It is a short-duration cycle (600 seconds) which represents hard-acceleration driving.

Figure 4.7. High-Speed (US06) Driving Cycle

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Web site, www.fueleconomy.gov.
4–35

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Environmental Protection Agency also uses other driving cycles to test new vehicles (although these do not affect

the fuel economy ratings). The New York Test Cycle was developed in the 1970's in order to simulate driving in

downtown congested areas. The Representative Number Five Test Cycle was developed in the 1990's to better represent

actual on-road driving by combining modern city and freeway driving.

Figure 4.8. New York City Driving Cycle

Figure 4.9. Representative Number Five Driving Cycle

Source:

Data obtained from Michael Wang, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 1997.
4–36

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory have estimated the fuel economy of a midsize car using

driving cycles from different countries. These results illustrate the difference in fuel economy which

can be obtained from the same vehicle using different test cycles.

Table 4.30

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles

Driving Cycle

Projected fuel economy

for a 1995 composite

midsize vehiclea

Japanese 10/15 mode test cycle 17.5 mpg

New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) 22.0 mpg

U.S. EPA city cycle (LA4) 19.8 mpg

U.S. EPA highway cycle 32.1 mpg

U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy cycle 23.9 mpg

Source:

Santini, D., A. Vyas, J. Anderson, and F. An, Estimating Trade-Offs along the Path

to the PNGV 3X Goal, presented at the Transportation Research Board 80 th

Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2001.

Note: China and India both use the European Driving Cycle, though India uses a modified

version called the Modified Indian Driving Cycle which accounts for lower maximum speeds

that better represent driving conditions in India.

a

 The 1995 composite midsize vehicle is an average of a Chevrolet Lumina, Chrysler

Concord, and Ford Taurus. The fuel economies were projected using the National Renewable

Energy Laboratory’s Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) model.
4–37

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

When comparing data between countries, one must realize that different countries have different testing

cycles to determine fuel economy and emissions. This table compares various statistics on the

European, Japanese, and U.S. testing cycles [for fuel economy measurements, the United States uses

the formula, 1/fuel economy = (0.55/city fuel economy) + (0.45/highway fuel economy)]. Most vehicles

will achieve higher fuel economy on the U.S. test cycle than on the European or Japanese cycles.

Table 4.31

Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles

Time

(seconds)

Percent of

time stopped

or

decelerating

Distance

(miles)

Average

speed

(mph)

Maximum

speed

(mph)

Maximum

acceleration

(mph/s)

Japanese 10/15 mode

 test cycle

631 52.3 2.6 14.8 43.5 1.78

New European Driving

 Cycle (NEDC)

1,181 24.9 6.84 20.9 74.6 2.4

U.S. EPA city cycle

 (LA4)a

1,372 43.2 7.5 19.5 56.7 3.3

U.S. EPA highway cycle 765 9.3 17.8 48.2 59.9 3.3

U.S. Corporate Average

 Fuel Economy cycle

2,137 27.9 10.3 29.9 59.9 3.3

Source:

Santini, D., A. Vyas, J. Anderson, and F. An, Estimating Trade-Offs along the Path to the PNGV 3X Goal, presented at

the Transportation Research Board 80th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2001.

Note: China and India both use the European Driving Cycle, though India uses a modified version called The Modified

Indian Driving Cycle which accounts for lower maximum speeds that better represent driving conditions in India.

a

 The actual Federal Procedure (FTP), which is also the test for emissions certification, repeats the first 505 seconds

of the Federal Urban Driving Simulation cycle, hot started, after a 10 minute hot soak. Starting with Model Year 2001,

the emissions test-but not the fuel economy test-incorporates a supplemental cycle that simulates aggressive urban

driving, coupled with an added air conditioning load.
4–38

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Demand response (also called paratransit or dial-a-ride) are widely used by transit agencies. In 2007, the data

changed substantially due to improved estimation methodologies. Unfortunately, those data are no longer

comparable to the rest of the historical series.

Table 4.32

Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007a

Year

Number of

 active vehicles

Vehicle-miles

(millions)

Passenger-miles

(millions)

Energy use

 (trillion Btu)

1994 31,090 490 781 9.8

1995 31,773 538 856 9.6

1996 33,472 588 958 10.2

1997 35,657 627 1,075 10.2

1998 33,481 721 1,103 10.9

1999 36,651 784 1,258 11.2

2000 37,957 826 1,274 11.4

2001 40,049 861 1,345 11.9

2002 40,691 879 1,336 12.3

2003 42,578 953 1,471 13.5

2004 42,993 975 1,448 14.1

 2005 48,530 1,078 1,663 15.5

2006 51,744 1,129 1,790 16.4

 2007a 64,865 1,471 1,502 24.7

Source:

American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Part 2: Historical Tables,

Washington, DC, April 2009. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)

Note: See Glossary for detailed definitions of demand response.

a

 Data are not continuous between 2006 and 2007 due to changes in estimation methodology. See source document

for details.
5–1

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 5

Heavy Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source

Table 5.1 Heavy single-unit trucks, 2007

 Registration (thousands) 6,807

Vehicle miles (millions) 81,954

Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 8.2

Table 5.2 Combination trucks, 2007

 Registration (thousands) 2,221

Vehicle miles (millions) 145,008

Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 5.1

Tables 5.12 Freight Shipments, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey

and 5.13 Value (billion dollars) 11,832

Tons (millions) 13,017

Ton-miles (billions) 3,491

Table 5.14 Transit buses in operation, 2007 65,808
5–2

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Heavy single-unit trucks include all single-unit trucks which have more than two axles or more than

four tires. Most of these trucks would be used for business or for individuals with heavy hauling or

towing needs.

Table 5.1

Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007

Year

Registrations

(thousands)

Vehicle travel

(million miles)

Fuel use

(million gallons)

Fuel economy

(miles per gallon)

1970 3,681 27,081 3,968 6.8

1975 4,232 34,606 5,420 6.4

1980 4,374 39,813 6,923 5.8

1981 4,455 39,568 6,867 5.8

1982 4,325 40,658 6,803 6.0

1983 4,204 42,546 6,965 6.1

1984 4,061 44,419 7,240 6.1

1985 4,593 45,441 7,399 6.1

1986 4,313 45,637 7,386 6.2

1987 4,188 48,022 7,523 6.4

1988 4,470 49,434 7,701 6.4

1989 4,519 50,870 7,779 6.5

1990 4,487 51,901 8,357 6.2

1991 4,481 52,898 8,172 6.5

1992 4,370 53,874 8,237 6.5

1993 4,408 56,772 8,488 6.7

1994 4,906 61,284 9,032 6.8

1995 5,024 62,705 9,216 6.8

1996 5,266 64,072 9,409 6.8

1997 5,293 66,893 9,576 7.0

 1998 5,414 67,894 9,741 7.0

1999 5,763 70,304 9,372 7.5

2000 5,926 70,500 9,563 7.4

2001 5,704 72,448 9,667 7.5

2002 5,651 75,866 10,321 7.4

2003 5,849 77,757 8,881 8.8

2004 6,161 78,441 8,959 8.8

2005 6,395 78,496 9,501 8.3

2006 6,649 80,344 9,852 8.2

2007 6,807 81,954 10,035 8.2

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 1.7% 3.0% 2.5% 0.5%

1997–2007 2.5% 2.1% 0.5% 1.6%

Source:

U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Washington,

DC, 2008, Table VM1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

Note: Highway Statistics 1999 data were not used.
5–3

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Combination trucks include all trucks designed to be used in combination with one or more trailers.

The average vehicle travel of these trucks (on a per truck basis) far surpasses the travel of other trucks

due to long-haul freight movement.

Table 5.2

Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007

Year

Registrations

(thousands)

Vehicle travela

(million miles)

Fuel use

(million gallons)

Fuel economy

(miles per gallon)

1970 905 35,134 7,348 4.8

1975 1,131 46,724 9,177 5.1

1980 1,417 68,678 13,037 5.3

1981 1,261 69,134 13,509 5.1

1982 1,265 70,765 13,583 5.2

1983 1,304 73,586 13,796 5.3

1984 1,340 77,377 14,188 5.5

1985 1,403 78,063 14,005 5.6

1986 1,408 81,038 14,475 5.6

1987 1,530 85,495 14,990 5.7

1988 1,667 88,551 15,224 5.8

1989 1,707 91,879 15,733 5.8

1990 1,709 94,341 16,133 5.8

1991 1,691 96,645 16,809 5.7

1992 1,675 99,510 17,216 5.8

1993 1,680 103,116 17,748 5.8

1994 1,681 108,932 18,653 5.8

1995 1,696 115,451 19,777 5.8

1996 1,747 118,899 20,192 5.9

1997 1,790 124,584 20,302 6.1

1998 1,831 128,159 21,100 6.1

1999 2,029 132,384 24,537 5.4

2000 2,097 135,020 25,666 5.3

2001 2,154 136,584 25,512 5.4

2002 2,277 138,737 26,480 5.2

2003 1,908 140,160 23,815 5.9

2004 2,010 142,370 24,191 5.9

2005 2,087 144,028 27,689 5.2

2006 2,170 142,169 28,107 5.1

2007 2,221 145,008 28,515 5.1

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 2.5% 3.9% 3.7% 0.2%

1997–2007 2.2% 1.5% 3.5% -1.8%

Source:

U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Washington,

DC, 2008, Table VM1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

Note: Highway Statistics 1999 data were not used.

a

 The Federal Highway Administration changed the combination truck travel methodology in 1993.
5–4

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Truck sales in 2007 declined in nearly every class. Trucks under 10,000 lbs. continue to dominate truck

sales.

Table 5.3

New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007a

(thousands)

Calendar

year

Class 1

6,000

lbs. 

or less

Class 2

6,001–

10,000

lbs.

Class 3 

10,001–

14,000

lbs.

Class 4

 14,001–

16,000

lbs.

Class 5

 16,001–

19,500

lbs.

Class 6 

19,501–

26,000

lbs.

Class 7

 26,001–

33,000

lbs.

Class 8 

33,001 lbs. 

and over Total

Domestic sales (import data are not available)

 1970b 1,049 408 6 12 58 133 36 89 1,791

1975 1,101 952 23 1 9 159 23 83 2,351

1980 985 975 4 c 2 90 58 117 2,231

1981 896 850 1 c 2 72 51 100 1,972

1982 1,102 961 1 c 1 44 62 76 2,248

1983 1,314 1,207 c c 1 47 59 82 2,710

1984 2,031 1,224 6 c 5 55 78 138 3,538

1985 2,408 1,280 11 c 5 48 97 134 3,983

Domestic and import sales

1986 3,380 1,214 12 c 6 45 101 113 4,870

1987 3,435 1,175 14 2 8 44 103 131 4,912

1988 3,467 1,333 14 21 8 54 103 148 5,149

1989 3,313 1,297 19 27 7 39 93 145 4,942

1990 3,451 1,097 21 27 5 38 85 121 4,846

1991 3,246 876 21 24 3 22 73 99 4,365

1992 3,608 1,021 26 26 4 28 73 119 4,903

1993 4,119 1,232 27 33 4 27 81 158 5,681

1994 4,527 1,506 35 44 4 20 98 186 6,421

1995 4,422 1,631 40 53 4 23 107 201 6,481

1996 4,829 1,690 52 59 7 19 104 170 6,930

1997 5,085 1,712 53 57 9 18 114 179 7,226

1998 5,263 2,036 102 43 25 32 115 209 7,826

1999 5,707 2,366 122 49 30 48 130 262 8,716

2000 5,965 2,421 117 47 29 51 123 212 8,965

2001 6,073 2,525 102 52 24 42 92 140 9,050

2002 6,068 2,565 80 38 24 45 69 146 9,035

2003 6,267 2,671 91 40 29 51 67 142 9,357

2004 6,458 2,796 107 47 36 70 75 203 9,793

2005 6,586 2,528 167 49 46 60 89 253 9,777

2006 6,136 2,438 150 50 49 70 91 284 9,268

2007 5,682 2,623 166 51 45 54 70 151 8,842

Average annual percentage change

1970–1985 5.7% 7.9% 4.1% - -15.1% -6.6% 6.8% 2.8% 5.5%

1986–2007 2.5% 3.7% 13.3% - 10.1% 0.9% -1.7% 1.4% 2.9%

1997–2007 1.1% 4.4% 12.1% -1.1% 17.5% 11.6% -4.8% -1.7% 2.0%

Source:

Ward’s Communication’s, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2008, Southfield, MI, 2009, p. 26, and annual. (Additional resources:

www.wardsauto.com)

a

 Sales include domestic-sponsored imports.

b

 Data for 1970 is based on new truck registrations.

c

 Data are not available.
5–5

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey

The Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS), which was formerly the Truck Inventory and Use Survey

(TIUS), provides data on the physical and operational characteristics of the Nation's truck population. It is

based on a probability sample of private and commercial trucks registered (or licensed) in each state. In

1997, the survey was changed to the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey due to future possibilities of

including additional vehicle types. The 2002 VIUS, however, only includes trucks. Copies of the 2002

VIUS report or CD may be obtained by contacting the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Transportation

Characteristics Surveys Branch (301) 457-2797. Internet site: www. census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html

Since 1987, the survey has included minivans, vans, station wagons on truck chassis, and sport utility

vehicles in addition to the bigger trucks. The 1977 and 1982 surveys did not include those vehicle types.

The estimated number of trucks that were within the scope of the 2002 VIUS and registered in the United

States as of July 1, 2002, was 85.2 million. These trucks were estimated to have been driven a total of 1,115

billion miles during 2002, an increase of 6.8% from 1997. The average annual miles traveled per truck was

estimated at 13,100 miles.

In the 2002 VIUS, there are several ways to classify a truck by weight. The survey respondent was asked

the average weight of the vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination when carrying a typical payload; the empty

weight (truck minus cargo) of the vehicle as it was usually operated; and the maximum gross weight at which

the vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination was operated. The Census Bureau also collected information on

the Gross Vehicle Weight Class of the vehicles (decoded from the vehicle identification number) and the

registered weight of the vehicles from the State registration files. Some of these weights are only provided

in categories, while others are exact weights. Since all these weights could be quite different for a single

truck, the tabulations by weight can be quite confusing. In the tables presented here, the Gross Vehicle

Weight Class was used.

The Census Bureau has discontinued the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey; it

was not conducted in 2007. The 2002 data remain the latest available.
5–6

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 5.4

Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002

Manufacturer's gross vehicle

weight class

Number of

trucks

Percentage of

trucks

Average

annual miles

per truck

Harmonic

mean fuel

economy

Percentage

of fuel use

1) 6,000 lbs and less 51,941,389 61.0% 11,882 17.6 42.7%

2) 6,001 – 10,000 lbs 28,041,234 32.9% 12,684 14.3 30.5%

 Light truck subtotal 79,982,623 93.9% 12,163 16.2 73.2%

3) 10,001 – 14,000 lbs 691,342 0.8% 14,094 10.5 1.1%

4) 14,001 – 16,000 lbs 290,980 0.3% 15,441 8.5 0.5%

5) 16,001 – 19,500 lbs 166,472 0.2% 11,645 7.9 0.3%

6) 19,501 – 26,000 lbs 1,709,574 2.0% 12,671 7.0 3.2%

 Medium truck subtotal 2,858,368 3.4% 13,237 8.0 5.2%

7) 26,001 – 33,000 lbs 179,790 0.2% 30,708 6.4 0.9%

8) 33,001 lbs and up 2,153,996 2.5% 45,739 5.7 20.7%

 Heavy truck subtotal 2,333,786 2.7% 44,581 5.8 21.6%

Total 85,174,776 100.0% 13,088 13.5 100.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata File on CD,

2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www.tiusview.html)

Table 5.5

Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002

(miles per gallon)

Manufacturer's

gross vehicle weight class

1992

TIUS

1997

VIUS

2002

VIUS

1) 6,000 lbs and less 17.2 17.1 17.6

2) 6,001–10,000 lbs 13.0 13.6 14.3

 Light truck subtotal 15.7 15.8 16.2

3) 10,000–14,000 lbs 8.8 9.4 10.5

4) 14,001–16,000 lbs 8.8 9.3 8.5

5) 16,001–19,500 lbs 7.4 8.7 7.9

6) 19,501–26,000 lbs 6.9 7.3 7.0

 Medium truck subtotal 7.3 8.6 8.0

7) 26,001–33,000 lbs 6.5 6.4 6.4

8) 33,001 lbs and over 5.5 5.7 5.7

 Large truck subtotal 5.6 6.1 5.8

Sources:

Estimates are based on data provided on the following public use files: U.S. Department of

Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Transportation, Washington, DC, 1992

Truck Inventory and Use Survey, 1995; 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, 2000,

and 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, 2005. (Additional resources:

www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)

Note: Based on average fuel economy as reported by respondent.
5–7

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

As expected, most light trucks travel within 50 miles of their home base and refuel at public stations. About sixty

percent of heavy trucks travel over 50 miles from their home base and 36% of them refuel at central companyowned refueling stations.

Table 5.6

Truck Statistics by Size, 2002

 Manufacturer's gross vehicle weight class

Light

(< 10,000 lbs)

Medium

(10,001–

26,000 lbs)

Heavy

(> 26,000 lbs) Total

Range of operation

Under 50 miles 69.2% 61.5% 40.7% 68.2%

51–100 miles 8.5% 11.7% 13.5% 8.7%

101–200 miles 2.4% 3.2% 6.7% 2.5%

201–500 miles 1.1% 1.8% 7.6% 1.3%

501 miles or more 1.4% 2.2% 10.4% 1.7%

Off-road 1.1% 3.5% 3.2% 1.2%

Vehicle not in use 2.2% 4.4% 3.2% 2.3%

Not reported 14.1% 11.7% 14.7% 14.1%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Primary refueling facility

Gas station 96.9% 62.4% 28.4% 93.9%

Truck stop 0.7% 7.7% 31.9% 1.8%

Own facility 2.0% 27.3% 36.2% 3.7%

Other nonpublic facility 0.3% 2.6% 3.5% 0.5%

Other 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

All 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata.

File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
5–8

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

More medium truck owners listed construction as the truck’s major use than any other major use category.

Construction was the second highest major use for light trucks and heavy trucks.

Table 5.7

Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002

Rank

Light

(< 10,000 lbs

average weight)

Medium

(10,001 – 26,000 lbs

average weight)

Heavy

(> 26,000 lbs

average weight)

1 Personal Construction For hire

81.5% 18.4% 30.1%

2 Construction Agriculture Construction

4.6% 16.2% 15.9%

3 Other servicesa For hire Agriculture

2.5% 9.6% 12.2%

4 Not in use Retail Retail

2.2% 7.1% 5.4%

5 Agriculture Not in use Not in use

1.9% 6.4% 5.1%

6 Retail Leasing Waste management

1.5% 6.2% 5.0%

7 Unknown Wholesale Manufacturing

1.3% 5.5% 4.9%

8 Leasing Waste management Wholesale

0.7% 5.4% 4.8%

9 Manufacturing Utilities Leasing

0.7% 5.0% 4.6%

10 Utilities Personal Unknown

0.6% 4.8% 3.2%

11 Waste management Unknown Personal

0.6% 4.4% 2.5%

12 Wholesale Manufacturing Mining

0.6% 3.3% 2.4%

13 Information services Other servicesa Other servicesa

0.4% 3.2% 1.3%

14 For hire Food services Utilities

0.4% 1.6% 1.1%

15 Food services Information services Food services

0.3% 1.3% 1.1%

16 Arts Mining Arts

0.2% 1.1% 0.3%

17 Mining Arts Information services

0.1% 0.5% 0.1%

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, 

Micro data File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)

a

 Business and personal services.
5–9

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Nearly half of trucks in fleets of 11-20 and 21-50 vehicles use company-owned facilities. Most trucks

in smaller fleets use public gas stations for fueling.

Table 5.8

Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

Primary refueling facility 

Truck fleet size Gas station Truck stop Own facility Other’s facility Total

1–5 73.8% 6.1% 18.2% 1.9% 100.0%

6–10 55.3% 5.7% 35.5% 3.4% 100.0%

11–20 41.1% 5.1% 48.9% 4.9% 100.0%

21–50 42.9% 3.7% 49.8% 3.6% 100.0%

51 or more 48.3% 6.3% 44.4% 1.0% 100.0%

Fleets of 6 or more vehicles 47.6% 5.2% 43.9% 3.4% 100.0%

No fleet 96.4% 1.6% 1.7% 0.3% 100.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata

File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
5–10

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Most trucks are fueled at gas stations but for-hire or warehousing trucks are more often fueled at truck stops.

Mining trucks and vehicle leasing or rental trucks fuel at the companies’ own facility more than 30% of the time.

Table 5.9

Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

Major use

Gas

station

Truck

stop

Own

facility

Others

facility Other All

Personal 98.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% 100.0%

Other services 96.0% 1.4% 1.6% 0.9% 0.1% 100.0%

All 93.9% 1.8% 3.7% 0.5% 0.0% 100.0%

Information services 92.3% 0.4% 7.2% 0.1% 0.0% 100.0%

Retail trade 86.6% 3.5% 8.6% 1.2% 0.0% 100.0%

Construction 84.7% 3.3% 9.8% 2.2% 0.0% 100.0%

Accommodation or food services 82.4% 7.5% 8.8% 1.3% 0.0% 100.0%

Manufacturing 81.5% 5.1% 11.9% 1.5% 0.0% 100.0%

Arts, entertainment, recreation services 81.1% 4.3% 14.2% 0.3% 0.0% 100.0%

Waste mgmt, landscaping, admin/support services 78.2% 3.0% 17.1% 1.6% 0.0% 100.0%

Wholesale trade 76.2% 6.6% 12.0% 5.1% 0.0% 100.0%

Utilities 72.6% 1.8% 24.3% 1.3% 0.0% 100.0%

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting 62.7% 6.7% 29.4% 1.0% 0.1% 100.0%

Vehicle leasing or rental 60.2% 1.3% 31.8% 6.8% 0.0% 100.0%

Mining 48.7% 8.5% 34.3% 8.5% 0.0% 100.0%

For-hire or warehousing 33.3% 38.7% 25.8% 2.3% 0.0% 100.0%

Overall 93.9% 1.8% 3.7% 0.5% 0.0% 100.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata File on CD,

2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
5–11

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The figure below shows the distribution of annual travel the two types of Class 7 and 8 vehicles–combination units

(separate tractor and trailer) and single units (tractor and trailer on a single chassis). This information is for

vehicles two years old or less and comes from the 2002 VIUS. Combination trucks, dominated by box-type trailers,

display the greatest amount of annual travel of all heavy vehicle types, as is evidenced both by the range of annual

use which is up to 250,000 miles per year, and the peaking that occurs in the 100,000 to 140,000-mile segments.

Most of the single-unit trucks in the survey travel 40,000 miles per year or less.

Figure 5.1. Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old

by Vehicle-Miles Traveled

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata

File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)

Note: Heavy trucks (class 7 & 8) are greater than 26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight based on the

manufacturer’s rating.
5–12

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The latest Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey asked truck owners if the truck had certain features as permanent

equipment on the truck. Some of the features asked about were onboard computers, idle-reduction devices,

navigational systems, and Internet access. Of the 2.3 million heavy trucks (class 7 & 8 ) in the United States,

nearly 10% were equipped with onboard computers that had communication capabilities and another 5% had

onboard computers without communication capabilities. Six percent of heavy trucks were equipped with idlereducing technology. Navigational systems and Internet access were available in less than one percent of heavy

trucks.

Figure 5.2. Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and User Survey,

Microdata File on CD, 2005.

Note: Heavy trucks (class 7 & 8) are greater than 26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight based on the

manufacturer’s rating.
5–13

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Fuel Economy Study for Class 8 Trucks

As part of a long-term study sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Vehicle

Technologies (OVT), the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in conjunction with several industry

partners has collected data and information related to heavy-truck operation in real-world highway

environments. The primary objective of the project was to collect real-world performance and spatial data

for long-haul operations of Class 8 tractor-trailers from a fleet engaged in normal freight operations. Six

model year 2005 Class 8 trucks from the selected fleet, which operates within a large area of the country

extending from the east coast to Mountain Time Zone and from Canada to the US-Mexican border, were

instrumented and 60 channels of data were collected for over a year at a rate of 5 Hz (or 5 readings per

second). Those channels included information such as instantaneous fuel rate, engine speed, gear ratio,

vehicle speed, and other information read from the vehicle’s databus; weather information (wind speed,

precipitation, air temperature, etc.) gathered from an on-board weather station; spatial information (latitude,

longitude, altitude) acquired from a GPS (Global Positioning System) device; and instantaneous tractor and

trailer weight obtained from devices mounted on the six participating tractors and ten trailers. Three of the

six instrumented tractors and five of the ten instrumented trailers were mounted with New Generation Single

Wide-Based Tires and the others with regular dual tires. Over the duration of this phase of the project (just

over a year) the six tractors traveled nearly 700,000 miles. 

To find out more about this project, contact Oscar Franzese, franzeseo@ornl.gov, 865-946-1304.

The final report on this project is available on-line at:

 cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/Reports/ORNL_TM_2008-122.pdf.
5–14

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 5.10

Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy

Average Fuel Efficiency (mpg)

Type of Terrain

Share of Data

Records

All

Trucks

Tractors with

Dual Tires

Tractors with

Single (wide)

Tires

Difference

between Dual

and Single

Tires (percent)

Severe upslope (>4%) 0.7% 2.90 2.86 2.94 2.91%

Mild upslope (1% to 4%) 13.2% 4.35 4.25 4.44 4.35%

Flat terrain (1% to 1%) 72.4% 7.33 7.08 7.58 7.13%

Mild downslope (-4% to -1%) 12.6% 15.11 14.64 15.57 6.36%

Severe downslope (<-4%) 1.1% 23.50 21.82 25.30 15.97%

Source:

Capps, Gary, Oscar Franzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lascurain, and Pedro Otaduy. Class-8 Heavy Truck Duty Cycle Project

Final Report, ORNL/TM-2008/122, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, December 2008. 

The type of terrain a truck is traveling on can cause significant differences in fuel efficiency. This study

(see page 5–13 for project description) shows fuel economy on severe upslopes is less than half that on

flat terrain. On severe downslopes, the fuel economy was three times higher than on flat terrain.
5–15

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 5.11 

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed 

and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination

 

Speed

(mph)

Dual Tire Tractor - 

Dual Tire Trailer

Dual Tire Tractor - 

Single (Wide) Tire Trailer

Single (Wide) Tire Tractor - 

Dual Tire Trailer

Single (Wide) Tire Tractor -

Single (Wide) Tire Trailer

Distance

Traveled

(miles)

Fuel

Cons.

(gal)

Fuel

Econ.

(MPG)

Distance

Traveled

(miles)

Fuel

Cons.

(gal)

Fuel

Econ.

 (MPG)

Distance

Traveled

(miles)

Fuel

Cons.

(gal)

Fuel

Econ.

 (MPG)

Distance

Traveled

(miles)

Fuel

Cons.

(gal)

Fuel

Econ.

(MPG)

Idling N/A 1,858.5 N/A N/A 967.9 N/A N/A 1,676.4 N/A N/A 706.0 N/A

0+ to 5 281 101.8 2.76 148 50.4 2.93 368 124.2 2.97 156 52.8 2.96

5+ to 10 674 198.8 3.39 368 103.2 3.56 808 245.4 3.30 331 98.8 3.35

10+ to 15 723 192.0 3.77 396 98.3 4.03 848 216.5 3.92 343 87.0 3.95

15+ to 20 744 199.1 3.73 404 100.9 4.00 882 221.6 3.98 361 90.5 3.98

20+ to 25 938 228.4 4.11 489 113.6 4.31 1,111 244.2 4.55 462 101.1 4.57

25+ to 30 1,178 266.9 4.41 609 131.5 4.63 1,420 286.9 4.95 580 117.6 4.93

30+ to 35 1,481 336.8 4.40 753 154.2 4.88 1,774 341.1 5.20 708 141.1 5.02

35+ to 40 1,917 403.5 4.75 1,000 193.6 5.17 2,284 433.6 5.27 941 184.3 5.10

40+ to 45 2,955 584.1 5.06 1,543 285.9 5.40 3,380 603.6 5.60 1,350 254.4 5.31

45+ to 50 4,935 907.9 5.43 2,573 447.7 5.75 5,410 872.8 6.20 2,177 360.4 6.04

50+ to 55 9,397 1,629.8 5.77 4,962 811.5 6.11 10,046 1,622.7 6.19 3,877 625.5 6.20

55+ to 60 20,656 3,297.2 6.26 11,707 1,721.9 6.80 22,373 3,257.8 6.87 8,710 1,246.9 6.99

60+ to 65 38,964 5,879.6 6.63 21,472 2,980.8 7.20 34,517 4,840.0 7.13 14,944 2,049.4 7.29

65+ to 70 58,304 8,313.2 7.01 27,931 3,652.2 7.65 65,063 9,256.4 7.03 27,144 3,880.1 7.00

70+ to 75 56,378 7,483.2 7.53 21,751 2,745.5 7.92 66,882 8,435.6 7.93 32,887 4,056.1 8.11

75+ to 85 7,849 808.2 9.71 3,610 403.2 8.95 11,513 911.1 12.64 6,817 512.2 13.31

Totala 207,374 30,831 6.73 99,714 13,994 7.13 228,680 31,913 7.17 101,790 13,858 7.35

Percent

increase in

fuel economy

from dual tire

trac/trail

0.00% 5.93% 6.53% 9.20%

Source:

Capps, Gary, Oscar Franzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lascurain, and Pedro Otaduy. Class-8 Heavy Truck Duty Cycle Project Final Report,

ORNL/TM-2008/122, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, December 2008. 

Note: These data were not adjusted to account for the effects of terrain. The increase in fuel economy for speeds above 70 mph is

likely due to the vehicle achieving high speeds while traveling down slope. Therefore, this increase in fuel economy is not expected

to be characteristic of all travel at these higher speeds.

a

 Total Fuel Consumed does not include fuel consumed while idling.

Table 5.10 presents a distribution of distance traveled, fuel consumed, and fuel economy by speed and by type of

tires for the vehicles participating in the project (see page 5-13 for project description). The speed bins are divided

into 5-mile intervals, going from 0+ mph (i.e., speed > 0.00 mph) to 85 mph, while the four main columns of Table

5.10 are organized by the type of tires that were mounted on the tractor and trailers. The first row of the table

contains information about fuel consumed while the vehicle was idling (i.e., the vehicle was static with the engine

on) with the following rows presenting information about the distance traveled, fuel consumed, and fuel economy

for each one of the speed intervals. The next-to-the-last row shows the totals for both traveled distances and fuel

consumed as well as the overall fuel economy for each tire-combination category. The latter are then used to

compute the percentage difference in terms of fuel economy from dual tire tractors and trailers, which is the most

common tire setup for large trucks at the present time.
5–16

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 5.3. Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed

Source:

Capps, Gary, Oscar Franzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lascurain, and Pedro Otaduy. Class-8 Heavy Truck Duty

Cycle Project Final Report, ORNL/TM-2008/122, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN,

December 2008. 

Note: D = Dual tire. S = Single (wide) tire.

These data were not adjusted to account for the effects of terrain. The increase in fuel economy for speeds

above 70 mph is likely due to the vehicle achieving high speeds while traveling down slope. Therefore, this

increase in fuel economy is not expected to be characteristic of all travel at these higher speeds.

The fuel economy information presented in Table 5.10 is on the upper limits of today’s large-truck fleets and is

mostly a result of driver training and the extensive vehicle maintenance (including constant tire pressure) to which

the fleet company participating in this project adheres. Nevertheless, the results of this extensive test indicate that

there are substantial gains in terms of fuel economy for large trucks when single (wide) tires are used in

combination with dual tires or alone (best case). Figure 5.3 shows the information from Table 5.10 in a graphical

form (bars) and also displays for each speed bin the percentage of the total distance that is traveled at that speed

(line). It is possible to observe that above 80% of the distance traveled by long-haul Class 8 trucks is done at

speeds above 55 mph. Therefore, any gains in fuel economies at these speeds derived from a given tire

combination would have a very large impact on the overall fuel economy of these type of trucks. Figure 5.3 shows

that, except for the D-S combination within the 65+ to 70 mph, the combinations with all single (wide) tires

perform better and, therefore, obtain the largest overall fuel economy. 

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

0+ to 5 

5+ to 10

10+ to 15

15+ to 20 20+ to 25 25+ to 30 30+ to 35 35+ to 40 40+ to 45 45+ to 50 50+ to 55 55+ to 60 60+ to 65 65+ to 70 70+ to 75 

Speed Range [mph]

Fuel Economy [MPG]

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Pecentage of Total Dist. Traveled [%]

Tractor D - Trailer D Tractor D - Trailer S

Tractor S - Trailer D Tractor S - Trailer S

%Distance Traveled
5–17

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 5.4. Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed 

and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination

Source:

Capps, Gary, Oscar Franzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lascurain, and Pedro Otaduy. Class-8 Heavy Truck Duty

Cycle Project Final Report, ORNL/TM-2008/122, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN,

December 2008. 

Note: D = Dual tire. S = Single (wide) tire.

These data were not adjusted to account for the effects of terrain. The increase in fuel economy for speeds

above 70 mph is likely due to the vehicle achieving high speeds while traveling down slope. Therefore, this

increase in fuel economy is not expected to be characteristic of all travel at these higher speeds.

 This graph presents for each one of the four tire-combination categories the percent of total fuel that is consumed

when traveling at different speeds (bars) as well as the average percent of fuel consumed for each speed bin (line).

As opposed to Table 5.10, the total fuel consumed on this graph includes the fuel consumed while idling.

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

Idling

0+ to 5 

5+ to 10

10+ to 15

15+ to 20 20+ to 25 25+ to 30 30+ to 35 35+ to 40 40+ to 45 45+ to 50 50+ to 55 55+ to 60 60+ to 65 65+ to 70 70+ to 75 

Speed Range [mph]

Percent of Total Fuel Consumed [%]

0. 0%

5 .0 %

1 0. 0%

15 .0 0%

2 0. 0%

25 .0 0%

3 0. 0%

Tractor D - Trailer D Tractor D - Trailer S

Tractor S - Trailer D Tractor S - Trailer S

Average across All Trucks
5–18

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Commodity Flow Survey

The Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) is designed to provide data on the flow of goods and materials by

mode of transport. The 1993, 1997, 2002, and 2007 CFS are a continuation of statistics collected in the

Commodity Transportation Survey from 1963 through 1977, and include major improvements in

methodology, sample size, and scope. The 2007 CFS covers business establishments with paid employees

that are located in the United States and are classified using the North American Industry Classification

System (NAICS) in mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade, and select retail trade industries, namely,

electronic shopping and mail-order houses. Establishments classified in services, transportation,

construction, and most retail industries are excluded from the survey. Farms, fisheries, foreign

establishments, and most government-owned establishments are also excluded.a

The 1993, 1997, 2002, and 2007 CFS differ from previous surveys in their greatly expanded coverage of

intermodalism (i.e., shipments which travel by at least two different modes, such as rail and truck). Earlier

surveys reported only the principal mode. Route distance for each mode for each shipment was imputed

using methodologies developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Distance, in turn, was used to compute

ton-mileage by mode of transport. 

Preliminary data from the 2007 CFS were released in December 2008. The data can be viewed at:

www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey.

a

 Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2007 Economic Census, 2007 Commodity Flow

Survey, December 2008.
5–19

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Industries covered by the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) shipped over 13 billion tons of goods worth over

$11 trillion. Compared to the 1997 CFS, the value of shipments is up 1.3% per year and tons shipped are up 1.6%

per year. By value, intermodal shipments increased 4.7% per year from 1997 to 2007.

Table 5.12

 Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys

(Detail may not add to total because of rounding)

Value of goods shipped Tons

Mode of Transportation

2007

(millions)

2002 

(billion

2007

dollars)

1997

(billion

2007

dollars)

Average

annual

percent

change

(1997-2007)

2007

(millions)

2002

(millions)

1997

(millions)

Average

annual

percent

change

All modes 11,831.5 9,678.0 8,970.5 2.8% 13,016.6 11,667.9 11,089.7 1.6%

Single modes 9,554.9 8,124.6 7,388.8 2.6% 12,087.8 11,086.7 10,436.5 1.5%

Trucka

For-hire truck

Private truck

8,363.7

4,764.4

3,599.2

7,186.0

4,330.2

2,818.3

6,435.3

3,748.0

2,630.8

2.7%

2.4%

3.2%

8,957.7

4,029.0

4,928.7

7,842.8

3,657.3

4,149.7

7,700.7

3,402.6

4,137.3

1.5%

1.7%

1.8%

Rail 387.6 359.5 412.9 -0.6% 1,928.5 1,873.9 1,549.8 2.2%

Water

Shallow draft

Great Lakes

Deep draft

106.9

95.4

0.7

10.8

102.9

66.3

0.9

35.7

97.9

69.6

1.9

26.4

0.9%

3.2%

-9.5%

-8.6%

423.3

381.6

13.3

28.5

681.2

458.6

38.0

184.6

563.4

414.8

38.4

110.2

-2.8%

-0.8%

-10.1%

-12.6%

Air (includes truck and air) 209.6 305.4 296.0 -3.4% 3.5 3.8 4.5 -2.5%

Pipelineb 487.1 172.0 146.6 12.8% 774.7 685.0 618.2 2.3%

Multiple modes 1,938.9 1,243.8 1,221.9 4.7% 626.5 216.7 216.7 11.2%

Parcel, U.S. Postal Service

or courier

Truck and rail

Truck and water

Rail and water

Other multiple modes

1,597.9

197.7

31.1

7.7

104.4

1,138.5

80.6

16.6

3.8

4.4

1,105.7

97.8

10.6

2.3

5.6

3.8%

7.3%

11.4%

12.8%

34.0%

36.0

213.4

74.4

45.0

257.7

25.5

43.0

23.3

105.1

19.8

23.7

54.2

33.2

79.3

26.2

4.3%

14.7%

8.4%

-5.5%

25.7%

Other and unknown modes 337.7 309.6 359.9 -0.6% 302.3 364.6 436.5 -3.6%

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,

2007 Commodity Flow Survey, Table 1. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov/cfs)

Note: Data for 2007 are preliminary.

a

 "Truck" as a single mode includes shipments which went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of private

truck and for-hire truck. b

 CFS data for pipeline exclude most shipments of crude oil.
5–20

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Industries covered by the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) accounted for about 3.5 trillion ton-miles on the

nation’s highways, railways, waterways, pipelines, and aviation system. Ton-miles increased an average of 2.7%

per year from 1997 to 2007.

Table 5.13

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys

(Detail may not add to total because of rounding)

Ton-miles Average miles per shipment

Mode of Transportation

2007

(billions)

2002

(billions)

1997

(billions)

Average

annual

percent

change

(1997–2007) 2007 2002 1997

Average

annual

percent

change

All modes 3,490.8 3,137.9 2,661.4 2.7% 580 546 472 2.1%

Single modes 2,953.1 2,867.9 2,383.5 2.2% 213 240 184 1.5%

Trucka

For-hire truck

Private truck

1,390.1

1,011.0

379.1

1,255.9

959.6

291.1

1,023.5

741.1

268.6

3.1%

3.2%

3.5%

187

527

82

173

523

64

144

485

53

2.6%

0.8%

4.5%

Rail 1,294.9 1,261.6 1,022.5 2.4% 691 807 769 -1.1%

Water

Shallow draft

Great Lakes

Deep draft

176.0

163.6

4.8

c

282.7

211.5

13.8

57.4

261.7

189.3

13.4

59.0

-3.9%

-1.4%

-9.8%c

330

284c

390

568

450

339

664

482

177

204

1,024

-3.7%

4.8%c

-9.2%

Air (includes truck and air) 4.0 5.8 6.2 -4.3% 1,299 1,919 1,380 -0.6%

Pipelineb c c c c c c cc

Multiple modes 489.8 225.7 204.5 9.1% 915 895 813 1.2%

Parcel, U.S. Postal Service

or courier

Truck and rail

Truck and water

Rail and water

Other multiple modes

29.5

188.5

48.9

30.4

192.4

19.0

45.5

32.4

115.0

13.8

18.0

55.6

34.8

77.6

18.6

5.1%

13.0%

3.5%

-8.9%

26.3%

914

1,053

1,347

2,608

2,190

894

1,413

1,950

957c

813

1,347

1,265

1,092c

1.2%

-2.4%

0.6%

-9.1%c

Other and unknown modes 48.0 44.2 73.4 -4.2% 149 130 122 2.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,

2007 Commodity Flow Survey, Table 1. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov/cfs)

a

 "Truck" as a single mode includes shipments which went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of private

truck and for-hire truck. b

 CFS data for pipeline exclude most shipments of crude oil.

c

 Denotes data do not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or other reasons. Some unpublished

estimates can be derived from other data published in this table. However, figures obtained in this manner are subject to these same

limitations.
5–21

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

In 2007, the data changed substantially due to improved estimation methodologies. Unfortunately,

those data are no longer comparable to the rest of the historical series.

Table 5.14

Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007

Year

Number of

 active buses

Vehicle-miles

(millions)

Passengermiles

(millions)

Btu/

passenger-mile

Energy use

 (trillion Btu)

1994 68,766 2,176 19,019 4,261 81.0

1995 67,802 2,198 19,005 4,302 81.8

1996 72,353 2,234 19,280 4,334 83.6

1997 73,425 2,259 19,793 4,425 87.6

1998 77,788 2,188 20,542 4,384 90.1

1999 74,885 2,290 21,391 4,327 92.6

2000 75,665 2,329 21,433 4,509 96.6

2001 76,675 2,389 22,209 4,120 91.5

2002 76,806 2,425 22,029 4,100 90.3

2003 78,000 2,435 21,438 4,171 89.4

2004 81,630 2,484 21,550 4,318 93.0

 2005 82,642 2,498 21,998 4,200 92.4

2006 83,689 2,507 22,985 4,259 97.9

 2007a 65,808 2,314 21,132 4,315 91.2

Source:

American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, April

2009, Table 17. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)

a

 Data are not continuous between 2006 and 2007 due to changes in estimation methodology. See

source document for details.

6–1

a

 Includes only those E85 vehicles believed to be used as alternative fuel vehicles (primarily fleetoperated vehicles).

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Fuel type abbreviations are used throughout this chapter.

B20 = 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel

CNG = compressed natural gas

E85 = 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline

E95 = 95% ethanol, 5% gasoline

H2 = hydrogen

LNG = liquified natural gas

LPG = liquified petroleum gas

M85 = 85% methanol, 15% gasoline

M100 = 100% methanol

Chapter 6

Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology

Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source

Table 6.1 Alternative fuel vehicles in use, 2007 695,766

LPG 158,254

CNG 114,391

E85a 364,384

Electric 55,730

M85 0

LNG 2,781

Table 6.4 Number of alternative fuel refuel sites, 2009 6,002

LPG 2,113

CNG 776

Biodiesel 691

Electric 466

Hydrogen 58
6–2

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Alternative Fuels

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 defines alternative fuels and allows the U.S. Department of Energy

(DOE) to add to the list of alternative fuels if the fuel is substantially nonpetroleum, yields

substantial energy security benefits, and offers substantial environmental benefits. DOE currently

recognizes the following as alternative fuels:

• methanol, ethanol, and other alcohols,

• blends of 85% or more of alcohol with gasoline,

• natural gas and liquid fuels domestically produced from natural gas,

• liquefied petroleum gas (propane),

• coal-derived liquid fuels

• hydrogen and electricity 

• biodiesel,

• P-series.

Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center

DOE established the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) in 1991 to support its work aimed at

fulfilling the Alternative Motor Fuels Act directives. Since then, the AFDC has exp anded its focus

to include all advanced transportation fuels, vehicles, and technologies. It has been renamed the

Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center to reflect this broader scope. The AFDC is

operated and managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden,

Colorado.

The purposes of the AFDC are:

• to gather and analyze information on the fuel consumption, emissions, operation, and

durability of alternative fuel vehicles, and

• to provide unbiased, accurate information on alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles

to government agencies, private industry, research institutions, and other interested

organizations.

Much of the AFDC data can be obtained through their Web site: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc. 

Several tables and graphs in this chapter contain statistics which were generated by the AFDC.

Below are some links to specific areas of the AFDC Web site.

Alternative & Advanced Fuels - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/index.html

Alternative Fueling Station Locator - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_locator.html

Alternative & Advanced Vehicles - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/index.html

Fleet Information - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fleets/index.html

State & Federal Incentives & Laws - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/incentives_laws.html

Data Analysis & Trends - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/data/index.html
6–3

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 6.1

Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Usea

, 1992–2007

Year LPG CNG LNG M85 M100 E85b E95 Electricity Hydrogenc Total

1995 172,806 50,218 603 18,319 386 1,527 136 2,860 0 246,855

1996 175,585 60,144 663 20,265 172 4,536 361 3,280 0 265,006

1997 175,679 68,571 813 21,040 172 9,130 347 4,453 0 280,205

1998 177,183 78,782 1,172 19,648 200 12,788 14 5,243 0 295,030

1999 178,610 91,267 1,681 18,964 198 24,604 14 6,964 0 322,302

2000 181,994 100,750 2,090 10,426 0 87,570 4 11,830 0 394,664

2001 185,053 111,851 2,576 7,827 0 100,303 0 17,847 0 425,457

2002 187,680 120,839 2,708 5,873 0 120,951 0 33,047 0 471,098

2003 190,369 114,406 2,640 0 0 179,090 0 47,485 9 533,999

2004 182,864 118,532 2,717 0 0 211,800 0 49,536 43 565,492

2005 173,795 117,699 2,748 0 0 246,363 0 51,398 119 592,122

2006 164,846 116,131 2,798 0 0 297,099 0 53,526 159 634,562

2007 158,254 114,391 2,781 0 0 364,384 0 55,730 223 695,766

Average annual percentage change

1995-2007 -0.7% 7.1% 13.6% -100% -100% 57.8% -100% 28.1% 9.0%

Source:

U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 2007,

Washington, DC, April 2009, Table VI. 1992-2006, Annual Energy Review, Table 10.4. Estimated Number of

Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Replacement Fuel Consumption. (Additional resources:

www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/renew.html and www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/data/vehicles.html)

a

 Vehicles in Use represent accumulated acquisitions, less retirements, as of the end of each calendar year. They do

not include concept and demonstration vehicles. b

 Includes only those E85 vehicles believed to be used as alternative-fuels vehicles (AFVs), primarily fleet-operated

vehicles; excludes other vehicles with E85-fueling capability. In 1997, some vehicle manufacturers began including

E85-fueling capability in certain model lines of vehicles. For 2007, the Energy Information Administration (EIA)

estimates that the number of E85 vehicles that are capable of operating on E85, motor gasoline, or both, is about 7.1

million. Many of these AFVs are sold and used as traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. c

 Excludes HEVs.

There are nearly 700,000 alternative fuel vehicles in the United States, not including flex-fuel E85

vehicles which operate mainly on gasoline. The E85 vehicles in this table are those believed to be

regularly fueled with E85.
6–4

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 6.2

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008

Model Fuel Type Emission class

Daimler Chrysler: 1-800-999-FLEET; www.fleet.chrysler.com

Chrysler Sebring E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A

Chrysler Aspen E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A

Dodge Avenger E85 flexfuel Sedan ULEV

Dodge Durango E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A

Dodge Caravan E85 flex fuel Minivan ULEV, Tier-2 Bin 8A

Dodge Grand Caravan E85 flex fuel Minivan ULEV, Tier-2 Bin 8A

Chrysler Town & Country E85 flex fuel Minivan Tier-2 Bin 8A

Dodge Dakota E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A

Dodge Ram 1500 E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A

Jeep Grand Cherokee E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 10A

Jeep Commander E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 10A

Ford: 1-800-34-FLEET; www.fleet.ford.com; www.fordvehicles.com

Crown Victoria E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Lincoln Town Car E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Mercury Grand Marquis E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Ford F-150 E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV, Tier-2 Bin 8A

General Motors: 1-888-GM-AFT-4U; www.gmaltfuel.com

Chevrolet Impala E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Chevrolet Tahoe E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Chevrolet Police Tahoe E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

GMC Yukon E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Chevrolet Suburban E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

GMC Yukon XL E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Chevy Silverado E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

GMC Sierra E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Chevy Avalanche E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Chevy Express E85 flex fuel Van LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

GMC Savana E85 flex fuel Van LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Chevrolet Uplander E85 flex fuel Minivan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Honda: 1-888-CCHonda; www.honda.com

Civic GX CNG dedicated Sedan ILEV, AT-PZEV, Tier 2 Bin 2

FCX Hydrogen fuel cell Sedan ZEV, Tier-2, Bin 1

Mercedes-Benz USA: 800-FOR-MERCEDES; www.mbusa.com

C300 Sport Sedan E85 flex fuel Sedan ULEV

Nissan: 1-800-NISSAN-1; www.nissanusa.com

Armada E85 flex fuel SUV LEV

Titan E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, National Alternative Fuels Data Center, Web site, www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/my2008_afv_atv.pdf,

February 2009. (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs_vehicles_search.php)

Note: LEV=low emission vehicle. ILEV=inherently low emission vehicle. ULEV=ultra low emission vehicle. ZEV=zero emission

vehicle. TLEV=transitional low emission vehicle. SULEV=super ultra low emission vehicle. See Chapter 12 for details on

emissions.
6–5

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 6.3

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008

Model Battery Typea Type Emission class

Ford: 1-800-34-FLEET; www.fleet.ford.com; www.fordvehicles.com

Ford Escape Hybrid NiMH SUV SULEV II, AT-PZEV

Mercury Mariner Hybrid NiMH SUV SULEV II, AT-PZEV

General Motors: 1-800-25Electric, 313-556-7723 or 1-888-GM-AFT-4U (CNG)

Chevrolet Malibu NiMH Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Saturn Aura NiMH Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Chevrolet Tahoe NiMH SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

GMC Yukon NiMH SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Saturn VUE Green Line NiMH (Mild hybrid) SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5

Honda: 1-888-CCHonda; www.honda.com

Civic Hybrid NiMH Sedan SULEV, AT-PZEV

Lexus: 800-255-3987; www.lexus.com

GS 450h NiMH Sedan SULEV

RX 400h NiMH SUV SULEV

LS 600h NiMH Sedan SULEV

Mazda: 1-800-222-5500; www.mazdausa.com

Tribute NiMH SUV SULEV II, AT-PZEV

Nissan: 1-800-NISSAN-1; www.nissanusa.com

Altima NiMH Sedan AT-PZEV

Toyota: 1-800-GO-Toyota; www.toyota.com

Prius NiMH Sedan SULEV, AT-PZEV, Tier-2 Bin 3

Camry NiMH Sedan AT-PZEV

Highlander NiMH SUV SULEV, Tier-2 Bin 3

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, National Alternative Fuels Data Center, Web site, www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/my2008_afv_atv.pdf,

February 2009 (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs_vehicles_search.php)

Note: LEV = low emission vehicle; ILEV = inherently low emission vehicle; ULEV = ultra low emission vehicle; ZEV = zero

emission vehicle; TLEV = transitional low emission vehicle; SULEV = super ultra low emission vehicle; AT-PZEV = avanced

technology - partial zero emissions vehicle. See Chapter 12 for details on emissions.

a

 NiMH = Nickel-Metal Hydride; PbA = Lead-Acid; Mild hybrid = A vehicle that shuts down the engine when coasting, breaking

or stopped while continuing to power accessories. There is however, no electric drivetrain like that found on a full hybrid vehicle.
6–6

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

This list includes public and private refuel sites; therefore, not all of these sites are available to the public.

Table 6.4

Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009

State

CNG

sites

E85

site

LPG

sites

Electric

sites

Biodiesel

sites

Hydrogen

sites

LNG

sites Total

Alabama 3 10 40 0 12 0 0 65

Alaska 1 0 10 0 1 0 0 12

Arizona 39 25 51 15 12 1 5 138

Arkansas 3 7 37 0 3 0 0 50

California 188 19 202 404 48 28 27 916

Colorado 18 72 44 0 23 0 0 157

Connecticut 9 4 13 3 1 2 0 32

Delaware 1 1 2 0 4 0 0 8

Dist. of Columbia 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 6

Florida 15 23 47 3 14 2 0 104

Georgia 19 32 37 0 30 0 0 118

Hawaii 0 0 3 3 6 1 0 13

Idaho 7 5 25 0 8 0 1 46

Illinois 23 187 52 5 5 1 0 273

Indiana 14 119 31 0 7 0 0 171

Iowa 0 108 24 0 5 0 0 137

Kansas 2 32 44 0 5 0 0 83

Kentucky 0 13 13 0 1 0 0 27

Louisiana 5 5 9 0 1 0 0 20

Maine 1 0 8 0 5 0 0 14

Maryland 13 13 13 0 10 0 0 49

Massachusetts 11 2 21 12 5 1 0 52

Michigan 13 73 69 0 19 7 0 181

Minnesota 1 358 31 0 1 0 0 391

Mississippi 2 4 33 0 7 0 0 46

Missouri 6 95 63 0 5 1 0 170

Montana 3 1 29 0 6 0 0 39

Nebraska 1 48 18 0 3 0 0 70

Nevada 11 18 28 0 13 2 0 72

New Hampshire 3 0 11 8 12 0 0 34

New Jersey 11 0 10 0 2 0 0 23

New Mexico 11 9 49 0 7 0 0 76

New York 91 30 30 1 5 4 0 161

North Carolina 12 17 44 0 69 0 0 142

North Dakota 2 31 13 0 2 1 0 49

Ohio 8 68 66 0 24 1 0 167

Oklahoma 49 8 64 0 7 0 0 128

Oregon 12 8 29 14 36 0 0 99

Pennsylvania 25 24 63 0 8 2 0 122

Rhode Island 5 0 4 2 2 0 0 13

South Carolina 4 84 20 0 75 1 0 184

South Dakota 0 80 16 0 2 0 0 98

Tennessee 3 30 41 0 34 0 0 108

Texas 17 39 485 1 54 0 4 600

Utah 60 6 23 0 6 0 0 95

Vermont 1 0 5 2 2 1 0 11

Virginia 11 7 19 1 24 1 0 63

Washington 14 15 52 2 42 0 0 125

West Virginia 1 3 5 0 1 0 0 10

Wisconsin 18 118 41 0 1 0 0 178

Wyoming 8 7 26 0 15 0 0 56

Totals by Fuel: 776 1,861 2,113 466 691 58 37 6,002

Source: 

U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center Web site,

 www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/infrastructure/station counts.html, January 2009.
6–7

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Clean Cities is a locally-based government/industry partnership, coordinated by the U.S. Department

of Energy to expand the use of alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel. By combining the decisionmaking with voluntary action by partners, the "grass-roots" approach of Clean Cities departs from

traditional "top-down" Federal programs.

Figure 6.1. Clean Cities Coalitions

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuel Data Center, February 2008. (Additional resources:

www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities)
6–8

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Vehicle Technologies Program

www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels

The Vehicle Technologies Program is administered by the Department of Energy’s Office

of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The mission of this program is to develop more

energy efficient and environmentally friendly highway transportation technologies that enable

America to use less petroleum. The long-term aim is to develop "leap frog" technologies that will

provide Americans with greater freedom of mobility and energy security, with lower costs and lower

impacts on the environment. For additional information about the Vehicle Technologies Program,

visit the Web site listed above.

Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center

hydrogen.pnl.gov/

The Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center was developed to provide reliable data and information

for hydrogen-related analytical activities. The Center’s Web site includes:

• Hydrogen Data Book - contains a wide range of factual information on hydrogen and

fuel cells. hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/hydrogen/article/103

• Related Sites - provides links other sites with data relevant to hydrogen and fuel cell

analysis. 

• Guidelines and Assumptions for DOE Hydrogen Program Analysis - contains

guidelines for conducting analysis (under development) and assumptions.

• Calculator Tools - provides tools to perform conversions of hydrogen and other

calculations relevant to hydrogen and fuel cells.

• Analysis Tools - provides links to models and other tools relevant to hydrogen and

fuel cells, such as H2A, GREET, PSAT, VISION, MOVES, and other transportation

and energy models.
6–9

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 6.5

Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels

Property Gasoline No. 2 diesel Methanol Ethanol

Chemical formula C4 to C12 C8 to C25 CH3OH C2H5OH

Physical state Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

Molecular weight 100–105 ~200 32.04 46.07

Composition (weight %)

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

85–88

12–15

0

87

13

0

37.5

12.6

49.9

52.2

13.1

34.7

Main fuel source(s) Crude oil Crude oil Natural gas, coal, or

woody biomass

Corn, grains, or

agricultural waste

Specific gravity (60< F/ 60< F) 0.72–0.78 0.85 0.796 0.794

Density (lb/gal @ 60< F) 6.0–6.5 7.079 6.63 6.61

Boiling temperature (F<) 80–437 356–644 149 172

Freezing point (F<) -40 -40–30 -143.5 -173.2

Autoiginition temperature (F<) 495 ~600 867 793

Reid vapor pressure (psi) 8–15 <0.2 4.6 2.3

Property Propane CNG Hydrogen

Chemical formula C3H8 CH4 H2

Physical state Compressed gas Compressed gas Compressed gas or

liquid

Molecular weight 44.1 16.04 2.02

Composition (weight %)

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

82

18

n/a

75

25

n/a

0

100

0

Main fuel source Underground reserves Underground reserves

Natural gas, methanol,

and other energy

sources

Specific gravity (60< F/ 60< F) 0.508 0.424 0.07

Density (lb/gal @ 60< F) 4.22 1.07 n/a

Boiling temperature (F<) -44 -263.2 to -126.4 -423

Freezing point (F<) -305.8 -296 -435

Autoiginition temperature (F<) 842 900–1,170 932

Reid vapor pressure (psi) 208 2,400 n/a

Source:

Alternative Fuels Data Center, “Properties of Fuel,” www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/fueltable.pdf and

“Fuel Comparison,” www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/properties.html, February 2009.

Note: n/a = not applicable.

7–1

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 7

Fleet Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter

Source

Figure 7.1 Fleet cars, 2007 4,186,000

Figure 7.1 Fleet trucks # 19,500 lbs. GVW, 2007 4,546,000

Table 7.3 Average annual miles per business fleet vehicle

Pick up trucks 25,704

SUVs 25,164

Intermediate cars 24,840

Figure 7.2 Average annual miles per Federal Government 

fleet vehicle, 2007

Sedans & station wagons 13,087

SUVs 8,531

Buses 9,499

Heavy trucks 8,747

Medium trucks 7,184

Light trucks 5,682

Ambulances 7,848

Table 7.4 Federal government vehicles, FY 2008 645,491

Light trucks (<8,500 lbs. GVW) 278,105

Cars and other passenger vehicles 236,607

Medium trucks (8,500–26,000 lbs. GVW) 88,509

Heavy trucks (>26,000 lbs. GVW) 32,752

Buses and ambulances 9,518
7–2

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Vehicles in fleets of 15 or more are counted as fleet vehicles, as well as vehicles in fleets where five or more

vehicles are purchased annually. Historical data on fleets are not available due to definitional changes of what

constitutes a fleet. 

Figure 7.1. Fleet Vehicles in Service as of June 1, 2008

Source:

Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Research Department, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2008,

Redondo Beach, CA, 2009. (Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)

a

Taxi category includes vans.

b

Rental category includes vans and sports utility vehicles under cars, not trucks. c

Fleets of 15 or more in operation or 5 or more fleet vehicles purchased annually.
7–3

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Rental companies made the largest light fleet vehicle registrations in 2007 buying nearly 2.0 million vehicles, most

of them cars (57.2%). Over 30% of the commercial fleet vehicles registrations were pickups.

Table 7.1

New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007

Commercial Rental Government Total

Cars 26.2% 57.2% 39.5% 47.1%

Pickups 30.1% 3.5% 24.5% 12.6%

Vans 18.3% 10.6% 14.4% 13.0%

Sport utility vehicles 15.2% 26.8% 12.4% 22.3%

Medium trucks 10.2% 2.0% 19.2% 4.9%

Total 855,781 2,010,693 294,754 3,161,228

Source: 

Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2008, pp. 28, 29, 31 and Web site. 

(Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)
7–4

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The average length of service for an intermediate size fleet car is 29 months. Of the light vehicle types,

full-size vans have the longest average months in service.

Table 7.2

Average Length of Time Business Fleet

Vehicles are in Service, 2007

Vehicle type

Average months

 in service

Compact cars 32

Intermediate cars 29

Pickup trucks 40

Minivans 31

Sport utility vehicles 29

Full-size vans 46

Source:

Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet 

Factbook 2008, pp. 34-35. (Additional 

resources: www.fleet-central.com)

Note: Based on data collected from four leading 

Fleet Management companies.

Table 7.3

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel 

for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007

Business fleet vehicles Average annual miles of travel

Compact cars 24,360

Intermediate cars 24,840

Pickup trucks 25,704

Minivans 27,468

SUVs 25,164

Full-size vans 29,244

Source:

Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2008, pp. 34-35.

 (Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)
7–5

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 7.2. Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008

Source:

U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2008 Federal Fleet

Report, Washington, DC, January 2009, Table 4-2. (Additional resources: www.gsa.gov)

These data, which apply to domestic Federal fleet vehicles, indicate that sedans and station wagons

have the highest average annual miles per vehicle, followed closely by buses and heavy trucks. 
7–6

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 7.4

Federal Government Vehicles, 2002-2008

Vehicle Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Passenger Vehicles

 Subcompact 4,638 5,139 4,485 2,401 2,181 1,968 3,058

 Compact 57,002 58,364 55,150 58,284 56,220 48,495 41,482

 Midsize 40,779 37,695 35,012 36,656 39,762 48,622 55,157

 Large 11,265 11,171 16,235 15,966 11,783 11,907 10,679

 Limousines 130 115 227 191 318 217 238

 Light passenger vans 61,518 60,030 42,213 42,109 41,911 43,203 43,131

 Medium passenger vans 1,701 16,023 13,282 13,252 15,657 15,231 15,696

 Light SUVs 48,343 42,316 54,992 50,445 52,393 53,837 56,329

 Medium SUVs 0 7,593 7,594 6,096 7,192 7,733 10,837

Total Passenger Vehicles 225,376 238,446 229,190 225,400 227,417 231,213 236,607

Trucks and Other Vehicles

 Light 4x2 220,205 232,526 236,123 243,477 241,847 243,720 243,143

 Light 4x4 27,108 28,654 32,121 35,417 37,019 40,115 34,962

 Medium 86,949 77,569 80,474 83,747 81,721 84,414 88,509

 Heavy 31,426 33,089 33,308 35,230 33,383 32,492 32,752

 Ambulances 1,710 1,611 1,405 1,580 1,601 1,982 1,474

 Buses 7,313 7,493 7,530 7,837 7,752 8,297 8,044

Total Trucks and Other Vehicles 374,711 380,942 390,961 407,288 403,323 411,020 408,884

GRAND TOTAL ALL

VEHICLES 600,087 619,388 620,151 632,688 630,740 642,233 645,491

Source:

U.S. General Services Administration, Federal Supply Service, FY 2008 Federal Fleet Report,

Washington, DC, 2009, Charts 2-5 and 2-6. (Additional resources: http://www.gsa.gov)

The Federal Government vehicle inventory includes more light trucks than passenger vehicles.
7–7

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 7.5

Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions 

by Fuel Type, FY 2002–2008

Acquisitions by Year

Fuel Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Gasoline 44,850 42,844 43,378 41,469 37,758 32,547 30,907

Diesel 8,107 5,831 5,822 6,050 6,809 5,813 5,897

CNG 1,267 1,223 809 188 243 129 123

E-85 8,054 19,626 13,991 16,892 18,168 26,581 27,792

Electric 7 31 88 13 0 7 6

LNG 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

LPG 59 49 26 1 0 4 3

M-85 25 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hydrogen 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Grand Total 62,372 69,604 64,114 64,613 62,978 65,081 64,729

Source:

U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2008 Federal Fleet

Report, Washington, DC, 2009 , Chart 5-4. (Additional resources: www.gsa.gov)

Table 7.6

Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008

(thousand gasoline equivalent gallons)

FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08

Gasoline 281,791 281,205 296,017 284,460 300,261 288,923 293,848 292,046

Diesel 70,761 68,487 69,109 59,199 53,363 47,489 57,700 55,617

CNG 2,335 1,708 575 1,159 1,245 807 889 731

Electricity 35 56 19 3 6 5 5 4

Biodiesel 1,315 2,252 3,753 6,470 8,052 8,334 9,483 6,976

Methanol/M-85 5 4 3 0 0 0 0 0

LPG 102 108 104 126 231 105 322 399

Ethanol/E-85 5,900 4,673 1,592 1,784 3,060 3,206 3,853 6,293

LNG 52 27 23 91 102 90 95 59

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 362,296 358,520 371,195 353,292 366,320 348,959 366,195 362,125

Source:

U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2008 Federal Fleet Report,

Washington, DC, 2009, Chart 5-1. (Additional resources: www.gsa.gov)

8–1

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 8

Household Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter

Source

Table 8.2 Vehicles per capita, 2007 0.825

Table 8.3 Average household transportation expense, 2007 17.6%

Table 8.4 Share of households owning 3 or more vehicles

1960 2.5%

1970 5.5%

1980 17.5%

1990 17.3%

2000 18.3%

Table 8.5 Vehicles per licensed driver, 2001 1.06

Figure 8.1 Average occupancy rates by vehicle type, 2001

Pickup Truck 1.46

Car 1.58

Sports Utility 1.74

Van 2.20

Table 8.9 Average annual miles per household vehicle, 2001 11,100

Table 8.15 Share of workers who car pooled, 2000 11.2%

Table 8.21 Long-distance trips in the United States, 2001

Person-trips 2,554 million

Person-miles 1,138 billion
8–2

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The number of vehicles in the United States is growing faster than the population. The growth in vehicle-miles

has slowed in recent years. See Table 8.2 for vehicles per capita and vehicle-miles per capita.

Table 8.1

Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2007

Year

Resident

populationa

(thousands)

Total

households

(thousands)

Number of

vehicles in

operation

(thousands)

Total

vehicle-miles

(millions)

Number of

licensed

drivers

(thousands)

Number of

civilian

employed

persons

(thousands)

1950 151,326 43,554 43,256 458,246 62,194 58,918

1955 165,069 47,874 55,804 605,646 74,686 62,170

1960 179,979 52,799 66,582 718,762 87,253 65,778

1965 193,526 57,251 82,067 887,812 98,502 71,088

1970 203,984 63,401 98,136 1,109,724 111,543 78,678

1975 215,465 71,120 120,054 1,327,664 129,791 85,846

1980 227,225 80,776 139,832 1,527,295 145,295 99,303

1985 237,924 86,789 157,048 1,774,826 156,868 107,150

1986 240,133 88,458 162,094 1,834,872 159,487 109,597

1987 242,289 89,479 167,193 1,921,204 161,975 112,440

1988 244,499 91,061 171,741 2,025,962 162,853 114,968

1989 246,819 92,830 175,960 2,096,487 165,555 117,342

1990 249,623 93,347 179,299 2,144,362 167,015 118,793

1991 252,981 94,312 181,438 2,172,050 168,995 117,718

1992 256,514 95,689 181,519 2,247,151 173,125 118,492

1993 259,919 96,391 186,315 2,296,378 173,149 120,259

1994 263,126 97,107 188,714 2,357,588 175,403 123,060

1995 266,278 98,990 193,441 2,422,696 176,628 124,900

1996 269,394 99,627 198,294 2,485,848 179,539 126,708

1997 272,647 101,018 201,071 2,561,695 182,709 129,558

1998 275,854 102,528 205,043 2,631,522 184,980 131,463

1999 279,040 103,874 209,509 2,691,056 187,170 133,488

2000 282,194 104,705 213,300 2,746,925 190,625 136,891

2001 285,112 108,209 216,683 2,797,287 191,276 136,933

2002 287,888 109,297 221,027 2,855,508 194,296 136,485

2003 290,448 111,278 225,882 2,890,450 196,166 137,736

2004 293,192 112,000 231,398 2,964,788 198,889 139,252

2005 295,896 113,343 237,697 2,989,430 200,549 141,730

2006 298,755 114,384 244,022 3,014,371 202,810 144,427

2007 301,621 116,011 248,701 3,029,822 205,742 146,047

Average annual percentage change

1950–2007 1.2% 1.7% 3.1% 3.4% 2.1% 1.6%

1997–2007 1.0% 1.4% 2.1% 1.7% 1.2% 1.2%

Sources:

Resident population and civilian employed persons - U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of

the United States–2009, Washington, DC, 2009, tables 2, 58, 567, and annual. (Additional resources: www.census.gov)

Vehicles in operation - The Polk Company. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additional resources: www.polk.com)

Licensed drivers and vehicle-miles - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007,

Tables DL-1C and VM-1, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a

 Estimates as of July 1. Includes Armed Forces in the United States.
8–3

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Vehicle-miles per capita reached 10,000 miles in 2004. There were 1.70 vehicles for every employed civilian in

the United States in 2007.

Table 8.2

Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007a

Year

Vehicles per

capita

Vehicle-miles 

per capita

Vehicles per

civilian employed

persons

1950 0.286 3,029 0.73

1955 0.338 3,656 0.90

1960 0.370 3,994 1.01

1965 0.424 4,587 1.15

1970 0.481 5,440 1.25

1975 0.560 6,191 1.40

1980 0.615 6,722 1.41

1985 0.660 7,460 1.47

1986 0.675 7,641 1.48

1987 0.690 7,929 1.49

1988 0.702 8,286 1.49

1989 0.713 8,494 1.50

1990 0.718 8,590 1.51

1991 0.717 8,586 1.54

1992 0.708 8,760 1.53 

1993 0.717 8,835 1.55

1994 0.717 8,960 1.53

1995 0.726 9,098 1.55

1996 0.736 9,228 1.56

1997 0.737 9,396 1.55

1998 0.743 9,540 1.56

1999 0.751 9,644 1.57

2000 0.756 9,734 1.56

2001 0.760 9,811 1.58

2002 0.768 9,919 1.62

2003 0.778 9,952 1.64

2004 0.789 10,112 1.66

2005 0.803 10,103 1.68

2006 0.817 10,090 1.69

2007 0.825 10,045 1.70

Average annual percentage change

1950–2007 1.9% 2.1% 1.5%

1997–2007 1.1% 0.7% 0.9%

Sources:

Resident population and civilian employed persons - U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States–2009, Washington, DC, 2009, tables 2, 567, and annual.

(Additional resources: www.census.gov)

Vehicles in operation - The Polk Company. FURTHER REPRODUCTION

PROHIBITED. (Additional resources: www.polk.com)

Vehicle-miles - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources:

www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a

 Includes all vehicles (light and heavy).
8–4

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Transportation (17.6%) is second only to housing (34.1%) as the largest expenditure for the average household.

In 2007, approximately 27.2% of transportation expenditures were for purchasing gasoline and motor oil. There

is an average of 1.9 vehicles per household.

Table 8.3

Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007a

Income before taxes

All

households

Less than

$5,000

$5,000–

$9,999

$10,000–

$14,999

$15,000–

$19,999

Total expenditures $49,638 $19,697 $16,623 $20,611 $24,106

Percentage of total expendituresb

Foodc 12.4% 15.2% 15.0% 15.4% 13.4%

Housing 34.1% 38.1% 43.4% 40.4% 39.5%

Apparel and services 3.8% 5.3% 3.8% 3.8% 3.0%

Transportation 17.6% 15.5% 13.9% 15.7% 17.8%

 Vehicle purchases (net outlay) 6.5% 3.8% 3.7% 5.4% 7.0%

 Gasoline and motor oil 4.8% 4.7% 5.3% 4.8% 5.5%

 Other vehicle expenditures 5.2% 6.1% 4.2% 4.8% 4.3%

 Public transportation 1.1% 0.8% 1.7% 0.7% 1.1%

Health care 5.7% 5.3% 5.9% 7.8% 8.5%

Entertainment 5.4% 5.4% 4.2% 4.3% 4.6%

Personal Insurance & pensions 10.8% 2.1% 2.0% 2.5% 3.5%

Othersd 9.3% 12.2% 11.0% 9.3% 9.1%

Householdse

 (thousands) 120,171 4,184 5,406 7,552 7,562

Percentage of households 100% 3.5% 4.5% 6.3% 6.3%

Average number of vehicles in HH 1.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2

Source:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Web site: www.bls.gov/cex/2007/standard/income.pdf,

October 2008. (Additional resources: www.bls.gov)

a

 Public assistance monies are included in reported income. Data for those reporting income. b

 Percentages may not sum to totals due to rounding.

c

 Includes alcoholic beverages.

d

 Includes personal care, reading, education, tobacco and smoking supplies, cash contributions, and

miscellaneous items. e

 The term household refers to a “consumer unit,” which is defined differently than households on Table 8.1.
8–5

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 8.3 (Continued)

Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007a

Income before taxes

$20,000-

$29,999

$30,000-

$39,999

$40,000-

$49,999

$50,000-

$69,999

$70,000

and over

Total expenditures $29,704 $34,739 $41,083 $50,428 $84,072

Percentage of total expendituresb

Foodc 13.7% 13.4% 13.8% 12.6% 11.3%

Housing 37.0% 35.7% 34.1% 33.7% 32.6%

Apparel and services 3.4% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 3.9%

Transportation 18.3% 18.7% 17.9% 19.5% 17.1%

 Vehicle purchases (net outlay) 6.4% 6.4% 5.2% 7.6% 6.7%

 Gasoline and motor oil 5.7% 5.8% 5.7% 5.5% 4.1%

 Other vehicle expenditures 5.5% 5.7% 6.1% 5.5% 5.0%

 Public transportation 0.7% 0.9% 0.8% 1.8% 1.3%

Health care 8.4% 7.2% 6.8% 6.1% 4.7%

Entertainment 4.6% 5.1% 4.9% 5.3% 5.9%

Personal Insurance & pensions 5.9% 7.1% 8.4% 10.2% 13.8%

Othersd 7.9% 8.3% 9.3% 8.0% 9.8%

Householdse

 (thousands) 14,720 13,211 11,824 18,390 37,322

Percentage of households 12.2% 11.1% 9.8% 15.3% 31.1%

Average number of vehicles in HH 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.7

Source:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Web site: www.bls.gov/cex/2007/standard/income.pdf,

October 2008. (Additional resources: www.bls.gov)

a

 Public assistance monies are included in reported income. Data for those reporting income. b

 Percentages may not sum to totals due to rounding.

c

 Includes alcoholic beverages.

d

 Includes personal care, reading, education, tobacco and smoking supplies, cash contributions, and

miscellaneous items. e

 The term household refers to a “consumer unit,” which is defined differently than households on Table 8.1.
8–6

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Household vehicle ownership shows a dramatic increase from 1960 to 1990. In 1960, nearly 79% of

households owned less than two vehicles; by 1990, it declined to 45%. Census data prior to 1990

indicated that the majority of households owned one vehicle; in 1990 that changed to two vehicles.

Table 8.4

Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census

(percentage)

No

 vehicles

One

 vehicle

Two 

vehicles

Three or

more

vehicles

 Total 

 vehiclesa

1960 21.53% 56.94% 19.00% 2.53% 54,766,718 

1970 17.47% 47.71% 29.32% 5.51% 79,002,052 

1980 12.92% 35.53% 34.02% 17.52% 129,747,911 

1990 11.53% 33.74% 37.35% 17.33% 152,380,479 

2000 9.35% 33.79% 38.55% 18.31% 179,417,526

Source:

U. S. Department of Transportation, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Journey-toWork Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan Area, 1960–1990, Cambridge,

MA, 1994, p. 2-2. 

2000 data - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov, Table QT04, August 2001. (Additional resources: www.census.gov)

a

 Estimates using Census Bureau data; these data on the total number of vehicles do not match the

figures on Table 8.1. The figures on Table 8.1, from R.L. Polk and Company, are the preferred data.
8–7

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

2001 National Household Travel Survey Daily Trip Data

The Department of Transportation (DOT) colleted data on daily trips in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990 and

1995 via the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). Data on longer trips were collected in

1977 and 1995 via the American Travel Survey (ATS). For 2001, the DOT combined the collection of

long trip and daily trip data into one survey – the 2001 National Travel Household Travel Survey (NHTS).

The NHTS is the nation’s inventory of daily and long-distance travel. The survey includes

demographic characteristics of households, people, vehicles, and detailed information on daily and longerdistance travel for all purposes by all modes. NHTS survey data are collected from a sample of U.S.

households and expanded to provide national estimates of trips and miles by travel mode, trip purpose, and

a host of household attributes.

The NHTS was designed to continue the NPTS and ATS series, but as with all data surveys, caution

should be used when comparing statistics from one survey to another due to changes in terminology, survey

procedures, and target population. The 2001 survey collected data on trips of children under 5 years of age,

while the previous NPTS did not. Improved methodologies first used in the collection of trip information

in the 1995 NPTS make it difficult to compare these data with past NPTS survey data. Thus, the 1990

NPTS trip data have been adjusted to make it comparable with the later surveys.

Table 8.5

Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

1969 1977 1983 1990 1995 2001

Percent

change

1969–2001

Persons per household 3.16 2.83 2.69 2.56 2.63 2.58 -18%

Vehicles per household 1.16 1.59 1.68 1.77 1.78 1.89 63%

Workers per household 1.21 1.23 1.21 1.27 1.33 1.35 12%

Licensed drivers per household 1.65 1.69 1.72 1.75 1.78 1.77 7%

Vehicles per worker 0.96 1.29 1.39 1.40 1.34 1.39 45%

Vehicles per licensed driver 0.70 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.00 1.06 52%

Average vehicle trip length (miles) 8.89 8.34 7.90 8.98 9.06 9.87 11%

Sources:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation

Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, FHWA-PL-92-027, Washington, DC, March 1992, Table 2. Data for

1995 and 2001 were generated from the Internet sites www-cta.ornl.gov/npts, and nhts.ornl.gov.

(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

Note: Average vehicle trip length for 1990 and 1995 is calculated using only those records with trip mileage

information present. The 1969 survey does not include pickups and other light trucks as household vehicles.

The Nationwide Household Travel Survey was conducted in 2008 but the data have not been released. The 2001

survey data are the latest available at the current time.
8–8

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Due to methodology improvements in collecting trip information, the 2001 and 1995 data

should be compared only to the 1990 adjusted data. The original 1990 data are

comparable to all previous surveys; however, comparisons should always be made with

caution because of differing survey methodologies.

Table 8.6

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and 

Trip Length per Household

1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

Journey-to-worka All trips

Average annual vehicle-miles per household

1969 4,183 12,423

1977 3,815 12,036

1983 3,538 11,739

1990 original 4,853 15,100

1990 adjusted 4,853 18,161

1995 6,492 20,895

2001 5,724 21,171

Average annual vehicle trips per household

1969 445 1,396

1977 423 1,442

1983 414 1,486

1990 original 448 1,702

1990 adjusted 448 2,077

1995 553 2,321

2001 479 2,171

Average vehicle trip length (miles) 

1969 9.4 8.9

1977 9.0 8.4

1983 8.5 7.9

1990 original 11.0 9.0

1990 adjusted 11.0 8.9

1995 11.8 9.1

2001 12.2 9.9

Sources:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal

Transportation Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, FHWA-PL-92-027, Washington, DC,

March 1992, Table 7. Data for 1995 were generated from the Internet site wwwcta.ornl.gov/npts. 1990 adjusted data - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN,

August 1998. 2001 NHTS data were generated from the Internet site nhts.ornl.gov.

(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www-cta.ornl.gov/npts)

a

 It is believed that the methodology changes in the 1995 NPTS did not affect journey-to-work

trips; therefore, no adjustment is necessary.
8–9

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

In 2001 vehicle-miles traveled (vmt) for a three-person household is over 28,000 miles. The number of

drivers in a household makes a big difference in vmt, as does the presence of children in the household.

Households with children have 74% more vmt than households without children.

Table 8.7

Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household,

 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

Average

 number of vehicles 

per household

Average

 vehicle-miles traveled

 per household

Number of Licenced

Drivers 1990 2001 1990 2001

1 1.5 1.2 15,200 9,700

2 2.1 2.2 22,900 25,800

3 2.9 3.0 29,400 37,900

4 or more 3.8 3.8 40,500 47,200

Household size

1 person 1.2 1.0 11,400 7,500

2 persons 1.9 2.0 19,300 21,200

3 persons 2.2 2.3 23,700 28,400

4 persons 2.4 2.4 25,300 28,600

5 persons 2.4 2.4 24,900 33,200

6 or more persons 2.7 2.5 29,200 33,800

Household urban status

Urban 1.9 1.8 19,000 19,300

Rural 2.1 2.3 22,200 28,400

Household composition

With children 2.2 2.2 24,100 28,300

Without children 1.8 1.7 17,600 16,700

All households 1.8 1.9 18,300 21,200

Source:

Generated from the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Public Use Files, Washington, DC,

2000 and the National Household Travel Survey Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.

(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov/npts)
8–10

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 8.8

Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

Trip Purpose

Share of

trips

Share of

vehicle-miles

traveled

Trip length

(miles)

Trip

duration

(minutes)

To/from work 22.1% 27.0% 12.1 22.3

Work-related business 4.1% 8.4% 20.3 30.9

Shopping 21.1% 14.5% 6.7 14.4

Other family/personal business 24.7% 18.7% 7.5 15.2

School/church 4.9% 3.7% 7.5 15.8

Medical/dental 2.2% 2.2% 9.9 20.7

Vacation 0.4% 1.8% 47.4 59.6

Visit friends/relatives 6.3% 9.4% 14.9 24.4

Other social/recreational 13.7% 13.2% 9.6 18.2

Other 0.5% 1.0% 18.1 31.4

All 99.9% 100.0% 9.9 18.7

Source:

Generated from the National Household Travel Survey Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.
8–11

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

While car occupancy declined slightly from 1995 to 2001, all other vehicle types showed increased occupancy.

Vans and sport utility vehicles have higher vehicle occupancies than cars.

Figure 8.1. Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

Sources:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal

Transportation Survey, Washington, DC, 1997, and 2001 National Household Travel Survey,

Washington, DC, 2004. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www-cta.ornl.gov/npts,

nhts.ornl.gov)
8–12

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 8.2. Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose

1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

Sources:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal

Transportation Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, FHWA-PL-92027, Washington, DC, March 1992,

Figure 6. Data from 2001 NHTS were generated from the Internet site nhts.ornl.gov, June 2003.

(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, nhts.ornl.gov)

The average vehicle occupancy, calculated as person-miles per vehicle-mile, is highest for social and recreational

purposes. The highest vehicle occupancy levels for all purposes were in 1977. The increase in number of vehicles

per household and the decrease in average household size could have contributed to the decline since then.
8–13

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The 1990 household survey reports the highest average annual miles per vehicle. These data show that

younger vehicles are typically driven more miles than older vehicles.

Table 8.9

Average Annual Miles Per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age

Vehicle age

(years)

1983

self-reported

1990

self-reported

1995

self-reported

2001

self-reported

Under 1 8,200 19,600 15,900 15,500

1 15,200 16,800 16,800 14,300

2 16,800 16,600 15,500 14,000

3 14,500 14,700 14,400 13,100

4 13,000 13,600 14,100 12,500

5 12,100 12,900 13,500 12,000

6 11,300 13,200 13,200 11,800

7 10,000 12,400 12,800 11,600

8 9,800 12,600 12,200 10,900

9 9,000 11,500 12,200 10,800

10 and older 7,300 9,200 8,900 7,400

All household

vehicles 10,400 12,500 12,200 11,100

Sources:

Nationwide Personal Transportation Study—1983: D. Klinger and J. Richard

Kuzmyak, COMSIS Corporation, Personal Travel in the United States,

Volume 1: 1983–84 Nationwide Personal Travel Study, prepared for the U.S.

Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, August 1986, Table 4-22,

p.4-21. 1990: Generated from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation

Study Public Use Tape, March 1992. 1995: Generated from the Internet site:

www-cta.ornl.gov/npts. 2001: Generated from the Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.

(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: Data include all household vehicles, and have been rounded to the nearest

hundred.
8–14

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Historically, the data from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) are based

on estimates reported by survey respondents. For the 1995 NPTS and the 2001 National

Household Travel Survey (NHTS), odometer data were also collected. The 1995 data indicate

that respondents overestimate the number of miles they drive in a year, but the 2001 data do

not show that same trend.

Table 8.10

Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

Vehicle age

(years)

1995

self-reported

1995

odometer

2001

self-reported

2001

odometer

Under 1 15,900 15,600 15,500 14,500

1 16,800 14,500 14,300 14,200

2 15,500 14,800 14,000 13,700

3 14,400 13,800 13,100 14,100

4 14,100 12,900 12,500 13,400

5 13,500 12,700 12,000 12,900

6 13,200 12,400 11,800 12,400

7 12,800 11,600 11,600 12,100

8 12,200 11,300 10,900 11,300

9 12,200 11,200 10,800 10,500

10 and older 8,900 9,000 7,400 8,100

All household

vehicles 12,200 11,800 11,100 11,800

Source:

Generated from the Internet site: www-cta.ornl.gov/npts and 2001 NHTS public use file.

Note: Survey methodology on odometer reading data differs from 1995 to 2001 data.
8–15

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 8.3. Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

Source: 

National Household Travel Survey, https://nhts.ornl.gov

Figure 8.4. Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

Source:

National Household Travel Survey, https://nhts.ornl.gov
8–16

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 8.11

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

Vehicle age (years)

Annual vehicle miles

of travel

1 and

under 2 3 4 5 6 7

< 1,000 miles 2% 3% 3% 3% 4% 6% 5%

1 - 2,000 miles 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%

2 - 4,000 miles 7% 7% 9% 10% 11% 12% 12%

4 - 6,000 miles 7% 7% 8% 8% 9% 10% 11%

6 - 8,000 miles 9% 10% 10% 12% 11% 10% 12%

8 - 10,000 miles 10% 11% 13% 12% 14% 14% 13%

10 - 12,000 miles 12% 13% 12% 12% 12% 10% 11%

12 - 15,000 miles 13% 16% 16% 14% 13% 12% 13%

15 - 20,000 miles 16% 15% 14% 13% 12% 12% 10%

20 - 30,000 miles 14% 11% 10% 8% 7% 7% 7%

>30,000 miles 8% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4%

All 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Vehicle age (years)

8 9 10 11-15 16-20 Over 20

< 1,000 miles 6% 6% 7% 12% 22% 47%

1 - 2,000 miles 3% 5% 6% 7% 10% 10%

2 - 4,000 miles 14% 15% 16% 20% 22% 18%

4 - 6,000 miles 11% 12% 11% 13% 12% 8%

6 - 8,000 miles 13% 11% 13% 12% 9% 4%

8 - 10,000 miles 13% 12% 12% 10% 8% 5%

10 - 12,000 miles 8% 9% 8% 6% 4% 2%

12 - 15,000 miles 13% 12% 11% 8% 5% 3%

15 - 20,000 miles 10% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%

20 - 30,000 miles 6% 5% 4% 4% 3% 2%

>30,000 miles 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1%

All 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Source:

Generated from the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey

Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov. (Additional resources: nhts.ornl.gov)

Twenty-two percent of new vehicles (1 year old and under) travel over 20,000 miles per year. Nearly

half of vehicles over 20 years old travel less than 1,000 miles in a year.
8–17

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 8.12

Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS

Number of

daily vehicle

trips

Average

vehicle trip

length (miles)

Daily vehicle

miles of

travel

1990 3.3 8.9 28.5

1995 3.6 9.1 32.1

2001 3.4 9.9 32.7

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Summary of Travel Trends, 2001

Household Travel Survey, December 2004, p. 12.

Figure 8.5. Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS

Source:

National Household Travel Survey, nhts.ornl.gov
8–18

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 8.13

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2001 NHTS

Number of household

vehicles Miles

1 25.6

2 27.5

3 24.2

4 23.0

5 21.1

More than 5 18.4

All 25.2

Source:

2001 National Household Travel Survey,

nhts.ornl.gov

Table 8.14

Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household,

2001 NHTS

Vehicle

number

Average

daily

miles

Average

annual

miles

Average

age

(years)

One-vehicle household

1 25.6 9,339 8.2

Two-vehicle household

1 30.0 10,966 5.5

2 24.9 9,090 10.0

Three-vehicle household

1 30.1 10,983 5.1

2 25.2 9,202 9.2

3 17.4 6,359 13.6

Four-vehicle household

1 31.3 11,407 5.0

2 26.5 9,668 8.4

3 20.0 7,282 12.7

4 14.5 5,278 15.6

Five-vehicle household

1 33.4 12,181 4.9

2 26.8 9,793 8.2

3 20.3 7,423 11.6

4 14.4 5,237 15.6

5 10.6 3,863 16.6

Six-vehicle household

1 38.2 13,946 5.2

2 26.7 9,737 9.3

3 19.1 6,955 13.3

4 14.8 5,396 15.2

5 11.7 4,286 17.6

6 10.1 3,685 18.5

Source:

2001 National Household Travel Survey,

nhts.ornl.gov
8–19

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Figure 8.6. Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

Source:

2001 National Household Travel Survey, nhts.ornl.gov

Figure 8.7. Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

Source:

2001 National Household Travel Survey, nhts.ornl.gov
8–20

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

According to the U.S. Census data, the percentage of workers who car pooled has dropped from 19.7% in 1980

to 11.2% in 2000. The percent of workers using public transit declined from 6.4% to 5.3% in the ten-year period

between 1980 and 1990, but stayed relatively the same from 1990 to 2000 (5.2%). The average travel time

increased by 2.6 minutes from 1980 to 2000.

Table 8.15

Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census

1980 Census 1990 Census 2000 Census

Means of transportation

Number 

of workers

(thousands) Share

Number 

of workers

(thousands) Share

Number of

workers

(thousands) Share

Private vehicle 81,258 84.1% 99,593 86.5% 111,554 87.5%

Drove alone 62,193 64.4% 84,215 73.2% 97,247 76.3%

Car pooled 19,065 19.7% 15,378 13.4% 14,307 11.2%

Public transportation 6,175 6.4% 6,070 5.3% 6,575 5.2%

Bus or trolley busa 3,925 4.1% 3,445 3.0% 3,572 2.8%

Streetcar or trolley cara b b 78 0.1% 88 0.1%

Subway or elevated 1,529 1.6% 1,755 1.5% 1,981 1.6%

Railroad 554 0.6% 574 0.5% 696 0.5%

Ferryboat b b 37 0.0% 43 0.0%

Taxicab 167 0.2% 179 0.2% 194 0.2%

Motorcycle 419 0.4% 237 0.2% 158 0.1%

Bicycle 468 0.5% 467 0.4% 563 0.4%

Walked only 5,413 5.6% 4,489 3.9% 3,413 2.7%

Other means 703 0.7% 809 0.7% 1,099 0.9%

Worked at home 2,180 2.3% 3,406 3.0% 4,075 3.2%

Total workers 96,617 100.0% 115,070 100.0% 127,437 100.0%

Average travel time (minutes) 21.7 22.4 24.3

Sources:

1980-1990 data - Provided by the Journey-to-Work and Migration Statistics Branch, Population Division,

U.S. Bureau of the Census

2000 data - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov, Tables QT-03 and

P047, August 2001. (Additional resources: www.census.gov)

a This category was "Bus or streetcar" in 1980.

b

 Data are not available.
8–21

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 8.16

U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven

Daily distance (miles) 0-20 20-40 >40 All

Trip share (%) 60.0 21.4 18.6 100.0

Share of time spent 40.8 23.5 35.7 100.0

Share of total 28.1 23.3 48.6 100.0

Miles per hour 21.1 31.3 42.3 31.1

Miles per trip 4.2 9.4 23.4 9.0

Source:

Santini, Danilo J. and Anant D. Vyas, “How to Use Life Cycle

Analysis Comparisons of PHEVs to Competing

Powertrains.” Original Data: 2001 National Household

Travel Survey.

Table 8.17

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

Share of

vehicles in

density type

Hours per 

vehicle

per day

Average vehicle

speed

(miles/hour)

Miles

per vehicle

per day

All classes detached single 79.0% 1.24 31.4 39.0

All classes other 21.0% 1.28 29.3 37.3

<1,000/sq. mile detached single 84.2% 1.27 34.3 43.5

<1,000/sq. mile all other 15.8% 1.30 33.1 42.8

1,000-4,000/sq. mile detached single 80.2% 1.21 29.3 35.5

1,000-4,000/sq. mile all other 19.8% 1.24 29.7 36.8

4,000-10,000/sq. mile detached single 72.9% 1.19 27.1 32.3

4,000-10,000/sq. mile all other 27.1% 1.25 26.6 33.2

10,000-25,000/sq. mile detached single 46.5% 1.31 23.3 30.6

10,000-25,000/sq. mile all other 53.5% 1.32 23.7 31.3

>25,000/sq. mile detached single 20.5% 1.41 20.1 28.5

>25,000/sq. mile all other 79.5% 1.40 20.8 29.1

Source:

Vyas, Anant, Danilo Santini, Michael Duoba, and Mark Alexander, “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: How

Does One Determine Their Potential for Reducing U.S. Oil Dependence?” Original Data: 2001

National Household Survey.
8–22

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 8.18

Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005

Share of

occupied

housing units

% with garage

or carport

Type of Housing Unit

New construction (< = 4 years) 5.5% 79.3%

Manufactured/mobile homes 6.4% 30.3%

With physical problemsa 5.7% 37.9%

All other 82.4% 65.8%

Geographic Location (Census Region)

Northeast 18.7% 49.0%

Midwest 22.9% 72.0%

South 36.5% 54.8%

West 21.9% 77.6%

Type of Location

MSA - Central City 29.2% 53.7%

MSA - Suburbs 48.5% 69.1%

Outside MSA 22.3% 60.4%

Source:

Vyas, Anant, Danilo Santini, Michael Duoba and Mark Alexander, “Plug-In

Hybrid Electric Vehicles: How Does One Determine Their Potential for

Reducing U.S. Oil Dependence?” Original Data: 2005 American Housing

Survey.

a

 Physical problems include problems with plumbing, heating, electric,

upkeep, and/or hallways. For detailed definitions of “moderate” and “severe”

physical problems, see American Housing Survey for the United States, 1993,

page A-13.
8–23

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

More than half of workers had 15-29 minute commutes in 1990, but that dropped to 35% by

2000. The share of workers commuting less than 15 minutes increased the most in the ten-year

period (14 percentage points), but the share of workers commuting 30 minutes or more also saw

small increases.

Table 8.19

Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census

Commute time 1990 2000

Less than 15 minutes 15.9% 30.1%

15–29 minutes 51.6% 36.3%

30–39 minutes 14.7% 15.7%

40–59 minutes 9.0% 10.7%

60 minutes or more 5.9% 7.3%

Average travel time (minutes) 22.4 24.3

Sources:

1990 - U. S. Department of Transportation, Volpe National Transportation Systems

Center, Journey-to-Work Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan

Area, 1960–1990, FHWA-PL-94-012, Cambridge, MA, 1994, p. 2-6. 

2000 - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov, 

Tables QT-03 and P048, August 2001. (Additional resources: www.census.gov)
8–24

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Sales of bicycles with wheel sizes of 20 inches and over have grown at an average annual rate of 1.4% from 1981

to 2007. The largest growth in bicycle sales, however, were bicycles with wheel sizes under 20 inches which grew

at an average annual rate of 2.5%.

Table 8.20

Bicycle Sales, 1981–2007

(millions)

Wheel sizes

under

 20 inches

Wheel sizes

of 20 inches 

and over

All

wheel sizes

1981 a 8.9 a

1982 a 6.8 a

1983 a 9.0 a

1984 a 10.1 a

1985 a 11.4 a

1986 a 12.3 a

1987 a 12.6 a

1988 a 9.9 a

1989 a 10.7 a

1990 a 10.8 a

1991 a 11.6 a

1992 3.7 11.6 15.3

1993 3.8 13.0 16.8

1994 4.2 12.5 16.7

1995 4.1 12.0 16.1

1996 4.5 10.9 15.4

1997 4.2 11.0 15.2

1998 4.7 11.1 15.8

1999 5.9 11.6 17.5

2000 9.0 11.9 20.9

2001 5.4 11.3 16.7

2002 5.9 13.6 19.5

2003 5.6 12.9 18.5

2004 5.3 13.0 18.3

2005 5.8 14.0 19.8

2006 5.5 12.7 18.2

2007 5.4 12.8 18.2

Average annual percentage change

1981–2007 a 1.4% a

1997–2007 2.5% 1.5% 1.8%

Source:

1981–1996: Bicycle Manufacturers Association. 1997–on: National Bicycle Dealers

Association. (Additional resources: www.nbda.com)

a

 Data are not available.
8–25

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

In 2001, 4.8% of walk trips and 7.5% of bike trips were to/from work. More than half of all bike trips

were for social/recreational purposes. Fourteen-percent of walk trips were shopping trips.

Figure 8.8. Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose,

2001 NHTS

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey

Web site: nhts.ornl.gov.
8–26

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

In 2008 only data on daily trips were collected in the NHTS. The 2001 data are still the latest

available on long-distance trips.

Long Distance Trips – 2001 National Household Travel Survey

The 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) collected data on long-distance trips as

well as everyday travel. The everyday travel data is a continuation of the Nationwide Personal

Transportation Survey (NPTS), while the long-distance travel data is a continuation of the American

Travel Survey (ATS) which was collected in 1977 and 1985. The survey collected trip-related data

such as mode of transportation, duration, distance and purpose of trip. It also gathered demographic,

geographic, and economic data for analysis purposes.

A long-distance trip is defined as a trip of 50 miles or more, one-way. Long-trip data from the

2001 NHTS were released in the summer of 2004. For additional information about the 2001 NHTS

data, contact the Bureau of Transportation Statistics at 202-366-3282 or visit the following Inernet

site: www.bts.gov/programs/national_household_travel_survey.
8–27

 

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 8.21

Long-Distance Tripa

 Characteristics, 2001 NHTS

Person trips Person miles

Trip characteristic (thousands) (percent) (thousands) (percent)

Total 2,554,068 100.0 1,138,322,697 100.0

Principal means of transportation:

 Personal use vehicles

 Airplane

 Commercial airplane

 Busb

 Intercity bus

 Charter, tour, or school bus

 Train

2,310,376

165,039

158,880

52,962

3,456

45,952

20,672

90.5

6.5

6.2

2.1

0.1

1.8

0.8

735,882,255

367,888,741

361,717,015

23,747,433

1,765,696

21,019,942

9,266,373

64.7

32.3

31.8

2.1

0.2

1.9

0.8

Round trip distance:

 100 to 300 miles

 300 to 499 miles

 500 to 999 miles

 1,000 to 1,999 miles

 2,000 miles or more

 Mean (miles)

 Median (miles)

1,688,358

373,550

261,802

125,665

104,694

446

206

66.1

14.6

10.3

4.9

4.1

 c

 c

284,586,370

143,571,597

180,669,482

178,629,838

350,865,409 c

c

25.0

12.6

15.9

15.7

30.8 c 

 c 

 Calendar quarter:

 1st quarter

 2nd quarter

 3rd quarter

 4th quarter

566,502

653,310

734,878

599,378

22.2

25.6

28.8

23.5

246,556,190

298,154,812

341,021,290

252,590,405

21.7

26.2

30.0

22.2

Main purpose of trip:

 Commuting

 Other business

 Personal/leisure

 Personal business

 Other 

329,395

405,866

1,406,411

322,645

88,230

12.9

15.9

55.1

12.6

3.5

65,877,968

242,353,212

667,471,358

130,020,982

32,031,679

5.8

21.3

58.7

11.4

2.8

Nights away from home:

 None

 1 to 3 nights

 4 to 7 nights

 8 or more nights

1,454,847

808,281

214,464

76,475

57.0

31.7

8.4

3.0

304,469,524

414,219,147

269,265,597

150,368,429

26.8

36.4

23.7

13.2

Destination:

 Within Census division

 Across Census division, within Census

 Across Census region

2,077,810

196,890

279,367

81.4

7.7

10.9

549,651,116

134,930,113

453,741,468

48.3

11.9

39.9

Source:

U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 2001

National Household Transportation Survey.

a

 A long-distance trip is defined as a trip of 50 miles or more, one-way.

b

 Includes other types of buses.

c

 Not applicable.

9–1

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 9

Nonhighway Modes

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source

Passenger-miles (millions)

Table 9.2 Domestic and international air carrier, 2007 842,002

Table 9.10 Amtrak, 2007 5,784

Table 9.11 Commuter rail, 2007 11,153

Table 9.12 Transit rail, 2007 18,070

Freight ton-miles (millions)

Table 9.5 Domestic waterborne commerce, 2006 562,000

Table 9.8 Class I railroad, 2007 1,770,545

Passenger energy use (trillion Btus)

Table 9.2 Domestic and international air carrier, 2007 2,684.6

Table 9.3 General aviation, 2007 242.5

Table 9.6 Recreational boats, 2007 247.3

Table 9.10 Amtrak, 2007 14.5

Table 9.11 Commuter rail, 2007 29.4

Table 9.12 Transit rail, 2007 46.6

Freight energy use (trillion Btus)

Table 9.5 Domestic waterborne commerce, 2006 288.1

Table 9.8 Class I railroad, 2007 566.9
9–2

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Nonhighway transportation modes accounted for 20% of total transportation energy use in 2007.

Table 9.1

Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007

Share of transportation energy use

Year Air Water Pipeline Rail

Nonhighway 

total

Transportation

total (trillion Btu)

1970 8.5% 5.5% 6.4% 3.6% 24.0% 15,399

1971 8.1% 4.9% 6.3% 3.5% 22.8% 16,019

1972 7.7% 4.7% 6.1% 3.4% 21.9% 17,040

1973 7.7% 5.0% 5.6% 3.4% 21.7% 17,878

1974 7.3% 5.1% 5.4% 3.6% 21.5% 17,178

1975 7.3% 5.3% 4.8% 3.2% 20.7% 17,427

1976 7.2% 5.9% 4.3% 3.1% 20.6% 18,495

1977 7.1% 6.2% 4.1% 3.1% 20.4% 19,130

1978 7.1% 6.9% 3.9% 2.9% 20.8% 20,101

1979 7.6% 5.9% 4.4% 3.1% 20.9% 19,654

1980 7.6% 7.4% 4.7% 3.1% 22.8% 18,944

1981 7.8% 6.8% 4.8% 3.0% 22.4% 18,744

1982 7.9% 5.8% 4.7% 2.6% 22.1% 18,241

1983 7.8% 5.3% 4.0% 2.6% 19.8% 18,371

1984 8.5% 5.1% 4.1% 2.8% 20.5% 19,966

1985 8.7% 4.6% 3.9% 2.6% 19.8% 19,208

1986 9.0% 6.5% 3.6% 2.4% 21.6% 20,280

1987 9.1% 6.7% 3.7% 2.4% 21.9% 20,775

1988 9.3% 6.7% 4.1% 2.4% 22.4% 21,330

1989 9.1% 7.0% 4.1% 2.4% 22.6% 21,688

1990 9.6% 6.7% 4.3% 2.3% 22.9% 21,616

1991 9.1% 7.2% 4.1% 2.3% 22.6% 21,208

1992 9.0% 7.3% 3.9% 2.2% 22.4% 21,869

1993 8.9% 6.4% 4.0% 2.3% 21.6% 22,324

1994 9.0% 6.1% 4.1% 2.3% 21.6% 22,928

1995 9.1% 6.3% 4.1% 2.4% 21.9% 23,467

1996 9.2% 5.9% 4.1% 2.4% 21.6% 23,975

1997 9.5% 5.1% 4.2% 2.4% 21.2% 24,329

1998 9.6% 5.0% 3.6% 2.3% 20.5% 24,758

1999 9.5% 5.3% 3.5% 2.3% 20.6% 25,948

2000 9.7% 5.5% 3.4% 2.3% 21.0% 26,269

2001 9.3% 4.6% 3.4% 2.3% 19.6% 25,960

2002 8.3% 4.7% 3.5% 2.3% 18.8% 26,520

2003 8.3% 4.0% 3.2% 2.3% 17.8% 26,673

2004 8.7% 4.8% 3.0% 2.4% 18.9% 27,066

2005 9.0% 5.0% 3.1% 2.4% 19.4% 27,526

2006 9.0% 5.2% 3.0% 2.4% 19.7% 27,759

2007 9.0% 5.6% 3.2% 2.3% 20.0% 28,002

Source:

See Appendix A for Nonhighway Energy Use.
9–3

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

These data include ALL international and domestic certificated route air carrier statistics; therefore, the data are

different than those in Chapter 2. Revenue aircraft-miles, passenger-miles, and seat-miles continued to rise in 2007.

Passenger load factor rose to 79.4% in 2007 –the highest in the series.

Table 9.2

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International 

Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007a

Year

Revenue

aircraft-miles

(millions)

Revenue

passenger-miles

(millions)

Available

seat-miles

(millions)

Available 

seats per

aircraftb

Passenger

load factor

(percentage)c

Revenue freight

ton-miles

(millions)

Energy use

(trillion Btu)d

1970 2,542 148,137 264,904 104 55.9% 3,755 1,363.4

1975 2,241 173,324 315,823 141 54.9% 5,062 1,283.4

1980 2,924 267,722 448,479 153 59.7% 7,885 1,386.0

1985 3,462 351,073 565,677 163 62.1% 9,048 1,701.4

1986 3,873 378,923 623,075 161 60.8% 10,987 1,847.1

1987 4,182 417,808 670,825 160 62.3% 13,137 1,945.9

1988 4,354 437,649 696,337 160 62.9% 14,632 2,049.4

1989 4,442 447,480 703,888 158 63.6% 16,347 2,087.4

1990 4,724 472,236 753,211 159 62.7% 16,403 2,213.0

1991 4,661 463,296 738,030 158 62.8% 16,149 2,085.2

1992 4,899 493,715 772,869 158 63.9% 17,306 2,144.2

1993 5,118 505,996 793,959 155 63.7% 19,083 2,169.7

1994 5,360 537,518 809,259 151 66.4% 21,773 2,266.2

1995 5,627 558,794 832,081 148 67.2% 23,375 2,338.6

1996 5,855 596,164 859,721 147 69.3% 24,892 2,409.1

1997 6,025 620,029 880,715 146 70.4% 27,610 2,514.2

1998 6,220 634,933 899,029 145 70.6% 28,015 2,573.4

1999 6,558 668,626 942,311 144 71.0% 25,147 2,653.1

2000 6,946 708,926 981,080 141 72.3% 30,221 2,743.1

2001 6,814 664,849 950,519 139 69.9% 27,882 2,599.4

2002 6,834 655,215 913,898 134 71.7% 30,507 2,408.3

2003 7,367 674,160 922,440 125 73.1% 32,446 2,402.3

2004 7,479 752,341 1,000,193 134 75.2% 37,958 2,504.8

2005 7,716 795,117 1,029,316 133 77.2% 39,286 2,606.8

2006 8,220 810,086 1,027,526 125 78.8% 38,251 2,666.1

2007 8,417 842,002 1,060,082 126 79.4% 38,463 2,684.6

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 3.3% 4.8% 3.8% 0.5% 6.5% 1.8%

1997–2007 3.4% 3.1% 1.9% -1.5% 3.4% 0.7%

Sources:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 1981-2007. (Additional

resources: www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information/air_carrier_traffic_statistics)

1970–76 Energy Use - Department of Transportation, Civil Aeronautics Board, Fuel Cost and Consumption, Washington, DC, 1981,

and annual.

1977–2003 Energy Use - Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, "Fuel Cost and Consumption Table,"

Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov, www.faa.gov)

a

 Data are for all U.S. air carriers reporting on Form 41.

b

 Available seats per aircraft is calculated as the ratio of available seat-miles to revenue aircraft-miles.

c

 Passenger load factor is calculated as the ratio of revenue passenger-miles to available seat-miles for scheduled and nonscheduled

services. d

 Energy use includes fuel purchased abroad for international flights.
9–4

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

General aviation includes: (1) aircraft operating under general operating and flight rules; (2) not-for-hire airplanes

with a seating capacity of 20 or more or a maximum payload capacity of 6,000 lbs. or more; (3) rotocraft external load

operations; (4) on-demand and commuter operations not covered under Federal Aviation Regulations Part 121; and

(5) agricultural aircraft operations.

Table 9.3

Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007

Calendar year

Total number 

of aircraft

Aircraft

hours flown

(thousands)

Energy use

 (trillion btu)

1970 131,700a 26,030b 94.4

1975 168,475 30,298 121.5

1976 177,964 31,950 130.3

1977 184,294 33,679 149.7

1978 199,178 36,844 159.4

1979 210,339 40,432 167.2

1980 211,045 41,016 169.0

1981 213,226 40,704 162.4

1982 209,779 36,457 170.5

1983 213,293 35,249 143.9

1984 220,943 36,119 148.9

1985 196,500 31,456 144.0

1986 205,300 31,782 148.0

1987 202,700 30,883 139.1

1988 196,200 31,114 148.6

1989 205,000 32,332 134.0

1990 198,000 32,096 131.9

1991 196,874 29,862 120.4

1992 185,650 26,747 104.7

1993 177,120 24,455 97.5

1994 172,935 24,092 95.3

1995 188,089 26,612 106.6

1996 191,129 26,909 111.1

1997 192,414 27,713 121.1

1998 204,710 28,100 147.4

1999 219,464 31,756 172.1

2000 217,533 30,975 175.2

2001 211,446 29,133 165.1

2002 211,244 27,040 141.5

2003 209,708 27,329 141.4

2004 219,426 28,126 175.9

2005 224,352 26,982 242.4

2006 221,943 27,705 256.3

2007 231,607 27,852 242.5

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 1.5% 0.2% 2.6%

1997–2007 1.9% 0.1% 7.2%

Sources:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, General Aviation

Activity and Avionics Survey: Calendar Year 2007, Tables 1.2, 1.5, 5.1, and annual. (Additional

resources: www.faa.gov/data_statistics/aviation_data_statistics/general_aviation/CY2007/)

a

 Active fixed-wing general aviation aircraft only.

b

 Includes rotocraft.

c

 Data are not available.
9–5

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

In the early seventies, domestic waterborne commerce accounted for over 60% of total tonnage, but by 1994 foreign

tonnage grew to more than half of all waterborne tonnage. Total foreign and domestic tons shipped was over 2.5

billion tons in 2007.

Table 9.4

Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and

International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007

(million tons shipped)

Year

Foreign and

domestic total Foreign totala Domestic totalb

Percent domestic

of total

1970 1,532 581 951 62.1%

1975 1,695 749 946 55.8%

1976 1,835 856 979 53.4%

1977 1,908 935 973 51.0%

1978 2,021 946 1,075 53.2%

1979 2,073 993 1,080 52.1%

1980 1,999 921 1,077 53.9%

1981 1,942 887 1,054 54.3%

1982 1,777 820 957 53.9%

1983 1,708 751 957 56.0%

1984 1,836 803 1,033 56.3%

1985 1,788 774 1,014 56.7%

1986 1,874 837 1,037 55.3%

1987 1,967 891 1,076 54.7%

1988 2,088 976 1,112 53.3%

1989 2,140 1,038 1,103 51.5%

1990 2,164 1,042 1,122 51.8%

1991 2,092 1,014 1,079 51.6%

1992 2,132 1,037 1,095 51.4%

1993 2,128 1,060 1,068 50.2%

1994 2,215 1,116 1,099 49.6%

1995 2,240 1,147 1,093 48.8%

1996 2,284 1,183 1,101 48.2%

1997 2,333 1,221 1,113 47.7%

1998 2,340 1,245 1,094 46.8%

1999 2,323 1,261 1,062 45.7%

2000 2,425 1,355 1,070 44.1%

2001 2,393 1,351 1,042 43.5%

2002 2,340 1,319 1,021 43.6%

2003 2,394 1,378 1,016 42.4%

2004 2,552 1,505 1,047 41.0%

2005 2,528 1,499 1,029 40.7%

2006 2,589 1,565 1,024 39.6%

2007 2,565 1,543 1,022 39.8%

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 1.4% 2.7% 0.2%

1997–2007 1.0% 2.4% -0.8%

Source:

U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce National Totals and

Selected Inland Waterways for Multiple Years, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2008, page 1.

(Additional resources: www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil)

a

 All movements between the United States and foreign countries and between Puerto Rico and

the Virgin Islands and foreign countries are classified as foreign trade. b

 All movements between U.S. ports, continental and noncontiguous, and on the inland rivers,

canals, and connecting channels of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, excluding

the Panama Canal. Beginning in 1996, fish was excluded for internal and intra port domestic traffic.
9–6

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 9.5

Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006

Year

Number of

vesselsa

Ton-miles

(billions)

Tons shippedb

(millions)

Average

length of haul 

(miles)

Energy

intensity

(Btu/ton-mile)

Energy use

(trillion Btu)

1970 25,832 596 949 628.2 545 324.8

1975 31,666 566 944 599.9 549 311.0

1976 33,204 592 976 606.3 468 277.3

1977 35,333 599 969 618.0 458 274.3

1978 35,723 827 1,072 771.6 383 316.6

1979 36,264 829 1,076 770.0 436 361.8

1980 38,792 922 1,074 856.4 358 329.8

1981 42,079 929 1,051 884.0 360 334.5

1982 42,079 886 954 929.0 310 274.9

1983 41,784 920 953 964.6 286 262.7

1984 41,784 888 1,029 862.5 346 307.3

1985 41,672 893 1,011 883.5 446 398.6

1986 40,308 873 1,033 845.3 463 404.0

1987 40,000 895 1,072 835.0 414 370.7

1988 39,192 890 1,106 804.3 335 298.0

1989 39,209 816 1,097 743.2 410 334.9

1990 39,233 834 1,118 745.7 370 308.9

1991 39,233 848 1,074 789.9 371 314.4

1992 39,210 857 1,090 785.7 395 338.7

1993 39,064 790 1,063 742.7 404 318.9

1994 39,064 815 1,093 745.5 390 318.1

1995 39,641 808 1,086 743.6 422 341.0

1996 41,104 765 1,093 699.4 456 348.6

1997 41,419 707 1,106 639.5 486 343.3

1998 42,032 673 1,087 619.0 510 343.6

1999 41,766 656 1,056 621.1 515 338.0

2000 41,354 646 1,064 606.8 510 329.3

2001 41,588 622 1,037 599.7 451 280.2

2002 41,002 612 1,016 602.5 474 290.1

2003 39,983 606 1,010 600.3 481 291.2

2004 40,290 621 1,042 596.4 480 298.0

2005 41,028 591 1,024 577.4 495 292.6

2006 41,109 562 1,024 548.7 513 288.1

Average annual percentage change

1970–2006 1.3% 1.0% 0.2% -0.4% -0.2% -0.3%

1996–2006 0.0% -3.0% -0.6% -2.4% 1.2% -1.9%

Sources:

Number of vessels -1970–92, 1995–2006 - U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne

Transportation Lines of the United States, 2006, New Orleans, LA, 2007, and annual. 1993–94 - U.S.

Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, The U.S. Waterway System-Facts, Navigation Data

Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 1996.

Ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul - U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers,

Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2006 Part 5: National Summaries, New

Orleans, LA, 2007, Table 1-4, pp. 1-6, 1-7, and annual.

Energy use - See Appendix A for Water Energy Use. (Additional resources: www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc)

a Grand total for self-propelled and non-self-propelled.

b

 These figures are not consistent with the figures on Table 9.3 because intra-territory tons are not

included in this table. Intra-territory traffic is traffic between ports in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
9–7

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Before Edition 24, the recreational boat energy use was based on data from a 1980's off-highway study. The

data displayed in this table come from the Environmental Protection Agency’s NONROAD2005 model. 

Table 9.6

Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007

Number of

boats

(thousands)

Diesel fuel Gasoline Total energy use

Year (trillion Btu)

1970 10,080 5.5 155.6 161.1

1971 10,130 6.5 156.5 163.1

1972 10,180 7.6 157.5 165.0

1973 10,230 8.6 158.4 167.0

1974 10,280 9.7 159.3 169.0

1975 10,330 10.7 160.2 171.0

1976 10,380 11.8 161.2 172.9

1977 10,430 12.8 162.1 174.9

1978 10,450 13.9 163.0 176.9

1979 10,530 14.9 164.0 178.9

1980 10,580 16.0 164.9 180.8

1981 10,630 17.0 165.8 182.8

1982 10,680 18.0 166.7 184.8

1983 10,730 19.1 167.7 186.7

1984 10,780 20.1 168.6 188.7

1985 10,830 21.2 169.5 190.7

1986 10,880 22.2 170.4 192.7

1987 10,930 23.3 171.4 194.6

1988 11,022 24.3 173.8 198.1

1989 11,115 25.4 176.2 201.6

1990 11,207 26.4 178.6 205.0

1991 11,320 27.5 181.8 209.2

1992 11,433 28.5 184.9 213.4

1993 11,545 29.5 188.0 217.5

1994 11,763 30.6 194.8 225.4

1995 11,981 31.6 201.6 233.2

1996 12,198 32.7 208.3 241.0

1997 12,237 33.7 208.8 242.5

1998 12,275 34.8 208.9 243.7

1999 12,313 35.8 208.7 244.5

2000 12,352 36.8 208.1 244.9

2001 12,456 37.9 208.4 246.3

2002 12,561 39.0 208.1 247.2

2003 12,665 40.2 207.5 247.6

2004 12,770 41.3 206.4 247.7

2005 12,874 42.4 205.2 247.6

2006 12,976 43.5 204.0 247.5

2007 13,078 44.6 202.7 247.3

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 0.7% 5.8% 0.7% 1.2%

1997–2007 0.7% 2.8% -0.3% 0.2%

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NONROAD2005 model, downloadable file from

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm.
9–8

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Interstate Commerce Commission designates Class I railroads on the basis of annual gross revenues. In 2007,

seven railroads were given this designation. The number of railroads designated as Class I has changed

considerably in the last 30 years; in 1976 there were 52 railroads given Class I designation.

Table 9.7

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States

Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2007

Railroad Revenue ton-miles

 (billions) Percent

Burlington Northern and Sante Fe Railway Company 655 37.0%

Union Pacific Railroad Company 562 31.8%

CSX Transportation 247 14.0%

Norfolk Southern Railway 196 11.1%

Canadian National, Grand Trunk Corporation 55 3.1%

Kansas City Southern Railway Company 30 1.7%

Soo Line Railroad Company 25 1.4%

Total 1,770 100.0%

Source:

Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition, Washington, DC, October 2008,

 p. 66. (Additional resources: www.aar.org)
9–9

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Revenue ton-miles for Class I freight railroads was over 1.7 trillion in 2007. Though there are many regional and

local freight railroads, the Class I freight railroads accounted for 93% of the railroad industry’s freight revenue in

2007 and 67% of the industry’s mileage operated. The energy intensity of Class I railroads hit an all-time low of

320 btu/ton-mile in 2007.

Table 9.8

Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007

Year

Number of

locomotives 

in servicea

Number of

freight cars

(thousands)b

Trainmiles

(millions)

Car-miles

(millions)

Tons

originatedc

(millions)

Average

length of

haul

(miles)

Revenue

 ton-miles

(millions)

Energy

intensity

(Btu/tonmile)

Energy 

use 

(trillion 

Btu)

1970 27,077d 1,424 427 29,890 1,485 515 764,809 691 528.1

1975 27,846 1,359 403 27,656 1,395 541 754,252 687 518.3

1980 28,094 1,168 428 29,277 1,492 616 918,958 597 548.7

1981 27,421 1,111 408 27,968 1,453 626 910,169 572 521.0

1982 26,795 1,039 345 23,952 1,269 629 797,759 553 440.8

1983 25,448 1,007 346 24,358 1,293 641 828,275 525 435.1

1984 24,117 948 369 26,409 1,429 645 921,542 510 469.9

1985 22,548 867 347 24,920 1,320 665 876,984 497 436.1

1986 20,790 799 347 24,414 1,306 664 867,722 486 421.5

1987 19,647 749 361 25,627 1,372 688 943,747 456 430.3

1988 19,364 725 379 26,339 1,430 697 996,182 443 441.4

1989 19,015 682 383 26,196 1,403 723 1,013,841 437 442.6

1990 18,835 659 380 26,159 1,425 726 1,033,969 420 434.7

1991 18,344 633 375 25,628 1,383 751 1,038,875 391 405.8

1992 18,004 605 390 26,128 1,399 763 1,066,781 393 419.2

1993 18,161 587 405 26,883 1,397 794 1,109,309 389 431.6

1994 18,505 591 441 28,485 1,470 817 1,200,701 388 465.4

1995 18,812 583 458 30,383 1,550 843 1,305,688 372 485.9

1996 19,269 571 469 31,715 1,611 842 1,355,975 368 499.4

1997 19,684 568 475 31,660 1,585 851 1,348,926 370 499.7

1998 20,261 576 475 32,657 1,649 835 1,376,802 365 502.0

1999 20,256 579 490 33,851 1,717 835 1,433,461 363 520.0

2000 20,028 560 504 34,590 1,738 843 1,465,960 352 516.0

2001 19,745 500 500 34,243 1,742 859 1,495,472 346 517.3

2002 20,506 478 500 34,680 1,767 853 1,507,011 345 520.3

2003 20,774 467 516 35,555 1,799 862 1,551,438 344 533.9

2004 22,015 474 535 37,071 1,844 902 1,662,598 341 566.2

2005 22,779 475 548 37,712 1,899 894 1,696,425 337 571.4

2006 23,732 475 563 38,995 1,957 906 1,771,897 330 584.5

2007 24,143 460 543 38,186 1,940 913 1,770,545 320 566.9

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 -0.3% -3.0% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 1.6% 2.3% -2.1% 0.2%

1997–2007 2.1% -2.1% 1.3% 1.9% 2.0% 0.7% 2.8% -1.4% 1.3%

Source:

Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2007 Edition, Washington, DC, October 2008, pp. 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 49, 52, 61.

 (Additional resources: www.aar.org)

a

 Does not include self-powered units.

b

 Does not include private or shipper-owned cars. Beginning in 2001, Canadian-owned U.S. railroads are excluded. c

 Tons originated is a more accurate representation of total tonnage than revenue tons. Revenue tons often produces

double-counting of loads switched between rail companies. d

 Data represent total locomotives used in freight and passenger service. Separate estimates are not available.
9–10

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

According to the 2002 Commodity Flow Survey, 5% of all freight ton-miles are rail intermodal

shipments (truck/rail or rail/water). See Table 5.12 for details. The number of trailers and

containers moved by railroads has increased more than seven-fold from 1965 to 2007.

Containerization has increased in recent years, evidenced by the 310% increase in the number

of containers from 1988 to 2007. 

Table 9.9

Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007

Year Trailers & containers Trailers Containers

1965 1,664,929 a a

1970 2,363,200 a a

1975 2,238,117 a a

1980 3,059,402 a a

1985 4,590,952 a a

1986 4,997,229 a a

1987 5,503,819 a a

1988 5,779,547 3,481,020 2,298,527

1989 5,987,355 3,496,262 2,491,093

1990 6,206,782 3,451,953 2,754,829

1991 6,246,134 3,201,560 3,044,574

1992 6,627,841 3,264,597 3,363,244

1993 7,156,628 3,464,126 3,692,502

1994 8,128,228 3,752,502 4,375,726

1995b 7,936,172 3,492,463 4,443,709

1996b 8,143,258 3,302,128 4,841,130

1997b 8,698,308 3,453,907 5,244,401

1998b 8,772,663 3,353,032 5,419,631

1999c 8,907,626 3,207,407 5,700,219

2000c 9,176,890 2,888,630 6,288,260

2001 8,935,444 2,603,423 6,332,021

2002 9,312,360 2,531,338 6,781,022

2003 9,955,605 2,625,837 7,329,768

2004 10,993,662 2,928,123 8,065,539

2005 11,693,512 2,979,906 8,713,606

2006 12,282,221 2,882,699 9,399,522

2007 12,026,660 2,600,651 9,426,009

Average annual percentage change

1965–2007 4.8% a a

1997–2007 3.3% -2.8% 6.0%

Source:

Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2007 Edition, Washington, DC, 

October 2008, p. 26. (Additional resources: www.aar.org)

a

 Data are not available.

b

 The Grand Trunk Western Railroad and the Soo Line Railroad Company data are

excluded. c

 The Illinois Central, Grand Trunk Western Railroad and the Soo Line Railroad 

Company data are excluded.
9–11

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, known as Amtrak, began operation in 1971. Amtrak revenue passengermiles have grown at an average annual rate of 3% from 1971 to 2007. 

Table 9.10

Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007

Year

Number of

locomotives

in service

Number of

passenger

cars

Train-miles

(thousands)

Car-miles

(thousands)

Revenue

passengermiles

(millions)

Average

trip length

(miles)

Energy intensity

(Btu per revenue

passenger-mile)

Energy

use 

(trillion

Btu)

1971 a 1,165 16,537 140,147 1,993 188 a a

1975 355 1,913 30,166 253,898 3,753 224 3,548 13.3

1980 448 2,128 29,487 235,235 4,503 217 3,065 13.8

1981 398 1,830 30,380 222,753 4,397 226 2,883 12.7

1982 396 1,929 28,833 217,385 3,993 220 3,052 12.2

1983 388 1,880 28,805 223,509 4,227 223 2,875 12.2

1984 387 1,844 29,133 234,557 4,427 227 2,923 12.9

1985 382 1,818 30,038 250,642 4,785 238 2,703 12.9

1986 369 1,793 28,604 249,665 5,011 249 2,481 12.4

1987 381 1,850 29,515 261,054 5,361 259 2,450 13.1

1988 391 1,845 30,221 277,774 5,686 265 2,379 13.5

1989 312 1,742 31,000 285,255 5,859 274 2,614 15.3

1990 318 1,863 33,000 300,996 6,057 273 2,505 15.2

1991 316 1,786 34,000 312,484 6,273 285 2,417 15.2

1992 336 1,796 34,000 307,282 6,091 286 2,534 15.4

1993 360 1,853 34,936 302,739 6,199 280 2,565 15.9

1994 411 1,874 34,940 305,600 5,869 276 2,282 13.4b

1995 422 1,907 31,579 282,579 5,401 266 2,501 13.5

1996 348 1,501 30,542 277,750 5,066 257 2,690 13.6

1997 292 1,572 32,000 287,760 5,166 255 2,811 14.5

1998 362 1,347 32,926 315,823 5,325 251 2,788 14.8

1999 385 1,285 34,080 349,337 5,289 245 2,943 15.6

2000 385 1,891 35,404 371,215 5,574 243 3,235 18.0

2001 401 2,084 36,512 377,705 5,571 238 3,257 18.1

2002 372 2,896 37,624 378,542 5,314 228 3,212 17.1

2003 442 1,623 37,459 331,864 5,680 231 2,800 15.9

2004 276 1,211 37,159 308,437 5,511 219 2,760 15.2

2005 258 1,186 36,199 264,796 5,381 215 2,709 14.6

2006 319 1,191 36,083 263,908 5,410 220 2,650 14.3

2007 270 1,164 36,484 266,545 5,784 218 2,516 14.5

Average annual percentage change

1971–2007 a 0.0% 2.2% 1.8% 3.0% 0.4% a a

1997–2007 -0.8% -3.0% 1.3% -0.8% 1.1% -1.6% -1.1% 0.5% 

Sources:

1971–83- Association of American Railroads, Economics and Finance Department, Statistics of Class I Railroads, Washington, DC, and

annual.

1984–88- Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 1988 Edition, Washington, DC, December 1989, p. 61, and annual.

1989–93- Personal communication with the Corporate Accounting Office of Amtrak, Washington, D.C.

1994–2007 - Number of locomotives in service, number of passenger cars, train-miles, car-miles, revenue passenger-miles, and average trip

length - Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition, Washington, DC, 2008, p. 77.

Energy use - Personal communication with the Amtrak, Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.amtrak.com, www.aar.org)

a

 Data are not available.

b

 Energy use for 1994 on is not directly comparable to earlier years. Some commuter rail energy use may have been inadvertently

included in earlier years.
9–12

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Commuter rail, which is also known as regional rail or suburban rail, is long-haul rail passenger service operating

between metropolitan and suburban areas, whether within or across state lines. Commuter rail lines usually have reduced

fares for multiple rides and commutation tickets for regular, recurring riders.

Table 9.11

Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007

Year

Number of

passenger

vehicles

Vehiclemiles

(millions)

Passenger

trips

(millions)

Passengermiles

(millions)

Average

trip length

(miles)

Energy

intensity

(Btu/

passengermile)Energy use

(trillion Btu)

1984 4,075 167.9 267 6,207 23.2 2,804 17.4

1985 4,035 182.7 275 6,534 23.8 2,826 18.5

1986 4,440 188.6 306 6,723 22.0 2,926 19.7

1987 4,686 188.9 311 6,818 21.9 2,801 19.1

1988 4,649 202.2 325 6,964 21.4 2,872 19.7

1989 4,472 209.6 330 7,211 21.9 2,864 20.7

1990 4,982 212.7 328 7,082 21.6 2,822 20.0

1991 5,126 214.9 318 7,344 23.1 2,770 20.3

1992 5,164 218.8 314 7,320 23.3 2,629 19.2

1993 4,982 223.9 322 6,940 21.6 2,976 20.7

1994 5,126 230.8 339 7,996 23.6 2,682 21.4

1995 5,164 237.7 344 8,244 24.0 2,632 21.7

1996 5,240 241.9 352 8,351 23.7 2,582 21.6

1997 5,426 250.7 357 8,038 22.5 2,724 21.9

1998 5,536 259.5 381 8,704 22.8 2,646 23.0

1999 5,550 265.9 396 8,766 22.1 2,714 23.8

2000 5,498 270.9 413 9,402 22.8 2,551 24.0

2001 5,572 277.3 419 9,548 22.8 2,515 24.0

2002 5,724 283.7 414 9,504 22.9 2,514 23.9

2003 5,959 286.0 410 9,559 23.3 2,545 24.3

2004 6,228 294.7 414 9,719 23.5 2,569 25.0

 2005 6,392 303.4 423 9,473 22.4 2,743 26.0

2006 6,403 314.7 441 10,361 23.5 2,527 26.2

2007 6,391 325.7 459 11,153 24.3 2,638 29.4

Average annual percentage change

1984–2007 2.0% 2.9% 2.4% 2.6% 0.2%

1997–2007 1.7% 2.7% 2.5% 3.3% 0.8%

Source:

American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, April 2009, Table 47.

(Additional resources: www.apta.com)
9–13

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

This table on transit rail operations includes data on light rail and heavy rail systems. Light rail vehicles are usually single

vehicles driven electrically with power drawn from overhead wires. Heavy rail is characterized by high speed and rapid

acceleration of rail cars operating on a separate right-of-way.

Table 9.12

Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007a

Year

Number of

passenger

vehicles

Vehiclemiles

(millions)

Passenger

trips 

(millions)b

Passenger-miles 

(millions)c

Average trip

length 

(miles)d

Energy intensity 

(Btu/

passenger-mile)e

Energy use

(trillion Btu)

1970 10,548 440.8 2,116 12,273 f 2,157 26.5

1975 10,617 446.9 1,797 10,423 f 2,625 27.4

1980 10,654 402.2 2,241 10,939 4.9 2,312 25.3

1981 10,824 436.6 2,217 10,590 4.8 2,592 27.5

1982 10,831 445.2 2,201 10,428 4.7 2,699 28.1

1983 10,904 423.5 2,304 10,741 4.7 2,820 30.3

1984 10,848 452.7 2,388 10,531 4.4 3,037 32.0

1985 11,109 467.8 2,422 10,777 4.4 2,809 30.3

1986 11,083 492.8 2,467 11,018 4.5 3,042 33.5

1987 10,934 508.6 2,535 11,603 4.6 3,039 35.3

1988 11,370 538.3 2,462 11,836 4.8 3,072 36.2

1989 11,261 553.4 2,704 12,539 4.6 2,909 36.5

1990 11,332 560.9 2,521 12,046 4.8 3,024 36.4

1991 11,426 554.8 2,356 11,190 4.7 3,254 36.4

1992 11,303 554.0 2,395 11,438 4.8 3,155 36.1

1993 11,286 549.8 2,234 10,936 4.9 3,373 36.9

1994 11,192 565.8 2,453 11,501 4.7 3,338 38.4

1995 11,156 571.8 2,284 11,419 5.0 3,340 38.1

1996 11,341 580.7 2,418 12,487 5.2 3,017 37.7

1997 11,471 598.9 2,692 13,091 4.9 2,856 37.4

1998 11,521 609.5 2,669 13,412 5.0 2,823 37.9

1999 11,603 626.4 2,813 14,108 5.0 2,785 39.3

2000 12,168 648.0 2,952 15,200 5.1 2,797 42.5

2001 12,084 662.4 3,064 15,615 5.1 2,803 43.8

2002 12,479 681.9 3,025 15,095 5.0 2,872 43.3

2003 12,236 694.2 3,005 15,082 5.0 2,837 42.8

2004 12,480 709.7 3,098 15,930 5.1 2,750 43.8

2005 12,755 715.4 3,189 16,118 5.1 2,783 44.9

2006 12,853 726.4 3,334 16,587 5.0 2,707 44.9

2007 13,032 741.2 3,879 18,070 4.7 2,577 46.6

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 0.6% 1.4% 1.7% 1.1% -0.2%g

 0.5% 1.5%

1997–2007 1.3% 2.2% 3.7% 3.3% -0.4% -1.0% 2.2%

Sources:

American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, April 2009, Tables 48 and 49.

(Additional resources: www.apta.com)

Energy use - See Appendix A for Rail Transit Energy Use.

a Heavy rail and light rail. Series not continuous between 1983 and 1984 because of a change in data source by the American Public

Transit Association (APTA). Beginning in 1984, data provided by APTA are taken from mandatory reports filed with the Urban Mass

Transit Administration (UMTA). Data for prior years were provided on a voluntary basis by APTA members and expanded statistically. b 1970–79 data represents total passenger rides; after 1979, data represents unlinked passenger trips. c Estimated for years 1970–76 based on an average trip length of 5.8 miles.

d Calculated as the ratio of passenger-miles to passenger trips.

e Large system-to-system variations exist within this category.

f Data are not available.

g Average annual percentage change is calculated for years 1980–2007.

10–1

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 10

Transportation and the Economy

Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter

Source

Figure 10.2 Share of gasoline cost attributed to taxes, 2007

Canada 31%

France 63%

Germany 64%

Japan 42%

United Kingdom 66%

United States 14%

 Table 10.12 Average price of a new car, 2007 (current dollars) 23,482

Domestic 20,595

Import 29,862

Table 10.13 Car operating costs, 2008

Variable costs (constant 2008 dollars per 10,000 miles) 1,696

Fixed costs (constant 2008 dollars per 10,000 miles) 5,399

Table 10.17 Transportation sector share of total employment

1998 8.4%

2008 7.5%
10–2

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Transportation Services Index (TSI) was created by the U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of

Transportation Statistics (BTS). It is an index that measures the movement of freight and passengers. The

Freight TSI consists of:

• for-hire trucking (parcel services are not included);

• freight railroad services (including rail-based intermodal shipments such as containers on flat

cars);

• inland waterway traffic;

• pipeline movements (including principally petroleum and petroleum products and natural gas);

and

• air freight.

The index does not include international or coastal steamship movements, private trucking, courier services,

or the United States Postal Services.

The index does not include intercity bus, sight seeing services, taxi service, private automobile usage, or

bicycling and other nonmotorized means of transportation.

Figure 10.1. Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Transportation Services Index Web site,

www.bts.gov/xml/tsi/src. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov.)
10–3

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The average price for a gallon of gasoline in China was 74 cents cheaper than in the United States

in 2007. Those in France, the United Kingdom, and Germany paid, on average, more than six

dollars per gallon.

Table 10.1

Gasoline Pricesa

 for Selected Countries, 1990–2007

Current dollars per gallon

Average

annual 

percent change

 1990 1995 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 1990–2007

China c 1.03 c 1.48 1.70 2.11 2.29 c

Japan 3.16 4.43 3.65 3.93 4.28 4.47 4.49 2.1%

Franceb 3.63 4.26 3.80 4.99 5.46 5.88 6.60 3.6%

United Kingdomb 2.82 3.21 4.58 5.56 5.97 6.36 7.13 5.6%

Germany 2.65 3.96 3.45 5.24 5.66 6.03 6.88 5.8%

Canada 1.87 1.53 1.86 2.37 2.89 3.26 3.59 3.9%

United Statesd 1.35 1.34 1.69 1.88 2.49 2.81 3.03 4.9%

Constant 2007 dollarse

 per gallon

Average

annual 

percent change

 1990 1995 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 1990–2007

China c 1.40 c 1.62 1.80 2.17 2.29 c

Japan 5.01 6.03 4.39 4.31 4.54 4.60 4.49 -0.6%

Franceb

 5.76 5.80 4.58 5.48 5.80 6.05 6.60 0.8%

United Kingdomb 4.47 4.37 5.51 6.10 6.34 6.54 7.13 2.8%

Germany 4.20 5.39 4.15 5.75 6.01 6.20 6.88 2.9%

Canada 2.97 2.08 2.24 2.60 3.07 3.35 3.59 1.1%

United Statesd 2.14 1.82 2.03 2.27 2.64 2.89 3.03 2.1%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007, Washington, DC, June 2008. 

(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: Comparisons between prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of

fluctuations in exchange rates; differences in product quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which

the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given period.

a

 Prices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for regular unleaded gasoline, except for France and the United Kingdom

which are premium unleaded gasoline. b

 Premium gasoline.

c

 Data are not available.

d

 These estimates are international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in other

sections of the book. e

 Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.
10–4

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Of these selected countries, the United Kingdom had the highest diesel fuel price average in

2007, while China had the lowest.

Table 10.2

Diesel Fuel Pricesa

 for Selected Countries, 1998–2007

Current dollars per gallon

Average annual

percentage change

1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1998–2007

China b b 1.20 1.32 1.47 1.69 2.10 2.42 b

Japan 2.25 2.85 2.50 2.76 3.09 3.45 3.68 3.82 6.1%

France 2.71 2.95 2.75 3.39 4.16 4.81 5.13 5.64 8.5%

United Kingdom 4.10 4.66 4.29 4.82 5.68 6.26 6.64 7.33 6.7%

Germany 2.45 2.79 3.00 3.79 4.41 5.01 5.30 6.06 10.6%

United Statesc 1.04 1.50 1.32 1.51 1.81 2.42 2.70 2.88 12.0%

Constant 2007 dollarsd

 per gallon

Average annual

percentage change

1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1998–2007

China b b 1.38 1.49 1.62 1.79 2.16 2.42 b

Japan 2.87 3.44 2.88 3.11 3.39 3.66 3.78 3.82 3.2%

France 3.44 3.55 3.17 3.82 4.57 5.11 5.27 5.64 5.6%

United Kingdom 5.22 5.61 4.94 5.43 6.23 6.64 6.82 7.33 3.8%

Germany 3.12 3.36 3.46 4.27 4.84 5.32 5.45 6.06 7.7%

United Statesc 1.33 1.80 1.52 1.70 1.99 2.58 2.78 2.88 9.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International and United States Petroleum (Oil) Price and Crude

Oil Import Cost Tables, Washington, DC, August 2008. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: Comparisons between prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of

fluctuations in exchange rates; differences in product quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which the

standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given period.

a

 Prices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for automotive diesel fuel for non-commercial (household) use.

b

 Data are not available.

c

 These estimates are for international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in other

sections of the book. d

 Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.
10–5

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

In 2007 more than sixty percent of the cost of gasoline in France, Germany, and the

United Kingdom went for taxes. Of the listed countries, the United States has the lowest

percentage of taxes.

Figure 10.2. Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007

Source:

Table 10.1 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices & Taxes, Fourth Quarter, 2007,

Paris, France, 2008. (Additional resources: www.iea.org.)
10–6

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Diesel fuel is taxed heavily in the European countries shown here. The U.S. diesel fuel

tax share is the lowest of the listed countries.

Figure 10.3. Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007

Source:

Table 10.2 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices & Taxes, Fourth Quarter, 2007,

Paris, France, 2008. (Additional resources: www.iea.org.)
10–7

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Though the cost of crude oil certainly influences the price of gasoline, it is not the only factor which determines the

price at the pump. Processing cost, transportation cost, and taxes also play a major part of the cost of a gallon

of gasoline. The average price of a barrel of crude oil (in constant 2008 dollars) more than doubled from 2000

to 2008, while the average price of a gallon of gasoline increased 70% in this same time period. 

Table 10.3

Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008

Crude oila

(dollars per barrel)

Gasolineb

(cents per gallon) Ratio of

gasoline to 

Year Current Constant 2008 crude oil c Current Constant 2008c

1978 12.5 41.4 65.2 215.3 219.8

1979 17.7 52.6 88.2 261.6 209.1

1980 28.1 73.3 122.1 319.0 182.7

1981 35.2 83.5 135.3 320.5 161.3

1982 31.9 71.1 128.1 285.8 168.8

1983 29.0 62.7 122.5 264.8 177.5

1984 28.6 59.3 119.8 248.3 175.7

1985 26.8 53.5 119.6 239.3 187.8

1986 14.6 28.6 93.1 182.9 268.7

1987 17.9 33.3 95.7 181.4 224.5

1988 14.7 26.7 96.3 175.3 275.7

1989 18.0 31.2 106.0 184.0 247.7

1990 22.2 36.6 121.7 200.5 230.0

1991 19.1 30.1 119.6 189.1 263.5

1992 18.4 28.3 119.0 182.6 271.2

1993 16.4 24.5 117.3 174.8 300.2

1994 15.6 22.6 117.4 170.6 316.3

1995 17.2 24.3 120.5 170.2 293.7

1996 20.7 28.4 128.8 176.7 261.2

1997 19.0 25.5 129.1 173.2 284.8

1998 12.5 16.5 111.5 147.3 374.0

1999 17.5 22.6 122.1 157.8 292.9

2000 28.3 35.3 156.3 195.4 232.3

2001 23.0 27.9 153.1 186.1 280.2

2002 24.1 28.8 144.1 172.5 251.1

2003 28.5 33.4 163.8 191.7 241.1

2004 37.0 42.1 192.3 219.2 218.4

2005 50.2 55.4 233.8 257.7 195.5

2006 60.2 64.3 263.5 281.4 183.7

2007 68.0 70.6 284.9 229.8 176.1

2008 94.7 94.7 331.7 331.7 147.1

Average annual percentage change

1978–2008 7.0% 2.8% 5.6% 1.5%

1998–2008 22.4% 19.1% 11.5% 8.5%

Sources:

Crude oil - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009,

Washington, DC, Table 9.1.

Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009,

Washington, DC, Table 9.4. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Refiner acquisition cost of composite (domestic and imported) crude oil.

b

 Average for all types. These prices were collected from a sample of service stations in 85 urban areas selected to

represent all urban consumers. Urban consumers make up about 80% of the total U.S. population. c

 Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
10–8

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Diesel fuel price has generally been lower than gasoline; however, from 2005 through 2008 the price of diesel fuel

was higher than that of gasoline.

Table 10.4

Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008

(cents per gallon, including tax)

Diesel fuela Average for all gasoline typesb

Year Current

Constant

2008c Current

Constant

2008c

1978 d d 65 215

1979 d d 88 262

1980 101 264 122 319

1981 118 279 135 320

1982 116 259 128 286

1983 120 259 123 265

1984 122 253 120 248

1985 122 244 120 239

1986 94 185 93 183

1987 96 182 96 181

1988 95 173 96 175

1989 102 177 106 184

1990 107 176 122 200

1991 91 144 120 189

1992 106 163 119 183

1993 98 146 117 175

1994 111 162 117 171

1995 111 157 121 170

1996 124 169 129 177

1997 120 161 129 173

1998 104 138 112 147

1999 112 145 122 158

2000 149 186 156 195

2001 140 170 153 186

2002 132 158 144 172

2003 151 177 164 192

2004 181 206 192 219

2005 240 265 234 258

2006 271 289 264 281

2007 289 300 285 296

2008 380 380 332 332

Average annual percentage change

1978–2008 4.8%e

 1.3%e 5.6% 1.5%

1998–2008 13.8% 10.7% 11.5% 8.5%

Sources:

Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, February 2009, Washington,

DC, Table 9.4.

Diesel - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004, Washington, DC, June

2004, Table 7.2. 2005–2008 data from EIA Petroleum Navigator Web site. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 1980-1993: Collected from a survey of prices on January 1 of the current year. 1994-on: Annual average.

b

 These prices were collected from a sample of service stations in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers.

Urban consumers make up about 80 percent of the total U.S. population. c

 Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.

d

 Data are not available.

e

 Average annual percentage change is from the earliest year possible to 2007.
10–9

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The fuel prices shown here are refiner sales prices of transportation fuels to end users, excluding tax. Sales to end

users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk consumers. Bulk sales to utility, industrial,

and commercial accounts previously included in the wholesale category are now counted as sales to end users.

Table 10.5

Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008

(cents per gallon, excluding tax)

Propanea No. 2 diesel fuel

Year Current

Constant

2008b Current

Constant

2008b

1978 33.5 110.6 37.7 124.5

1979 35.7 105.9 58.5 173.5

1980 48.2 125.9 81.8 213.7

1981 56.5 133.8 99.5 235.7

1982 59.2 132.1 94.2 210.2

1983 70.9 153.3 82.6 178.6

1984 73.7 152.7 82.3 170.5

1985 71.7 143.5 78.9 157.9

1986 74.5 146.4 47.8 93.9

1987 70.1 132.9 55.1 104.4

1988 71.4 129.9 50.0 91.0

1989 61.5 106.8 58.5 101.6

1990 74.5 122.7 72.5 119.4

1991 73.0 115.4 64.8 102.4

1992 64.3 98.7 61.9 95.0

1993 67.3 100.3 60.2 89.7

1994 53.0 77.0 55.4 80.5

1995 49.2 69.5 56.0 79.1

1996 60.5 83.0 68.1 93.4

1997 55.2 74.0 64.2 86.1

1998 40.5 53.5 49.4 65.3

1999 45.8 59.2 58.4 75.5

2000 60.3 75.4 93.5 116.9

2001 50.6 61.5 84.2 102.4

2002 41.9 50.1 76.2 91.2

2003 57.7 67.5 94.4 110.5

2004 83.9 95.6 124.3 141.7

2005 108.9 120.1 178.6 196.9

2006 135.8 145.0 209.6 223.8

2007 148.8 154.2 227.3 235.4

2008 184.2 184.2 315.1 315.1

Average annual percentage change

1978–2008 5.8% 1.7% 7.3% 3.1%

1998–2008 16.4% 13.2% 20.4% 17.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009, Washington,

DC, Table 9.7. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Consumer grade.

b

 Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
10–10

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The average price of finished aviation gasoline jumped $1.08 from 2005 to 2008; jet fuel rose by $1.32 in that

same time period.

Table 10.6

Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008

(cents per gallon, excluding tax)

Finished aviation

gasoline

Kerosene-type

jet fuel

Year Current

Constant

2008a Current

Constant

2008a

1978 51.6 170.4 38.7 127.8

1979 68.9 204.3 54.7 162.2

1980 108.4 283.2 86.6 226.3

1981 130.3 308.6 102.4 242.5

1982 131.2 292.7 96.3 214.9

1983 125.5 271.3 87.8 189.8

1984 123.4 255.7 84.2 174.5

1985 120.1 240.3 79.6 159.3

1986 101.1 198.6 52.9 103.9

1987 90.7 171.9 54.3 102.9

1988 89.1 162.2 51.3 93.4

1989 99.5 178.8 59.2 102.8

1990 112.0 184.5 76.6 126.2

1991 104.7 165.5 65.2 103.1

1992 102.7 157.6 61.0 93.6

1993 99.0 147.5 58.0 86.4

1994 95.7 139.0 53.4 77.6

1995 100.5 142.0 54.0 76.3

1996 111.6 153.1 65.1 89.3

1997 112.8 151.3 61.3 82.2

1998 97.5 128.8 45.2 59.7

1999 105.9 136.9 54.3 70.2

2000 130.6 163.3 89.9 112.4

2001 132.3 160.8 77.5 94.2

2002 128.8 154.1 72.1 86.3

2003 149.3 174.7 87.2 102.0

2004 181.9 207.3 120.7 137.6

2005 223.1 246.0 173.5 191.3

2006 268.2 286.4 199.8 213.4

2007 284.9 295.8 216.5 224.8

2008 331.1 331.1 305.3 305.3

Average annual percentage change

1978–2008 6.1% 1.9% 6.1% 2.0%

1998–2008 9.7% 6.9% 13.5% 10.6%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009, Washington,

DC, Table 9.7. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
10–11

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

At the end of 2007, only four states offered tax exemptions to encourage the use of gasohol for transportation

purposes. This list is quite short compared to the 30 states which offered gasohol tax exemptions twenty years

ago. Still, the Federal Government encourages gasohol use via a difference in the Federal tax rates of gasoline

and gasohol.

Table 10.7

State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007

Exemption

State (Cents/gallon of gasohol)

Idaho 2.5

Indiana 2.0

Maine 3.8

South Dakota 2.0

Source:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, December

2008, Washington, DC, Table MF-121T. (Additional

resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

Table 10.8

Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007

Fuel Cents per gallon

Gasolinea 18.40

Diesel 24.40

Gasoholb 18.40

Other special fuelsb 18.30

Neat alcohol (85% Alcohol) 9.25

CNG 48.54/mcf c

LNG 11.90

LPG 13.60

Source: 

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, December

2008, Washington, DC, Table FE-21B. (Additional

resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a

 All gasohol blends are taxed at the same rate.

b

 Includes benzol, benzene, naphtha, and other liquid

used a motor fuel. c

 Thousand cubic feet.
10–12

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

These states have laws and incentives for alternative fuels production and/or use.

Table 10.9

Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009

State

Alternative

fuel - all Biodiesel Ethanol

Natural

gas

Liquefied

petroleum

gas (LPG)

Electric

vehicles (EV 

and NEV)

Hydrogen fuel

cells Blends

Federal US 15 35 30 28 28 20 27 16

Alabama 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

Alaska 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 0

Arizona 5 6 6 9 10 10 7 0

Arkansas 2 4 3 4 4 2 2 2

California 9 14 11 29 18 32 26 1

Colorado 4 9 9 10 8 6 8 2

Connecticut 4 5 5 6 4 5 5 1

Delaware 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0

Dist. of Columbia 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 0

Florida 2 11 13 2 2 4 7 5

Georgia 3 7 6 7 3 6 4 1

Hawaii 5 8 11 5 6 6 6 2

Idaho 0 5 4 2 2 1 1 4

Illinois 2 15 14 6 5 6 4 7

Indiana 3 12 17 6 4 4 4 18

Iowa 4 13 17 6 5 8 5 7

Kansas 2 7 10 4 4 2 1 1

Kentucky 3 7 7 6 4 2 1 4

Louisiana 0 3 7 6 4 4 2 3

Maine 3 6 8 5 5 5 4 3

Maryland 1 4 4 1 1 3 1 0

Massachusetts 3 7 7 5 3 3 3 2

Michigan 5 11 11 6 6 6 6 7

Minnesota 3 8 10 4 4 6 4 4

Mississippi 1 2 2 5 3 1 1 0

Missouri 3 7 6 5 4 4 4 5

Montana 2 8 8 4 4 3 2 2

Nebraska 0 3 4 3 3 2 2 1

Nevada 3 3 3 5 5 5 4 1

New Hampshire 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 1

New Jersey 2 3 3 6 5 6 3 0

New Mexico 5 11 9 6 5 6 8 6

New York 6 11 13 16 10 12 12 4

North Carolina 6 15 14 8 8 7 7 8

North Dakota 0 9 8 2 2 0 3 5

Ohio 3 7 6 3 3 2 3 2

Oklahoma 4 8 10 7 7 7 4 1

Oregon 5 12 11 7 6 9 7 4

Pennsylvania 4 8 7 5 4 4 4 0

Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Rhode Island 2 3 2 4 3 5 3 1

South Carolina 1 10 9 3 4 3 5 5

South Dakota 0 8 9 1 2 0 0 10

Tennessee 5 14 10 8 7 6 5 6

Texas 4 8 8 11 10 7 7 1

Utah 2 2 2 11 7 8 5 1

Vermont 3 5 4 4 3 4 3 2

Virginia 3 9 6 9 7 7 7 1

Washington 4 17 13 9 8 11 6 8

West Virginia 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 0

Wisconsin 6 13 10 7 7 6 6 4

Wyoming 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1

Totals 165 409 403 322 271 281 251 170

Source: 

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center. Data downloaded April

2009. (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/tech_matrx.php)
10–13

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 10.10

Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009

State

Hybrid

Electric

Vehicles (HEV)

Emissions

Based

Fuel

Efficiency

Idle

Reduction

Federal US 8 21 16 8

Alabama 0 0 0 0

Alaska 0 1 1 0

Arizona 1 2 0 1

Arkansas 1 0 0 2

California 22 30 4 5

Colorado 4 3 0 2

Connecticut 2 5 1 1

Delaware 0 0 0 1

Dist. of Columbia 1 1 0 1

Florida 1 3 2 1

Georgia 2 2 1 0

Hawaii 2 0 1 1

Idaho 1 0 1 0

Illinois 3 4 1 1

Indiana 2 0 1 0

Iowa 0 0 1 0

Kansas 0 0 0 1

Kentucky 1 0 1 0

Louisiana 2 1 1 0

Maine 0 1 2 1

Maryland 2 2 0 1

Massachusetts 2 2 0 1

Michigan 5 0 1 0

Minnesota 3 1 2 3

Mississippi 1 0 1 0

Missouri 0 1 0 2

Montana 0 0 1 0

Nebraska 0 0 0 1

Nevada 2 2 0 1

New Hampshire 1 1 1 3

New Jersey 4 4 1 2

New Mexico 3 1 2 1

New York 4 2 2 5

North Carolina 4 3 0 4

North Dakota 0 0 0 0

Ohio 0 2 0 2

Oklahoma 1 0 0 0

Oregon 5 5 2 4

Pennsylvania 3 2 1 6

Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0

Rhode Island 1 4 2 1

South Carolina 2 0 0 2

South Dakota 0 0 0 0

Tennessee 4 1 3 0

Texas 1 1 1 4

Utah 1 0 0 3

Vermont 2 4 3 2

Virginia 1 2 2 2

Washington 6 6 2 2

West Virginia 0 0 1 0

Wisconsin 2 1 0 2

Wyoming 0 0 0 0

Totals 113 121 62 80

Source: 

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels

Data Center. Data downloaded April 2009. (Additional resources:

www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/tech_matrx.php)
10–14

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The average price of a new car in 2007 ($23,482) was very close to the average price in 1915 ($25,786) when

adjusted for inflation. Average new car prices were at their lowest in 1940 ($11,499). Since 1914 the highest

average price was in the year 1998 ($25,904).

Table 10.11

Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007

Year

2007

Constant

Dollars Year

2007

Constant

Dollars Year

2007

Constant

Dollars Year

2007

Constant

Dollars

1906 $36,588 1934 $16,029 1959 $20,473 1984 $22,700

1908 $32,755 1935 $14,287 1960 $19,701 1985 $22,811

1910 $27,877 1936 $12,544 1961 $18,759 1986 $23,935

1912 $28,922 1937 $12,893 1962 $18,648 1987 $24,432

1913 $29,967 1938 $13,241 1963 $18,442 1988 $24,418

1914 $31,013 1939 $12,370 1964 $18,534 1989 $24,030

1915 $25,786 1940 $11,499 1965 $18,184 1990 $23,862

1916 $20,559 1941 $11,648 1966 $18,169 1991 $23,558

1917 $18,991 1942 $11,797 1967 $18,256 1992 $24,142

1918 $17,423 1943 $11,947 1968 $18,812 1993 $24,208

1919 $17,249 1944 $12,096 1969 $18,812 1994 $25,047

1920 $17,074 1945 $12,245 1970 $18,928 1995 $24,433

1921 $18,120 1946 $12,394 1971 $19,157 1996 $24,813

1922 $19,165 1947 $12,543 1972 $19,241 1997 $25,231

1923 $17,423 1948 $13,136 1973 $18,922 1998 $25,904

1924 $15,681 1949 $15,308 1974 $18,673 1999 $25,365

1925 $15,506 1950 $15,689 1975 $19,077 2000 $24,804

1926 $15,332 1951 $15,954 1976 $19,743 2001 $24,521

1927 $15,158 1952 $17,282 1977 $19,892 2002 $24,490

1928 $14,984 1953 $17,304 1978 $20,286 2003 $23,854

1929 $14,809 1954 $16,990 1979 $19,555 2004 $23,749

1930 $14,635 1955 $16,897 1980 $19,058 2005 $24,100

1931 $16,378 1956 $17,384 1981 $20,323 2006 $23,996

1932 $18,120 1957 $19,312 1982 $21,250 2007 $23,482

1933 $17,074 1958 $20,429 1983 $22,079

Sources:

Compiled by Jacob Ward, Vehicle Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy, from the following sources. Raff,

D.M.G. & Trajtenberg, M. (1995), "Quality-Adjusted Prices for the American Automobile Industry: 1906-1940,"

National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.; Gordon, R.J. (1990), The Measurement of Durable Goods Prices,

National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis

(2007), National Income and Product Accounts. 

Note: Estimations were used for years 1941-1946.
10–15

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

In current dollars, import cars, on average, were less expensive than domestic cars until 1982. Since then, import

prices have tripled, while domestic prices have doubled (current dollars).

Table 10.12

Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007

Domestica Import Total

Year

Current

dollars

Constant 

2007

dollarsb

Current

dollars

Constant 

2007 dollarsb

Current

dollars

Constant 

2007

 dollarsb

1970 3,708 19,815 2,648 14,150 3,542 18,928

1975 5,084 19,593 4,384 16,896 4,950 19,077

1980 7,609 19,146 7,482 18,827 7,574 19,058

1981 8,912 20,328 8,896 20,291 8,910 20,323

1982 9,865 21,196 9,957 21,394 9,890 21,250

1983 10,516 21,891 10,868 22,264 10,606 22,079

1984 11,079 22,109 12,336 24,617 11,375 22,700

1985 11,589 22,331 12,853 24,767 11,838 22,811

1986 12,319 23,305 13,670 25,861 12,652 23,935

1987 12,922 23,585 14,470 26,410 13,386 24,432

1988 13,418 23,517 15,221 26,677 13,932 24,418

1989 13,936 23,302 15,510 25,934 14,371 24,030

1990 14,489 22,985 16,640 26,397 15,042 23,862

1991 15,192 23,127 16,327 24,855 15,475 23,558

1992 15,644 23,119 18,593 27,477 16,336 24,142

1993 15,976 22,924 20,261 29,072 16,871 24,208

1994 16,930 23,686 21,989 30,764 17,903 25,047

1995 16,864 22,943 23,202 31,566 17,959 24,433

1996 17,468 23,084 26,205 33,629 18,777 24,813

1997 17,907 23,133 27,722 34,812 19,531 25,231

1998 18,479 23,506 29,614 33,670 20,364 25,904

1999 18,339 22,824 28,695 35,712 20,381 25,365

2000 18,577 22,368 27,447 33,048 20,600 24,804

2001 18,755 21,957 27,539 32,241 20,945 24,521

2002 18,897 21,779 27,440 31,625 21,249 24,490

2003 18,536 20,887 28,139 31,708 21,169 23,854

2004 18,909 20,755 28,409 31,182 21,637 23,749

2005 19,907 21,134 29,702 31,533 22,701 24,100

2006 20,621 21,208 29,620 30,463 23,332 23,996

2007 20,595 20,595 29,862 29,862 23,482 23,482

Average annual percentage change

1970–2007 4.7% 0.1% 6.8% 2.0% 5.2% 0.6%

1997–2007 1.4% -1.2% 0.7% -1.5% 1.9% -0.7%

Source: 

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, underlying detail

estimates for Motor Vehicle Output, Washington, DC, 2008. (Additional resources: www.stat-usa.gov)

a

 Includes transplants.

b

 Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
10–16

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The total cost of operating an car is the sum of the fixed cost (depreciation, insurance, finance charge, and license

fee) and the variable cost (gas and oil, tires, and maintenance), which is related to the amount of travel. The gas

and oil share of total cost in 2008 rose to 16.4%.

Table 10.13

Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008

Constant 2008 dollars per 10,000 milesa

Total cost per

mileb

 (constant

2008 centsa

)

Percentage gas

and oil of total

cost

Model

year Variable cost Fixed cost Total cost

 1985 1,485 4,124 5,609 56.09 19.9%

1986 1,281 4,532 5,813 58.13 15.1%

1987 1,270 4,412 5,682 56.82 14.7%

1988 1,438 5,515 6,952 69.52 13.6%

1989 1,389 5,070 6,459 64.59 14.2%

1990 1,384 5,364 6,747 67.47 13.2%

1991 1,533 5,637 7,170 71.70 14.6%

1992 1,381 5,807 7,188 71.88 12.6%

1993 1,371 5,546 6,917 69.17 12.7%

1994 1,322 5,573 6,895 68.95 11.8%

1995 1,356 5,658 7,014 70.14 11.7%

1996 1,317 5,754 7,071 70.71 10.9%

1997 1,449 5,833 7,295 72.95 12.1%

1998 1,413 5,981 7,381 73.81 11.1%

1999 1,370 6,022 7,392 73.92 9.8%

2000 1,525 5,906 7,432 74.32 11.6%

2001 1,653 5,618 7,271 72.71 13.2%

2002 1,412 5,833 7,245 72.45 9.7%

2003 1,533 5,715 7,248 72.48 11.6%

2004 1,436 6,420 7,856 78.56 9.4%

2005 1,554 5,966 7,521 75.21 12.0%

2006 1,613 5,005 6,617 66.17 15.3%

2007 1,506 4,948 6,454 64.54 14.3%

2008 1,696 5,399 7,095 70.95 16.4%

Average annual percentage change

1985–2008 0.6% 1.2% 1.0% 1.0%

Source:

Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2008, Southfield, Michigan, 2008, p. 66, and annual.

Original data from AAA “Your Driving Costs.”

a

 Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.

b

 Based on 10,000 miles per year.
10–17

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

While the previous table shows costs per mile, this table presents costs per year for fixed costs associated with car

operation. For 2007 model year autos, the fixed cost is over $16 per day.

Table 10.14

Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008

(constant 2008 dollars)a

Model year Insuranceb

License,

registration

& taxes Depreciation

Finance 

charge Total

Average

 fixed cost

per day

1975 1,533 120 3,093 e 4,746 13.01

1980 1,280 214 2,712 e 5,312 14.55

1985 930 220 2,525 1,069 4,744 13.01

1986 1,000 255 2,593 1,251 5,100 13.97

1987 1,014 243 2,832 997 5,085 13.93

1988 1,043 253 3,247 1,028 5,571 15.27

1989 1,120 250 3,504 1,021 5,895 16.15

1990 1,109 272 3,883 1,120 6,383 17.49

1991 1,119 266 3,958 420 5,764 15.79

1992 1,208 267 4,169 1,222 6,866 18.81

1993 1,109 265 4,217 998 6,589 18.06

1994 1,117 282 4,271 941 6,612 18.12

1995 1,106 287 4,341 969 6,703 18.37

1996 1,160 295 4,350 985 6,790 18.61

1997 1,136 290 4,389 1,030 6,845 18.75

1998 1,189 299 4,443 1,074 7,005 19.19

1999 1,254 292 4,440 1,070 7,056 19.33

2000 1,213 279 4,366 1,062 6,919 18.95

2001 1,205 253 4,313 1,053 6,824 18.70

2002 1,214 241 4,453 991 6,898 18.90

2003 1,289 240 4,374 871 6,774 18.56

2004 1,827 473 4,311 845 7,455 20.42

2005 1,420 429 4,276 815 6,940 19.02

2006 989 571 3,623 765 5,948 16.30

2007 1,023 559 3,522 761 5,865 16.06

2008 943 554 3,321 758 5,576 15.28

Average annual percentage change

1975–2008 -1.5% 4.7% 0.2% e 0.5% 0.5%

1998–2008 -2.3% 6.4% -2.9% -3.4% -2.3% -2.3%

Source:

Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2008, Southfield, Michigan, 2008, p. 66 and annual. 

Original data from AAA “Your Driving Costs.”

a

 Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.

b

 Fire & Theft: $50 deductible 1975 through 1977; $100 deductible 1978 through 1992; $250 deductible for 1993

– on. Collision: $100 deductible through 1977; $250 deductible 1978 through 1992; $500 deductible for 1993 – on.

Property Damage & Liability: coverage = $100,000/$300,000. e

 Data are not available.
10–18

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 10.15

Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008

(billion dollars)

Personal consumption

expenditures

Transportation personal

consumption expenditures

Transportation PCE

Year Current as a percent of PCE

Constant

2008a Current

Constant

2008a

1970 648.5 3,598.6 81.4 435.0 12.6%

1980 1,757.1 4,591.1 238.9 601.1 13.6%

1990 3,839.9 6,325.5 471.7 748.3 12.3%

2000 6,739.4 8,426.3 853.5 1,067.1 12.7%

2001 7,055.0 8,576.9 872.3 1,060.5 12.4%

2002 7,350.7 8,797.3 882.2 1,055.8 12.0%

2003 7,703.6 9,014.2 921.7 1,078.5 12.0%

2004 8,195.9 9,341.5 976.4 1,112.9 11.9%

2005 8,694.1 9,584.6 1,051.0 1,158.6 12.1%

2006 9,207.2 9,833.0 1,089.0 1,163.0 11.8%

2007 9,710.2 10,083.0 1,138.0 1,181.7 11.7%

2008 10,056.8 10,056.8 1,135.2 1,135.2 11.3%

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, Table 2.3.5,

http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb.

Note: Transportation PCE includes the following categories: transportation, motor vehicles and parts, and gasoline and

oil.

Table 10.16

Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008

(1970 = 1.000)

Year

Consumer Price

Index

Transportation

Consumer 

Price Indexb

New vehicle

Consumer 

Price Index

Used vehicle

Consumer 

Price Index

Gross National

Product Index

1970 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

1980 2.124 2.216 1.667 1.997 2.702

1990 3.369 3.213 2.286 3.769 5.587

2000 4.438 4.088 2.689 4.994 9.432

2002 4.637 4.077 2.637 4.872 10.037

2004 4.869 4.349 2.582 4.272 11.257

2005 5.034 4.637 2.597 4.468 11.977

2006 5.196 4.824 2.591 4.487 12.687

2007 5.344 4.925 2.566 4.351 13.312

2008 5.549 5.215 2.527 4.293 13.779

Source:

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index Table 1A for 2008, and annual. 

(Additional resources: www.bls.gov)

GNP – U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, Table

1.7.5. (Additional resources: www.bea.doc.gov)

a

 Adjusted by the GNP price deflator.

b

 Transportation Consumer Price Index includes new and used cars, gasoline, auto insurance rates, intracity mass

transit, intracity bus fare, and airline fares.
10–19

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The data below were summarized from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics Survey

data using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Transportation-related employment was

7.5% of total employment in 2008.

Table 10.17

Transportation-related Employment, 1998 and 2008

(thousands)

1998 2008

Truck transportation 1,354.4 1,391.1

Transit and ground transportation 362.7 418.1

Air transportation 562.7 492.6

Rail transportation 225.0 229.5

Water transportation 50.5 65.2

Pipeline transportation 48.1 42.0

Motor vehicle and parts - retail 1,740.9 1,844.5

Motor vehicles and parts - wholesale 353.6 338.8

Gasoline stations - retail 961.3 843.4

Automotive repair and maintenance 828.3 858.3

Automotive equipment rental and leasing 188.5 194.6

Manufacturing 2,165.5 1,666.2

Autos and light trucks 235.1 162.0

Heavy-duty trucks 48.5 28.7

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 169.7 141.9

Motor vehicle parts 818.2 544.4

Aerospace products and parts 578.6 503.9

Railroad rolling stock 34.9 28.4

Ship & boat building 153.8 156.7

All other transportation equipment 39.6 40.6

Tires 87.1 59.6

Oil and gas pipeline construction 76.2 111.7

Highway street and bridge construction 308.0 328.9

Scenic & sightseeing 25.4 38.0

Support activities for transportation 496.8 589.9

Couriers and messengers 568.2 575.9

Travel arrangement and reservation services 304.3 227.7

Total transportation-related employment 10,620.4 10,256.4

Total nonfarm employment 125,930.0 137,066.0

Transportation-related to total employment 8.4% 7.5%

Source:

Bureau of Labor Statistics Web site query system: www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics.htm,

(Additional resources: www.bls.gov)
10–20

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The total number of employees involved in the manufacture of motor vehicles decreased by about 30% from 1990

to 2008 and by about 16% for those involved in the manufacturer of motor vehicle parts. In 2008, the share of

production workers fell below 80% for manufacturers of both vehicles and parts.

Table 10.18

U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

Year All Employees Production Workers

Share of Production

Workers to Total

Employees

Motor Vehicles

1990 271.4 243.4 89.68%

1991 258.4 234.8 90.87%

1992 259.9 234.0 90.03%

1993 263.7 234.8 89.04%

1994 281.5 250.9 89.13%

1995 294.7 273.7 92.87%

1996 285.3 271.2 95.06%

1997 286.8 273.6 95.40%

1998 283.6 254.8 89.84%

1999 291.3 254.3 87.30%

2000 291.4 251.0 86.14%

2001 278.7 236.4 84.82%

2002 265.4 220.8 83.20%

2003 264.6 217.1 82.05%

2004 255.9 208.0 81.28%

2005 247.6 198.6 80.21%

2006 236.5 191.8 81.10%

2007 220.0 177.3 80.59%

2008 190.7 150.3 78.81%

Motor Vehicle Parts

1990 653.0 527.4 80.77%

1991 638.9 514.7 80.56%

1992 661.2 537.0 81.22%

1993 677.8 554.7 81.84%

1994 735.6 606.9 82.50%

1995 786.9 647.7 82.31%

1996 799.9 657.4 82.19%

1997 808.9 662.4 81.89%

1998 818.2 660.3 80.70%

1999 837.1 674.2 80.54%

2000 839.5 676.7 80.61%

2001 774.7 624.9 80.66%

2002 733.6 590.9 80.55%

2003 707.8 567.6 80.19%

2004 692.1 561.6 81.14%

2005 678.1 553.9 81.68%

2006 654.7 533.7 81.52%

2007 607.9 488.9 80.42%

2008 544.4 431.2 79.21%

Source:

Tabulated from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, April 2009.
11–1

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 11

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

 Source

Table 11.1 Carbon dioxide emissions (million metric tonnes) 1990 2005

United States 4,989 5,982

OECD Europe 4,092 4,383

China 2,241 5,323

Russia 2,334 1,696

Japan 1,015 1,230

Non-OECD Europe 1,859 1,169

India 578 1,164

Table 11.5 Transportation share of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel

consumption

1990 31.6%

1995 31.7%

2000 32.0%

2007 33.6%

Table 11.6 Motor gasoline share of transportation carbon dioxide emissions 58.6%

Table 11.10 Average annual carbon footprint (short tons of CO2)

Cars 6.2

Light trucks 8.3
11–2

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 11.1

World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005

1990 2005

Million

metric short

tonnes

Percent of

emissions

from oil use

Million

metric short

tonnes

Percent of

emissions

from oil use

United States 4,989 44% 5,982 44%

Canada 465 48% 628 46%

Mexico 300 77% 398 66%

OECDa

 Europe 4,101 46% 4,383 48%

OECDa Asia 241 60% 500 48%

Japan 1,009 66% 1,230 52%

Australia/New Zealand 291 38% 444 32%

Russia 2,376 33% 1,696 22%

Non-OECDa

 Europe 1,822 31% 1,169 25%

China 2,241 15% 5,323 17%

India 565 28% 1,164 26%

Non-OECDa

 Asia 807 57% 1,690 51%

Middle East 700 70% 1,400 59%

Africa 649 46% 966 43%

Central & South America 669 75% 1,078 69%

Total World 21,246 42% 28,051 39%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2008,

Washington, DC, September 2008, Tables A10 and A11. (Additional resources:

www.eia.doe.gov)

a OECD is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for included

countries.

The U. S. accounted for 23.5% of the World’s carbon dioxide emissions in 1990 and 21.3% in

2005. Nearly half (44%) of the U.S. carbon emissions are from oil use.
11–3

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 11.2

Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide

(kilogram of gas per kilogram of carbon dioxide)

Global warming potential

Lifetime direct effect for time horizons of

Gas (years) 20 years 100 years 500 years

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 5-200a 111

Methane (CH4) 12 72 25 8

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 114 289 298 153

HFCsb

, PFCsc, and Sulfur Hexafluoride

HFC-23 270 12,000 14,800 12,200

HFC-125 29 6,350 3,500 1,100

HFC-134a 14 3,830 1,430 435

HFC-152a 1 437 124 38

HFC-227ea 34 5,310 3,220 1,040

Perfluoromethane (CF4) 50,000 5,210 7,390 11,200

Perfluoroethane (C2F6) 10,000 8,630 12,200 18,200

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 3,200 16,300 22,800 32,600

Source:

Solomon, S. et al.,“Technical Summary,” in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution

of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.

Note: The typical uncertainty for global warming potentials is estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change ± 35 percent.

a

 No single lifetime can be defined for carbon dioxide due to different rates of uptake by different removal processes.

b

 Hydrofluorocarbons

c

 Perfluorocarbons

Global Warming Potentials (GWP) were developed to allow comparison of the ability of each

greenhouse gas to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide. Extensive research has been

performed and it has been discovered that the effects of various gases on global warming are too

complex to be precisely summarized by a single number. Further understanding of the subject also

causes frequent changes to estimates. Despite that, the scientific community has developed

approximations, the latest of which are shown below. Most analysts use the 100-year time horizon.
11–4

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 11.3

U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

(million metric tonnes carbon dioxide equivalenta

)

Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide High GWP Gasesb Total

1990 5,021.4 782.1 336.0 102.4 6,241.8

1991 4,973.5 778.4 345.2 93.2 6,190.4

1992 5,084.1 781.0 352.4 98.1 6,315.6

1993 5,207.4 753.3 351.8 96.5 6,409.1

1994 5,293.6 754.7 377.5 97.2 6,522.9

1995 5,348.4 752.6 359.7 114.6 6,575.2

1996 5,534.2 729.1 360.2 124.8 6,748.2

1997 5,610.9 730.0 353.1 132.1 6,826.0

1998 5,637.9 696.5 351.0 150.6 6,836.0

1999 5,708.1 690.6 348.9 149.0 6,896.6

2000 5,892.6 685.7 344.6 152.1 7,075.0

2001 5,806.9 670.1 339.3 141.4 6,957.7

2002 5,880.5 674.2 335.4 153.6 7,043.7

2003 5,938.7 676.5 334.6 149.0 7,098.8

2004 6,023.9 679.7 361.5 165.0 7,230.1

2005 6,032.3 679.4 370.8 174.5 7,256.9

2006 5,945.8 686.9 375.7 171.3 7,179.7

2007 6,021.8 699.9 383.9 176.9 7,282.4

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the

United States, 2007, Washington, DC, December 2008, Table 1. (Additional resources:

www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: This greenhouse gas emissions inventory includes two “adjustments to energy consumption”

which make the data different from Table 11.5. The adjustments are as follows:

1) Emissions from U.S. Territories are included.

2) International bunker fuels and military bunker fuels are excluded from the U.S. total.

a Carbon dioxide equivalents are computed by multiplying the weight of the gas being

measured by its estimated Global Warming Potential (See Table 11.2).

b

 GWP = Global warming potential. Includes HFC-hydrofluorocarbons; PFC-perfluorocarbons; and

SF6-sulfur hexaflouride.

Carbon dioxide emissions in 2007 were 20% higher than in 1990. Carbon dioxide accounts for the

majority of greenhouse gases.
11–5

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 11.4

Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2007

(million metric tonnes carbon dioxide equivalenta

)

Greenhouse gas and source Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Total

Carbon dioxide 1,261.3 1,097.7 1,760.3 1,902.5 6,021.8

Methane 10.5 186.7 497.6 5.1 699.9

Nitrous oxide 4.5 9.8 313.5 56.2 383.9

Hydrofluorocarbons 0.0 50.2 22.0 72.7 144.9

Perfluorocarbons 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.0 10.1

Other hydrofluorocarbons,

perfluorocarbons/perfluoropolyether

0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 6.1

Sulfur hexafluoride 4.6 4.4 6.8 0.0 15.8

Total greenhouse gas emissions 1,280.8 1,354.7 2,610.4 2,036.4 7,282.4

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the

United States, 2007, Washington, DC, December 2008, and annual. (Additional resources:

www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: This greenhouse gas emissions inventory includes two “adjustments to energy consumption” which

make the data different from Table 11.5. The adjustments are as follows:

(1) Emissions from U.S. Territories are included.

(2) International bunker fuels and military bunker fuels are excluded from the U.S. total.

a

 Carbon dioxide equivalents are computed by multiplying the weight of the gas being measured by its

estimated Global Warming Potential (See Table 11.2).

Though the transportation sector accounts for the largest share of carbon dioxide emissions,

the industrial sector accounts for the largest share of total greenhouse gas emissions.
11–6

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 11.5

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption

 by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007a

(million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide)

End Use Sector Transportation

Percentage

Total

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Energy

1990 961.7 787.5 1,686.9 1,582.6 31.5% 5,018.7

1991 977.2 788.5 1,644.1 1,561.3 31.4% 4,971.0

1992 978.6 790.1 1,719.2 1,582.1 31.2% 5,070.1

1993 1,039.3 815.9 1,709.5 1,610.6 31.1% 5,175.3

1994 1,032.3 830.4 1,739.6 1,651.8 31.4% 5,254.0

1995 1,039.2 848.4 1,738.6 1,682.2 31.7% 5,308.5

1996 1,098.5 879.0 1,791.9 1,725.4 31.4% 5,494.9

1997 1,089.7 923.0 1,820.3 1,744.2 31.3% 5,577.2

1998 1,097.0 943.6 1,794.9 1,779.5 31.7% 5,615.0

1999 1,120.1 955.5 1,773.4 1,828.3 32.2% 5,677.3

2000 1,181.6 1,015.2 1,786.4 1,872.6 32.0% 5,855.8

2001 1,168.3 1,020.1 1,715.8 1,850.9 32.2% 5,755.1

2002 1,196.3 1,017.9 1,715.5 1,890.9 32.5% 5,820.6

2003 1,224.6 1,027.1 1,719.1 1,897.2 32.3% 5,868.1

2004 1,220.7 1,042.3 1,744.2 1,958.9 32.8% 5,966.2

2005 1,254.9 1,060.2 1,672.3 1,988.0 33.3% 5,975.3

2006 1,197.9 1,043.0 1,652.4 2,013.4 34.1% 5,906.7

2007 1,249.5 1,087.4 1,639.7 2,014.4 33.6% 5,990.9

Average annual percentage change

1990–2007 1.6% 1.9% -0.2% 1.4% 1.0%

2000–2007 0.8% 1.0% -1.2% 1.0% 0.3%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the

United States, 2007, Washington, DC, December 2008, Table 6. (Additional resources:

www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: Emissions from U.S. Territories are not included. International bunker fuels and military bunker fuels

are included in these data.

a

 Includes energy from petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Electric utility emissions are distributed across consumption

sectors.

Gases which contain carbon can be measured in terms of the full molecular weight of the gas or just

in terms of their carbon content. This table presents carbon dioxide gas. The ratio of the weight of

carbon to carbon dioxide is 0.2727. The transportation sector accounts for approximately one-third

of carbon emissions.
11–7

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 11.6

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

(million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide)

Fuel

1990 2000 2007

Emissions Percentage Emissions Percentage Emissions Percentage

Petroleum

Motor

gasoline 961.7 60.8% 1,121.9 59.9% 1,180.5 58.6% 

LPGa 1.3 0.1% 0.7 0.0% 1.1 0.1%

Jet fuel 222.6 14.1% 253.8 13.6% 238.0 11.8%

Distillate fuel 267.8 16.9% 377.8 20.2% 472.5 23.5%

Residual fuel 80.1 5.1% 69.9 3.7% 73.5 3.6%

Lubricants 6.5 0.4% 6.7 0.4% 5.6 0.3%

Aviation gas 3.1 0.2% 2.5 0.1% 2.2 0.1%

Subtotal 1,544.2 97.5% 1,833.3 97.9% 1,974.0 98.0%

Other energy

Natural gas 36.2 2.3% 35.6 1.9% 35.4 1.8%

Electricityb 3.2 0.2% 3.6 0.2% 5.0 0.2%

Totalc 1,582.6 100.0% 1,872.6 100.0% 2,014.4 100.0%

Source:

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the

United States, 2007, Washington, DC, December 2008, Table 10 and annual. (Additional resources:

www.eia.doe.gov)

a

 Liquified petroleum gas.

b

 Share of total electric utility carbon dioxide emissions weighted by sales to the transportation sector. c

 Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Most U.S. transportation sector carbon dioxide emissions come from petroleum fuels (98%). Motor

gasoline has been responsible for about 60% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions over the last twenty

years.
11–8

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 11.7

Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007

(Million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent)

Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide

1990

Highway Total 1,187.2 4.2 40.4

Cars, light trucks, motorcycles 951.2 4.0 39.6

Medium & heavy trucks and buses 236.0 0.2 0.8

Water 46.5 0.1 0.4

Air 179.4 0.2 1.7

Rail 38.1 0.1 0.3

Pipeline 36.2 0.0 0.0

Other 0.0 0.2 0.9

Total 1,487.5 4.7 43.7

2007

Highway Total 1,568.5 1.7 26.0

Cars, light trucks, motorcycles 1,149.0 1.6 25.0

Medium & heavy trucks and buses 419.5 0.1 1.0

Water 50.8 0.1 0.4

Air 187.4 0.1 1.8

Rail 50.8 0.1 0.4

Pipeline 34.6 0.0 0.0

Other 0.0 0.3 1.5

Total 1,892.2 2.3 30.1

Percent change 1990–2007

Highway Total 32.1% -59.5% -35.6%

Cars, light trucks, motorcycles 20.8% -60.0% -36.9%

Medium & heavy trucks and buses 77.8% -50.0% 25.0%

Water 9.2% 0.0% 0.0%

Air 4.5% -50.0% 5.9%

Rail 33.3% 0.0% 33.3%

Pipeline -4.4% 0.0% 0.0%

Other 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Total 27.2% -51.1% -31.1%

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2007,

Tables 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, April 2009. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions)

Note: Emissions from U.S. Territories, International bunker fuels, and military bunker fuels are not

included.

Highway vehicles are responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation

sector.
11–9

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use

 in Transportation (GREET) Model

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/

Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

(EERE), Argonne has developed a full life-cycle model called GREET (Greenhouse gases, Regulated

Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation). It allows researchers and analysts to evaluate energy and

emission impacts of various vehicle and fuel combinations on a full fuel-cycle/vehicle-cycle basis. The first

version of GREET was released in 1996. Since then, Argonne has continued to update and expand the model.

The most recent GREET versions are GREET 1.8c.0 version for fuel-cycle analysis and GREET 2.7 version

for vehicle-cycle analysis.

Figure 11.1. GREET Model

For a given vehicle and fuel system, GREET separately calculates the following:

• Consumption of total energy (energy in non-renewable and renewable sources), fossil fuels

(petroleum, natural gas, and coal together), petroleum, coal and natural gas. 

• Emissions of CO2-equivalent greenhouse gases - primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),

and nitrous oxide (N2O).

• Emissions of six criteria pollutants: volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO),

nitrogen oxide (NOx), particulate matter with size smaller than 10 micron (PM10), particulate

matter with size smaller than 2.5 micron (PM2.5),and sulfur oxides (SOx). 
11–10

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

GREET includes more than 100 fuel production pathways and more than 70 vehicle/fuel systems.

These vehicle/fuel systems cover all major vehicle technologies in the market and R&D arena:

• Conventional spark-ignition engines 

• Direct-injection, spark-ignition engines 

• Direct injection, compression-ignition engines 

• Grid-independent hybrid electric vehicles 

• Grid-connected (or plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles 

• Battery-powered electric vehicles 

• Fuel-cell vehicles

Figure 11.2. GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels

To address technology improvements over time, GREET simulates vehicle/fuel systems over the

period from 1990 to 2020, in five-year intervals.

For additional information about the GREET model, see the GREET Web site, or contact:

Michael Q. Wang

Argonne National Laboratory

9700 South Cass Avenue, ES/362

Argonne, IL 60439-4815 

phone: 630-252-2819

fax: 630-252-3443

email: mqwang@anl.gov
11–11

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Carbon Footprint

The carbon footprint measures a vehicle’s impact on climate change in tons of carbon dioxide (CO2)

emitted annually. The following three tables show the carbon footprint for various vehicle classes.

The sales-weighted average fuel economy rating for each vehicle class, based on 45% highway and

55% city driving, is used to determine the average annual carbon footprint for vehicles in the class.

An estimate of 15,000 annual miles is used for each vehicle class and for each year in the series. The

equation to calculate carbon footprint uses results of the GREET model version 1.8.

CarbonFootprint

where:

CO2 = (Tailpipe CO2 = Upstream Greenhouse Gases) in grams per million Btu

LHV = Lower (or net) Heating Value in million Btu per gallon

CH4 = Tailpipe CO2 equivalent methane in grams per mile

N2O = Tailpipe CO2 equivalent nitrous oxide in grams per mile

= ×× ( ) ⎛

⎝

⎜ ⎞

⎠ CO LHV ⎟ ++×

AnnualMiles

CombinedMPG

CH N O AnnualMiles 2 42
11–12

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The carbon footprint for all classifications of cars declined between 1975 and 2008. Midsize cars have

experienced the greatest reduction in carbon footprint with a decrease of almost 57%. 

Table 11.8

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,

Model Years 1975–2008a

(Short tons of CO2)

Cars Wagons

Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large

1975 10.2 13.6 14.2 8.3 14.1 15.6

1976 9.3 11.8 13.1 7.8 11.6 13.7

1977 9.0 11.3 11.7 7.3 11.4 12.0

1978 8.0 10.0 11.1 7.7 10.0 11.7

1979 8.0 9.7 10.7 7.3 9.7 11.5

1980 7.1 8.6 9.7 6.5 8.8 9.7

1981 6.5 8.1 9.1 6.2 8.1 9.3

1982 6.4 7.8 9.0 6.1 7.9 9.7

1983 6.3 7.8 9.2 5.8 7.6 9.5

1984 6.3 7.7 9.1 5.9 7.5 9.3

1985 6.3 7.5 8.3 5.7 7.4 8.9

1986 6.2 7.2 7.8 6.0 7.2 8.5

1987 6.2 7.2 7.8 6.1 7.3 8.4

1988 6.1 7.0 7.7 6.0 7.1 8.2

1989 6.2 7.0 7.8 5.9 7.3 8.3

1990 6.3 7.1 7.9 6.3 7.4 8.2

1991 6.2 7.2 7.9 6.1 7.2 8.1

1992 6.2 7.2 7.8 6.2 7.1 8.2

1993 6.1 7.1 7.7 5.7 7.1 8.3

1994 6.1 7.2 7.7 5.7 7.2 8.1

1995 6.1 7.1 7.6 5.6 7.0 8.2

1996 6.1 7.0 7.7 5.9 7.1 8.0

1997 6.0 7.0 7.6 5.8 7.1 b

1998 6.0 6.9 7.6 5.8 7.1 b

1999 6.2 6.9 7.5 5.9 7.1 b

2000 6.2 6.9 7.3 6.4 6.8 b

2001 6.1 6.9 7.3 6.8 7.0 b

2002 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.1 6.8 b

2003 6.1 6.6 7.2 6.2 6.9 b

2004 6.1 6.5 7.2 5.9 7.1 8.5

2005 6.0 6.3 7.1 5.8 7.2 8.4

2006 6.0 6.3 7.2 5.9 7.1 8.5

2007 5.9 6.0 7.1 5.9 7.0 8.6

2008 5.9 5.9 7.0 5.8 7.0 8.5

Average annual percentage change

1975–2008 -1.6% -2.5% -2.1% -1.1% -2.1% -1.8%

1998–2008 0.2% -1.6% -0.8% 0.0% -0.1% c

Source:

Calculated using fuel economy from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive

Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008, September 2008. See page 11-10 for

details.

a

 Annual carbon footprint is based on 15,000 miles of annual driving.

b

 No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year. c

 Data are not available.
11–13

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

The annual carbon footprint of light trucks decreased for all classes of light trucks between 1975 and

2008. In the last ten years, midsize SUVs experienced the greatest decline with about 17% while small

SUVs experienced a slight gain in carbon emissions.

Table 11.9

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,

Model Years 1975–2008a

(Short tons of CO2)

Pickups Vans SUVs

Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large

1975 8.3 8.8 14.2 9.0 14.0 14.7 11.5 15.3 15.2

1976 7.8 8.1 13.4 9.3 13.2 13.8 11.7 14.0 14.6

1977 7.3 6.3 12.5 8.4 13.0 12.0 10.9 12.7 13.6

1978 7.3 6.4 12.6 9.3 13.4 12.4 11.0 13.4 14.1

1979 8.2 7.2 13.0 9.9 13.0 15.3 11.1 15.6 16.7

1980 7.7 7.2 10.8 9.8 11.0 11.6 9.9 13.0 13.0

1981 6.6 7.1 10.0 10.0 10.4 11.1 9.1 11.9 12.1

1982 6.8 7.0 10.0 8.6 10.4 11.5 9.1 11.3 9.8

1983 6.9 7.0 10.3 9.4 9.9 11.5 8.7 9.9 10.6

1984 7.1 7.3 10.4 7.3 9.7 11.3 8.6 9.8 11.0

1985 7.0 7.3 10.5 7.3 9.4 11.5 8.4 9.4 11.0

1986 7.2 7.1 10.2 7.3 8.9 10.6 7.9 9.4 11.1

1987 7.2 7.3 10.5 7.7 8.8 10.9 7.7 9.4 10.9

1988 7.5 7.4 10.3 7.6 8.5 11.0 7.7 9.5 11.2

1989 7.8 7.5 10.3 7.5 8.5 11.1 8.2 9.5 11.1

1990 7.5 7.5 10.3 7.8 8.5 11.3 8.0 9.7 11.1

1991 7.5 7.6 10.2 7.8 8.5 11.1 7.9 9.2 11.5

1992 7.6 7.8 10.2 6.9 8.5 11.0 8.0 9.3 11.8

1993 7.1 7.9 9.9 6.6 8.3 10.9 8.0 9.3 11.4

1994 7.5 7.8 10.1 6.9 8.5 10.9 7.7 9.4 11.3

1995 7.6 7.5 10.3 7.0 8.4 10.9 7.7 9.5 11.2

1996 7.6 7.5 10.2 7.1 8.2 10.9 6.5 9.3 10.7

1997 7.5 7.7 9.8 b 8.2 10.0 8.2 9.1 10.6

1998 7.6 7.8 10.0 b 8.0 10.2 7.8 8.9 10.7

1999 8.0 8.3 10.0 b 8.1 10.4 7.7 8.9 10.8

2000 7.1 8.2 9.6 b 7.9 10.3 8.3 8.9 10.6

2001 7.0 8.5 9.8 b 7.8 10.5 7.5 8.6 10.0

2002 8.0 8.8 9.9 b 7.9 10.4 7.5 8.5 9.7

2003 8.0 8.2 9.8 b 7.7 9.9 7.4 8.3 9.9

2004 8.2 8.5 9.8 b 7.7 9.6 7.5 8.3 9.8

2005 7.2 7.9 9.6 b 7.7 9.6 7.7 8.1 9.3

2006 7.1 7.7 9.5 b 7.5 9.6 8.7 7.9 9.1

2007 b 8.0 9.4 b 7.6 9.4 8.3 7.5 8.9

2008 b 7.8 9.4 b 7.5 9.3 8.1 7.4 8.8

Average annual percentage change

1975-2008 c -0.4% -1.2% c -1.9% -1.4% -1.1% -2.2% -1.6%

1998-2008 c 0.0% -0.6% c -0.6% -0.9% 0.4% -1.8% -1.9%

Source:

Calculated using fuel economy from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive

Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008, September 2008. See page 11-10 for

details.

Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less.

a

 Annual carbon footprint is based on 15,000 miles of annual driving.

b

 No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year. c

 Data are not available.
11–14

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 11.10

Average Annual Carbon Footprint by Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2008a

(Short tons of CO2)

Fuel

Market Share Carbon Footprint Percent Change

1975 2008 1975 2008 1975 - 2008

Cars

Small 40.0% 19.4% 10.2 5.9 -42.2%

Midsize 16.0% 17.7% 13.6 5.9 -56.6%

Large 15.2% 10.0% 14.2 7.0 -50.7%

Small Wagon 4.7% 3.4% 8.3 5.8 -30.1%

Midsize Wagon 2.8% 1.1% 14.1 7.0 -50.4%

Large Wagon 1.9% 0.5% 15.6 8.5 -45.5%

Total Cars 80.6% 52.0% 11.8 6.2 -47.6%

Light Trucks

Small Van 0.0% 0.0% 9.0 0.0 b 

Midsize Van 3.0% 5.3% 14.0 7.5 -46.4%

Large Van 1.5% 0.2% 14.7 9.3 -36.7%

Small SUV 0.5% 0.9% 11.5 8.1 -29.6%

Midsize SUV 1.2% 16.5% 15.3 7.4 -51.6%

Large SUV 0.1% 12.3% 15.2 8.8 -42.1%

Small Pickup 1.6% 0.0% 8.3 0.0 b 

Midsize Pickup 0.5% 1.6% 8.8 7.8 -11.4%

Large Pickup 11.0% 11.3% 14.2 9.4 -33.8%

Total Light Trucks 19.4% 48.0% 13.5 8.3 -38.9

Source:

Calculated using fuel economy from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive

Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008, September 2008. See 11-10 for details.

a Annual carbon footprint is based on 15,000 miles of annual driving.

b

 Data are not available.

Between 1975 and 2008, the carbon footprint for light vehicles sold in the United States dropped

dramatically. Cars experienced the greatest decrease at 47.6% while the carbon footprint for

light trucks decreased by 38.9%.
11–15

 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 11.11

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel

Grams 

per gallon

Kilograms 

per gallon

Pounds 

per gallon

Gasoline 8,788 8.8 19.4

Diesel 10,084 10.1 22.2

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Emission Facts: Average Carbon Dioxide

Emissions Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel,” February 2009.

(Additional resources: www.epa.gov/OMS)

The amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by a vehicle is primarily

determined by the carbon content of the fuel. However, there is a small portion of the fuel that

is not oxidized into carbon dioxide when the fuel is burned. The Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) has published information on carbon dioxide emissions from gasoline and

diesel which takes the oxidation factor into account and is based on the carbon content used

in EPA’s fuel economy analyses.

12–1

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Chapter 12

Criteria Air Pollutants

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source

Table 12.1 Transportation’s share of U.S. emissions, 2007

CO 68.4%

NOX 57.1%

VOC 33.9%

SO2 8.9%

PM-2.5 7.2%

NH3 5.7%

PM-10 2.7%
12–2

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.1

Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

(millions of short tons/percentage)

Sector CO NOx VOC PM-10 PM-2.5 SO2 NH3

Highway vehicles 41.61 5.56 3.60 0.17 0.11 0.09 0.31

47.2% 32.7% 19.5% 1.0% 2.1% 1.7% 5.6%

Other off-highway 18.76 4.16 2.65 0.30 0.28 0.40 0.00

21.3% 24.5% 14.4% 1.7% 5.1% 7.3% 0.1%

Transportation total 60.37 9.73 6.25 0.47 0.39 0.49 0.31

68.4% 57.1% 33.9% 2.7% 7.2% 8.9% 5.7%

Stationary source fuel combustion 5.30 6.00 1.63 1.36 1.03 11.26 0.07

6.0% 35.2% 8.8% 7.8% 19.0% 206.5% 1.2%

Industrial processes 2.24 0.92 6.88 1.17 0.48 1.03 0.19

2.5% 5.4% 37.4% 6.7% 8.8% 18.9% 3.5%

Waste disposal and recycling total 1.59 0.11 0.38 0.29 0.27 0.03 0.03

1.8% 0.6% 2.1% 1.7% 4.9% 0.5% 0.5%

Miscellaneous 18.75 0.26 3.28 14.09 3.28 0.13 3.54

21.2% 1.6% 17.8% 81.1% 60.2% 2.3% 65.0%

Total of all sources 88.25 17.03 18.42 17.37 5.45 12.93 4.13

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site

www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief)

Note: CO = Carbon monoxide. NOx = Nitrogen oxides. PM-10 = Particulate matter less than 10 microns.

PM-2.5 = Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns. SO2 = Sulfur dioxide. VOC = Volatile organic compounds.

NH3 = Ammonia.

Transportation accounts for the majority of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. Highway

vehicles are responsible for the largest share of transportation emissions.
12–3

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.2

Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007a

(million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007

Percent

of total,

2007

 Highway vehicles

 Other off-highway

163.23

11.37

143.83

16.69

110.26

21.45

68.06

24.18

48.22

20.80

41.61

18.76

47.1%

21.3%

Transportation total 174.60 160.52 131.71 92.24 69.03 60.37 68.4%

Stationary fuel combustion total 4.63 7.30 5.51 4.78 5.27 5.30 6.0%

Industrial processes total 9.84 6.95 4.77 2.63 2.24 2.24 2.5%

Waste disposal and recycling total 7.06 2.90 1.67 1.85 1.59 1.59 1.8%

Miscellaneous total 7.91 15.02 13.30 12.96 18.49 18.75 21.2%

Total of all sources 204.04 192.69 156.96 114.47 96.62 88.25 100.0%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web

site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief)

a

 The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.

The transportation sector accounted for more than 68% of the nation’s carbon monoxide (CO)

emissions in 2007. Highway vehicles are by far the source of the greatest amount of CO. For details

on the highway emissions of CO, see Table 12.3.
12–4

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.3

Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005a

(million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005

Percent of

total, 2005

 Gasoline powered

Light vehicles & motorcycles 119.14 98.21 67.24 46.54 36.40 24.19 50.2%

Light trucksb 22.27 28.83 32.23 29.81 27.04 21.19 43.9%

Heavy vehicles 21.27 15.35 8.92 5.96 3.42 1.97 4.1%

Total 162.68 142.39 108.39 82.31 66.86 47.35 98.2%

 Diesel powered

Light vehicles 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.0%

Light trucksb 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.0%

Heavy vehicles 0.49 1.36 1.81 1.53 1.19 0.85 1.8%

Total 0.56 1.43 1.87 1.57 1.20 0.87 1.6%

Total

Highway vehicle total 163.23 143.83 110.26 83.88 68.06 48.22 100.0%

Percent diesel 0.3% 1.0% 1.7% 1.9% 1.8% 1.8%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web

site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)

Note: Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a

 The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.

b

 Less than 8,500 pounds.

Though gasoline-powered light vehicles continue to be responsible for the majority of carbon monoxide

emissions from highway vehicles, the total pollution from light vehicles in 2005 is about a third of what

it was in 1970. This is despite the fact that there were many more light vehicles on the road in 2005.
12–5

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.4

Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007a

(million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007

Percent

of total,

2007

 Highway vehicles

 Other off-highway

12.62

2.65

11.49

3.35

9.59

3.78

8.39

4.17

6.41

4.40

5.56

4.16

32.7%

24.5%

Transportation total 15.28 14.84 13.37 12.56 10.81 9.73 57.1%

Stationary fuel combustion total 10.06 11.32 10.89 8.82 6.63 6.00 35.2%

Industrial processes total 0.78 0.56 0.80 0.81 0.95 0.92 5.4%

Waste disposal and recycling total 0.44 0.11 0.09 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.6%

Miscellaneous total 0.33 0.25 0.37 0.28 0.21 0.26 1.6%

Total of all sources 26.89 27.08 25.52 22.60 18.71 17.03 100.0%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends

Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief)

a

 The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.

The transportation sector accounted for over half of the nation’s nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in

2007, with the majority coming from highway vehicles. For details on the highway emissions of NOx,

see Table 12.5.
12–6

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.5

Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005a

(million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005

Percent of

total, 2005

 Gasoline powered

Light vehicles &

motorcycles 8.54 6.63 4.26 3.05 2.31 1.63 25.5%

Light trucksb 1.54 1.58 1.50 1.46 1.44 1.56 24.4%

Heavy vehicles 0.72 0.62 0.57 0.52 0.45 0.38 5.9%

Total 10.81 8.83 6.33 5.03 4.20 3.57 55.9%

 Diesel powered

Light vehicles 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.0%

Light trucksb 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.2%

Heavy vehicles 1.76 2.59 3.19 3.82 4.18 2.81 44.0%

Total 1.83 2.66 3.26 3.85 4.19 2.82 44.1%

Total

Highway vehicle total 12.64 11.49 9.59 8.88 8.39 6.39 100.0%

Percent diesel 14.5% 23.1% 34.0% 43.4% 49.9% 44.1%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission

Trends Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends. (Additional resources:

www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)

Note: Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a

 The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.

b

 Less than 8,500 pounds.

Heavy diesel-powered vehicles were responsible for nearly one-half (44.1%) of highway vehicle

nitrogen oxide emissions in 2005, while light gasoline vehicles were responsible for the rest.
12–7

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.6

Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007a

(million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007

Percent 

of total,

2007

 Highway vehicles

 Off-highway

16.91

1.62

13.87

2.19

9.39

2.66

5.33

2.64

4.08

2.86

3.60

2.65

19.6%

14.4%

Transportation total 18.53 16.06 12.05 7.97 6.94 6.25 33.9%

Stationary fuel combustion total 0.72 1.05 1.01 1.18 1.58 1.63 8.8%

Industrial processes total 12.33 12.10 9.01 7.21 7.10 6.88 37.4%

Waste disposal and recycling total 1.98 0.76 0.99 0.42 0.40 0.38 2.1%

Miscellaneous total 1.10 1.13 1.06 0.73 3.97 3.28 17.8%

Total of all sources 34.66 31.10 24.12 17.51 19.98 18.42 100.0%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends

Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief)

a

 The sum of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. The EPA's definition of volatile organic

compounds excludes methane, ethane, and certain other nonphotochemically reactive organic compounds.

The transportation sector accounted for almost 34% of the nation’s volatile organic compound

(VOC) emissions in 2007, with the majority coming from highway vehicles. For details on the

highway emissions of VOC, see Table 12.7.
12–8

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.7

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005a

(thousand short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005

Percent of

total, 2005

 Gasoline powered

Light vehicles &

motorcycles

11,996 9,304 5,690 3,768 2,903 2,111 51.8%

Light trucksb 2,776 2,864 2,617 2,225 1,929 1,629 39.9%

Heavy vehicles 1,679 1,198 633 421 256 171 4.2%

Total 16,451 13,366 8,940 6,414 5,088 3,911 95.9%

 Diesel powered

Light vehicles 8 16 18 9 3 2 0.0%

Light trucksb 41 28 15 10 4 6 0.1%

Heavy vehicles 411 459 415 315 230 159 3.9%

Total 460 503 448 335 238 167 4.1%

Total

Highway vehicle total 16,911 13,869 9,388 6,749 5,326 4,078 100.0%

Percent diesel 2.7% 3.6% 4.8% 5.0% 4.5% 4.1%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends

Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)

Note: Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a

 The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.

b

 Less than 8,500 pounds.

Gasoline-powered vehicles are responsible for over 95% of highway vehicle emissions of volatile

organic compounds. VOC emissions from highway vehicles in 2005 were about one-quarter of

the 1990 level.
12–9

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.8

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10), 1970–2007a

(million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007

Percent

of total,

2007

 Highway vehicles

 Off-highway

0.48

0.16

0.43

0.26

0.39

0.33

0.23

0.32

0.18

0.31

0.17

0.30

1.0%

1.7%

Transportation total 0.64 0.69 0.72 0.55 0.50 0.47 2.7%

Stationary fuel combustion total 2.87 2.45 1.20 1.47 1.43 1.36 7.8%

Industrial processes total 7.67 2.75 1.04 0.71 1.19 1.17 6.7%

Waste disposal and recycling total 1.00 0.27 0.27 0.36 0.29 0.29 1.7%

Miscellaneous total 0.84 0.85 24.54 20.70 17.9 14.1 81.1%

Total of all sources 13.02 7.01 27.77 23.75 21.29 17.37 100.0%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web

site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief)

Note: Because PM-10 is fine particle matter less than 10 microns, it also includes PM-2.5. Specific data

for PM-2.5 are shown on Tables 12.10 and 12.11.

a

 Fine particle matter less than 10 microns. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.

b

 Data are not available.

The transportation sector accounted for just under 3% of the nation’s particulate matter (PM-10)

emissions in 2007. For details on the highway emissions of PM-10, see Table 12.9.
12–10

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.9

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005a

(thousand short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005

Percent of total,

2005

 Gasoline powered

Light vehicles & motorcycles 249 141 57 53 51 46 25.1%

Light trucksb 74 49 31 32 32 35 19.1%

Heavy vehicles 44 30 17 13 10 8 4.4%

Total 367 220 104 98 93 89 48.6%

 Diesel powered

Light vehicles 2 9 11 4 1 1 0.5%

Light trucksb 19 12 5 3 1 1 0.5%

Heavy vehicles 92 191 268 199 135 92 50.3%

Total 113 212 284 206 137 94 51.4%

Total

Highway vehicle total 480 432 389 304 230 183 100.0%

Percent diesel 23.5% 49.1% 73.0% 67.7% 59.5% 51.4%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web

site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)

Note: Because PM-10 is fine particle matter less than 10 microns, it also includes PM-2.5. Specific data

for PM-2.5 are shown on Tables 12.10 and 12.11. Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a

 The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.

b

 Less than 8,500 pounds.

Since the mid-1980's, diesel-powered vehicles have been responsible for more than half of highway

vehicle emissions of particulate matter (PM-10). Heavy vehicles are clearly the main source.
12–11

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.10

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007

(million short tons)

Source category 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007

Percent

of total,

2007

 Highway vehicles

 Off-highway

0.32

0.30

0.25

0.31

0.17

0.30

0.13

0.29

0.12

0.28

0.11

0.28

2.1%

5.1%

Transportation total 0.62 0.56 0.47 0.42 0.40 0.39 7.2%

Stationary fuel combustion total 0.91 0.90 1.29 1.11 1.07 1.03 19.0%

Industrial processes total 0.56 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.48 8.8%

Waste disposal and recycling total 0.23 0.25 0.33 0.27 0.27 0.27 4.9%

Miscellaneous total 5.23 4.73 4.69 3.26 3.27 3.28 60.2%

Total of all sources 7.55 6.94 7.28 5.54 5.49 5.45 100.0%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends

Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief)

The transportation sector accounted for only 4% of the nation’s particulate matter (PM-2.5)

emissions in 2007. For details on the highway emissions of PM-2.5, see Table 12.11.
12–12

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.11

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005a

(thousand short tons)

Source category 1990 1995 2000 2005

Percent of

total, 2005

Gasoline powered

Light vehicles & motorcycles 35 30 27 23 18.0%

Light trucksb 21 20 18 18 14.1%

Heavy vehicles 11 9 7 6 4.7%

Total 67 59 52 47 36.7%

Diesel powered

Light vehicles 9 4 1 1 0.8%

Light trucksb 4 2 1 1 0.8%

Heavy vehicles 243 179 119 79 61.7%

Total 256 185 121 81 63.3%

Total

Highway vehicle total 323 245 173 128 100.0%

Percent diesel 79.3% 75.5% 69.9% 63.3%

Source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends

Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)

Note: Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a

 The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.

b

 Less than 8,500 pounds.

Diesel vehicles are responsible for the majority of highway vehicle PM-2.5 emissions. Nearly twothirds of the highway vehicles’ PM-2.5 emissions are from heavy diesel trucks. 
12–13

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Acronyms Used on Tables 12.12 and 12.13

CO Carbon monoxide

GVW Gross vehicle weight

HC Hydrocarbons

HCHO Formaldehyde

LDT Light-duty truck

LEV Low-emission vehicle

LVW Loaded vehicle weight

MDPV Medium-duty passenger vehicle

(8,500–10,000 lbs. GVWR)

NMOG Non-methane organic gases

NOx Nitrogen oxides

PM Particulate matter

SULEV Super-ultra-low-emission vehicle

ULEV Ultra-low-emission vehicle

ZEV Zero-emission vehicle

Table 12.12

 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks

(grams/mile)

Bin NMOG CO NOx PM HCHO

50,000 miles

10a 0.125 3.4 0.4 b 0.015

9a 0.075 3.4 0.2 b 0.015

8 0.100 3.4 0.14 b 0.015

7 0.075 3.4 0.11 b 0.015

6 0.075 3.4 0.08 b 0.015

5 0.075 3.4 0.05 b 0.015

120,000 miles

MDPVa 0.280 7.3 0.9 0.12 0.032

10a 0.156 4.2 0.6 0.08 0.018

9a 0.090 4.2 0.3 0.06 0.018

8 0.125 4.2 0.2 0.02 0.018

7 0.090 4.2 0.15 0.02 0.018

6 0.090 4.2 0.10 0.01 0.018

5 0.090 4.2 0.07 0.01 0.018

4 0.070 2.1 0.04 0.01 0.011

3 0.055 2.1 0.03 0.01 0.011

2 0.010 2.1 0.02 0.01 0.004

1 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000

Source:

Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, Thursday, February 10, 2000, pp. 6822–6870.

________________________

a

 Bin expired after 2008.

b

 No Standard.
12–14

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.13

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009

when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final

(grams/mile)

Vehicle fuels: Gasoline AND diesel Vehicle size: Up to 8,500 lbs. GVW 

unless noted otherwise unless noted otherwise

Useful life: 120,000 miles

Bins, category, size NMOG CO NOx PM HCHO

U.S. Bins

emission 8 0.125 4.2 0.20 0.02 0.018

standards 7 0.090 4.2 0.15 0.02 0.018

6 0.090 4.2 0.10 0.01 0.018

5 0.090 4.2 0.07 0.01 0.018

4 0.070 2.1 0.04 0.01 0.011

3 0.055 2.1 0.03 0.01 0.011

2 0.010 2.1 0.02 0.01 0.004

1 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000

Averagea – – 0.07 – –

California Category (Diesel only)

LEV II LEVb 0.090 4.2 0.07 0.01 0.018

emission ULEV 0.055 2.1 0.07 0.01 0.011

standards SULEV 0.010 1.0 0.02 0.01 0.004

ZEVc 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000

Source:

U.S.: Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, Thursday, February 10, 2000, pp. 6822–6870.

California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 2001 and Subsequent Model Passenger

Cars, Light-Duty Trucks and Medium-Duty Vehicles, as of December 1, 1999 (adopted August 5,

1999), incorporated by reference in section 1961(d), title 13, CCR.

Note: See acronym list on previous page.

a

 Includes medium-duty passenger vehicles which are also required to meet bin standards. b

 A LEV Option 1 with higher NOx levels also exists for up to 4% of LDTs above 3,750 lbs.

c

 Only apply to cars and LDTs 0-3750 lbs LVW.
12–15

 

 

 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28–2009

Table 12.14

California Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards

(grams/mile)

Vehicle

Type

Emission

Category

Vehicle Useful Life

10 Years / 100,000 Miles

THCa NMHCb NMOGc CO NOX PM HCHO

Car Tier 1 – 0.31 – 4.2 0.6 – –

TLEV – – 0.156 4.2 0.6 0.08d 0.018

LEV – – 0.090 4.2 0.3 0.08d 0.018

ULEV – – 0.055 2.1 0.3 0.04d 0.011

ZEV 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.000

LDT1 Tier 1 – 0.31 – 4.2 0.6 – –

TLEV – – 0.156 4.2 0.6 0.08d 0.018

LEV – – 0.090 4.2 0.3 0.08d 0.018

ULEV – – 0.055 2.1 0.3 0.04d 0.011

ZEV 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.000

LDT2 Tier 1 – 0.40 – 5.5 0.97 – –

TLEV – – 0.200 5.5 0.9 0.10d 0.023

LEV – – 0.130 5.5 0.5 0.10d 0.023

ULEV – – 0.070 2.8 0.5 0.05d 0.013

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA 420-B-00-001. 

(Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otag)

Note: After 2003, Tier 1 and TLEV standards were eliminated. LDT1 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less

GVWR) up through 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight; LDT2 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less GVWR) greater

than 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight.

a

 THCE for methanol vehicles. Does not apply to CNG vehicles.

b

 THCE for Tier 0 methanol vehicles. NMHCE for other alcohol vehicles.

c

 NMHC for diesel-fueled vehicles.

d

 Diesel-fueled vehicles only.

A–1

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

APPENDIX A

SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES
A–2

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES

This appendix contains documentation of the estimation procedures used by ORNL. The

reader can examine the methodology behind the estimates and form an opinion as to their utility.

The appendix is arranged by subject heading. Only tables which contain ORNL estimations are

documented in Appendix A; all other tables have sources listed at the bottom of the table. Since

abbreviations are used throughout the appendix, a list of abbreviations is also included.

Contents of Appendix A

List of Abbreviations Used in Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–3

Energy Use Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–4

Highway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–4

Off-highway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–9

Nonhighway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–10

Passenger Travel and Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–20

Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–24

Nonhighway Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–26

Freight Movement and Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–27

Freight Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–28
A–3

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

List of Abbreviations Used in Appendix A

AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers Association

AAR Association of American Railroads

APTA American Public Transportation Association

Amtrak National Railroad Passenger Corporation

Btu British thermal unit

DOC Department of Commerce

DOE Department of Energy

DOT Department of Transportation

EIA Energy Information Administration

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FHWA Federal Highway Administration

GSA General Services Administration

gvw gross vehicle weight

lpg liquefied petroleum gas

mpg miles per gallon

NHTS National Household Travel Survey

NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

NPTS Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey

NVPP National Vehicle Population Profile

ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory

pmt passenger-miles traveled

RECS Residential Energy Consumption Survey

RTECS Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

TIUS Truck Inventory and Use Survey

TSC Transportation Systems Center

VIUS Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey

vmt vehicle-miles traveled
A–4

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Energy Use Sources

Highway energy use

Automobiles

Fuel use in gallons from: DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to

1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Fuel use was distributed among fuel types using

the percentages shown in Table A.1. The Federal Highway Administration discontinued publication of

gasohol data in 2005. Therefore, a new methodology was developed using data from EIA, Alternatives to

Traditional Transportation Fuels, 2006, Table C1.

Table A.1

Automobile Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares for Calculation of Energy Use

Year

Fuel use

(million gallons)

Source for

gasohol shares

Source for

gasoline/diesel shares

Shares by fuel type

Gasoline Gasohol Diesel

1970 67,820 1984 NVPP 99.8% 0.0% 0.2%

1975 74,140 interpolated 97.0% 0.0% 3.0%

1980 69,981 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 93.9% 0.5% 5.6%

1981 69,112 FHWA, MF-33e 1981 RTECS 93.4% 0.7% 5.9%

1982 69,116 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 93.5% 2.3% 4.2%

1983 70,322 FHWA, MF-33e 1983 RTECS 93.2% 4.3% 2.5%

1984 70,663 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 92.7% 5.3% 2.0%

1985 71,518 FHWA, MF-33e 1985 RTECS 90.8% 7.7% 1.5%

1986 73,174 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 91.0% 7.6% 1.4%

1987 73,308 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 92.4% 6.3% 1.3%

1988 73,345 FHWA, MF-33e 1988 RTECS 91.4% 7.4% 1.2%

1989 73,913 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 92.6% 6.2% 1.2%

1990 69,568 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 92.0% 6.8% 1.2%

1991 64,318 FHWA, MF-33e 1991 RTECS 90.8% 8.0% 1.2%

1992 65,436 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 90.8% 7.9% 1.2%

1993 67,047 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 89.7% 9.1% 1.3%

1994 67,874 FHWA, MF-33e 1994 RTECS 89.1% 9.6% 1.3%

1995 68,072 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 87.6% 11.2% 1.2%

1996 69,221 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 88.8% 10.1% 1.0%

1997 69,892 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 86.9% 12.2% 0.9%

1998 71,695 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 88.0% 11.2% 0.8%

1999 73,283 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 88.3% 11.0% 0.6%

2000 73,065 FHWA, MF-33e 2000 NVPP 86.9% 12.6% 0.5%

2001 73,559 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 86.5% 13.0% 0.5%

2002 75,471 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 83.9% 15.6% 0.5%

2003 74,590 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 75.3% 24.2% 0.5%

2004 75,402 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 67.2% 32.3% 0.5%

2005 77,418 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 66.9% 32.6% 0.5%

2006 75,009 EIA, C1 2001 NVPP 78.2% 21.3% 0.5%

2007 74,355 EIA, C1 2001 NVPP 72.8% 26.7% 0.5%

Heat content used for conversion to btu: 125,000

btu/gallon

120,900

btu/gallon

138,700

btu/gallon
A–5

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Motorcycles

DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1, and annual editions. 

Table A.2

Motorcycle Fuel Use

Year

Fuel use

(thousand gallons) Year

Fuel use

(thousand gallons)

1970 59,580 1989 207,420

1971 72,140 1990 191,140

1972 86,620 1991 183,560

1973 103,880 1992 191,140

1974 108,900 1993 198,120

1975 112,580 1994 204,800

1976 120,060 1995 198,262

1977 126,980 1996 195,940

1978 143,160 1997 201,620

1979 172,740 1998 205,660

1980 204,280 1999 211,680

1981 213,800 2000 209,380

1982 198,200 2001 192,780

1983 175,200 2002 191,040

1984 175,680 2003 190,780

1985 181,720 2004 202,447

1986 187,940 2005 189,495

1987 190,120 2006 221,030

1988 200,480 2007 242,170

Heat content used for conversion to btu: 125,000 btu/gallon

Buses

Transit:

APTA, Public Transportation Fact Book, 2008, Washington, DC. Includes motorbus and

trolley bus data.

Table A.3

 Transit Bus Fuel Use

Year

LNG

(million

gallons)

LPG

(million

gallons)

CNG

(million

gallons)

Gasoline

(million

gallons)

Diesel fuel

(million

gallons)

Electricity

(million

kilowatt

hours)

Biodiesel

(million

gallons)

Methanol

(million

gallons)

1994 1.1 0.2 3.1 2.1 565.1 102.9 12.5

1995 1.7 0.3 10.0 2.3 563.8 100.0 12.0

1996 2.3 0.6 11.5 1.8 577.7 69.0 11.6

1997 3.3 1.0 20.0 2.7 597.6 78.0 8.7

1998 3.1 0.9 32.6 2.0 606.6 74.0 5.0

1999 5.3 0.8 39.9 1.4 618.0 75.0 2.7

2000 10.5 0.7 50.4 1.3 635.2 77.0 0.8

2001 11.7 1.2 60.9 1.5 587.2 74.0 0.8

2002 16.8 1.8 77.8 1.3 559.0 73.0 1.8

2003 14.2 1.8 94.9 1.1 536.0 69.0 1.9

2004 16.5 1.7 106.7 1.8 550.5 68.0 4.7

2005 18.3 2.0 117.2 1.0 533.8 67.0 8.1

2006 19.6 1.6 138.8 2.3 536.7 62.0 20.5* 0.9*

2007 18.3 a

129.1 2.5 494.1 61.0 25.8 1.3

Heat content

used for

conversion 

to btu:

90,800

btu/gallon

91,300

btu/gallon

129,400

btu/gallon

125,000

btu/gallon

138,700

btu/gallon

64,600

btu/gallon

10,339

btu/kWhr

*

 Estimates.
A–6

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Intercity and School:

Eno Transportation Foundation, Transportation in America, 2001, Nineteenth Edition,

2003, Washington, DC, pp. 20–23. School bus fuel was assumed to be 90% diesel

fuel and 10% gasoline based on estimates from the National Association of State

Directors of Pupil Transportation Services. Intercity bus fuel was assumed to be

100% diesel. 

Table A.4

 Intercity and School Bus Fuel Use

Year Intercity

(million gallons)

School

(million gallons)

1970 305.34 299.88

1971 296.73 309.75

1972 288.12 319.62

1973 252.42 327.04

1974 216.72 334.46

1975 181.02 341.88

1976 182.28 389.76

1977 181.86 401.52

1978 180.18 406.98

1979 205.38 404.88

1980 213.78 379.68

1981 205.38 386.82

1982 227.22 398.58

1983 237.30 400.68

1984 169.26 375.06

1985 165.48 425.04

1986 148.68 462.42

1987 155.82 487.20

1988 160.44 511.14

1989 166.74 498.12

1990 159.60 472.08

1991 160.44 533.40

1992 157.08 546.00

1993 171.36 533.40

1994 195.30 546.00

1995 195.30 545.16

1996 199.92 545.16

1997 212.52 544.74

1998 220.08 550.20

1999 241.08 555.66

2000 233.10 577.08

2001 217.35* 538.08*

2002 210.22* 520.44*

2003 208.32* 515.72*

2004 208.87* 517.09*

2005 214.37* 530.70*

2006 208.32* 515.72* 

2007 214.24* 530.40*

Fuel type shares 100% diesel 90% diesel

10% gasoline

Heat content used for

conversion to btu:

138,700 

btu/gallon

138,700 btu/gallon

125,000 btu/gallon

* Estimated using the rate of change of bus vehicle-miles traveled 

from FHWA Highway Statistics Table VM-1.
A–7

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Trucks

Light Trucks:

DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996;

DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. The Federal Highway

Administration discontinued publication of gasohol data in 2005. Therefore, a new

methodology was developed using data from EIA, Alternatives to Traditional

Transportation Fuels, 2006, Table C1.

Table A.5

 Light Truck Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares for Calculation of Energy Use

Year

Fuel use

(million

gallons)

Source for

gasohol shares

Source for

gasoline/diesel

/lpg shares

Shares by fuel type

Gasoline Gasohol Diesel Lpg

1970 12,313 1977 TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8%

1975 19,081 1977 TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8%

1976 20,828 1977 TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8%

1977 22,383 1977 TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8%

1978 24,162 Interpolated 97.1% 0.0% 2.0% 0.9%

1979 24,445 Interpolated 96.7% 0.0% 2.4% 1.0%

1980 23,796 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 95.7% 0.5% 2.7% 1.0%

1981 23,697 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 95.1% 0.7% 3.1% 1.1%

1982 22,702 FHWA, MF-33e 1982 TIUS 93.0% 2.3% 3.5% 1.2%

1983 23,945 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 91.0% 4.3% 3.5% 1.2%

1984 25,604 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 90.0% 5.3% 3.5% 1.2%

1985 27,363 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 87.6% 7.7% 3.5% 1.2%

1986 29,074 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 87.7% 7.6% 3.5% 1.2%

1987 30,598 FHWA, MF-33e 1987 TIUS 89.0% 6.3% 3.5% 1.2%

1988 32,653 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 88.2% 7.4% 3.5% 1.0%

1989 33,271 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 89.5% 6.2% 3.4% 0.8%

1990 35,611 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 89.2% 6.8% 3.4% 0.7%

1991 38,217 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 88.1% 8.0% 3.3% 0.5%

1992 40,929 FHWA, MF-33e 1992 TIUS 88.5% 7.9% 3.3% 0.3%

1993 42,851 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 87.3% 9.1% 3.3% 0.3%

1994 44,112 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 86.8% 9.6% 3.3% 0.3%

1995 45,605 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 85.1% 11.2% 3.4% 0.3%

1996 47,354 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 86.2% 10.1% 3.4% 0.3%

1997 49,388 FHWA, MF-33e 1997 VIUS 84.2% 12.2% 3.4% 0.2%

1998 50,462 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 85.0% 11.2% 3.5% 0.3%

1999 52,859 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 84.9% 11.0% 3.6% 0.4%

2000 52,939 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 83.1% 12.6% 3.8% 0.6%

2001 53,522 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 82.4% 13.0% 3.9% 0.7%

2002 55,220 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 79.6% 15.6% 4.0% 0.8%

2003 60,758 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 71.0% 24.2% 4.0% 0.8%

2004 63,417 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 62.9% 32.3% 4.0% 0.8%

2005 58,869 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 62.6% 32.6% 4.0% 0.8%

2006 60,685 EIA, C1 2002 VIUS 73.9% 21.3% 4.0% 0.8%

2007 61,816 EIA, C1 2002 VIUS 68.5% 26.7% 4.0% 0.8%

Heat content used for conversion to btu: 125,000

btu/gallon

120,900

btu/gallon

138,700

btu/gallon

90,800

btu/gallon
A–8

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Medium/Heavy Trucks:

DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996;

DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Total gallons for other trucks

was the difference between total trucks and 2-axle, 4-tire trucks. 

Table A.6

 Medium/Heavy Truck Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares 

for Calculation of Energy Use

Year

Fuel use

(million gallons)

Source for

gasoline/diesel /lpg

shares

Shares by fuel type

Gasoline Diesel Lpg

1970 11,316 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1%

1971 11,812 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1%

1972 12,964 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1%

1973 14,320 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1%

1974 14,341 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1%

1975 14,598 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1%

1976 15,408 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1%

1977 17,082 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1%

1978 19,121 Interpolated 16.2% 83.5% 0.3%

1979 19,913 Interpolated 22.1% 77.5% 0.5%

1980 19,960 Interpolated 27.9% 71.4% 0.6%

1981 20,376 Interpolated 33.8% 65.4% 0.8%

1982 20,386 1982 TIUS 39.6% 59.4% 1.0%

1983 20,761 Interpolated 35.6% 63.6% 0.8%

1984 21,428 Interpolated 31.5% 67.8% 0.7%

1985 21,405 Interpolated 27.5% 72.0% 0.5%

1986 21,861 Interpolated 23.4% 76.2% 0.4%

1987 22,513 1987 TIUS 19.4% 80.4% 0.2%

1988 22,925 Interpolated 18.8% 81.0% 0.3%

1989 23,512 Interpolated 18.1% 81.6% 0.3%

1990 24,490 Interpolated 17.5% 82.1% 0.4%

1991 24,981 Interpolated 16.8% 82.7% 0.4%

1992 25,453 1992 TIUS 16.2% 83.3% 0.5%

1993 26,236 Interpolated 15.4% 84.1% 0.5%

1994 27,685 Interpolated 14.7% 84.8% 0.5%

1995 28,828 Interpolated 13.9% 85.6% 0.5%

1996 29,601 Interpolated 13.2% 86.3% 0.5%

1997 29,878 1997 VIUS 12.4% 87.1% 0.5%

1998 30,841 Interpolated 12.1% 87.4% 0.5%

1999 33,909 Interpolated 11.8% 87.6% 0.5%

2000 35,229 Interpolated 11.6% 87.9% 0.5%

2001 35,179 Interpolated 11.3% 88.1% 0.5%

2002 36,800 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5%

2003 35,775 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5%

2004 33,150 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5%

2005 37,190 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5%

2006 37,959 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5%

2007 38,550 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5%

Heat content used for conversion to btu: 125,000

btu/gallon

138,700

btu/gallon

90,800

btu/gallon
A–9

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Off-highway energy use

The off-highway energy use estimates are for the year 2001. The estimates are a combination of data

from EPA’s NONROAD2002 model and VIUS 1997. First, the NONROAD model was queried on a national

basis for energy use by nonroad engines. The resulting database included sector, fuel type, number of gallons

used annually, and a description of the off-highway equipment called the source category code (SCC). ORNL

sorted the data by SCC and only the SCC’s which pertained to off-highway transportation were kept in the

database. Examples of exclusions include chainsaws and stationary generators. The EPA model does not

include off-highway use of trucks; therefore, the 1997 VIUS was queried to derive the amount of fuel (by

sector and fuel type) used by trucks off-road. The rate of change in off-highway transportation-related fuel

use from NONROAD2002 between 1997 and 2001 was applied to the 1997 VIUS data to provide an estimate

for 2001. The transportation-related fuel use from NONROAD and the VIUS estimates were added together

for a total off-highway transportation-related fuel use by sector and fuel type. These totals are found on Table

2.8. Gallons were converted to btu using the gross heat content for each fuel. (Heat content values shown

on Table B.4.)

Additional detail on this methodology can be found in the report Off-Highway Transportationrelated Fuel Use, ORNL/TM-2004/92, April 2004,

http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/pdf/ORNL_TM-2004_92.pdf .
A–10

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Nonhighway energy use

Air

General Aviation:

DOT, FAA, General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey: Annual Summary Report

Calendar Year 2007, Table 5.1, and annual. 

Table A.7

 General Aviation Fuel Use

Year

Jet fuel

(million gallons)

Aviation gasoline

(million gallons)

1970 208.0 551.0

1971 226.0 508.0

1972 245.0 584.0

1973 304.0 411.0

1974 357.0 443.0

1975 453.0 412.0

1976 495.0 432.0

1977 536.0 456.0

1978 763.0 518.0

1979 736.0 570.0

1980 766.0 520.0

1981 759.0 489.0

1982 887.0 448.0

1983 613.0 428.0

1984 738.9 462.4

1985 691.0 421.0

1986 732.1 408.6

1987 672.7 401.8

1988 746.0 398.0

1989 688.0 342.8

1990 662.0 353.0

1991 579.0 348.0

1992 496.0 306.0

1993 454.1 268.4

1994 470.8 264.1

1995 544.0 276.0

1996 567.5 286.5

1997 639.4 289.7

1998 814.6 311.4

1999 967.2 345.4

2000 998.1 336.3

2001 938.7 319.3

2002 815.5 261.4

2003 820.0 255.5

2004 1,075.2 256.1

2005 1,507.4 323.6

2006 1,636.3 294.7

2007 1,516.3 314.8

Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 135,000 btu/gallon 120,200 btu/gallon
A–11

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Domestic and International Air Carrier:

DOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, "Fuel Cost and Consumption Tables,"

www.bts.gov/xml/fuel/report/src/index.xml. The table below shows all international fuel

use. Because the data for international include fuel purchased abroad, for the tables in

Chapter 2, the international total was divided in half to estimate domestic fuel use for

international flights.

Table A.8

 Air Carrier Fuel Use

Year

Domestic

(thousand gallons)

All international

(thousand gallons)

Total

(thousand gallons)

1970 10,085,000

1971 10,140,000

1972 Separate estimates for domestic and

international are not available from

1970-1976.

10,302,000

1973 10,671,000

1974 10,417,260

1975 10,412,640

1976 10,400,040

1977 8,202,051 1,708,376 9,910,427

1978 8,446,117 1,741,918 10,188,035

1979 8,865,885 1,828,435 10,694,320

1980 8,519,233 1,747,306 10,266,539

1981 8,555,249 2,032,520 10,587,769

1982 8,432,465 1,967,733 10,400,198

1983 8,672,574 1,998,289 10,670,863

1984 9,625,958 2,286,407 11,912,365

1985 10,115,007 2,487,929 12,602,936

1986 11,137,331 2,544,996 13,682,327

1987 11,586,838 2,893,617 14,480,455

1988 11,917,904 3,262,824 15,180,728

1989 11,905,144 3,557,294 15,462,438

1990 12,429,305 3,963,081 16,392,386

1991 11,506,477 3,939,666 15,446,144

1992 11,762,852 4,120,132 15,882,983

1993 11,958,663 4,113,321 16,071,984

1994 12,475,549 4,310,879 16,786,428

1995 12,811,717 4,511,418 17,323,135

1996 13,187,305 4,658,093 17,845,398

1997 13,659,581 4,964,181 18,623,762

1998 13,876,971 5,185,562 19,062,533

1999 14,402,127 5,250,492 19,652,619

2000 14,844,592 5,474,685 20,319,277

2001 14,017,461 5,237,487 19,254,948

2002 12,848,329 4,990,798 17,839,127

2003 12,958,581 4,836,356 17,794,936

2004 13,622,603 4,931,546 18,554,149

2005 13,778,869 5,520,889 19,309,758

2006 13,694,437 6,017,638 19,712,075

2007 13,681,664 6,204,502 19,886,165

Heat content used for

conversion to btu:

135,000 

btu/gallon

135,000 

btu/gallon

135,000 

btu/gallon
A–12

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Water

Freight:

Total – DOE, EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 2006, Table 23. Adjusted sales of distillate

and residual fuel oil for vessel bunkering. (This may include some amounts of

bunker fuels used for recreational purposes.)

Table A.9

 Diesel and Residual Fuel Oil for Vessel Bunkering

Year

Distillate fuel oil

(thousand gallons)

Residual fuel oil

(thousand gallons)

1970 819,000 3,774,120

1971 880,000 3,307,000

1972 1,013,000 3,273,000

1973 1,125,000 3,859,000

1974 1,018,920 3,827,040

1975 1,097,880 4,060,140

1976 1,220,100 4,977,000

1977 1,407,420 5,416,740

1978 1,578,822 6,614,790

1979 1,630,858 8,002,672

1980 717,376 7,454,242

1981 1,723,143 7,922,512

1982 1,423,216 6,408,818

1983 1,418,890 5,724,115

1984 1,692,141 5,687,375

1985 1,894,016 5,473,614

1986 2,034,215 5,287,347

1987 2,223,258 5,259,272

1988 2,310,367 5,248,981

1989 2,356,444 5,410,263

1990 2,197,004 6,248,095

1991 2,167,640 6,786,055

1992 2,240,170 7,199,078

1993 2,043,745 6,269,882

1994 2,026,899 5,944,383

1995 1,978,105 6,431,238

1996 2,177,608 5,804,977

1997 2,107,561 4,789,861

1998 2,125,568 4,640,153

1999 2,064,590 5,598,630

2000 2,041,433 6,192,294

2001 2,099,011 4,345,284

2002 2,056,465 4,783,956

2003 1,863,150 3,801,425

2004 2,313,448 4,886,978

2005 2,115,381 5,533,552

2006 2,203,876 6,012,838

Heat content used for

conversion to btu:

138,700 

btu/gallon

149,700

btu/gallon

Domestic share of

total fuel use 77.5% 9.3%
A–13

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Recreational Boating:

Fuel use by recreational boating comes from the EPA’s NONROAD2005 model. 

Table A.10

 Recreational Boating Fuel Use

Year

Diesel use 

(gallons)

Gasoline use

 (gallons)

1970 39,589,953 1,244,804,236

1971 47,130,906 1,252,226,262

1972 54,671,856 1,259,648,217

1973 62,212,803 1,267,070,191

1974 69,753,735 1,274,492,200

1975 77,294,680 1,281,914,303

1976 84,835,632 1,289,336,252

1977 92,376,573 1,296,758,199

1978 99,917,523 1,304,180,198

1979 107,458,470 1,311,602,248

1980 114,999,421 1,319,024,363

1981 122,540,357 1,326,446,317

1982 130,081,302 1,333,686,303

1983 137,622,248 1,341,290,185

1984 145,163,202 1,348,712,302

1985 152,704,140 1,356,134,278

1986 160,245,074 1,363,556,343

1987 167,786,030 1,370,978,262

1988 175,326,970 1,390,334,510

1989 182,867,916 1,409,690,693

1990 190,408,869 1,429,046,923

1991 197,949,808 1,454,007,592

1992 205,490,749 1,478,968,217

1993 213,031,707 1,503,928,793

1994 220,572,649 1,558,368,924

1995 228,113,596 1,612,684,936

1996 235,654,521 1,666,705,087

1997 243,195,481 1,670,031,772

1998 250,736,414 1,671,290,139

1999 258,159,525 1,669,234,443

2000 265,582,657 1,664,722,577

2001 273,547,835 1,666,868,187

2002 281,512,965 1,665,099,320

2003 289,478,093 1,659,719,994

2004 297,443,197 1,651,597,210

2005 305,408,463 1,641,941,981

2006 313,420,594 1,631,847,790

2007 321,432,801 1,621,977,436

Heat content used for

conversion to btu:

138,700

btu/gallon 125,000 btu/gallon
A–14

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Pipeline

 

The sum of natural gas, crude petroleum and petroleum product, and coal slurry and water.

Natural Gas:

The amount of natural gas used to transport natural gas was defined as "pipeline fuel" as

reported in DOE, EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2007, Table 1. Cubic feet were converted to Btu

using 1,031 Btu/ft3

. Electricity use was estimated using the following procedure as reported

on p. 5-110 of J. N. Hooker et al., End Use Energy Consumption DataBase: Transportation

Sector. The energy consumption of a natural gas pipeline was taken to be the energy content

of the fuel used to drive the pumps. Some 94% of the installed pumping horsepower was

supplied by natural gas. The remaining 6% of the horse power was generated more

efficiently, mostly by electric motors. The energy consumed by natural gas pipeline pumps

that were electrically powered was not known. In order to estimate the electricity consumed,

the Btu of natural gas pipeline fuel consumed was multiplied by a factor of 0.015. From this

computed value, electricity efficiency and generation loss must be taken into account. The

electricity energy use in Btu must be converted to kWhr, using the conversion factor 29.305

x 10-5 kWhr/Btu. Electricity generation and distribution efficiency was 29%. When

generation and distribution efficiency are taken into account, 1 kWhr equals 10,339 Btu.

Crude petroleum and petroleum product:

J. N. Hooker, Oil Pipeline Energy Consumption and Efficiency, ORNL-5697, ORNL, Oak

Ridge, TN, 1981. (Data held constant; Latest available data.)

Coal slurry and water:

W. F. Banks, Systems, Science and Software, Energy Consumption in the Pipeline Industry,

LaJolla, CA, October 1977. (Data held constant; Latest available data.)
A–15

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table A.11

 Pipeline Fuel Use

Year

Natural gas

(million 

cubic feet)

Estimated 

natural gas pipeline

electricity use

(million kWhr)

Electricity

constant

(trillion btu)

1970 722,166 3,272.9 212.1

1971 742,592 3,365.4 212.1

1972 766,156 3,472.2 212.1

1973 728,177 3,300.1 212.1

1974 668,792 3,031.0 212.1

1975 582,963 2,642.0 212.1

1976 548,323 2,485.0 212.1

1977 532,669 2,414.1 212.1

1978 530,451 2,404.0 212.1

1979 600,964 2,723.6 212.1

1980 634,622 2,876.1 212.1

1981 642,325 2,911.0 212.1

1982 596,411 2,703.0 212.1

1983 490,042 2,220.9 212.1

1984 528,754 2,396.3 212.1

1985 503,766 2,283.1 212.1

1986 485,041 2,198.2 212.1

1987 519,170 2,352.9 212.1

1988 613,912 2,782.3 212.1

1989 629,308 2,852.0 212.1

1990 659,816 2,990.3 212.1

1991 601,305 2,725.1 212.1

1992 587,710 2,663.5 212.1

1993 624,308 2,829.4 212.1

1994 685,362 3,106.1 212.1

1995 700,335 3,173.9 212.1

1996 711,446 3,224.3 212.1

1997 751,470 3,405.7 212.1

1998 635,477 2,880.0 212.1

1999 645,319 2,924.6 212.1

2000 642,210 2,910.5 212.1

2001 624,964 2,832.3 212.1

2002 666,920 3,022.5 212.1

2003 591,492 2,680.7 212.1

2004 566,187 2,566.0 212.1

2005 584,026 2,646.8 212.1

2006 584,213 2,647.7 212.1

2007 622,893 2,823.0 212.1

Heat content used for

conversion to btu:

 1,031 btu/cubic

foot

10,339

Btu/kWhr

Note: Formula for estimating electricity use for natural gas pipelines is:

Natural gas use (in million cubic ft) × 1,031 btu/cubic ft × 0.015 × 29.305 ×10-5 kWhr/btu
A–16

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Rail

Freight:

AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition, Washington, DC, 2008.

Table A.12

 Class I Freight Railroad 

Fuel Use

Year

 Diesel fuel

(thousand gallons)

1970 3,807,663 

1971 3,822,907 

1972 3,996,985 

1973 4,160,730 

1974 4,175,375 

1975 3,736,484 

1976 3,895,542 

1977 3,985,069 

1978 3,968,007 

1979 4,072,187 

1980 3,955,996 

1981 3,756,439 

1982 3,178,116 

1983 3,137,295 

1984 3,388,173 

1985 3,144,190 

1986 3,039,069 

1987 3,102,227 

1988 3,182,267 

1989 3,190,815 

1990 3,134,446 

1991 2,925,970 

1992 3,022,108 

1993 3,111,981 

1994 3,355,802 

1995 3,503,096 

1996 3,600,649 

1997 3,602,793 

1998 3,619,341 

1999 3,749,428 

2000 3,720,107 

2001 3,729,985

2002 3,751,413

2003 3,849,229

2004 4,082,236

2005 4,119,879

2006 4,214,459

2007 4,087,405

Heat content used for

conversion to btu:

138,700

Btu/gallon
A–17

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Passenger:

Commuter - APTA, Public Transportation Fact Book, 2008, Washington, DC, 2008. 

Table A.13

Commuter Rail Fuel Use

Year

Diesel 

(thousand gallons)

Electricity

 (million kWhr)

1984 58,320 901

1985 55,372 1,043

1986 54,608 1,170

1987 51,594 1,155

1988 53,054 1,195

1989 52,516 1,293

1990 52,681 1,226

1991 54,315 1,239

1992 54,951 1,124

1993 59,766 1,196

1994 61,900 1,244

1995 63,064 1,253

1996 61,888 1,255

1997 63,195 1,270

1998 69,200 1,299

1999 73,005 1,322

2000 70,818 1,370

2001 72,204 1,354

2002 72,847 1,334

2003 72,264 1,383

2004 71,999 1,449

2005 76,714 1,484

2006 78,600 1,478

2007 80,700 1,763

Heat content used for

conversion to btu:

138,700

Btu/gallon

10,339

Btu/kWhr
A–18

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Transit – APTA, Public Transportation Fact Book, 2008, Washington, DC, 2008. Includes

light rail and heavy rail.

Table A.14

Transit Rail Fuel Use

Year

Electricity (million kWhr)

Light rail Heavy rail Total

1970 2,561

1971 2,556

1972 2,428

1973 2,331

1974 2,630

1975

Light rail and heavy rail data are

not available separately from 

1970 to 1985.

2,646

1976 2,576

1977 2,303

1978 2,223

1979 2,473

1980 2,446

1981 2,655

1982 2,722

1983 2,930

1984 3,092

1985 2,928

1986 173 3,066 3,239

1987 191 3,219 3,410

1988 243 3,256 3,499

1989 242 3,286 3,528

1990 239 3,284 3,523

1991 274 3,248 3,522

1992 297 3,193 3,490

1993 281 3,287 3,568

1994 282 3,431 3,713

1995 288 3,401 3,689

1996 321 3,322 3,643

1997 361 3,253 3,614

1998 381 3,280 3,661

1999 416 3,385 3,801

2000 463 3,549 4,012

2001 487 3,646 4,133

2002 510 3,683 4,193

2003 507 3,632 4,138

2004 553 3,684 4,237

2005 571 3,769 4,430

2006 634 3,709 4,343

2007 687 3,817 4,505

Heat content used for

conversion to btu:

10,339

Btu/kWhr

10,339

Btu/kWhr

10,339

Btu/kWhr
A–19

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Intercity – Personal communication with Amtrak, Washington, DC, 2009. 

Table A.15

 Intercity Rail Fuel Use

Year

Diesel fuel 

(thousand gallons)

Electricity

( thousand kWhr)

1994 73,516 308,948 

1995 72,371 335,818 

1996 71,226 362,689 

1997 75,656 389,559 

1998 75,999 416,429 

1999 79,173 443,300 

2000 94,968 470,170 

2001 96,846 455,703 

2002 84,432 518,306 

2003 74,621 536,950

2004 68,605 550,695

2005 65,477 531,377

2006 62,463 548,856

2007 61,824 577,864

Heat content used for

conversion to btu:

138,700

Btu/gallon

10,339

Btu/kWhr

Calculation of 

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil Equivalent

One gallon of gasoline, diesel fuel, or lpg is estimated to be the equivalent of one gallon of crude oil.

Petroleum used for electricity was calculated using the following formula:

({[(BTU*S)/G ]/P }/365)/1000

BTU = Btus of electricity from Table 2.4 

S = Share of petroleum used in making primary electricity (Calculated from Table 2.6 from the EIA,

Monthly Energy Review)

G = Electricity generation and distribution (assumed 29%)

P = Btus per barrel of petroleum product (Table A3 from the EIA, Monthly Energy Review).
A–20

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Passenger Travel and Energy Use

Automobiles

Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics, 2007, Table VM-1. Data series

shown in Table 4.1.

Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor.

Load factor – 2001 NHTS shows automobile load factor as 1.1 persons per vehicle.

Energy intensities – 

Btu per vehicle-mile – Automobile energy use divided by vehicle-miles.

Btu per passenger-mile – Automobile energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 2.7.

Light trucks

Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1. Data by truck

type were multiplied by the shares of trucks/truck travel which are for personal use (Table A.16).

Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor.

Load factor – 2001 NHTS shows personal light truck load factor as 1.72 persons per vehicle.

Energy intensities -

Btu per vehicle-mile – Personal light truck energy use divided by personal light truck vehicle-miles.

Btu per passenger-mile – Personal light truck energy use divided by personal light truck passengermiles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-7, A-8 (light trucks, medium/heavy trucks). Data by truck type

were multiplied by the shares of truck fuel use which are for personal use (Table A.16) which were

derived by ORNL from the 2002 VIUS Micro Data File on CD.

Table A.16

 Share of Trucks, Truck Travel, 

and Fuel Use for Personal Travel

Personal trucks

85.6% 2-axle, 4-tire trucks 

26.9% Other single-unit and combination trucks 

Personal truck travel

80.9% 2-axle, 4-tire trucks 

 13.1% Other single-unit and combination trucks 

Personal truck fuel use

78.0% 2-axle, 4-tire trucks 

 6.0% Other single-unit and combination trucks 

Note:

Since these shares come from the 2002 VIUS, they may

underestimate the amount of personal trucks, truck travel,

and energy use for 2007.
A–21

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Motorcycles

Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 Table VM-1.

Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor.

Load factor - 2001 NHTS shows motorcycle load factor as 1.22 persons per vehicle.

Energy intensities – 

Btu per vehicle-mile – Motorcycle energy use divided by vehicle-miles.

Btu per passenger-mile – Motorcycle energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Data series shown in Table 2.7.

Demand Response 

Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book,

Washington, DC, 2009.

Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.

Energy intensities – 

Btu per vehicle-mile – Energy use divided by vehicle-miles.

Btu per passenger-mile – Energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2009.

Vanpool

Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book,

Washington, DC, 2009.

Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.

Energy intensities – 

Btu per vehicle-mile – Energy use divided by vehicle-miles.

Btu per passenger-mile – Energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2009.

Buses

Transit

Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book,

Washington, DC, 2009. Data series shown on Table 5.14.

Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.

Energy intensities – 

Btu per vehicle-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus vehicle-miles.

Btu per passenger-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus passenger-miles.

Energy use - See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Data series shown in Table 5.14.
A–22

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Intercity

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-6. Because the 2001and 2002 data are not available, the

rate of change in bus VMT from FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, was used to estimate the change

in energy use.

School

Number of vehicles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table MV-10.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Because the data past 2000 are not available, the rate of

change in bus VMT from FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007,was used to estimate the change in

energy use.

Air

Certificated air carriers

Aircraft-miles, passenger-miles – DOT, BTS, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics,

www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information/air_carrier_traffic_statistics, Washington, DC. 

Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by aircraft-miles.

Energy intensities - 

Btu per passenger-mile – Certificated air carrier energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-11. All of domestic fuel use and half of international fuel

use was considered to be domestic use.

Note: These data differ from the data in Table 9.2 because that table contains data on ALL

domestic AND international air carrier energy use and passenger-miles.

General aviation

Number of vehicles – DOT, FAA, General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey: Calendar Year 2007

Data series shown in Table 9.3.

Energy intensities – 

Btu per passenger-mile – General aviation energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-10. Data series shown in Table 9.3.

Recreational boating

Number of vehicles and energy use – U.S. EPA, NONROAD2005 model.
A–23

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Rail

Intercity

Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition,

Washington, DC, 2008.

Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.

Energy Intensities - 

Btu per vehicle-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles.

Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use - See Energy Use Sources, p. A-19. Data series shown in Table 9.10.

Transit

Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book,

Washington, DC, 2009. Sum of light and heavy rail transit. Data series shown on Table 9.12.

Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.

Energy intensities – 

Btu per vehicle-mile – Light and heavy transit rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles.

Btu per passenger-mile – Light and heavy transit rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-18. Data series shown in Table 9.12.

Commuter

Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book,

Washington, DC, 2009. Data series shown on Table 9.11.

Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.

Energy intensities – 

Btu per vehicle-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles.

Btu per passenger-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-17. Data series shown in Table 9.11.
A–24

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities

Automobiles

Btu per vehicle-mile – Automobile energy use divided by automobile vehicle miles of travel.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 2.7.

Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996;

DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.1.

Btu per passenger-mile – Automobile energy use divided by automobile passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 2.7.

Passenger miles – Vehicle miles multiplied by an average load factor.

Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to

1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.1.

Load factor – NPTS 1969, 1977, 1983/84, 1990, and 1995, and NHTS 2001.

Table A.17

Automobile Load Factor used to calculate Passenger-Miles

Year Source Load Factor

1970 1969 NPTS 1.90

1971 Interpolated 1.90

1972 Interpolated 1.90

1973 Interpolated 1.90

1974 Interpolated 1.90

1975 Interpolated 1.90

1976 Interpolated 1.90

1977 1977 NPTS 1.90

1978 Interpolated 1.88

1979 Interpolated 1.87

1980 Interpolated 1.85

1981 Interpolated 1.83

1982 Interpolated 1.82

1983 1983/84 NPTS 1.80

1984 Interpolated 1.77

1985 Interpolated 1.74

1986 Interpolated 1.71

1987 Interpolated 1.69

1988 Interpolated 1.66

1989 Interpolated 1.63

1990 1990 NPTS 1.60

1991 Interpolated 1.60

1992 Interpolated 1.60

1993 Interpolated 1.60

1994 Interpolated 1.60

1995 1995 NPTS 1.60

1996 Interpolated 1.60

1997 Interpolated 1.59

1998 Interpolated 1.59

1999 Interpolated 1.58

2000 Interpolated 1.58

2001 2001 NHTS 1.57

2002 2001 NHTS 1.57

2003 2001 NHTS 1.57

2004 2001 NHTS 1.57

2005 2001 NHTS 1.57

2006 2001 NHTS 1.57

2007 2001 NHTS 1.57
A–25

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Light trucks

Btu per vehicle-mile – Light truck energy use divided by light truck vehicle miles of travel.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-7. Data series shown in Table 2.7.

Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996;

DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.2.

Buses

Transit

Btu per vehicle-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus vehicle-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Data series shown in Table 5.14.

Vehicle-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2009. Data series

shown on Table 5.14.

Btu per passenger-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Data series shown in Table 5.14.

Passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2009. Data

series shown on Table 5.14.

Intercity

Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity bus energy use divided by intercity bus passenger-miles. 

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-6 . Because the data past 2000 are not available, the rate

of change in bus VMT from FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, was used to estimate the change

in energy use.

Passenger-miles – (Data past 2000 are not available.) Eno Foundation for Transportation,

Transportation in America 2001, Nineteenth edition, Washington, DC. 
A–26

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Nonhighway Mode Energy Intensities

Air

Certificated air carriers

Btu per passenger-mile – Certificated air carrier energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-11. All of domestic fuel use and half of international

fuel use was considered to be domestic use.

Passenger-miles – DOT, BTS, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics,

www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information/air_carrier_traffic_statistics, Washington, DC. Pre1994 data are from various editions of the FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation (no longer

published). Scheduled service passenger-miles of domestic air carriers and half of international

air carriers were used to coincide with fuel use.

Note: These data differ from the data in Table 9.2 because that table contains data on ALL

domestic AND international air carrier energy use and passenger-miles.

General aviation

Btu per passenger-mile – General aviation energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-10. Data series shown in Table 9.3.

Passenger-miles – (Data past 2000 not available.) Eno Foundation for Transportation,

Transportation in America 2001, Nineteenth edition, Washington, DC.

Rail

Intercity

Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-19. Data series shown in Table 9.10.

Passenger-miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition, and previous annual editions.

Transit

Btu per passenger-mile – Transit rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-18. Data series shown in Table 9.12.

Passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2009. Data

series shown on Table 9.12.

Commuter

Btu per passenger-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-17. Data series shown in Table 9.11.

Passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2009. Data

series shown on Table 9.11.
A–27

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Freight Movement and Energy Use

Rail

Number of locomotives, ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008

Edition, Washington, DC, 2008. Data series shown in Table 9.8.

Energy intensity – Class I rail energy use divided by freight car-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Data series shown in Table 9.8.

Water

Number of vehicles – U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of Engineers, “Summary of U.S. Flag

Passenger and Cargo Vessels, 2006,” New Orleans, LA, 2003.

Ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul – U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of

Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2006, Part 5: National

Summaries, New Orleans, LA, 2006. Data series shown in Table 9.5.

Btu per ton-mile – Domestic waterborne commerce energy use divided by ton-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-12. Data series shown in Table 9.5.
A–28

Freight Mode Energy Intensities

Truck

Btu per vehicle-mile – Heavy single-unit and combination truck energy use divided by vehicle miles

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources (medium/heavy trucks), p. A-8.

Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to

1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series is the total of vehicle

travel data on Tables 5.1 and 5.2.

Rail

Btu per freight car-mile – Class I rail energy use divided by freight car-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Data series shown in Table 9.8.

Freight car miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition, Washington, DC, 2008. Data series shown

in Table 9.8.

Btu per ton-mile – Class I rail energy use divided by ton-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Data series shown in Table 9.8.

Ton-miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition, Washington, DC, 2008. Data series shown in

Table 9.8.

Water

Btu per ton-mile – Domestic waterborne commerce energy use divided by ton-miles.

Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-12. Data series shown in Table 9.5.

Ton-miles – U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the

United States, Calendar Year 2006, Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans, LA, 2006. Data

series shown in Table 9.5. Ton miles for 2006 were used since data were unavailable for 2007.
B–1

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

APPENDIX B

CONVERSIONS
B–2

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

CONVERSIONS

A Note About Heating Values

The heat content of a fuel is the quantity of energy released by burning a unit amount of that

fuel. However, this value is not absolute and can vary according to several factors. For example,

empirical formulae for determining the heating value of liquid fuels depend on the fuels' American

Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. The API gravity varies depending on the percent by weight of the

chemical constituents and impurities in the fuel, both of which are affected by the combination of

raw materials used to produce the fuel and by the type of manufacturing process. Temperature and

climatic conditions are also factors.

Because of these variations, the heating values in Table B.4 may differ from values in other

publications. The figures in this report are representative or average values, not absolute ones. The

gross (higher) heating values used here agree with those used by the Energy Information

Administration (EIA).

Heating values fall into two categories, usually referred to as “higher” (or gross) and “lower”

(or net). If the products of fuel combustion are cooled back to the initial fuel-air or fuel-oxidizer

mixture temperature and the water formed during combustion is condensed, the energy released by

the process is the higher (gross) heating value. If the products of combustion are cooled to the initial

fuel-air temperature, but the water is considered to remain as a vapor, the energy released by the

process is lower (net) heating value. Usually the difference between the gross and net heating values

for fuels used in transportation is around 5 to 8 percent; however, it is important to be consistent in

their use. 
B–3

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.1

Hydrogen Heat Content

1 kilogram hydrogen =

Higher heating value Lower heating value

134,200 Btu 113,400 Btu

39.3 kWhr 33.2 kWhr

141,600 kJ 119,600 kJ

33,800 kCal 28,560 kCal

Table B.2

Hydrogen Conversions

Weight Gas Liquid

Pounds

(lb)

Kilograms

(kg)

Standard

cubic feet

(SCF)

Normal

cubic meter

(Nm3

)

Gallons

(gal)

Liters

(L)

1 lb 1.0 0.4536 192.00 5.047 1.6928 6.408

1 kg 2.205 1.0 423.3 11.126 3.733 14.128

1 SCF gas 0.005209 0.002363 1.0 0.02628 0.008820 0.0339

1 Nm3

 gas 0.19815 0.08988 38.04 1.0 0.3355 1.2699

1 gal liquid 0.5906 0.2679 113.41 2.981 1.0 3.785

1 L liquid 0.15604 0.07078 29.99 0.77881 0.2642 1.0

Table B.3

Pressure Conversions

Bar Atmosphere lb/in2

 (or psi)

Bar 1.0 0.987 14.5

Atmoshpere 1.013 1.0 14.696

lb/in2

 (or psi) 0.0689 0.0680 1.0
B–4

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.4

Heat Content for Various Fuels

Conventional gasoline 125,000 Btu/gal(gross) = 115,400 Btu/gal(net)

Hydrogen 134,200 Btu/kg(gross) = 113,400 Btu/kg(net)

Diesel motor fuel 138,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 128,700 Btu/gal (net)

Biodiesel 126,206 Btu/gal (gross) = 117,093 Btu/gal (net)

Methanol 64,600 Btu/gal (gross) = 56,560 Btu/gal (net)

Ethanol 84,600 Btu/gal (gross) = 75,670 Btu/gal (net)

Gasohol 120,900 Btu/gal (gross) = 112,417 Btu/gal (net)

E85 90,660 Btu/gal (gross) = 81,630 Btu/gal (net

Aviation gasoline 120,200 Btu/gal (gross) = 112,000 Btu/gal (net)

Propane 91,300 Btu/gal (gross) = 83,500 Btu/gal (net)

Butane 103,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 93,000 Btu/gal (net)

Jet fuel (naphtha) 127,500 Btu/gal (gross) = 118,700 Btu/gal (net)

Jet fuel (kerosene) 135,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 128,100 Btu/gal (net)

Lubricants 144,400 Btu/gal (gross) = 130,900 Btu/gal (net)

Waxes 131,800 Btu/gal (gross) = 120,200 Btu/gal (net)

Asphalt and road oil 158,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 157,700 Btu/gal (net)

Natural gas

Wet 1,109 Btu/ft3

Dry 1,027 Btu/ft3

Compressed 20,551 Btu/pound

 960 Btu/cubic foot

Liquid 90,800 Btu/gal (gross) = 87,600 Btu/gal (net)

Crude petroleum 138,100 Btu/gal (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gal (net)

Fuel Oils

Residual 149,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 138,400 Btu/gal (net)

Distillate 138,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gal (net)

Coal

Anthracite - Consumption 21.711 x 106

 Btu/short ton

Bituminous and lignite - Consumption 21.012 x 106

 Btu/short ton

Production average 21.352 x 106

 Btu/short ton

Consumption average 21.015 x 106

 Btu/short ton
B–5

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.5

Fuel Equivalents

1 million bbl crude oil/day = 0.365 billion bbl crude oil/year

= 2.117 quadrillion Btu/year

= 105.914 million short tons coal/year

= 96.085 million metric tons coal/year

= 2.059 trillion ft3

 natural gas/year

= 2.233 exajoules/year

1 billion bbl crude oil/year = 2.740 million bbl crude oil/day

= 5.800 quadrillion Btu/year

= 290.174 million short tons coal/year

= 263.246 million metric tons coal/year

= 5.642 trillion ft3

 natural gas/year

= 6.119 exajoules/year

1 quadrillion Btu/year = 0.5219 gasoline gallon equivalents

= 0.472 million bbl crude oil/day

= 172.414 million bbl crude oil/year

= 50.030 million short tons coal/year

= 45.387 million metric tons coal/year

= 972.763 billion ft3

 natural gas/year

= 1.055 exajoules/year

1 billion short tons coal/year = 0.907 billion metric tons coal/year

= 9.442 million bbl crude oil/day 

= 3.446 billion bbl crude oil/year

= 19.988 quadrillion Btu/year

= 19.444 trillion ft3

 natural gas/year

= 21.087 exajoules/year

1 billion metric tons coal/year = 1.102 billion short tons coal/year

= 8.565 million bbl crude oi l/day

= 3.126 billion bbl crude oil/year

= 18.133 quadrillion btu/year

= 17.639 trillion ft3

 natural gas/year

= 19.130 exajoules/year

1 trillion ft3

 natural gas/year = 0.486 million bbl crude oil/day

= 0.177 billion bbl crude oil/year

= 1.028 quadrillion Btu/year

= 51.431 million short tons coal/year

= 46.658 million metric tons coal/year

= 1.085 exajoules/year

1 exajoule/year = 447.741 thousand bbl crude oil/day

= 163.425 million bbl crude oil/year

= 0.948 quadrillion Btu/year

= 47.421 million short tons coal/year

= 43.021 million metric tons coal/year

= 0.922 trillion ft3

 natural gas/year
B–6

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.6

Energy Unit Conversions

1 Btu = 778.2 ft-lb 1 kWhr = 3412 Btua

= 107.6 kg-m = 2.655 x 106 ft-lb

= 1055 J = 3.671 x 105

 kg-m

= 39.30 x 10-5 hp-h = 3.600 x 106

 J

= 39.85 x 10-5 metric hp-h = 1.341 hp-h

= 29.31 x 10-5 kWhr = 1.360 metric hp-h

1 kg-m = 92.95 x 10-4 Btu 1 Joule = 94.78 x 10-5 Btu

= 7.233 ft-lb = 0.7376 ft-lb

= 9.806 J = 0.1020 kg-m

= 36.53 x 10-7 hp-h = 37.25 x 10-8 hp-h

= 37.04 x 10-7 metric hp-h = 37.77 x 10-8 metric hp-h

= 27.24 x 10-7 kWhr = 27.78 x 10-8 kWhr

1 hp-h = 2544 Btu 1 metric hp-h = 2510 Btu

= 1.98 x 106

 ft-lb = 1.953 x 106 ft-lb

= 2.738 x 106

 kgm = 27.00 x 104 kg-m

= 2.685 x 106

 J = 2.648 x 106 J

= 1.014 metric hp-h = 0.9863 hp-h

= 0.7475 kWhr = 0.7355 kWhr

a

This figure does not take into account the fact that electricity generation and distribution efficiency is

approximately 33%. If generation and distribution efficiency are taken into account, 1 kWhr = 10,339 Btu.

Table B.7

International Energy Conversions

To: Terajoules

GigacaloriesMillion tonnes of

oil equivalent

Million

 Btu

Gigawatthours

From: multiply by:

Terajoules 1 238.8 2.388 x 10-5 947.8 0.2778

Gigacalories 4.1868 x 10-3 1 10-7 3.968 1.163 x 10-3

Million tonnes

 of oil equivalent 4.1868 x 104 107 1 3.968 x 107 11,630

Million Btu 1.0551 x 10-3 0.252 2.52 X 10-8 1 2.931 x 10-4

Gigawatthours 3.6 860 8.6 x 10-5 3412 1
B–7

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.8

Distance and Velocity Conversions

1 in. = 83.33 x 10-3 ft 1 ft = 12.0 in.

= 27.78 x 10-3 yd = 0.33 yd

= 15.78 x 10-6 mile = 189.4 x 10-3 mile

= 25.40 x 10-3 m = 0.3048 m

= 0.2540 x 10-6 km = 0.3048 x 10-3 km

1 mile = 63360 in. 1 km = 39370 in.

= 5280 ft = 3281 ft

= 1760 yd = 1093.6 yd

= 1609 m = 0.6214 mile

= 1.609 km = 1000 m

1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/s = 0.6818 mph = 1.0972 km/h

1 m/sec = 3.281 ft/s = 2.237 mph = 3.600 km/h

1 km/h = 0.9114 ft/s = 0.2778 m/s = 0.6214 mph

1 mph = 1.467 ft/s = 0.4469 m/s = 1.609 km/h

Table B.9

Alternative Measures of Greenhouse Gases

1 pound methane, measured in carbon

units (CH4) 

= 1.333 pounds methane, measured at full

molecular weight (CH4)

1 pound carbon dioxide, measured in

carbon units (CO2-C)

= 3.6667 pounds carbon dioxide, measured at

full molecular weight (CO2)

1 pound carbon monoxide, measured in

carbon units (CO-C)

= 2.333 pounds carbon monoxide, measured at

full molecular weight (CO)

1 pound nitrous oxide, measured in

nitrogen units (N2O-N)

= 1.571 pounds nitrous oxide, measured at full

molecular weight (N2O)
B–8

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.10

Volume and Flow Rate Conversionsa

1 U.S. gal = 231 in.3 1 liter = 61.02 in.3

= 0.1337 ft3 = 3.531 x 10-2 ft3

= 3.785 liters = 0.2624 U.S. gal

= 0.8321 imperial gal = 0.2200 imperial gal

= 0.0238 bbl = 6.29 x 10-3 bbl

= 0.003785 m3 = 0.001 m3

A U.S. gallon of gasoline weighs 6.2 pounds

1 imperial gal = 277.4 in.3 1 bbl = 9702 in.3

= 0.1606 ft3 = 5.615 ft3

= 4.545 liters = 158.97 liters

= 1.201 U.S. gal = 42 U.S. gal

= 0.0286 bbl = 34.97 imperial gal

= 0.004546 m3 = 0.15897 m3

1 U.S. gal/hr = 3.209 ft3/day = 1171 ft3/year

= 90.84 liter/day = 33157 liter/year

= 19.97 imperial gal/day = 7289 imperial gal/year

= 0.5712 bbl/day = 207.92 bbl/year

For Imperial gallons, multiply above values by 1.201

1 liter/hr = 0.8474 ft3

/day = 309.3 ft3/year

= 6.298 U.S. gal/day = 2299 U.S. gal/year

= 5.28 imperial gal/day = 1927 imperial gal/year

= 0.1510 bbl/day = 55.10 bbl/year

 

1 bbl/hr = 137.8 ft3

/year = 49187 ft3 year

= 1008 U.S. gal/day = 3.679 x 105

 U.S. gal/year

= 839.3 imperial gal/day = 3.063 x 105

 imperial gal/year

= 3815 liter/day = 1.393 x 106

 liter/day

 a

The conversions for flow rates are identical to those for volume measures, if the time units are identical.
B–9

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.11

Power Conversions

TO

FROM Horsepower Kilowatts

Metric

horsepower Ft-lb per sec

Kilocalories

per sec Btu per sec

Horsepower 1 0.7457 1.014 550 0.1781 0.7068

Kilowatts 1.341 1 1.360 737.6 0.239 0.9478

Metric

horsepower 0.9863 0.7355 1 542.5 0.1757 0.6971

Ft-lb per sec 1.36 x 10-3 1.356 x 10-3 1.84 x 10-3 1 0.3238 x 10-3 1.285 x 10-3

Kilocalories 

per sec

5.615 4.184 5.692 3088 1 3.968

Btu per sec 1.415 1.055 1.434 778.2 0.2520

1
B–10

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.12

Mass Conversions

TO

FROM Pound Kilogram Short ton Long ton Metric ton

Pound 1 0.4536 5.0 x 10-4 4.4643 x 10-4 4.5362 x 10-4

Kilogram 2.205 1 1.1023 x 10-3 9.8425 x 10-4 1.0 x 10-3

Short ton 2,000 907.2 1 0.8929 0.9072

Long ton 2,240 1,016 1.12 1 1.016

Metric ton 2,205 1,000 1.102 0.9842 1
B–11

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.13

Fuel Efficiency Conversions

MPG Miles/liter Kilometers/L L/100 kilometers

Grams of CO2

per milea

Pounds of CO2

per milea

10 2.64 4.25 23.52 877.80 1.94

15 3.96 6.38 15.68 585.20 1.29

20 5.28 8.50 11.76 438.90 0.97

25 6.60 10.63 9.41 351.12 0.78

30 7.92 12.75 7.84 292.60 0.65

35 9.25 14.88 6.72 250.80 0.55

40 10.57 17.00 5.88 219.45 0.49

45 11.89 19.13 5.23 195.07 0.43

50 13.21 21.25 4.70 175.56 0.39

55 14.53 23.38 4.28 159.60 0.35

60 15.85 25.51 3.92 146.30 0.32

65 17.17 27.63 3.62 135.05 0.30

70 18.49 29.76 3.36 125.40 0.28

75 19.81 31.88 3.14 117.04 0.26

80 21.13 34.01 2.94 109.73 0.24

85 22.45 36.13 2.77 103.27 0.23

90 23.77 38.26 2.61 97.53 0.22

95 25.09 40.38 2.48 92.40 0.20

100 26.42 42.51 2.35 87.78 0.19

105 27.74 44.64 2.24 83.60 0.18

110 29.06 46.76 2.14 79.80 0.18

115 30.38 48.89 2.05 76.33 0.17

120 31.70 51.01 1.96 73.15 0.16

125 33.02 53.14 1.88 70.22 0.16

130 34.34 55.26 1.81 67.52 0.15

135 35.66 57.39 1.74 65.02 0.14

140 36.98 59.51 1.68 62.70 0.14

145 38.30 61.64 1.62 60.54 0.13

150 39.62 63.76 1.57 58.52 0.13

Formula MPG/3.785 MPG/[3.785/1.609] 235.24/MPG 8,778/MPG 19.4/MPG

a

 For gasoline-fueled vehicles.
B–12

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.14

SI Prefixes and Their Values

Value Prefix Symbol

One million million millionth 10-18 atto a

One thousand million millionth 10-15 femto f

One million millionth 10-12 pico p

One thousand millionth 10-9 nano n

One millionth 10-6 micro μ

One thousandth 10-3 milli m

One hundredth 10-2 centi c

One tenth 10-1 deci

One 100

Ten 101 deca

One hundred 102 hecto

One thousand 103 kilo k

One million 106 mega M

 One billiona 109 giga G

One trilliona 1012 tera T

One quadrilliona 1015 peta P

One quintilliona 1018 exa E

a

Care should be exercised in the use of this nomenclature, especially in foreign correspondence, as it

is either unknown or carries a different value in other countries. A "billion," for example, signifies a value of

1012 in most other countries.
B–13

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.15

Metric Units and Abbreviations

Quantity Unit name Symbol

Energy joule J

Specific energy joule/kilogram J/kg

Specific energy consumption joule/kilogram•kilometer J/(kg•km)

Energy consumption joule/kilometer J/km

Energy economy kilometer/kilojoule km/kJ

Power kilowatt Kw

Specific power watt/kilogram W/kg

Power density watt/meter3 W/m3

Speed kilometer/hour km/h

Acceleration meter/second2 m/s2

Range (distance) kilometer km

Weight kilogram kg

Torque newton•meter N•m

Volume meter3 m3

Mass; payload kilogram kg

Length; width meter m

Brake specific fuel consumption kilogram/joule kg/J

Fuel economy (heat engine) liters/100 km L/100 km
B–14

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.16

Carbon Coefficients, 2002

(Million metric tons carbon per quadrillion Btu)

Fuel Type

Coal

Coal (residential)

Coal (commercial)

Coal (industrial coking)

Coal (industrial other)

Coal (electric utility)

26.04

26.04

25.63

25.74

25.98

Natural gas

Natural gas (pipeline)

Natural gas (flared)

14.47

14.92

Petroleum

Asphalt and road oil

Aviation gasoline

Crude oil

Distillate fuel

Jet fuel

Kerosene

LPG

Lubricants

Motor gasoline

Petrochemical feed.

Petroleum coke

Residual fuel

Waxes

20.62

18.87

20.30

19.95

19.33

19.72

16.99

20.24

19.34

19.37

27.85

21.49

19.81

Note: All coefficients based on Higher Heating (Gross

Calorific) Value and assume 100 percent combustion.
B–15

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Conversion of Constant Dollar Values

 Many types of information in this data book are expressed in dollars. Generally, constant

dollars are used–that is, dollars of a fixed value for a specific year, such as 1990 dollars. Converting

current dollars to constant dollars, or converting constant dollars for one year to constant dollars for

another year, requires conversion factors (Table B.17 and B.18). Table B.17 shows conversion

factors for the Consumer Price Index inflation factors. Table B.18 shows conversion factors using

the Gross National Product inflation factors. 
B–16

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.17

Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index

From: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

1970 1.000 1.044 1.077 1.144 1.271 1.387 1.466 1.562 1.680 1.871

1971 0.958 1.000 1.032 1.096 1.217 1.328 1.405 1.496 1.610 1.793

1972 0.928 0.969 1.000 1.062 1.179 1.287 1.361 1.450 1.560 1.737

1973 0.874 0.912 0.941 1.000 1.110 1.212 1.282 1.365 1.468 1.635

1974 0.787 0.822 0.848 0.901 1.000 1.091 1.154 1.229 1.323 1.473

1975 0.721 0.753 0.777 0.825 0.916 1.000 1.058 1.126 1.212 1.349

1976 0.682 0.712 0.735 0.780 0.866 0.946 1.000 1.065 1.146 1.276

1977 0.640 0.668 0.690 0.733 0.814 0.888 0.939 1.000 1.076 1.198

1978 0.595 0.621 0.641 0.681 0.756 0.825 0.873 0.929 1.000 1.113

1979 0.534 0.558 0.576 0.612 0.679 0.741 0.784 0.835 0.898 1.000

1980 0.471 0.492 0.507 0.539 0.598 0.653 0.691 0.735 0.791 0.881

1981 0.427 0.446 0.460 0.488 0.542 0.592 0.626 0.667 0.717 0.799

1982 0.402 0.420 0.433 0.460 0.511 0.558 0.590 0.628 0.676 0.752

1983 0.390 0.407 0.420 0.446 0.495 0.540 0.571 0.608 0.655 0.729

1984 0.373 0.390 0.402 0.427 0.474 0.518 0.548 0.583 0.628 0.699

1985 0.361 0.376 0.388 0.413 0.458 0.500 0.529 0.563 0.606 0.675

1986 0.354 0.370 0.381 0.405 0.450 0.491 0.519 0.553 0.595 0.662

1987 0.342 0.357 0.368 0.391 0.434 0.474 0.501 0.533 0.574 0.639

1988 0.328 0.342 0.353 0.375 0.417 0.455 0.481 0.512 0.551 0.614

1989 0.313 0.327 0.337 0.358 0.398 0.434 0.459 0.489 0.526 0.585

1990 0.297 0.310 0.320 0.340 0.377 0.412 0.435 0.464 0.499 0.555

1991 0.285 0.297 0.307 0.326 0.362 0.395 0.418 0.445 0.479 0.533

1992 0.277 0.289 0.298 0.316 0.351 0.383 0.406 0.432 0.465 0.517

1993 0.269 0.280 0.289 0.307 0.341 0.372 0.394 0.419 0.451 0.502

1994 0.262 0.273 0.282 0.300 0.333 0.363 0.384 0.409 0.440 0.490

1995 0.255 0.266 0.274 0.291 0.323 0.353 0.373 0.398 0.428 0.476

1996 0.247 0.258 0.266 0.283 0.314 0.343 0.363 0.386 0.416 0.463

1997 0.242 0.252 0.260 0.277 0.307 0.335 0.355 0.378 0.406 0.452

1998 0.238 0.248 0.256 0.272 0.302 0.330 0.349 0.372 0.400 0.445

1999 0.233 0.243 0.251 0.267 0.296 0.323 0.342 0.364 0.391 0.436

2000 0.225 0.235 0.243 0.258 0.286 0.312 0.330 0.352 0.379 0.422

2001 0.219 0.229 0.236 0.251 0.278 0.304 0.321 0.342 0.368 0.410

2002 0.216 0.225 0.232 0.247 0.274 0.299 0.316 0.337 0.362 0.404

2003 0.211 0.220 0.227 0.241 0.268 0.292 0.309 0.329 0.354 0.395

2004 0.205 0.214 0.221 0.235 0.261 0.285 0.301 0.321 0.345 0.384

2005 0.199 0.207 0.214 0.227 0.252 0.275 0.291 0.310 0.334 0.372

2006 0.192 0.201 0.207 0.220 0.245 0.267 0.282 0.301 0.323 0.360

2007 0.187 0.195 0.202 0.214 0.238 0.259 0.274 0.292 0.314 0.350

2008 0.180 0.188 0.194 0.206 0.229 0.250 0.264 0.281 0.303 0.337
B–17

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.17

Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index (Continued)

From: 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1970 2.124 2.343 2.487 2.567 2.678 2.773 2.825 2.928 3.049 3.196

1971 2.035 2.244 2.383 2.459 2.565 2.657 2.706 2.805 2.921 3.062

1972 1.971 2.175 2.309 2.383 2.486 2.574 2.622 2.718 2.830 2.967

1973 1.856 2.047 2.173 2.243 2.340 2.423 2.468 2.559 2.664 2.793

1974 1.671 1.844 1.957 2.020 2.108 2.183 2.223 2.304 2.400 2.515

1975 1.532 1.690 1.794 1.851 1.931 2.000 2.037 2.112 2.199 2.305

1976 1.448 1.598 1.696 1.750 1.826 1.891 1.926 1.996 2.079 2.179

1977 1.360 1.500 1.592 1.644 1.715 1.776 1.809 1.875 1.952 2.046

1978 1.264 1.394 1.480 1.528 1.594 1.650 1.681 1.742 1.814 1.902

1979 1.135 1.252 1.329 1.372 1.431 1.482 1.510 1.565 1.629 1.708

1980 1.000 1.103 1.171 1.209 1.261 1.306 1.330 1.379 1.436 1.505

1981 0.906 1.000 1.062 1.096 1.143 1.184 1.206 1.250 1.301 1.364

1982 0.854 0.942 1.000 1.032 1.077 1.115 1.136 1.177 1.226 1.285

1983 0.827 0.913 0.969 1.000 1.043 1.080 1.100 1.141 1.188 1.245

1984 0.793 0.875 0.929 0.959 1.000 1.036 1.055 1.093 1.139 1.193

1985 0.766 0.845 0.897 0.926 0.966 1.000 1.019 1.056 1.099 1.152

1986 0.752 0.829 0.880 0.909 0.948 0.982 1.000 1.036 1.079 1.131

1987 0.725 0.800 0.849 0.877 0.915 0.947 0.965 1.000 1.041 1.092

1988 0.697 0.768 0.816 0.842 0.878 0.910 0.926 0.960 1.000 1.048

1989 0.665 0.733 0.778 0.803 0.838 0.868 0.884 0.916 0.954 1.000

1990 0.630 0.695 0.738 0.762 0.795 0.823 0.839 0.869 0.905 0.949

1991 0.605 0.667 0.709 0.731 0.763 0.790 0.805 0.834 0.869 0.910

1992 0.587 0.648 0.688 0.710 0.741 0.767 0.781 0.810 0.843 0.884

1993 0.570 0.629 0.668 0.689 0.719 0.745 0.758 0.786 0.819 0.858

1994 0.556 0.613 0.651 0.672 0.701 0.726 0.740 0.767 0.798 0.837

1995 0.541 0.596 0.633 0.654 0.682 0.706 0.719 0.745 0.776 0.814

1996 0.525 0.579 0.615 0.635 0.662 0.686 0.699 0.724 0.754 0.790

1997 0.513 0.566 0.601 0.621 0.647 0.670 0.683 0.708 0.737 0.773

1998 0.506 0.558 0.592 0.611 0.637 0.660 0.672 0.697 0.726 0.761

1999 0.495 0.546 0.579 0.598 0.624 0.646 0.658 0.682 0.710 0.744

2000 0.479 0.528 0.560 0.578 0.603 0.625 0.636 0.660 0.687 0.720

2001 0.465 0.513 0.545 0.562 0.587 0.608 0.619 0.641 0.668 0.700

2002 0.458 0.505 0.536 0.554 0.578 0.598 0.609 0.631 0.658 0.689

2003 0.448 0.494 0.524 0.541 0.565 0.585 0.596 0.617 0.643 0.674

2004 0.436 0.481 0.511 0.527 0.550 0.570 0.580 0.601 0.626 0.656

2005 0.422 0.465 0.494 0.510 0.532 0.551 0.561 0.582 0.606 0.635

2006 0.409 0.451 0.479 0.494 0.515 0.534 0.544 0.563 0.587 0.615

2007 0.397 0.438 0.465 0.480 0.501 0.519 0.529 0.548 0.571 0.598

2008 0.383 0.422 0.448 0.463 0.483 0.500 0.509 0.528 0.549 0.576
B–18

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.17

Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index (Continued)

From: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

1970 3.369 3.510 3.616 3.724 3.820 3.928 4.044 4.137 4.201 4.294

1971 3.227 3.363 3.464 3.568 3.659 3.763 3.874 3.963 4.025 4.114

1972 3.127 3.258 3.356 3.457 3.545 3.646 3.754 3.840 3.900 3.986

1973 2.944 3.068 3.160 3.255 3.338 3.432 3.534 3.615 3.671 3.752

1974 2.651 2.763 2.846 2.931 3.006 3.091 3.183 3.256 3.306 3.379

1975 2.429 2.532 2.608 2.686 2.755 2.833 2.916 2.983 3.030 3.097

1976 2.297 2.394 2.466 2.540 2.605 2.678 2.757 2.821 2.865 2.928

1977 2.157 2.248 2.315 2.384 2.446 2.515 2.589 2.649 2.690 2.749

1978 2.005 2.089 2.152 2.216 2.273 2.337 2.406 2.462 2.500 2.555

1979 1.800 1.876 1.933 1.990 2.041 2.099 2.161 2.211 2.245 2.295

1980 1.586 1.653 1.703 1.754 1.799 1.850 1.904 1.948 1.978 2.022

1981 1.438 1.498 1.543 1.590 1.630 1.677 1.726 1.766 1.793 1.833

1982 1.354 1.411 1.454 1.497 1.536 1.579 1.626 1.663 1.689 1.726

1983 1.312 1.367 1.409 1.451 1.488 1.530 1.575 1.611 1.637 1.673

1984 1.258 1.311 1.350 1.391 1.426 1.467 1.510 1.545 1.569 1.603

1985 1.215 1.266 1.304 1.343 1.377 1.416 1.458 1.492 1.515 1.548

1986 1.193 1.243 1.280 1.318 1.352 1.391 1.432 1.464 1.487 1.520

1987 1.151 1.199 1.235 1.272 1.305 1.342 1.381 1.413 1.435 1.467

1988 1.105 1.151 1.186 1.221 1.253 1.288 1.326 1.357 1.378 1.408

1989 1.054 1.098 1.131 1.165 1.195 1.229 1.265 1.294 1.315 1.344

1990 1.000 1.042 1.073 1.106 1.134 1.166 1.200 1.228 1.247 1.275

1991 0.960 1.000 1.030 1.061 1.088 1.119 1.152 1.178 1.197 1.223

1992 0.932 0.971 1.000 1.030 1.056 1.086 1.118 1.144 1.162 1.187

1993 0.904 0.943 0.971 1.000 1.026 1.055 1.086 1.111 1.128 1.153

1994 0.882 0.919 0.947 0.975 1.000 1.028 1.059 1.083 1.100 1.124

1995 0.858 0.894 0.921 0.948 0.972 1.000 1.030 1.053 1.070 1.093

1996 0.833 0.868 0.894 0.921 0.945 0.971 1.000 1.023 1.039 1.062

1997 0.814 0.849 0.874 0.900 0.923 0.950 0.978 1.000 1.016 1.038

1998 0.802 0.836 0.861 0.887 0.909 0.935 0.963 0.985 1.000 1.022

1999 0.785 0.818 0.842 0.867 0.890 0.915 0.942 0.963 0.978 1.000

2000 0.759 0.791 0.815 0.839 0.861 0.885 0.911 0.932 0.947 0.967

2001 0.738 0.769 0.792 0.816 0.837 0.861 0.886 0.906 0.920 0.941

2002 0.727 0.757 0.780 0.803 0.824 0.847 0.872 0.892 0.906 0.926

2003 0.710 0.740 0.763 0.785 0.805 0.828 0.853 0.872 0.886 0.905

2004 0.692 0.721 0.743 0.765 0.785 0.807 0.831 0.850 0.863 0.882

2005 0.669 0.697 0.718 0.740 0.759 0.780 0.803 0.822 0.835 0.853

2006 0.648 0.676 0.696 0.717 0.735 0.756 0.778 0.796 0.809 0.826

2007 0.630 0.657 0.677 0.697 0.715 0.735 0.757 0.774 0.786 0.804

2008 0.607 0.633 0.652 0.671 0.688 0.708 0.729 0.745 0.757 0.774
B–19

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.17

Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index (Continued)

From: 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1970 4.438 4.564 4.637 4.742 4.869 5.034 5.196 5.344 5.549

1971 4.252 4.373 4.442 4.543 4.664 4.822 4.978 5.120 5.316

1972 4.120 4.237 4.304 4.402 4.519 4.672 4.823 4.960 5.151

1973 3.878 3.989 4.052 4.144 4.255 4.399 4.541 4.670 4.849

1974 3.493 3.592 3.649 3.732 3.832 3.961 4.089 4.206 4.367

1975 3.201 3.292 3.344 3.420 3.511 3.630 3.747 3.854 4.002

1976 3.026 3.112 3.162 3.234 3.320 3.432 3.543 3.644 3.784

1977 2.842 2.922 2.969 3.036 3.117 3.223 3.327 3.421 3.553

1978 2.641 2.716 2.759 2.822 2.897 2.995 3.092 3.180 3.302

1979 2.372 2.439 2.478 2.534 2.602 2.690 2.777 2.856 2.966

1980 2.090 2.149 2.183 2.233 2.292 2.370 2.447 2.516 2.613

1981 1.894 1.948 1.979 2.024 2.078 2.149 2.218 2.281 2.369

1982 1.784 1.835 1.864 1.907 1.958 2.024 2.089 2.149 2.231

1983 1.729 1.778 1.806 1.847 1.897 1.961 2.024 2.082 2.162

1984 1.657 1.705 1.731 1.771 1.818 1.880 1.940 1.996 2.072

1985 1.600 1.646 1.672 1.710 1.756 1.815 1.874 1.927 2.001

1986 1.571 1.616 1.641 1.679 1.724 1.782 1.839 1.892 1.964

1987 1.516 1.559 1.584 1.620 1.663 1.719 1.775 1.825 1.895

1988 1.456 1.497 1.521 1.555 1.597 1.651 1.704 1.753 1.820

1989 1.389 1.428 1.451 1.484 1.523 1.575 1.626 1.672 1.736

1990 1.318 1.355 1.376 1.408 1.445 1.494 1.542 1.586 1.647

1991 1.264 1.300 1.321 1.351 1.387 1.434 1.480 1.522 1.581

1992 1.227 1.262 1.282 1.311 1.346 1.392 1.437 1.478 1.535

1993 1.192 1.226 1.245 1.273 1.307 1.352 1.395 1.435 1.490

1994 1.162 1.195 1.214 1.242 1.275 1.318 1.360 1.399 1.453

1995 1.130 1.162 1.180 1.207 1.240 1.281 1.323 1.360 1.413

1996 1.098 1.129 1.147 1.173 1.204 1.245 1.285 1.321 1.372

1997 1.073 1.103 1.121 1.146 1.177 1.217 1.256 1.292 1.341

1998 1.056 1.087 1.104 1.129 1.159 1.198 1.237 1.272 1.321

1999 1.034 1.063 1.080 1.104 1.134 1.172 1.210 1.245 1.292

2000 1.000 1.028 1.045 1.069 1.097 1.134 1.171 1.204 1.250

2001 0.972 1.000 1.016 1.039 1.067 1.103 1.138 1.171 1.216

2002 0.957 0.984 1.000 1.023 1.050 1.086 1.121 1.153 1.197

2003 0.936 0.963 0.978 1.000 1.027 1.061 1.096 1.127 1.170

2004 0.912 0.938 0.952 0.974 1.000 1.034 1.067 1.098 1.140

2005 0.882 0.907 0.921 0.942 0.967 1.000 1.032 1.062 1.102

2006 0.854 0.878 0.892 0.913 0.937 0.969 1.000 1.028 1.068

2007 0.831 0.854 0.868 0.887 0.911 0.942 0.972 1.000 1.038

2008 0.800 0.823 0.836 0.855 0.877 0.907 0.936 0.963 1.000

Source:

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
B–20

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.18

Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator

From: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

1970 1.000 1.050 1.096 1.157 1.261 1.380 1.460 1.553 1.662 1.800

1971 0.952 1.000 1.043 1.102 1.201 1.315 1.391 1.479 1.583 1.714

1972 0.913 0.958 1.000 1.056 1.151 1.260 1.333 1.418 1.517 1.643

1973 0.864 0.908 0.947 1.000 1.090 1.193 1.262 1.342 1.437 1.556

1974 0.793 0.833 0.869 0.917 1.000 1.094 1.158 1.231 1.318 1.427

1975 0.724 0.761 0.794 0.838 0.914 1.000 1.058 1.125 1.204 1.304

1976 0.685 0.719 0.750 0.792 0.864 0.945 1.000 1.064 1.138 1.233

1977 0.644 0.676 0.705 0.745 0.812 0.889 0.940 1.000 1.070 1.159

1978 0.602 0.632 0.659 0.696 0.759 0.830 0.878 0.934 1.000 1.083

1979 0.555 0.583 0.609 0.643 0.701 0.767 0.811 0.863 0.923 1.000

1980 0.509 0.535 0.558 0.589 0.642 0.703 0.744 0.791 0.847 0.917

1981 0.466 0.489 0.510 0.539 0.587 0.643 0.680 0.723 0.774 0.838

1982 0.439 0.461 0.481 0.508 0.553 0.606 0.641 0.682 0.729 0.790

1983 0.422 0.443 0.462 0.488 0.532 0.583 0.616 0.656 0.702 0.760

1984 0.407 0.427 0.446 0.471 0.513 0.562 0.594 0.632 0.676 0.732

1985 0.395 0.415 0.433 0.457 0.498 0.545 0.576 0.613 0.656 0.711

1986 0.386 0.406 0.423 0.447 0.487 0.533 0.564 0.600 0.642 0.695

1987 0.376 0.395 0.412 0.435 0.747 0.519 0.549 0.584 0.625 0.677

1988 0.364 0.382 0.398 0.421 0.459 0.502 0.531 0.565 0.604 0.654

1989 0.350 0.368 0.384 0.405 0.442 0.483 0.511 0.544 0.582 0.631

1990 0.337 0.354 0.369 0.390 0.425 0.465 0.492 0.524 0.561 0.607

1991 0.326 0.342 0.357 0.377 0.411 0.450 0.476 0.506 0.542 0.587

1992 0.319 0.334 0.349 0.369 0.402 0.440 0.465 0.495 0.530 0.573

1993 0.311 0.327 0.341 0.360 0.393 0.430 0.455 0.483 0.517 0.560

1994 0.305 0.320 0.334 0.353 0.384 0.421 0.445 0.473 0.507 0.549

1995 0.299 0.314 0.327 0.346 0.377 0.412 0.436 0.464 0.497 0.538

1996 0.293 0.308 0.321 0.339 0.370 0.405 0.428 0.455 0.487 0.528

1997 0.288 0.303 0.316 0.334 0.364 0.398 0.421 0.448 0.479 0.519

1998 0.285 0.299 0.312 0.330 0.360 0.394 0.416 0.443 0.474 0.513

1999 0.281 0.295 0.308 0.325 0.355 0.388 0.410 0.437 0.467 0.506

2000 0.275 0.289 0.301 0.318 0.347 0.380 0.402 0.427 0.457 0.495

2001 0.269 0.282 0.294 0.311 0.339 0.371 0.392 0.417 0.447 0.484

2002 0.264 0.277 0.289 0.306 0.333 0.365 0.386 0.410 0.439 0.475

2003 0.259 0.272 0.283 0.299 0.326 0.357 0.378 0.402 0.430 0.465

2004 0.251 0.264 0.276 0.291 0.317 0.347 0.367 0.391 0.418 0.453

2005 0.244 0.256 0.267 0.282 0.308 0.337 0.356 0.379 0.406 0.439

2006 0.236 0.248 0.259 0.273 0.298 0.326 0.345 0.367 0.392 0.425

2007 0.230 0.241 0.252 0.266 0.290 0.317 0.335 0.357 0.382 0.413

2008 0.225 0.236 0.246 0.260 0.283 0.310 0.328 0.349 0.374 0.405
B–21

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.18

Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator (Continued)

From: 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1970 1.963 2.148 2.279 2.369 2.458 2.533 2.589 2.660 2.751 2.855

1971 1.870 2.046 2.170 2.256 2.341 2.413 2.466 2.533 2.620 2.719

1972 1.792 1.960 2.080 2.162 2.244 2.312 2.363 2.428 2.510 2.606

1973 1.697 1.857 1.970 2.048 2.125 2.190 2.238 2.299 2.378 2.468

1974 1.557 1.703 1.807 1.879 1.949 2.009 2.053 2.109 2.181 2.264

1975 1.422 1.556 1.651 1.716 1.781 1.835 1.876 1.927 1.993 2.068

1976 1.344 1.471 1.561 1.623 1.683 1.735 1.773 1.822 1.884 1.955

1977 1.264 1.383 1.467 1.525 1.583 1.631 1.667 1.713 1.771 1.838

1978 1.181 1.292 1.371 1.425 1.479 1.524 1.557 1.600 1.655 1.717

1979 1.091 1.193 1.266 1.316 1.366 1.407 1.438 1.478 1.528 1.586

1980 1.000 1.094 1.161 1.207 1.252 1.290 1.319 1.355 1.401 1.454

1981 0.914 1.000 1.061 1.103 1.144 1.179 1.205 1.238 1.281 1.329

1982 0.861 0.943 1.000 1.040 1.079 1.112 1.136 1.167 1.207 1.253

1983 0.829 0.907 0.962 1.000 1.038 1.069 1.093 1.123 1.161 1.205

1984 0.799 0.874 0.927 0.964 1.000 1.031 1.053 1.082 1.119 1.161

1985 0.775 0.848 0.900 0.935 0.970 1.000 1.022 1.050 1.086 1.127

1986 0.758 0.830 0.880 0.915 0.950 0.978 1.000 1.027 1.063 1.103

1987 0.738 0.808 0.857 0.891 0.924 0.952 0.973 1.000 1.034 1.073

1988 0.714 0.781 0.828 0.861 0.894 0.921 0.941 0.967 1.000 1.038

1989 0.688 0.752 0.798 0.830 0.861 0.887 0.907 0.932 0.963 1.000

1990 0.662 0.724 0.768 0.799 0.829 0.854 0.873 0.897 0.928 0.963

1991 0.640 0.700 0.743 0.772 0.801 0.825 0.844 0.867 0.896 0.930

1992 0.625 0.684 0.726 0.755 0.783 0.807 0.825 0.847 0.876 0.909

1993 0.611 0.669 0.709 0.738 0.765 0.789 0.806 0.828 0.856 0.889

1994 0.598 0.655 0.695 0.722 0.749 0.772 0.789 0.811 0.838 0.870

1995 0.586 0.642 0.681 0.708 0.734 0.757 0.773 0.794 0.822 0.853

1996 0.575 0.630 0.668 0.694 0.721 0.743 0.759 0.780 0.806 0.837

1997 0.566 0.619 0.657 0.683 0.709 0.730 0.746 0.767 0.793 0.823

1998 0.560 0.613 0.650 0.676 0.701 0.722 0.738 0.759 0.784 0.814

1999 0.552 0.604 0.641 0.666 0.691 0.712 0.728 0.748 0.773 0.803

2000 0.540 0.591 0.627 0.652 0.676 0.697 0.712 0.732 0.757 0.785

2001 0.528 0.577 0.612 0.637 0.660 0.681 0.696 0.715 0.739 0.767

2002 0.518 0.567 0.602 0.626 0.649 0.669 0.684 0.702 0.726 0.754

2003 0.508 0.555 0.589 0.613 0.636 0.655 0.669 0.688 0.711 0.738

2004 0.494 0.540 0.573 0.596 0.618 0.637 0.651 0.669 0.692 0.718

2005 0.479 0.524 0.556 0.578 0.600 0.618 0.632 0.649 0.671 0.697

2006 0.463 0.507 0.538 0.559 0.580 0.598 0.611 0.628 0.649 0.674

2007 0.451 0.493 0.523 0.544 0.564 0.582 0.594 0.611 0.632 0.656

2008 0.441 0.483 0.512 0.533 0.533 0.569 0.582 0.598 0.618 0.642
B–22

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.18

Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator (Continued)

From: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

1970 2.966 3.069 3.140 3.212 3.281 3.348 3.412 3.468 3.507 3.557

1971 2.824 2.923 2.990 3.059 3.124 3.189 3.249 3.303 3.340 3.388

1972 2.707 2.801 2.865 2.932 2.994 3.056 3.114 3.165 3.200 3.247

1973 2.563 2.653 2.714 2.777 2.836 2.894 2.949 2.998 3.031 3.075

1974 2.351 2.433 2.489 2.547 2.601 2.655 2.705 2.750 2.780 2.821

1975 2.148 2.224 2.274 2.327 2.377 2.426 2.472 2.513 2.540 2.577

1976 2.031 2.102 2.150 2.200 2.247 2.293 2.336 2.375 2.401 2.436

1977 1.909 1.976 2.021 2.068 2.112 2.156 2.197 2.233 2.258 2.290

1978 1.784 1.846 1.889 1.932 1.974 2.014 2.052 2.086 2.109 2.140

1979 1.647 1.705 1.744 1.785 1.822 1.860 1.895 1.927 1.948 1.976

1980 1.510 1.563 1.599 1.636 1.671 1.705 1.738 1.767 1.786 1.812

1981 1.381 1.429 1.462 1.496 1.527 1.559 1.588 1.615 1.633 1.656

1982 1.301 1.347 1.378 1.410 1.440 1.469 1.497 1.522 1.539 1.561

1983 1.252 1.295 1.325 1.356 1.385 1.413 1.440 1.464 1.480 1.501

1984 1.206 1.249 1.277 1.307 1.335 1.362 1.388 1.411 1.426 1.447

1985 1.171 1.212 1.239 1.268 1.295 1.322 1.347 1.369 1.384 1.404

1986 1.145 1.186 1.213 1.241 1.267 1.293 1.318 1.340 1.354 1.374

1987 1.115 1.154 1.180 1.208 1.233 1.259 1.283 1.304 1.318 1.337

1988 1.078 1.116 1.141 1.168 1.193 1.217 1.240 1.261 1.275 1.293

1989 1.039 1.075 1.100 1.125 1.149 1.173 1.195 1.215 1.228 1.246

1990 1.000 1.035 1.059 1.083 1.106 1.129 1.150 1.170 1.182 1.200

1991 0.966 1.000 1.023 1.047 1.069 1.091 1.112 1.130 1.143 1.159

1992 0.945 0.978 1.000 1.023 1.045 1.066 1.087 1.105 1.117 1.133

1993 0.923 0.955 0.977 1.000 1.021 1.042 1.062 1.080 1.092 1.107

1994 0.904 0.935 0.957 0.979 1.000 1.021 1.040 1.057 1.069 1.084

1995 0.886 0.917 0.938 0.959 0.980 1.000 1.019 1.036 1.047 1.062

1996 0.869 0.900 0.920 0.942 0.962 0.981 1.000 1.017 1.028 1.043

1997 0.855 0.885 0.905 0.926 0.946 0.965 0.984 1.000 1.011 1.026

1998 0.846 0.875 0.895 0.916 0.936 0.955 0.973 0.989 1.000 1.014

1999 0.834 0.863 0.883 0.903 0.922 0.941 0.959 0.975 0.986 1.000

2000 0.816 0.844 0.864 0.884 0.903 0.921 0.939 0.954 0.965 0.979

2001 0.797 0.825 0.844 0.863 0.882 0.900 0.917 0.932 0.942 0.956

2002 0.783 0.811 0.829 0.848 0.866 0.884 0.901 0.916 0.926 0.939

2003 0.767 0.794 0.812 0.831 0.848 0.866 0.882 0.897 0.907 0.920

2004 0.746 0.772 0.789 0.808 0.825 0.842 0.858 0.872 0.882 0.894

2005 0.724 0.749 0.766 0.784 0.801 0.817 0.833 0.846 0.856 0.868

2006 0.700 0.724 0.741 0.758 0.774 0.790 0.805 0.819 0.828 0.840

2007 0.681 0.705 0.721 0.738 0.753 0.769 0.783 0.796 0.805 0.817

2008 0.667 0.690 0.706 0.722 0.737 0.753 0.767 0.780 0.788 0.800
B–23

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table B.18

Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator (Continued)

From: 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1970 3.635 3.722 3.787 3.867 3.977 4.097 4.237 4.355 4.449

1971 3.462 3.544 3.606 3.683 3.787 3.902 4.035 4.147 4.237

1972 3.317 3.397 3.456 3.529 3.630 3.739 3.867 3.975 4.061

1973 3.142 3.217 3.273 3.343 3.438 3.542 3.662 3.764 3.846

1974 2.882 2.951 3.002 3.066 3.153 3.249 3.359 3.453 3.528

1975 2.633 2.696 2.743 2.802 2.881 2.968 3.069 3.155 3.223

1976 2.489 2.549 2.593 2.648 2.723 2.806 2.901 2.982 3.047

1977 2.340 2.396 2.438 2.490 2.561 2.638 2.728 2.804 2.865

1978 2.186 2.239 2.278 2.326 2.392 2.465 2.548 2.620 2.676

1979 2.019 2.067 2.103 2.148 2.209 2.276 2.353 2.419 2.472

1980 1.851 1.896 1.929 1.970 2.026 2.087 2.158 2.218 2.266

1981 1.692 1.733 1.763 1.800 1.852 1.908 1.972 2.027 2.071

1982 1.595 1.633 1.662 1.697 1.745 1.798 1.859 1.911 1.952

1983 1.534 1.571 1.598 1.632 1.679 1.729 1.788 1.838 1.878

1984 1.479 1.514 1.540 1.573 1.618 1.667 1.723 1.772 1.810

1985 1.435 1.469 1.495 1.527 1.570 1.617 1.672 1.719 1.756

1986 1.404 1.438 1.463 1.494 1.536 1.583 1.636 1.682 1.719

1987 1.366 1.399 1.424 1.454 1.495 1.540 1.593 1.637 1.673

1988 1.321 1.353 1.377 1.406 1.446 1.490 1.540 1.583 1.617

1989 1.273 1.304 1.326 1.355 1.393 1.435 1.484 1.525 1.558

1990 1.226 1.255 1.277 1.304 1.341 1.382 1.429 1.468 1.500

1991 1.184 1.213 1.234 1.260 1.296 1.335 1.380 1.419 1.450

1992 1.158 1.185 1.206 1.232 1.267 1.305 1.349 1.387 1.417

1993 1.131 1.159 1.179 1.204 1.238 1.275 1.319 1.356 1.385

1994 1.108 1.134 1.154 1.179 1.212 1.249 1.291 1.327 1.356

1995 1.086 1.112 1.131 1.155 1.188 1.224 1.265 1.301 1.329

1996 1.065 1.091 1.110 1.134 1.166 1.201 1.242 1.276 1.304

1997 1.048 1.073 1.092 1.115 1.147 1.181 1.222 1.256 1.283

1998 1.037 1.061 1.080 1.103 1.134 1.168 1.208 1.242 1.269

1999 1.022 1.046 1.064 1.087 1.118 1.152 1.191 1.224 1.251

2000 1.000 1.024 1.042 1.064 1.094 1.127 1.166 1.198 1.224

2001 0.977 1.000 1.017 1.039 1.069 1.101 1.138 1.170 1.195

2002 0.960 0.983 1.000 1.021 1.050 1.082 1.119 1.150 1.175

2003 0.940 0.962 0.979 1.000 1.028 1.059 1.096 1.126 1.150

2004 0.914 0.936 0.952 0.972 1.000 1.030 1.065 1.095 1.118

2005 0.887 0.908 0.924 0.944 0.970 1.000 1.031 1.060 1.083

2006 0.858 0.878 0.894 0.913 0.939 0.969 1.000 1.027 1.049

2007 0.835 0.855 0.870 0.888 0.914 0.943 0.974 1.000 1.022

2008 0.817 0.837 0.851 0.869 0.894 0.923 0.953 0.979 1.000

Source:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Washington,

DC, monthly.

C–1

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

APPENDIX C

MAPS
C–2

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table C.1

Census Regions and Divisions 

Northeast Region

Mid-Atlantic division New England division

New Jersey

New York

Pennsylvania Connecticut

Maine

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Vermont

South Region

West South Central

division

East South Central

division

South Atlantic

division

Arkansas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Texas

Alabama

Kentucky

Mississippi

Tennessee

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Maryland

North Carolina

South Carolina

Virginia

Washington, DC

West Virginia

West Region

Pacific division Mountain division

Alaska

California

Hawaii

Oregon

Washington

Arizona

Colorado

Idaho

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico

Utah

Wyoming

Midwest Region

West North Central division East North Central division

Iowa

Kansas

Minnesota

Missouri

Nebraska

North Dakota

South Dakota

Illinois

Indiana

Michigan

Ohio

Wisconsin

Source:

U.S. Census Bureau.
C–3

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Figure C1. Census Regions and Divisions

Source: See Table C.1.
C-4

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Table C.2

Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD)

District Subdistrict States

PAD District 1

East Coast

Subdistrict 1X 

New England

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont

Subdistrict 1Y 

Central Atlantic

Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania

Subdistrict 1Z

Lower Atlantic

Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina,

Virginia, West Virginia

PAD District 2

Midwest

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,

Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North

Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,

Tennessee, Wisconsin

PAD District 3

Gulf Coast

Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New

Mexico, Texas

PAD District 4

Rocky Mountains

Colorado Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming

PAD District 5

West Coast

Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,

Oregon, Washington

Source:

Energy Information Administration web site: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/twip/padddef.html
C–5

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Figure C.2. Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts

Source: See Table C.2.
C-6

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Figure C.3. Map of Places where Reformulated Gasoline is Sold

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg/whereyoulive.htm.

Note: Reformulated gasoline is a motor gasoline specially formulated to achieve significant

reductions in vehicle emissions of ozone-forming and toxic air pollutants. The Clean Air Act of

1990 mandates reformulated gasoline use in areas with ozone-air pollution problems.
G–1 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

GLOSSARY

Acceleration power - Measured in kilowatts. Pulse power obtainable from a battery used to

accelerate a vehicle. This is based on a constant current pulse for 30 seconds at no less than

2/3 of the maximum open-circuit-voltage, at 80% depth-of-discharge relative to the battery's

rated capacity and at 20" C ambient temperature.

Air Carrier - The commercial system of air transportation consisting of certificated air carriers, air

taxis (including commuters), supplemental air carriers, commercial operators of large

aircraft, and air travel clubs.

Certificated route air carrier: An air carrier holding a Certificate of Public Convenience

and Necessity issued by the Department of Transportation to conduct scheduled interstate

services. Nonscheduled or charter operations may also be conducted by these carriers.

These carriers operate large aircraft (30 seats or more, or a maximum payload capacity of

7,500 pounds or more) in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulation part 121.

Domestic air operator: Commercial air transportation within and between the 50 States

and the District of Columbia. Includes operations of certificated route air carriers, Pan

American, local service, helicopter, intra-Alaska, intra-Hawaii, all-cargo carriers and other

carriers. Also included are transborder operations conducted on the domestic route

segments of U.S. air carriers. Domestic operators are classified based on their operating

revenue as follows:

Majors - over $1 billion

Nationals - $100-1,000 million

Large Regionals - $10-99.9 million

Medium Regionals - $0-9.99 million

International air operator: Commercial air transportation outside the territory of the

United States, including operations between the U.S. and foreign countries and between the

U.S. and its territories and possessions.

Supplemental air carrier: A class of air carriers which hold certificates authorizing them

to perform passenger and cargo charter services supplementing the scheduled service of the

certificated route air carriers. Supplemental air carriers are often referred to as

nonscheduled air carriers or "nonskeds."

Alcohol - The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen. The molecules in the series vary in chain length and are composed

of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group. Alcohol includes methanol and ethanol.

Amtrak - See Rail. 
G–2

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Anthropogenic - Human made. Usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as the

result of human activities.

Automobile size classifications - Size classifications of automobiles are established by the

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as follows:

Minicompact - less than 85 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.

Subcompact - between 85 to 100 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.

Compact - between 100 to 110 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.

Midsize - between 110 to 120 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.

Large - more than 120 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.

Two seater - automobiles designed primarily to seat only two adults.

Station wagons are included with the size class for the sedan of the same name.

Aviation - See General aviation.

Aviation gasoline - All special grades of gasoline for use in aviation reciprocating engines,

as given in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Specification D 910.

Includes all refinery products within the gasoline range that are to be marketed straight or

in blends as aviation gasoline without further processing (any refinery operation except

mechanical blending). Also included are finished components in the gasoline range which

will be used for blending or compounding into aviation gasoline.

Barges - Shallow, nonself-propelled vessels used to carry bulk commodities on the rivers and

the Great Lakes.

Battery efficiency - Measured in percentage. Net DC energy delivered on discharge, as a

percentage of the total DC energy required to restore the initial state-of-charge. The

efficiency value must include energy losses resulting from self-discharge, cell equalization,

thermal loss compensation, and all battery-specific auxiliary equipment.

Btu - British thermal unit. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of

water 1 degree Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit. An average Btu content of

fuel is the heat value per quantity of fuel as determined from tests of fuel samples.

Bunker - A storage tank.

Bunkering fuels - Fuels stored in ship bunkers.
G–3 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Bus - 

Intercity bus: A standard size bus equipped with front doors only, high backed seats,

luggage compartments separate from the passenger compartment and usually with restroom

facilities, for high-speed long distance service.

Motor bus: Rubber-tired, self-propelled, manually-steered bus with fuel supply on board

the vehicle. Motor bus types include intercity, school, and transit.

School and other nonrevenue bus: Bus services for which passengers are not directly

charged for transportation, either on a per passenger or per vehicle basis.

Transit bus: A bus designed for frequent stop service with front and center doors, normally

with a rear-mounted diesel engine, low-back seating, and without luggage storage

compartments or restroom facilities.

Trolley coach: Rubber-tired electric transit vehicle, manually-steered, propelled by a motor

drawing current, normally through overhead wires, from a central power source not on board

the vehicle.

Calendar year - The period of time between January 1 and December 31 of any given year.

Captive imports - Products produced overseas specifically for domestic manufacturers.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) - A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the

ambient air. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil fuel combustion.

Carbon monoxide (CO) - A colorless, odorless, highly toxic gas that is a by-product of incomplete

fossil fuel combustion. Carbon monoxide, one of the major air pollutants, can be harmful

in small amounts if breathed over a certain period of time.

Car-mile (railroad) - A single railroad car moved a distance of one mile.

Cargo ton-mile - See Ton-mile.

Certificated route air carriers - See Air carriers.

Class I freight railroad - See Rail.

Coal slurry - Finely crushed coal mixed with sufficient water to form a fluid.
G–4

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Combination trucks - Consist of a power unit (a truck tractor) and one or more trailing units (a

semi-trailer or trailer). The most frequently used combination is popularly referred to as a

"tractor-semitrailer" or "tractor trailer".

Commercial sector - An energy-consuming sector that consists of service-providing facilities of:

businesses; Federal, State, and local governments; and other private and public

organizations, such as religious, social or fraternal groups. Includes institutional living

quarters.

Commuter railroad - See Rail.

Compact car - See Automobile size classifications.

Constant dollars - A time series of monetary figures is expressed in constant dollars when the effect

of change over time in the purchasing power of the dollar has been removed. Usually the

data are expressed in terms of dollars of a selected year or the average of a set of years.

Consumer Price Index (CPI) - An index issued by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor

Statistics. The CPI is designed to measure changes in the prices of goods and services

bought by wage earners and clerical workers in urban areas. It represents the cost of a

typical consumption bundle at current prices as a ratio to its cost at a base year.

Continuous discharge capacity - Measured as percent of rated energy capacity. Energy delivered

in a constant power discharge required by an electric vehicle for hill climbing and/or highspeed cruise, specified as the percent of its rated energy capacity delivered in a one hour

constant-power discharge.

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards - CAFE standards were originally

established by Congress for new automobiles, and later for light trucks, in Title V of the

Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C.1901, et seq.) with subsequent

amendments. Under CAFE, automobile manufacturers are required by law to produce

vehicle fleets with a composite sales-weighted fuel economy which cannot be lower than

the CAFE standards in a given year, or for every vehicle which does not meet the standard,

a fine of $5.00 is paid for every one-tenth of a mpg below the standard.

Crude oil - A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the liquid phase in natural underground

reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface

separating facilities. Crude oil production is measured at the wellhead and includes lease

condensate.
G–5 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Crude oil imports - The volume of crude oil imported into the 50 States and the District of

Columbia, including imports from U.S. territories, but excluding imports of crude oil into

the Hawaiian Foreign Trade Zone.

Curb weight - The weight of a vehicle including all standard equipment, spare tire and wheel, all

fluids and lubricants to capacity, full tank of fuel, and the weight of major optional

accessories normally found on the vehicle.

Current dollars - Represents dollars current at the time designated or at the time of the transaction.

In most contexts, the same meaning would be conveyed by the use of the term "dollars." See

also constant dollars.

Demand Response - A transit mode that includes passenger cars, vans, and small buses operating

in response to calls from passengers to the transit operator who dispatches the vehicles. The

vehicles do not operate over a fixed route on a fixed schedule. Can also be known as

paratransit or dial-a-ride.

Diesel fuel - See distillate fuel oil.

Disposable personal income - See Income.

Distillate fuel oil - The lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Included are

products known as ASTM grades numbers 1 and 2 heating oils, diesel fuels, and number 4

fuel oil. The major uses of distillate fuel oils include heating, fuel for on-and off-highway

diesel engines, and railroad diesel fuel.

Domestic air operator - See Air carrier.

E85 - 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

E95 - 95% ethanol and 5% gasoline.

Domestic water transportation - See Internal water transportation.

Electric utilities sector - Consists of privately and publicly owned establishments which generate

electricity primarily for resale.

Emission standards - Standards for the levels of pollutants emitted from automobiles and trucks.

Congress established the first standards in the Clean Air Act of 1963. Currently, standards

are set for four vehicle classes - automobiles, light trucks, heavy-duty gasoline trucks, and

heavy-duty diesel trucks.
G–6

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Energy capacity - Measured in kilowatt hours. The energy delivered by the battery, when tested

at C/3 discharge rate, up to termination of discharge specified by the battery manufacturer.

The required acceleration power must be delivered by the battery at any point up to 80% of

the battery's energy capacity rating.

Energy efficiency - In reference to transportation, the inverse of energy intensiveness: the ratio of

outputs from a process to the energy inputs; for example, miles traveled per gallon of fuel

(mpg).

Energy intensity - In reference to transportation, the ratio of energy inputs to a process to the useful

outputs from that process; for example, gallons of fuel per passenger-mile or Btu per tonmile.

Ethanol (C2H5OH) - Otherwise known as ethyl alcohol, alcohol, or grain-spirit. A clear, colorless,

flammable oxygenated hydrocarbon with a boiling point of 78.5 degrees Celsius in the

anhydrous state. In transportation, ethanol is used as a vehicle fuel by itself (E100 – 100%

ethanol by volume), blended with gasoline (E85 – 85% ethanol by volume), or as a gasoline

octane enhancer and oxygenate (10% by volume).

Fixed operating cost - See Operating cost.

Fleet vehicles - 

Private fleet vehicles: Ideally, a vehicle could be classified as a member of a fleet if it is:

a) operated in mass by a corporation or institution,

b) operated under unified control, or 

c) used for non-personal activities.

However, the definition of a fleet is not consistent throughout the fleet industry. Some

companies make a distinction between cars that were bought in bulk rather than singularly,

or whether they are operated in bulk, as well as the minimum number of vehicles that

constitute a fleet (i.e. 4 or 10).

Government fleet vehicles: Includes vehicles owned by all Federal, state,

county, city, and metro units of government, including toll road operations.

Foreign freight - Movements between the United States and foreign countries and between Puerto

Rico, the Virgin Islands, and foreign countries. Trade between U.S. territories and

possessions (e.g. Guam, Wake, American Samoa) and foreign countries is excluded. Traffic

to or from the Panama Canal Zone is included.
G–7 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Gas Guzzler Tax - Originates from the 1978 Energy Tax Act (Public Law 95-618). A new car

purchaser is required to pay the tax if the car purchased has a combined city/highway fuel

economy rating that is below the standard for that year. For model years 1986 and later, the

standard is 22.5 mpg.

Gasohol - A mixture of 10% anhydrous ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume; 7.5% anhydrous

ethanol and 92.5% gasoline by volume; or 5.5% anhydrous ethanol and 94.5% gasoline by

volume. There are other fuels that contain methanol and gasoline, but these fuels are not

referred to as gasohol.

Gasoline - See Motor gasoline.

General aviation - That portion of civil aviation which encompasses all facets of aviation except

air carriers. It includes any air taxis, commuter air carriers, and air travel clubs which do

not hold Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity.

Gross National Product - A measure of monetary value of the goods and services becoming

available to the nation from economic activity. Total value at market prices of all goods and

services produced by the nation's economy. Calculated quarterly by the Department of

Commerce, the Gross National Product is the broadest available measure of the level of

economic activity.

Gross vehicle weight (gvw) - The weight of the empty truck plus the maximum anticipated load

weight.

Gross vehicle weight rating (gvwr) - The gross vehicle weight which is assigned to each new truck

by the manufacturer. This rating may be different for trucks of the same model because of

certain features, such as heavy-duty suspension. Passenger cars do not have gross vehicle

weight ratings.

Heavy-heavy truck - See Truck size classifications.

Household - Consists of all persons who occupy a housing unit, including the related family

members and all unrelated persons, if any, who share the housing unit.

Housing unit - A house, apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied or intended for

occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the

occupants do not live and eat with any other persons in the structure and which have either

(1) direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hallway intended to

be used by the occupants of another unit or by the general public, or (2) complete kitchen

facilities for the exclusive use of the occupants. The occupants may be a single family, one
G–8

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or

unrelated persons who share living arrangements.

Hydrocarbon (HC) - A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon. The simplest and

lightest forms of hydrocarbon are gaseous. With greater molecular weights they are liquid,

while the heaviest are solids.

Income -

Disposable personal income: Personal income less personal tax and non-tax payments.

National income: The aggregate earnings of labor and property which arise in the

current production of goods and services by the nation's economy.

Personal income: The current income received by persons from all sources, net of

contributions for social insurance.

Industrial sector - Construction, manufacturing, agricultural and mining establishments.

Inertia weight - The curb weight of a vehicle plus 300 pounds.

Intercity bus - See Bus.

Internal water transportation - Includes all local (intraport) traffic and traffic between ports or

landings wherein the entire movement takes place on inland waterways. Also termed

internal are movements involving carriage on both inland waterways and the water of the

Great Lakes, and inland movements that cross short stretches of open water that link inland

systems.

International air operator - See Air carrier.

International freight - See Foreign freight.

Jet fuel - Includes both naphtha-type and kerosene-type fuels meeting standards for use in aircraft

turbine engines. Although most jet fuel is used in aircraft, some is used for other purposes

such as generating electricity in gas turbines.

Kerosene-type jet fuel: A quality kerosene product with an average gravity of 40.7 degrees

API and 10% to 90% distillation temperatures of 217 to 261 degrees centigrade. Used

primarily as fuel for commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines. It is a relatively

low freezing point distillate of the kerosene type.
G–9 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Naphtha-type jet fuel: A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range with an average gravity

of 52.8 degrees API and 10% to 90% distillation temperatures of 117 to 233 degrees

centigrade used for turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines, primarily by the military.

Excludes ramjet and petroleum.

Kerosene - A petroleum distillate in the 300 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit boiling range and generally

having a flash point higher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit by the American Society of Testing

and Material (ASTM) Method D56, a gravity range from 40 to 46 degrees API, and a

burning point in the range of 150 to 175 degrees Fahrenheit. It is a clean-burning product

suitable for use as an illuminant when burned in wick lamps. Includes grades of kerosene

called range oil having properties similar to Number 1 fuel oil, but with a gravity of about

43 degrees API and an end point of 625 degrees Fahrenheit. Used in space heaters, cooking

stoves, and water heaters.

Kerosene-type jet fuel - See Jet fuel.

Large car - See Automobile size classifications.

Lease Condensate - A liquid recovered from natural gas at the well or at small gas/oil separators

in the field. Consists primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons (also called field

condensate).

Light duty vehicles - Automobiles and light trucks combined.

Light truck - Unless otherwise noted, light trucks are defined in this publication as two-axle, fourtire trucks. The U.S. Bureau of Census classifies all trucks with a gross vehicle weight less

than 10,000 pounds as light trucks (See Truck size classifications).

Light-heavy truck - See Truck size classifications.

Liquified petroleum gas (lpg) - Consists of propane and butane and is usually derived from natural

gas. In locations where there is no natural gas and the gasoline consumption is low, naphtha

is converted to lpg by catalytic reforming.

Load factor - Total passenger miles divided by total vehicle miles.

Low emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the low emission standards which are set by the

Federal government and/or the state of California.

M85 - 85% methanol and 15% gasoline.
G–10

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

M100 - 100% methanol.

Medium truck - See Truck size classifications.

Methanol (CH3OH) - A colorless highly toxic liquid with essentially no odor and very little taste.

It is the simplest alcohol and boils at 64.7 degrees Celsius. In transportation, methanol is

used as a vehicle fuel by itself (M100), or blended with gasoline (M85).

Midsize car - See Automobile size classifications.

Minicompact car - See Automobile size classifications.

Model year - In this publication, model year is referring to the "sales" model year, the period from

October 1 to the next September 31.

Motor bus - See Bus.

Motor gasoline - A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons suitable for operation of an internal

combustion engine whose major components are hydrocarbons with boiling points ranging

from 78 to 217 degrees centigrade and whose source is distillation of petroleum and

cracking, polymerization, and other chemical reactions by which the naturally occurring

petroleum hydrocarbons are converted into those that have superior fuel properties.

Regular gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or

equal to 85 and less than 88. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude.

Midgrade gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or

equal to 88 and less than or equal to 90. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude.

Premium gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than

90. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude.

Reformulated gasoline: Finished motor gasoline formulated for use in motor vehicles,

the composition and properties of which meet the requirements of the reformulated gasoline

regulations promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Section 211(k)

of the Clean Air Act. For details on this clean fuel program see

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg.htm. Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels program

reformulated gasoline (OPRG) but excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate

blending (RBOB).
G–11 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

MTBE - Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether - a colorless, flammable, liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon

containing 18.15 percent oxygen.

Naphtha-type jet fuel - See Jet fuel.

National income - See Income.

Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) - A nationwide survey of households that

provides information on the characteristics and personal travel patterns of the U.S.

population. Surveys were conducted in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, and 1995 by the U.S.

Bureau of Census for the U.S. Department of Transportation.

Natural gas - A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural

underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions.

Natural gas, dry: Natural gas which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion

has been removed from the gas stream; and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have

been removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Dry

natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The parameters for measurement

are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Natural gas, wet: The volume of natural gas remaining after removal of lease condensate

in lease and/or field separation facilities, if any, and after exclusion of nonhydrocarbon

gases where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Natural gas

liquids may be recovered from volumes of natural gas, wet after lease separation, at natural

gas processing plants.

Natural gas plant liquids: Natural gas liquids recovered from natural gas in processing

plants and from natural gas field facilities and fractionators. Products obtained include

ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, pentanes plus, and other products from natural

gas processing plants.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - A product of combustion of fossil fuels whose production increases with

the temperature of the process. It can become an air pollutant if concentrations are

excessive.

Nonattainment area - Any area that does not meet the national primary or secondary ambient air

quality standard established by the Environmental Protection Agency for designated

pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and ozone.
G–12

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Oil Stocks - Oil stocks include crude oil (including strategic reserves), unfinished oils, natural gas

plant liquids, and refined petroleum products.

Operating cost - 

Fixed operating cost: In reference to passenger car operating cost, refers to those

expenditures that are independent of the amount of use of the car, such as insurance costs,

fees for license and registration, depreciation and finance charges.

Variable operating cost: In reference to passenger car operating cost, expenditures which

are dependent on the amount of use of the car, such as the cost of gas and oil, tires, and other

maintenance.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - Consists of Australia,

Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand,

Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United

Kingdom, and United States. Total OECD includes the United States Territories (Guam,

Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). Total OECD excludes data for Czech Republic,

Hungary, Mexico, Poland, and South Korea which are not yet available. 

OECD Europe: Consists of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,

Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and United Kingdom. OECD

Europe excludes data for Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland which are not yet available.

OECD Pacific: Consists of Australia, Japan, and New Zealand.

Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Includes Saudi Arabia, Iran,

Venezuela, Libya, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Iraq,

Kuwait, and Qatar. Data for Saudi Arabia and Kuwait include their shares from the

Partitioned Zone (formerly the Neutral Zone). Angola joined OPEC in December 2006, thus,

beginning in 2007, data on OPEC will include Angola.

Arab OPEC - Consists of Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United

Arab Emirates.

Other single-unit truck - See Single-unit truck.

Oxygenate - A substance which, when added to gasoline, increases the amount of oxygen in that

gasoline blend. Includes fuel ethanol, methanol, and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE).
G–13 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Particulates - Carbon particles formed by partial oxidation and reduction of the hydrocarbon fuel.

Also included are trace quantities of metal oxides and nitrides, originating from engine

wear, component degradation, and inorganic fuel additives. In the transportation sector,

particulates are emitted mainly from diesel engines.

Passenger-miles traveled (PMT) - One person traveling the distance of one mile. Total passengermiles traveled, thus, give the total mileage traveled by all persons.

Passenger rail - See Rail, "Amtrak" and "Transit Railroad".

Persian Gulf countries - Consists of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the

United Emirates.

Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) - As used in the national accounts, the market value

of purchases of goods and services by individuals and nonprofit institutions and the value

of food, clothing, housing, and financial services received by them as income in kind. It

includes the rental value of owner-occupied houses but excludes purchases of dwellings,

which are classified as capital goods (investment). 

Personal income - See Income.

Petroleum - A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms, such as crude oil, lease

condensate, unfinished oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas plant liquids, and nonhydrocarbon compounds blended into finished petroleum products.

Petroleum consumption: A calculated demand for petroleum products obtained by

summing domestic production, imports of crude petroleum and natural gas liquids, imports

of petroleum products, and the primary stocks at the beginning of the period and then

subtracting the exports and the primary stocks at the end of the period.

Petroleum exports: Shipments of petroleum products from the 50 States and the District

of Columbia to foreign countries, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U.S.

possessions and territories.

Petroleum imports: All imports of crude petroleum, natural gas liquids, and petroleum

products from foreign countries and receipts from Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,

and the Hawaiian Trade Zone. The commodities included are crude oil, unfinished oils,

plant condensate, and refined petroleum products.

Petroleum inventories: The amounts of crude oil, unfinished oil, petroleum products, and

natural gas liquids held at refineries, at natural gas processing plants, in pipelines, at bulk
G–14

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

terminals operated by refining and pipeline companies, and at independent bulk terminals.

Crude oil held in storage on leases is also included; these stocks are know as primary stocks.

Secondary stocks - those held by jobbers dealers, service station operators, and consumers

-are excluded. Prior to 1975, stock held at independent bulk terminals were classified as

secondary stocks.

Petroleum products supplied: For each petroleum product, the amount supplied is

calculated by summing production, crude oil burned directly, imports, and net withdrawals

from primary stocks and subtracting exports.

Processing Gain - The amount by which the total volume of refinery output is greater than the

volume of input for given period of time. The processing gain arises when crude oil and

other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less dense than the

input.

Processing Loss - The amount by which the total volume of refinery output is less than the volume

of input for given period of time. The processing loss arises when crude oil and other

hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, more dense than the input.

Proved Reserves of Crude Oil - The estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil, which

geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in

future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.

Quad - Quadrillion, 1015. In this publication, a Quad refers to Quadrillion Btu.

Rail - 

Amtrak (American Railroad Tracks): Operated by the National Railroad Passenger

Corporation of Washington, DC. This rail system was created by President Nixon in 1970,

and was given the responsibility for the operation of intercity, as distinct from suburban,

passenger trains between points designated by the Secretary of Transportation.

Class I freight railroad: Defined by the Interstate Commerce Commission each year

based on annual operating revenue. A railroad is dropped from the Class I list if it fails to

meet the annual earnings threshold for three consecutive years.

Commuter railroad: Those portions of mainline railroad (not electric railway)

transportation operations which encompass urban passenger train service for local travel

between a central city and adjacent suburbs. Commuter railroad service - using both

locomotive-hauled and self-propelled railroad passenger cars - is characterized by multi-trip

tickets, specific station-to-station fares, and usually only one or two stations in the central

business district. Also known as suburban railroad.
G–15 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Transit railroad: Includes "heavy" and "light" transit rail. Heavy transit rail is

characterized by exclusive rights-of-way, multi-car trains, high speed rapid acceleration,

sophisticated signaling, and high platform loading. Also known as subway, elevated

railway, or metropolitan railway (metro). Light transit rail may be on exclusive or shared

rights-of-way, high or low platform loading, multi-car trains or single cars, automated or

manually operated. In generic usage, light rail includes streetcars, trolley cars, and

tramways.

Reformulated gasoline (RFG) - See Motor gasoline.

RFG area - An ozone nonattainment area designated by the Environmental Protection Agency

which requires the use of reformulated gasoline.

Residential sector - An energy consuming sector that consists of living quarters for private

households. Excludes institutional living quarters.

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS) - This survey was designed

by the Energy Information Administration of the Department of Energy to provide

information on how energy is used by households for personal vehicles. It has been

conducted five times since 1979, the most recent being 1991.

Residual fuel oil - The heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons

are boiled off in refinery operations. Included are products know as ASTM grade numbers

5 and 6 oil, heavy diesel oil, Navy Special Fuel Oil, Bunker C oil, and acid sludge and pitch

used as refinery fuels. Residual fuel oil is used for the production of electric power, for

heating, and for various industrial purposes.

Rural - Usually refers to areas with population less than 5,000.

Sales period - October 1 of the previous year to September 30 of the given year. Approximately the

same as a model year. 

Sales-weighted miles per gallon (mpg) - Calculation of a composite vehicle fuel economy based

on the distribution of vehicle sales.

Scrappage rate - As applied to motor vehicles, it is usually expressed as the percentage of vehicles

of a certain type in a given age class that are retired from use (lacking registration) in a

given year.

School and other nonrevenue bus - See Bus.
G–16

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Single-unit truck - Includes two-axle, four-tire trucks and other single-unit trucks.

Two-axle, four-tire truck: A motor vehicle consisting primarily of a single motorized

device with two axles and four tires.

Other single-unit truck: A motor vehicle consisting primarily of a single motorized device

with more than two axles or more than four tires.

Special fuels - Consist primarily of diesel fuel with small amount of liquified petroleum gas, as

defined by the Federal Highway Administration.

Specific acceleration power - Measured in watts per kilogram. Acceleration power divided by the

battery system weight. Weight must include the total battery system.

Specific energy - Measured in watt hours per kilogram. The rated energy capacity of the battery

divided by the total battery system weight.

Subcompact car - See Automobile size classifications.

Supplemental air carrier - See Air carrier.

Test weight - The weight setting at which a vehicle is tested on a dynomometer by the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This weight is determined by the EPA using the

inertia weight of the vehicle.

Ton-mile - The movement of one ton of freight the distance of one mile. Ton-miles are computed

by multiplying the weight in tons of each shipment transported by the distance hauled.

Transmission types -

A3 - Automatic three speed

A4 - Automatic four speed

A5 - Automatic five speed

L4 - Automatic lockup four speed

M5 - Manual five speed

Transit bus - See Bus.

Transit railroad - See Rail.

Transportation sector - Consists of both private and public passenger and freight transportation,

as well as government transportation, including military operations.
G–17 

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) - Survey designed to collect data on the characteristics

and operational use of the nation's truck population. It is conducted every five years by the

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Surveys were conducted in 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987,

and 1992. For the 1997 survey, it was renamed the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey in

anticipation of including additional vehicle types. However, no additional vehicle types

were added to the 1997 survey.

Trolley coach - See Bus.

Truck size classifications - U.S. Bureau of the Census has categorized trucks by gross vehicle

weight (gvw) as follows:

Light - Less than 10,000 pounds gvw (Also see Light Truck.)

Medium - 10,001 to 20,000 pounds gvw

Light-heavy - 20,001 to 26,000 pounds gvw

Heavy-heavy - 26,001 pounds gvw or more.

Two-axle, four-tire truck - See Single-unit truck.

Two seater car - See Automobile size classifications.

Ultra-low emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the ultra-low emission standards which are

set by the Federal government and/or the state of California.

Urban - Usually refers to areas with population of 5,000 or greater.

Vanpool - A transit mode made up of vans and sometimes small buses operating as a ridesharing

arrangement to provide transportation to a group of individuals traveling directly between

their homes and a regular destination within the same geographical area. Most vanpools are

privately-operated, are not available to the public, and are not considered public

transportation. Vanpool data in this report are for vanpools that are owned, purchased or

leased by a public entity and are publicly available.

Variable operating cost - See Operating cost.

Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey - See Truck Inventory and Use Survey.

Vehicle-miles traveled (vmt) - One vehicle traveling the distance of one mile. Total vehicle miles,

thus, is the total mileage traveled by all vehicles.
G–18

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Zero-emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the zero emission standards which are set by the

Federal government and/or the state of California. These standards apply to the vehicle

emissions only.
I–1

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

TITLE INDEX
I–2

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Acquisitions

Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 .......................... 7–7

Advanced

Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009 .............................. 10–13

Age

Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ............................ 3–10

Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ........................... 3–11

Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 .................................... 3–12

Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007 ............................ 3–13

Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age ........................... 8–13

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 ...................... 8–16

Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age ........................... 8–13

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS ................. 8–16

Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a 

Household, 2001 NHTS ....................................................... 8–18

Air

Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air 

Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007 ..................... 12–2

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007 ..................... 12–2

Alternative

Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5

Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4

Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9

Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009 .................................... 10–12

Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4

Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9

Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009 .................................... 10–12

Amtrak

Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971-2007 ..... 9–11

Annual

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 

1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age ........................... 8–13

Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ............. 8–14

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
I–3

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Annual (continued)

Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age ........................... 8–13

Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ............. 8–14

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS ................. 8–16

Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a 

Household, 2001 NHTS ....................................................... 8–18

Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ............... 8–19

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Average Annual Carbon Footprint by Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2008 ................ 11–14

Appendix

Appendix A. Sources & Methodologies .............................................. A–1

Appendix B. Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–1

Appendix C. Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–1

Attributes

Driving Cycle Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–31

Available

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6–5

Average

Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007 ....... 4–16

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 

MY 2008–2011 .............................................................. 4–19

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007 .................... 4–23

Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–11

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–12

Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age ........................... 8–13

Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ............. 8–14

Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS ............................... 8–17

Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a 

Household, 2001 NHTS ....................................................... 8–18
I–4

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Average (continued)

Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007 ............................................ 10–14

Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007 ......................... 10–15

Average Annual Carbon Footprint by Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2008 ................ 11–14

Aviation

Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4

Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–10

Barrel

Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008 ............... 1–13

Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–7

Bicycle

Bicycle Sales, 1981-2007 ......................................................... 8–24

Bike

Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS ..................................... 8–25

Boat

Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7

Bus

Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Buses

Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007 ........................ 5–21

Business

Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

CAFE

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007 .................... 4–23

California

California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

Capita

Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Car

Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2

Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3–14

New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007 ....... 4–16
I–5

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Car (continued)

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007 ............................................ 10–14

Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007 ......................... 10–15

Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008 ............................................ 10–16

Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008 ...................................... 10–17

Carbon

World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005 ...................................... 11–2

Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide .......... 11–3

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 ...... 11–6

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007 ............ 11–7

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Average Annual Carbon Footprint by Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2008 ................ 11–14

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel ..................................... 11–15

Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007 .............................. 12–3

Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ....................... 12–4

Carriers

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers

(Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Cars

U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5

Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ............................ 3–10

Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 .................................... 3–12

Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007 ............................ 3–13

Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

Census

Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6

Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census ........................... 8–20

Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census .................................... 8–23
I–6

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Certificated

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Certification

California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

Characteristics

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21

Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005 ................................................. 8–22

Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS ....................................... 8–27

Cities

Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7

City

City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32

New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Class

Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ...................... 4–10

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Class 1

Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

Class 2a

Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Class 2b

Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Class 8

Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy ...................................... 5–14
I–7

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Class 8 (continued)

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Classification

Average Annual Carbon Footprint by Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2008 ................ 11–14

Clean

Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7

Coalitions

Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7

Cold

Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Collected

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007 .................... 4–23

Combination

Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17 

Commuter

Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007 ..................................... 2–18

Combined

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Commerce

Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6

Commodity

Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20

Commute

Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census .................................... 8–23
I–8

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Commuter

Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007 ........................... 9–12

Compared

Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 

and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6

Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide .......... 11–3

Comparison

Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37

Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20

Compounds

Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007 ..................... 12–7

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–8

Conditioning

Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Consumed

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Consumer

Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008 ................................................ 10–18

Consumption

World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5

World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6

World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008 ...... 1–15

United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030 .............. 1–16

United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030 ............ 1–17

Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 ............................... 1–18

Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 1–19

Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 ................. 1–20

World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2

U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5

Ethanol Consumption, 1995–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6

Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 2–10

Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 ..................... 2–11

Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007 ............................. 2–12

Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007 ....... 4–16

Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008 ..................................... 10–18
I–9

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Consumption (continued)

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 ...... 11–6

Conventional

Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993–2007 .......................................... 4–18

Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9

Conversions

Appendix B. Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–1

Corporate

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 

MY 2008–2011 .............................................................. 4–19

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007 .................... 4–23

Corporation

Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007 ..... 9–11

Cost

Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008 ............................................ 10–16

Costs

Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008 ...................................... 10–17

Countries

Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2

Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 

and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6

Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .......................... 3–8

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990–2007 ..................................... 10–3

Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1998–2007 ................................... 10–4

Criteria

Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007 ..................... 12–2

Crude

World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3

U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007 ...................... 1–12

Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008 ............... 1–13

Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–7

Curb

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14
I–10

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Cycle

Driving Cycle Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–31

City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32

Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32

Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34

New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Cycles

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ............... 4–36

Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37

Daily

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 

2001 NHTS ................................................................. 8–18

Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a 

Household, 2001 NHTS ....................................................... 8–18

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ................ 8–19

U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21

Dealerships

New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2007 .................................. 4–17

Defending

Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East .......... 1–10

Definition

Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8

Demand

Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007 ........................... 4–38

Demographic

Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Density

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21

Diesel

Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1998–2007 ................................... 10–4

Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008 ............................ 10–9

Dioxide

World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005 ...................................... 11–2

Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide .......... 11–3

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel ..................................... 11–15
I–11

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Distance

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ................................... 8–15

Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ............................ 8–15

U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

Distribution

Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4

Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle

Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Domestic

Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007 ....... 4–16

Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6

Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007 ......................... 10–15

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Driven

Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS .................................. 8–17

U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

Driver

Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS .................................. 8–17

Driving

Driving Cycle Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–31

City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32

Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32

Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33
I–12

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Driving (continued)

High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34

New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ............... 4–36

Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21

Dwelling

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21

East

Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East .......... 1–10

Economic

Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9

Economies

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ............... 4–36

Economy

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 

MY 2008–2011 .............................................................. 4–19

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007 .................... 4–23

Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results ........................................ 4–26

Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies ................................. 4–28

Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ........................ 4–30

Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy ...................................... 5–14

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Effect

Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy ...................................... 5–14

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards 

are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14
I–13

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Electric

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6–5

Electronic

Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 .......................... 5–12

Emission

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards 

are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14

California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

Emissions

World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005 ...................................... 11–2

U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007 ......... 11–4

Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2007 .............................. 11–5

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 ...... 11–6

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007 ............ 11–7

Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007 ....................... 11–8

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel ..................................... 11–15

Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007 ..................... 12–2

Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007 .............................. 12–3

Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ....................... 12–4

Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007 ............................... 12–5

Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ........................ 12–6

Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007 ..................... 12–7

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–8

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007 ...................... 12–9

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–10

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007 ..................... 12–11

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005 .............. 12–12

Employment

Transportation-related Employment, 1998 and 2008 ................................... 10–19

U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008 .... 10–20

End-Use

Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 ............................... 1–18

U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 ........................ 2–3 

Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2007 .............................. 11–5

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 ...... 11–6

Energy

World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2

U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4

Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8

Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 2–10

Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007 .............................................. 2–14

Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 ............................. 2–15
I–14

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Energy (continued)

Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 .......................... 2–16

Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007 ................................... 2–17

Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007 ......................................... 2–18

Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007 ..................................... 2–18

Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007 ............. 2–19

Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2007 ....................................... 2–20

Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2

Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 ...... 11–6

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007 ............ 11–7

Engine

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Equipment

Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007 ............................. 2–12

Estimates

Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3

Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide .......... 11–3

Ethanol

Ethanol Consumption, 1995–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6

European

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ............... 4–36

Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37

Excise

Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007 .......................................... 10–11

Exemptions

State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007 ............................................ 10–11

Exhaust

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards 

are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14

Expenditures

Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East .......... 1–10

Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008 ..................................... 10–18
I–15

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Exports

United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008 ...................... 1–14

Facility

Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 ......................... 5–10

Features

Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 .......................... 5–12

Federal

Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Federal Government Vehicles, 2002–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6

Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007 .......................................... 10–11

Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009 .................................... 10–12

Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009 .............................. 10–13

Feedstocks

GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–10

Final

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards 

are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14

Fines

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007 .................... 4–23

Five

Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Fixed

Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008 ...................................... 10–17

Fleet

Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Fleet Vehicles in Service as of June 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2

New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Fleets

Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Flow

Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20
I–16

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Footprint

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Average Annual Carbon Footprint by Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2008 ................ 11–14

Footprints

Footprints for Selected Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–20

Fossil

World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 ...... 11–6

Four-Tire

Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3

Freight

Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007 ............. 2–19

Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2007 ....................................... 2–20

Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

FTP

Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Fuel

World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2

Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5

Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 .................... 2–11

Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007 ............................. 2–12

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 

MY 2008–2011 .............................................................. 4–19

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007 .................... 4–23

Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results ........................................ 4–26
I–17

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Fuel (continued)

Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies ................................. 4–28

Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ........................ 4–30

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ............... 4–36

Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy ...................................... 5–14

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4

Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1998–2007 ................................... 10–4

Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008 ............................................. 10–8

Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–10

Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009 .................................... 10–12

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel ..................................... 11–15

Fueling

Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 ......................... 5–10

Fuels

Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2007 ............................... 2–13

Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9

Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007 .......................................... 10–11

GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–10

Function

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

Gallon

Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–7

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel ..................................... 11–15

Garden

Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007 ............................. 2–12
I–18

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Gas

World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24

Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007 ................................. 4–25

Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007 ....................... 11–8

Gases

U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007 ......... 11–4

Gasohol

State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007 ............................................ 10–11

Gasoline

Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2007 ............................... 2–13

Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990–2007 ..................................... 10–3

Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–7

Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–10

General

Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4

Global

Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide .......... 11–3

U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007 ......... 11–4

Glossary

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G–1

Government

Federal Government Vehicles, 2002–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6

Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Greenhouse

U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007 ......... 11–4

Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2007 .............................. 11–5

Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007 ....................... 11–8

GREET

GREET Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–9

GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–10

Gross

Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007 ................................ 1–11

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4

Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Growth

Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9

Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19
I–19

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Growth (continued)

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20

Guzzler

The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24

Guzzlers

Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007 ................................. 4–25

Harmonic

Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Heavy

Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007 ......................................... 2–18

Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2

Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 .......................... 5–12

High

High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34

Highway

Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 1–19

Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2007 ............................... 2–13

Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 ............................. 2–15

Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9

Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32

Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ....................... 12–4

Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ........................ 12–6

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–8

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–10

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005 .............. 12–12

Household

Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9

Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age ........................ 8–13

Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS ............................................... 8–17

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 

2001 NHTS ................................................................. 8–18

Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a 

Household, 2001 NHTS ....................................................... 8–18

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ................ 8–19

Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ............... 8–19

Households

Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4
I–20

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Housing

Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005 ................................................. 8–22

Hybrid

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6–5

Import

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007 ......................... 10–15

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Imports

U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008 ...................... 1–14

Incentives

Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009 .................................... 10–12

Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009 .............................. 10–13

Income

Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Index

Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009 ............................. 10–2

Indices

Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008 ................................................ 10–18

Input

U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007 ...................... 1–12

Intensities

Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 ............................. 2–15

Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 .......................... 2–16

Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2007 ....................................... 2–20
I–21

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Intensity

Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007 ................................... 2–17

Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007 ......................................... 2–18

Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007 ..................................... 2–18

Intercity

Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007 ............. 2–19

Interior

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

Intermodal

Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007 ................................................. 9–10

International

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Japanese

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ............... 4–36

Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37

Jet

Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–10

Lawn

Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007 ............................. 2–12

Length

Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Lifetime

Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles ............................. 3–14 

Light

Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007 ................................... 2–17

Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3–14

Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ...................... 4–10

Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008 .................................. 4–11

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2007 .................................. 4–17
I–22

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Light (continued)

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 

MY 2008–2011 .............................................................. 4–19

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards 

are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14

California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

Long-Distance

Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS ...................................... 8–27 

Manufacturer

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6–5

Manufacturing

U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008 .... 10–20

Major

Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8

Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 ......................... 5–10

Maps

Appendix C. Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–1

Market

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ...................... 4–10

Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008 .................................. 4–11

Material

Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007 ....... 4–16

Matter

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007 ...................... 12–9

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–10

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007 ..................... 12–11

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005 .............. 12–12

Mean

Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6
I–23

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Means

Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census ........................... 8–20

Median

Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 .................................... 3–12

Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007 ............................ 3–13

Methodologies

Appendix A. Sources & Methodologies .............................................. A–1

Middle

Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East .......... 1–10

Mile

Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008 ............................................ 10–16

Miles

Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9

Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3–14

Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle

Miles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20

Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age ........................... 8–13

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS ................. 8–16

Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS .................................. 8–17

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 

2001 NHTS ................................................................. 8–18

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ................ 8–19

Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ............... 8–19

Military

Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East .......... 1–10

Mode

Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 1–19

Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 ................. 1–20

Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007 .................................... 1–21

Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8

Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 2–10

Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007 ....................... 11–8

Model

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8
I–24

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Model (continued)

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ...................... 4–10

Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008 .................................. 4–11

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007 ....... 4–16

Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results ..................................... 4–26

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6–5

New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

GREET Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–9

GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–10

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Modes

Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 ............................. 2–15

Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 .......................... 2–16

Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2007 ....................................... 2–20

Monoxide

Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007 .............................. 12–3

Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ....................... 12–4

Motor

Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008 ............................................. 10–8

Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007 .......................................... 10–11

U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008 .... 10–20

Movement

Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007 ............. 2–19

National

Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007 ..... 9–11

Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007 ..................... 12–2

Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007 .............................. 12–3

Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007 ............................... 12–5

Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007 ..................... 12–7

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007 ...................... 12–9

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007 ..................... 12–11
I–25

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Natural

World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

New

New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2007 .................................. 4–17

The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24

New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4

New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007 ............................................ 10–14

Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007 ......................... 10–15

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

New York

New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

NHTS

Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9

Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS .......................................... 8–10

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–11

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–12

Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ............. 8–14

Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ................................... 8–15

Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ............................ 8–15

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS ................. 8–16

Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS ............................................... 8–17

Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS .................................. 8–17

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 

2001 NHTS ................................................................. 8–18

Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a 

Household, 2001 NHTS ....................................................... 8–18
I–26

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

NHTS (continued)

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ................ 8–19

Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ............... 8–19

Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS ..................................... 8–25

Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS ....................................... 8–27

Nitrogen

Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007 ............................... 12–5

Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ........................ 12–6

Nonhighway

Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 ................. 1–20

Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 2–10

Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 .......................... 2–16

Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2

NPTS

Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–11

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–12

Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ............. 8–14

Number

Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 

2001 NHTS ................................................................. 8–18

Occupancy

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–11

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–12

Odometer

Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ............. 8–14

Off-highway

Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 ..................... 2–11

Oil

World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3

World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6

Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9

Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East .......... 1–10

U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007 ...................... 1–12

Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008 ............... 1–13

Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–7
I–27

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Organic

Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007 ..................... 12–7

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–8

Origin

U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

Operating

Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008 ............................................ 10–16

Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008 ...................................... 10–17

Operation

Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ............................ 3–10

Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ........................... 3–11

Operations

Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007 ........................... 9–12

Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007 .............................. 9–13

Other

Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 

and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6

Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .......................... 3–8

Output

Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007 ................................ 1–11

Ownership

Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6

Oxides

Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007 ............................... 12–5

Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ........................ 12–6

Oxygenate

Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5

Particulate

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007 ...................... 12–9

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–10

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007 ..................... 12–11

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005 .............. 12–12

Parts

U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008 .... 10–20

Passenger

Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007 .............................................. 2–14

Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 ............................. 2–15

Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007 .......................... 2–16

Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007 ..... 9–11
I–28

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Passenger (continued)

California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

People

Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 

and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6

Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .......................... 3–8

Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990–2007 ............................ 3–8

Percent

Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008 ...... 1–15

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Percentage

Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8

Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Personal

Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008 ..................................... 10–18

Petroleum

World Petroleum Production, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4

World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5

U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007 ...................... 1–12

Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008 ............... 1–13

United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008 ...................... 1–14

Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008 ...... 1–15

United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030 .............. 1–16

United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030 ............ 1–17

Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 ............................... 1–18

Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 1–19

Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007 .................................... 1–21

Pollutants

Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007 ..................... 12–2

Population

Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2

Potential

World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2

U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007 ......... 11–4

Potentials

Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide .......... 11–3
I–29

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Pounds

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle

Miles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

PM-10

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007 ...................... 12–9

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–10

PM-2.5

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007 ..................... 12–11

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005 .............. 12–12

Price

Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9

Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007 ............................................ 10–14

Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007 ......................... 10–15

Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008 ................................................ 10–18

Prices

Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990–2007 ..................................... 10–3

Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1998–2007 ................................... 10–4

Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–7

Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008 ............................................. 10–8

Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008 ............................ 10–9

Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–10

Primary

World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2

Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 ......................... 5–10

Production

World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3

World Petroleum Production, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4

World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6

World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007 ................................ 1–11

United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008 ...................... 1–14

Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008 ...... 1–15

United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030 .............. 1–16

United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030 ............ 1–17

Products

U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007 ...................... 1–12

Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008 ............... 1–13

Profile

Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2
I–30

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Projected

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ............... 4–36

Properties

Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9

Propane

Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008 ............................ 10–9

PSAT

Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results ........................................ 4–26

Purpose

Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS .......................................... 8–10

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–12

Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS ..................................... 8–25

Rail

Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007 ................................... 2–17

Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007 ......................................... 2–18

Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007 ..................................... 2–18

Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007 ................................................. 9–10

Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007 ........................... 9–12

Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007 .............................. 9–13

Railroad

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007 ..... 9–11

Railroads

Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

Ranked

Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

Rates

Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3–14

Receipts

Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007 ................................. 4–25

Recreational

Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7

Refiner

Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008 ............................ 10–9

Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–10

Refinery

Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007 ................................ 1–11
I–31

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Refinery (continued)

U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007 ...................... 1–12

Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008 ............... 1–13

Reformed

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 

MY 2008–2011 .............................................................. 4–19

Refuel

Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

Refueling

Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993–2007 .......................................... 4–18

Region

U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007 ................................ 1–11

Registrations

Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2

Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007 ............................ 3–13

New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

Representative

Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Reserves

World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6

World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

Response

Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007 ........................... 4–38

Results

Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results ........................................ 4–26

Retail

New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4

Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008 ............................................. 10–8

Revenue

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

Route

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3
I–32

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Sale

Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007 ................................. 4–25

Sales

Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2007 .................................. 4–17

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4

Bicycle Sales, 1981-2007 ......................................................... 8–24

Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008 ............................ 10–9

Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008 ...................... 10–10

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

SC03

Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Sector

Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 ............................... 1–18

U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2007 .............................. 11–5

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007 ............ 11–7

Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007 ..................... 12–2

Sectors

United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030 .............. 1–16
I–33

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Self-Reported

Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ............. 8–14

Service

Fleet Vehicles in Service as of June 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2

Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Services

Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009 ............................. 10–2

Share

Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 ......................... 5–10

Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 .......................... 5–12

Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ................................... 8–15

Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ............................ 8–15

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS ................. 8–16

Shares

Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008 ...... 1–15

Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ...................... 4–10

Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008 .................................. 4–11

Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2

Single-Unit

Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2

Sites

Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

Size

Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ...................... 4–10

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8
I–34

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Size (continued)

Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7

Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Source

Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4

Sources

Appendix A. Sources & Methodologies .............................................. A–1

Space

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

Special

Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2007 ............................... 2–13

Specifications

Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ............................. 4–29

Speed

Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results ........................................ 4–26

Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies ................................. 4–28

Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ........................ 4–30

High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Standards

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 

MY 2008–2011 .............................................................. 4–19

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards 

are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14

California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

State

Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007 ............................................ 10–11
I–35

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

State (continued)

Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009 .................................... 10–12

Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009 .............................. 10–13

States

U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007 ...................... 1–12

United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008 ...................... 1–14

United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030 .............. 1–16

United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030 ............ 1–17

U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007 ............. 2–19

U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5

Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 

and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6

Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990–2007 ............................ 3–8

New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ............... 4–36

Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37

Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20

U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008 .... 10–20

U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007 ......... 11–4

Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2007 .............................. 11–5

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 ...... 11–6

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007 ............ 11–7

U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards 

are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14

Stations

Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993–2007 .......................................... 4–18

Statistics

Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2

Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3

Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007 ........................... 4–38

Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2

Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3

Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7

Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007 ........................ 5–21
I–36

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Statistics (continued)

Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS .......................................... 8–10

U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4

Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6

Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007 ..... 9–11

Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007 ........................... 9–12

Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007 .............................. 9–13

Steady

Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ........................ 4–30

Studies

Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies ................................. 4–28

Study

Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ............................. 4–29

Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ........................ 4–30

Summary

Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East .......... 1–10

Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2

Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3

Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007 ........................... 4–38

Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2

Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3

Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007 ........................ 5–21

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4

Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6

Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007 ..... 9–11

Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007 ........................... 9–12

Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007 .............................. 9–13

Supplies

Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East .......... 1–10

Surveys

Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20
I–37

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Survivability

Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3–14

Systems

Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007 ................................... 2–17

Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007 ......................................... 2–18

Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007 ..................................... 2–18

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

Tax

The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24

Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007 ................................. 4–25

State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007 ............................................ 10–11

Taxes

Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007 .......................................... 10–11

Technology

Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009 .............................. 10–13

Temperature

Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33

Terrain

Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy ...................................... 5–14

Tested

Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ............................. 4–29

Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ........................ 4–30

Tier 2

U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards 

are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14

Time

Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 

and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6

Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census .................................... 8–23

Tire

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Ton-Miles

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8
I–38

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Tonnage

Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Total

U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2007 .............................. 11–5

Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007 ..................... 12–2

Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007 .............................. 12–3

Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007 ............................... 12–5

Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007 ..................... 12–7

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007 ...................... 12–9

Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007 ..................... 12–11

Totals

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air 

Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Tractor-Trailer

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Traffic

Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007 ................................................. 9–10

Transit

Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007 ................................... 2–17

Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007 ........................ 5–21

Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007 .............................. 9–13

Transportation

United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030 ............ 1–17

Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 1–19

Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 ................. 1–20

Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007 .................................... 1–21

Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8

Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 .................... 2–10

Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 ..................... 2–11

Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census ........................... 8–20

Transportation-related Employment, 1998 and 2008 ................................... 10–19

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007 ............ 11–7

Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007 ....................... 11–8
I–39

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Travel

Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007 .............................................. 2–14

Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ............................ 3–10

Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ........................... 3–11

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS ................. 8–16

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 

2001 NHTS ................................................................. 8–18

Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a 

Household, 2001 NHTS ....................................................... 8–18

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ................ 8–19

Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ............... 8–19

U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009 ............................. 10–2

Traveled

Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9

Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle-Miles

Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Trip

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS .......................................... 8–10

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–12

Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ................................... 8–15

Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ............................ 8–15

Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS ..................................... 8–25

Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS ....................................... 8–27

Trips

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ................................... 8–15

Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ............................ 8–15

Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS ............................................... 8–17

Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS ..................................... 8–25

Trolleybuses

Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007 ........................ 5–21

Truck

Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3–14

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 

MY 2008–2011 .............................................................. 4–19

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22
I–40

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Truck (continued)

New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4

Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7

Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy ...................................... 5–14

Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire

Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and

Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17

Trucks

U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5

Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ........................... 3–11

Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 .................................... 3–12

Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007 ............................ 3–13

Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3

Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2

Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3

Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8

Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 ......................... 5–10

Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle-Miles

Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 .......................... 5–12

Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer

Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

Two-Axle

Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3

Type

Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9

Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–11

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21
I–41

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Unit

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21

Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005 ................................................. 8–22

United

U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007 ............. 2–19

U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007 ...................... 1–12

United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008 ...................... 1–14

United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030 .............. 1–16

United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030 ............ 1–17

U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007 ............. 2–19

U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5

Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 

and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6

Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990–2007 ............................ 3–8

New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ............... 4–36

Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37

Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19

Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 

Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20

U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21

Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route

Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008 .... 10–20

U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007 ......... 11–4

Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissions by End-Use Sector, 2007 .............................. 11–5

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 ...... 11–6

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007 ............ 11–7

U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

Unreformed

Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 

MY 2008–2011 .............................................................. 4–19

Usage

Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2007 ............................... 2–13

Use

Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 ............................... 1–18

Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007 .................................... 1–21

U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8

Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007 .............................................. 2–14

Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007 ............. 2–19
I–42

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Use (continued)

U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5

Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 .................................... 3–12

Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8

Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 ......................... 5–10

Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3

Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2

Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7

U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007 ............ 11–7

US06

High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34

Vehicle

Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9

Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ............................ 3–10

Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ........................... 3–11

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ...................... 4–10

Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008 .................................. 4–11

New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2007 .................................. 4–17

Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ............................. 4–29

New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4

Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2

Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–11

Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS ................. 8–12

Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age ........................... 8–13

Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ................................... 8–15

Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ............................ 8–15

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS ................. 8–16

Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS ............................................... 8–17

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 

2001 NHTS ................................................................. 8–18

Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a 

Household, 2001 NHTS ....................................................... 8–18

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ................ 8–19

Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ............... 8–19

Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density ......... 8–21

U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008 .... 10–20

Average Annual Carbon Footprint by Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2008 ................ 11–14

Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards 

are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14
I–43

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Vehicle-Miles

Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9

Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle-Miles

Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,

 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Vehicles

Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 

and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6

Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .......................... 3–8

Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990–2007 ............................ 3–8

Footprints for Selected Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–20

Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ............................. 4–29

Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ........................ 4–30

Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007 ........................... 4–38

Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6–5

Fleet Vehicles in Service as of June 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2

Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Federal Government Vehicles, 2002–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6

Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9

Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS ................. 8–16

Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 

2001 NHTS ................................................................. 8–18

Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ....................... 12–4

Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 ........................ 12–6

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–8

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–10

Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005 .............. 12–12

Volatile

Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007 ..................... 12–7

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 .............. 12–8

Wagons

Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8

Walk

Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS ..................................... 8–25

Warming

Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide .......... 11–3

U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007 ......... 11–4
I–44

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Waterborne

Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6

Weight

New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4

Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Weighted

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel 

Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ................................................. 4–21

Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted 

Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 ............................................. 4–22

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Work

Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS ............................ 8–15

Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census ........................... 8–20

Workers

Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census .................................... 8–23

World

World Fossil Fuel Potential ......................................................... 1–2

World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3

World Petroleum Production, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4

World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5

World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6

World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2

World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005 ...................................... 11–2
I–45

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28—2009

Year

Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6–5

New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008 ...................................... 10–17

Years

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and 

Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9

Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ...................... 4–10

Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008 .................................. 4–11

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years

1975–2008 ................................................................. 4–12

Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, 

Model Years 1975–2008 ....................................................... 4–13

Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1975–2008 ............................................................ 4–14

Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model 

Years 1977–2008 ............................................................ 4–15

Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007 ....... 4–16

Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle-Miles

Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size 

Class, Model Years 1975-2008 ................................................. 11–12

Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks 

by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008 .......................................... 11–13

Yield

Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008 ............... 1–13

USEFUL WEB SITES

AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION www.aaa.com

AMERICAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION www.apta.com

AMTRAK www.amtrak.com

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS www.aar.org

ASSOCIATION OF OIL PIPELINES www.aopl.org

CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD www.arb.ca.gov

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION www.energy.ca.gov

ENO FOUNDATION FOR TRANSPORTATION www.enotrans.com

ELECTRIC DRIVE TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION www.electricdrive.org

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY www.iea.org

NATIONAL AUTOMOBILE DEALERS ASSOCIATION www.nada.org

RUNZHEIMER INTERNATIONAL www.runzheimer.com

TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE tti.tamu.edu

TRANSPORT CANADA www.tc.gc.ca

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD www.trb.org

WARD’S COMMUNICATIONS www.wardsauto.com

WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT www.undp.org/energy/activities/wea

More Useful Web Sites on inside front cover