Filed 9/15/20 P. v. Herrera CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

COURT OF APPEAL, FOUTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

EDUARDO HERRERA,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D075202

 (Super. Ct. No. SCN366832)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

David G. Brown, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part.

Jill M. Klein, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant 

Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. 

Swenson and Allison V. Acosta, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and 

Respondent.

An information charged defendant Eduardo Herrera with attempted 

willful, deliberate, and premeditated murder (Pen. Code,1 §§ 187, subd. (a) & 

664, counts 1 & 2); assault with a semiautomatic firearm (§ 245, subd (b),

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless noted 

otherwise.
2

counts 3 & 4); assault with a deadly weapon other than a firearm (§ 245, 

subd. (a)(1), count 5); carrying a loaded firearm on a person or in a vehicle 

(§ 25850, subd. (a), count 6); and possessing a firearm as a felon (§ 29800, 

subd. (a)(1), count 7). The information further alleged defendant personally 

used a firearm (§ 12022.5, subd. (a), counts 1, 2, 3, and 4); intentionally and 

personally discharged a firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (c), counts 1 and 2); 

personally used a dangerous and deadly weapon (§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(23), 

count 5); and had five prison priors (§§ 667.5, subd. (b) & 668). 

The jury convicted defendant—who was self-represented for about eight 

months before, and during, trial—on all counts and returned true findings on 

all allegations. Defendant, in a bifurcated proceeding, admitted the truth of 

all prior prison allegations. The court sentenced defendant to prison for the 

indeterminate term of 14 years to life plus the determinate sentence of 59 

years eight months.

Defendant on appeal contends: 1) that the court abused its discretion 

when, immediately before commencement of his continued preliminary 

hearing, it denied his request for reappointment of counsel; 2) that law 

enforcement/the prosecution failed to preserve his car as exculpatory 

evidence, and the court erred by refusing to instruct the jury it could draw an 

adverse inference as a result; 3) that the court erred in (i) refusing to instruct 

the jury on attempted voluntary manslaughter based on imperfect selfdefense, (ii) instructing the jury it could consider defendant’s prior felony

conviction(s) in assessing credibility on all counts, and (iii) admitting a twominute video demonstration of law enforcement firing the same type of gun 

defendant had used in committing the offenses; 4) that the court abused its 

discretion in admitting evidence defendant had two knives in his car at the 

time he committed the offenses; 5) that the evidence was insufficient to 
3

support his conviction on count 5, assault with a deadly weapon other than a 

firearm; and 6) that his prior prison term enhancements should be stricken. 

As we explain, we conclude defendant’s prior prison enhancements 

should be stricken, as the People concede. In all other respects, we affirm the 

judgment.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

Freddy M. testified he and partner Conrado P. were working for a 

trucking company delivering appliances on November 25, 2016. Freddy 

testified they made deliveries in a 26-foot white “box” truck; their day had 

started at about 6:30 a.m. and he was the driver; and that they had made 

about 15-17 deliveries when they arrived at about 4:45 p.m. at the 900 block 

of North Fig Street in Escondido to make their next delivery. 

The delivery to the North Fig resident required them to pass through a 

security gate. Freddy recalled they parked the truck in front of an apartment 

complex while they waited about five or 10 minutes for the resident to open 

the gate. As they sat waiting in the truck, Freddy saw a green Chevy 

Lumina approach. Freddy identified defendant, who was alone in the car, as 

the driver of the Chevy. The driver “put on his brakes,” “honked his horn,”

and used his left hand to make what Freddy considered was an unfriendly 

gesture. 

Freddy and Conrado conferred as they sat in the truck, and found 

neither knew the Chevy driver. Freddy testified the car was about 13 feet 

away from the truck when the driver stopped, with the “confrontation”

lasting about five seconds. They let the driver pass as they just wanted to 

finish their delivery.

2 We summarize the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

judgment. (See People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 690.)
4

Freddy and Conrado delivered the appliance, which Freddy estimated 

took about 20 minutes. They left the apartment complex and headed 

southbound on Fig toward their next delivery. As Freddy waited at the 

stoplight at the intersection of Mission Avenue and Fig, he heard the sound of 

a car “revving” its engine, looked in his truck mirror, and saw the same 

Chevy accelerating toward them. Freddy then felt a “jolt,” as the Chevy 

struck the “stairs” and “ladder” under the truck’s driver’s side door. 

Freddy looked out his window and saw the Chevy driver leaning out of 

the window of the passenger side of the car, inexplicably pointing a gun at 

Freddy. The driver then began firing the weapon. Immediately before the 

gunfire erupted, Freddy “threw” himself to the right and yelled “get down” to 

Conrado. Freddy estimated the driver fired four or five shots at them. 

Freddy quickly turned onto Mission Avenue and began accelerating. 

As he fled, Freddy looked in the truck mirror and saw the Chevy following 

them. The Chevy accelerated and again struck the truck. Freddy testified 

the driver then fired about four or five additional shots at the truck, as

Freddy saw “smoke” coming from the gun.3 As he drove down Mission 

Avenue, Freddy estimated the Chevy struck the truck about “seven times.” 

Freddy next turned onto Broadway. The Chevy followed. Freddy 

maneuvered the truck to prevent the car from passing, as Freddy was 

concerned about people walking outside and the rush-hour traffic. Freddy 

next turned onto East Lincoln Parkway. As the chase continued, Conrado

was on the phone with a 911 dispatcher. Freddy next turned and headed 

southbound on Fig, the same street where they had made the delivery. Once 

on Fig, the driver of the Chevy again tried to “ram” his car into the truck. 

3 As discussed post, defendant denied discharging his weapon a second 

time.
5

Freddy turned onto East Washington Avenue. The Chevy gave chase. 

Freddy saw a patrol car up ahead. Freddy accelerated as the car again 

veered into the truck. This time, however, the Chevy’s front tire became 

“stuck” on the truck’s ramp, causing the truck to “drag[]” the car down the 

street, with the police car in pursuit. Freddy dislodged the Chevy by moving 

the truck’s steering wheel back and forth. 

Shortly thereafter, Freddy saw “a lot of police cars” as he came to a 

stop. Once the “dust settled,” Freddy walked around the truck to survey the 

damage. Freddy counted five bullet holes on his side of the truck.

Conrado confirmed that he and Freddy were delivering appliances on 

November 25. While sitting in the truck waiting to make a delivery in 

Escondido, Conrado saw a car approaching from the other direction. Conrado 

identified the car’s driver as defendant, who was alone in the car, and the car 

as a Chevy Lumina. The Chevy driver stopped his car about 10 feet from the 

truck, honked his horn, and made a “mad-dogging mean face.” Conrado and 

Freddy “looked at each other,” and watched the car pass.

Conrado estimated it took about 15 or 20 minutes to deliver the 

appliance. Once back in the truck, the men headed to their next delivery. As 

they waited at a stoplight, Freddy suddenly yelled for Conrado to “duck,”

then Conrado heard about four or five gunshots and felt the “impact” of the 

bullets hitting the truck. Freddy accelerated while Conrado called 911. As 

the truck went down one street, Conrado felt a car strike the driver side of 

the truck about four times. Conrado looked out the passenger side mirror 

and saw it was the same car and driver that had confronted them before the 

delivery. 

Conrado testified that after Freddy turned onto East Washington 

Avenue, they saw a patrol car up ahead. The Chevy driver, however, 
6

continued to swerve toward and strike the truck, which Conrado estimated 

occurred two or three more times until the front right front side of the car 

became “stuck” in the truck’s driver’s side rear wheel. At some point, the car 

dislodged from the truck, after Freddy moved the steering wheel back and 

forth. 

Freddy stopped the truck at the intersection of North Broadway and 

East Washington. Multiple police officers with guns drawn approached the 

truck. After officers secured the scene and interviewed Conrado, he

identified defendant at a street lineup as the Chevy driver.

Escondido police officer Raymond Solorio was on duty on November 25

when at 5:21 p.m. he responded to Conrado’s 911 call. While stopped at the 

intersection of East Washington Avenue and North Fig Street, Officer Solorio 

saw a truck and a Chevy “side by side” “come around the corner and almost 

strike [his] patrol vehicle.” Officer Solorio made a U-turn and activated his 

“emergency lights.”

Officer Solorio saw the Chevy veer “left, away from the truck, and then 

went right back into the box truck and [get] stuck” in the truck’s “tire well.” 

Officer Solorio estimated the truck dragged the Chevy about 75 to 100 yards 

down the street. After the Chevy dislodged, the truck kept going. 

Officer Solorio saw the driver of the Chevy, whom the officer identified 

as defendant, “jump[] out of his car” while it was still moving and flag down 

the officer. Officer Solorio knew defendant from previous contacts, including 

instances when defendant had been under the influence of 

methamphetamine. Officer Solorio watched the Chevy “jump[] over the 

sidewalk, and then hit a white fence on the north curb line,” finally coming to 

a stop.
7

Officer Solorio testified defendant, on contact, was “frantic,” claiming 

“his family was in the box truck and they needed help.” Officer Solorio 

activated his body camera, which video was shown to the jury. Officer Solorio 

looked inside the Chevy and saw in plain view on the driver’s side floorboard 

a “silver semi-automatic handgun, .45 caliber. The slide was locked to the 

back, so there was no bullet in the chamber, but the magazine well was 

inside.” Officer Solorio also observed inside the car a .45 caliber bullet casing 

on the driver’s side seat, and two knives.

A transcript of the video from Officer Solorio’s camera was included in 

the record. It shows that on contact, defendant was agitated; that defendant 

believed his family was inside the truck, and were being held against their 

will; that he also believed the truck’s occupants had been “taking people, like 

[defendant’s] kids”; and that he claimed the truck had been following him, 

and not vice-versa.

Escondido police officer Thomas Fidel, who assisted Officer Solorio, also 

recognized defendant from previous contacts. Officer Fidel activated his body 

camera. The transcript from the recording shows that defendant believed the 

white truck and maybe two other cars had begun following him in El Cajon;

that “somebody . . . threw a gun at [defendant]” and so he “just picked it up 

and . . . threw it—threw it in the car”; that he heard four or five gunshots, but 

then did not claim to be the shooter; and that he told the officers he “hope[d]”

the individuals in the truck “didn’t do anything to [his] kids.” 

At defendant’s repeated urging, the officers looked for defendant’s 

wallet inside the Chevy. As they did so, defendant volunteered, “Hey, there’s 

a bladed knife there too. That I kind of, you know, I ended up—I ended up 

finding.” Defendant then stated he “found” the knife at his “mom’s house,”

and kept it because he wanted it tested for “DNA,” as he believed there was
8

“human” blood on the blade. Defendant also told officers he was worried 

about his mother, because the white truck had exited near his “mom’s place”; 

and the truck had “picked up either [his] kids or they picked up one of [his] 

family members, like [his] brother’s kids.”

Also during the contact, defendant began talking about a boy’s body. 

He volunteered, “Hey, so look, like yesterday I seen somebody—somebody 

take a body of a boy.” Defendant indicated the boy’s body had been picked up 

“at night,” the boy was “dead,” and the dead boy “reminded [defendant] of 

[his] son, and [he] thought it was [his] son.” Defendant went on to explain 

that there was a “difference between dead weight,” and “somebody sleeping”; 

that a truck had picked up the dead boy near defendant’s home on Fig; and 

that the truck which picked up the boy was similar to the white truck that

defendant claimed had been following him. 

Defendant also told Officer Fidel that defendant’s “babies’ momma” had 

a restraining order against him and that it had been “three or four years”

since he had last seen his children. Defendant also expressed concern his 

family was being “target[ed]” by a “satanical cult,” or a “pedophile group type 

of thing.” 

As the contact continued, an officer asked defendant if a woman who 

was approaching was his sister, as she claimed. Defendant said no, then told 

officers not to listen to her. When asked what the woman would say, 

defendant responded, “Like that—that I’m on drugs, and I’m tripping. That 

fucken uh, that—yeah, fuck that.” Defendant then admitted the woman was 

his sister. Defendant’s sister tried to reassure him that his kids were “good”

and “fine.” Officer Fidel told another officer at the scene that defendant was 

“11-5” and wanted to speak to a detective because defendant no longer 

trusted the officers. 
9

At trial, Officer Fidel testified his “11-5” reference during the contact 

was to methamphetamine and was short for section 11550 of the Health and 

Safety Code. Officer Fidel opined that defendant was under the influence of 

methamphetamine during the November 25 contact; that defendant 

nonetheless was able to follow commands and communicate with the officers, 

including providing his name and date of birth; but that defendant “seemed 

delusional and somewhat paranoid,” as defendant had insisted during the 

contact that someone was also trying to “frame” him. Officer Fidel confirmed 

that, as a result of defendant’s concerns about his mother and his reference to 

the bloody knife, other officers had conducted a welfare check on defendant’s 

mother and had found she was “okay.”

A few minutes after the shooting, Escondido police conducted a 

“sweeping search” of the area near the “highly trafficked” intersection of “Fig 

and Mission” where the shooting occurred. Police found in the area an 

expended casing, stamped “Winchester .45 auto,” and two expended 

projectiles. 

Escondido police also examined the exterior of the white truck. Police 

confirmed there were five bullet holes to the driver’s side of the truck, which 

were consistent with “projectiles being fired from a handgun.” Inside the 

truck, police found an expended projectile on the driver’s side floorboard, and 

another in the driver’s door, after the door panel had been removed. 

A San Diego County Sheriff’s Department criminalist identified the 

semiautomatic gun recovered in defendant’s car as a .45 Colt Defender series 

90. The criminalist testified that the magazine for defendant’s gun held up to 

seven .45 auto-caliber cartridges; that if a cartridge had been preloaded into 

the chamber of the gun, it had the capacity to fire a total of eight cartridges; 

that defendant’s gun was operational; and that after test-firing the gun and 
10

comparing the expended test-fired cartridge to the two cartridges recovered 

by police at the intersection, it was determined that all three cartridges were 

fired from the same gun.

Margie B. testified she was heading south on North Fig Street at about 

5:20 p.m. on November 25 when a fast-moving white truck pulled in front of 

her from the left side of the street. Immediately thereafter, a green Chevy 

came speeding past her right side, between her car and the curb. Margie saw 

the Chevy accelerate, move into the left turn lane, and stop next to the left 

side of the white truck, which had stopped at a traffic signal.

Margie next saw the driver’s side door of the Chevy “slam[] open,” the 

driver “step[] out of the car and reach[] over the roof with both arms and 

[shoot a] gun two, three times into the truck.” Margie saw the Chevy driver 

was “right across from the driver’s door” of the truck when he fired the gun, 

“using the roof of the Chevy . . . as a base of support.” Although “freaking 

out,” Margie attempted to memorize the license plate number of the Chevy. 

Margie saw the truck turn onto Mission Avenue, as she searched for her 

cellphone to call 911.

Defendant testified in his defense. The night before the shooting, while 

staying at his mother’s home in Escondido, defendant admitted using 

methamphetamine and staying up for the night. At about 3:00 a.m., while 

outside smoking a cigarette, “for some reason” a vehicle caught defendant’s 

attention. He then saw someone from the vehicle “pick up, like, a body . . . it 

was a boy.” According to defendant, the way the body was picked up seemed 

“kind of odd,” as the boy was “in his underwear,” even though it was “super 

cold” outside, and had a “towel over his face.” Defendant then saw a man 

with the boy “kind of run off—run off to this apartment complex,” causing 

defendant to worry about his own son. Defendant, however, could not check 
11

on the welfare of his son or other kids because of the restraining order, which 

he admitted had led to his arrest “a few times.”

Defendant testified that a few days before the shooting, he found a 

knife in the backyard of his mother’s home. Defendant became concerned 

about the knife because none of his family knew who it belonged to, and it 

appeared to have dried blood on the blade. Defendant kept the knife in his 

car because he wanted it tested for DNA.

Shortly before the shooting, defendant testified he was heading back to 

his mother’s home in Escondido to do some laundry. Defendant told the jury 

he “was under the influence” and was “feeling a little paranoid” as he

“start[ed] kind of tripping on certain cars.” As he was nearing his mother’s 

home, he noticed the white box truck and “tripped out,” what he referred to 

as “tweaking.” He sped up, exited the freeway, and parked at his mother’s 

home on Fig. 

As defendant waited in his car for his sister to bring him work clothes, 

he saw the box truck pass by. Believing it was not a coincidence, defendant 

left in his car and found the truck parked on the street. After waiting a 

“couple seconds,” he drove back toward his mother’s home. On his way, 

defendant pulled up to the truck, stopped, honked his car horn, and waved at 

the occupants not to “mad-dog[] them,” as Conrado had testified, but more to 

acknowledge, “my bad.”

While outside talking to his sister while waiting in his car, defendant 

saw the box truck across the street. Defendant told the jury he continued 

“tripping on the truck.” As he watched the truck, he started worrying about 

himself, his family, including his kids, and decided “if [he was] going to end 

up dying, at least [he] want[ed] to leave some kind of record,” as it was his 
12

understanding that in a “homicide case,” “everything gets looked at of the 

victim.”

Defendant told the jury he soon began “tripping . . . hard” as he 

watched the white truck exit a driveway near his mother’s home. Defendant 

concluded the occupants of the truck had murdered and/or kidnapped his 

family members, some of whom were inside the truck box. Defendant caught 

up to the truck, decided he needed to “put a stop to that truck, just disable” it,

and, without thinking but instead just “reacting,” he used a gun to “shoot[] at 

the truck,” claiming he fired rounds into the truck only once, while stopped at 

the intersection, and not twice, as Freddy testified. 

After shooting rounds into the truck, defendant testified he used his car 

to “ram[]” the truck in a further effort to disable it. Defendant admitted he 

rammed the truck several times, including at least three or four times while 

driving on Lincoln Parkway. 

Regarding how he acquired the gun, defendant claimed it belonged to 

an individual who stored “stuff” at the garage where defendant worked. 

Defendant on direct testified he found the gun, after its owner claimed to 

have lost it along with his other “belongings.” Defendant added, “I didn’t 

have no place to leave that firearm but in my vehicle.” On cross-examination, 

defendant testified he found the gun in some “bushes,” near his mother’s 

home. 

As he “sum[med] up that day,” defendant candidly stated it was “not 

really, like, a persuasive explanation” for his shooting rounds into, and using 

his car multiple times to ram, the truck. Even at trial, defendant still felt 

“people [were] targeting [his] kids,” as he volunteered he had “made enemies”

and had a “gang background.” 
13

In response to the prosecutor’s question whether defendant almost 

became the killer of the truck’s occupants, defendant testified, “I mean, on 

that day, yeah. There’s a big possibility that, you know what? I think the 

driver, you know, yeah, could have lost his life.” 

Defendant also admitted on cross-examination that his .45 was a 

“powerful” weapon; that when he pulled up to the truck and honked his horn, 

he saw more than one person inside the truck; that the methamphetamine 

contributed to his concern for his family and his belief that the occupants in 

the truck were trying to harm them; that he did not call 911 for help or to 

report his concerns about his family’s welfare, but instead “react[ed]” when 

he pursued the truck and shot at its occupants; and that he accepted 

responsibility for the shooting, stating: “I take blame for the shooting 

because I did it,” while at the same time blaming the truck’s occupants for 

“provok[ing] this fucking shit.” 

DISCUSSION

A. Defendant’s Request for Reappointment of Counsel Immediately 

Before the Continued Preliminary Hearing

1. Additional Background

Defendant’s preliminary hearing was set for May 16, 2017. That 

morning, defense counsel Dan Segura informed the court that defendant was 

requesting a Marsden4 hearing to raise what Segura anticipated was a 

section “1368” or competency issue. The record shows on questioning by the 

court, defendant wanted the preliminary hearing to go forward, stated he and 

his counsel were “having a big conflict of interest,” and thus, he was left with 

“no choice but to call a Marsden hearing.” The court cleared the courtroom.

4 People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118 (Marsden).
14

On questioning by the court, defendant claimed he and Segura were not 

communicating, and Segura had done no investigation and had made no 

attempts to obtain “discovery,” which defendant had been requesting for 

“months” and which he finally had received a week before. Defendant further 

claimed he did not “trust” Segura, whom he believed was “working for the 

prosecution.” The court in response noted Segura was a “highly experienced 

attorney” who had “handled a number of murder” and other “high-profile”

cases, and was a trained professional. 

Segura informed the court that his disagreement with defendant 

stemmed from Segura’s belief the defense “need[ed] to investigate 

[defendant’s] mental health and his mental health history, his status on the 

date of this incident related to that.” Segura noted he had made a “tactical”

decision not to give defendant any discovery, including police reports, until 

after defendant had been evaluated, which was completed on April 20. 

Segura further noted that defendant did not want anyone from the defense 

speaking to his family, as defendant still believed they were in “danger.”

As the hearing continued, and the court explained what defense 

counsel had been doing and why it was important to defendant’s case, 

defendant, after repeating he did not trust Segura, informed the court he 

would go “pro per” if the court refused substitute counsel. The court 

responded, “So[,] you have one of the best lawyers up here assigned to you, 

and you think you can do a better job yourself?” to which defendant replied, 

“You know what, like I said, I have no choice. If I can’t get a substitute, then 

I want to go pro per.” The court stated it would consider that request at a 

future date.

The court denied defendant’s request to remove Segura and appoint 

defendant new counsel. The court found defense counsel had been “going out 
15

of his way to prepare a defense” and was “acting as a professional attorney 

would under the same circumstances.” The Marsden hearing ended, and the 

court ordered the hearing transcript sealed.

Once joined by the prosecutor, Segura requested the court order 

defendant to undergo a mental competency exam pursuant to section 1368, 

stating defendant was unable to assist counsel due to “mental illness,” which 

may become part of the defense. Defendant replied, “That request is bogus,”

then added, “I request to go pro per,” repeatedly asking the court to proceed 

with the preliminary hearing. After further discussion, the court suspended 

criminal proceedings and ordered defendant to undergo a section 1368 

evaluation. Defendant responded, “fuck you,” then added, “Like I said, I don’t 

give a fuck who you are on what power level” as he was escorted out of the 

courtroom.

Defendant gave informed consent for his July 2017 competency exam, 

noting “he [was] not entirely upset about the mental competency proceedings 

because ‘this actually helps with [him] going Pro Per’ because it will show 

that he is competent.” During the examination, defendant stated that he was 

concerned by defense counsel’s desire to pursue the “possibility of a ‘not guilty 

by reason of insanity defense,’ “ and that was “ ‘not the kind of defense 

[defendant] want[ed].” 

The examiner found that defendant was “oriented to person, place, and 

situation”; that his “thought process was intact” and his “thought content was 

appropriate to the situation”; that he suffered from “[a]ntisocial personality 

disorder,” but “did not present with any significant symptoms of a psychiatric 

illness”; and that he was capable of understanding the nature of the criminal 

proceedings and assisting his attorney in conducting a defense in a rational 
16

manner. The examiner thus recommended the resumption of criminal 

proceedings, which the court subsequently ordered.

In late January 2018, defendant renewed his request for substitute 

counsel, leading the court to conduct a second Marsden hearing. At the 

outset, the court noted it already had presided over defendant’s competency 

hearing, which included testimony from mental health professionals and 

other witnesses. It further noted it would consider testimony from the 

competency hearing in deciding whether to grant defendant’s request for 

appointment of new counsel.

Defendant during the Marsden hearing read a very lengthy declaration 

to support his request for new counsel. In that declaration, defendant stated 

that Segura had pursued a not guilty by reason of insanity defense without 

defendant’s knowledge and consent; that defendant did not want to pursue 

such a defense, but instead wanted to “proceed with a defense of others, 

imperfect defense of others, affirmative defense”; and that, because Segura 

was pursuing a defense that had “no hope of success,” defendant wanted new 

counsel appointed, citing Strickland v. Washington among other caselaw in 

support.

After hearing from Segura, who confirmed there had been a breakdown 

in communication, the court granted defendant’s request for new counsel, 

despite the court’s finding that Segura’s approach to defendant’s case had 

been “very practical, reasonable, and professional.” The court noted that once 

new counsel was appointed, it was possible the new attorney would reach the 

same conclusions regarding the case as Segura. 

Once back in open court, the record shows the office of the Alternate 

Public Defender accepted the appointment to represent defendant, and 
17

entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf. The court set defendant’s 

preliminary hearing for February 26, 2018.

On February 13, 2018, the court heard defendant’s request to selfrepresent, which paperwork was submitted by newly appointed counsel. The 

record shows the court asked defendant a series of questions based on the 

forms that had been submitted; noted defendant, if convicted, was facing a 

“life” term plus 40 or 41 years; and made various other inquiries to ensure 

defendant understood the nature of his right to self-represent and the risks in 

his doing so. The defendant informed the court that for the past year he had 

“been studying the statutes and procedures” for his case; and that he was 

most concerned about the upcoming preliminary hearing and the motions he 

had prepared to file in connection with that hearing, once his application was 

approved.

When asked if he thought he could do a better job than his appointed 

counsel, defendant told the court: “It’s not that I think. I just want to 

present a defense that I feel that I’m entitled to. And if I lose I’m the one 

that’s going to do the time. So it’s not like, really like, you know, this is my 

life we’re talking about.” Defendant went on to note that this was his second 

appointed attorney and this attorney, like Segura before him, was “not really 

trying to represent [defendant].” 

The record shows the court strongly encouraged defendant to allow his

newly appointed counsel, who had 29 years of experience and had tried 11 

murder cases, to continue as appointed counsel, bluntly telling defendant: 

“You’re making the wrong decision,” and “You’re gonna mess up your case.” 

Defendant replied, “You know what, I appreciate your advice. But that’s 

something I understand and I’m willing to do.” The court granted 
18

defendant’s motion to proceed pro se, and defendant confirmed he would be 

ready for his upcoming preliminary hearing.

On April 10, 2018, the continued date set for the preliminary hearing, 

defendant sought an additional 50-day continuance to subpoena witnesses,

prepare his cross-examination, and argue his motions. The prosecutor 

opposed the continuance, arguing the case had been “linger[ing]” as a result 

of the Marsden hearings, defendant’s competency examination, and 

defendant’s decision to proceed pro se. The prosecutor estimated the 

preliminary hearing would only take about 45 minutes, and three witnesses 

were present and prepared to testify at the hearing, including one witness 

defendant had subpoenaed (i.e., Margie B.). 

The prosecutor also informed the court that defendant had filed a 

Pitchess5 motion, and a representative from the Escondido City Attorney’s 

office was present; and that certain delays in turning over information to 

defendant, including recordings from 911 calls and videos from body-worn

cameras, were a result of defendant’s refusal to sign a protective order. The 

court in response granted defendant a three-week continuance, setting the 

preliminary hearing for early May. 

The parties appeared on May 2 for the preliminary hearing. At the 

outset of the hearing, defendant informed the court he was not ready to 

proceed because the prosecutor had delayed in producing certain bodycamera videos. The prosecutor responded that defendant had been provided 

with a “certain number of body cams,” but that, because defendant continued 

to refuse to sign the protective order, the prosecution was required to go 

through each video and, as a result of defendant’s pro se status, redact 

5 Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531. Defendant on appeal 

has not challenged the court’s ruling on his Pitchess motion.
19

certain information as an “extra precaution.” The prosecutor represented 

defendant already had everything he was legally entitled to for purposes of 

the preliminary hearing, and it therefore should go forward.

Defendant pivoted, next claiming he was not ready to proceed with the 

preliminary hearing because of the motions he had filed, including the motion 

to recuse the district attorney’s office because the prosecutor was a “gang”

prosecutor and defendant’s case was not “gang related.” After summarily 

denying that motion, the court yet again advised defendant it was a 

“mistake” for him to continue pro se, suggesting defendant lacked 

“objectiv[ity]” as he continued to raise issues not relevant to his defense.

Although defendant claimed his due process rights were being violated, he 

responded, “Well, let’s do it then” after the court indicated the preliminary 

hearing should proceed.

Later that morning in a different department, the parties appeared for 

the preliminary hearing. The judge reviewed defendant’s pro per status, and 

advised defendant of the “pitfalls” of his decision and of his right to an 

attorney “at the public’s cost.” Defendant, for the first and perhaps only time 

since becoming self-represented, asked for reappointment of counsel. On 

further questioning, defendant informed the court that being pro per was 

“just a little too much for [him],” and claimed that he had gone pro per merely 

because defense counsel had refused to present the defense or defenses 

defendant wanted advanced. 

After reviewing the pertinent history leading up to defendant’s request 

to self-represent, the court asked, “What makes you think that anything is 

going to be different if another attorney is appointed to represent you?” The 

court then cogently noted that, based on defendant’s prior relationships with 

defense counsel and his sudden decision to terminate his pro se status, it 
20

appeared defendant was “trying to game the system, that—postpone the 

inevitable. The inevitable is a preliminary hearing. The inevitable if you’re 

held to answer is a trial.” 

After defendant complained he was “not receiving a fair trial” and was 

“forced” to self-represent, the court correctly explained defendant was not 

there for a trial to determine “guilt or innocence,” but was present “only to 

determine if the People have sufficient evidence to establish . . . probable 

cause. In other words, such a state of facts that would lead a person of 

ordinary caution and prudence to conscientiously entertain a strong suspicion 

of the guilt of the accused.” 

The court went on to explain that the “standard of evidence” to make 

such a finding was “very low”; that there would be “limited opportunity for 

cross-examination” of the two law enforcement witnesses as a result of 

Proposition 1156; and that the “worst possible consequence” to defendant was 

a “holding order at a very low standard of proof.” As such, the court denied 

defendant’s request to be “relieved” of his pro per status.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the court found there was sufficient 

evidence to bind defendant over for trial on all charges and accusations. 

Defendant then renewed his request to “waive” his “pro per rights.” The 

6 “Proposition 115, adopted by voters in 1990, allowed for admissibility of 

certain hearsay evidence in the analogous setting of a preliminary hearing in 

a criminal proceeding. (Cal. Const., art. I, § 30, subd. (b).) In particular, at a 

preliminary hearing, ‘the finding of probable cause may be based in whole or 

in part upon the sworn testimony of a law enforcement officer . . . relating the 

statements of declarants made out of court offered for the truth of the matter 

asserted.’ (Pen. Code, § 872, subd. (b).) An officer may so testify, however, 

only if he or she has ‘ “sufficient knowledge of the crime or the circumstances 

under which the out-of-court statement was made so as to meaningfully 

assist the magistrate in assessing the reliability of the statement.” 

[Citation.]’ (Correa v. Superior Court (2002) 27 Cal.4th 444, 452.)” Bennett v. 

Superior Court (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 862, 884, fn. 6.)
21

court in response advised defendant to seek counsel from the Alternate Public 

Defender’s office if he was sincere in this request. 

At his arraignment two weeks later, defendant changed his mind and 

decided he wanted to continue pro se. The court advised defendant to accept 

representation, after defendant expressed concern over losing his driver’s 

license if convicted on count 5. The court reminded defendant that, if 

convicted, the offenses “carr[ied] the possibility of a life term in prison.” 

Defendant refused to accept the appointment of counsel. The court set the 

case for further hearing, with trial to begin on August 20.

The prosecutor at the June 14, 2018 readiness conference informed the 

court he had complied with all of defendant’s discovery requests, other than 

any defendant had made “as of today’s date,” and was ready to start trial on 

August 20. Claiming he was still owed discovery, defendant requested a trial 

continuance. The prosecutor responded that defendant had already received 

video footage from the officers’ body-worn cameras that had been germane to 

the preliminary hearing; but that defendant had not received all of the video 

footage because he was still refusing to sign the protective order, thus 

requiring the prosecution to review and redact each video. The prosecutor 

added defendant would have all the videos in the next couple of weeks, and 

“well before 30 days before trial.” 

Later during the hearing, defendant stated he wanted to file a 

“nonstatutory motion to dismiss” as a result of being “deprived of a 

substantial right during the preliminary hearing.” The court, after 

summarily denying the motion, observed, “Mr. Herrera, you don’t know what 

you’re doing,” and asked, “Do you want counsel?” To which defendant 

responded, “I want to make a motion to recuse you.” The court set the case 

for “further readiness” on July 14, with a trial date of August 20.
22

At the July 14 readiness conference, the court reviewed a series of 

motions defendant had filed, a fact borne out by the lengthy appellate record 

in this case. The court informed defendant most of his motions would be 

heard in another department or by the trial judge, as defendant was then in a 

“calendar department.” Defendant then requested a 60-day trial 

continuance. The prosecutor agreed to the continuance, but requested it be 

defendant’s last. The court set trial for October 1. Before doing so, the court 

again advised defendant to obtain the assistance of counsel. Defendant 

affirmatively represented he wanted to continue pro se.

At the September 28 status conference, after addressing many of the 

same issues raised by defendant in earlier hearings, and after ordering

defendant be afforded “extensive library privileges” to prepare for trial, the 

court again advised defendant to seek the assistance of counsel. It was more 

of the same at the October 12 status and readiness conference, where the 

court went through the myriad reasons why it “would truly be the right 

decision for [defendant]” to accept the appointment of counsel. As before, 

defendant stated he wanted to continue pro se, as he believed

“waiv[ing such] . . . rights would be setting [himself] up for failure.” 

Near the conclusion of the hearing, after defendant again raised an 

issue related to the body-worn camera videos, the prosecutor noted for the 

record that, should defendant wait until the day of trial to seek appointment 

of counsel, such a request should “be considered . . . untimely” and thus 

denied. The court advised defendant trial would start in two weeks, and 

again encouraged him to agree to the appointment of counsel. Defendant 

replied, “You know, for the record, just to reassure [the prosecutor] and the 

Court, . . . I’m not going to wait [‘]till the last minute and waive my pro per 
23

rights. I’m going to go all the way to trial being pro per,” which statement 

defendant then repeated. 

2. Guiding Principles

“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right 

to . . . have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.” (U.S. Const., 6th 

Amend.) Although a criminal defendant has the right to be represented by 

counsel, a defendant may choose to waive that right and represent himself or 

herself. (Faretta v. California (1975) 422 U.S. 806, 821 (Faretta) [recognizing 

that the “Sixth Amendment . . . implies a right of self-representation”].)

In order to invoke the right of self-representation, a defendant must 

unequivocally make a request within a reasonable time prior to the trial. 

(People v. Frierson (1991) 53 Cal.3d 730, 742.) Further, the defendant must 

also knowingly and intelligently waive the right to counsel. (People v. Hall

(1990) 218 Cal.App.3d 1102, 1105 (Hall) [concluding a “knowing and 

intelligent waiver of the right to counsel is required before the criminal 

defendant is permitted to represent himself or herself”].)

The constitutional requirement of a knowing and intelligent waiver of 

the right to counsel is designed for the protection of the criminal defendant: 

“When an accused manages his own defense, he relinquishes, as a purely 

factual matter, many of the traditional benefits associated with the right to 

counsel. For this reason, in order to represent himself, the accused must 

‘knowingly and intelligently’ forgo those relinquished benefits. [Citations.] 

Although a defendant need not himself have the skill and experience of a 

lawyer in order competently and intelligently to choose self-representation, 

he should be made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of selfrepresentation, so that the record will establish that ‘he knows what he is 

doing and his choice is made with eyes open.’ ” (Faretta, supra, 422 U.S. at
24

p. 835.)

Pertinent to the instant case, a pro se defendant does not, however, 

have a constitutional right to change the status of his or her representation 

on the day of his or her preliminary hearing (see People v. Boulware (1993) 20 

Cal.App.4th 1753, 1756 (Boulware)); or midtrial during a capital murder 

case. (See People v. Gallego (1990) 52 Cal.3d 115, 163-164 (Gallego).) Under 

those circumstances, whether or not to appoint counsel to a pro se defendant 

is left to the “sound discretion of the trial court” (Boulware, at p. 1756), 

which, in making such a decision, should consider the “ ‘totality of the facts 

and circumstances.’ ” (Gallego, at p. 164; see People v. Windham (1977) 19 

Cal.3d 121, 124 [noting it is within the trial court’s discretion whether a 

defendant may dismiss counsel and proceed pro se after the commencement 

of trial].)

3. Analysis

Here, defendant on appeal wisely does not contend his waiver of his 

Sixth Amendment right to counsel, made applicable to state courts by the 

Fourteenth Amendment (Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 372 U.S. 335, 342), 

was not knowing and intelligent. (See Hall, supra, 218 Cal.App.3d at

p. 1105.) As summarized ante, the record unambiguously shows that he was 

repeatedly warned on myriad occasions by several different judges about the 

“pitfalls” of self-representation, particularly in light of the seriousness of the 

charges he was facing and his lack of legal experience and training; and that 

on each occasion, except at the May 2 preliminary hearing, he steadfastly 

rejected such advice and confirmed he wanted to proceed pro se.

The record also shows the court on the morning of May 2 stated the 

preliminary hearing would take place in a different department. Defendant, 

however, again requested a continuance of the hearing, arguing he was still 
25

waiting for certain discovery which, as noted, was delayed because of his 

refusal to sign a protective order. When the court denied that request, 

defendant raised other arguments in support of a continuance. When the 

court also rejected these arguments, defendant exclaimed, “Well, Let’s do it 

then.”

However, a short time later in a different department, defendant had a 

sudden change of heart. It was then, for the first and what appears to be the 

only time since becoming self-represented, defendant asked for 

reappointment of counsel. In refusing that request, the court correctly found 

that defendant already had terminated the relationship of two highly 

experienced, court-appointed attorneys because defendant wanted to control 

his defense; that it did not appear “anything [was] going to be different if 

another attorney [was] appointed to represent” defendant; and that it 

appeared defendant was “trying to game the system.”

When viewed in light of the totality of the facts and circumstances as of 

May 2, we have little difficulty in concluding the court properly exercised its 

discretion when it refused defendant’s last-minute request for reappointment 

of counsel, which request, if granted, ostensibly would have led to yet another 

continuance of the “inevitable.” 

We further conclude that, even if the court abused its discretion in 

refusing defendant’s request for reappointment of counsel immediately before 

the preliminary hearing commenced, such error was harmless even under the 

beyond a reasonable doubt standard. (See Chapman v. California (1967) 386 

U.S. 18, 24 (Chapman).)

Indeed, as also summarized ante, the record shows about two weeks 

after the preliminary hearing, defendant at his arraignment informed the 

court he wanted to continue pro se, despite the court’s representation it 
26

would reappoint him counsel if defendant made such a request. As shown by 

the record evidence, this pattern of defendant being advised to accept 

reappointment of counsel and his steadfast refusal to do so continued at each 

subsequent hearing, including at the continued status and readiness 

conference about two weeks before trial.

Our extensive review of the record shows defendant received a fair trial

in light of his decision to proceed pro se. Both the trial court and the 

prosecutor were extremely patient with defendant, went out of their way to 

explain various procedures to him, and helped him within the confines of the 

law to ensure justice was served, as defendant himself admitted during the 

trial.7 

The effect of the preliminary hearing was merely to hold defendant to 

answer to the charges in the complaint, as the court explained to defendant 

at the commencement of that hearing. We discern no prejudice to defendant 

in remaining pro se for the preliminary hearing, where the standard of proof 

was, as noted by the court, “very low,” and when he continued pro se 

following the preliminary hearing through trial.

Thus, we conclude that, even if the court abused its discretion in 

refusing defendant’s request for reappointment of counsel at the May 2 

continued preliminary hearing, such error was harmless beyond a reasonable 

doubt. (See Boulware, supra, 20 Cal.App.4th at p. 1757 [applying Chapman 

7 The record shows during a recess after the close of testimony, the court 

stated it would allow defendant to retake the stand, if necessary, to provide 

additional testimony for his requested imperfect self-defense instruction 

(discussed post). The court then stated, “Mr. Herrera, I hope we have given 

you a chance,” to which defendant replied, “You know what? It was—you 

guys—yes, your honor. I don’t have no complaints.” The court then stated, 

“That’s our job,” and reminded defendant the prosecutor and judge were 

“different,” and “don’t work for each other.”
27

standard in finding that, even if the court erred in refusing to appoint the 

defendant counsel for the preliminary hearing, which request the defendant 

had first made at the hearing and without notice to the prosecution, such 

error was harmless because the defendant could not show how he was 

prejudiced by that decision].)

B. Preservation of the Chevy as Potential Exculpatory Evidence 

1. Additional Background

In early April 2018, defendant filed a handwritten motion8 seeking 

“sanctions on the prosecution” for what he claimed was the “intentional, badfaith loss or destruction of material evidence,” namely his 1997 Chevy 

Lumina. Defendant claimed his car was material to rebut “certain charges 

and allegations, and it would [have] impeached the statements and 

credibility of witness (Marg[ie] B[.]).” 

Defendant in support of his motion claimed the charges against him for 

“premeditated attempted murder, and assault with a semi-automatic 

firearm,” were based on the “specific statement” by Margie that she saw the 

Chevy driver (i.e., defendant) pull up along-side the truck, exit his car, and 

fire “rounds at the truck using his vehicle as a shooting platform.” Defendant 

acknowledged in his motion that on June 21, 2017, he “was notified by [his] 

family that the Escondido Police Department had lifted the evidence hold on 

[his] vehicle, and that [he] had until 07/31/2017 to get [his] vehicle out of the 

impound or else it would be sold,” attaching various exhibits in support 

thereof. 

Exhibit C was a July 31, 2017 notice of pending lien sale for a car 

valued at $4,000 or less, showing an amount due in excess of $2,700 for the 

8 Certain portions of the record copy of this motion are difficult to read 

and/or illegible.
28

storage and towing of the Chevy, with a sale date scheduled for September 5, 

2017. Exhibit D was a March 6, 2018 letter from the Escondido chief of police 

explaining that it was “customary for the police department to release an 

evidentiary hold on a vehicle once it is no longer needed for investigation or 

court purposes,” requiring the owner, at his or her expense, to “retain[] the 

vehicle . . . if [he or she] deem[ed] it relevant to [his or her] case.” 

Defendant’s sanctions motion, as amended on October 23, was heard on 

October 30, 2018. At that hearing, the prosecutor noted he had responded to 

the motion in his trial brief, noting it was an “easy one” to resolve as

defendant’s car had been seized, defendant had received notice of such, and 

that despite various notices, nobody from the defense had claimed the car,

leading to its forced sale. 

The prosecutor also noted defendant’s motion was based entirely on the 

statements of Margie. The prosecutor represented that her testimony was 

not material to the People’s case, remarking: “I don’t even need her. The 

only reason she is on my witness list is because Mr. Herrera subpoenaed her. 

If he thinks she is that important to me, he can take her off his witness list, 

and I won’t call her. But if he wants her to testify, I’ll call her. It’s no 

problem.”

The prosecutor also addressed the claim raised by defendant in his 

amended sanctions motion that preservation of the Chevy was required 

because he wanted the car tested for “gunshot residue.” The prosecutor 

argued “none of that matter[ed]” because the defense(s) pursued by the 

defendant required him to “admit that he was the shooter, which he is going 

to do,” and which, as noted ante, he subsequently did admit. The court, in 

denying the motion, noted defendant then already had admitted to being the 
29

shooter in the case, and thus, it disagreed his case was “impacted by not 

having the vehicle.”

2. Guiding Principles and Analysis

“Law enforcement agencies must preserve evidence only if it possesses 

exculpatory value ‘apparent before [it] was destroyed,’ and not obtainable ‘by 

other reasonably available means.’ [Citations.] The state’s responsibility is 

further limited when the defendant challenges the failure to preserve 

evidence ‘of which no more can be said then that it could have been subjected 

to tests’ that might have helped the defense. [Citation.] In such a case, 

unless the defendant can show ‘bad faith’ by the police, failure to preserve 

‘potentially useful evidence’ does not violate his [or her] due process rights. 

[Citation.]” (People v. DePriest (2007) 42 Cal.4th 1, 41-42 (DePriest), citing 

among cases California v. Trombetta (1984) 467 U.S. 479 and Arizona v. 

Youngblood (1988) 488 U.S. 51.)

If the defendant demonstrates that significant exculpatory evidence 

was lost, or establishes bad faith in connection with the loss of potentially 

useful evidence, the trial court has discretion to impose appropriate 

sanctions. (People v. Medina (1990) 51 Cal.3d 870, 894 (Medina).) Such 

sanctions may include fashioning suitable cautionary instructions. (Ibid.) 

The reviewing court “must determine whether, viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the superior court’s finding, there was substantial 

evidence to support its ruling.” (People v. Roybal (1998) 19 Cal.4th 481, 510

(Roybal); see People v. Memro (1995) 11 Cal.4th 786, 831 [noting that a “trial 

court’s inquiry whether evidence was destroyed in good faith or bad faith is 

essentially factual: therefore, the proper standard of review is substantial 

evidence”].)
30

a. Forfeiture

Before reaching the merits, we conclude defendant forfeited this claim 

of error on appeal because as noted, the Chevy was impounded in late 

November 2016, at the time of the shooting, and was not sold until 

September 2017, or about 10 months later. Beginning in February 2017,

defendant became self-represented, and he acknowledged in his motion 

receiving notice in June that his car would be sold to pay for storage and 

other fees. 

Thus, if defendant wanted to test the Chevy for gunshot residue, 

believing such evidence was somehow material to his case (a point we 

address post), it was incumbent on him as a self-represented litigant to take 

steps to conduct such testing, and/or to retain the car for any other reason he

believed, reasonably or unreasonably, was required for his case. Instead, he 

waited until April 2018 to file his sanctions motion. His failure to take 

affirmative measures either to have the car tested while it was in storage, or 

to retain it after receiving notice it would be sold, forfeits this claim of error.

b. Merits

Reaching the merits, defendant’s sanctions motion provided he wanted 

to use potential evidence from the Chevy to “impeach” the testimony of 

Margie, who witnessed the shooting. In his amended motion, defendant was 

more specific, stating he had wanted to test the car for gunshot residue to 

rebut Margie’s claim that he had exited the car and used its roof as a 

platform to shoot at the truck.

We conclude defendant failed to demonstrate that his car contained 

“ ‘potentially useful’ ” exculpatory evidence. (See DePriest, supra, 42 Cal.4th 

at p. 42.) As noted ante, the record shows defendant admitted shooting at 

least five rounds from his “powerful” .45 into the side of the truck. Whether 
31

defendant fired the rounds from inside the Chevy, as he claimed, or exited 

the car and used the car’s hood as a platform to shoot at the truck, appears to 

be a nonissue in light of his concession. We thus conclude the court properly 

exercised its discretion (see Medina, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 894) in finding the 

car had no exculpatory value, a finding we further conclude is supported by 

substantial record evidence. (See Roybal, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 510.)

Moreover, even if defendant established the Chevy had some apparent 

exculpatory value before it was sold, he cannot show the prosecutor and/or 

law enforcement acted in bad faith in failing to preserve the car as evidence. 

(See DePriest, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 42.) 

First, there appears to be a lack of substantial evidence law 

enforcement knew the Chevy contained potentially exculpatory evidence 

before it, with proper notice, released the car for sale months later. (See 

People v. Beeler (1995) 9 Cal.4th 953, 976, overruled on another ground as 

stated in People v. Pearson (2013) 56 Cal.4th 393, 462; compare United States 

v. Zaragoza-Moreira (2015) 780 F.3d 971, 974 [concluding the government 

acted in bad faith in destroying a video of the defendant’s border crossing in 

which she was found in possession of drugs because a transcript of the video 

showed the government knew the video was potentially exculpatory before it 

was destroyed].) Second, even without Margie’s testimony, there was more

than sufficient record evidence to support defendant’s conviction for 

attempted willful, deliberate, and premeditated murder (counts 1 and 2),9

9 The jury was instructed as follows with a modified version of 

CALCRIM No. 600: “The defendant is charged in Counts 1 and 2 with 

attempted murder. [¶] To prove that the defendant is guilty of attempted 

murder, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The defendant took at least one 

direct but ineffective step toward killing another person; [¶] AND [¶] 2. The 

defendant intended to kill that person. [¶] A direct step requires more than 

merely planning or preparing to commit murder or obtaining or arranging for 
32

and assault with a firearm (counts 3 and 4),10 including the testimony of 

Freddy and/or Conrado, as summarized ante. Thus, defendant was not 

something needed to commit murder. A direct step is one that goes beyond 

planning or preparation and shows that a person is putting his or her plan 

into action. A direct step indicates a definite and unambiguous intent to kill. 

It is a direct movement toward the commission of the crime after 

preparations are made. It is an immediate step that puts the plan in motion 

so that the plan would have been completed if some circumstance outside the 

plan had not interrupted the attempt.

The jury also was given CALCRIM No. 601, modified as follows: “If you 

find the defendant guilty of attempted murder under Count 1 and 2, you 

must then decide whether the People have proved the additional allegation 

that the attempted murder was done willfully, and with deliberation and 

premeditation. [¶] The defendant acted willfully if he intended to kill when 

he acted. The defendant deliberated if he carefully weighed the 

considerations for and against his choice and, knowing the consequences, 

decided to kill. The defendant acted with premeditation if he decided to kill 

before completing the act of attempted murder. [¶] The length of time the 

person spends considering whether to kill does not alone determine whether 

the attempted killing is deliberate and premeditated. The amount of time 

required for deliberation and premeditation may vary from person to person 

and according to the circumstances. A decision to kill made rashly, 

impulsively, or without careful consideration of the choice and its 

consequences is not deliberate and premeditated. On the other hand, a cold, 

calculated decision to kill can be reached quickly. The test is the extent of the 

reflection, not the length of time. [¶] The People have the burden of proving 

this allegation beyond a reasonable doubt. If the People have not met this 

burden, you must find this allegation has not been proved.” 

10 The jury also was instructed as follows with a modified version of 

CALCRIM No. 875: “The defendant is charged in Counts 3 and 4 with 

assault with a semiautomatic firearm in violation of Penal Code section 

245(b). [¶] To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People 

must prove that: [¶] 1. The defendant did an act with a semiautomatic 

firearm that by its nature would directly and probably result in the 

application of force to a person; [¶] 2. The defendant did that act willfully; [¶] 

3. When the defendant acted, he was aware of facts that would lead a 

reasonable person to realize that his act by its nature would directly and 

probably result in the application of force to someone; [¶] AND [¶] 4. When 
33

prejudiced by any potential error in failing to preserve the Chevy even under 

the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard. (See Chapman, supra, 

386 U.S. at p. 24.)11

C. Attempted Voluntary Manslaughter Based on Imperfect Self-Defense

1. Additional Background

After defendant testified, outside the presence of the jury he asked the 

court to include various instructions in the jury instruction packet. The 

prosecutor, anticipating defendant might raise a voluntary intoxication 

defense, submitted points and authorities to show that while defendant could 

the defendant acted, he had the present ability to apply force with a 

semiautomatic firearm to a person[.] [¶] Someone commits an act willfully

when he or she does it willingly or on purpose. It is not required that he or 

she intend to break the law, hurt someone else, or gain any advantage. [¶] 

The terms application of force and apply force mean to touch in a harmful or 

offensive manner. The slightest touching can be enough if it is done in a rude 

or angry way. Making contact with another person, including through his or 

her clothing, is enough. The touching does not have to cause pain or injury of 

any kind. [¶] The touching can be done indirectly by causing an object or 

someone else to touch the other person. [¶] The People are not required to 

prove that the defendant actually touched someone. [¶] The People are not 

required to prove that the defendant actually intended to use force against 

someone when he acted. [¶] No one needs to actually have been injured by 

defendant’s act. But if someone was injured, you may consider that fact, 

along with all the other evidence, in deciding whether the defendant 

committed an assault. [¶] Voluntary intoxication is not a defense to assault. 

[¶] A firearm is any device designed to be used as a weapon, from which a 

projectile is discharged or expelled through a barrel by the force of an 

explosion or other form of combustion. A semiautomatic pistol extracts a fired 

cartridge and chambers a fresh cartridge with each single pull of the trigger.”

11 Because we conclude there no was no error and, even if such error 

existed, it was harmless with respect to the preservation of the Chevy, we 

reject defendant’s additional claim that the court erred by refusing to instruct 

the jury it could draw an adverse inference from the failure of law 

enforcement and/or the prosecution to preserve it.
34

“argue voluntary intoxication in this case to negate premeditation . . . in 

counts 1 and 2, he cannot use imperfect self-defense.” 

After the lunch recess, the court outside the presence of the jury noted 

there had been an “extensive” discussion off the record regarding defendant’s 

requested instructions. The court announced its rulings on the record as 

follows: “CALCRIM 603 [attempted voluntary manslaughter: heat of 

passion—lesser included offense] will not be given, CALCRIM 604 [attempted 

voluntary manslaughter: imperfect self-defense—lesser included offense] will 

not be given, and CALCRIM 3426 [voluntary intoxication] will not be given.”

2. Guiding Principles

CALCRIM No. 604 provides: “An attempted killing that would 

otherwise be attempted murder is reduced to attempted voluntary 

manslaughter if the defendant attempted to kill a person because (he/she) 

acted in imperfect (self-defense/ [or] defense of another). [¶] If you conclude 

the defendant acted in complete (self-defense/ [or] defense of another), 

(his/her) action was lawful and you must find (him/her) not guilty of any 

crime. The difference between complete (self-defense/ [or] defense of another) 

and imperfect (self-defense/ [or] defense of another) depends on whether the 

defendant’s belief in the need to use deadly force was reasonable. [¶] The 

defendant acted in imperfect (self-defense/ [or] defense of another) if: [¶] 1. 

The defendant took at least one direct but ineffective step toward killing a 

person. [¶] 2. The defendant intended to kill when (he/she) acted. [¶] 3. The 

defendant believed that (he/she/ [or] someone else/ <insert name of third 

party>) was in imminent danger of being killed or suffering great bodily 

injury. [¶] AND [¶] 4. The defendant believed that the immediate use of 

deadly force was necessary to defend against the danger. [¶] BUT [¶] 5. At 

least one of the defendant’s beliefs was unreasonable.
35

“[Great bodily injury means significant or substantial physical injury. 

It is an injury that is greater than minor or moderate harm.] 

“Belief in future harm is not sufficient, no matter how great or how 

likely the harm is believed to be. The defendant must have actually believed 

there was imminent danger of death or great bodily injury to (himself/herself/ 

[or] someone else).

“In evaluating the defendant’s beliefs, consider all the circumstances as 

they were known and appeared to the defendant.

“[If you find that ___________ <insert name or description of alleged 

victim> threatened or harmed the defendant [or others] in the past, you may 

consider that information in evaluating the defendant’s beliefs.]

“[If you find that the defendant knew that ___________ <insert name or 

description of alleged victim> had threatened or harmed others in the past, 

you may consider that information in evaluating the defendant’s beliefs.]

“[If you find that the defendant received a threat from someone else 

that (he/she) reasonably associated with ___________ <insert name or 

description of alleged victim>, you may consider that threat in evaluating the 

defendant’s beliefs.]

“The People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that 

the defendant was not acting in imperfect self-defense. If the People have not 

met this burden, you must find the defendant not guilty of attempted 

murder.”

“ ‘Under the doctrine of imperfect self-defense, when the trier of fact 

finds that a defendant killed [or attempted to kill] another person because 

the defendant actually, but unreasonably, believed he [or she] was in 

imminent danger of death or great bodily injury, the defendant is deemed to 

have acted without malice and thus can be convicted of no crime greater than 
36

voluntary manslaughter.’ [Citations.] In such a situation, unreasonable or 

imperfect self-defense is not a true defense, but instead is a shorthand 

description of one form of voluntary manslaughter, a lesser included offense 

of murder [or attempted murder]. [Citation.] ‘Accordingly, when a defendant 

is charged with murder [or attempted murder] the trial court’s duty to 

instruct sua sponte . . . on unreasonable self-defense is the same as its duty to 

instruct on any other lesser included offense: this duty arises whenever the 

evidence is such that a jury could reasonably conclude that the defendant 

killed [or attempted to kill] the victim in the unreasonable but good faith 

belief in having to act in self-defense.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Mejia-Lenares

(2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1437, 1446.) Thus, absent substantial evidence, a 

trial court is not required to instruct the jury on imperfect self-defense. 

(Ibid.)

3. Analysis

Here, nothing but speculation and conjecture support the view that the 

occupants of the truck, Freddy and Conrado, were trying to hurt defendant 

and/or his family, leading defendant, albeit unreasonably, to use attempted 

deadly force in response. (See, e.g., People v. Wright (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 

537, 546 [“speculation is not evidence”].) As such, we independently conclude 

the court properly refused to give CALCRIM No. 604. (See People v. Licas

(2007) 41 Cal.4th 362, 366 (Licas) [applying the “ ‘independent or de novo 

standard of review to the failure by the trial court to instruct on an 

assertedly lesser included offense’ ”]; see also People v. Zapien (1993) 4 

Cal.4th 929, 976 (Zapien) [noting a “ ‘ “ruling or decision, itself correct in law, 

will not be disturbed on appeal” ’ ” merely because it is given for a different 

reason].)
37

We further conclude the court’s decision not to give CALCRIM No. 604 

was proper because a claim of imperfect self-defense, like a claim of perfect 

self-defense, is unavailable when a defendant first assaults the victim or 

victims, as occurred here. (See People v. Valencia (2008) 43 Cal.4th 268, 288

(Valencia); see also Zapien, supra, 4 Cal.4th at 976.)

Finally, the uncontested record evidence also shows defendant was 

“tripping hard” and “under the influence” of methamphetamine when he first 

contacted the truck as he drove to his mother’s home in Escondido; and later,

as he pursued, shot at, and rammed the truck multiple times. Defendant 

engaged in these acts because he believed his family members, including his 

children, had been kidnapped or harmed by a “satanical” or “pedophile group”

and were in the truck box. Defendant’s belief was based in part on an 

incident from the night before, when, after using methamphetamine, he went 

outside and saw a “dead” boy with a “towel” around his head, which reminded 

defendant of his own son. 

Although a jury may consider evidence of voluntary intoxication on the 

issue of intent to kill, such evidence is inadmissible to support an imperfect 

self-defense. (People v. Soto (2018) 4 Cal.5th 968, 970 [concluding a jury may 

consider “evidence of voluntary intoxication on the question of whether 

defendant intended to kill but not on the question of whether he believed he 

needed to act in self-defense”]; see People v. Elmore (2014) 59 Cal.4th 121, 

137–139 [concluding “[u]nreasonable self-defense was never intended to 

encompass reactions to threats that exist only in the defendant’s mind”].) For 
38

this separate reason, we independently conclude the court properly refused to 

give CALCRIM No. 604.12

D. Credibility

At trial, defendant stipulated he had suffered a prior felony conviction 

pertaining to counts 6 and 7, carrying a loaded firearm in a vehicle after 

being previously convicted of a felony, and unlawful possession of a firearm 

by a felon, respectively. 

Defendant on appeal contends the court erred when it instructed the 

jury with a portion of CALCRIM No. 22613 [witnesses] and CALCRIM No. 

31614 [additional instructions on witness credibility—other conduct] because 

it allowed the jury to consider his prior felony conviction(s) to evaluate his 

credibility on all counts. Defendant further contends the error was 

prejudicial because his “defense rested on whether the jury believed his 

12 Based on our decision, we need not consider the People’s alternate 

contentions that giving CALCRIM No. 604 would have violated public policy; 

or that any alleged error in failing to give the instruction was harmless. 

(See People v. Villanueva (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 41, 52 (Villanueva)

[applying the People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818 (Watson) standard of 

prejudice in reviewing the trial court’s failure to instruct on self-defense].)

13 CALCRIM No. 226 in part instructed the jury that it alone must judge 

the credibility or believability of the witnesses based on a series of such 

factors including, as relevant here, whether the witness had been convicted of 

a felony.

14 CALCRIM No. 316 provided: “If you find that a witness has been 

convicted of a felony, you may consider that fact only in evaluating the 

credibility of the witness’s testimony. The fact of a conviction does not 

necessarily destroy or impair a witness’s credibility. It is up to you to decide 

the weight of that fact and whether that fact makes the witness less 

believable.”
39

version of the events.” We find these contentions unavailing, bordering on 

frivolous.

1. Forfeiture

It is axiomatic that in criminal cases a “trial court must instruct on 

general principles of law relevant to the issues raised by the evidence and 

necessary for the jury’s understanding of the case.” (People v. Martinez

(2010) 47 Cal.4th 911, 953.) We review arguments of instructional error de 

novo. (See Licas, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 366.) We determine whether any 

instructional error is harmless by examining the entire record. (People v. 

Flood (1998) 18 Cal.4th 470 503; People v. Campbell (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 

148, 167.)

In general, “ ‘ “a party may not complain on appeal that an instruction 

correct in law and responsive to the evidence was too general or incomplete 

unless the party has requested appropriate clarifying or amplifying 

language.” ’ ” (People v. Palmer (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 1141, 1156 (Palmer); 

accord, People v. Nguyen (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1015, 1051 [concluding that if the 

defendant “believed the instruction was incomplete or misleading, [the 

defendant] ‘had the obligation to request clarifying language’ ”]; but see 

People v. Mackey (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 32, 106 [noting a “ ‘defendant need 

not object to preserve a challenge to an instruction that incorrectly states the 

law and affects his or her substantial rights’ ”].)

Here the record shows defendant did not request clarifying or 

amplifying language before the court gave CALCRIM Nos. 226 and 316. In 

addition, both instructions were correct statements of the law (see Palmer, 

supra, 133 Cal.App.4th at p. 1156); and neither instruction affected his 

substantial rights, as the instructions, as relevant here, merely advised the 

jury it could consider his prior felony conviction in assessing credibility. (See 
40

People v. Hovarter (2008) 44 Cal.4th 996 [stating the general rule that “the 

trier of fact is the sole arbiter of the credibility of a witness”].) Defendant 

therefore forfeited on appeal any claim of error regarding the use of 

CALCRIM Nos. 226 and/or 316. (Palmer, at p. 1156.)

2. Merits

Even if defendant has not forfeited the argument on appeal, any error 

in giving CALCRIM Nos. 226 and/or 316 was harmless because it is not 

“reasonably probable that a result more favorable to [defendant] would have 

been reached in the absence of the error.” (See People v. Jones (2012) 54 

Cal.4th 1, 53 [evaluating instructional error under the “ ‘reasonable 

probability’ ” standard of Watson]; Villanueva, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 

52 [same].) An instructional error is harmless where the evidence of guilt is 

overwhelming. (People v. Carrington (2009) 47 Cal.4th 145, 188 (Carrington); 

People v. Covarrubias (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 942, 954.)

As summarized ante, the record discloses more than sufficient evidence 

such that a jury reasonable jury could find defendant guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt on all counts, and the enhancements appended to such 

counts, true. (See Carrington, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 188.) Given such 

overwhelming evidence, even if the court had not given CALCRIM Nos. 226 

and/or 316—which merely informed the jury that it could, but was not 

required, to consider defendant’s prior felony conviction(s), we conclude there 

is no reasonable likelihood that the result of the trial would have been any 

different. (See In re Crew (2011) 52 Cal.4th 126, 150 [noting “ ‘ “[a] 
41

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in 

the outcome” ’ ”].)15 We thus reject this claim of error.

E. Demonstrative Evidence

1. Additional Background

Defendant next contends the court prejudicially erred in admitting over 

objection a two-minute long video demonstration of law enforcement firing 

the same type of gun defendant used in committing certain of the offenses. 

According to the prosecutor, the video (which was not included in the 

appellate record) showed officers firing the gun into a vehicle. The prosecutor 

argued the video was probative as it showed how the gun was fired and 

expended cartridge cases, and its power.

The court ruled to admit the video, finding under Evidence Code 

section 35216 that the probative value of such evidence outweighed any 

potential prejudicial effect, inasmuch as the video was “probative of all counts 

with the exception of the assault with a deadly weapon, being the vehicle”

(i.e., count 5). The court explained: “I think it’s important to show that this 

is one example of the power of the semi-automatic handgun, because 

obviously a smaller caliber weapon would not have made that impact. But 

this weapon, particularly when fired into a truck body, the body of the truck, 

15 Even under the more stringent test in Chapman, supra, 386 U.S. at 

page 24, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt in light of the 

totality of jury instructions provided and the overwhelming evidence of 

defendant’s guilt.

16 Evidence Code section 352 provides: “The court in its discretion may 

exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the 

probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time 

or (b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or 

of misleading the jury.”
42

in the area of the cab was quite capable of injuring or killing the two 

individuals inside the truck cab.”

The video was authenticated by Tom Love, a detective in the special 

investigative unit of the Escondido Police Department. Detective Love 

testified the .45 used by defendant was a “larger” weapon on the “spectrum of 

semi-automatic firearms” and “produce[d] a lot of energy,” such that the 

“wound cavity” from such a weapon would be expected to be “much larger”

than from other semi-automatic weapons, giving rise to the potential of 

“hit[ting] more important vital areas” of the body. Detective Love opined that 

a round fired from a .45 was capable of penetrating a vehicle and hitting a 

human body.

2. Guiding Principles

“ ‘Evidence of demonstration engaged in to test the truth of testimony 

that a certain thing occurred is admissible only where (1) the demonstration 

is relevant, (2) its conditions and those existing at the time of the alleged 

occurrence are shown to be substantially similar and (3) the evidence will not 

consume undue time or confuse or mislead the jury. [Citation.] The party 

offering the evidence bears the burden of showing that the foundational 

requirements have been satisfied.’ [Citation.] [¶] The probative value of 

evidence of the reenactment of a crime depends primarily on its similarity to 

the events and conditions that existed at the time of the crime. [Citations].” 

(People v. Rivera (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 353, 363 (Rivera).)

“To be admissible, demonstrative evidence must . . . accurately depict 

what it purports to show. [Citation.] The demonstration . . . ‘ “must have 

been conducted under at least substantially similar, although not necessarily 

absolutely identical, conditions as those of the actual occurrence.” ’ 

[Citations.] ‘ “Within these limits, ‘ “the physical conditions which existed at 
43

the time the event in question occurred need not be duplicated with precision 

nor is it required that no change has occurred between the happening of the 

event and the time” ’ ” ’ of the reenactment. [Citations.]” (Rivera, supra, 201 

Cal.App.4th at p. 363.) “On appeal, we review the trial court’s ruling on the 

admissibility of [such] evidence for abuse of discretion. [Citations.]” (Id. at

p. 362.)

3. Analysis

Here, we conclude the court properly exercised its broad discretion in 

admitting the short video showing officers firing the same type of gun 

defendant used in the shooting, including a demonstration of rounds being 

fired into a vehicle. As the trial court noted, the video was relevant to all 

counts except count 5. As the court further noted, the video was particularly 

probative on the issue of intent to kill (i.e., counts 1 and 2).

Finally, the video was only two-minutes long and was not particularly 

inflammatory, given the other evidence in the case, including defendant’s 

own testimony that his firing from a short distance multiple rounds into the 

driver-side of the truck created a “big possibility” that the driver “could have 

lost his life.” (See Rivera, supra, 201 Cal.App.4th at p. 363.) For these 

reasons, and because any error in admitting the short video was, in any 

event, harmless under either test for prejudice in light of the overwhelming 

evidence of defendant’s guilt (see Chapman, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24; Watson, 

supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836), we reject this claim of error.

F. Knife Evidence

1. Additional Background

Defendant moved pretrial to exclude evidence of two knives recovered 

from the Chevy. As noted ante, it was defendant who brought up the subject 

of the large “bladed knife,” after police contacted him immediately after the 
44

shooting and chase. Defendant told police the knife was in his car because he 

believed there was dried blood on it and he wanted it tested for human DNA. 

Defendant also told police he had found the knife a day or two earlier in the 

backyard of his mother’s home, and he was concerned about his mother’s 

welfare as a result. The court denied defendant’s motion to exclude evidence 

of the knives, but agreed to give the jury a limiting instruction.17

2. Guiding Principles

“Except as otherwise provided by statute, all relevant evidence is 

admissible.” (Evid. Code, § 351.) “ ‘Relevant evidence’ means

evidence . . . having any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed 

fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action.” (Id., § 210; 

see People v. Scheid (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1, 13–14 [noting the “test of relevance 

is whether the evidence tends ‘ “logically, naturally, and by reasonable 

inference” to establish material facts such as identity, intent, or motive 

[citations]’ ”].) 

However, even if relevant, a court may exclude such evidence under 

Evidence Code section 352. We review the trial court’s decision to admit 

evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. (People v. Rogers (2013) 57 

Cal.4th 296, 326.)

3. Guiding Principles

We conclude the court properly exercised its broad discretion in 

admitting the knife evidence. This evidence supported the finding that 

defendant was “tripping hard” at the time of shooting, including his reason 

for having the “bladed” knife in his car. The knife evidence also tended to 

17 The court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 303 in part as 

follows: “During the trial, certain evidence was admitted for a limited 

purpose. You may consider that evidence only for that purpose and for no 

other.”
45

show defendant had, at his disposal, weapons other than a high-powered 

semi-automatic gun, which, if believed, he could have used to “defend”

himself and/or his family members from “harm” by the truck’s occupants. 

In addition, while probative, the knife evidence was not substantially 

outweighed by the probability its admission would create substantial danger 

of undue prejudice. (Evid. Code, § 352.) Indeed, as we have noted, defendant 

himself disclosed the presence of the “bladed knife” in the Chevy. And of 

course, he also admitted firing multiple rounds into the side of the truck, and 

using his car to ram the truck as he chased after it during rush-hour traffic. 

In our view, defendant’s possession of two knives in the Chevy, in light 

of the evidence of the charged offenses, reduced, if not eliminated, any 

potential prejudice arising from the admission of the uncharged knife 

evidence. (See People v. Eubanks (2011) 53 Cal.4th 110, 144 [noting that the 

potential prejudice for purposes of Evidence Code section 352 “is ‘decreased’

when testimony describing the defendant’s uncharged acts is ‘no stronger and 

no more inflammatory than the testimony concerning the charged

offenses’ ”].)

Finally, any error in admitting the knife evidence was harmless under 

either test for prejudicial error in light of the overwhelming evidence of 

defendant’s guilt, as we have discussed. (See Chapman, supra, 386 U.S. at

p. 24; Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836.) For these reasons, we reject this 

claim of error.

G. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Defendant next contends the evidence was insufficient to support his 

conviction on count 5 for assault with a deadly weapon other than a firearm. 

(§ 245, subd. (a)(1).) Specifically, defendant contends his repeated acts of 

ramming his car into the truck as he was chasing it during rush-hour traffic 
46

was not likely to result in the application of force to the truck’s occupants. 

We reject this contention and conclude it too borders on the frivolous.

“ ‘As used in section 245, subdivision (a)(1), a “deadly weapon” is “any 

object, instrument, or weapon which is used in such a manner as to be 

capable of producing and likely to produce, death or great bodily injury.” ’

[Citation.] . . . ‘In determining whether an object not inherently deadly or 

dangerous is used as such, the trier of fact may consider the nature of the 

object, the manner in which it is used, and all other facts relevant to the 

issue.’ [Citation.]” (In re B.M. (2018) 6 Cal.5th 528, 532–533 (B.M.).)

In B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th 528, our high court clarified the law 

concerning assault with a deadly weapon. There, the minor defendant made 

slicing motions at her sister’s blanket-covered legs using a butter knife,

applying insufficient pressure to pierce the blanket or cause serious bodily 

injury. (Id. at p. 531.) In finding this evidence insufficient to support a 

finding the minor used the butter knife as a “deadly weapon,” the B.M. court 

clarified the law concerning assault with a deadly weapon, articulating three 

principles. 

“First, the object alleged to be a deadly weapon must be used in a 

manner that is not only ‘capable of producing’ but also ‘ “likely to produce 

death or great bodily injury.” ’ [Citation.]” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 533, 

italics omitted.) Second, whether the object is a deadly weapon “must rest on 

evidence of how the defendant actually ‘used’ the object[,]” and not 

“conjecture as to how the object could have been used.” (Id. at p. 534.) 

“Third, although it is appropriate to consider the injury that could have 

resulted from the way the object was used, the extent of actual injury or lack 

of injury is also relevant. ‘[A] conviction for assault with a deadly weapon 

does not require proof of an injury or even physical contact’ [citation], but 
47

limited injury or lack of injury may suggest that the nature of the object or 

the way it was used was not capable of producing or likely to produce death 

or serious harm.” (Id. at p. 535.)

Here, the car defendant used as a deadly weapon was nothing like the 

butter knife used by the minor in B.M.. The undisputed evidence shows 

defendant drove the Chevy in such a manner that it was “not only ‘capable of 

producing’ but also ‘ “likely to produce death or great bodily injury,” ’ ” as he 

chased the truck down several busy streets. (See B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at

p. 533, italics omitted.) In addition, the evidence shows defendant “actually 

‘used’ ” the Chevy as a deadly weapon (see id. at p. 534), as he repeatedly 

rammed his car into the truck in an attempt to “disable” the truck and keep it 

from leaving the area.

Moreover, although the truck’s occupants were shaken, the record 

evidence supports the finding they could have been injured in light of the 

number of times defendant rammed his car into the truck, at one point 

causing the Chevy to become “stuck” and dragged down the street by the 

truck. (See B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 535 [noting a conviction for assault 

with a deadly weapon does not require proof of an injury or even physical 

contact].)18

18 Defendant contends that considered together, the various errors denied 

him a fair trial (despite his statements during trial acknowledging he had 

received a fair trial, as noted ante). Under the cumulative error doctrine, the 

effect of several trial errors may be prejudicial even if they would not be 

prejudicial when considered individually. (See People v. Sanchez (1995) 12 

Cal.4th 1, 60, overruled in part on another ground as stated in People v. 

Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421.) Here, we have found that no trial errors 

occurred, or that any such errors, if they occurred, were harmless and not 

collectively prejudicial. (See People v. Lua (2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 1004, 1019.) 

As such, we reject this claim of error.
48

H. Prior Prison-Term Enhancements

As noted ante, the information against defendant alleged he had served 

five prior prison terms (see §§ 667.5, subd. (b) & 668) for the following 

offenses: obstructing or resisting an executive officer in the performance of 

his or her duties (§ 69); carrying a concealed dirk or dagger (§ 21310); 

violation of a protective order (§ 273.6, subd. (a)); destruction of prison 

property (§ 4600); willful infliction of corporal injury (§ 273.5, subd. (a)); and 

possession of a controlled substance (Health & Saf. Code, § 11377, subd. (a)).

Effective January 1, 2020, the one-year enhancement provided for in 

section 667.5, subdivision (b) was inapplicable to all prior prison terms except 

those served for a sexually violent offense within the meaning of Welfare and 

Institutions Code section 6600, subdivision (b). 

We find, as do the parties, that the provisions of Senate Bill No. 136 

(Stats. 2019, ch. 590) apply retroactively to those cases that were not final as 

of the effective date of the statute (In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740; People 

v. Jennings (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 664, 682); and that the convictions in the 

instant case were not final prior to this date. (People v. Vieira (2005) 35 

Cal.4th 264, 306.) As such, we agree with the parties that defendant is 

entitled to the benefit of the change in the law, as none of his prison priors 

qualify for the enhancement under newly amended section 667.5, subdivision 

(b).
49

DISPOSITION

Defendant’s sentence is modified to strike his prison prior 

enhancements. (See § 667.5, subd. (b).) The trial court is directed to amend 

the abstract of judgment accordingly and to forward it to the Department of 

Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects the judgment is 

affirmed.

BENKE, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

AARON, J.

GUERRERO, J.